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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42a033c --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60156 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60156) diff --git a/old/60156-0.txt b/old/60156-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23bee20..0000000 --- a/old/60156-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22216 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Dictionary of Battles, by Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Dictionary of Battles - -Author: Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -Release Date: August 23, 2019 [EBook #60156] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF BATTLES *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s Note: - -This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. -Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. Bold text is -delimited with the ‘=’ character. - -The text was printed in two columns, which have not been preserved here. -The printer, when setting a reference from one topic to another, -sometimes gave the reference on a separate line, but often on a single -line. To preserve the regular structure of the entries, the former has -been adopted. - -In the Preface, the editor informs us that Mr. Harbottle died before he -could do the final editorial work (correcting the proofs and preparing -the Index.) In light of that apology, we have taken pains to correct the -many minor errors which are reasonably attributable to the printer. -Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details. - - - - - - - - - DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - - SONNENSCHEIN’S DICTIONARIES OF QUOTATIONS - - 1. ENGLISH (_Third Edition_) P. H. Dalbiac. - - 2. CLASSICAL (_Second Edition_) T. B. Harbottle. - - 3. FRENCH AND ITALIAN (_Second Edition_) { T. B. Harbottle. - { P. H. Dalbiac. - - 4. GERMAN Lilian Dalbiac. - - 5. SPANISH T. B. Harbottle. - - 6. WHAT GREAT MEN HAVE SAID ABOUT GREAT MEN W. Wale. - - 7. CONTEMPORARY [ENGLISH] QUOTATIONS H. Swan. - - 8. FAMOUS SAYINGS AND THEIR AUTHORS E. Latham. - - 9. DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS T. B. Harbottle. - - 10. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES T. B. Harbottle. - - - - - DICTIONARY OF - BATTLES - - From the Earliest Date to the Present Time - - - By - THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE - - AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS" (CLASSICAL); "DICTIONARY OF - HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS"; CO-AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS" (FRENCH - AND ITALIAN) - - -[Illustration] - - - LONDON - SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD. - HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBURY, W.C. - 1904 - - - - - PREFACE - - -The sad death of Mr. Harbottle, just as this work was going to press, -has thrown upon me the onus of correcting the proofs and preparing the -Index. The necessity for hurrying the work through the press has -precluded comparison of the references in every instance with the -original sources from which the Author had taken them; if therefore some -few printer’s errors or varieties of spelling may still remain, they -may, I hope, be attributed to the imperfections of one, who had to step -suddenly into the breach caused by the loss of a valued friend and -collaborator, whose patience in research, depth of knowledge and -accuracy in compilation, he could never hope to equal. - - _October, 1904._ P. H. DALBIAC. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - - - - - A - - - Abensberg (Campaign of Wagram.) - -Fought April 20, 1809, between the French and Bavarians under Napoleon, -about 90,000 strong, and the Austrians, 80,000 in number, under the -Archduke Charles. On the French left, Lanne’s corps drove back the -Austrians, after a feeble resistance. In the centre the Bavarians were -hard pressed, but eventually Napoleon succeeded in turning the Austrian -flank, left exposed by the defeat of their right, and Charles was forced -to retreat. The Austrians lost 7,000, the French and Bavarians about -3,000 killed and wounded. - - - Aberdeen (Civil War). - -Fought September 13, 1644, between the Covenanters, 3,000 strong, under -Lord Burleigh, and the Royalists, about 1,500 strong, under Montrose. -The Covenanters were put to flight, and no quarter being given, they -lost heavily before reaching Aberdeen. The Royalist losses were -insignificant. - - - Aboukir (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought July 5, 1799, Napoleon attacking the position held by Mustapha -Pasha, who had recently landed in Egypt at the head of 18,000 Turks. The -French were completely successful, two-thirds of the Turkish troops -being killed or driven into the sea, while 6,000, with the Pasha, -surrendered. - - - Aboukir (British Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought March 8, 1801, when 5,000 British under Sir Ralph Abercromby -disembarked on the beach at Aboukir, in the face of a force of 2,000 -French under General Friant. The landing was effected under a heavy -musketry and artillery fire, which cost the assailants 1,100 killed and -wounded, and the French were driven from their positions with a loss of -500 men. - - - Aboukir. - -_See_ Nile. - - - Abu Hamed (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought August 7, 1897, when the Dervish entrenchments outside Abu Hamed -were stormed by a Soudanese Brigade, with 2 guns Royal Artillery, under -Major-General Hunter. The Mahdist garrison was driven through the town, -losing heavily, and their commander, Mohammed Zain, captured. The -Egyptian loss was 80 killed and wounded, including 4 British officers. - - - Abu Klea (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought January 17, 1885, between a British force, 1,500 strong, under -Sir Herbert Stewart, and 12,000 Mahdists, of whom about 5,000 actually -attacked. The British square was broken at one corner, owing to the -jamming of a Gardner gun, and the Mahdists forcing their way inside, a -desperate hand-to-hand conflict followed. Eventually the assailants were -driven off, and the square reformed. The British loss was 18 officers, -among them Colonel Fred. Burnaby, and 150 men. In the immediate vicinity -of the square, 1,100 Arab dead were counted. - - - Abu Kru (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought January 19, 1885, between 1,200 British troops under Sir Herbert -Stewart, and a large force of Mahdists. The Mahdists attacked a short -distance from the Nile, and the British square moved towards the river, -repelling all assaults successfully till they reached the Nile. The -British losses were 121, including Sir Herbert Stewart, mortally -wounded. This action is also known as the battle of Gubat. - - - Acapulco (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought August 9, 1855, between the Mexican Government troops under Santa -Anna, and the Liberals under Juarez. Santa Anna was totally routed and -fled from the country. - - - Accra (First Ashanti War). - -Fought 1824, between 10,000 Ashantis and a force of 1,000 British under -Sir Charles McCarthy. The British were surrounded and routed by the -natives, McCarthy being killed. - - - Accra (First Ashanti War). - -Fought 1825, between 15,000 Ashantis and 400 British troops, with 4,600 -native auxiliaries. The Ashantis were completely defeated, and the king -compelled to abandon his designs on Cape Coast Castle. - - - Acragas (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -This fortress was besieged B.C. 406 by the Carthaginians under Hannibal, -the garrison being commanded by Dexippus the Spartan. Early in the siege -a pestilence in the Carthaginian camp carried off Hannibal, who was -succeeded by his cousin, Himilco. A relieving army of 35,000 Syracusans, -under Daphnæus fought a pitched battle with the Carthaginians under the -walls of the city, and succeeded in seizing and holding one of their -camps, but shortly afterwards dissensions broke out in the garrison, and -many of the foreign mercenaries deserting, the citizens, after a siege -of eight months, left the place _en masse_. The Carthaginians at once -occupied the fortress. - - - Acre (Third Crusade). - -Siege was laid to this city by the Christians in August, 1189, and it -was obstinately defended by the Saracens for two years, during which the -Crusaders are said to have lost 120,000 men. In June, 1191, the -besiegers were reinforced by an English army under Richard Cœur de -Lion, and in the following month the garrison surrendered. - - - Acre. - -The city remained in the hands of the Christians till 1291, when it was -captured by the Moslems under Malek al Aschraf, Sultan of Egypt. The -last stronghold in the Holy Land thus passed out of the keeping of the -Christians. - - - Acre (French Invasion of Egypt). - -The city was besieged March 17, 1799, by the French under Napoleon, and -defended by the Turks under Djezzar, and a small force of British seamen -under Sir Sidney Smith. An assault on the 28th was repulsed with loss, -and then a threatened attack by a Syrian army forced Napoleon to -withdraw a large portion of his troops. On the resumption of the siege, -no less than seven more assaults were delivered, while the French had to -meet eleven sallies of the besieged, but they were unable to effect a -lodgment, and on May 21 Napoleon reluctantly raised the siege. The fall -of Acre would have placed the whole of Syria, and possibly of the -Turkish Empire, in the hands of the French. - - - Acre (Mehemet Ali’s Second Rebellion). - -Mehemet Ali having refused to accept the conditions imposed upon him by -the Quadrilateral Alliance, Acre was bombarded, November 3, 1840, by a -combined British and Turkish fleet under Sir R. Stopford, and the town -laid in ruins. - - - Acs (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought July 2, 1849, between 25,000 Hungarians, under Görgey, and the -Russo-Austrian army, greatly superior in numbers, under Prince -Windischgrätz. The allies attacked the entrenched camp of the -Hungarians, outside Komorn, while the Hungarians made an attempt to turn -the allied left. Both attacks were repulsed, and the battle was -undecided. - - - Actium (Mark Antony’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought September 2, B.C. 31, between the fleet of Antony, 460 galleys, -and that of Octavius, about 250 sail, but much lighter and less well -manned than those of Antony. The battle was fiercely contested, with -varying fortune; but at a critical moment Cleopatra ordered the Egyptian -admiral to make sail, and with 60 galleys withdrew from the fight. She -was followed by Antony, and his fleet, discouraged by his flight, -surrendered after ten hours’ fighting. The Octavians captured 300 -galleys, and 5,000 Antonians fell in the action. A few days later -Antony’s land army of 120,000 men laid down their arms. - - - Acultzingo (Franco-Mexican War). - -Fought April 28, 1862, between the French, 7,500 strong, under General -Lorencez, and the main Mexican army, about 10,000 in number, under -General Zaragoça. The Mexicans held a strong position in the Cumbres -Pass, from which they were driven by the French, and forced to retire -upon La Puebla. - - - Admagetobriga (Gallic Tribal Wars). - -Fought B.C. 61 between the Sequani under Ariovistus, and the Hædui under -Eporedorix. The Hædui were defeated, with the loss of the flower of -their chivalry, and were compelled to give hostages and pay tribute to -Ariovistus. - - - Adnatuca (Gallic Wars). - -Fought B.C. 53, when a Roman force of 9,000 men under Titurius Sabinus -was attacked in its camps by the Eburones under Ambiorix. The assault -failed, but an offer by Ambiorix of a safe passage to the nearest Roman -station was accepted. On the march the Romans were treacherously -attacked by the Eburones and cut to pieces, Sabinius being among the -slain. - - - Adowa (Italian Invasion of Abyssinia). - -Fought March 1, 1896, when the Italian force under General Baratieri -attacked the Shoan army, strongly posted in a difficult country, and was -routed with enormous loss. - - - Adrianople (Bulgarian Rising). - -Fought April 15, 1205, between the Imperial troops under the Latin -Emperor, Baldwin I, and the revolted Bulgarians under their chief, -Calo-John. The Bulgarian cavalry fled, and lured the Latin horse in -pursuit. Then turning upon them, they routed them with the loss of their -leader, the Comte de Blois, and in the end the Imperialists were -completely defeated and the Emperor captured. - - - Adwalton Moor (Civil War). - -Fought January 30, 1643, when the Parliamentarians, numbering 4,000, -with a levy of armed peasants, were defeated by 10,000 Royalists under -Newcastle. Fairfax, who commanded the Parliament force, succeeded in -reaching Hull. The battle is also known as that of Atherton Moor. - -Ægina (Third Messenian War). - -Fought B.C. 458, between the Athenian fleet, and that of Ægina, aided by -the Peloponnesian States. The Athenians were victorious, capturing 70 -ships, and landing they invested Ægina, which fell into their hands -after a siege of a little less than two years. - -Ægospotami (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 405, between 180 Athenian triremes, under Conon, and 180 -Peloponnesian ships under Lysander. The Athenian fleet was lying at -Ægospotami, opposite Lampsacus, where Lysander was stationed. For four -days in succession the Athenian admiral crossed the straits, and -endeavoured, but in vain, to bring on a general action. On the fifth day -Lysander waited till the Athenians had returned to their anchorage, and -then, making a sudden dash across the straits, caught them unprepared, -and seized all but twenty ships, putting to death all the Athenians who -were captured. This disaster destroyed the naval power of Athens, and -was soon followed by the end of the Peloponnesian War. - -Ægusa (First Punic War). - -Fought March 10, B.C. 241, between the Roman fleet of 200 quinqueremes -under C. Lutatius Catulus, and a Carthaginian fleet under Hanno -despatched to relieve the town. The action was fought in heavy weather, -and the Roman sailors, being far better trained than their opponents, -Catulus gained a signal victory, capturing 70 and sinking 50 of the -enemy’s ships. The victory ended the First Punic War. - - - Agedincum (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 52, between the Romans under Labienus, and the Celts under -Camalogenus. Labienus was endeavouring to effect a junction with Caesar, -which the Celts were opposing, and Labienus, crossing the Marne in face -of their army, inflicted upon them a severe defeat, in which Camalogenus -fell. - - - Aghrim (Wars of the Revolution). - -Fought July 12, 1691, between William III’s troops, under Ginkel, and -the French and Irish under St. Ruth. The English struggled in vain to -carry St. Ruth’s entrenchments, which were protected by a bog, but his -flank was at last turned by the cavalry, which found a passage through -the morass, and St. Ruth was killed. The Irish then broke and fled, and -are said to have lost between 6,000 and 7,000 in the pursuit. - - - Agincourt (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought October 25, 1415, between the French, numbering 50,000, under the -Constable d’Albret, and about 15,000 English, mostly archers, under -Henry V. The archers protected their front with a palisade of stakes, -which broke the charge of the French men-at-arms, and the French army -was routed with a loss of 10,000 slain, including the Constable and the -Dukes of Alençon, Brabant and Bar, and 15,000 prisoners, including the -Duke of Orleans and Marshal Boucicaut. The English lost only 1,600, -among whom were the Duke of York and the Earl of Oxford. - - - Agnadello (War of the League of Cambrai). - -Fought May 14, 1509, between 30,000 French under Louis XII and Marshal -Trioulzio, and 35,000 Venetians under General Alviani. The Venetians -were defeated with a loss of 6,000 men and 20 guns, Alviani being taken, -and in consequence of his victory, Louis XII occupied all the territory -assigned to him by the League, up to the Mincio. - - - Agordat (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought December 21, 1893, between 2,200 Italians, and native troops, -under General Arimondi, and 11,500 Mahdists under Ahmed Ali, who had -invaded Italian territory. The Mahdists were routed with a loss of about -3,000 men. The Italians lost 13, and 225 natives killed and wounded. - - - Agra (Farokshin’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1713, between the Great Mogul, Jehandar Shah, with 70,000 troops, -under Zulfikar Khan, and the rebel Moguls under Jehandar’s nephew, -Farokshin. After a stubborn fight, the rebels overpowered the Imperial -troops, and Jehandar Shah was captured and put to death by Farokshin, -who ascended the throne. - - - Agra (Second Mahratta War). - -The fortress was besieged October 4, 1803, by the British under General -Lake, and was defended by a garrison of Sindhia’s troops, 6,000 strong, -who held the citadel, while seven additional battalions were encamped in -the town. The latter force was attacked on the 10th and routed, losing -26 guns, while the survivors, 2,600 in number, surrendered on the -following day. On the 17th the batteries opened fire on the citadel, and -on the 18th the garrison surrendered. - - - Agra (Indian Mutiny). - -On August 2, 1857, the British garrison holding Agra sallied out to -attack a body of 10,000 rebels encamped within four miles of the city. -The Kotah contingent, which formed a portion of the British force, -deserted to the mutineers, and the British troops, hard pressed and -short of ammunition, were driven back into Agra, and forced to take -refuge in the fort. In October of the same year Colonel Greathed’s -column of four battalions and two cavalry regiments encountered close to -Agra a force of 7,000 mutineers. The rebels at first held their own, but -were eventually put to flight, and pursued with great slaughter for ten -miles. - - - Ahmedabad (First Mahratta War). - -This strong fortress, garrisoned by 8,000 Arabs and Scinde Infantry, and -2,000 Mahrattas, was taken by assault, after a short bombardment, by a -British force under General Goddard, February 15, 1780. The British lost -106 killed and wounded, including 12 officers. - - - Ahmed Khel (Second Afghan War). - -Fought 1880, when a British force under General Stewart on the march to -Ghuzni was attacked by about 15,000 Ghilzais. A rush of 3,000 Ghazis was -successfully repulsed, and the enemy defeated and driven off, leaving -1,000 dead on the field. The British lost 17 only. - - - Ahmednugger (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). - -This place was besieged in 1599 by the Moguls under Mirza Khan, one of -Akbar’s generals, and defended by a garrison of Deccanis under Chand -Bibi, ex-Queen of Bijapur. A practicable breach having been effected, -the garrison was disposed to surrender, but Chand Bibi, heading the -defenders, superintended the repair of the breach, and succeeding in -holding out until a peace was signed by which the Great Mogul agreed to -leave Ahmednugger unmolested. - - - Aiguillon (Hundred Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged by the French under John, Duke of Normandy, -in May, 1347, and was defended by a small English garrison under Sir -Walter Manny, who held out bravely till the end of August, repelling -numerous assaults. The defeat of Cressy then forced the Duke of Normandy -to lead his army northward, and he was compelled to raise the siege. - - - Aix, Ile d’ (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought March 4, 1758, when a British squadron of seven sail, under Sir -Edward Hawke, attacked a French squadron of five ships of the line and -six frigates, convoying forty transports, and drove them ashore on the -Ile d’Aix. This delayed the French expedition to North America, and -facilitated the capture of Cape Breton. - - - Aix-la-Chapelle (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought March 3, 1795, between the French under Miranda and the Austrians -under the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The French were totally defeated, and -fled in disorder, with a loss of 3,500 killed and wounded and 1,500 -prisoners. - - - Aiznadin (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Fought July 13, 633, between 45,000 Moslems under Khaled and 70,000 -Imperial troops under Werdan. The Imperialists were routed with great -slaughter, leaving Khaled to prosecute the siege of Damascus. The -Moslems only admit a loss of 470. - - - Aladja Dagh (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought 1877, between the Russians under General Loris Melikoff, and the -Turks under Mukhtar Pasha. The Russians were victorious, and Mukhtar was -compelled to take refuge under the walls of Erzeroum. - - - Alamo, Storming of the (Texan Rising). - -On February 22, 1836, General Santa Anna, with the advance guard of the -Mexican army, appeared before the walls of the Alamo, a fortified -mission station held by 145 Texans under Colonel Travis, who replied to -a summons to surrender by a cannon shot. On March 1 the garrison was -reinforced by 30 men, Santa Anna’s force at this date being 4,000. On -the 6th 2,500 Mexicans assaulted the fort, and at the third attempt -effected an entrance. The building was defended room by room, the church -within the enclosure being the last building captured, when all the -survivors were put to the sword. The victory cost the Mexicans 400 -killed and many wounded. “Remember the Alamo” became the watchword of -the Texans. - - - Aland (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July, 1714, between the Russian fleet of 30 ships of the line and -180 galleys under Admiral Apraxine, and the Swedish, about one-third of -that strength, under Admiral Erinschild. The Swedes sought to prevent -the landing of a Russian force on the island of Aland, and fought an -unequal combat for three hours, when they were overpowered and forced to -retire. The Czar, Peter the Great, who was serving under Apraxine as -Rear-Admiral, captured Erinschild’s flagship. - - - Alarcos (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought July 19, 1195, between the Moors under Yakub el Maasur, and the -Spaniards under Alfonso VIII of Castile. The Spaniards were utterly -routed, and very few escaped to Calatrava. The Moors claimed to have -taken 30,000 prisoners. - - - Albuera (Peninsular War). - -Fought May 16, 1811, between the allied British, Portuguese and Spanish -forces, numbering 46,000, of whom 7,000 only were British infantry, the -whole army being under the command of Marshal Beresford, and 33,000 -French under Marshal Soult. The French attacked Beresford’s position, -and the Spaniards offering but a poor resistance, defeat was only -averted by the extraordinary valour of the British troops, especially of -the Fusilier Brigade, which came into action when the day seemed lost, -and drove the French from the field. Of the 7,000 British, but 1,800 -were left standing. The French lost over 8,000, including five generals. - - - Alcantara (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought 1706, when a force of British and Portuguese under Lord Galway -attacked and drove out of Alcantara the garrison, consisting of a -portion of Marshal Berwick’s army. Ten French battalions laid down their -arms, and 60 guns were captured. - - - Aleppo (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -This place was besieged by the Moslems under Abu Obeidah and Khaled in -638, and the city almost immediately surrendered, but the garrison -retired to the citadel, where under Youkinna it maintained a stubborn -defence for five months, and caused heavy loss to the besiegers. At last -the citadel was taken by surprise, and Youkinna became a convert to -Mohammedanism. This was the last serious resistance offered in Syria to -the invading Moslems. - - - Aleppo (Tartar Invasion of Syria). - -Fought November 11, 1400, between the Tartars under Tamerlane, and the -Turks under the Syrian Emirs. Instead of standing a siege, the Emirs -sallied out to meet Tamerlane in the open field, and suffered a -disastrous defeat. They were driven back into Aleppo with the loss of -many thousands, and a few days later the Tartars sacked the city and -captured the citadel. - - - Aleppo (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1516, between the Turks under Selim I, and the Egyptians under -the Mameluke Sultan, Tooman Beg. After a sanguinary engagement, the -Egyptians were utterly routed, and Selim added the whole of Syria to the -Ottoman dominions. - - - Alesia (Gallic War). - -Siege was laid to the town by the Romans under Cæsar, B.C. 52, and it -was defended by the Gauls, numbering 80,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalry -under Vercingetorix, the Romans being about 50,000 strong. An attempt -was made by the Belgi, with an army of 260,000 warriors, to relieve the -town, but they were met and routed by Labienus with terrific slaughter. -This disaster so discouraged the garrison that the town immediately -surrendered, Vercingetorix being sent a prisoner to Rome, where five -years later he was beheaded as a rebellious subject of Rome. - - - Alessandria (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 18, 1799, between the French, 14,000 strong under Moreau, -and the Imperialists under Bellegarde. The French gained a signal -victory, the loss of the Imperialists being 1,500 men and 5 guns. - - - Alexandria (Moslem Invasion of Egypt). - -This city, the capital of Egypt, was besieged by the Moslems, under -Amrou, in 638, and after a defence of fourteen months, in the course of -which the besiegers lost 23,000 men, surrendered, leaving the victors -undisputed masters of Egypt. - - - Alexandria (British Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought March 21, 1801, between the French under General Menou, and the -British expeditionary force under Sir Ralph Abercromby. The French -cavalry charged the British right, but were repulsed, and after hard -fighting the French were defeated and driven under the walls of -Alexandria. Among those who fell was Sir Ralph Abercromby, mortally -wounded. - - - Alexandria (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Arabi Pasha having refused to cease work upon the forts of Alexandria, -the Admiral, Sir Beauchamp Seymour, who had under his command a fleet of -8 battleships and 5 gunboats, decided to shell them. He opened fire on -the morning of July 11, 1882, and the bombardment continued till the -evening of the 12th, when the forts were totally destroyed, and the -garrison abandoned the city. The gunboat _Condor_, under Lord Charles -Beresford, particularly distinguished herself, running close in under -the forts, and doing considerable damage. - - - Alford (Civil War). - -Fought July 2, 1645, between the Royalists under Montrose, and the -Covenanters under General Baillie. Baillie crossed the Don to attack -Montrose, whom he imagined to be in retreat, but who was really waiting -for him in a well-chosen position. The attack was repulsed, the -Covenanters being routed with heavy loss. - - - Algeciras Bay (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 8, 1801, between a British squadron of 7 ships of the line, -1 frigate and 1 brig, under Sir James Saumarez, and a French squadron of -3 line-of-battle ships and 1 frigate, under Admiral Linois. The French -were aided by the Spanish gunboats and the shore batteries, and Saumarez -lost the _Hannibal_, which ran ashore, and was captured by the French. -The British lost 121 killed and 240 wounded. The French lost 306 killed. -On July 12, the French squadron, which had been reinforced meanwhile by -5 Spanish ships of the line, was again attacked by Sir James Saumarez, -who succeeded in capturing the _St. Antoine_ and blowing up the -_Hermenegilda_. The British lost only 17 killed and 100 wounded; the -allies, 2,000, chiefly in the _Hermenegilda_. - - - Algheri. - -Fought 1353, between the Aragonese under Pedro IV (the Great) and the -Genoese. Pedro won a complete victory, driving the Genoese out of -Sardinia, the whole of which island became an appanage of the crown of -Aragon. - - - Algiers. - -This town was attacked July 8, 1775, by a Spanish force of 51 ships of -war and 26,000 men under Don Pedro de Castijon and Count O’Reilly. After -a severe conflict, the Spaniards failed to dislodge their opponents, and -retired, with a loss of over 3,000 killed and wounded. The Algerines -lost about 5,000. - - - Algiers, Bombardment of. - -In 1816 Lord Exmouth, in command of 19 British war ships, and -accompanied by 6 Dutch ships under Van Capellan, bombarded the forts of -Algiers, mounting 500 guns. The bombardment lasted for about eight -hours, and resulted in the destruction of the forts and a large part of -the city. The Dey then gave way, and agreed to the total abolition of -Christian slavery in his dominions. The loss of the allies amounted to -885 killed and wounded; that of the Algerines to over 6,000. - - - Alhama (War of Granada). - -This fortress, one of the ring of strong places protecting the Moorish -capital, Granada, was surprised by a small party of Spaniards, under -Juan de Ortiga, in the early morning of February 28, 1482. They scaled -the ramparts unperceived, and opened the gates to the Spanish army. The -garrison continued to defend the streets most obstinately, and it was -only after hard fighting that the Spaniards mastered the town. An -attempt was made to recapture the place by Abul Hasan, King of Granada, -who set down before it, with 50,000 Moors. March 5, 1482. The garrison, -under the Marquis of Cadiz, made a gallant defence, and on the 29th, -Abul Hasan, alarmed by the approach of a strong relieving army under -Ferdinand, raised the siege. - - - Alhandega (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 939, between the Moors under Abd al Rahman, and the Christians -under Ramiro II of Leon. The Moors, 100,000 strong, were besieging -Zamora, when they were attacked by Ramiro, who, aided by a sortie of the -garrison, utterly routed them. In the battle 20,000 Moors fell, and -40,000 are said to have been drowned in the moat surrounding the city. - - - Alicante (War of the Spanish Succession). - -On June 29, 1706, Alicante was taken by a British squadron of 5 ships -under Sir George Byng. The fleet attacked the city walls, while the -suburbs were occupied by a landing party of marines under Sir John -Jennings. The place was captured with a loss to the British of only 30 -killed and 80 wounded. - - - Aligurh (First Mahratta War). - -This fortress, the arsenal of Sindhia of Gwalior, was captured August -29, 1803, by the 76th Highlanders under Colonel Monson, forming part of -General Lake’s army. The place was strongly fortified and surrounded by -a ditch 100 feet wide, containing 10 feet of water. The Highlanders -carried the fortress by storm, blowing in the main gate, and fighting -their way from room to room till the place was captured. Two hundred and -eighty-one guns were taken. The British loss amounted to 223 killed and -wounded. - - - Aliwal (First Sikh War). - -Fought January 28, 1846, between the British, 10,000 strong, under Sir -Harry Smith, and 20,000 Sikhs under Runjur Singh. The troops of the -Khalsa withstood three charges of the British cavalry with splendid -bravery, but at last broke and fled, losing many drowned in the Sutlej, -besides those left on the field. The British captured 67 guns. - - - Aljubarotta. - -Fought August, 1385, between the Castilians, under John I, in support of -the claim of Beatrix of Castile to the throne of Portugal, and the -Portuguese under the Regent John. The Portuguese inflicted a crushing -defeat upon the Spaniards, and John I was compelled to withdraw his -troops, and renounce his sister’s claim. - - - Alkmaar (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Siege was laid to this place August 21, 1573, by 16,000 Spaniards under -Don Frederico de Toledo. It was defended by a garrison of 800 soldiers -and 1,300 armed burghers. On September 18, an assault was delivered, -which was repulsed, with a loss to the besiegers of 1,000 men, while -only 37 of the garrison fell. The opening of the dykes at last rendered -the position of the Spaniards most precarious, and on October 8 the -siege was raised. - - - Alkmaar (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought October 2, 1799, between 30,000 British and Russians under the -Duke of York, and the French, in about equal strength, under Brune. The -action began by the Russians driving in the French advanced posts. -Meanwhile the Duke of York had outflanked them, and as soon as he was in -position a simultaneous attack on the French left and centre forced -Brune to abandon the key of his position, Alkmaar, which was at once -occupied by the allies. - - - Allia, The (First Invasion of the Gauls). - -Fought July 16, 389 B.C., between the Romans, 40,000 strong, under -Quintus Sulpicius, and the Gauls, about equal in numbers, under Brennus. -The Romans took post on the Allia to check the advance of the Gauls on -Rome. Here they were attacked by Brennus, who routed the right wing, -where the younger soldiers were posted, and then broke the Roman centre -and left, putting them to flight with enormous loss. - - - Alma (Crimean War). - -Fought September 20, 1854, between the Russians, 40,000 strong, under -Prince Mentschikoff, and the allied British and French armies, 26,000 -strong, under Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud. The bulk of the -fighting fell upon the British Second and Light Divisions and the -Guards, who carried the heights held by the Russians at the point of the -bayonet, and utterly routed them. The Russians lost 1,200 killed, and -left 4,700 prisoners, many of them wounded, in the hands of the allies. -The British loss amounted to 3,000 killed and wounded; that of the -French to 1,000. - - - Almanza (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought April 25, 1707, between the French under Marshal Berwick, and the -British and Portuguese under Lord Galway and the Marques das Minas. -Galway, though inferior in cavalry, attacked at first with success, but -the Portuguese on the right broke and fled, and the British centre, -attacked in front and flank simultaneously, was routed and forced to -surrender. As a consequence of this defeat, the whole of Spain was lost -to Charles with the exception of Catalonia. - - - Almenara (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 10, 1710, when the British contingent of the Archduke -Charles’ army, under General Stanhope, attacked and defeated the -Spaniards under Philip V, after severe fighting. So complete was the -rout that Philip’s army was only saved by the fall of night from -complete destruction. - - - Almorah (Gurkha War). - -Fought April 25, 1815, when 2,000 British regulars under Colonel Nicolls -and a force of irregular troops under Colonel Gardiner assaulted and -captured the heights of the town of Almorah. The result of this victory -was the surrender of the province of Kumaon and all its fortresses. - - - Alne (Scottish Wars). - -Fought November 13, 1093, between the Scots under Malcolm Canmore and -the English. The Scots were totally defeated, and Malcolm and his eldest -son Edward slain in the battle. - - - Alresford (Civil War). - -Fought March 29, 1644, between the Royalists under the Earl of Brentford -and Sir Ralph Hopton, and the Parliamentarians under Sir William Waller. -The Parliament forces were victorious, but their losses were so severe -that Waller was unable to follow up his advantage, and the Royalists -made an orderly retreat. - - - Alsen (Schleswig-Holstein War). - -This island, in which the Danish garrison of Düppel had taken refuge, -was captured by the Prussians, who crossed from the mainland in boats on -the night of June 29, 1864, and under a heavy fire carried the Danish -entrenchments, and compelled them to surrender. This was the last -engagement of the war. - - - Altendorf (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 24, 1632, between Gustavus Adolphus, with 40,000 Swedes -and Germans, and the Imperialists, of about equal numbers, under -Wallenstein. Wallenstein was very strongly posted on the hill and in the -ruined castle of the Altenwald, and after a day spent in fruitless -assaults, the King was forced to retire, having lost about 2,300 in -killed and wounded. The defenders admitted a loss of 70 officers and -2,000 men killed, besides wounded and prisoners. - - - Alto Pascio (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought 1325, between the Ghibellines under Castruccio Castracane of -Lucca, and the Florentine Guelfs. The Florentines were defeated with -heavy loss, among the trophies taken by Castracane being the _carroccio_ -of Florence. - - - Amakusa (Revolt of the Christians). - -In 1638, the castle of Amakusa, held by 30,000 rebels under Masada -Shiro, was captured after very hard fighting by the troops of the -Shôgun, under Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The defenders set fire to the -castle, and perished to the last man, either in the flames or by the -sword. - - - Amalinde (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought 1818 between the Gaikas and the forces of Ndlambi, in which the -former were utterly routed. - - - Amatola Mountain (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought 1846, between the Kaffirs under Sandilli, and the British and -Cape troops under Colonels Campbell and Somerset. Sandilli was totally -defeated, but, rallying his forces, he made a successful attack on the -British baggage train, the loss of which forced them to retire. - - - Ambate (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought 1532, between the two Peruvian chiefs Atahualpa and Huascar, in -which the latter suffered a complete defeat. - - - Ambracian Gulf. - -Fought B.C. 435, when a Corinthian fleet of 75 ships attempted the -relief of Epidamnus, which was besieged by the Corcyreans, and was -defeated with heavy loss by 80 Corcyrean triremes. - - - Ambur. - -Fought 1749, between the army of Anwar-ud-din, Nawab of Arcot, 20,000 -strong, and the combined forces of Muzuffer Jung and Chunda Sahib, aided -by a French contingent under M. d’Auteil. Anwar-ud-din was defeated and -slain, and Muzuffer Jung assumed the title of Subahdar of the Deccan, -Chunda Sahib that of Nawab of Arcot. - - - Ambur. - -This strong fortress was held by a garrison of 500 Sepoys, under Captain -Calvert, and a detachment of Mysore troops under Mukhlis Khan. This man -had assumed the status of an independent chief, but being suspected of -intriguing with Hyder Ali, was arrested by Calvert. Hyder laid siege to -the place November 10, 1767; but Calvert, now secure from treachery -within, held out with his small garrison till December 6, when the -approach of a relieving force obliged Hyder to raise the siege. - - - Amida (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, defended by a Roman garrison, was besieged, and after a -vigorous defence taken by storm by the Persians under Sapor II in 359. -The garrison and inhabitants were put to the sword. The siege, which -lasted 73 days, cost the Persians 30,000 men, and so weakened Sapor that -he was compelled to relinquish his designs upon the Eastern Empire. - -The fortress was again besieged by the Persians under Kobad in 503, -being defended as before by a Roman garrison. After a defence of three -months, which cost the besiegers 50,000 men, a weakly defended tower was -surprised at night, and on the following day the Persians, headed by -their King, scaled the walls, and massacred 80,000 of the garrison and -inhabitants. - - - Amiens (Franco-German War). - -Fought November 27, 1870, between the French under General Faure, and -the Germans under Manteuffel. The French were compelled to abandon the -city, but the Germans failed to secure a decisive victory. The French -lost 1,383 killed and wounded, and 1,000 missing; the Germans, 76 -officers and 1,216 men. - - - Amoaful (Second Ashanti War). - -Fought January 31, 1874, when the British expeditionary force under Sir -Garnet Wolseley defeated the Ashantis after a desperate resistance, -which cost the assailants 16 officers and 174 men killed and wounded. -The 42nd Regiment, which led the attack, lost 9 officers and 105 men. - - - Amorium (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor). - -Fought 838, between the Moslems under the Caliph Motassem, and the -Greeks under Theophilus. Thirty thousand Persian horsemen, serving under -the Emperor, succeeded in breaking the Moslem line, but the Greeks -themselves were overthrown by the Moslems, and the day ended in a -complete rout of the Imperial army. Motassem then laid siege to Amorium, -and after a defence of 55 days, which cost the besiegers 70,000 men, the -gates were opened by treachery, and 30,000 Christians were massacred. - - - Amphipolis (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought March 422 B.C. between 1,500 Athenians, with a contingent of -allies under Cleon, and the Spartans, 2,000 hoplites, besides light -armed troops, under Brasidas. Cleon advanced to attack Amphipolis, but -finding the garrison preparing for a sortie, wheeled about and commenced -to retreat, He was at once assailed by Brasidas, and his left fled -without striking a blow. The Athenian right and centre offered some -resistance, but in the end were routed with heavy loss. Both Brasidas -and Cleon fell, the latter while fleeing from the field. - - - Amstetten (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought November 5, 1805, when the Russians retiring on Vienna fought a -rear-guard action against Murat’s cavalry and a portion of Lannes’ -corps, in which they were defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed, wounded, -and prisoners. - - - Añaquito (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought January 8, 1546, between the troops of the Viceroy, Blasco Nuñez, -and those of Gonzalo Pizarro. Pizarro gained a signal victory, the -Viceroy being among the slain, and in consequence the Government of Peru -fell into Pizarro’s hands. - - - Ancona (Unification of Italy). - -This place was attacked, September, 1860, by the Piedmontese fleet of 13 -warships under Admiral Persano, and the army of General Cialdini. It was -defended by a small Papal garrison under La Moricière, and after a -resistance of over a week, at the end of which time Persano forced the -boom guarding the harbour, La Moricière capitulated. - - - Ancrum Moor (Scottish Wars). - -Fought February 17, 1545, between the English under Sir Ralph Evans, and -the Scots under the Earl of Angus. The Borderers who had joined the -English deserted during the action, with the result that the Scots were -completely victorious. - - - Ancyræ. - -Fought B.C. 242, between the Syrians under Seleucus Callinicus, and the -rebels under his brother Hierax, aided by a large contingent of Gauls. -After a desperate struggle, in which Hierax nearly lost his life at the -hands of his barbarian auxiliaries, Seleucus was utterly routed. - - - Angora (Tartar Invasion of Asia Minor). - -Fought June 30, 1402, between the Tartars under Tamerlane, and the Turks -under Bajazet I. The numbers engaged are variously estimated at from one -to two millions, Tamerlane, it is said, having at least 800,000 men in -the field. The Turks were totally defeated, Bajazet and one of his sons -being captured, while another son was killed. - - - Angostura (Americo-Mexican War). - -Fought February 21, 1847, between the Mexicans under Santa Anna and the -Americans under General Scott, when the Mexicans were totally defeated. - - - Angostura (Paraguayan War). - -Fought December 22 to 27, 1868, between the Paraguayans under Lopez, and -the allied armies of the Argentine Republic, Brazil, and Uruguay. Lopez -held his position for six days against the greatly superior forces of -the allies, but was then compelled to retire, leaving in the hands of -the enemy 1,000 prisoners and 6 guns. - - - Antietam (American Civil War). - -Fought September 17, 1862, between the main Confederate army under -General Lee, and the Federals under General M’Clellan. On the morning of -the 17th Lee had only 35,000 men on the ground against M’Clellan’s -95,000. The Federals strongly attacked Lee’s left, and after a stubborn -fight drove it back, but reinforcements arriving, Lee resumed the -offensive, and recovered his lost positions. On the following day -neither side was disposed to resume the struggle, and the battle was -therefore indecisive. The Federals lost 12,460 men; the Confederates -about 9,000. - - - Antioch. - -Fought B.C. 244, between the Syrians under Seleucus Callinicus and the -Egyptians under Ptolemy Energetes. Seleucus was routed and compelled to -take refuge within the walls of Antioch. - - - Antioch (Aurelian’s Expedition to Palmyra). - -Fought B.C. 272, between the Palmyrenians under Zenobia, and the Romans -under the Emperor Aurelian. Zenobia’s heavy cavalry defeated and drove -from the field the Roman horse, but her infantry was unable to withstand -the charge of the legionaries, and she was totally defeated. - - - Antioch (First Crusade). - -The city was besieged, October 21, 1097, by the Crusaders under Godefroi -de Bouillon, and defended by a Saracen garrison under Baghasian. The -siege was unskilfully conducted, and provisions and munitions ran short -in the Christian camp, with the result that the place held out till June -3, 1098, when it was taken by stratagem. An indiscriminate massacre -followed, in which 10,000 of the defenders perished. On the 28th of the -same month the Crusading army was attacked outside Antioch a force of -Saracens under Kirboga. Kirboga concentrated his attack against one wing -of the Christians, and outflanked it, but was then assailed by the main -body, and driven off with heavy loss. - - - Antium (War of Chiozza). - -Fought May 30, 1378, when Vittorio Pisani, with 14 Venetian galleys, -defeated the Genoese fleet under Fieschi. The Genoese lost 6 ships, and -Fieschi was taken prisoner. - - - Antwerp (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city was sacked by the Spaniards, November 4, 1576. It was defended -by 6,000 troops, mostly Walloons, who offered little resistance to the -5,600 Spaniards under Sancho d’Avila, who formed the attacking force. -Having effected an entrance, the Spaniards proceeded to massacre the -inhabitants, of whom 8,000 are said to have perished. This event is -known as the Spanish Fury. - - - Antwerp (Liberation of Belgium). - -When Holland refused to recognize the London Protocol creating Belgium -into an independent State, the French laid siege to Antwerp, November, -1832. The city, which was defended by Chassé, held out till December 23, -when, the citadel being demolished by the French fire, it was forced to -capitulate. - - - Aong (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 15, 1857, between the British relieving force under Havelock -and the mutineers who were opposing their advance on Cawnpore. The -rebels were defeated and driven from their entrenchments. - - - Aquae Sextiae (Cimbric War). - -Fought B.C. 102, when the Teutones under the king Teutobod, were totally -routed by the Romans under Marius. - - - Aquidaban (Paraguayan War). - -The last stand of the Paraguayans against the allied armies of the -Argentine Republic, Brazil, and Uruguay, May 1, 1870. Lopez, with a -small force of Paraguayans and 5,000 Indians, met the attack of the -allies under General Camera on the banks of the Aquidaban, and after a -sanguinary engagement, in which he and the Vice-President Sanchez fell, -his army was cut to pieces, and the war ended. During the war the -population of Paraguay was reduced from 1,500,000 to 221,000, of whom -only 29,000 were males over fifteen years of age. - - - Aquileia (Eugenius’ Usurpation). - -Fought September 6 and 7, 394, between Theodosius, Emperor of the East, -and Eugenius, the usurping Emperor of the West, whose army was commanded -by Arbogastes. The first day’s fighting went against Theodosius, who was -only saved by darkness from a severe reverse, but during the night a -force sent by Arbogastes to secure the passes in Theodosius’ rear, -deserted to his standard, and thus reinforced and aided by a dust storm -which blew in the faces of his antagonists and disordered their ranks, -he on the following day gained a signal victory. - - - Aras (First Mahratta War). - -Fought May 18, 1775, between Raghunath Rao, the claimant to the -Peshwaship, with 20,000 Mahrattas, and 2,500 British troops under -Colonel Keating, and the army of the Mahratta chieftains, 25,000 strong -under Hari Pant Phunhay. Raghunath’s undisciplined levies fled, and -threw the British line into confusion; but they rallied, and after hard -fighting repulsed the Mahrattas with heavy loss. The British lost 222, -including 11 officers. - - - Arausio (Fourth Gallic Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 105, when the Gauls under Boiorix totally routed two -consular armies under Cæpio and Cn. Mallius Maximus. It is said that -80,000 Romans fell. - - - Arbela (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaign). - -Fought October 31, 331 B.C., between 47,000 Macedonians under Alexander -the Great, and the Persian army, three or four times as numerous, under -Darius Codomannus. Alexander, who led the Macedonian right wing, forced -a passage between the Persian left and centre, and attacked the centre -on the flank. After a stubborn resistance, and though meanwhile the -Macedonian left had been hard pressed, the Persians gave way, and Darius -taking to flight, the whole army fled in confusion, and was routed with -enormous loss, especially at the passage of the Lycas, which barred -their retreat. This victory made Alexander master of Asia. - - - Arcis-sur-Aube (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 21, 1814, between 23,000 French under Napoleon, and 60,000 -allies under Schwartzenberg. The French made a gallant stand against -superior numbers, and in the end effected an orderly retreat, with a -loss of about 2,000. The allies’ losses were considerably heavier. - - - Arcola (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought November 15, 16, and 17, 1796, between the main Austrian army -under Alvinzi, and the French under Napoleon. Napoleon’s object was to -drive back Alvinzi before he could effect a junction with Davidowich, -who was descending from the Tyrol. The village of Arcola was occupied on -the 15th, after severe fighting, in which Napoleon was in great personal -danger on the bridge, but it was evacuated during the night. On the 16th -Napoleon again attacked the village, but the Austrians held their -ground. On the 17th he turned the position, and Davidowich still -remaining inactive, Alvinzi was driven back, with losses variously -estimated at from 8,000 to 18,000. The French also lost heavily. - - - Arcot. - -This fortress was captured by Clive, with a force of 200 Europeans and -300 Sepoys, in August, 1751. The garrison, 1,100 strong, offered no -resistance, but marched out on Clive’s approach. In the course of the -autumn Arcot was beleaguered by an army of 10,000 natives, and 150 -Frenchmen under Chunda Sahib, the French nominee for the Nawabship of -Arcot. Against this overwhelming force, Clive, whose garrison had been -reduced by sickness to 120 Europeans, and less than 200 Sepoys, held out -for seven weeks, till the approach of a Mahratta army forced Chunda -Sahib to raise the siege. The garrison had 45 Europeans and 30 Sepoys -killed. - - - Argaum (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought November 28, 1803, between the British under Wellesley (the Duke -of Wellington) and the forces of the Rajah of Berar, under Sindhia of -Gwalior. Three of Wellesley’s battalions, which had previously fought -well, on this occasion broke and fled, and the situation was at one time -very serious. Wellesley, however, succeeded in rallying them, and in the -end defeated the Mahrattas, with the loss of all their guns and baggage. -The British lost 346 killed and wounded. This victory ended the Second -Mahratta War. - - - Argentaria (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought May, 378, between the Romans under Gratianus and the Alemanni -under Priarius. The Alemanni were overwhelmed by the Roman legionaries, -though they stood their ground bravely, and only 5,000 escaped from the -field. Priarius was slain. - - - Argentoratum. - -Fought August, 357, between 13,000 Romans under Julian, and a vastly -superior army of Alemanni under Chnodomar. The Romans attacked the -German lines shortly before night-fall, after a long march, and though -the right wing, under Julian, was at first driven in, they were rallied -by their general, and the left and centre pressing on, the Alemanni were -totally routed, with a loss of 6,000, in addition to those who fell in -the flight. The Romans lost 4 tribunes and 243 soldiers only. Chnodomar -was taken prisoner. - - - Arginusæ (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 406, between 150 Athenian triremes under Thrasyllus and -other generals, and 120 Peloponnesian ships under Callicratidas. The -Peloponnesians were routed, with a loss of 70 vessels, sunk or taken, -and Callicratidas slain. The Athenians lost 25 ships with their crews, -and the generals were brought to trial for not having taken proper steps -to rescue the men of the disabled ships. They were convicted, and six of -them, including Thrasyllus, executed. This victory temporarily restored -to Athens the command of the sea. - - - Argos (Roman Invasion of Greece). - -Fought B.C. 195, between Nabis of Sparta, with 15,000 men, and 50,000 -Romans and Macedonians under Flaminius. Nabis was totally defeated, and -though allowed to retain Sparta, was compelled to restore to the Achæan -league all his foreign possessions. - - - Arikera (Second Mysore War). - -Fought May 13, 1791, between the British under Lord Cornwallis, and the -forces of Tippu Sahib. The latter was encamped between Arikera and -Seringapatam, and was attacked by Cornwallis, who attempted to surprise -him by a night march, but was foiled by heavy rain. A frontal attack on -Tippu’s position was, however, successful, and, aided by a flank -movement under Maxwell, resulted in the total defeat of the Mysore -troops, with a loss of over 2,000. The British loss amounted to 500. -This is also known as the battle of Carigat. - - - Arius, The. - -Fought B.C. 214, between the Syrians under Antiochus the Great, and the -Parthians and Bactrians under Arsaces III, and Euthydemus. Antiochus was -severely wounded, but remained at the head of his troops, and completely -routed the enemy with enormous loss. - - - Arkenholm (Douglas Rebellion). - -Fought May 12, 1455, between the troops of James II of Scotland and the -rebels under the Douglas brothers. The rebels were completely defeated. -Archibald Douglas was killed, Hugh captured, and James, Earl of Douglas, -forced to take refuge in England. - - - Arklow (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought 1798, when General Needham, with about 1,400 Militia and -Volunteers, defended the town from the attack of 27,000 rebels led by -Father John Murphy. The rebels were beaten off with great slaughter, and -their intended advance on Dublin prevented. - - - Armada, The Invincible. - -The fight with the Spanish Armada in the Channel began on Sunday, July -21, 1588, and lasted with intervals until the 30th. The Armada consisted -of 130 ships, many of large size, under the command of the Duke of -Medina Sidonia. The English fleet numbered 197 in all, but only 34 were -Queen’s ships, and of these but 8 were over 600 tons burden. Lord Howard -of Effingham commanded, with Drake and Hawkins as his lieutenants. The -English vessels hung on to the flanks of the Spanish ships as they -sailed up channel, harassing them in every way, and doing considerable -damage, until the Armada anchored in Calais roads. Here many of their -finest vessels were captured or destroyed by fire-ships, and finally on -the 30th, Medina Sidonia decided to attempt to escape northwards. His -fleet was scattered by storms, and many wrecked on the Scotch and Irish -coasts, and in the end only about one-half of the Armada returned to -Spain. - - - Arnee. - -Fought 1751, shortly after the relief of Arcot, between 900 British -troops, under Clive, with 600 Mahratta horse under Basin Rao, and a -French force of 4,800, including 300 Europeans, who were in charge of a -convoy of treasure. Clive took up a position in swampy ground, crossed -by a causeway along which the convoy must pass. The French were thrown -into disorder, and forced to retreat, but night saved them from complete -destruction. The treasure was captured. - - - Arnee (First Mysore War). - -An indecisive action fought June 7, 1782, between the British under Sir -Eyre Coote, and the Mysore troops under Hyder Ali. - - - Arques (Eighth Civil War). - -Fought September 23, 1589, between 5,000 Huguenots under Henri IV, and -30,000 Leaguers under the Duc de Mayenne. Henri had taken up a strong -position, defended by marshy ground, and of such a nature that Mayenne -could only bring against the king 5,000 troops at a time, thus -neutralizing the disparity of numbers. He repulsed attack after attack, -with heavy loss to the assailants, and eventually Mayenne was forced to -withdraw, with the loss of about half his army. - - - Arrah (Indian Mutiny). - -A house in Arrah was, in 1857, defended by Mr. Boyle, with 16 Englishmen -and 60 Sikh police, against the attacks of three revolted native -regiments, led by a Zemindar named Kur Singh. This small garrison held -out from July 25 till August 3, when they were relieved by a small field -force under Major Vincent Eyre. - - - Arras (Wars of Louis XIV). - -This place, held by a French garrison, was besieged August, 1654, by the -Spaniards under the Great Condé. On the 24th a relieving army under -Turenne attacked the Spanish lines, and totally routed them with a loss -of 3,000 men. Condé succeeded in rallying the remainder of his army, and -made a masterly retreat to Cambray. - - - Arretium (Etruscan War). - -Fought B.C. 283, when the consular army of L. Cæcilius Metellus, -marching to the relief of Arretium, which the Etruscans were besieging, -met with a disastrous defeat. Thirteen thousand, including Metellus, -were slain, and the rest made prisoners. - - - Arroyo Grande (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -Fought 1842, between the Argentine troops under Oribe, and the -Uruguayans under Ribera. Ribera was totally defeated, and Oribe -proceeded to lay siege to Montevideo. - - - Arsouf (Third Crusade). - -Fought 1192, between the English Crusaders under Richard Cœur de -Lion, and the Saracens, 300,000 strong under Saladin. The Saracens made -a desperate onslaught on the English, and both their wings gave way, but -the centre under the king stood firm and finally drove back the Moslems -in great disorder, with a loss of 40,000 men. - - - Ascalon (First Crusade). - -Fought August 19, 1099, between the Crusaders under Godefroi de -Bouillon, and the Saracens under Kilidj Arslan. The Crusaders gained a -signal victory, and for a time the Moslem resistance to the Christian -occupation of the Holy Land came to an end. - - - Asculum (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 279, between 45,000 Romans under Sulpicius Saverrio and P. -Decius Mus, and the Epirots, with their Italian allies, in about equal -force. The Romans fought to raise the siege of Asculum, but were finally -routed by the Epirot cavalry and elephants, and driven back to their -camp with a loss of 6,000. The Epirots lost 3,000. - - - Asculum (Social War). - -Fought B.C. 89, between 75,000 Romans under Strabo, who was besieging -the town, and 60,000 Italians under Judacilius, who had marched to its -relief. The Romans were victorious, but Judacilius succeeded in throwing -a considerable portion of his army into the beleaguered city. - - - Ashdown (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, between the West Saxons under Æthelred and the Danes under -Bag Secg and Halfdene. Largely owing to the brilliant leading of Alfred -(the Great), who commanded one of the wings, the Danes, after a -desperate conflict, which lasted throughout the day, were finally put to -flight, having lost one of their kings and five jarls. - - - Ashtee (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought February 19, 1818, between the army of the Peshwá, Baji Rao, -under Gokla, and the British under General Smith. The Peshwá fled before -the action began, and Gokla, charging at the head of his cavalry, was -killed, whereupon the Mahrattas broke and fled in confusion. - - - Asirghur (Third Mahratta War). - -This fortress, held by Jeswunt Rao, with a strong Mahratta garrison, was -besieged by a British force under Sir John Malcolm and General Doveton, -March 18, 1819. On the 21st the garrison was driven into the upper fort, -and after a continuous bombardment, Jeswunt Rao surrendered April 7. The -British loss during the siege was 313 killed and wounded; that of the -garrison somewhat less. - - - Askultsik (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1828, between 30,000 Turks and the Russians, 17,000 strong, under -General Paskiewitch. The Turks were routed, and their camp, with all -artillery and baggage, captured. Paskiewitch then laid siege to the -town, which was defended by a garrison of 50,000 men, and after a siege -of three weeks, carried it by storm, August 28. - - - Aspendus. - -Fought B.C. 191, between the Syrian fleet of Antiochus the Great, under -Hannibal, and a Rhodian squadron under Eudamus. Though Hannibal was in -superior force, he suffered a severe defeat. - - - Aspern (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought May 21 and 22, 1809, between 36,000 French under Napoleon, and -70,000 Austrians under the Archduke Charles. The battle commenced about -four p.m. on the 21st by an attack on the French position at Aspern, and -at nightfall the Austrians had established a lodgment in the village. On -the 22nd, both armies having been reinforced during the night, the -combat was renewed round Aspern, which was taken and retaken ten times, -while Essling was the scene of an equally desperate conflict. Towards -evening the bridge by which Napoleon had crossed the Danube was swept -away, and Napoleon was compelled to retire. Each side lost about 20,000 -men, and both claimed the victory. Among the French who fell were -Marshal Lannes and General St. Hilaire. - - - Aspromonte (Garibaldi’s Rising). - -Fought August 29, 1862, between a small force of “Red Shirts” under -Garibaldi, and the royal troops under General Pallavicini. After a short -engagement, in which Garibaldi was wounded, the “Red Shirts,” largely -outnumbered and surrounded, laid down their arms. - - - Assandun (Danish Invasion). - -The last of the five battles fought in 1016 between the English under -Edmund Ironside and the Danish invaders under Knut. Owing to the -treachery of Ædric, who crossed over with the Hereford men in the course -of the battle, the English were defeated, and shortly afterwards Knut -was proclaimed King of England. - - - Assaye (First Mahratta War). - -Fought September 23, 1803, when General Wellesley (the Duke of -Wellington) with 4,500 British and native troops routed the army of -Sindhia of Gwalior, over 30,000 strong. All the camp equipment and 100 -guns were taken. The Duke always considered this the bloodiest action, -for the numbers engaged, that he ever witnessed. The British loss -amounted to 1,566, or more than one-third of Wellesley’s entire force. - - - Astrakhan. - -Siege was laid to this town, 1569, by the Turks under Selim II, who -required it as a base for his projected invasion of Persia. It was held -by a small Russian garrison, which made an obstinate defence, and was -finally relieved by an army despatched to its assistance by Ivan the -Terrible, which attacked the Turkish lines, and utterly routed them. - - - Atahualpa (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought 1531, between 160 Spaniards under Pizarro, and 30,000 Peruvians, -forming the escort of the Inca, Manco-Capac. The battle was nothing but -a butchery, Pizarro, who had invited the Inca to visit him, falling upon -the unsuspecting Peruvians, seizing Manco-Capac, and slaughtering 4,000 -men, without the loss of a single Spaniard. - - - Atbara (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought April 8, 1898, between the British and Egyptian army, 14,000 -strong, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 18,000 Mahdists under Mahmad. -The Mahdists occupied an entrenched zareeba on the Atbara, where they -were attacked and utterly routed, with a loss in the zareeba of 5,000 -killed and 1,000 prisoners, while many more fell in the pursuit. Mahmad -was captured. The Anglo-Egyptian losses were 570 killed and wounded, -including 29 British officers. - - - Athenry (Conquest of Ireland). - -Fought 1316 between the English under William de Burgh and Richard de -Bermingham, and the O’Connors under their chieftain, Feidlim. The -O’Connors were defeated, 11,000 of the sept falling in the battle. This -is the last appearance of the O’Connors as a clan in Irish history. - - - Atherton Moor. - -_See_ Adwalton Moor. - - - Auerstadt. - -_See_ Jena. - - - Augsburg. - -Fought 900, between the Germans and the invading Hungarians. The -Christians fought gallantly, but were overwhelmed by the numbers of the -barbarian cavalry, and in the end suffered a signal defeat. - - - Auldearn (Civil War). - -Fought May 9, 1645, when Montrose and his Highlanders defeated a largely -superior force of Covenanters under Sir John Hurry, who was marching -northward to raid the lands of the Gordons. - - - Auray. - -Fought September 27, 1364, between the partisans of John de Montfort, -and those of Charles of Blois, the rival claimants to the Dukedom of -Brittany. The English party, under Sir John Chandos, were besieging -Auray, when they were attacked by the French, who were led by Bertrand -du Guesclin. Chandos’ position, however, was very strong, and the French -were unable to make any impression upon it. Meanwhile they were thrown -into utter confusion by an attack on their flank, and were ultimately -routed, with heavy loss, Charles of Blois being among the slain. -Bertrand du Guesclin was captured. De Montfort was shortly afterwards -acknowledged by Charles V of France as Duke of Brittany. - - - Aussig (Hussite War). - -Fought 1426, between the Germans under the Emperor Sigismund, and the -Taborites, the extreme section of the Hussites, under John Zisca. The -Germans were signally defeated. - - - Austerlitz (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought December 2, 1805, between 50,000 Russians and 25,000 Austrians -under Kutusoff, and 75,000 French under Napoleon. An attempt to turn the -French flank failed, and led to the left of the allies being entirely -cut off from their centre. Their left and centre were thus beaten in -detail, and the right, which had at first held its own, was surrounded, -and driven in disorder across a partially frozen lake, where many -perished. The allies lost 20,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners, and a -large number of guns. The French lost about 5,000. The battle is called -the Battle of the Three Emperors, those of Russia, Austria, and France -being all present with their respective armies. - - - Avaricum (Gallic War). - -This place was made the headquarters of the revolted Gauls under -Vercingetorix, B.C. 53, and was besieged by Cæsar, with 50,000 Romans. -The place was strongly defended, but supplies ran short, and -Vercingetorix attempted to withdraw his troops. In this he was -unsuccessful, and the Romans, delivering a vigorous assault, took -possession of the town, and massacred the garrison and inhabitants. - - - Avus (Second Macedonian War). - -Fought B.C. 198, between 20,000 Macedonians under Philip, and two Roman -legions under T. Quinctius Flamininus. A force of 4,000 legionaries -penetrated to the rear of Philip’s camp, and when Flamininus attacked in -front, they fell upon the Macedonian rear, and completely routed them, -with a loss of 2,000. - - - Axarquia (War of Granada). - -Fought March 20, 1483, between a Spanish force of 3,000 knights, and -about 2,000 infantry, under the Marquis of Cadiz, and a strong Moorish -force under Abul Hasan. The Spaniards were marching through the defile -of Axarquia, on their way to attack Malaga, when they were assailed in -front and flank, and totally routed, losing 800 killed and 1,600 -prisoners. Among the killed were 400 men of rank. - - - Ayacucho (South American War of Independence). - -Fought December 9, 1824, between the South American patriots, 5,780 -strong, under Sucre, and the Spaniards, 9,310 in number, under Laserna. -The latter were routed with a loss of 2,100 killed and wounded, and over -3,500 prisoners, including Laserna, in addition to 15 guns. The Patriots -lost 979. This engagement, which is also known as the Battle of -Candorcanqui, practically decided the question of South American -independence. - - - Aylesford (Jutish Invasion). - -Fought 456, between the Jutes under Hengist and Horsa, and the Britons -under Vortigern. Horsa was slain in the battle, but the Jutes were -victorious. - - - Azimghur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought April 15, 1858, between a British column, composed of three -regiments of infantry and three of Sikh cavalry, under Sir Edward -Layard, and the Dinapur mutineers, about 5,000 strong, under Kur Singh. -The rebels were routed and dispersed, Kur Singh falling mortally -wounded. - - - Azores. - -In 1591, a fleet of 7 ships under Lord Thomas Howard was driven from -Floris by the Spanish fleet under Don Alfonso Bassano. The action was -chiefly remarkable for the gallant fight made by Sir Richard Grenville -in the _Revenge_, which maintained an unequal struggle for nine hours, -when her gallant commander was mortally wounded, and she surrendered at -daybreak. - - - - - B - - - Badajos (Peninsular War). - -On March 17, 1812, this fortress, held by a garrison of French, Hessians -and Spaniards, 5,000 strong, under Phillipon, was invested by -Wellington. The breaches were declared to be practicable on April 5, and -an assault was ordered. After terrible slaughter, the town was taken, -with a loss to the assailants of 3,500, the total British losses during -the siege exceeding 5,000. Fearful excesses were committed after the -assault, and for two days the troops were completely out of hand. - - - Baduli-ki-Serai (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought June 8, 1857, when a British force, under Sir Henry Barnard, -defeated a large body of mutineers, who were opposing their march to -Delhi. All the rebels’ guns were captured. - - - Bagdad (Tartar Invasion of Mesopotamia). - -This city was captured by the Tartars under Tamerlane, July 23, 1401. - - - Bagradas (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 49, between the Cæsareans under Curio and the Numidians -under Juba and Saburra, who adhered to the fortunes of Pompey. The Roman -cavalry was cut to pieces, before the legionaries could come to its -assistance, and eventually the Romans were surrounded, and cut down to a -man, Curio being amongst the slain. This victory left the Pompeians -masters of Africa. - - - Bahur (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August, 1752, between the French, numbering 2,500, including -natives, under M. Kirkjean, and 2,000 British troops, with 4,000 of -Mohammed Ali’s levies, under Major Lawrence. The French were totally -defeated, losing heavily in men, guns and stores. This victory -determined the Mahrattas, who were wavering, to throw in their lot with -the British. - - - Balaclava (Crimean War). - -Fought October 25, 1854, between 30,000 Russians under Prince -Mentschikoff, and the British under Lord Raglan. The Russians, having -driven the Turks from their redoubts at Kadikoi, entered the valley of -Balaclava, where they were encountered and driven back by the Heavy -Cavalry Brigade under General Scarlett. Later in the day, acting under a -mistaken order, Lord Cardigan at the head of the Light Brigade, charged -the Russian guns at the head of the valley, and captured their -batteries. Being, however, shelled from all sides, he was compelled to -retire with heavy loss. Of this famous feat of arms, General Pelissier -is reported to have said, “C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la -guerre.” Another feature of this singular battle was the repulse by the -Highland Brigade, in line, of a charge of the Russian cavalry. The -British losses were small, except in the case of the Light Brigade, -whose casualties amounted to 272 out of 673 who took part in the charge. - - - Balls Bluff (American Civil War). - -Fought October 21, 1861, between the Federals under General Stone, and -the Confederates under General Evans. The Federals crossed the Potomac -to attack the Southern position, but were repulsed, and driven back over -the river in confusion losing 1,100 killed and wounded, 700 prisoners -and the only three guns which they had succeeded in taking across. The -Confederates lost 155 only. - - - Ballymore (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 3, 1798, when Colonel Walpole, with 500 Royal troops, on the -march to Enniscorthy, was surprised and overpowered by a body of rebels -under Father Murphy. Walpole and the majority of his force were cut to -pieces. - - - Baltimore (Second American War). - -This city was attacked September 11, 1814, by a British fleet of ten -sail, under Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, and a land force of 3,270 -under General Ross, who fell during the action. The Americans, 17,000 -strong, under General Winder, were defeated, but the British retired on -the evening of the 13th. The British lost 46 killed and 300 wounded, the -Americans, 20 killed, 90 wounded, and 200 prisoners. - - - Bamian (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city was invested by the Mongols under Genghiz Khan in 1221, and -after an obstinate defence, lasting several months, was taken by storm. -Genghiz, who had seen a favourite grandson killed during the progress of -the siege, gave orders that neither woman nor child was to be spared, -and the whole city with its inhabitants was wiped out. - - - Banda (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought April 19, 1858, between a force of rather over 1,000 British -troops under General Whitlock, and 7,000 mutineers under the Nawab of -Banda. After an obstinate conflict the rebels were totally routed. - - - Banda Islands (Wars of the French Revolution). - -These islands, forming part of the Dutch East Indian possessions, were -captured March 8, 1796, by a British squadron under Admiral Peter -Rainier. - - - Bands, The (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 961, between the Scots under their king, Indulph, and the Danish -pirates. The Danes were defeated, but Indulph fell in the battle. - - - Bangalore (Second Mysore War). - -This place was besieged by the British under Lord Cornwallis, March 5, -1791, and notwithstanding numerous efforts to relieve it on the part of -Tippu Sahib, it was taken by storm on the night of the 21st, Tippu’s -final attempt being beaten off by the reserve with heavy loss. The -British casualties were few. - - - Bannockburn (Scottish Wars). - -Fought June 24, 1314, between the Scots under Robert Bruce, and the -English invaders under Edward II. Bruce’s position was partly covered by -a marsh, and further strengthened by pitfalls, in which the English -cavalry were entrapped, and defeated with great loss. The king escaped -with difficulty and the invasion was abandoned. - - - Bapaume (Franco-German War). - -Fought January 3, 1871, between the French under General Faidherbe, and -the Germans under Von Goeben. The result was indecisive, and though the -French gained some tactical successes, the result strategically was an -advantage to the Germans, as General Faidherbe was compelled to desist -from his attempt to raise the siege of Péronne. The Germans lost 52 -officers and 698 men; the French 53 officers and 1516 men killed and -wounded, and 550 prisoners. - - - Barbosthenian Mountains (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought 192 B.C. between the Spartans under Narbis, and the Achæan League -under Philopœmen. Nabis was totally routed, with the loss of -three-fourths of his troops. - - - Barcelona (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This city, which was held for Philip V of Spain by a Spanish garrison, -was besieged September 14, 1705, by the British under the Earl of -Peterborough. After a short bombardment, the place surrendered, October -9. - - - Barnet (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought April 14, 1471, between the Yorkists under Edward IV, and the -Lancastrians under the Earl of Warwick. Warwick prepared to attack the -king as he issued from Barnet, but Edward came out during the night and -took up a position opposite Warwick unseen. The left of the Yorkists was -outflanked and beaten, but their right outflanked and defeated the -Lancastrian left, and then fell upon and routed the centre. Warwick was -slain. The losses on the two sides are said to have amounted in all to -1,000 killed. - - - Barosa (Peninsular War). - -In the course of the operations for the relief of Cadiz, General Graham, -with 4,000 British troops, defeated Marshal Victor with 9,000 French, -March 5, 1811. The French lost 2,000 killed and wounded, including two -generals, 6 guns, 2 eagles, and 400 prisoners. The British losses -amounted to 50 officers and 1,160 rank and file. A large Spanish force -under La Peña stood idly by, and took no part in the action. - - - Barquisimeto (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, between the Colombian patriots under Simon Bolivar, and the -Spanish Royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory. - - - Basing (Danish Invasion). - -A victory of the Danish invaders in 871 over the West Saxons. - - - Bassano (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought September 8, 1796, when Napoleon, who had on the previous day -destroyed the Austrian vanguard at Primolano, fell upon the main body of -Wurmser’s army. The assault on the town of Bassano was delivered by -Augereau’s division on the right, and Masséna’s on the left, and the -French utterly routed the Austrians, Wurmser narrowly escaping capture. -Six thousand men laid down their arms, and when Wurmser collected his -scattered forces, he had but 16,000 left out of the 60,000 with which he -had commenced the campaign. - - - Bassein (First Mahratta War). - -This place, held by a Mahratta garrison, was besieged by a British force -under General Goddard, November 13, 1780. A serious attempt was made to -relieve the garrison, but the defeat of the relieving force by Colonel -Hartley at Dugaar, on December 10, completely discouraged the defenders, -and they surrendered on the following day. - - - Bassorah (Arab Revolt). - -Fought in 665 between the Caliph Ali, at the head of 29,000 Moslems, and -the rebel Arabs in superior force, under Telha and Zobin. The rebels -were defeated with heavy loss, Telha and Zobin being slain, and Ayesha, -the widow of the prophet, who had espoused their cause, captured. This -victory is known to Moslems as the Day of the Camel, 70 men, who in -succession held the bridle of the camel on which Ayesha was mounted, -being killed in the fight which raged round her. - - - Batavia (Napoleonic Wars). - -This town was captured by the British under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, with -10,000 troops, August 26, 1811. The French and Dutch garrison had -abandoned the town, and occupied a strong position at Fort Cornelius, in -the immediate neighbourhood. The British stormed the entrenchments, with -a loss of 872 killed and wounded, whereupon the survivors of the -garrison laid down their arms. - - - Batoche (Riel’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought May 9 to 12, 1885, when 750 Canadians under General Middleton -gradually drove back and finally defeated Riel’s force of half-breeds -and Indians, with a loss of 224. The Canadians lost only 54 killed and -wounded. Riel surrendered on the 15th. - - - Batowitz. - -Fought 1653 between 40,000 Poles under John II, and the Wallachians -under Bogdan. The Poles, who were waiting to intercept the passage of -the Wallachians, were thrown into disorder by a furious charge headed by -Bogdan in person, and almost completely annihilated. - - - Bautzen (Campaign of Leipzic). - -Fought May 20 and 21, 1813, between 150,000 French under Napoleon, and -the Prussians and Russians, 100,000 strong, under Blucher and Count -Wittgenstein. The allies were strongly posted in and around Bautzen, -while their front was protected by the Spree. On the 20th Napoleon -forced the passage of the Spree, and seized Bautzen after severe -fighting, driving the allies from their first line of defence. On the -22nd he attacked the second line, while a flank march of Ney’s corps -drove in their right flank, and captured all their positions. The allies -retired in good order, lack of cavalry preventing Napoleon from pushing -his advantage. The allies lost 15,000 killed and wounded in the two -days; the French, 1,300. - - - Bavay (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 57 between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Cæsar, and a -large force of Gauls, drawn from the Nervii, Viromandui, Atrebates and -other tribes. The Gauls attacked as the Romans were pitching their camp -on the banks of the Sambre, but, although surprised, the legionaries -stood their ground, and utterly routed their assailants. The Nervii, in -particular, were practically annihilated. - - - Baylen (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 19, 1808, between 15,000 Spaniards under Castaños, and -20,000 French under Dupont. The French were totally defeated with a loss -of over 2,000 men, and Dupont surrendered with his whole army. - - - Baza (War of Granada). - -This fortress, one of the outposts of Granada, was besieged by -Ferdinand, with 95,000 Spaniards, in June 1489, and was defended by a -strong Moorish garrison under Sidi Yahye. The town was very strong, and -was gallantly defended, and the siege lasted until December, when the -place was surrendered on honourable terms. - - - Beachy Head (War of the Revolution). - -A naval action fought June 30, 1690, between a combined English and -Dutch fleet of 73 sail under Torrington, and a French fleet of 78 ships -under de Tourville, which had been despatched to create a diversion in -favour of James II in Ireland. The allies were defeated, the Dutch -losing six and the British one ship. - - - Beaugé (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought March 22, 1421, between the English under the Duke of Clarence, -and the Armagnacs, aided by the Scottish mercenaries, resulting in one -of the few defeats sustained by the English during the French wars. The -Duke and his immediate following, charging ahead of his troops, -vigorously attacked the Scottish outposts, and, becoming separated from -the main body, was surrounded and slain, all his gentlemen being either -killed or captured. The bodies were afterwards recovered by the English -archers, but the defeat was complete. - - - Beaumont (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 30, 1870, between the Fifth French Corps d’Armée under -General de Failly, and the Fourth and Twelfth German Army Corps under -the Crown Prince of Saxony. The French were surprised in their -cantonments, and were driven back upon Monzon, with a loss of 4,800 men -and 42 guns. The Germans lost about 3,500. - - - Beaune-la-Rolande (Franco-German War). - -Fought November 28, 1870, between 9,000 Germans under the Grand Duke of -Mecklenburg, and 60,000 French under General Crouzat. The French -assailed the German position, but, notwithstanding the disparity of -numbers, the Germans succeeded in maintaining their ground, after a -desperate encounter, driving off their assailants with a loss of 8,000 -men. The Germans lost 37 officers and 817 men only. - - - Beauséjour (Seven Years’ War). - -This fort in Nova Scotia, held by a garrison of 460 men under Duchambon -de Vergor, was invested June 4, 1755, by 2,000 Massachusetts volunteers -and a small force of regulars under Colonel Monckton. On the 14th the -besiegers opened fire, and on the 16th the garrison surrendered. - - - Beaver’s Dam Creek. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battle. - - - Bedr (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish). - -Fought in 623, and notable as the first military exploit of Mohammed, -who, with only 313 followers, routed a force of 950 Koreish, who had -been sent out to meet and protect a caravan of 1,000 camels, with which -was their chief, Abu Sophian. After his victory, Mohammed pursued and -captured the caravan. - - - Bedriacum (Revolt of Vitellius). - -Fought April 14, 69, between the legions of the Emperor Otho and the -Vitellians under Valens. The Imperial troops were utterly routed, and -driven back to their camp, which they surrendered to the Vitellians on -the following day. - - - Bega (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1696, between the Turks, under Mustapha II, and the Imperialists, -when the Turks gained a complete victory. - - - Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). - -Siege was laid to this city by a large Turkish army under Mohammed II, -the defence being in the hands of John Hunyady. After a gallant -resistance of 40 days, the Turks were compelled to raise the siege, -September 4, 1456. This was Hunyady’s last exploit, and he died a month -later. Mohammed was wounded in the course of the siege. - - - Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 16, 1717, between 40,000 Austrians under Prince Eugene, -and 180,000 Turks under the Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha. The Turks were -entrenched in and around Belgrade, and were attacked by Eugene at night. -His right wing lost touch and were in danger of being overwhelmed, but -was rescued by the Prince. The main attack was completely successful, -and the Turks were driven out of their positions with a loss of 20,000 -killed and wounded, and 166 guns. The Austrians lost almost as heavily, -among those who fell being Marshal Hauben. - - - Belgrade (Ottoman Wars). - -On October 8, 1789, the city was surrendered by the Turks, after a brief -siege, to an Austrian army under General Laudon. - - - Belle Isle (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 20, 1759, between a British fleet of 27 ships of the -line and 6 frigates under Sir Edward Hawke, and a French fleet of 20 -ships of the line and 6 frigates under Admiral de Conflans. The French -were completely defeated, losing 6 ships and a large number of men. The -British lost 2 ships ashore, and 58 killed and 251 wounded. - - - Belle Isle (Seven Years’ War). - -On June 7, 1761, the island was captured by 8,000 British troops under -General Hodgson, convoyed by the fleet under Admiral Keppel. After a -first repulse, the troops made good their landing, and the garrison of -Palais, the principal town, at once capitulated. - - - Belle Isle (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 23, 1795, between a British fleet of 17 battleships under -Lord Bridport, and a French squadron. The French endeavoured to escape, -but the British gave chase, and captured three ships, with a loss of 3 -killed and 113 wounded. The French lost about 700. - - - Bellevue (Franco-German War). - -Fought October 7, 1870, when Marshal Bazaine attempted to break through -the lines of the Germans investing Metz. He was unsuccessful, and was -driven back into the city with a loss of 64 officers and 1,193 men. The -Germans lost 75 officers and 1,703 men. - - - Belmont (Second Boer War). - -Fought November 23, 1899, between a Boer commando, about 3,000 strong, -occupying a strong position on the hills near Belmont, and Lord -Methuen’s division of 7½ battalions of infantry and a regiment of -cavalry. The Boer position was carried by a frontal attack, which cost -the assailants 28 officers and 270 men. The Boers lost about 300 killed -and wounded, and 50 prisoners. - - - Benburb (Great Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 5, 1646, when 5,500 Irish rebels under O’Neill, totally -routed the Scottish army under Monro. The Scots left 3,000 dead upon the -field, and the fugitives were ruthlessly butchered by the Irish in their -flight. - - - Bender (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, held by a Turkish garrison, was besieged by the Russians -under Count Panin, August, 1768. After a defence of two months, the -place was taken by storm, and the garrison put to the sword. - - - Benevento (Italian Wars). - -Fought February 26, 1266, between the Neapolitans, under Mainfroy, the -usurper of the crown of the Two Sicilies, and the French under Charles -of Anjou. After a sanguinary engagement, in which Mainfroy was slain, -the Neapolitans were utterly routed, and Charles of Anjou remained in -undisputed possession of the throne. - - - Beneventum (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 275, when Pyrrhus with a strong force of Epirots and -Italians made a night attack upon the consular army of M. Carius -Dentatus, encamped in a strong position near Beneventum. Pyrrhus was -repulsed with considerable loss, including eight elephants. Encouraged -by this success, the Romans shortly afterwards advanced to meet Pyrrhus -in the open plain, and were at first driven back by the elephants, but -rallying, they drove these back through Pyrrhus’ lines, and disordered -the Epirot phalanx, and a charge of the legionaries completed the rout. -This was Pyrrhus’ last serious attack against the Roman power, and he -soon afterwards left Italy. - - - Beneventum (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 214, between 18,000 Carthaginians under Hanno, and 20,000 -Romans under Tiberius Gracchus. Hanno’s troops were routed, his infantry -being cut to pieces, and he himself escaping with difficulty, with a -portion of his cavalry. - - - Beneventum (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 212, when a Roman consular army under Cn. Fulvius, stormed -Hanno’s camp, three miles from Beneventum, at daybreak, and surprising -the Carthaginians, routed them with heavy loss and captured all the corn -and supplies intended for the revictualling of Capua. - - - Bennington (American War of Independence). - -Fought August 10, 1777, between a British force under Colonel Baum, and -the New Hampshire troops under General Stark. Baum had been ordered to -seize the American magazines at Bennington, but found the place too -strong, and asked for reinforcements. Meanwhile they were surrounded and -attacked by Stark. The British fought till their ammunition was -exhausted and then surrendered, while Baum was killed trying to cut his -way through the American lines. - - - Berea (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought December 20, 1852, between the British under General Cathcart, -about 2,500 strong, and the Basutos, many thousands in number, under -Moshesh. The British, after hard fighting, succeeded in holding their -ground, but were obliged on the following day to retreat to the -entrenched camp on the Caledon, having suffered a loss of 37 killed and -15 wounded. - - - Beresina (Moscow Campaign). - -On November 28, 1812, the French Grande Armée, in retreat from Moscow, -was attacked by the Russians under Tchitchakoff and Wittgenstein. The -former on the right bank, assailed Napoleon, who had already crossed the -river, while Wittgenstein attacked Victor’s corps, which formed the -French rear-guard. The attack on Napoleon was repulsed, but on the other -side of the river the Russian onslaught caused a panic among those who -were waiting to cross, and though the rear-guard made a brave -resistance, the losses among the stragglers and others were enormous. -The official Russian report says that 36,000 bodies were recovered from -the Beresina after the thaw. - - - Berestecko. - -Fought 1653, between the Poles 100,000 strong under John II, and a large -army of Wallachians, Lithuanians, and Ukraine Tartars, 300,000 in all, -under Bogdan of Wallachia. After a sanguinary battle, the Poles were -completely victorious, defeating Bogdan with enormous loss. - - - Bergen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought April 13, 1759, between the French under the Duc de Broglie, and -the Hanoverians, about 40,000 strong, under Ferdinand of Brunswick. The -French gained a signal victory, and retained possession of Bergen, the -recapture of which was the object of Ferdinand’s advance. - - - Bergen-op-Zoom (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This fortress, held by a garrison of Dutch and English under Cronstrun, -was besieged July 15, 1747, by 25,000 French under Count Lowendahl. The -besieged made numerous vigorous sorties, inflicting heavy losses upon -the French, but on September 17 the besiegers, by an unexpected assault, -effected a lodgment, and after severe fighting captured the place. The -French lost 22,000 men during the siege; the garrison 4,000. A Scottish -brigade in the Dutch service specially distinguished itself, losing -1,120 out of a strength of 1,450. - - - Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution). - -On March 8, 1875, Bergen, which was held by a French garrison 6,000 -strong, under General Bizonet, was attacked by a British force, 4,000 -strong under General Cooke. The force was divided into four columns, one -of which, approaching the town from the harbour side, at low water, -effected an entrance, while two of the others gained the top of the -battlements but could get no further. At dawn on the 9th, as there was -no prospect of ultimate success, the assailants retired, having suffered -a loss of 300 killed and 1,800 prisoners, many of whom were wounded. - - - Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution). - -In the outskirts of the town a battle took place September 19, 1799, -between 35,000 British and Russians under the Duke of York, and the -French under Vandamme. The Russians on the right met with disaster, -their commander, Hermann, with nearly all his division, being taken -prisoners, but the British repulsed the French attack with heavy loss. -The victory, however, was not of much advantage to the allies, who were -forced to continue their retreat to Zijp. The French lost about 3,000 -killed and wounded, and the British 500 only, but the Russian casualties -amounted to 3,500, while they also lost 26 guns. - - - Bergfried (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought February 3, 1807, when Leval’s division of Soult’s corps forced -the bridge of Bergfried, and carried the village, driving out the -Russians after a short and sharp encounter, with a loss of about 1,200 -men. The French lost 700. - - - Béthune (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This small fortress, held by a French garrison of 3,500 under M. du Puy -Vauban, was invested July 14, 1707, by the Imperialists, with 30 -battalions under Count Schulemburg. Vauban made a most skilful and -gallant defence, lasting 35 days, when, the garrison being reduced to -1,500 men, he was compelled to surrender. This little place cost the -allies 3,500 in killed and wounded. - - - Betioca (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, between the Colombian patriots under Simon Bolivar, and the -Spanish royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory. - - - Betwa, The (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought April 1, 1858, between 1,200 British under Sir Hugh Rose, forming -part of the force besieging Jhansi, and 20,000 rebels, chiefly belonging -to the Gwalior contingent, under Tantia Topi. The enemy was thrown into -confusion by a charge of cavalry on the flank, and, being then attacked -with the bayonet, broke and fled, leaving 1,000 dead on the field and -all their guns. - - - Beylan (Mehemet Ali’s First Rising). - -Fought 1831, between the Syrians and Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, and -the Turks, the latter being completely defeated. - - - Beymaroo (First Afghan War). - -Fought November 23, 1841, when a detachment of General Elphinstone’s -force, under Brigadier Shelton, attempted to dislodge a large body of -Afghans, posted near Beymaroo village. The detachment had one gun only, -which, being well served, did considerable execution, but it broke down, -whereupon the Afghans attacked, and a charge of Ghazis caused a panic -and a disorderly flight to the British camp. - - - Bezetha (Jewish War). - -Fought October, 66, when the Romans under Cestius Gallus were attacked -by the populace of Jerusalem, and driven out of their camp, with a loss -of 6,000 men and all their baggage and siege train. - - - Bhurtpur (Second Mahratta War). - -This city, garrisoned by about 8,000 of the Rajah’s troops, was besieged -by General Lake, January 4, 1805. Finding that his siege train was -inadequate to reduce the town by the ordinary methods, Lake determined -to carry it by storm. Four successive assaults were made, but without -success, and on April 21 Lake was obliged to withdraw, having lost 3,200 -men during the siege. - - - Bhurtpur, Second Siege of. - -The city was again besieged by the British under Lord Combermere in -1827, a dispute having taken place as to the succession, and the Rajah -who was under British protection having been expelled. After a -bombardment of two months, which had little effect on the fortress, it -was taken by assault. - - - Biberac (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought October, 1796, between the French under Moreau, and the Austrians -under the Archduke Charles, who had previously defeated Jourdan at -Warzburg, and now turned upon Moreau, who was retreating through the -Black Forest. Moreau severely defeated the Austrians, and continued his -retreat unmolested. - - - Bibracte (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 58, between the Romans under Cæsar and a largely superior -force of Helvetii. The battle was a momentous one, for a defeat to Cæsar -meant destruction. He therefore sent away all his officers’ horses, -giving them to understand that they must stand their ground to the last. -In the event, the Helvetii were totally routed, and compelled to submit -to the domination of Rome. - - - Bilbao (First Carlist War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Carlists November 9, 1836, and was -defended by a small Christino garrison. The besiegers took possession of -some of the suburbs, which were recaptured by a sortie. Finally, after -several unsuccessful attempts, Espartero, at the head of about 18,000 -Christinos, drove off the besiegers, December 25, and relieved the city, -capturing the Carlist artillery of 25 pieces. In the action the -Christinos lost 714 killed and wounded, while the losses of the garrison -during the siege amounted to about 1,300. - - - Bingen (Gallic Revolt). - -In the year 70, Petilius Cerialis, who, with four Roman legions, had -crossed the Alps from Switzerland, surprised the revolted Gauls under -Tutor, in their camp at Bingen. The Gallic legionaries in Tutor’s army -deserted to the Romans, and Tutor was totally defeated. - - - Biruan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -Fought 1221, between 80,000 Tartars under Katuku, and the troops of -Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, 60,000 strong. The Tartars were routed -and driven from the field in confusion. - - - Bithur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought August 16, 1857, when 4,000 mutineers, strongly posted, were -attacked and routed by the relieving force under General Havelock. When -driven from their position, the rebels had to cross a stream in their -rear by a small bridge, and had Havelock possessed an adequate cavalry -force, but few could have escaped. - - - Bitonto (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought May 25, 1734, between the Imperialists, 10,000 strong, and the -Spaniards under Mortemar. The Imperialists were driven from a strong -position, with heavy loss, and the victory resulted in the establishment -of Spanish rule throughout the Neapolitan provinces. - - - Blackheath (Flammock’s Rebellion). - -Fought June 22, 1497, between the royal troops under Henry VII, and the -rebels under Flammock and Lord Audley. The rebels were defeated with a -loss of 2,000 killed, and all their leaders were captured and executed. - - - Black Rock (Second American War). - -Fought 1814, between 1,400 British troops under General Riall, and a -force of 2,000 American Indians, occupying a strong position at Black -Rock. The British stormed the entrenchments and dispersed the enemy, -following up their success by the seizure of Buffalo. - - - Blackwater (O’Neill’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1598, between 5,000 Irish rebels under Hugh O’Neill, and 5,000 -English under Sir Henry Bagnall, the English Marshal. Bagnall was -defeated with a loss of 1,500 and all his ammunition and baggage, while -he himself was killed by O’Neill. - - - Bladensburg (Second American War). - -Fought August 24, 1814, between the British under General Ross, and the -Americans under General Winder, who was opposing the British advance -upon Washington, and had taken up a position which commanded the only -bridge over the Potomac. Ross attacked with a portion of his force, -under Thornton, and, having carried the bridge, a combined assault upon -the main position resulted in a signal defeat of the American army, -which broke and fled. Ross entered Washington the same evening. - - - Blanquefort (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought November 1, 1450, when the English made a sally from Bordeaux to -repel a marauding band under Amanien. The English cavalry, advancing too -rapidly, became separated from the main body, and was cut off. Amanien -then fell upon the infantry, who, being unsupported, were overwhelmed -and almost annihilated. So great was the slaughter that the day was long -known in Bordeaux as the “Male Journée.” - - - Blenheim (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 13, 1704, between the British and Imperialists under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the French and Bavarians under -Marshals Tallard and Marsin, and the Elector of Bavaria. The French -numbered 60,000, the allies 52,000. Tallard had massed his best troops -in the village of Blenheim, and Marlborough, seeing the weakness of his -centre, hurled his cavalry against it, and cut the French line in two. -Prince Eugene meanwhile had withstood the attack of Marsin and the -Elector, and, after Marlborough’s charge, he assumed the offensive, and -the French right and centre were totally routed. The French lost 40,000, -including 1,600 prisoners, amongst whom was Marshal Tallard. The allies -lost about 11,000. - - - Bloore Heath (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought September 23, 1459, between the Yorkists under the Earl of -Salisbury, and the Lancastrians under Henry VI. The former, who were -inferior in numbers, were attacked by Henry, who crossed a brook before -the assault. As the Lancastrians were reforming after the crossing, the -Yorkists charged down upon them, and dispersed them with heavy loss. - - - Blueberg (Napoleonic Wars). - -On January 8, 1806, a British force 6,600 strong, under General Baird, -which had just landed at Saldanha Bay, was attacked by the Dutch and -French under General Janssens, issuing from Cape Town. The British -gained a signal victory, in which they lost 212 killed, wounded and -missing, while their opponents’ losses amounted to about 300. Baird at -once occupied Cape Town. - - - Boadicea, Defeat of (Roman Occupation of Britain). - -In the year 61, Suetonius, with 10,000 legionaries, totally routed an -enormous host of Britons under Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, who had -sacked Camelodunum, and taken Londinium and Verulamium. The Britons lost -80,000 killed, and Boadicea took poison on the battlefield. - - - Bois-le-Duc (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought November 12, 1794, between the French and Austrians under the -Duke of York, and the French under Moreau. Moreau’s object was to enter -Holland at a period when the dykes would be no obstacle to his advance, -and for the purpose endeavoured to cross the Meuse at Fort Crèvecœur, -near Bois-le-Duc. The allies however, disputed his passage so vigorously -that Moreau was forced to retire, and give up his project. - - - Bokhara (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city was besieged by the Tartar army under Genghis Khan in March, -1220, and was held by a Kharismian garrison. On the approach of the -Tartars, however, the Kharismian general, with the whole garrison, -20,000 strong, fled from the place, and the Bokhariots, having no means -of defending themselves, opened the gates to Genghis. The Governor held -out for a short time in the citadel, which was finally fired and -destroyed. - - - Boomplaats. - -Fought August 29, 1848, between the British, 800 strong, with 250 -Griquas, under Sir Harry Smith, and a force of 1,000 Transvaal Boers -under Commandant Jan Kock. The British stormed the Boer position and -drove out the defenders, at a cost of 22 killed and 38 wounded. The -Boers stated their losses at 5 killed and 9 wounded. - - - Borghetto (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought May 30, 1796, in the course of Napoleon’s pursuit of Beaulieu. -The French crossed the Mincio at Borghetto, having previously repaired -the bridge under a heavy fire, and forced the Austrians to evacuate -Peschiera, with a loss of 500 prisoners, besides killed and wounded. - - - Bornholm (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the fleet of Charles XI of Sweden, and a combined -Dutch and Danish squadron. The Swedes were utterly routed, a disaster -which was followed by the loss of Helsingborg, Landscroon, and other -fortresses. - - - Bornhoven. - -Fought 1227, between the Danes under Valdemar II, and the insurgents of -the province of Dithmarsh, who had risen against the Danish dominion. -The royal troops were totally routed, and, as a consequence, the -province was lost to the Danish crown. - - - Borodino (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought September 5, 1812, between 120,000 Russians under Kutusoff, and -the French in equal force under Napoleon. The Russians, who were -intrenched in a very strong position, were attacked soon after daybreak, -and their first line of redoubts was carried and held by the French till -the end of the day, but the victory was far from decisive, as at -nightfall Napoleon retired to his original position, leaving the -Russians in possession of the field. The French lost 10,000 killed, -including 8 generals, and 20,000 wounded, including 30 generals. The -Russians lost about 45,000. This battle is also called the Battle of the -Moskowa. - - - Boroughbridge (Rebellion of the Marches). - -Fought 1322, between the Royalists under Edward II, and the rebels under -Hereford and Lancaster. The rebels, falling back before the king, were -surprised by a force under Sir Andrew Harclay while crossing the bridge -at Boroughbridge, and were utterly routed. Hereford was killed, and -Lancaster, with several hundred barons and knights, surrendered. - - - Borysthenes, The (Russo-Polish Wars). - -Fought 1512, when the Poles under Sigismund I defeated an army of -Muscovites, 80,000 strong, with enormous slaughter. - - - Bosra (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -This strong fortress was besieged, 632, by 4,000 Moslems under Serjabil. -A sortie of the garrison nearly caused their destruction, but they were -rescued by the arrival of 1,500 horse under Khaled. After a brief -interval, the whole of the garrison marched out of the city to give -battle, but were defeated by Khaled with a loss to his troops of 250 men -only, and the city was shortly afterwards betrayed by Romanus, the -Governor. - - - Bosworth Field (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought August 21, 1485, between Richard III and Henry Duke of Richmond -(Henry VII). Richmond had received a promise from Lord Stanley and his -uncle that they would desert during the battle, and, after holding aloof -for some time, they came over, with their followers, at a critical -moment of the engagement, and Richard was routed and slain. He fought to -the end, and among others who fell with him were the Duke of Norfolk and -Lord Ferrers. - - - Bothwell Bridge (Covenanters’ Rising). - -Fought June 22, 1679, when the Royal troops, under the Duke of Monmouth, -defeated the Covenanters with great slaughter. - - - Boulogne. - -Siege was laid to the town by the English under Henry VIII, September -14, 1544. It was defended with great gallantry, and, in the face of -enormous difficulties, for two months, when it was forced to surrender, -the inhabitants being allowed to march out with their arms and property. - - - Bourbon (Napoleonic Wars). - -On July 8, 1810, this island was captured by a British squadron of five -ships under Commodore Rowley, with a detachment of troops under Colonel -Keatinge. The British lost 22 killed and 79 wounded. - - - Bouvines (Wars of Philip Augustus). - -Fought 1214 between the French under Philip Augustus, and the Germans, -Flemish and English under Otho IV, the numbers engaged on both sides -being considerable. The French gained a signal victory, which broke up -the coalition and rendered the position of Philip Augustus secure on the -throne of France. - - - Bovianum (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 307 between the Romans under Titus Minucius, and the -Samnites under Statius Gellius. Gellius attempted to relieve Bovianum, -which the Romans were besieging, and was totally defeated, though -Minucius fell in the battle. This defeat broke the Samnite power, and -they sued for peace in the following year, leaving Rome without dispute -the first power in Italy. - - - Boyaca (South American War of Independence). - -Fought August 17, 1819, between the Colombian patriots under Bolivar, -and the Spanish Royalists, 2,500 strong, under Colonel Barreiro. Bolivar -crossed the Cordilleras, under incredible difficulties, and, eluding -Barreiro, took up a position at Boyaca, cutting him off from his base at -Bogota. The Spaniards attacked him, and were routed with heavy loss, -Barreiro and 1,600 men being captured. The patriots lost 66 only. - - - Boyne, The (War of the Revolution). - -Fought July 1, 1690, between the forces of William III, and the Irish -under James II. William and the elder Schomberg attacked the front of -James’s position, while the younger Schomberg crossed the Boyne a few -miles higher up, and attacked him in flank. William forced the passage -of the river, and drove the Irish from their entrenchments at a cost of -500 killed and wounded, including the elder Schomberg. The Irish lost -1,500. - - - Braddock Down (Civil War). - -Fought January 19, 1643, between the Royalists under Sir Ralph Hopton, -and the Parliamentary forces under Ruthven. The latter had crossed the -Tamar and occupied Liskeard, without adequate support, and was defeated -by the Royalists with heavy loss. - - - Bramham Moor (Northumberland’s Rebellion). - -Fought February 20, 1408, when Sir Thomas Rokeby, High Sheriff of -Yorkshire, defeated the Earl of Northumberland, who had again raised the -standard of rebellion in the North. The Earl was slain, and the -rebellion subsided. - - - Brandywine (American War of Independence). - -Fought September 11, 1777, between 18,000 British under General Howe, -and 8,000 Americans under Washington. The British General made a flank -movement with a large portion of his force, whereupon Washington -attacked the British in the front, but, being ill supported by his -lieutenant, Sullivan, he was driven back, and forced to retreat, with a -loss of 900 killed and wounded and 300 prisoners. The British lost 590 -killed and wounded. - - - Brechin (Douglas Rebellion). - -Fought 1452, between the revolted Douglasses under the Earl of Craufurd, -and the Royal troops under the Earl of Huntly. The Douglasses were -defeated. - - - Bregenz (War of the League Above the Lake). - -Fought January 1408, between the troops of the League Above the Lake and -the burghers of Constance, aided by the Suabian nobles. The Leaguers -were totally routed, with the result that the League was shortly -afterwards dissolved. - - - Breitenfeld, First Battle. - -_See_ Leipsic. - - Breitenfeld, Second Battle (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November 2, 1642, between the Imperialists under the Archduke -Leopold and Piccolomini, and the Swedes under Torstenson. The latter, -who were in retreat, were caught by the pursuing Austrians at -Breitenfeld, but turning upon them, they offered a desperate resistance, -and finally drove them from the field, totally routed, with a loss of -10,000 men. - - - Brenneville. - -Fought August 20, 1119, between a small body of English cavalry under -Henry I, and a similar French force under Louis VI. Though only about -900 men were engaged, and very few killed, the fight was considered a -decisive victory for the English, and Louis shortly afterwards made -peace, conceding Henry’s terms. - - - Brentford (Civil War). - -Fought November 12, 1642, between the Royalists under Prince Rupert, and -a Parliamentary force under Denzil Holles. Three regiments stationed at -Brentford were driven out of their entrenchments by the Royalists, -losing 1,500 prisoners and 11 guns. - - - Brescia (Italian Rising). - -This city, where the populace had risen and shut up the small Austrian -garrison in the citadel, was carried by assault by General Haynau, with -about 4,000 Austrians, March 31, 1849. Carrying the Porta Torrelunga, he -fought his way from barricade to barricade, till, by the evening of -April 1, the resistance of the citizens was overcome. The Austrians lost -480 killed, including General Nugent, and many wounded. The wholesale -executions ordered by Haynau after the capture earned for him the -sobriquet of the Hyæna. - - - Breslau (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 22, 1757, between 90,000 Austrians under Prince Charles -of Lorraine, and 25,000 Prussians under the Prince of Bevern. The -Prussians, who were encamped under the walls of Breslau, were driven -into the city with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, 3,600 prisoners, -including the Prince of Bevern, and 80 guns. They evacuated the city at -once, leaving a garrison of 6,000, which surrendered two days later. The -Austrians lost 8,000 killed and wounded. - - - Brest (War of the Holy League). - -Fought August 10, 1512, between the English fleet of 45 sail under Lord -Edward Howard, and the French fleet of 39 sail under Jean de Thenouënel. -The French ships were driven into Brest, or along the coast, with heavy -loss. The English lost 2 ships and 1,600 men. - - - Bridge of Dee (Civil War). - -Fought June 18, 1639, between the Covenanters, 2,300 strong, and the -Royal troops under Lord Aboyne. The bridge itself was barricaded and -held by 100 sharpshooters, under Colonel Johnstone, and Montrose, who -led the Covenanters, finding the defences too strong, succeeded by a -stratagem in drawing off the main body of the defenders, whereupon he -forced a passage. The losses on both sides were very small. - - - Brienne (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought January 29, 1814, between 18,000 French under Napoleon, and about -30,000 Russians and Prussians under Blucher. The allies were driven from -their positions, and the Château de Brienne taken. After nightfall a -determined attempt to retake the château was made by the Russians under -Sachen, but they failed to dislodge the French. The allies lost about -4,000; the French 3,000 killed and wounded. - - - Brihuega (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought 1710 between the British under Stanhope, and the French under the -Duc de Vendôme. Stanhope, who was retreating from Madrid to Catalonia, -was surprised and surrounded, and, though he made a gallant stand, -fighting till all his powder was spent, and then leading a bayonet -charge, his force was at last reduced to 500 men, when he surrendered. - - - Brill (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This fortress was captured from the Spaniards by the Beggars of the Sea, -about 400 strong, under De la Marck and Treslong, April 1, 1572. It was -the first success of the Netherlands patriots in their struggle against -Spanish rule, and may be said to have laid the foundation of the Dutch -republic. - - - Brittany, Action off (Gallic War). - -This, the first sea fight in the Atlantic, was fought B.C. 56, between -the Roman fleet under Brutus, and the fleet of the Veneti, consisting of -220 galleys. The Romans were victorious, and the surrender of the Veneti -and the whole of Brittany quickly followed. - - - Bronkhorst Spruit (First Boer War). - -The opening engagement of the war, when, on December 20, 1880, a British -column, 259 strong, under Colonel Anstruther, was ambushed by 150 -mounted Boers under Joubert, and defeated with a loss of 155 killed and -wounded. The Boers stated their losses at 2 killed and 5 wounded only. - - - Brooklyn (American War of Independence). - -Fought August 27, 1776, between 30,000 British under Sir William Howe, -and the Americans, about 11,000 strong, under General Putnam. The -Americans were completely defeated, with a loss of about 2,000 killed -and wounded. The British lost 65 killed and 255 wounded. - - - Brunanburh (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 937, when Æthelstan defeated with great slaughter the combined -armies of Anlaf the Dane, Owen of Cumberland, and Constantine III of -Scotland. - - - Bucharest (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1771, between the Turks under Mousson Oglou, and the Russians -under General Romanzoff. The Turks were totally defeated. - - - Buena Vista (Americo-Mexican War). - -Fought February 22, 1846, between 18,000 Mexicans under General Santa -Anna, and 4,500 Americans under General Zachary Taylor. The Americans -occupied a series of heights commanding the Angostura pass, and were -there attacked by Santa Anna, who failed to dislodge them, the day -ending with the combatants occupying the same ground as in the morning. -On the 23rd, however, Santa Anna retired. The Americans lost 746 killed -and wounded; the Mexicans admitted a loss of 1,500 killed, but it was -probably heavier. - - - Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars). - -This city was captured June 27, 1806, by a _coup de main_, by a British -force, 1,700 strong, under General Beresford, aided by a small squadron -under Sir Home Popham. Beresford, however, was not strong enough to hold -the place, and before reinforcements could arrive he was defeated by the -South Americans under General Liniers, with a loss of 250 killed and -wounded, and compelled to surrender with his whole force. - - - Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 5, 1807 when 9,000 British troops under General Whitelocke -assaulted the city. They penetrated into the streets, but suffered -terrible losses from the defenders’ fire from windows and roofs, and, -General Whitelocke proving a most incapable leader, were forced to -surrender and evacuate the whole of the River Plate region. - - - Buenos Ayres (Mitre’s Rebellion). - -Fought November 6, 1874, between the Argentine Government troops under -Sarmiento, and the rebels under Mitre and Aredondo. The rebels were -defeated, and Mitre forced to surrender. - - - Bull Run (American Civil War). - -Fought July 21, 1861, between 40,000 Federals under General M’Dowell, -and 30,000 Confederates under General Beauregard. The Confederates -occupied a position extending for about nine miles along the southern -bank of the Bull Run, and an attempt to turn and drive in their left was -at first successful, but, being rallied by General Beauregard, they -assumed the offensive, and totally routed the Northerners, with a loss -of 1,492 killed and wounded, 1,600 prisoners, and 28 guns. The -Confederates lost 1,752. - - - Bull Run, Second Battle (American Civil War). - -Fought August 30, 1862, between the Confederates under Stonewall -Jackson, and the Federals under General Pope. The Federals attacked -Jackson’s position, which he maintained till evening, when, the Federal -left giving way, he ordered a general advance, and drove the enemy from -the field with heavy loss. Over 7,000 prisoners were taken. - - - Bunker’s Hill (American War of Independence). - -Fought June 17, 1775, when 2,000 British troops, forming a portion of -General Gage’s army, dislodged the Americans holding Breeds Hill and -Bunker’s Hill, on the outskirts of Boston. The position was stubbornly -contested, the assailants losing 800 men. - - - Burlington Heights (Second American War). - -Fought May 5, 1813, when the British under Colonel Procter were attacked -by 1,300 Americans under General Clay, while engaged with another -American force holding Burlington Heights. The Americans broke the -British line and seized their guns, but Procter, who had only 1,000 men, -with some Indian auxiliaries, rallied his troops and routed Clay, with a -loss of nearly 1,000 killed, wounded and captured. - - - Burns Hill (Kaffir Wars). - -Fought 1847, between the Kaffirs under Sandilli, and a small British -force sent to arrest that chief. The British were greatly outnumbered, -and were defeated and forced to retreat. - - - Busaco (Peninsular War). - -Fought by Wellington, September 29, 1810, to secure his retreat to -Torres Vedras. He occupied the heights of Busaco with 25,000 men and was -attacked by 40,000 French under Masséna. The actual assault was -delivered by the corps of Ney and Reynier, but they could make no -impression, and were repulsed with a loss of about 4,500. The British -lost 1,300 killed and wounded. - - - Buxar. - -Fought October 23, 1764, between 7,000 British troops and sepoys under -Major Monro, and the army of Oude, 40,000 strong, under Surabjah Daulah, -who was accompanied by the Great Mogul, Shah Allum. The British gained a -signal victory, Surabjah Daulah abandoning his camp with a loss of 4,000 -men and 130 guns. The British lost 847 killed and wounded. - - - Buzenval (Franco-German War). - -A sortie from Paris under General Trochu on January 19, 1871. The -French, advancing under cover of a fog, established themselves in the -Park of Buzenval, and occupied St. Cloud, where they maintained their -position throughout the day. At other points, however, they were less -successful, and, on the morning of the 20th, the force at St. Cloud, -finding itself unsupported, was obliged to retire, and all the captured -positions were abandoned. The Germans lost 40 officers and 570 men; the -French 189 officers and 3,881 men. This sortie is also known as the -Battle of Mont Valérien. - - - Byzantium. - -Fought 318 B.C., between the Macedonian fleet under Antigonus, and that -of the Asiatic rebels under Clytus. The Asiatics were surprised at -anchor, most of the crews being ashore, and, after a feeble defence, the -whole of their fleet was destroyed or captured, with the exception of -the admiral’s galley, in which Clytus succeeded in escaping. - - - Byzantium (War of the Two Empires). - -In 323 the city was besieged by Constantine the Great after his victory -over Licinius at Hadrianopolis. Licinius, finding the place difficult of -defence, crossed into Asia and collected an army to raise the siege. He -was, however, defeated at Chrysopolis, and Byzantium surrendered in 324. -Constantine was proclaimed Emperor of the united Empire, and Byzantium, -under its modern name of Constantinople, was made the capital. - - - - - C - - - Cabala (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought B.C. 379, between the Syracusans under Dionysius, and the -Carthaginians under Mago. The latter were totally defeated and Mago -slain. - - - Cabria (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 72, between three Roman legions under Lucullus, and the -Pontic army under Diophantus and Taxiles. The Pontic cavalry, on which -Mithridates chiefly relied, was overwhelmed by Fabius Hadrianus, and the -king was driven out of Pontus, which was erected into a Roman province. - - - Cadesia (Moslem Invasion of Persia). - -Fought 636, between 30,000 Moslems under Said, the lieutenant of the -Caliph Omar, and 120,000 Persians under Rustam. Throughout the first day -the Persians, superior in numbers, but far inferior in warlike -qualities, sustained the attacks of the Moslems without losing ground, -but on the following day Rustam was slain, and his followers, losing -heart, were driven headlong from the field, with fearful slaughter. The -Moslems lost 7,500 in the battle. - - - Cadiz. - -On April 19, 1587, Sir Francis Drake, with between 30 and 40 English -ships, entered Cadiz Bay, and destroyed over 100 Spanish vessels. This -exploit Drake described as “Singeing the King of Spain’s beard.” - - - Cadsand (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought November 10, 1357, between 2,500 English under the Earl of Derby, -and 5,000 Flemings in the French service. The Flemings were defeated -with a loss of 1,000 men. - - - Cairo (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1517, between the Turks under Selim I, and the Egyptians under -the Mameluke Sultan, Toomaan Bey. The Egyptians were utterly routed and -Cairo taken, 50,000 of the inhabitants being massacred. Toomaan Bey, the -last of the Mamelukes, was hanged before the city gates, and Egypt -annexed to the Ottoman Empire. - - - Cajwah. - -Fought January 8, 1659, between the Moguls of Delhi, under Aurungzebe, -the Great Mogul, and the army raised by his brother Shuja, in support of -Dara, the rightful heir to the throne. After an obstinate conflict, -Shuja was driven from the field with heavy losses in men, leaving behind -him 114 guns. - - - Calafat (Crimean War). - -This position, strongly entrenched and held by 30,000 Turks under Ahmed -Pasha, was invested by the Russians, 40,000 strong, under General Aurep, -about the middle of February, 1854. The Russians delivered assault after -assault upon the place, without effect, and finally withdrew their -forces in May; having suffered a loss from disease, privation, and -battle of 20,000 men. The Turks lost 12,000. - - - Calais (Hundred Years’ War). - -Siege was laid to this fortress in August 1346 by the English under -Edward III. The citizens made a gallant defence, holding out for nearly -a year, but at last were forced to surrender August 4, 1347. In the -course of the siege, six burgesses offered themselves to the king as -ransom for their fellow citizens; but their lives were spared on the -intercession of Queen Philippa. - - - Calais. - -The last English stronghold in France was captured by the French under -the Duc de Guise, January 8, 1558, after a siege of seven days only. -Mary is said to have exclaimed, on hearing the news, that at her death -the word “Calais” would be found engraven on her heart. - - - Calatafimi (Unification of Italy). - -Fought May 15, 1860, between Garibaldi’s “Thousand Volunteers,” with a -few thousand Sicilian “Picciotti” and 4,000 Neapolitans under General -Landi. The Neapolitans were driven back with heavy loss, and retreated -in disorder to Palermo. Garibaldi lost, of his thousand, 18 killed and -128 wounded. - - - Calcutta. - -Siege was laid to the city June 16, 1756, by Sarabjah Daulah, Nawab of -Bengal, with a large force. The garrison, consisting of 514 regulars and -militia, and 1,000 matchlock men, under Captain Minchin, was quite -inadequate to man the defences, and it was decided to abandon the city, -remove all non-combatants to the ships, and only defend the fort. The -Governor, Mr. Drake, was among those who left the place, and he was -accompanied by Captain Minchin, who deserted his post, as did many of -the militiamen, with the result that only 190 remained for the defence -of the fort. An assault was repulsed, with a loss to the defenders of 95 -killed and wounded, but on the 20th the little garrison surrendered. The -survivors were thrust into a small room, known as the Black Hole, and -used as a soldiers’ prison, and out of 146 only 23 survived the horrors -of the night. - - - Caldiero (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought November 11, 1796, between the French under Napoleon and the -Austrians under Alvinzi. Napoleon attacked the Austrian position, and, -for the first time in the campaign, suffered a reverse, being unable to -carry the enemy’s lines, and eventually, after severe fighting, retiring -with a loss of 3,000. Within the week, however, this defeat was avenged -by the victory of Arcola. - - - Caldiero (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -On November 30, 1800, Masséna, with 50,000 French, encountered the -Austrians, 80,000 strong, under the Archduke Charles, strongly posted in -the village and on the heights of Caldiero. Masséna attacked and carried -the heights, but the village held out until nightfall. During the night -the Archduke removed his baggage and artillery, leaving a corps of 5,000 -men, under General Hillinger, to protect his retreat, which force was on -the following day captured _en bloc_. The Austrians lost 3,000 killed -and wounded, and, including Hillinger’s corps, 8,000 prisoners; the -French about 4,000 killed and wounded. Thus, though the battle was -indecisive, Masséna gained a considerable strategic victory. - - - Calicut (Second Mysore War). - -Fought December 10, 1790, between 9,000 Mysore troops under Hussein Ali, -and a British force of one European and two native regiments under -Colonel Hartley. Hussein Ali occupied a strong position in front of -Calicut, which was attacked and carried by Hartley with a loss of 52 -only. The enemy lost 1,000 killed and wounded, and 2,400 prisoners, -including their commander. - - - Callao (South American War of Independence). - -On the night of November 5, 1820, Lord Cochrane, who with three Chilian -frigates was blockading the Spaniards in Callao, rowed into the harbour -with 240 seamen and marines, and cut out the Spanish frigate _Esmeralda_ -from under the 300 guns of the shore batteries. He lost in the -enterprise 41 killed and wounded, while the whole of the crew of the -_Esmeralda_, including the Spanish Admiral, was captured or killed. - - - Callao. - -The town was bombarded by the Spanish fleet of 11 warships, May 2, 1866. -The Peruvian batteries replied vigorously, and, after severe fighting, -drove off the Spanish ships with a loss of 300. The Peruvians lost 1,000 -killed and wounded. - - - Calpulalpam (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought December 20, 1860, between the Mexican Government troops under -Miramon, and the Liberals under Juarez. The Liberals won a signal -victory, which opened the way to Mexico, and brought about the downfall -of Miramon’s administration. - - - Calven, The (Swabian War). - -Fought March 22, 1499, between 6,300 men of the Grisons under Benedict -Fontana, and 15,000 Imperialists under Maximilian I. The Swiss carried -the Austrian entrenchments, and drove them out with heavy loss. - - - Cambuskenneth. - -_See_ Stirling. - - - Camden (American War of Independence). - -Fought August 16, 1780, between the British under Cornwallis, and the -Americans under Gates and de Kalb. Cornwallis had concentrated about -2,000 men at Camden, and though the Americans numbered 5,000, they were -of very inferior quality. After a small affair of outposts, the British -attacked the American levies, who were unable to face the steady attack -of the regulars, and fled with heavy loss. Among the killed was de Kalb. -The British lost 312 killed and wounded. - - - Camelodunum (Second Invasion of Britain). - -Fought 43, between the Romans under the Emperor Claudius, and the -Britons under Caractacus. The Britons were routed, and Camelodunum, -Caractacus’ capital, taken. - - - Camerinum (Third Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 298, between two Roman legions under Lucius Scipio, and the -Samnites under Gellius Equatius, aided by a force of Gauls. Scipio, who -had been stationed near Camerinum to watch the pass through which the -Gauls were expected to cross the Apennines, was unable to prevent the -junction of the two armies, and was totally defeated, one of his legions -being cut to pieces. - - - Campaldino (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought June 11, 1289, between the Guelfs of Florence and the Ghibellines -who had been expelled from the city. The latter were utterly routed, and -this defeat put an end to their power in Florence. The battle is notable -for the presence of Dante in the ranks of the victors. - - - Campen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought October 18, 1759, between the Prussians under the Prince of -Brunswick, and the French under General de Castries, when the Prussians -were defeated with a loss of 1,600 men. - - - Campo Santo (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought February 8, 1743, between the Spaniards under Mortemar, and the -Imperialists under Count Traum. Mortemar was endeavouring to effect a -junction with the army of the Prince de Conti, and though the action was -undecided, its results were in favour of the Imperialists, who prevented -the two armies from joining hands. - - - Campus Castorum (Revolt of Vitellius). - -Fought in 69 between the revolted legionaries, 70,000 strong, under -Valens and Cæcina, and the army of the Emperor Otho under Suetonius -Paulinus. The Imperial troops gained some advantage, but Suetonius did -not consider himself strong enough to follow it up, and was relieved of -his command by Otho. - - - Camperdown (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought between the British fleet, 16 line-of-battle ships, under Admiral -Duncan, and the Dutch, in equal force, under Admiral de Winter, October -11, 1797. The Dutch fleet was on its way to co-operate with the French -in a landing in Ireland, and was intercepted by Duncan, who at once gave -battle. The British fleet, in two lines, broke through the Dutch line, -and, in the general action which followed, captured eight ships, -including the flagship, the _Vrijheid_. The British lost 1,040 killed -and wounded, the Dutch 1,160 and 6,000 prisoners. - - - Candia (Candian War). - -Siege was laid to this place by the Turks under Jussuf, the Capitan -Pasha, in 1648, and was defended by a small garrison of Venetians, under -Luigi Moncenigo. So vigorous was the defence that the Turks lost 20,000 -men in the first six months of the siege. The siege lasted over twenty -years, the place being from time to time revictualled and reinforced by -the Venetians and the French, but it was finally surrendered by -Morosini, September 27, 1669. - - - Canea (Candian War). - -This place was besieged June 24, 1644, by 50,000 Turks under Jussuf, the -Capitan Pasha, and defended by a small force of Venetians and Candians, -who held out until August 22, repulsing numerous assaults, which cost -the Turks 20,000 men. - - - Cannæ (Second Punic War). - -Fought August 2, B.C. 216, between 90,000 Romans under Varro, and about -50,000 Carthaginians under Hannibal. Hannibal, though outnumbered in -infantry, was much superior in cavalry. The Romans were drawn up with -the sea in their rear, and were attacked and broken by the Carthaginian -horse. The infantry followed up the attack, and, flight being -impossible, the Romans were slaughtered where they stood, 80,000 -falling, including the Consul Æmilius, 25 superior officers, and 80 -senators. The Carthaginians lost 6,000. - - - Cape Bona (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Fought 468, between the Roman fleet of 1,100 galleys and transports -under Basiliscus, and the fleet of the Vandals under Genseric. The -Romans were lying at anchor, having landed their troops, and Genseric, -taking advantage of a favourable wind, sent in a fleet of fireships, -following them up by a determined attack. More than half the Roman ships -were destroyed, Basiliscus escaping with difficulty. - - - Cape Finisterre (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought May 3, 1747, between a British fleet of 16 sail under Admiral -Anson, and a French fleet of 38 sail under Admiral de la Jonquière. The -French were completely defeated, losing 10 ships and nearly 3,000 -prisoners. - - - Cape Finisterre (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought October 14, 1747, when a British fleet of 14 ships under Admiral -Hawke attacked a French fleet of 9 battleships under Admiral de -Letendeur. The French were signally defeated, losing four ships. The -British lost 598 killed and wounded. - - - Cape Finisterre (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 22, 1805, between a British fleet of 15 sail of the line -under Sir Robert Calder, and the combined French and Spanish fleets -returning from the West Indies, under Admiral Villeneuve. The French -fleet, consisting of 20 battleships, was attacked by Calder, who -captured 2 ships. Fogs and light airs prevented him from following up -his advantage next day, for which he was tried by court-martial and most -unjustly censured. The British loss was 183 killed and wounded, the -French losing 149 killed and 327 wounded. - - - Cape Henry (American War of Independence). - -Fought March 16, 1781, between a British fleet of eight ships of the -line and three frigates under Vice-Admiral Arbuthnot, and a French -squadron stronger by one frigate. The French were forced to retire, the -British losing 30 killed and 64 wounded. - - - Cape Passaro (War of the Quadruple Alliance). - -Fought July 31, 1718, between a British fleet of 21 ships under Sir -George Byng, and a Spanish fleet of 29 ships under Don Antonio -Castañeta. Admiral Byng attacked the Spaniards in the Straits of -Messina, and, after a very severe action, in which both sides lost -heavily, captured or destroyed no less than 15 of the Spanish ships. -Castañeta died of wounds received in the action. This battle is also -known as the Battle of Messina. - - - Cape St. Vincent (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought February 14, 1797, between a British fleet of 15 ships of the -line and 5 frigates under Sir John Jervis, and a Spanish fleet of 26 -sail of the line and 12 frigates. In spite of their superior numbers, -the Spaniards were totally defeated, losing 4 ships and over 3,000 -prisoners, in addition to heavy losses in killed and wounded. The -British lost 74 killed and 227 wounded. For this signal victory, Jervis -was created Lord St. Vincent. - - - Caprysema (First Messenian War). - -Fought B.C. 743, between the Spartans and Corinthians, and the -Messenians with their allies from other Peloponnesian states under -Cristomenes. The Spartans were routed, and, but for the eloquence of -Tyrtacus, would have abandoned the struggle. - - - Capua (Second Punic War). - -This place was besieged in the autumn of B.C. 212, by 60,000 Romans -under Q. Fulvius and Appius Claudius. The Romans formed a double wall of -circumvallation round the city, and, early in the winter, their defences -were attacked by the garrison from within and Hannibal from without, but -with no success. Hannibal then attempted to draw the besiegers from -their position by marching upon Rome, but only a small portion of the -besieging force followed him. It being thus found impossible to relieve -the city, it shortly afterwards surrendered. - - - Carabobo (South American War of Independence). - -Fought June 24, 1821, between the Colombian patriots, 8,000 strong, -under Bolivar, and the Spanish Royalists, about 4,000 in number, under -La Torre. The Royalists were utterly routed, barely 400 reaching Porto -Cabello. This battle determined the independence of Colombia. - - - Caracha (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, between the Colombian Patriots under Bolivar and the -Spanish Royalists, Bolivar gaining a complete victory. - - - Caraguatay (Paraguayan War). - -Fought August 1869, between the Paraguayans under Lopez, and the -Brazilians under the Comte d’Eu. After a stubborn engagement the -Brazilians were victorious. - - - Carbisdale (Civil War). - -Fought April 27, 1650, between the Royalists of Orkney, 1,000 strong, -with 500 Swedish mercenaries, and a small Parliamentary force under -Colonel Strachan. Montrose, who commanded the Royalists, saw his troops -broken by the Parliamentary horse, only the Swedes offering any serious -resistance. The Royalists lost 396 killed and wounded and over 400 -prisoners, while Strachan only had lost 2 wounded. This was Montrose’s -last fight, and he was soon afterwards captured. - - - Carénage Bay (American War of Independence). - -Fought 1778, between the French under the Comte d’Estaing, and the -English under Admiral Barrington and General Meadows. After a severe -encounter, the French were defeated, and the British took possession of -the island of St. Lucia. - - - Carigat. - -_See_ Arikera. - - - Carlisle (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -This city was besieged by the Jacobites under the Young Pretender, -November 9, 1745, and was defended by the Cumberland and Westmoreland -Militia, with small force of regulars, under Colonel Durand. The -besiegers opened fire on the 13th, and on the evening of the 14th, under -pressure of the inhabitants, Durand surrendered. - - - Carnoul (Persian Invasion of India). - -Fought 1739, between the Persians under Nadir Shah, and the Moguls under -the Emperor Mohammed Shah and his Grand Vizier, Nizam-ul-Mulk. The -Persian veterans completely defeated the raw Mogul levies, and Nadir -Shah shortly afterwards occupied and sacked Delhi, carrying off, it is -said, jewels and coin to the value of thirty millions sterling. - - - Carpi (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 1701, between the Imperialists under Prince Eugene, and the -French army in Lombardy, under Marshal Catinat. The French were signally -defeated, and, in consequence, Catinat was recalled from the command. - - - Carrhæ (Parthian War). - -Fought B.C. 53, between the Romans, 52,000 strong, under Publius -Crassus, and the Parthians under Sillaces. The Parthians, who were -entirely cavalry, adopted their usual tactics of retiring and drawing -their foes in pursuit. As the heavily armed legionaries became strung -out across the plain, they turned upon them and cut them down in detail. -Of the division, 6,000 strong, which actually came into action, 500 were -made prisoners, and the rest, including Crassus, slain. - - - Carrical (Seven Years’ War). - -An action was fought off this place August 2, 1758, between a British -squadron under Admiral Pococke, and the French under Comte d’Aché. After -a severe engagement, the French fleet drew off, but the English pursuit, -owing to damaged rigging, was ineffectual, and d’Aché reached -Pondicherry without the loss of a ship. - - - Carthage (Third Punic War). - -In B.C. 152 siege was laid to this city by a Roman consular army under -Manius Manilius, aided by a fleet under L. Censorinus. The Carthaginian -army under Hasdrubal was encamped outside the walls, and greatly -hindered the operations of the Romans, who would have made little -progress but for the efforts of Scipio Æmilianus, then a military -tribune. In B.C. 148, Scipio was made consul, and appointed to the -command, and he succeeded in completely blockading the city, which, -after an obstinate resistance lasting six years, was captured B.C. 146 -and razed to the ground. - - - Carthage (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Fought September 14, 533, between the Vandals under Gelimer, about -160,000 strong, and the Romans under Belisarius, far inferior in -numbers. Gelimer divided his army into three, of which he led one -portion to attack the main body of the Romans. The action was -precipitated, however, by the hasty attack by Ammatas of the vanguard, -wherein he was routed with heavy loss. Gelimer then fell upon the -pursuing Romans, but Belisarius coming up, the Vandals were put to -flight, and the Romans gained a complete victory. On the following day -Carthage opened her gates to the victors. - - - Carthagena (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This port was blockaded March 9, 1741, by a British fleet under Admiral -Vernon. An unsuccessful attack was made upon the forts, and eventually -Vernon, having lost 3,000 men during the operations, withdrew April 9. - - - Casal (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought April 1640, between the French, 10,000 strong, under Harcourt, -and the Spaniards, numbering 20,000, who were besieging Casal. Harcourt -pierced the Spanish lines and totally defeated them, with a loss of -3,000 killed and wounded, 800 prisoners, and 18 guns. - - - Casilinum (Second Frank Invasion of Italy). - -Fought 554, between 18,000 Imperial troops under Narses, and the Franks -and Alemanni, 30,000 strong, under Buccelin. The Romans won a signal -victory, and are said by the chroniclers to have exterminated the -invading army with a loss to themselves of 80 only. Buccelin fell in the -battle. - - - Cassano (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 16, 1705, between the French under the Duc de Vendôme, -with 35 battalions and 45 squadrons, and the Imperialists under Prince -Eugene. The Prince, with greatly inferior numbers, attacked the French -in a strong position, which he succeeded in carrying as the night fell. -The Imperialists lost about 4,000; the French about 5,000. - - - Castalla (Peninsular War). - -Fought April 13, 1813, between 17,000 allied troops under Sir John -Murray, and 15,000 French under Suchet. The French were defeated. The -allies lost 600 killed and wounded; the French, according to Suchet, -800, according to Murray, 3,000, but the former figure is probably -nearer to the truth. - - - Castelfidardo (Unification of Italy). - -Fought September 18, 1860, between the Papal troops under General La -Moricière, about 8,000 strong, and the Sardinians, 40,000 strong, under -General Cialdini. The Papal army was totally routed, and, after the -action, La Moricière was only able to assemble about 300 infantry, with -which remnant he made his way to Ancona. - - - Castelnaudary. - -Fought September 1, 1632, between the troops of Louis XIII and the rebel -nobles under the Duc de Montmorenci, son of the Constable. The rebels -were utterly routed, and Montmorenci taken prisoner. - - - Castiglione (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought September 8, 1706, between the Imperialists under the Prince of -Hesse, and the French under General de Medavi. The Prince was besieging -Castiglione, when he was attacked by the French, and totally defeated, -with a loss of 8,000 killed, wounded, and missing. - - - Castiglione (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought August 3, 1796, between the French under Napoleon, and the -Imperialists under Wurmser. Napoleon, with 25,000 men, advanced upon -Lonato, while Augereau moved upon Castiglione. Lonato was carried by -assault, and the Austrian army cut in two. One part under General -Bazalitch effected a retreat to the Mincio, but the other section was -cut up by a French division under Guyeaux and Junot’s dragoons, near -Salo, losing 3,000 prisoners and 20 guns. - -In the portion of the action fought near Castiglione, the Austrians were -defeated with a loss of 2,000 men, after a desperate encounter, and -driven back upon Mantua. On the 4th, Napoleon at Lonato, with only -12,000 men, was summoned to surrender by a portion of Bazalitch’s force, -4,000 strong. Napoleon, however, succeeded in making the messenger think -that he was in the middle of the main French army, and consequently the -whole Austrian detachment laid down their arms. - - - Castillejos (Moroccan War). - -Fought January 1, 1860, when the advance guard of the Spanish army, -under General Prim, defeated a strong force of Moors, after severe -fighting. The victory opened the road to Tetuan. - - - Castillon (Hundred Years’ War). - -This was the last battle of the Hundred Years’ War, and was fought July -17, 1453. The English under Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, marched to the -relief of Castillon, and attacked the lines of the besiegers, but were -taken in flank by a sortie from the French entrenchments and totally -defeated, Talbot being slain. On October 19 following, Bordeaux opened -her gates to the French. - - - Catana (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought B.C. 387 between 200 Syracusan galleys under Leptines, and a -vastly superior Carthaginian fleet. The Syracusans were utterly routed, -partly owing to their inferior numbers, but also in part to the bad -generalship of Leptines, who dispersed his ships too widely, allowing -them to be overwhelmed in detail. The victors at once entered upon the -siege of Syracuse. - - - Caudine Forks (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 322, when four Roman legions, under T. Veturius Calvinus and -Spurius Postumus were entrapped by the Sabines under Pontius, in the -narrow pass of Caudium. The Romans fought till nightfall, suffering -heavy loss, and next day, finding every exit from the pass barred, the -survivors surrendered. - - - Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny). - -The Residency of Cawnpur was invested by the mutineers June 6, 1857, and -defended by a small garrison until June 24, when the survivors, about -450 in number, surrendered under promise from the Nana Sahib of a safe -conduct to Allahabad. They were, however, fired upon as they took to the -boats, and only a few escaped. The survivors of this massacre were -afterwards murdered in cold blood by order of the Nana Sahib. - - - Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought December 6, 1857, between the British under Sir Colin Campbell, -and 25,000 rebels, including the Gwalior contingent. The mutineers were -routed at all points, and fled, pursued by the cavalry for 14 miles, -suffering heavy loss. Out of 36 guns, 32 were captured. The British lost -99 only. - - - Cecryphalea (Third Messenian War). - -A naval action, fought B.C. 458 between the Peloponnesians and the -Athenians, in which the latter were victorious. - - - Cedar Creek (American Civil War). - -Fought October 17, 1864, between 10,000 Confederates under General -Early, and about 40,000 Federals under General Sheridan. Under cover of -a fog, Early turned Sheridan’s right, capturing 18 guns, but Sheridan, -rallying his broken right wing, totally routed the Confederates, who had -been engaged in plundering the captured camp. The Federal losses were -the heavier, but Sheridan captured 22 guns, besides retaking the 18 he -had lost at the beginning of the action. - - - Cedar Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought August 9, 1862, between 15,000 Confederates under Jackson, and -about 20,000 Federals under General Pope. The strong Confederate -position was assailed at 5 p.m., and successive attacks were repulsed -until late in the evening, when the fighting ceased. The Federals lost -about 2,800 killed, wounded, and missing; the Confederates, 800 or 900. - - - Cepeda. - -Fought October 23, 1859, between the troops of the Argentine -Confederation under Urquiza, and those of the State of Buenos Ayres, -under Mitre. Urquiza was victorious, and in the following month Buenos -Ayres entered the Confederation. - - - Cephisus. - -Fought 1307 between the Catalan “Great Band,” 9,500 strong, and the -troops of Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens, 15,000 in number. The -Catalans surrounded their camp with an artificial inundation, into which -the Duke’s cavalry rode unsuspectingly, and were cut to pieces, de -Brienne being amongst the slain. - - - Cerignola (Neapolitan War). - -Fought 1503 between the Spaniards under Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the -French under the Duc de Nemours. The French were totally defeated and -Nemours slain. - - - Cerisolles (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought 1544, between the French under François de Bourbon, and the -Imperialists under du Gast, the French gaining a complete victory. - - - Chacabuco (South American War of Independence). - -Fought February 12, 1817, between the Chilian patriots under San Martin, -and the Spanish royalists. The Chilians won a complete victory. - - - Chæronea (Amphictyonic War). - -Fought August B.C. 338 between the Macedonians under Philip, and the -Athenians and Thebans under Chares and Theagenes respectively. Philip -had 30,000 foot and 2,000 horse, the latter led by Alexander, then a lad -of eighteen; the allies were slightly fewer in number. Philip reinforced -his right wing, which was opposed by the Athenians, and sent his heavy -cavalry against the Thebans, on the allied right. Their charge broke the -Theban ranks, and they then attacked the Athenians in flank and rear. A -hopeless rout ensued, the Theban “Sacred Band” dying where they stood. -The Athenians lost 6,000 killed and 2,000 prisoners. The Thebans were -almost annihilated. - - - Chæronea (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 86, between the Romans under Sulla, 30,000 strong, and the -troops of Pontus, 90,000 in number, under Archelaus. The Romans were -completely victorious. - - - Chalcedon (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 74, between the Roman Fleet, under Rutilius Nudo, and that -of Pontus. The Romans sallied out of the harbour, but were driven back, -and the Pontic fleet then broke the chain protecting the entrance and -destroyed the whole of the Roman ships, 70 in number. - - - Chalgrove Field (Civil War). - -A cavalry skirmish fought June 18, 1643, between the Royalists under -Prince Rupert, and the Parliamentarians under Hampden, and notable only -for the fact that Hampden was killed in the affair. - - - Châlons (Revolt of the Legions of Aquitaine). - -Fought 271, between the troops of the Emperor Aurelian, and the revolted -legions under Tetricus. Tetricus, who was only a puppet in the hands of -his soldiers, concerted measures with Aurelian for their destruction, -and so posted his forces as to give the Emperor the advantage, after -which he deserted, with a few followers. The revolted legionaries fought -desperately, but were cut to pieces. - - - Châlons (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought July 366 between the Romans under Jovinus, and the Alemanni under -Vadomair. After an obstinate engagement, lasting throughout the day, the -Alemanni were routed with a loss of 6,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. -The Romans lost 1,200. - - - Châlons (Invasion of the Huns). - -Fought 451 between the Romans and the Visigoths under Actius and -Theodoric respectively, and the Huns under Attila. The battle was fought -on an open plain, and while the right and centre of the allies withstood -Attila’s onslaught, the Visigoths on the left made a furious charge, in -which Theodoric fell, and totally routed the right of the Huns. Attila -then withdrew to his camp, having suffered heavy loss, and prepared to -resist the attack of the allies on the following day. Actius, however, -did not renew the conflict, and allowed Attila to retreat unmolested. - - - Châlons. - -Arising out of a tournament in 1274, in which the life of Edward I was -endangered by foul play, a fight in earnest took place between the -English and French knights present. The French were worsted, and a -considerable number slain. This fight is called the “Little” Battle of -Châlons. - - - Champ-Aubert (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought February 10, 1814, when Napoleon with his main army, by an -extraordinary forced march through a difficult country, fell upon -Blucher’s army marching upon Paris, viâ Châlons. Blucher was advancing -in three divisions, and Napoleon attacked the second of these, under -Alsusieff, and completely dispersed it, taking 2,000 prisoners and all -the guns. On the following day he encountered Sachen, who with 20,000 -men formed the advance guard, and defeated him at Montmirail, with a -loss of 6,000, forcing him to abandon the main road and retire on -Château Thierry. On the 13th he encountered General d’York, with 30,000 -Russians and Prussians at Château Thierry, driving him out with heavy -loss, including 3,000 prisoners, while finally on the 14th he turned on -the main body under Blucher himself, who, not being sufficiently strong -to face the main French army, was compelled to retire, which he did in -good order, after losing 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. This -flank march is considered one of Napoleon’s most brilliant achievements. - - - Chancellorsville (American Civil War). - -Fought May 2, 3, and 4, 1863, between 53,000 Confederates under Lee, and -120,000 Federals under Hooker. Lee, though largely outnumbered, detached -half his force under Jackson to turn Hooker’s right, while he contained -the Federals with the rest of his army. Jackson’s march was successfully -carried out, and on the afternoon of the 2nd he commenced his attack, -routing the Federal 11th Corps. This success, however, cost the -Confederates dear, for Jackson’s staff was mistaken in the dusk for that -of a Federal general, and was fired into by a South Carolina regiment, -and Jackson mortally wounded. On the 3rd the attack was renewed in front -and flank, with further success for the Confederates, while on the 4th -the Federals were driven off, and Hooker forced to recross the -Rappahannock on the 5th. The Confederates lost about 10,000 men; the -Federals about 18,000, including 7,650 prisoners. - - - Chanda (Third Mahratta War). - -This fortress, the chief stronghold of the Rajah of Nagpur, was besieged -by a British force under Colonel Adams, May 9, 1818. It was defended by -over 3,000 of the Rajah’s troops, but after two days’ bombardment the -place was taken by storm, with small loss to the assailants, while the -garrison had 500 killed, including the commandant. - - - Chandernagore (Seven Years’ War). - -This place was besieged March 14, 1757, by Clive, with 2,000 Company’s -troops, and defended by 600 Frenchmen and 300 Sepoys. On the 19th three -British ships under Admiral Watson arrived, and on the 24th a joint -attack by sea and land resulted in the capture of the place. - - - Charasiab (Second Afghan War). - -Fought October 6, 1879, when Sir Frederick Roberts attacked a force of -Afghans and Ghilzais, who were massed on the road by which a convoy was -approaching from Zahidabad, under General Macpherson. The enemy was -routed and dispersed, and the convoy reached camp safely. - - - Charenton (War of the Fronde). - -Fought February 8, 1649, between the Royal troops, 8,000 strong, under -the Great Condé, and the forces of the Paris Parliament under Clanleu. -Condé gained a complete victory, driving the Frondeurs from all their -entrenchments, and forcing them back upon Paris with heavy loss, -including 100 officers. Among the slain was Clauleu. - - - Charleston (American Civil War). - -The siege of this place may be considered to have commenced April 6, -1863, on which day the Federal fleet crossed the bar. On the 7th an -attack was made upon fort Sumter by nine ironclads under Admiral Dupont, -which was repulsed with a loss of 1 ship and the disabling of several -others. The defenders lost 2 men only. On July 10th and 11th a land -force attacked Fort Wagner, but was repulsed with loss. On the 18th an -assault by three brigades under General Seymour was also repulsed with -enormous loss; and preparations were then made for a sap. On September -5, after a very heavy bombardment, Fort Wagner proved to be untenable, -and, with the works on Morris Island, was abandoned, but the besiegers -failed in all their attempts on Fort Sumter, and the inner defences. -From this time the siege became a mere blockade of the port, until, on -the approach of Sherman’s army, the garrison, then 9,000 strong, -evacuated the city, February 18, 1865. - - - Châteauguay (Second American War). - -Fought 1813, between the Americans, 7,000 strong, under General Hampton, -and a force of Canadian Militia, far inferior in numbers, who were -strongly posted near Châteauguay. The Americans attempted to storm the -Canadian lines, but the Canadians made a most gallant defence, and -repulsed them with heavy loss. - - - Châteauneuf-Raudon (Hundred Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged 1380 by the French under Du Guesclin, and was -defended by an English garrison under de Ros. After an obstinate defence -the town surrendered, July 4, but the siege was fatal to Du Guesclin, -who succumbed to his fatigues and privations. - - - Château Thierry. - -_See_ Champ-Aubert. - - - Chattanooga (American Civil War). - -Fought November 24 to 27, 1863, between 80,000 Federals under Grant, and -the Confederate Army of the West, 40,000 strong, under Bragg. The attack -on the Confederate lines commenced on the 27th, the Federals capturing -Look Out Mountain, on their extreme left. They advanced unseen through a -thick fog, to the upper slopes, and drove out the defenders, whence this -action is known as the “Battle above the Clouds.” On the following day -Bragg’s centre was pierced, while the fighting of the 26th and 27th was -in the nature of severe rearguard actions. The Federals lost 5,286 -killed and wounded, and 330 missing. The Confederates lost fewer in -killed and wounded, but they left in the hands of the Federals 6,142 -prisoners, 40 guns and 7,000 rifles. Also called the “Battle of -Missionary Ridge.” - - - Che-mul-pho (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought February 8, 1904, between a Japanese squadron of four protected -cruisers, convoying transports, under Admiral Uriu, and a Russian -cruiser and gunboat which sought to oppose the landing. After a smart -action the cruiser was blown up to avoid capture, and the gunboat -destroyed, the Russians losing 504 killed and wounded. The Japanese -suffered no material damage. - - - Cheriton (Civil War). - -Fought March 29, 1644, when the Royalists under Lord Firth were defeated -by the Parliamentarians under Waller. This defeat prevented the -threatened Royalist incursion into Kent and Sussex. - - - Chetaté (Crimean War). - -Fought January 6 to 9, 1854. On the 6th the advanced Russian post of -6,000 men at Chetaté under General Fischbuch was attacked by 6,000 Turks -under Ahmed Pasha, and after heavy fighting, in which the Russians lost -3,000 killed and wounded, and many prisoners, and the Turks 1,000, was -driven out of the village. On the following days the Russians made -desperate attempts to recover the position, General Anrep, on the 9th, -bringing up some 20,000 men from Cragova. All their efforts, however, -failed, and the three days’ fighting cost them a further 2,000 men, the -Turks losing about 1,000. - - - Chevilly (Franco-German War). - -Fought September 30, 1870, when a sortie from Paris under General Vinoy -was repulsed by the Sixth German Corps under Von Tümpling, with a loss -of 74 officers and 2,046 men. The Germans lost 28 officers and 413 men -killed and wounded. - - - Chevy Chace. - -_See_ Otterburn. - - - Chiari (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought September 1, 1701, between the Imperialists, about 28,000 strong, -under Prince Eugene, and the French and Spaniards under the Duke of -Savoy. The Prince occupied the small town of Chiari, where he was -attacked by the allies, who, after two hours’ hard fighting, were -repulsed with a loss of nearly 3,000. Owing to the strength of their -position, the Imperialists lost 117 only. - - - Chickahominy (American Civil War). - -Fought June 3, 1864, between the Federal Army of the Potomac under -Grant, and the Confederate army of Virginia under Lee. Grant attacked -the Southerners’ entrenchments, with the object of forcing the passage -of the Chickahominy, and his first onslaught met with some success, but -the Confederates, rallying, drove back their assailants to their -original position with heavy loss. All further attempts on Lee’s lines -failed, and the Federals were finally repulsed with a loss of over -13,000 killed, wounded and missing. The Confederates lost about 6,000. - - - Chickamauga (American Civil War). - -Fought September 19 and 20, 1863, between the Confederate Army of the -West under General Bragg, and the Federals under General Rosecrans. On -the 19th the Confederates attacked along the whole line and drove back -their opponents, cutting them off from the river, and forcing them to -bivouac for the night in a waterless country. On the 20th the attack was -renewed, and though Bragg’s right was repulsed, he was elsewhere -successful, and by nightfall Rosecrans was in full retreat. Bragg -however, failed to follow up his victory, and allowed Rosecrans to -retire on Chattanooga unmolested. The Federals lost 16,351 men and 36 -guns; the Confederates about 12,000. - - - Chillianwallah (Second Sikh War). - -Fought January 14, 1849, between the British under Lord Gough, and the -Sikhs, 40,000 strong, under Shere Singh. The battle was very evenly -contested, and though in the end Lord Gough drove the Sikhs from the -field, his own position was so insecure that he was himself compelled to -retire after the action. - - - Chiloe (South American War of Independence). - -On January 19, 1826, the small group of islands, held for the Spanish -crown by a garrison under Quintanella, was surrendered to a force of -Chilians, 4,000 strong, with a small squadron of warships under Freyre. - - - Chingleput (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress, defended by a French garrison of 40 Europeans and 500 -native troops, was captured, 1752, by Clive, with a force of about 700 -recruits and Sepoys. - - - Chios (Social War). - -Chios having risen against Athenian rule in B.C. 357, a fleet of 60 -ships under Chabrias and Chares was sent to reduce it. A force having -been landed, a joint attack was made by the fleet and the army, but in -attempting to enter the harbour, the galley of Chabrias, which led the -way, was surrounded and overpowered, Chabrias falling. The troops were -then withdrawn, and the attack abandoned. - - - Chios. - -Fought B.C. 201 between the Macedonian fleet, 48 triremes and some -smaller vessels under Philip, and the combined fleets of Rhodes and -Pergamus under Theophiliscus and Attalus. Philip was defeated with the -loss of half his ships, 3,000 killed and 5,000 prisoners. The allies -lost 6 ships and 800 men. - - - Chiozza (War of Chiozza). - -This city, which had been captured by the Genoese from Venice, was -besieged by the Venetians under Pisani and defended by Doria, who was -killed during the siege. The place made an obstinate resistance, but was -forced to surrender June 24, 1380, the Venetians capturing 19 Genoese -galleys and 4,000 prisoners. This disaster broke the power of the -Genoese Republic for many years. - - - Chippewa (Second American War). - -Fought July 6, 1814, between 4,000 Americans under General Jacob Brown, -and 2,400 British, 1,500 being regulars, under General Riall. Riall -attacked Brown in a strong position at Chippewa, and was repulsed with -considerable loss. - - - Chitor. - -Towards the end of the thirteenth century this fortress was besieged by -the Pathans under Ala-ud-Din, and was defended by the Rana, Lakhsman. -The first attack was repulsed, though the Rajputs suffered terribly, but -at the second attempt the Pathans overpowered the defenders, who were -mercilessly put to the sword. All the Rajput women in the place -committed suttee, to avoid captivity. Lakhsman Singh and eleven out of -his twelve sons fell in the defence. - -The second sack of Chitor took place in 1535, when the Rana Bikrmajit -made a gallant but unavailing defence against the Gujeratis under -Bahadur Shah. Thirteen thousand women were slain by the remnant of the -garrison, before they opened the gates, and rushed out to fall fighting. -Only one small child of the Royal line escaped the massacre, namely Udai -Singh. It was during the reign of this Udai Singh that the third sack -took place in 1568, by the Delhi Moguls under Akbar. Udai Singh deserted -his capital, which was defended by a garrison of 8,000 Rajputs under -Jagmal. The siege was scientifically conducted, and, a breach having -been effected, an assault was ordered. A mine, however, was exploded in -the breach, killing 500 of the assailants, and the assault was repulsed. -Shortly afterwards Jagmal was killed, and a second assault proved -successful, the garrison, refusing to surrender, being put to the sword. - - - Chitral (Chitral Campaign). - -On March 3, 1895, the Chitral garrison, consisting of 90 Sikhs and 280 -Kashmir Imperial Service troops, with 7 British officers under Captain -Campbell, was attacked by a large force of Chitralis and Bajauris under -Shere Afzal, the Pretender to the Chitral throne, and Umrar Khan of -Bajaur. A sortie was repulsed, with a loss of 58, including 2 British -officers, and General Baj Singh, who commanded the Kashmiris, but in -spite of a series of attacks, and continual mining operations, the -garrison held out until April 18, when it was relieved by Colonel Kelly. -One fifth of the garrison was killed or wounded. - - - Chizai (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought July 1372, between the French under Du Guesclin, and the English -under Thomas Hampton. Du Guesclin, who was engaged in the siege of -Chizai, was attacked by the English, in about equal force to his own, -and, after a long and bloody engagement, totally defeated them, and -captured the town. The reverse cost Edward III Saintonge and Poitou. - - - Choczim (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1769, between the Russians under Galitzin, and the Turks under -Mohammed Emin Pasha. The Russians, who were endeavouring to capture -Choczim by a _coup de main_, were met and defeated by the Turks with -considerable loss. - - - Chong-ju (Russo-Japanese War). - -The first encounter between the land forces of Russia and Japan, April, -1904, when the advanced guard of the First Japanese Army came in contact -with a force of Cossacks under General Mischtchenko, and after a brisk -engagement drove them back and occupied Chong-ju. The losses on both -sides were small. - - - Chorillos (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought January 13, 1861, between the Chilians under General Baquedano -and the Peruvians under General Caceres. The Peruvians were totally -defeated with a loss of 9,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 prisoners. -The Chilians lost 800 killed and 2,500 wounded. - - - Chotusitz (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought May 17, 1742, between the Austrians under Prince Charles of -Lorraine, and the Prussians under Frederick the Great. The numbers were -about equal, but the steadiness of the Prussian infantry eventually wore -down the Austrians, and they were forced to retreat, though in good -order, leaving behind them 18 guns and 12,000 prisoners. The killed and -wounded numbered about 7,000 on each side, and the Austrians made 1,000 -prisoners. The Prussian cavalry delivered several desperate and -unsuccessful charges, and were almost destroyed. - - - Christianople (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -The first military exploit of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who, during -the war of 1611, made a night assault on this fortress with 1,500 men, -and blowing in the gate, captured the place without losing a man. - - - Chrysopolis (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought 323 between 60,000 troops under Licinius, Emperor of the East, -and a force detached by Constantine from the siege of Byzantium. -Licinius was totally defeated, with a loss of 25,000, and surrendered. -The result of this victory was the re-union of the whole of the Roman -Empire under one head. - - - Chrystlers Farm (Second American War). - -Fought November 11, 1813, between 800 British under Colonel Morrison, -and about 3,000 Americans under General Boyd. The Americans were -defeated with a loss of 249 killed and wounded and 100 prisoners. The -British lost 203. - - - Chunar. - -This fortress, which was held for Shir Khan Sur, Nawab of Bengal, was -besieged by the Moguls under Humayun in 1538. This is the first siege in -Indian history which was conducted according to the rules of war, and -was notable for the use made of artillery by both sides. After a siege -lasting several months, the garrison was forced by famine to surrender. - - - Cibalis (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought October 8, 315, between Constantine the Great, with 20,000 men, -and Licinius, Emperor of the East, with 35,000. Constantine was posted -in a defile, where he was attacked by Licinius. The attack was repulsed, -and Constantine followed the enemy into the open plain, where Licinius -rallied his troops, and resumed the offensive. The day seemed lost, when -a charge of the right wing, under Constantine in person, once more broke -the Illyrians, and Licinius having lost 20,000 of his best troops, -abandoned his camp during the night and retreated to Sirmium. - - - Ciudad Rodrigo (Peninsular War). - -This town was invested by Wellington January 8, 1812, and carried by -assault twelve days later. The besiegers lost during the siege 1,290 -killed and wounded, of whom 710, including Generals Craufurd and -Mackinnon, fell in the storm. The French lost 300 killed and wounded, -1,500 prisoners, and 150 guns. - - - Ciuna (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 315, between the Romans under Caius Mænius and the Samnites -under Pontius. The Romans gained a signal victory. - - - Civitella (Norman Invasion of Italy). - -Fought 1033, when 3,000 Normans under Robert Guiscard assailed and -totally routed a miscellaneous force of Germans and Italians under Pope -Leo IX. Only the Germans offered any serious resistance, but they were -cut down to a man, and the Pope was overtaken in his flight and -captured. - - - Clissau (Swedo-Polish Wars). - -Fought July 13, 1702, between the Swedes, 12,000 strong, under Charles -XII, and 24,000 Poles and Saxons under Frederick Augustus. The Saxons -fought gallantly, but the Poles fled at the first onslaught, and in the -end the Swedes gained a complete victory. Among those who fell was the -Duke of Holstein, commanding the Swedish cavalry. - - - Clontarf (Norse Invasion of Ireland). - -Fought April 24, 1014, when the Scandinavian invaders were totally -routed by the Irish of Munster, Connaught, Ulster and Meath, under Brian -Boru. The Norsemen are said to have lost 6,000 men. Brian Boru and his -son fell in the battle. - - - Clusium (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul). - -Fought B.C. 225, when the Gauls utterly routed a Roman army with a loss -said to have amounted to 50,000 men. - - - Cnidus. - -Fought B.C. 394 between 120 Spartan triremes under Pisander and a -largely superior Persian fleet under Pharnabazus, and Conon the -Athenian. Pisander was defeated and slain, and his fleet destroyed. -Persia thus re-established her power in the Greek cities of Asia, and -the maritime power of Sparta was destroyed. - -Cockerel (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought May, 1364, between the Navarrese under Jean de Grailli, aided by -a force of English mercenaries under John Joel, and the French, 10,000 -strong, under Bertrand du Guesclin. Du Guesclin, who was executing a -strategic retreat, was attacked by the English, who were surrounded and -overpowered, Joel falling. De Grailli came to their aid, but was also -overwhelmed and made prisoner, and the Navarrese, deprived of their -leaders, laid down their arms. - - - Colenso (Second Boer War). - -Fought December 15, 1899, being the first action in Sir Redvers Buller’s -campaign for the relief of Ladysmith. Buller attempted to carry by a -frontal attack the Boer position on the opposite side of the Tugela, and -notwithstanding the gallantry of the troops, was compelled to retire, -with a loss of 71 officers and 1,055 rank and file. Of this total the -Irish Brigade lost about half. The Boers captured 10 guns. - - - Colline Gate (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 82 between the adherents of Sulla, and the Roman democrats -and Samnites under Pontius, outside the walls of Rome. The battle was -obstinately contested, but, after a fight lasting throughout the night, -the insurgents were routed, and 4,000 prisoners taken. This victory of -the aristocratic party ended the civil war. - - - Colombey (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 11, 1870, between the retiring French army, and the -advance guard of the First German Army Corps under von Steinmetz. The -French maintained most of their positions, but two of their divisions -were overthrown, and Bazaine’s retreat on Verdun was seriously delayed. -The French lost about 7,000; the Germans 222 officers and 5,000 men. - - - Colombo (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This town was captured from the Dutch in 1796, by a squadron of four -British warships, and a small force of troops under Admiral Peter -Rainier and Colonel Stuart. - - - Concha Rayada (South American War of Independence). - -Fought February 1818, between the Spanish Royalists, 5,000 strong, under -General Osorio, and the Chilians and Colombians under San Martin. The -Spaniards gained a complete victory. - - - Concon (Chilian Civil War). - -Fought August 21, 1891, between 10,000 Congressists under General del -Canto, and 11,000 Balmacedists under General Barbosa. Aided by the fire -of three warships, the Congressists, who had landed unopposed on the -20th, stormed the entrenchments of the Balmacedists, and drove them out -with a loss of 1,648 killed and wounded, and 1,500 prisoners. The -victors lost 869. - - - Condorcanqui. - -_See_ Ayacucho. - - Constantine (Conquest of Algeria). - -This fortified city in Eastern Algeria, which, under Hadji Ahmad, had -held out for six years against French rule, was invested by the French, -7,000 strong, under Marshal Clausel, in the autumn of 1836. Having no -breaching pieces, Clausel essayed an assault, but was repulsed with a -loss of 2,000 men, and abandoned the siege. In the following year -General Damrémont sat down before Constantine October 6, with 10,000 -men, and on the 12th, a breach having been effected, an assault was on -the point of taking place, when Damrémont was killed. His successor, -General Valée, however, took the place by storm on the following day. - - - Constantinople (Moslem Invasion of Europe). - -This city was besieged in 668, by the Saracens under Sophian, the -lieutenant of the Caliph Moawiyeh. The Moslem fleet passed the -Hellespont unopposed, but their attack upon the city was met with a most -determined resistance. After keeping the field from April to September, -Sophian retired into winter quarters, but renewed active operations -during the following and five succeeding summers, without success, -until, in 675, he finally abandoned the siege, having lost in its -progress over 30,000 men. - -In 716, the Saracens again laid siege to the city, with 120,000 men -under Moslemeh, brother of the Caliph Solyman. A fleet of 1,800 sail -co-operated with the land forces, but was destroyed by the Greek fire -ships, and thus obtaining the command of the sea, the citizens were -relieved from all fear of famine, and repulsed all Moslemeh’s assaults. -After a siege of 13 months, the Saracens withdrew, after a defeat at the -hands of a Bulgarian relieving army, in which they lost 22,000 men. - - - Constantinople (Fourth Crusade). - -The city was besieged July 7, 1203, by the French and Venetian Crusaders -under Count Thibaut de Champagne. After a feeble defence, it was -surrendered July 18, by the Usurper, Alexius, and occupied by the -Crusaders, who restored Isaac Angelus to the throne, and withdrew. - -In January 1204 the Crusaders again laid siege to Constantinople, and at -the end of three months, in the course of which Isaac Angelus died, and -Mourzoufle assumed the purple, they stormed and pillaged the city. -Baldwin was then proclaimed first Latin Emperor of the East. - -On July 25, 1261, Constantinople was taken by surprise by the troops of -the Greek Emperor, Michael Palæologus, under his lieutenant, Alexius -Strategopulus. The Latin Emperor, Baldwin II, made no attempt at -resistance, but escaped to the Venetian galleys, and the restoration of -the Greek Empire was accomplished without opposition. - - - Constantinople. - -A naval action fought February 13, 1352, between 64 Genoese galleys -under Doria, and 75 Greek and Venetian galleys under Pisani. The Genoese -were victorious, taking or sinking 26 galleys, and forcing Pisani to -retire into the fortified harbour. The Genoese lost 13 galleys. - - - Constantinople (Ottoman Invasion of Europe). - -On June 10, 1422, Amurath II, with 200,000 Turks, laid siege to the -city, which was defended by the Greek garrison under the Emperor Manuel. -After a siege of two months, in which the Turks lost heavily in their -numerous assaults, and in the defenders’ sallies, Amurath was called -away to Boursa by a domestic revolt, and raised the siege. - -On April 6, 1453, the Turks again laid siege to Constantinople with -258,000 men under Mohammed II. The garrison, consisting of 5,000 Greeks -and 2,000 foreigners, though short of ammunition, made a gallant -defence, but were overpowered by numbers in a general assault on May 25, -and the city was captured. Constantine Palæologus, the last Emperor of -the East, was killed by an unknown hand, in the tumult which followed -the storming of the ramparts. - - - Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought April 2, 1801, between the British fleet of 20 sail of the line, -besides frigates, under Admirals Hyde Parker and Nelson, and the Danish -fleet of 10 line-of-battle ships, aided by the shore batteries. Nelson -attacked with 12 ships, Parker remaining in reserve, but three of -Nelson’s vessels running aground, he met the Danish line with 9 only. -The Danes offered a strenuous resistance, and Parker hoisted the signal -to retire, but Nelson put the telescope to his blind eye, and refused to -see the signal. The action continued until the Danish fire was silenced. -The British lost 1,200 men, and had six vessels seriously damaged. The -Danes had one ship destroyed, and the rest of their fleet completely -disabled. The result of this victory was the dissolution of the league -of the Northern Powers. - - - Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars). - -The city was captured September 5, 1807, by 20,000 British troops under -Lord Cathcart, after a four days’ bombardment of the forts and citadel -by 27 ships of the line. The Danish fleet of 18 sail of the line, which -was surrendered, would otherwise, under a secret clause of the Treaty of -Tilsit, have been placed at the disposal of Napoleon. - - - Copratus, The (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 316, between the Macedonians under Antigonus, and the -Asiatics under Eumenes. Each army was about 30,000 strong, and Eumenes -fell upon the Macedonians as they were crossing the Copratus, and -signally defeated them, though Antigonus was able to retreat in good -order. - - - Cordova (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought August 1010, between the Berbers under Sulaiman, aided by the -Spaniards under Sancho, Count of Castile, and the Moors of Cordova under -Almudy. Almudy marched out of Cordova to meet the Berbers, but was -utterly routed, with a loss of 20,000, including most of his principal -Emirs. - - - Corinth (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 429, between 47 Peloponnesian ships under Cnemus, and 20 -Athenian triremes under Phormio. Phormio, who was blockading the Gulf of -Corinth, allowed Cnemus to pass into the open sea, and when disordered -by the heavy weather prevailing, he attacked and completely defeated the -Peloponnesians, capturing 12 ships. - - - Corinth (Corinthian War). - -Fought B.C. 394 between 14,000 Spartans, and 26,000 Athenians, -Corinthians, Thebans and Argives. The allies were defeated, losing twice -as many men as their opponents, but the Spartans, in spite of their -victory, were obliged to retire, leaving the Isthmus in their -possession. - - - Corinth (American Civil War). - -Fought October 3 and 4, 1862, between the Confederates under Van Dorn, -and the Federals under Rosecrans. Rosecrans was strongly entrenched at -Corinth, where he was attacked on the 3rd, and driven into his inner -lines. The attack was renewed on the 4th, but an attempt to storm the -entrenchments was repulsed, and the Federals, taking the offensive -against the disordered Southerners, drove them from the field with a -loss of 6,423 killed and wounded, and 2,248 prisoners. The Federals lost -2,359 killed, wounded, and missing. - - - Coroneia (Bœotian Wars). - -Fought B.C. 447, when an Athenian army under Tolmides, which had entered -Bœotia to reduce certain of the Bœotian towns which had thrown off -their allegiance to Athens, was encountered and totally defeated by a -largely superior force of Bœotians. Almost all the surviving -Athenians were captured, and, to secure their release, Athens resigned -her claims over Bœotia. - - - Coroneia (Corinthian War). - -Fought August B.C. 394, between the Athenians, Argives, Thebans, and -Corinthians, and the Spartans under Agesilaus. The Spartan right -defeated the Argives, but their left fled before the Thebans, who then -attacked the Spartan right, but, after a desperate struggle, were -defeated. The Spartans, however, had suffered so severely that Agesilaus -was compelled to evacuate Bœotia. - - - Corrichie (Huntly’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1562, between the troops of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the -Scottish rebels under the Earl of Huntly. The rebels, whose forces had -been greatly reduced by desertions, were totally defeated, and Huntly -slain. - - - Corte Nuova (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought 1237, between the Imperialists under Frederick II, and the -Lombard Guelfs under the leadership of the Milanese. Frederick won a -signal victory, capturing the _carroccio_ of Milan. - - - Corumba (Paraguayan War). - -Fought 1877, between the Paraguayans and a Brazilian army corps which -was endeavouring to enter Paraguay from the north-east. The Brazilians -retired in disorder, being pursued for many miles, and suffering heavy -loss. The battle is remarkable for the presence in the Paraguayan army -of a corps of Amazons led by Eliza Lynch. - - - Coruña (Peninsular War). - -Fought January 16, 1809, between 14,000 British under Sir John Moore, -and 20,000 French under Soult, who was endeavouring to prevent the -British from embarking. The French attacks were uniformly repulsed, and -the troops safely embarked, with a loss of about 800, including Sir John -Moore. The French lost about 2,000. - - - Compedion (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 281 between the Macedonians under Lysimachus, and the -Syrians under Seleucus. The two generals met in single combat, in front -of their armies, and Seleucus, though 81 years of age, defeated and slew -his ancient comrade in arms. The two armies then engaged, and the -Syrians gained a complete victory. - - - Coulmiers (Franco-German War). - -Fought November 9, 1870, between 20,000 Germans under Von der Tann, and -a largely superior French force under General d’Aurelle de Paladines. -After maintaining their position for the greater part of the day, the -Germans were driven back, having lost 576 killed and wounded, 800 -prisoners, an ammunition column and 2 guns. The French losses were about -1,500. - - - Courtrai (Flemish War). - -Fought 1302, between the French under Robert d’Artois, and the Flemings -under Guy de Namur. The French were utterly routed, and so great was the -carnage among the French nobility and knighthood, that after the battle -4,000, some say 7,000, gilt spurs, were hung up as trophies in Courtrai -cathedral. From this circumstance this battle is commonly known as the -Battle of the Spurs. - - - Coutras (Eighth Civil War). - -Fought 1587 between the Huguenots under Henry of Navarre (Henri IV) and -the Catholics under the Duc de Joyeuse. The Catholic army was -annihilated, Joyeuse being amongst the slain. - - - Covelong (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress, held by a French garrison of 350, was captured by Clive -in 1752, after a few days’ siege. Clive had only 200 European recruits -and 500 Sepoys, and had great difficulty in getting his men to face the -French fire. Having, however, managed to erect a battery which commanded -the place, the Governor surrendered. On the following day Clive ambushed -and defeated, with a loss of 100 men, a relieving force approaching from -Chingleput. - - - Coverypank (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought February 1752, between the British, 380 Europeans, and 1,300 -Sepoys, under Clive, and the troops of Rajah Sahib, with 400 Frenchmen, -in all about 5,000. Clive’s advance guard marched into an ambush, and -with difficulty held its ground against the fire of 9 guns. Meanwhile -Clive passed round the enemy’s position, and attacked them vigorously in -the rear, whereupon they fled in panic. Most of the Frenchmen and the -guns were captured. - - - Craonne (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 7, 1814, between 55,000 French under Napoleon, and about -90,000 of the allies under Blucher. Blucher occupied a very strong -position on the heights about Craonne, which was attacked and carried by -Victor’s and Ney’s corps at the point of the bayonet. The French lost -9,000, the allies 7,000 killed and wounded. - - - Cravant (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought July 31, 1423. A force of Armagnacs under Buchan, Constable of -France, with some Scottish mercenaries under Sir John Stewart, was -advancing upon Craonne, the capture of which town would secure Charles -VII’s communications with Champagne. They were attacked by the -Burgundians and English under the Earl of Salisbury, and defeated with -heavy loss. Both Buchan and Stewart were captured. - - - Crayford (Jutish Invasion). - -Fought 456 between the Jutes under Hengest, and the Britons under -Vortigern. The Britons were defeated, and driven out of Kent. - - - Crefeld (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought June 23, 1758, between 32,000 Hanoverians, Hessians and -Brunswickers under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, and about 50,000 -French under the Comte de Clermont. The French were totally defeated, -with heavy loss. - - - Cremona (Second Gallic Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 198, when the Romans defeated with heavy slaughter an -invading army of Gauls under Hamilcar, a Carthaginian. Hamilcar was -slain. - - - Cremona (Revolt of Vitellius). - -Fought December 69, between the Vitellians, and the Flavians under -Antonius Primus, 40,000 strong. The Vitellians, who were without a -leader, having deposed their general, Cæcina, were attacked in their -camp, and after a hard fight, which lasted throughout the night, were -totally routed. The victors sacked and burnt Cremona. - - - Cremona (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This city, held by a French garrison, was surprised by the Imperialists -under Prince Eugene, February 1, 1702. The town was entered without the -alarm being given, and many important officers, including Marshal -Villeroy, were made prisoners. A portion of the garrison, however, still -held out in the citadel, and made Eugene’s tenure of the town -precarious, and finally, on the approach of a relieving force under the -Prince de Vaudemont, he was forced to withdraw his troops. The garrison -lost 1,000 killed. - - - Cressy (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought August 26, 1346, when a very inferior force of English under -Edward III defeated the French under Philip VI. The battle is notable as -being the first in which the English army was mainly composed of -infantry, and as proving the powerlessness of mounted men against the -English archers. The French losses were 11 princes, 1,200 knights, and -30,000 of lesser ranks, a total exceeding the whole English force. - - - Crimisus (Third Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought June B.C. 340, between 10,000 Sicilians under Timoleon, and -70,000 Carthaginians, including the “Sacred Band” of 2,500 Carthaginian -citizens of good birth, under Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. Timoleon attacked -the Carthaginians while they were crossing the Crimisus, and routed and -dispersed the Sacred Band before the main army had crossed. A heavy -storm of rain in the faces of the Carthaginians came to the aid of the -Sicilians, and after a severe struggle, they gained a signal victory, -and the Carthaginians fled, leaving 10,000 dead in the field, and 15,000 -prisoners. Many more were drowned in their endeavour to recross the -river. - - - Cronion (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought B.C. 379 between the Syracusans under Dionysius, and the -Carthaginians. The Syracusans were defeated, with enormous loss, and -Dionysius forced to accept unfavourable terms of peace. - - - Cropredy Bridge (Civil War). - -Fought June 29, 1644, between the Royalists under Charles I, and a -detachment of the Parliamentary army under Sir William Waller. Waller -crossed the Cherwell near Banbury with the object of taking the -Royalists in the rear, but was repulsed with considerable loss. - - - Crosskeys (American Civil War). - -A rearguard action, fought June 8, 1862, between 8,000 Confederates -under Ewell, and about 15,000 Federals under Tremont. Ewell was given -the task of holding Tremont in check, while General Jackson marched to -meet the Federals under Shields, who were endeavouring to effect a -junction with Tremont. The Confederates held their ground, beating back -their opponents with a loss of 664 killed and wounded. After the action, -Ewell crossed the river, burning the bridge behind him, and Jackson was -enabled to fall upon Shields with his whole force. - - - Crotona. - -Fought 983, between the Germans under Otho II, and the Greeks, aided by -40,000 Saracens under the Caliph of Egypt. After an obstinate -engagement, Otho was totally defeated, losing many of his bravest -knights. - - - Crotoye (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought 1347, during the siege of Calais by Edward III. The French fleet -attempted to relieve the town, but was defeated and driven off with -heavy loss by the English fleet. - - - Cuaspad. - -Fought December 6, 1862, between the Ecuadorians under Flores, 6,000 -strong, and 4,000 Colombians under Mosquera. The Ecuadorians were -utterly routed, losing 1,500 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and -all their guns. - - - Cuddalore. - -Fought June 13, 1783, when a portion of the British force under General -Stewart attacked the French entrenchments in front of Cuddalore, and -after hard fighting, drove the French into the town with a loss of 700 -men and 13 guns. The British lost 1,013 killed and wounded. - - - Cuddalore. - -A naval action was fought off Cuddalore June 30, 1783, between a British -squadron of 17 sail under Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 French ships under -Suffren. The French, as usual, declined to come to close quarters, and -after a long range action, in which Hughes lost 532 men, fighting was -suspended at nightfall, leaving Suffren in possession of the roads, and -able to prevent the complete investment of Cuddalore. - - - Culloden (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -Fought April 16, 1746, between the Royal troops under the Duke of -Cumberland, and the Highlanders under the Young Pretender. The rebels -were completely routed by the English regulars, and in addition to heavy -loss in the field, suffered terribly in the pursuit, being ruthlessly -cut down by the cavalry. Cumberland’s cruelty on this occasion earned -for him the title of “Butcher.” The Royalists lost 309 killed and -wounded. This battle is sometimes called the Battle of Drummossie Moor. - - - Cunaxa (Expedition of Cyrus the Younger). - -Fought B.C. 401 between the Persians, about 400,000 strong, under -Artaxerxes, and the army of his brother Cyrus, consisting of 100,000 -Orientals, with 14,000 Greek mercenaries, under Clearchus. The Greeks on -the right wing drove back the Persian left, and Cyrus in the centre -broke the king’s body-guard, which fled in disorder. While pursuing his -brother, however, he was struck down, and his Orientals at once took to -flight. The Greeks refused to surrender, and were allowed to retain -their arms and march, to the coast. This expedition of Cyrus forms the -subject of Xenophon’s “Anabasis.” - - - Curicta (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 49, when the Cæsarian fleet under Dolabella was totally -destroyed by the Pompeian fleet under Marcus Octavius. This victory cut -off the Cæsarian army under Caius Antonius, which was quartered on the -island of Curicta, and Antonius was forced to surrender. - - - Curupayti (Paraguayan War). - -Fought September 22, 1866, between the troops of Brazil, Argentine and -Uruguay, under General Flores, and the Paraguayans under Lopez. The -allies were totally defeated, and Flores abandoned the army, returning -to Montevideo. - - - Custozza (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 24, 1866, between 60,000 Austrians under the Archduke -Albert, and 140,000 Italians under General La Marmora. La Marmora -crossed the Mincio, and advanced against the Archduke, who was covering -Verona. The Italians having to pass through a hilly country, the columns -were much broken up, and as they debouched into the plain of Custozza, -they were beaten in detail, and driven back by the Austrians, who gained -a signal victory. The Austrians lost 4,650 killed and wounded; the -Italians, 720 killed, 3,112 wounded, and 4,315 prisoners. La Marmora was -compelled to recross the Mincio. - - - Cuzco (Conquest of Peru). - -This city was besieged 1536, by 200,000 Peruvians, and was defended by -250 Spaniards under Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro. After a siege of five -months, Almagro, to whom certain of the conquered territories had been -assigned by the king of Spain, arrived with his troops, and attacked and -totally routed the Peruvians. He then laid siege to the place on his own -account, and shortly afterwards compelled Gonzalo Pizarro to capitulate. -Juan died in the course of the siege. - - - Cyme. - -Fought B.C. 474, between the fleet of Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, and the -Etruscan fleet, which was investing the Greek colony of Cyme. The -Etruscans were routed, and from this defeat dates the rapid decline of -the Etruscan power. - - - Cynoscephalæ. - -Fought July 364 B.C., between the Thebans and Thessalians under -Pelopidas, and the forces of Alexander, Despot of Pheræ. Both armies -made a forced march to seize the heights of Cynoscephalæ, and reached -the spot almost simultaneously. The Theban cavalry drove back -Alexander’s horse, but lost time in the pursuit, and his infantry made -good their position on the heights. However, after very hard fighting, -they were dislodged, and Alexander completely routed, though Pelopidas -fell in the battle. - - - Cynoscephalæ (Second Macedonian War). - -Fought B.C. 197, between the Romans, 26,000 strong, under Flamininus, -and the Macedonians, in about equal force under Philip. The Roman -vanguard, coming unexpectedly upon the enemy, was repulsed, but -Flamininus bringing up the legionaries, the battle became more equal. On -the right Philip, with half his phalanx, drove back the Romans, but his -left wing was utterly routed, and the victorious Roman right then turned -and attacked the Macedonian right in flank and rear, and won a complete -victory. The Macedonians lost 13,000 killed and wounded. The Roman -losses were small. - - - Cynossema (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 411 B.C., between 86 Peloponnesian ships under Mindarus, and 76 -Athenian triremes under Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus. The Athenian centre -was broken, but, in the moment of victory, Thrasybulus fell upon the -Peloponnesians with the right wing, and totally routed them, while -Thrasyllus on the left also drove off his adversaries, after hard -fighting. - - - Cyssus (War with Antiochus the Great). - -Fought B.C. 191 between the Roman fleet of 105 triremes under Caius -Livius, and the fleet of Antiochus, numbering 70 sail, under -Polyxenides. Polyxenides sailed out of Cyssus to encounter the Romans, -but was defeated with a loss of 23 ships, and forced to seek refuge at -Ephesus. - - - Cyzicus (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 410 B.C., when Alcibiades, with 86 Athenian ships, surprised the -Peloponnesian Admiral Mindarus, who was besieging Cyzicus, and, after a -hard fight, totally defeated him. Mindarus was slain, 60 triremes were -taken or destroyed, and the Peloponnesian fleet was practically -annihilated. - - - Cyzicus (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 88, when the army of Mithridates, who was besieging Cyzicus, -was hemmed by the Romans under Lucullus, and though the latter, with -inferior forces, did not venture on a pitched battle, he fought a series -of minor engagements, in which he eventually destroyed the Pontic army, -their losses amounting in the end to over 200,000 men. - - - Czarnovo (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought December 24, 1806, between the French under Napoleon, and the -Russians, about 15,000 strong, under Count Tolstoy. Napoleon, with -Davoust’s corps, crossed the Ukra, and made a night attack upon the -Russians, driving them out of Czarnovo with a loss of 1,600 and several -guns. The French lost 700. - - - Czaslau (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought 1742, between the Prussians under Frederic the Great, and the -Austrians under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The Prussians were driven -from the field, but the Austrians abandoned the pursuit to plunder, and -the king, rallying his troops, broke the Austrian main body, and -defeated them with a loss of 4,000 men. - - - - - D - - - Daegastan. - -Fought 603 between the Northumbrians under Æthelfrith, and the Picts and -Scots under Aidan, King of the Scots. Æthelfrith was victorious, and -extended his dominions as far as Chester. - - - Dalmanutha (Second Boer War). - -Fought August 21 to 28, 1900, when the position of the Boers from -Belfast to Machadodorp covering the Delagoa Bay Railway, and extending -over a line 30 miles long, was attacked on the west by Lord Roberts, and -on the south by Sir Redvers Buller. On the 28th Buller entered -Machadodorp, by which time the Boers, who were under General Botha, had -been driven from all their positions. Kruger at once fled to Delagoa -Bay. The British loss in the four days amounted to about 500. - - - Damascus (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -This city was besieged by the Moslems under Khaled in 633, and was -defended by a large garrison of Greeks and Romans. The city made an -obstinate defence, and the defenders succeeded in sending a demand for -succour to Werdan, the general of Heraclius. Werdan’s approach drew -Khaled away from the place, and as he was retiring he was attacked by -the garrison, whom he defeated with enormous loss. He then marched -against Werdan, defeated him, and returned to prosecute the siege. After -a gallant defence, the city, 70 days later, was taken by storm. - - - Damascus (Tartar Invasion of Syria). - -On January 25, 1401, Damascus was captured, through treachery, by the -Tartars under Tamerlane. - - - Damme (Wars of Philip Augustus). - -Fought April, 1213, when an English fleet of 500 vessels under the Earl -of Salisbury attacked and dispersed a large fleet of French ships -designed to support Philip Augustus’ invasion of Flanders. The English -captured 300 and burnt 100 vessels, and Philip Augustus was forced to -abandon his design. - - - Dan-no-ura (Taira War). - -Fought 1189, between the army of the Shôgun, Yoritomo, under his -brothers Noriyori and Yoshitsune, and the Taira Clan under Munemori, -when the Taira were routed and dispersed. This defeat broke the power of -the clan, and the Minamoto became the dominant clan in Japan. - - - Dantzig (Thirty Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus in -1627, and was defended by a Polish garrison which successfully resisted -all attempts to storm the place, until the truce of September 16, 1629. -In a night attack on May 27, 1627, the King of Sweden was severely -wounded, while in the autumn of the same year a sally was made from the -port by the Dantzig ships, which defeated the Swedish fleet under -Admiral Stjernsköld, the Admiral being killed, 1 ship captured and 1 -destroyed. - - - Dantzig (Campaign of Friedland). - -On March 19, 1807, Marshal Lefebvre, with 18,000 French, laid siege to -the city, which was defended by a garrison of 14,000 Prussians, and -4,000 Russians under Marshal Kalkreuth. For complete investment it was -necessary for Lefebvre to encompass a circuit of about 17 leagues, for -which purpose his numbers were too few, and he made little progress. -Receiving reinforcements, however, he opened his first parallel April 1, -while on the 12th an important outwork was carried. On the 23rd the -batteries opened fire, and on May 15 a determined effort to relieve the -place was made by a force of 8,000 Russians, who were repulsed with a -loss of 2,000, the French losing 400 only. From this point the city was -left to its fate, and an assault was ordered for the 21st. Before this -date, however, Marshal Kalkreuth signified his readiness to parley, and -on May 26 the place was surrendered, the garrison being then reduced to -7,000 effectives. - - - Dantzig (Campaign of Leipsic). - -After the Moscow retreat, General Rapp, with 30,000 French, mostly -survivors of the Moscow campaign, was besieged in Dantzig, January 1813, -by the allies, 30,000 in number, under the Duke of Würtemberg. Rapp made -a strenuous defence, but his works were mastered one by one, and, -finding his garrison dwindling rapidly from starvation and exposure, he -surrendered November 29, 1813, by which date the defenders numbered only -18,000 men. - - - Dargai (Tirah Campaign). - -Fought October 20, 1897, when a British brigade, under General Yeatman -Biggs, stormed the heights, which were held by a large force of Afridis. -The actual storming was accomplished by the Gordon Highlanders, and the -British loss amounted to 37 killed and 175 wounded. Colonel Mathias’ -speech to the Gordons, before leading them to the charge was, -“Highlanders, the General says the position must be taken at all costs. -The Gordons will take it.” - - - Dazaifu (Chinese Invasion of Japan). - -In 1281, Hwan Buako, the General of Kublai Khan, at the head of 100,000 -Chinese, and 10,000 Koreans, endeavoured to effect a landing at Dazaifu. -The Japanese, however, kept them at bay for 60 days, at the end of which -time the Chinese fleet was wrecked and dispersed by a typhoon. The -survivors, under Chang Pak, took refuge in the island of Takashima, -where they were attacked and cut to pieces by the troops of the Daimiyo -of Choshiu, under Shoni Kagasuke, only 3,000 out of the vast host making -their way back to China. - - - Deeg (First Mahratta War). - -Fought 1780 between the British, 6,000 strong under General Fraser, and -the Mahrattas under Holkar of Indore, with 14 battalions of infantry, a -numerous cavalry, and 160 guns. The Mahrattas were utterly routed, -leaving 87 guns on the field. The British lost 643, including General -Fraser, killed. - - - Deeg (Second Mahratta War). - -The fortress, which was held by a garrison of Holkar’s troops, was -besieged December 11, 1804, by the British under Lord Lake. After six -days’ bombardment, it was stormed on the 23rd, and the citadel captured -on the following day. Over 100 guns were taken. - - - Delhi (First Mongol Invasion). - -Fought 1297, between 200,000 Mongols under Kuttugh Khan, and 300,000 -Delhi Mohammedans, with 2,700 elephants, under Ala-ud-Din. The Indian -right wing, with a successful charge, broke the Mongols left, but -carried the pursuit too far. Meanwhile the right of the Mongol army -assailed the Indian left and drove it from the field. Kuttugh Khan, -however, had lost so heavily, that he was unable to follow up his -advantage, and retreated with all speed from India. - - - Delhi (Second Mongol Invasion). - -Fought 1398, between the Mongols under Tamerlane, and the Delhi -Mohammedans under Mahmud Tughlak. Tamerlane, having crossed the Jumna to -reconnoitre with an escort of 700 horsemen, was attacked by Mahmud with -5,000 cavalry. Tamerlane repulsed the attack, and later, having brought -his main body across the river, totally defeated Mahmud, and drove him -into Delhi, which at once surrendered. The city was plundered, and -Tamerlane withdrew laden with spoil. - - - Delhi (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought September 11, 1803, between 4,500 British under General Lake, and -19,000 Mahrattas of Scindiah’s army under Bourquin. The enemy occupied a -strong position with the Jumna in their rear, and Lake, feigning a -retreat, drew them from their lines, and then turning upon them drove -them with the bayonet into the river, inflicting enormous loss upon -them. The British lost 400 only. - - - Delhi (Second Mahratta War). - -The city was invested October 7, 1804, by 20,000 Mahrattas, with 100 -guns, under Jeswunt Rao Holkar, and was successfully defended for nine -days by a small British garrison. At the end of this period, Holkar -withdrew. So small was the garrison, that they were on constant duty on -the ramparts, throughout the siege, without relief. - - - Delhi (Indian Mutiny). - -After the outbreak at Meerut, Delhi became the rallying place of the -mutineers, and on June 8, 1857, Sir Harry Barnard commenced the siege of -the city. His force was too small for a complete investment, while the -mutineers numbered 30,000, and could obtain continual reinforcements, -and ample supplies. The garrison made constant sorties, and fighting was -incessant at the outposts. On September 8 the breaching batteries opened -fire, and on the 14th the final assault was made and the city entered. -It was not, however, till the 20th that the Palace was taken, and all -resistance at an end. Among those who fell was John Nicholson. - - - Delium (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 424 between the Athenians under Hippocrates. 17,000 strong, -and the Bœotians under Pagondas, 18,000 strong. The armies met on a -plain before Delium, and after an obstinate encounter, in which the -Thebans on the right overpowered the Athenians, while their left attack -was repulsed, the appearance of a large body of cavalry on their flank -alarmed the Athenians, who broke and fled, Hippocrates fell in the -battle. - - - Delphi (Sacred War). - -Fought B.C. 355, between the Phocians, 5,000 strong, under Philomelus, -and the Locrians. Philomelus, who had seized Delphi, attacked the -Locrians on the heights above the sacred city, and routed them with -heavy loss, many being driven over the precipice. - - - Denain (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought 1712, when the camp of the allies, held by 10 battalions under -the Earl of Albemarle, was attacked by 130 French battalions under -Marshal Villiers. Prince Eugene made an effort to relieve the Earl, but -was unable to cross the Scheldt, and the allies were overwhelmed by -superior numbers, only about 4,000 making good their retreat. Five -generals were killed or captured. - - - Dennewitz (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought September 6, 1813, between the French army of the north under -Ney, and the allies under the Crown Prince of Sweden. Ney had detached -Bertrand’s division to mask Dennewitz, while his main body marched past -the position on the road to Berlin, but Bertrand delayed so long before -Dennewitz, that what was intended for a demonstration became a serious -action, in which the full force of both sides was engaged. The French -were defeated with a loss of 10,000 men and 43 guns. - - - Deorham. - -Fought 577, when Ceawlin, King of Wessex, defeated the Welsh, and -extended the borders of Wessex to the Bristol Channel, thus severing the -Welsh nation into two parts. - - - Dessau (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 15, 1626, between the German Protestants under Count von -Mansfeldt, and the Imperialists, about 20,000 strong, under Wallenstein. -Mansfeldt was attacking the fort of Dessau, on the Elbe, when -Wallenstein, approaching under cover of the woods, fell upon his flank, -and totally routed him, killing or capturing nearly three-fourths of his -army. - - - Dettingen (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought June 27, 1743, between the British, 40,000 strong, under George -II, and 60,000 French under the Duc de Noailles. The British, who were -retiring upon Hanau from Aschaffenburg, found their retreat cut off by -the French, Dettingen being held by 23,000 men under de Grammont, while -the main body was on the opposite bank of the Maine. De Grammont left -his lines to attack the British, whereupon George II put himself at the -head of his troops, and led a charge which broke the French and drove -them headlong into the river. Their losses in crossing were heavy, and -they left 6,000 killed and wounded on the field. This is the last -occasion on which the Sovereign has led British troops in battle. - - - Deutschbrod (Hussite War). - -Fought 1422 between the Taborite section of the Hussites under John -Zisca, and the Germans under the Emperor Sigismund. Zisca was completely -victorious. - - - Devicotta. - -This fortress, held for Pertab Singh by a garrison of the Tanjore army, -was captured in 1749, after a three days’ bombardment, by a British -force of 2,300 men under Major Lawrence. An attack upon the breach, -headed by Clive, was nearly disastrous, as the Sepoys hung back, and of -the Europeans engaged, only Clive and three others escaped, but Lawrence -arriving opportunely with the main column, the place was stormed. - - - Diamond. - -A faction fight, known as the battle of Diamond which took place -September 21, 1795, at a village in Co. Armagh, between the Peep o’ Day -Boys and the Defenders. The former were victorious, killing 48 of their -opponents. - - - Diamond Hill (Second Boer War). - -Fought June 11 and 12, 1900, when General Botha, with the main Boer army -of 15,000 men, strongly entrenched about 15 miles from Pretoria, was -attacked by Lord Roberts with 17,000 men and 70 guns, and driven from -his position. The Boer lines were so extended that three distinct -actions were in progress at the same time. The British lost 25 officers -and 137 men killed and wounded. - - - Dingaan’s Day. - -Fought December 16, 1838, between the Boers of the Transvaal, and the -Zulus under Dingaan. The Zulus were totally routed, with heavy loss. The -Boer losses were small. - - - Dipæa (Arcadian War). - -Fought B.C. 471, between the Spartans and the Arcadian League. The -Arcadians were totally defeated, and Tegea, the head of the League, -shortly afterwards submitted to Sparta. - - - Diu. - -This fortified Portuguese factory was besieged early in September, 1537, -by a fleet of 76 Turkish galleys, and 7,000 soldiers under Solyman, -Pasha of Egypt, acting with whom was an army of 20,000 Gujeratis under -Bahadur Shah, and Khojah Zofar, an Italian renegade. The garrison of -600, under Antonio de Silveira, repulsed assault after assault, but were -nearly at the end of their resources, when the false rumour of an -approaching Portuguese fleet caused Solyman to withdraw. - - - Diu. - -In 1545 Diu was again besieged by the Gujeratis, the garrison being -commanded by Mascarenhas. Khojah Zofar, who led the besiegers, was -killed in the course of the siege, and was succeeded by Rami Khan. The -garrison, at the end of several months, was on the point of -surrendering, owing to famine, when it was relieved by Juan de Castro, -who signally defeated the Gujeratis, and raised the siege. - - - Djerbeh (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1560, between the fleet of Solyman I, Sultan of Turkey, under -Piycála Pasha, and the combined squadrons of Malta, Venice, Genoa and -Florence. The Christian fleet was utterly routed, the Turks securing -thereby the preponderance in the Mediterranean. - - - Dniester (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 9, 1769, between the Russians under Prince Gallitzin, -and the Turks under Ali Moldovani Pasha. The Turks crossed the river in -the face of the Russian army, and attacked their lines with great -impetuosity. After severe fighting, however, they were beaten off, and -forced to withdraw from Choczim. - - - Dodowah (First Ashanti War). - -Fought 1826, between the Ashanti army, which had invaded the Gold Coast, -and the British under Colonel Purdon. The Ashantis fought bravely, but -were routed with heavy loss. - - - Dogger Bank (Dutch Wars). - -Fought August 15, 1781, between a British fleet of seven battleships and -six frigates, under Admiral Hyde Parker, and a Dutch fleet of equal -strength under Admiral Zoutman. After a severe engagement, the Dutch -bore away, and reached their port in safety, the British fleet being too -crippled to pursue. The British lost 109 killed and 362 wounded; the -Dutch 1 ship, the _Hollandia_, 142 killed and 403 wounded. - - - Dollar (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 875, when the Danish invaders under Thorstem totally defeated the -men of Alban under Constantine. The Danes subsequently occupied -Caithness, Sutherlandshire, Ross and Moray. - - - Dolni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought November 1, 1877, when General Gourko, with two divisions of the -Russian guard, dislodged the Turks from the redoubt of Dolni-Dubnik, and -forced them to retire upon Plevna. There was little actual fighting, the -Turks retiring without much resistance, but the action is important, -because the capture of the redoubt made the investment of Plevna -complete. - - - Dominica. - -Fought April 12, 1782, between the British fleet of 36 sail of the line, -under Rodney, with Hood second in command, and the French fleet of 33 -sail under de Grasse. Rodney departed from the usual tactics of a ship -to ship action, and broke the enemy’s line, gaining a complete victory, -and capturing or destroying 5 ships, while 2 more were captured within -the next few days. The British lost 261 killed and 837 wounded. The -French losses have been put as high as 15,000, but it is probable that -they lost about 3,000 killed and wounded, while 7,980 were taken in the -captured ships. This action is also known as the battle of the Saints. - - - Domokos (Greco-Turkish War). - -Fought May 17, 1879, between five Turkish divisions of the army under -Edhem Pasha, and the Greeks under the Crown Prince of Greece, about -40,000 strong. The Greeks held their ground till late in the evening, -when the right was outflanked, and forced to give ground, though, when -the action ceased, the Turks had made no other advance. Edhem was -prepared to renew the fight on the following day, but the Crown Prince -found that the retirement of his right had rendered the position -untenable, and retreated during the night. The Greeks lost 600 killed -and wounded; the Turks about 1,800. - - - Donabew (First Burmah War). - -Fought March 7, 1825, when General Cotton, with about 700 troops, -attacked three strong stockades held by 12,000 Burmans under Maha -Bandoola. The smallest of the three was carried, but Cotton’s force was -too small, and it was not till the 25th that Sir Archibald Campbell -arrived, and, shelling the stockade, forced the Burmans to evacuate the -position. Maha Bandoola was killed. - - - Donauwörth (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 2, 1704, between the British and Imperialists under the Duke -of Marlborough, and the French and Bavarians under Marshal Tallard. The -Duke attacked the enemy’s entrenched position at Schellenberg, in front -of Donauwörth, and drove them out, forcing them to abandon the town. The -victors lost 5,374 killed and wounded. The French losses are unknown, -but were probably heavier. - - - Dormeille. - -Fought 602, between the Neustrians under Clothaire II, and Austrasians -and Burgundians under Theodobert and Thierry. Clothaire was defeated -with great slaughter. - - - Dorylæum (First Crusade). - -Fought July 1097, between 70,000 Crusaders under Bohemond and Raymond of -Thoulouse, and 250,000 Saracens under the Sultan Soliman. The Saracens -drove back Bohemond’s division on their camp, which they proceeded to -plunder, and, while so engaged, were attacked by Raymond and totally -routed with a loss of 30,000. The Crusaders lost 4,000. - - - Douai (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This place was besieged by the allies under Prince Eugene, April 25, -1710, and was defended by a French garrison, 8,000 strong, under General -d’Albergotti. The place was obstinately defended, numerous sorties being -made, but, the French army being unable to relieve it, d’Albergotti was -forced to surrender June 26. The besiegers lost 8,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Douro (Peninsular War). - -Fought May 12, 1809, when 12,000 British under Wellesley (the Duke of -Wellington) crossed the Douro and drove the French under Soult out of -Oporto. The French numbered about 24,000, of whom 5,000 were killed, -wounded or captured, mainly during the pursuit. In the action itself, -the French lost 500, the British, 116. - - - Dover (Dutch Wars). - -Fought November 29, 1652, between a Dutch fleet of 95 sail, under Van -Tromp, and an English fleet of 40 ships, under Blake. The Dutch were -victorious, the English fleet being much cut up, and two ships captured. - - - Downs, The (Dutch Wars). - -Fought June 1, 2 and 3, 1666, between the English fleet under the Duke -of Albemarle, and the Dutch under De Ruyter, Van Tromp and De Witt. -After an obstinate fight, Albemarle, on the 3rd, retired, after setting -fire to his disabled vessels, but the Dutch were too seriously crippled -to pursue. - - - Drepanum (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 249, during the siege of Lilybæum, between the Roman fleet -of 123 galleys under Publius Claudius, and the Carthaginians under -Adherbal. Claudius was defeated, losing 93 ships, 8,000 killed and -20,000 prisoners, while the victors did not lose a ship. - - - Dresden (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 27, 1813, between 130,000 French under Napoleon, and -200,000 Russians, Prussians and Austrians, under Count Wittgenstein, -Kleist, and Prince Schwartzemberg, respectively. The Emperors of Russia -and Austria, and the King of Prussia, were present on the field. -Napoleon, who was in possession of Dresden, made his main attack upon -the Austrian left, which was separated from the centre by the ravine of -Planen. This attack, which was entrusted to Murat, was completely -successful, and the Austrians were driven with heavy loss into the -ravine. Meanwhile, the centre and right of the allies had been attacked -with equal success, and finally they were driven from the field with a -loss of 10,000 killed and wounded, 15,000 prisoners, and 40 guns. The -French lost about 10,000. - - - Dreux (First Civil War). - -Fought 1562, between the Huguenots under the Prince de Condé, and the -Catholics under the Constable, Montmorency. The Constable, heading a -charge of the Catholic cavalry, was overthrown and captured by Coligny. -The Catholics then fled, but the Huguenots, carrying the pursuit too -far, were charged and routed by François de Guise, and Condé made -prisoner. The victory thus rested with the Catholics. - - - Driefontein (Second Boer War). - -Fought March 10, 1900, between the Boer Army covering Bloemfontein, -under de Wet, and the British under Lord Roberts. The Boers occupied a -position about seven miles in extent, which was attacked in front by -Kelly-Kenny’s division, and on the left flank by that of Tucker. The -Boers were driven out and the road to Bloemfontein opened, at a cost to -the British of 424 killed and wounded. The Boers left over 100 dead on -the field. - - - Dristen. - -This strong post on the Danube was defended for fifty-five days in 973, -by the Russians under their Duke Swatoslaus, against the Greeks under -the Emperor John Zimisces. At the end of that time the Russians were -forced to surrender, thus ending their invasion of Byzantine territory. - - - Drogheda (Great Irish Rebellion). - -Siege was laid to this town, which was held by an English garrison under -Sir Henry Tichborne, by the Irish rebels, under Owen Roe O’Neil, in -December, 1641. The garrison held out successfully for three months, -when O’Neil was compelled to raise the siege. - - - Drogheda (Civil War). - -On September 3, 1649, siege was laid to the place by the Parliamentary -army under Cromwell, the garrison of 2,500 English regulars being under -Sir Arthur Aston. An assault on the 10th was repulsed, but on the 12th -the town was stormed, and the garrison put to the sword. Four thousand -soldiers and inhabitants, including Aston, are said to have perished. - - - Drumclog (Covenanters’ Rising). - -Fought June 11, 1679, when a party of Covenanters, under Balfour of -Burleigh, defeated the royal troops, under Claverhouse. - - - Drummossie Moor. - -_See_ Culloden. - - - Dubba (Scinde Campaign). - -Fought March 24, 1843, between 5,000 British troops, under Sir Charles -Napier, and 20,000 Beluchis, under the Amir Shir Mohamed. The enemy was -strongly posted behind a double nullah, which was carried by the -infantry with great gallantry, and the Beluchis were totally defeated. - - - Duffindale (Kat’s Rebellion). - -The scene of the defeat of the rebels under Kat, by the royal troops, -under the Earl of Warwick, in 1549. - - - Dunbar (Scottish Wars). - -Fought April 27, 1296, between the English, under Edward I, and the -Scots under the Earl of Athol. The Scots were defeated, with a loss of -10,000 men. This defeat led to the surrender of Balliol, and Edward was -proclaimed King of Scotland. - - - Dunbar (Scottish Wars). - -This town was besieged, 1339, by the English, under the Earl of -Salisbury, and was defended by Agnes, Countess of March, known as Black -Agnes of Dunbar, whose husband, the Governor, was absent at the time. So -vigorous was the defence, that Salisbury was compelled to withdraw from -the siege. - - - Dunbar (Civil War). - -Fought September 3, 1650, between 14,000 Parliamentarians under Cromwell -and Monk, and the Scottish Royalists, 27,000 strong, under David Leslie. -Leslie left a strong position on the heights near Dunbar, to meet -Cromwell, and was routed with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and -10,000 prisoners. Cromwell’s losses were small. - - - Dundalk (Scottish Invasion of Ireland). - -Fought October 5, 1318, between the Scots under Edward Bruce, 3,000 in -number, and the English and Irish under John de Bermingham. The Scots -were totally defeated, Bruce, with about 30 of his knights, and over 80 -men-at-arms, being killed, and the invasion came to an end. - - - Dundee. - -_See_ Talana Hill. - - - Dunes (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought June 14, 1650, between the Spaniards, 14,000 strong, under Don -John of Austria and the Great Condé, and the French in equal force under -Turenne. A force landed from the English fleet commenced the attack on -the Spaniards, which was vigorously supported by Turenne, and the -Spaniards were totally defeated, with a loss of 4,000 killed, wounded -and captured. Ten days later the town of Dunkirk capitulated. - - - Dunganhill (Great Irish Rebellion). - -Fought August 8, 1647, between the Irish rebels, and an English force -under Colonel Michael Jones. The Irish were routed with a loss of 6,000. - - - Dunkeld (Jacobite Rising). - -Fought August 21, 1689, between the Highlanders under Colonel Cannon, -and the Cameronian Regiment under Colonel Cleland. The fight took place -in the town of Dunkeld, where the Cameronians held a house belonging to -the Marquis of Athole. The Highlanders were unable to dislodge them, and -eventually retired, Cannon being killed. - - - Dunsinnan. - -Fought 1054, between the usurper, Macbeth, and the Anglo-Saxons under -Siward, Earl of Northumberland, who was supporting Malcolm Canmore, the -son of the murdered Duncan. Macbeth was defeated, losing 10,000 men, and -fled to the north. The Anglo-Saxons lost 1,500. - - - Duplin (Baliol’s Rising). - -Fought August 12, 1332, between the Scottish barons, under Edward -Baliol, and the forces of David, King of Scotland. Though largely -outnumbered Baliol was victorious. - - - Düppel (Schleswig-Holstein War). - -This fortress, protected by an outer chain of ten redoubts, was invested -by the Prussians, 16,000 strong, under Prince Frederick Charles, and the -first parallel opened, March 30, 1864. The Danish garrison numbered -22,000. On April 17, after a heavy bombardment, the Prussians were -launched at the first six of the chain of redoubts, and, after a brief -resistance, they were captured and the place was immediately afterwards -surrendered. The Prussians lost 70 officers and 1,331 men, the Danes, -including prisoners, 5,500. - - - Durazzo (Norman Invasion of Italy). - -This fortress, which was defended by a garrison of Greeks and -Macedonians under George Palæologus, was besieged by the Normans, under -Robert Guiscard, July 17, 1081. On October 18, the besiegers, now -reduced to 18,000, were attacked by a force of about 75,000 Greeks, -under Alexius Comnenus, and after a terrible struggle, in which the -Normans were almost overpowered, the victory rested with Guiscard. The -Greeks lost about 6,000. On the Norman side, the Italian auxiliaries -suffered heavily, but only 20 Norman knights were killed. -Notwithstanding this disaster, the city still held out, and it was not -till February 8, 1082, that a night surprise rendered the Normans -masters of the place. - - - Dürrenstein (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought November 11, 1805, during Napoleon’s advance on Vienna, when -Mortier, with one French division, was attacked by 30,000 Russians, and -would have been overwhelmed but for the timely arrival of another -division. The French lost 3,000; the Russians about the same number. - - - Dwina, The (Swedo-Polish War). - -Fought 1701, between 15,000 Swedes under Charles XII, and 12,000 Saxons -under Marshal von Stenau. Charles, who was marching upon Riga, found the -passage of the Dwina barred by von Stenau. Having the wind at his back, -he set fire to a large quantity of straw, and under cover of the smoke, -crossed the river unperceived. He then attacked the Saxons, who, after -an obstinate engagement, were defeated and driven from the field. - - - Dyle (Norman Invasion of France). - -Fought 896, between the Norman invaders, and the Germans under Arnulph, -Emperor of Germany. The Normans were totally routed with enormous loss. - - - Dyrrachium (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 48, between the Cæsarians, under Julius Cæsar, and the -Pompeians, under Pompey. The latter having formed an entrenched camp -some distance from Dyrrachium, Cæsar interposed his army between the -camp and the town. This interrupted Pompey’s communications, and he, in -consequence, attacked the Cæsarian lines, which he forced, at the cost -of 1,000 men, and obliged Cæsar to retire. - - - - - E - - - Ebersberg (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought May 3, 1809, when Masséna’s corps stormed the bridge and castle -of Ebersberg, which was held by about 30,000 Austrians under the -Archduke Charles. After the bridge was captured, a terrible conflict -followed in the streets of Ebersberg, and finally the Austrians were -driven out, with a loss of about 3,000 killed and wounded, 4,000 -prisoners and many guns. The French admit a loss of 1,700 only. - - - Eckmühl (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought April 22, 1809, between 90,000 French, under Napoleon, and 76,000 -Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. The Austrians occupied a position -on the high ground above Eckmühl, from which they were dislodged after -severe fighting, but the approach of night enabled the Archduke to draw -off his troops in tolerable order towards Ratisbon, with a loss of about -5,000 killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners. The French loss is stated -at 2,500. By this victory Napoleon cut the main Austrian army in two. - - - Ecnomus (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 256, between 330 Roman galleys, with crews of 100,000 men, -under L. Manlius Valso, and M. Attilius Regulus, and 350 Carthaginian -ships under Hanno. After a hard-fought battle, in which the Romans lost -24 vessels, they defeated the Carthaginians, with a loss of 30 ships -sunk and 64 captured, and drove the rest of the fleet to Carthage. - - - Edessa (Persian Wars). - -Fought 259, between the Romans under Valerian, and the Persians under -Sapor I. The Romans were totally defeated, and Valerian taken prisoner. - - - Edgeworth (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought July 26, 1469, between the Yorkists under Pembroke, and the -troops of the revolted Nevilles. The Lancastrians attacked Pembroke, -whose troops were chiefly Welshmen, and, notwithstanding a stubborn -resistance, defeated them with heavy loss, no less than 168 Welsh -knights falling, besides rank and file. Edward IV, who was in the -neighbourhood, though not present at the battle, was captured soon -after. - - - Edgehill (Civil War). - -The first battle of the Civil War, October 23, 1642, between the -Royalists under Charles I, and the Parliamentarians, under Essex, each -army being about 20,000 strong. The victory was claimed by both sides, -but the advantage rested with the King, as the Parliamentarians failed -to face Prince Rupert’s cavalry, and the Royalists were not prevented -from continuing their march on London. - - - Elandslaagte (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 21, 1899, between a strong Boer force under General Koch, -and 3 battalions and 5 squadrons of British troops, with 12 guns, under -General French. The Boers occupied a strong position, on high ground -near the Ladysmith-Dundee railway, from which they were driven by the -infantry and Imperial Light Horse (dismounted) with a loss of 250 killed -and wounded, and 200 prisoners, including Koch. The British lost 35 -officers and 219 men. - - - Elands River (Second Boer War). - -On August 4, 1900, a force of 400 Australians, under Colonel Hore, were -surrounded by 2,500 Boers, with 6 guns. The Australians occupied an -exposed kopje, with no water nearer than the river half-a-mile away. -Their maxim became unserviceable, an attempt by General Carrington to -relieve them failed, and so severe was the Boer fire that, in 11 days, -1,800 shells fell within their lines. They held out, however, till -August 15, when they were relieved by Lord Kitchener, having lost 75 -killed and wounded, and nearly all their horses. - - - El Caney (Spanish-American War). - -Fought July 1, 1898, when 12,000 Americans, under General Shafter, -captured from the Spaniards, after heavy fighting, the strong position -of El Caney and San Juan Hill, commanding Santiago de Cuba. The -Spaniards made various attempts on the 2nd and 3rd to dislodge them, but -without success. The American losses during the three days amounted to -115 officers and 1,570 men killed and wounded. - - - Elchingen (Campaign of Austerlitz). - -Fought October 14, 1805, when Ney’s corps, after repairing the bridge of -Elchingen under fire, stormed and captured the convent and village, -driving out 20,000 Austrians, and taking 3,000 prisoners and a number of -guns. - - - Elena (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought 1877, between the Russians under Loris Melikoff, and the Turks -under Muhktar Pasha, in which the former were victorious. - - - Elinga (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 206, between 74,000 Carthaginians, under Hanno, and 48,000 -Romans under Scipio Africanus. The battle was fought on the open plain -in front of Hanno’s camp, and resulted in a complete victory for the -Romans. This battle, which is also known as the battle of Silpia, ended -the Carthaginian domination in Spain. - - - Elk Horn. - -_See_ Pea Ridge. - - - Ellandune. - -In this battle, fought 823, the Mercians under Beorwulf, were totally -routed by the West Saxons under Egbert. - - - Elleporus. - -Fought B.C. 389, between the Sicilians, 23,000 strong, under Dionysius -of Syracuse, and the Italiots, 17,000 strong, under Heloris. Dionysius -attacked the Italiot vanguard, under Heloris himself, on the march, and -the Italiot army, coming into action in detachments, was beaten -piecemeal, and finally routed with heavy loss. The survivors, 10,000 in -number, surrendered, and were allowed to go free. Heloris was slain. - - - El Teb (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought February 4, 1884, when a column of 3,500 Egyptian troops under -Baker Pasha, marching to relieve Sinkat, was overwhelmed, and -practically annihilated by 12,000 Soudanese under Osman Digna. The -Egyptians lost 2,360 killed and wounded. - - - El Teb. - -_See_ Trinkitat. - - - Embata (Social War). - -Fought B.C. 356, when an Athenian fleet of 120 sail, under Chares, -designed to attack the Chians, with 100 galleys, in the straits between -Chios and the mainland. The day proving stormy, however, his colleagues -Iphicrates and Timoleon declined the enterprise as too hazardous, and -Chares attacking alone, with a third of the fleet, was defeated with -heavy loss. - - - Emesa (Expedition to Palmyra). - -Fought 272, between the Romans under Aurelian, and the Palmyrenians -under Zenobia. Zenobia was completely defeated, and forced to retire -within the walls of Palmyra, to which Aurelian at once laid siege. - - - Empingham (Wells’ Rebellion). - -Fought March 12, 1470, when Edward IV totally routed the northern -rebels, under Sir Robert Wells. The battle is called “Loose-coat Field,” -from the precipitate flight of the rebels, who threw off their upper -garments to flee the faster. - - - Engen (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought May 3, 1800, between the French, 75,000 strong, under Moreau, and -110,000 Austrians under De Kray. Moreau had crossed the Rhine on the -1st, and was advancing through the Black Forest, and the battle was in -reality two distinct actions. Moreau’s right, 25,000 strong, under -Lecourbe, overtook the Austrian rear-guard, and drove them into and -through Stokach, capturing 4,000 prisoners, and a large depot of -munitions and stores. Moreau in the centre was attacked at Engen by -40,000 Austrians, under De Kray, whom he repulsed with a loss of 2,000 -killed and wounded, and 5,000 prisoners. The French lost 2,000 killed -and wounded. - - - Englefield (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, the first of the series of battles between the West Saxons -and the Danish invaders. The former, under their king, Æthelred, -defeated the Danes. - - - Enslin. - -_See_ Graspan. - - - Eutaw Springs (American War of Independence). - -Fought September 8, 1781, between the British garrison of Charleston, -under Colonel Stewart, and the Americans, under General Greene. The -British were attacked and at first driven back, but rallying carried the -American positions, but with a loss of 700 men, which so weakened their -small force that they were unable to profit by the victory. - - - Entholm (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought June 11, 1676, between the Danish fleet, under van Tromp, and -Swedes. The Swedes were defeated with very heavy loss in ships and men. - - - Entzheim. - -_See_ Sinzheim. - - - Ephesus (Ionian War). - -Fought 499 B.C., between the Athenians and Ionians, under Aristagorus, -and the Persians, under Artaphernes. The Greeks who were retreating to -the coast after burning Sardis, were overtaken by the pursuing Persians, -under the walls of Ephesus, and signally defeated. The Athenians -thereupon withdrew their fleet, and took no further part in the war. - - - Ephesus (Gallic Invasion of Asia). - -Fought B.C. 262, between the Syrians, under Antigonus, and the Gallic -invaders. Antigonus was disastrously defeated. - - - Erbach (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought May 15, 1800, between 15,000 French under Sainte-Suzanne, and -36,000 Austrians under de Kray. The Austrians, who had 12,000 cavalry, -attacked vigorously, but the French, though driven back at certain -points, were not routed, and held to their main positions for 12 hours, -until the approach of St. Cyr’s corps forced the Austrians to retire. -Both sides lost heavily in the action. - - - Erisa (South American War of Independence). - -Fought December, 1814, between the Spanish royalists, under Bover, 8,000 -strong, and the American patriots, under Ribas. Ribas was totally -defeated, and taken prisoner, and in revenge for the death of Bover, who -fell in the battle, he was beheaded, and his head publicly exposed in -Caraccas. - - - Espinosa (Peninsular War). - -Fought November 10, 1808, between 18,000 French under Victor, and 30,000 -Spaniards under Blake. The Spaniards were routed, and Blake’s army -scattered. The French lost about 1,100 men. - - - Essling. - -_See_ Aspern. - - - Etampes. - -Fought 604, between the Burgundians, under Queen Brunehilde, and the -Neustrians under Clothaire II. The latter were totally defeated with -heavy loss. - - - Ethandun (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 878, between the West Saxons, under Alfred, and the Danes, under -Guthrum. The Danes were totally defeated, and Alfred’s victory was -followed by the Peace of Wedmore, which lasted for fifteen years. - - - Eurymedon, The (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 470, between the Persian fleet and army, and the Athenians -and Delians, under Cimon. The Greeks were victorious both by land and -sea, defeating the Persian fleet with a loss of 200 ships, and routing -the land army with great slaughter. This victory secured the adhesion of -the south of Asia Minor to the Athenian Confederacy. - - - Evesham (Barons’ War). - -Fought August 4, 1265, between the royalists under Prince Edward, and -the Barons under Simon de Montfort. The Barons were taken by surprise, -having at first mistaken Edward’s army for reinforcements under young de -Montfort, and were totally defeated, Simon de Montfort falling. This -defeat ended the Barons’ War. - - - Eylau (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought February 8, 1807, between 90,000 French under Napoleon, and -80,000 Russians under Bennigsen. Napoleon attacked at daybreak, all -along the line, but could at first make no impression on the Russian -infantry. Later in the day Davoust all but succeeded in turning the -Russian left, but the opportune arrival of a Prussian corps under -l’Estocq enabled the Russians to repulse him, and after a sanguinary -engagement, which lasted till ten p.m., both armies retained their -original positions. On the following day the Russians retired -unmolested. The French lost about 30,000; the Russians about 20,000 -killed and wounded. - - - - - F - - - Faenza (First Gothic War). - -Fought 541, between 20,000 Roman legionaries, and the Goths under -Totila, King of Italy. The Romans made no attempt to resist the -onslaught of the Goths, but throwing down their arms fled ignominiously, -giving the Goths an easy victory. - - - Fair Oaks (American Civil War). - -Fought May 31, and June 1, 1862, between the Federals under General -M’Clellan and the Confederates under General Johnston. M’Clellan was -advancing upon Richmond, and his left wing was attacked in the afternoon -of the 31st, and notwithstanding the arrival of Sumner’s corp in -support, was driven back for two miles. On the 1st the Federals -recovered the ground they had lost, but made no further progress, and at -the end of the day the Confederates, who were largely outnumbered, were -permitted to retire unmolested. The Federals lost over 7,000 killed and -wounded, the Confederates about 4,500, including General Johnston. This -is also called the Battle of Seven Pines. - - - Falkirk (Scottish Wars). - -Fought July 23, 1298, between the English under Edward I, and the Scots -under Sir William Wallace. The Scots, who were greatly inferior in -numbers, were strongly posted behind a morass, which at first greatly -hampered the English attack. In the end, however, the English archers -overcame the Scottish defence, and a final charge, led by the king in -person, utterly routed them. Wallace escaped from the field, but was a -fugitive for the rest of his life. - - - Falkirk (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -Fought August 17, 1746, between the rebel Highlanders, 8,000 strong, -under the Young Pretender, and a force of 8,000 British troops, with -1,000 Campbells under General Hawley. The charge of the Highlanders -broke the British line, and they were driven headlong from the field, -with a loss of 600 killed and wounded, 700 prisoners, 7 guns, and all -tents and baggage. The rebels lost 120 only. - - - Famagosta (Cyprus War). - -This place was besieged by the Turks under Mustapha Pasha, in October, -1570, and was defended by 7,000 men, half Venetians, half Cypriotes, -under Marcantonio Bragadino. The garrison held out until August 1, 1571, -when it capitulated, marching out with the honours of war. After the -surrender, however, Mustapha murdered in cold blood, Bragadino and four -of his lieutenants. The Turks lost 50,000 men in the course of the -siege. - - - Farquhar’s Farm (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 29, 1899, between the main Boer army, under Joubert, and -the garrison of Ladysmith, under Sir George White. The Boer position -covered about eight miles, and White attacked in three columns, one of -which, detached to the left to hold a position at Nicholson’s Nek, was -overwhelmed and surrendered. The Boers meanwhile developed a strong -attack against the British right, and White, having no guns capable of -coping with the heavy Boer ordnance, ordered a retreat. This was -effected in good order, and was greatly aided by the opportune arrival -of two heavy naval guns, under Captain Hedworth Lambton. The British -lost 317 killed and wounded, and 1,068 missing. The Boer losses are -unknown, but were certainly small. - - - Farrington Bridge (Arundel’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 27, 1549, between a small force of Cornish rebels, and an -equal number of Royal troops under Lord Russell. The rebels were -defeated and driven from the field, but there was no pursuit. Each side -lost about 300. - - - Faventia (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 82, between the consular army of Norbanus, and the Sullans -under Metellus. Norbanus attacked with his army wearied by a long march, -and his force was totally broken up, only 1,000 remaining with the -eagles after the battle. - - - Fehrbellin (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). - -Fought June 28, 1675, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the -Brandenburgers, 15,000 strong, under the Elector, Frederick William. The -Swedes were totally defeated, and forced to evacuate Brandenburg. - - - Ferkeh (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought June 7, 1896, between 9,500 Egyptian troops, with a British horse -battery, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 4,000 Mahdists under the Emir -Hamada. Kitchener, by a night march, surprised the Mahdists in their -camp, and after two hours’ fighting, drove them out with a loss of 1,500 -killed and 500 prisoners. Of 62 Emirs present in the camp, 44 fell and -four were captured. The Egyptians lost 20 killed and 81 wounded. - - - Ferozeshah (First Sikh War). - -Fought December 21, 1845, between 50,000 Sikhs, with 108 guns, under Lal -Singh, and 16,700 British and native troops, under Sir Hugh Gough. An -attempt was made to carry the Sikh entrenched camp by a night attack, -but this was unsuccessful. When the attack was renewed at dawn, -dissensions among the Sikh leaders enfeebled the resistance, and the -Sikhs were defeated with a loss of about 7,000. The British losses were -694 killed, 1,721 wounded. - - - Ferrara (Hundred Days). - -Fought April 12, 1815, when Murat, with 50,000 Italians, endeavoured to -force the passage of the Po in the face of an Austrian army, under -General Bianchi. He was repulsed with heavy loss, and forced to retreat -southward. - - - Ferrybridge (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought 1461, shortly before the battle of Towton, when a force of -Lancastrian cavalry, under Lord Clifford, defeated the Yorkists, under -Lord Fitzwalter, who was endeavouring to secure the passage of the Aire -at Ferrybridge. Lord Fitzwalter was killed. - - - Fethanleag. - -Fought 584, between the West Saxons, under Ceawlin, and the Britons -under Cutha. The Britons were defeated. - - - Fish Creek (Riel’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought April 24, 1885, when General Middleton, with 400 Canadians, -attempted to drive the rebels, 280 strong, from a strong position near -Fish Creek. After losing 50 men, Middleton withdrew. The rebels lost 29 -killed and wounded. - - - Fisher’s Hill (American Civil War). - -Fought September 21, 1864, between 40,000 Federals, under General -Sheridan, and 12,000 Confederates, under General Early. The Confederates -were defeated and driven from their position with a heavy loss in -prisoners and 11 guns. - - - Fleurus (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 29, 1622, between the Spaniards, under Spinola, and the -Palatinate troops, under Count von Mansfeldt and Christian of Brunswick. -The Germans were endeavouring to retreat into Holland after their defeat -at Hoechst and were intercepted by the Spaniards, through whom they -tried to fight their way. In this effort the infantry was almost -entirely cut to pieces, but about 7,000 cavalry reached Breda with the -two generals. - - - Fleurus. - -Fought July 1, 1690, between the French, under Marshal Luxembourg, and -the Germans and Dutch under the Prince of Waldeck. The French gained a -signal victory, the allies being driven from the field in disorder with -a loss of 14,000 killed and wounded, and 49 guns. - - - Fleurus (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 16, 1794, between the Austrians, 80,000 strong, under the -Duke of Coburg, and an equal force of French, under Jourdan. The -Austrians attacked, and after a severe engagement, were repulsed and -compelled to fall back in the direction of Brussels to cover that city. - - - Flodden (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September 9, 1513, when the English, under the Earl of Surrey, -attacked the Scots, under James IV, in a strong position on the hill of -Flodden. The position was turned by the English left wing, under -Stanley, and the Scots totally defeated with heavy losses. James and all -his principal nobles fell. - - - Florence (German Invasion of Italy). - -This city was besieged in 406, by the German invaders under Radagaisus, -and was almost on the verge of starvation, when the approach of Stilicho -at the head of a large Roman army, encouraged the defenders to further -resistance. The besiegers, in fact, now became the besieged, for -Stilicho surrounded their camp, and starved the Germans into surrender. - - - Flushing (Walcheren Expedition). - -This town was besieged by the British under Lord Chatham and surrendered -after a feeble defence, August 16, 1809. - - - Foksani (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 21, 1789, between the Turks, under Yusuf Pasha, and the -Russians and Austrians under Suwaroff and the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The -allies stormed the Turkish entrenched camp and drove out the Turks with -a loss of 2,000 men. - - - Fontenoy (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought May 11, 1745, between 50,000 British, Dutch and Austrian troops, -under the Duke of Cumberland, and the French, under Marshal Saxe. The -Duke endeavoured to relieve Tournay, which the French were besieging, -and the British troops captured the heights on which the French were -posted. The Prince of Waldeck, however, who commanded the Dutch, failed -to support the Duke, and the French being reinforced, the trenches were -retaken, and the British beaten back. Tournay fell shortly afterwards. - - - Formigny (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought April 15, 1450, when the newly landed English reinforcements -under Kyrielle were totally defeated, and almost annihilated, by the -French under the Comte de Clermont. This defeat practically put an end -to the English domination in the north of France. - - - Fornham St. Genevieve (Rebellion of the Princes). - -Fought 1173, between the supporters of the rebel princes under Robert de -Beaumont, and the forces of Henry II under the Justiciary, Richard de -Lucy. The rebels were defeated. - - - Fornovo (Italian Wars). - -Fought July 6, 1495, between 34,000 Venetians and Mantuans under -Francisco de Gonzaga of Mantua, and 8,000 French and Swiss under Charles -VIII. The French were attacked as they were retiring, but succeeded in -repulsing the Italians at a cost of only 100 of all ranks, while the -assailants lost 3,500 killed and wounded. - - - Fort Frontenac (Seven Years’ War). - -This place, held by about 110 French troops, under Noyan, was captured -by Colonel Bradstreet with 3,000 Colonials, August 27, 1758. The capture -was of extreme importance, as it robbed the French of the control of -Lake Ontario, and severed their communications with their posts on the -Ohio. - - - Fort St. David (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress was besieged, May 14, 1758, by a French force under Lally -Tollendal, and defended by a garrison of 800 British and 1,600 native -troops. The defence was not energetically conducted, and, on the arrival -in the roads of a French fleet under Comte d’Aché, the garrison -surrendered, June 2. - - - Fort St. David (Seven Years’ War). - -A naval action was fought off this place, April 29, 1758, between 7 -British ships under Admiral Pococke, and a squadron of 9 French vessels -under Comte d’Aché. After a short and indecisive engagement, the French -sheered off, but the British were too severely damaged in the rigging to -give chase. The French lost one ship, driven ashore. - - - Fort William Henry (Seven Years’ War). - -This fort, held by 2,200 British and Colonial troops under Colonel -Monro, was besieged, August 4, 1757, by Montcalm, with 6,000 French and -Canadians and 1,600 Indians. Montcalm’s batteries opened on the 6th, and -on the 9th, having lost 300 killed and wounded, and nearly all his guns -being disabled, Monro surrendered. He was to be permitted to retire -unmolested to Fort Edward, but the French were unable to control their -Indian allies, who attacked the unarmed column as it retired. Before -order was restored, some 50 had been killed, and 400 carried off -prisoners by the Indians. - - - Forum Terebronii (First Gothic Invasion of the Empire). - -Fought 251, between the Romans under Decius, and the Goths under Cniva. -The Gothic army was drawn up in three lines, and the legionaries -overthrew the two first, but, in attacking the third, they became -entangled in a morass, and were utterly routed. Decius and his son were -slain. - - - Frankenhausen (Peasants’ War). - -Fought May 15, 1525, between the troops of Saxony, Hesse and Brunswick, -and the revolted peasants under Thomas Münzer. The peasants were utterly -routed, and Münzer captured and hanged out of hand. This entirely put an -end to the rising. - - - Frankfort-on-Oder (Thirty Years’ War). - -This place was taken by storm by Gustavus Adolphus, at the head of -15,000 Swedes, April 2, 1631. Schaumberg and Montecucculi, who were in -the town, escaped with a portion of the cavalry, but 1,800 of the -Imperialist garrison were killed, and 800 captured, with 30 standards -and 18 heavy guns. - - - Franklin (American Civil War). - -Fought June 30, 1864, between 30,000 Federals under General Schofield, -and 40,000 Confederates under General Hood. Schofield occupied a strong -position covering Nashville, where he was attacked by Hood, who -penetrated his lines. The Federals, however, rallied, and recaptured the -lost positions, and after nightfall, Schofield was enabled to cross the -Harpeth in good order, and effect a junction with General Thomas. The -Confederates lost about 4,500; the Federals, 1,500 killed and wounded -and 1,000 prisoners. - - - Frastenz (Suabian War). - -Fought April 20, 1499, when the Swiss, under Heinrich Wolleb, attacked -the Austrians who occupied a strongly entrenched position, and drove -them out with a loss of 3,000 killed. Wolleb, who led the charge, was -the first to fall on the Swiss side. - - - Fraubrunnen (Invasion of the “Guglers”). - -Fought January, 1376, between the Bernese, and the “Guglers,” French and -English mercenaries, under Baron Ingelram von Coucy, who claimed the -Canton of Aargau in right of his mother. The “Guglers” were totally -routed, and compelled to retire from Switzerland. - - - Frauenstadt (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought February 12, 1706, between 10,000 Swedes under Marshal -Reinschild, and 20,000 Russians and Saxons under General Schulemburg. -The battle did not last a quarter of an hour, for the allies fled -without making any resistance. No less than 7,000 _loaded_ muskets were -picked up on the battlefield. - - - Fredericksburg (American Civil War). - -Fought December 13, 1862 between 150,000 Federals under General -Burnside, and 80,000 Confederates under General Lee. The Confederates, -who occupied a range of heights fringing the Massaponax River, were -attacked by the Federals, whom they repulsed after hard fighting, with a -loss of 13,771 killed and wounded. The Confederates lost 1,800 only, but -Lee, owing to his inferior numbers, did not feel strong enough to push -his victory home, and allowed Burnside to evacuate Fredericksburg -unmolested. - - - Fredericshall (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -This fortress, the strongest in Norway, was besieged by the Swedes, -under Charles XII, early in December, 1718. On the 11th, as he was -inspecting the advanced batteries, the king was struck by a round shot, -and fell dead. The Swedes at once raised the siege. - - - Freteval. - -Fought 1194, between the English under Richard Cœur de Lion, and the -French under Philip Augustus. Richard gained a complete victory. - - - Fribourg (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 3, 5 and 9, 1644, between 20,000 French under the Great -Condé and Turenne, and 15,000 Bavarians under the Comte de Mercy. On the -3rd, Turenne, after a long flank march, attacked the Bavarians on the -flank, while Condé assailed their front, at 5 p.m. When night fell, the -Bavarians were giving way, and during the night de Mercy retired to a -fresh position. Here he was attacked on the 5th, but held his ground -throughout the day. The French losing twice as many men as their -opponents. Three days later de Mercy found it necessary to retreat, and -on the 9th he was attacked while retiring by a force of cavalry. This he -repulsed, but Condé, coming up, rescued his cavalry, and drove the -Bavarians headlong before him, capturing all their artillery and -baggage. - - - Friedland (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought June 14, 1807, between 80,000 French under Napoleon, and 70,000 -Russians under Bennigsen. The battle began at 3 a.m., at which time only -Lannes’ corps was on the field. Bennigsen at first contented himself -with an artillery duel, and did not attack in force till 7 a.m., when -26,000 French were in position. These held their ground till the arrival -of Napoleon, who with his fresh troops launched an attack against the -Russian columns massed in a bend of the river Alle, drove large numbers -of them into the river, and occupied Friedland after hard fighting. It -was 10 p.m. before the Russians were finally driven from the field, -having lost 15,000 killed and wounded and 10,000 prisoners. The French -lost between 9,000 and 10,000. This victory was followed by the -signature of the Peace of Tilsit. - - - Fuentes d’Oñoro (Peninsular War). - -Fought May 5, 1811, in the course of Masséna’s attempt to relieve -Almeida. Wellington, with 34,000 men, occupied a position behind Fuentes -d’Oñoro, which was attacked by Masséna with 34,000 troops and 36 guns. -He failed to capture the position, and finally retired, in good order. -The British lost 1,200 killed and wounded, and 300 prisoners. The French -losses are variously estimated, but were certainly heavier. - - - Fulford (Norse Invasion). - -Fought 1066, between the Norsemen under Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, -the English under Earls Edwin and Morcar. The English were defeated. - - - Furruckabad (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought November 14, 1804, between a small British force under Lord Lake, -and an army of 60,000 Mahrattas under Jeswunt Rao Holkar. Holkar was -signally defeated with heavy loss. The British casualties were only 2 -killed and 20 wounded. - - - Fushimi (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the troops of Aizu and Kuwana, under the Shôgun, -Yoshinobu, and the forces of Satsuma and Choshu, who gained a complete -victory. - - - Futteypur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 12, 1857, between a strong force of rebels, and the British -troops under Havelock, who was marching to the relief of Lucknow. The -rebels were completely defeated, losing 11 guns, while not a single -European in the British force was killed. - - - - - G - - - Gadebesk (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought December 20, 1712, between the Swedes, 12,000 strong, under -General Steinbock, and 24,000 Danes and Saxons. The allies occupied a -position protected by marshy ground, where they were attacked by the -Swedes, and, after three hours’ hard fighting, driven from their -entrenchments with heavy loss. - - - Gaines’ Mill. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battles. - - - Gangud (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1714, between the Russian fleet under Peter the Great, and the -Swedish, under Admiral Ehrenskiöld. The Swedes were utterly routed and -Ehrenskiöld and the whole of his squadron captured. - - - Garigliano (Italian Wars). - -Fought November 8, 1503, between the Spaniards, 12,000 strong, under -Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the French, in greatly superior force, under -Francisco de Gonzaga of Mantua. Gonzaga, wishing to pass the Garigliano, -had thrown a bridge over it, and proceeded to cross in face of the -Spanish army. After very severe fighting, the French drove back the -Spaniards, and made good the passage of the river. - - - Garigliano (Italian Wars). - -Fought December 29, 1503, between the Spaniards, about 15,000 strong, -under Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the French, slightly superior in number, -under the Marquis of Saluzzo. Gonsalvo crossed the Garigliano at two -points, and fell upon the French, who were retiring on Gasta. After hard -fighting, in which the Chevalier Bayard bore a notable part, the French -were utterly routed, leaving 4,000 dead on the field, and all their -artillery and baggage. The Spanish loss is unknown. - - - Garigliano (Italian Rising). - -Fought October, 1850, between the Italian patriots under Cialdini, and -the Neapolitans under Francis II of Naples. The patriots were -victorious. - - - Gate Pah (Maori War). - -Fought April 27, 1864, when 1,700 British soldiers and blue-jackets, -under General Cameron, attacked the Maori stockade known as the Gate -Pah. After a short bombardment, 600 men forced their way into the -stockade, but were repulsed. On the following day it was found that the -stockade had been evacuated. The British lost 14 officers, and 98 men -killed and wounded. Only 30 dead and wounded Maories were found in and -near the Pah. - - - Gaulauli (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought May 22, 1858, between a British column under Sir Hugh Rose, and -20,000 rebels under Tantia Topi, the Ranee of Jhansi, and other rebel -leaders. The overwhelming numbers of the rebels at first gave them the -advantage, but a bayonet charge broke them, and they fled in disorder -with heavy loss. This victory was followed by the recovery of Calpi. - - - Gaza (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -This city, defended by a Persian garrison, under Batis, was besieged by -Alexander the Great October, 332 B.C. Utilizing the engines he had -employed against Tyre, he succeeded, after some weeks, in breaching the -walls, and, after three unsuccessful assaults, carried the city by -storm, the garrison being put to the sword. - - - Gaza (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 312, between the Syrians and Egyptians under Seleucus and -Ptolemy Soter, 25,000 strong, and an equal force of Macedonians under -Demetrius Poliorcetes. The Macedonians were routed, losing 5,000 killed, -8,000 wounded, and all their treasure and baggage. - - - Gebora (Peninsular War). - -Fought February 19, 1811, between 8,000 French, under Marshal Soult, and -12,000 Spaniards, under Mendizabal. The Spaniards were routed with a -loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, 5,000 prisoners and all their guns. - - - Gelt, The. - -Fought February, 1570, between the rebel Borderers under Leonard Dacre, -and the royal troops under Lord Hunsdon. The rebels were completely -routed. - - - Gemblours (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January 31, 1578, between the Netherlands patriots, 20,000 -strong, under General Goignies, and the Spaniards, in about equal force, -under Don John of Austria. The patriots, who were retiring from Namur, -were followed by Don John, who sent forward a picked force of 1,600 men, -under Gonzaga and Mondragon in pursuit. They attacked the rearguard, -under Philip Egmont, and dispersed it, and then, falling suddenly upon -the main body, utterly routed it, with a loss, it is said, of 10,000 -killed and prisoners. The Spaniards lost ten or eleven at most. - - - Genoa. - -In 1746, the Genoese, incensed by the license of the soldiery, rose -against the Austrian garrison, under General Botta, and after five days’ -street fighting, lasting from December 6 to 10, drove them out of the -city, with a loss of 5,000 men. - - - Genoa (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought March 13, 1795, between a British fleet of 14 sail of the line -under Admiral Hotham, and a French fleet of 15 sail. The action lasted -throughout the day, and on the following morning the French retired, -leaving two line-of-battle ships in the hands of the British. The -British lost 74 killed and 284 wounded. - - - Genoa (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -In April, 1800, Genoa, held by the French, under Masséna, was besieged -by the Austrians under General Melas, and later in the siege under -General Ott. The city had for some time been blockaded on the seaward -side by the British fleet, under Lord Keith. Provisions were -consequently scarce, and notwithstanding some successful sorties, -Masséna was forced to capitulate, June 5, the garrison marching out -without laying down their arms. - - - Geok Tepe (Russian Conquest of Central Asia). - -This place, the stronghold of the Tekke Turcomans, defended by a -garrison of 15,000, was besieged, September 9, 1878, by the Russians, -under General Lomakine. After a short bombardment, an attempt was made -to storm the fortress, which was repulsed with a loss of 500. The -breaching guns were with difficulty saved, and the Russians retired on -the following day. About 4,000 Turcomans were killed by shell fire. - -In 1881, a second attempt was made by Skobeloff, with 10,000 Russians, -the garrison being now nearly 30,000 strong. After a regular siege, -lasting from the 8th to the 17th of January, the place was stormed, -6,500 Turcomans falling in the assault, and 8,000 in the subsequent -pursuit. - - - Gerberoi. - -Fought 1080, between the troops of William the Conqueror, and those of -his son Robert, who claimed the Dukedom of Normandy, and was receiving -aid from Philip I of France. Robert was defeated and made prisoner, and, -obtaining his father’s forgiveness, resigned his claim to the Dukedom. - - - Gergovia (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 52, between the Romans under Julius Cæsar, and the Gauls -under Vercingetorix. Cæsar was besieging the town, but was compelled to -retreat. Before retiring, however, he delivered an assault which was -repulsed by the Gauls, the Romans leaving over 700 legionaries, and 46 -centurions dead on the field. - - - Germaghah. - -Genghis Khan’s first battle, fought 1193, when with 6,000 men he -defeated the army of his father-in-law, Ung Khan, under Sankun, 10,000 -strong, surprising them in a narrow pass, and inflicting heavy loss upon -them. - - - Germantown (American War of Independence). - -Fought October 4, 1777, between the Americans under Washington, and the -British under Sir William Howe. The Americans attacked the British -entrenchments, and were repulsed with heavy loss. - - - Gerona (Peninsular War). - -This fortress, held by 3,000 Spanish regulars, under Mariano Alvarez, -was besieged, June 4, 1809, by General Verdier, with 18,000 French. -Though ill-provided with food, medicines, and money, and receiving but -little assistance from outside, Alvarez held out gallantly till December -10, when he capitulated, and the garrison marched out with the honours -of war. - - - Gettysburg (American Civil War). - -Fought July 1, 2 and 3, 1863, between the army of the Potomac under -General Meade, and the army of Virginia under General Lee. On the 1st, -Meade’s position in front of Gettysburg was attacked by A. P. Hills’ -corps, and the Federals driven in confusion into the town. On the 2nd, -Meade took up a fresh position behind Gettysburg, where he repulsed all -the Confederate attacks, though at a heavy cost. On the 3rd, Meade -succeeded in driving back the Confederate left, but Lee’s main attack -succeeded in driving the Federals from the ridge. They rallied and -retook it, but had lost too heavily to assume the offensive. Lee again -offered battle on the 4th, but the Federals declined it, and Lee retired -unmolested, having lost about 20,000 men in the three days. The Federal -losses were about the same. - - - Gherain. - -Fought August 2, 1763, between the army of Mir Cossim, the deposed Nawab -of Bengal, and the British under Major Adams. A severe engagement, -lasting four hours, ended in a signal victory for the British. - - - Ghoaine (First Afghan War). - -Fought August 30, 1842, between General Nott’s force, on its march from -Kandahar to Ghuzni, and the Afghans, under Shems-ud-din, Governor of -Ghuzni. The Afghans were totally defeated, losing all their guns, tents -and baggage. - - - Ghuzni (First Afghan War). - -This fortress, garrisoned by 3,000 Afghans, under Haidar Khan, was -captured, January 21, 1839, by the British. The besiegers having no -breaching guns, it was found necessary to blow in the main gate, and the -place was then stormed, at a cost of 18 officers and 162 rank and file, -killed and wounded. The garrison lost 500 killed. - - - Gibbel Rutts (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought May 26, 1798, when the regulars, under Sir James Duff, attacked -the camp of the rebels on the Curragh, and dispersed them at the point -of the bayonet, with a loss of 350 killed. - - - Gibraltar (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This fortress was captured, July 24, 1704, by a combined British and -Dutch fleet, under Sir George Rooke, from the Spaniards under the -Marquis de Salinas. The resistance of the garrison lasted 2 days only, -during which the allies lost 12 officers and 276 men killed and wounded. - - - Gibraltar. - -From 1779 to 1783, Gibraltar sustained a siege at the hands of a -combined French and Spanish force, who, though provided with powerful -floating batteries, were unable to make any impression on the defences. -In the course of the siege, the garrison, under General Elliot, were -several times reinforced and revictualled by British fleets, which ran -the gauntlet of the blockade. - - - Gihon, The. - -Fought 1362, between the Getes under their Khan, and the Tartars under -Tamerlane. The Tartars were defeated, and the Getes marched upon -Samarcand, but sickness robbed them of nearly all their horses, and they -were forced to retire. - - - Gingi (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). - -This place was besieged by the Moguls in 1689, and was defended by Rajah -Ram. The siege was carried on in desultory fashion, first by Zulfikar -Khan, then by Kambaksh, son of Aurungzebe, and then again by Zulfikar -Khan. After three years had been wasted, Aurungzebe took command in -person, and after conniving at the escape of Rajah Ram, carried the -place by storm. - - - Gislikon (War of the Sonderbund). - -Fought November 23, 1847, when the Federals, under General Dufour, -attacked the troops of the Sonderbund, under Colonel Salis-Soglio, -strongly posted at Gislikon, near Lake Zug, and drove them from their -position. The losses were very small. On the following day the Federals -entered Lucerne, and the Civil War, which had lasted 20 days only, came -to an end. - - - Gitschin (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 29 and 30, 1866, between the Prussians, 16,000 strong, under -Prince Frederick Charles, and the Austrians and Saxons, 30,000 strong, -under Count Clam Gallas. The Austrians were defeated, and driven from -all their positions with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and 7,000 -prisoners. - - - Gladsmuir. - -_See_ Prestonpans. - - - Glen Fruin. - -Fought 1604, between the royal troops under the Duke of Argyll, and the -Macgregors and other clans, when the Highlanders gained a complete -victory. - - - Glenlivet (Huntly’s Rebellion). - -Fought October 4, 1594, between the troops of James VI, 10,000 strong, -under the Earl of Argyll, and the rebel Earls of Errol and Huntly. -Though inferior in numbers, the rebels gained a complete victory, -driving off the royal troops with a loss of 500 men. - - - Glen Malone. - -Fought 1580, between the English settlers under Lord Grey de Wilton, and -the Irish septs. The English suffered a serious defeat, among the slain -being Sir Peter Carew. - - - Glenmarreston. - -Fought 638, when the Scots under Donald Bree, King of Dalriada, utterly -routed the invading Angles. - - - Glorious First of June. - -_See_ Ushant. - - - Goits (Italian Rising). - -Fought May 30, 1848, between the Piedmontese under Charles Albert of -Savoy, and the Austrians under General Radetsky. The Austrians were -completely defeated, and Radetsky compelled to take refuge behind the -line of the Adige. - - - Golden Rock (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 7, 1753, between 1,500 British under Major Lawrence, -together with 5,000 Tanjore troops under Monakji, and a detachment of -French and Mysoris, forming part of the army besieging Trichinopoly. The -Golden Rock was taken by assault, and the enemy driven off in confusion, -but the victory would have been more decisive had the Tanjore horse -pursued with more vigour. - - - Goodwins, The (Dutch Wars). - -Fought July 1, 1666, between a British fleet of 60 sail, under the Duke -of Albemarle, and a Dutch fleet of 71 sail-of-the-line, and 30 smaller -vessels, under van Tromp and de Ruyter. The action lasted two days, and -was desperately contested, but the Dutch being reinforced in the morning -of the 3rd, Albemarle bore away. On the 4th, having been joined by -Prince Rupert’s squadron, he renewed the attack, but without success. -The English lost 10 ships, while most of the others were disabled. The -killed and wounded amounted to 1,700, while 2,000 were taken prisoners. - - - Goraria (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought November 23 and 24, 1857, between a British column, about 3,000 -strong, under Brigadier Stuart, and a body of 5,000 rebels. The -mutineers occupied a strong position, and the British were unable to -dislodge them on the 23rd. On the following day the attack was renewed, -and the rebels were driven out and dispersed, with a loss of over 1,500. - - - Gorni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought October 24, 1877, between the 2nd Division of the Russian Guard, -under General Gourko, and the Turks, who were holding the redoubt of -Gorni-Dubnik, under Achmet Hefzi Pasha. After very heavy fighting, the -Russians succeeded in dislodging their opponents, with a loss of 1,500 -killed and wounded, and 53 officers and 2,250 men captured, including -the Pasha. The Russians lost 3,300 killed and wounded, including 116 -officers of the Guards. - - - Gorodeczno (Campaign of Moscow). - -Fought August 12, 1812, between 36,000 French and Austrians, under -General Reynier and the Prince of Schwartzemberg, and the Russians, in -equal force, under General Tormazoff. The Russians were defeated and -driven from their positions, with a loss of 4,000 men. The French and -Austrians lost about 2,000. - - - Goa. - -In 1511, Goa, held by a Portuguese garrison, under Albuquerque, was -invested by Kumal Khan, General of the Rajah of Bijapore, at the head of -60,000 men. After a siege of 20 days Albuquerque found his communication -with his fleet threatened, and withdrew the garrison. In the same year, -however, having collected a force of 1,500 men with 23 ships at -Cananore, he attacked Goa, and at once forced an entrance. After severe -fighting in the streets, the Deccanis fled in confusion to the mainland, -with a loss of 6,000. The Portuguese lost 50 only. - - - Goa. - -This fort, which was held by a Portuguese garrison of 700, under the -Viceroy, Luis de Ataida, was attacked by Ali Adil Shah, Rajah of -Bijapore, with 135,000 men and 350 guns, in 1570. Aided by the -civilians, and 1,300 monks, the garrison made so strenuous a defence, -that the Rajah was beaten off, after losing 12,000 men. - - - Grampians, The (Roman Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought 84, probably on the Moor of Ardoch, between the Romans under -Agricola, and the Caledonians, 30,000 strong, under Galgacus. The -Caledonians attacked with great bravery, but were beaten by the -superiority of the Roman discipline, and retired with a loss of 10,000 -men. The Romans also lost heavily. - - - Granada (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1319, when a Spanish army, under the Regents Pedro and John of -Castile, appeared under the walls of Granada. A sortie of 5,000 picked -Moors, under Said Othman took place, and the Christians were utterly -routed, both the Regents being slain. - - - Granada (War of Granada). - -On April 26, 1491, Ferdinand the Catholic, with an army of 50,000 -Spaniards, sat down before Granada, the last stronghold of the Moors in -Spain. The siege was carried on in somewhat desultory fashion, and in -the early days one serious sortie was made by the inhabitants and -garrison, who were, however, defeated, with a loss of 2,000 killed. The -city held out until November 25, when Abdallah, the last king of -Granada, capitulated. - - - Grandella (Italian Wars). - -Fought 1266, between the troops of the Two Sicilies, under Manfred, son -of the Emperor Frederick II, and the French, under Charles of Anjou. -Manfred was defeated, and fell in the battle, Charles seizing the crown -of the double kingdom. - - - Grandson (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought March 2, 1476, between the Swiss, 18,000 strong, and the -Burgundians, numbering 36,000, under Charles the Bold. Charles -endeavoured to entice the Swiss into the plain, and to that end ordered -a retreat. He was followed by the Swiss, and his rearguard being -attacked, was seized with panic, and fled, and in the end Charles was -completely defeated and his camp captured. - - - Granicus, The (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -Fought May, 334 B.C., between 35,000 Macedonians, under Alexander the -Great, and 40,000 Persians and Greek mercenaries, under Memnon of -Rhodes, and various Persian satraps. Alexander crossed the Granicus in -the face of the Persian army, leading the way himself at the head of the -heavy cavalry, and having dispersed the Persian light horse, he brought -up the phalanx, which fell upon and routed the Greek mercenaries. The -Persians lost heavily, while the Macedonians’ loss was very slight. - - - Grant’s Hill (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 14, 1758, when Major Grant, with 800 Highlanders, and -Provincials, attacked a body of Indians in the French service near Fort -Duquesne. He was repulsed, and in turn attacked by the garrison of the -Fort, 3,000 strong, under M. de Ligneris. Grant was totally defeated, -losing 273 in killed, wounded and prisoners, and was himself captured. - - - Graspan (Second Boer War). - -Fought November 25, 1899, between Lord Methuen’s division, with a naval -brigade, 400 strong, and a Boer commando of about 2,500 men. The Boers -occupied a strong position, the key of which, a high kopje, was attacked -in front and flank, and carried, with a loss of 9 officers and 185 men. -The marines, who numbered 200, lost 3 officers and 86 men of this total. -The Boers lost about 100. This is also called the battle of Enslin. - - - Gravelines. - -Fought July 13, 1538, between 8,500 French and Germans, under Marshal de -Thermes, and about 10,000 Spanish, Germans and Flemings, under Count -Egmont. De Thermes’ right rested on the sea, and a cavalry charge, -headed by Egmont, broke his line, after severe hand-to-hand fighting, -and the French fled in confusion, leaving 1,500 dead on the field, while -as many more were driven into the sea, and drowned. Large numbers were -cut down in the pursuit, and de Thermes was captured. - - - Gravelotte (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 18, 1870, between the French, under Bazaine, and the -combined German army under the supreme command of William of Prussia. -The battle was most hotly contested, but while the French held their -ground in the neighbourhood of Gravelotte, the Germans turned their -right flank at St. Privat, and they were eventually obliged to abandon -all their positions, and retire into Metz, where they were subsequently -blockaded. The German losses amounted to 899 officers and 19,260 men -killed and wounded. The French losses were somewhat less. This battle is -also known as the battle of St. Privat. - - - Great Meadows (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 3, 1752, between 350 Virginians, under Washington, and 700 -French, under Coulon de Villiers. The Virginians occupied a square log -enclosure, known as Fort Necessity, where they resisted the French -attack for nine hours, till lack of ammunition forced Washington to -surrender. The Virginians lost 60 killed and wounded; the French -considerably less. - - - Grenada (American War of Independence). - -Fought July 3, 1779, between a British fleet of 24 sail, under Admiral -Byron, and a French fleet of 20 sail-of-the-line, and 10 frigates, under -the Comte d’Estaing. Admiral Byron attacked the French with a view of -recapturing Grenada, but was unsuccessful, though he inflicted upon them -a loss of 1,200 killed and 1,500 wounded. The British lost 183 killed -and 346 wounded. - - - Grangam (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1721, between the Swedes, and the Russian fleet under Admiral -Golitshin. The Swedes were completely defeated, losing four -line-of-battle ships captured. - - - Grochow (Second Polish Rising). - -Fought February 25, 1831, between the Poles, 90,000 strong under Prince -Michael Radziwill, and 120,000 Russians, under General Dubitsch. After a -sanguinary engagement, the Russians were defeated, with a loss of 10,000 -killed and wounded. The Poles lost about 5,000. - - - Gross-Beeren (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 23, 1813, between the French army of the north, under -Oudinot, and the allies, 80,000 strong, under the Crown Prince of -Sweden, who was covering the road to Berlin. Regnier, whose corps formed -the centre of Oudinot’s army, captured Gross-Beeren, which was retaken -by the Prussians under von Bulow, and again recovered by Fournier’s and -Guilleminot’s divisions, but Oudinot was not sufficiently strong to -press his advantage, and retired with a loss of 1,500 men, and 8 guns. - - - Gross-Jägersdorf (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 30, 1757, between 28,000 Prussians, under Marshal -Lehwaldt, and a largely superior force of Russians, under General -Apraxine. The Prussians were defeated, but Apraxine failed to follow up -his victory, and recrossed the frontier. - - - Grozka (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1739, between the Austrians, under Count Neipperg, and the Turks, -under the Grand Vizier. The Austrians were defeated, with heavy loss. - - - Grunnervaldt. - -Fought 1404, between the Poles, under Vladislas IV, and the Teutonic -Knights, under their Grand Master. The Poles gained a complete victory, -and it is said that 50,000 knights perished, though it is more than -doubtful whether their whole army amounted to so many. - - - Guadeloupe (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was taken by a British force under Sir John Jervis, July 3, -1794, with a loss of 3 officers and 33 men killed and wounded. It was -recaptured by the French, on December 10, of the same year. - - - Guad-el-Ras (Moroccan War). - -Fought March 23, 1860, when 25,000 Spaniards, under Marshal O’Donnell, -routed a large force of Moors, entrenched in a very strong position -behind the Guad-el-Ras. This victory ended the war. - - - Guastalla (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought September 19, 1734, between the Imperialists, under the Prince of -Würtemberg, and the French, under Marshal de Coligny. The Imperialists -were defeated with a loss of about 4,000, including the Prince of -Würtemberg. The French losses were about the same. - - - Gubat. - -_See_ Abu Klea. - - - Guildford Court House (American War of Independence). - -Fought March 16, 1781, between the British, under Lord Cornwallis, and a -largely superior force of Americans, under General Greene. The Americans -occupied a strongly entrenched position in and round Guildford, and the -battle consisted of a series of independent actions, in which the -British were uniformly successful, driving out the Americans with heavy -casualties, and the loss of all their guns and ammunition. The British -lost 548 killed and wounded, but the victory served little purpose, as -Lord Cornwallis was too weak to pursue his advantage. - - - Guinegate. - -Fought August 16, 1513, when a body of French cavalry, who aimed at -relieving Terouënne, which was besieged by the English, under Henry -VIII, and the Imperialists, under Maximilian I, were put to flight by -the allies without striking a blow. The French fled so precipitately -that the action was dubbed the Battle of the Spurs. - - - Gujerat (Second Sikh War). - -Fought February 22, 1849, between the British, 25,000 strong, under Lord -Gough, and 50,000 Sikhs, under Shir Singh. The British artillery, -numbering 84 pieces, broke the Sikh lines, and after resisting for over -two hours, they fled, and were practically annihilated in the pursuit. -Fifty-three guns were taken. The British lost only 92 killed and 682 -wounded. - - - Gunzburg (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought October 9, 1805, when Ney’s corps carried the three bridges over -the Danube, at or near this town, driving off the Austrians with a loss -of 300 killed and wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. - - - Gwalior (First Mahratta War). - -This strong fortress was captured from the Mahrattas, August 3, 1780, by -a British force of about 2,000 men, mostly sepoys, under Captain Popham. -The wall was scaled by two companies of sepoys, under Captain Bruce, -supported by 20 Europeans, and followed by two battalions. The garrison -was completely surprised, and an entrance effected without opposition, -whereupon the place was surrendered to the assailants, who had not lost -a man. - - - Gwalior (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought June 17, 18 and 19, 1858, between a British column under Sir Hugh -Rose, and a large body of rebels, led by the Ranee of Jhansi in person. -On the 17th the mutineers were driven out of the cantonments with heavy -loss, while on the following days the important positions in the town -were captured in succession, until by the evening of the 19th, the -British were in undisputed possession of Gwalior. The Ranee was known to -be amongst the slain, though her body was never found. - - - - - H - - - Haarlem (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city was invested by the Spaniards, 30,000 strong, under Don -Francisco de Toledo, December 11, 1572. It was held by a garrison of -4,000, under Ripperda, including a corps of Amazons, led by a widow -named Kenau Hasselaer. The batteries opened on the 18th, and on the 21st -an assault was repulsed, the assailants losing 400, the garrison three -or four only. A second assault, on January 31, 1573, was also repulsed, -while a brilliant sortie, on March 25, captured a large and welcome -convoy of provisions. On May 28, however, the patriot flotilla of 150 -vessels under Martin Brand, on the lake, was defeated by 100 Spanish -ships, under Count Bossu. From this point the reduction of the city by -famine was inevitable, and the place was surrendered, July 12, 1573. The -garrison, reduced to 1,800, was massacred, with the exception of 600 -Germans, and altogether 2,300 persons perished after the capitulation. -The Spaniards lost 12,000 men in the course of the siege. - - - Hadranum. - -Fought B.C. 344, between Timoleon, the deliverer of Sicily, with 2,000 -followers, and Hiketas, Tyrant of Leontini, with 10,000 men. The two had -been summoned to the assistance of the rival factions in Hadranum, and -Hiketas, who arrived first, was resting his men under the walls, when he -was surprised by Timoleon, and totally routed. This was Timoleon’s first -exploit, and Hadranum became his headquarters. - - - Hadrianople (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought July 3, 323, between Constantine, Emperor of the West, with -120,000 troops, and Licinius, Emperor of the East, with 165,000. -Licinius, by the skilful manœuvring of Constantine, was enticed from -his entrenched camp into the open plain, and his raw levies being -powerless against the Western veterans, he was totally defeated. It is -said that 34,000 perished in the battle. - - - Hadrianople (Second Gothic Invasion of the East). - -Fought August 9, 378, between the Romans, under the Emperor Valens, and -the Goths, under Fritigern. The Roman cavalry fled from the field, and -the legionaries were surrounded and ridden down by the overwhelming -masses of the Gothic horse. Two thirds of the legionaries, and 39 great -officers and tribunes perished. Valens was carried off the field -wounded, but the hut in which he was lying was fired, and he perished in -the flames. - - - Hahozaki (Tartar Invasion of Japan). - -Fought 1274, between the troops of the province of Kiushiu and the -Tartars forming the expedition, despatched by Kublai Khan, under Lin Fok -Heng. After severe fighting, in which the Japanese suffered heavily, Lin -was severely wounded, and withdrew to his ships. A heavy gale destroyed -a large number of the Tartar and Korean vessels, and finally the remnant -of the invading force made good its escape. - - - Haliartus. - -Fought B.C. 395, when Lysander, at the head of a Spartan force, without -waiting as had been arranged to effect a junction with Pausanius, -attacked the town of Haliartus. The Haliartians, seeing from the -battlements that a body of Thebans was approaching, made a sortie, and -the Spartans, attacked simultaneously in front and rear, were routed, -and Lysander slain. - - - Halidon Hill (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1383, in the course of an attempt by Archibald Douglas, the -Regent, to relieve Berwick, which was besieged by Edward III. The Scots -were powerless against the English archers, and were defeated with a -loss of 30,000, including the Regent, and four Earls. This defeat -resulted in the submission of Scotland, and Edward placed Balliol upon -the throne. - - - Halieis. - -Fought B.C. 459, between the Athenians, and the combined forces of -Corinth and Epidamnus. The Athenians were victorious. - - - Hallue (Franco-German War). - -Fought December 23 and 24, 1870, between 40,000 French, under General -Faidherbe, and 22,500 Germans, under Manteuffel. The French lost heavily -in the village lying in front of their position, but the Germans were -unable to carry the entrenchments on the heights. After their attack had -been repulsed, the French assumed the offensive, but with no decisive -result. The Germans lost 927 killed and wounded; the French over 1,000, -besides 1,300 prisoners. - - - Hampton Roads (American Civil War). - -Fought March 8 and 9, 1862, between the Confederate armoured frigate, -_Merrimac_, and 5 gunboats, under Captain Buchanan, and 5 Federal -warships, under Captain Marston. On the 8th, the _Merrimac_ destroyed -two Federal vessels, and drove one ashore, but on the 9th, the Federals -were reinforced by the arrival of the turret-ship _Monitor_, and after -an indecisive action, the _Merrimac_ drew off. In the two days, the -Confederates lost only 10 killed and wounded, but the Federal losses -were far heavier, the _Cumberland_ alone losing 150 out of a crew of -400. - - - Hanau (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought October 30 and 31, 1813, between 80,000 French, the survivors of -Leipsic, under Napoleon, and 45,000 Austrians and Bavarians, under -General Wrede, who had occupied a position at Hanau, barring Napoleon’s -retreat to France. On the 30th, Napoleon attacked Wrede’s left, which -was astride of the road, and driving it back continued his retreat with -the main body, leaving three divisions, under Marmont, to secure his -rearguard. On the 31st, the rearguard, under Mortier, attacked Hanau, -and Wrede being dangerously wounded, his successor, Fresnel, drew off, -leaving the road clear. The French lost 6,000, the allies 10,000 men in -the two days. - - - Hardenberg (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought June 15, 1580, between the Dutch Patriots, under Count Philip -Hohenlo, and the Royalists, under Martin Schenck. Fatigued by a long -march, the Patriots were no match for Schenck’s fresh troops, and after -an hour’s fighting, were broken and almost annihilated. - - - Harlaw. - -Fought July 24, 1411, between the rebel Highlanders, under Donald, Lord -of the Isles, and the Lowland Scots, under the Earl of Mar, together -with the town militia of Aberdeen, led by their Provost. After a most -sanguinary battle, the Lowlanders were utterly routed. Among the slain -were the Provost, many knights, 500 men-at-arms, and the majority of the -burghers forming the militia. The Highlanders lost 500 only. - - - Harper’s Ferry (American Civil War). - -Fought September 16, 1862, when the Confederates, three divisions, under -General “Stonewall” Jackson surrounded the Federal garrison of Harper’s -Ferry, 11,000 strong, with 73 guns, and forced them to surrender. - - - Hashin (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 20, 1885, when 8,000 British troops, under General Graham, -defeated a detachment of Osman Digna’s army, inflicting upon them a loss -of about 1,000 killed. The British lost 48 killed and wounded. - - - Haslach (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought October 11, 1805, when General Dupont, with 6,000 French, -marching upon Ulm, was suddenly confronted with an army of Austrians, -60,000 strong, strongly posted on the Michelberg. Dupont at once seized -and entrenched the village of Hanau, which he held until dark against -25,000 Austrians, under the Archduke Ferdinand. After nightfall he -withdrew, carrying off 4,000 prisoners. - - - Hastenbech (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 26, 1757, between 50,000 Hanoverians and others, under the -Duke of Cumberland, and 80,000 French, under Marshal d’Estrées. The -Duke, who had taken post on the Weser, to protect Hanover, was -overpowered by d’Estrées, and driven back to Slade, on the Elbe, with a -loss of several hundred men. This defeat was followed by the signature -of the Convention of Closter-Seven. - - - Hastings (Norman Conquest). - -Fought October 14, 1066, a fortnight after the landing of William the -Conqueror. The English, under Harold, fought entirely on the defensive, -at first with success, but were at last lured from their position by a -feigned flight of the Normans, and were then totally routed. Harold was -among the fallen. This battle is also known as the Battle of Senlac. - - - Hatvan (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 2, 1849, when the Austrians, 15,000 strong under Marshal -Schlick, attacked the 7th Hungarian corps, of about equal strength, and -after a severe engagement, were totally defeated. - - - Havana (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought October 12, 1748, between a British squadron of seven ships, -under Admiral Knowles, and a Spanish squadron of equal strength. The -action was fought with little determination, and though the British -captured one ship, the result was far from decisive. The Spaniards lost -298, the British 179 killed and wounded. - - - Havana (Seven Years’ War). - -In June, 1762, the Earl of Clanwilliam, with 11,000 British troops, -supported by a squadron, under Admiral Pococke, laid siege to Havana. -Moro Castle, the key of the defences, was taken by storm, and after a -siege of two months and eight days the city was captured. - - - Heathfield. - -Fought 633, between the Mercians, under Penda, and the Northumbrians, -under Edwin. The latter were defeated and Edwin slain. - - - Heavenfield. - -Fought 634, between the Anglo-Saxons, under the Bretwalda, Oswald of -Northumbria, and the Britons, under Cadwallon. The Britons were totally -routed. - - - Hedgeley Moor (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought April 25, 1464, between the Lancastrians, under Margaret of Anjou -and Sir Ralph Percy, and the Yorkists, under Lord Montague. The -Lancastrians were totally defeated, Percy falling in the battle. - - - Heiliger-Zee (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought May 23, 1568, between the “Beggars,” under Louis of Nassau, and -5,000 veteran Spaniards, under Aremberg. Louis occupied a very strong -position on a wooded height, near the monastery of the Holy Lion, his -front being protected by a morass crossed by a narrow causeway. The -Spanish infantry traversed this to the attack, but were repulsed, and -Count Aremberg, leading a charge of horse, in the hope of restoring the -day, fell mortally wounded. Upon this the Spaniards broke and fled, -having suffered a loss of 1,600 men. - - - Heilsberg (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought June 10, 1807, between 30,000 French, under Marshal Soult, and -80,000 Russians, under General Bennigsen. The Russians occupied the -heights on both sides of the Alle, and the plains below, being in -greater force on the left bank. The French attacked and drove the -Russians into the entrenchments, but could make no further progress, and -night put an end to an obstinate but inconclusive conflict, in which the -Russians lost about 10,000, the French, 8,000 killed and wounded. - - - Hekitai-Kan (Invasion of Korea). - -Fought 1595, between the Japanese, under Kobayagawa Takakage, and the -Chinese, under Li Chin. The Chinese were utterly routed, Li’s army being -almost annihilated, and he himself escaping with difficulty from the -field. - - - Heligoland (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was captured, August 31, 1807, from the Danes, by a small -British squadron, under Admiral Thomas Russell. - - - Heliopolis (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought March 20, 1800, between 10,000 French, under Kléber, and about -70,000 Turks, under Ibrahim Bey. The Turks were utterly routed, with a -loss of several thousand men, while the French only lost about 300 -killed and wounded. - - - Hellespont (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought 323, between the fleet of Constantine the Great, consisting of -200 small galleys, under Crispus, and that of Licinius, numbering 350 -sail, under Amandus. After two days’ hard fighting, Crispus forced the -passage of the Hellespont, and totally routed the Eastern fleet, with a -loss of 130 ships and 5,000 men. - - - Helorus. - -Fought B.C. 492, between Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela, and the -Syracusans. The Syracusans were totally routed, and were so weakened by -this defeat, that Syracuse fell an easy prey to Gelon, Hippocrates’ -successor, in the following year. - - - Helsingborg (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1710, between 20,000 Swedes, of whom 12,000 were raw recruits, -under General Steinbock, and the Danish invading army. The Swedes won a -signal victory, and the invaders were compelled to take refuge under the -walls of Helsingborg, and a few days later to embark for Denmark. -Besides killed, they left 4,000 wounded prisoners in the hands of the -Swedes. - - - Hemushagu (Invasion of Korea). - -Fought 1595, between the Japanese, under Konishi Yukinaga, and the -Chinese, under Li Chin. The Japanese were defeated, and forced to retire -upon the capital. - - - Hengestesdun (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 835, when the men of Wessex, under Egbert, totally defeated the -Danes and Cornish Britons. - - - Hennersdorf (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought November, 1745, between 60,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 40,000 Austrians and Saxons, under Prince Charles of -Lorraine. Frederick surprised Prince Charles on the march, and utterly -routed his vanguard, comprised of Saxons, with enormous loss. The -Austrians were compelled in consequence to retire into Bohemia. - - - Heraclea (Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 280, between the Epirots, 30,000 strong, under Pyrrhus, and -about 35,000 Romans, under P. Laverius Lævinus. The Romans crossed the -Siris in the face of the enemy, when they were attacked by Pyrrhus, and -after a furious conflict, were at last broken by his elephants, and fled -in disorder, losing about 7,000 men. The Epirots lost 4,000. - - - Heraclea. - -Fought 313, between the Illyrians, under Licinius, afterwards Emperor of -the East, and the troops of the reigning Emperor Maximinus. Licinius was -marching with 30,000 men to the relief of Heraclea, when he was attacked -by Maximinus, with 70,000. Licinius was at first driven back by weight -of numbers, but his skill, and the steadiness of his troops, enabled him -to rally, and eventually Maximinus was defeated with heavy loss. - - - Herat (Tartar Invasion of Afghanistan). - -This city was captured, 1220, by 20,000 Tartars, under Sudah Bahadur. -The Governor, Emin Malek, was entirely unprepared to stand a siege, and -surrendered when the Tartars appeared before the walls. Having meanwhile -been retaken by a _coup-de-main_, by Shems-ed-din, who held it as an -independent chieftain, Herat was again besieged by the Mongols, under -Tuli Khan, in 1221. After a brief, but resolute resistance, during which -Shems-ed-din fell, the inhabitants opened the gates to the besiegers, -and the garrison was put to the sword. - - - Herat (Perso-Afghan Wars). - -On November 22, 1837, Mohamed, Shah of Persia, laid siege to the city, -which was held by an Afghan garrison, under Yar Mohamed. After a -somewhat desultory siege, an attempt was made to storm the place, June -24, 1838, when the Persians were repulsed with a loss of 1,700 men. From -this time a tacit armistice existed till September 9, when the Shah -withdrew his army. - - - Herdonea (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 210, when the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, defeated, and -practically destroyed an army of 25,000 Romans, under Cnæus Fulvius. -Fulvius was among the slain. - - - Héricourt (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought November 13, 1474, between the Swiss, 18,000 strong, and the -Burgundians, 10,000 in number. The Burgundians were totally defeated, -the town of Héricourt taken. - - - Hermanstadt (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1442, and notable as being the first appearance of John Huniades -in arms against the Turks. With an army of Hungarians he totally -defeated Mejid Bey, who was besieging Hermanstadt, inflicting on the -Turks a loss of 20,000 men, and relieving the place. The Hungarians lost -3,000. - - - Hernani (First Carlist War). - -Fought August 29, 1836, between the British legion, under General Evans, -and the Carlists. Evans was defeated. - - - Hernani (First Carlist War). - -Fought March 15 and 16, 1837, between the British legion, and a small -contingent of Cristinos, under General Evans, and about 17,000 Carlists, -under Don Sebastian, strongly posted on the Hernani road. On the 15th, -Evans attacked the Carlists on the Venta heights, and after five hours’ -fighting occupied the position. On the 16th, when the conflict was -resumed, the Carlists retired into Hernani, but reinforcements arriving, -they took the offensive, and forced Evans to retreat. - - - Herrera (First Carlist War). - -Fought August 23, 1837, between the Carlists, under Don Carlos, with -General Moreno in actual command, and the Cristinos, under General -Buerens. Don Carlos, who was marching upon Madrid, attacked Buerens -before he could effect a junction with Espartero, and severely defeated -him, the Cristinos losing 50 officers, and 2,600 men killed, wounded and -missing. Don Carlos, after this victory, advanced to within twelve miles -of Madrid, when the appearance of Espartero, at the head of 20,000 -troops, obliged him to retire. - - - Herrings, The (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought at Roncray-St.-Denis, February 12, 1429. Sir John Fastolfe was in -charge of a convoy of salt fish for the English army before Orleans, and -hearing of the approach of a French force, under the Bastard of Orleans, -intrenched himself at Roncray. Here the French attacked him, and were -repulsed with heavy loss, the Bastard being severely wounded. - - - Hexham (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought May 15, 1464, when the Yorkists, under Montague, surprised the -Lancastrians, under Somerset, in their camp at Linnels, near Hexham. The -Lancastrians were practically in a trap, and had no option but to -surrender. Somerset and many other important leaders were taken, and -promptly executed. This success secured Edward IV on the throne. - - - Himera (First Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -Fought 480 B.C., between the Syracusans and Agrigentines, 557,000 -strong, under Gelon, Tyrant of Syracuse, and the Carthaginians, said to -number 300,000, under Hamilcar. The Carthaginians were totally routed, -and Hamilcar slain. - - - Himera (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -This place was besieged by the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, B.C. 409. -A first assault was repulsed, and Diocles arriving in the harbour with -25 ships, rescued half the inhabitants. Three days later he returned for -the remainder, but too late, for before he could reach the harbour the -breach was stormed. The town was sacked, and 3,000 prisoners were -sacrificed to appease the shade of Hamilcar, who had fallen in the -battle of 480. - - - Hippo (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Siege was laid to this city in May, 430, by the Vandals, under Genseric. -It was defended by Boniface, Count of Africa, who having command of the -sea, was able to keep the city well provisioned, and after fourteen -months Genseric retired. Among those who died during the siege was St. -Augustine. - - - Hochkirchen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought October 14, 1758, between the Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and the Austrians, under Count Daun. Frederick, who was encamped -on the heights of Hochkirchen, was surprised in the early morning by the -Austrians, who broke into his camp and seized his artillery. He -succeeded, however, in forming up his troops, and descending into the -plain, made good his retreat to Bautzen. The Prussians lost 9,000 men, -including the Prince of Brunswick and Marshal Keith, all their tents and -baggage, and 101 guns. The Austrians lost 8,000 killed and wounded. - - - Hochstett (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 19, 1800, between 70,000 French, under Moreau, and about -80,000 Austrians, under de Kray. Moreau crossed the Danube with the -object of cutting off the Austrians from their base, and forcing them to -evacuate Ulm. In a battle which lasted 18 hours, he succeeded in -establishing himself upon the left bank, and making Ulm untenable. The -French took 5,000 prisoners and 20 guns, but the losses on both sides in -killed and wounded were small for the numbers engaged. - - - Hoechst (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought June 10, 1622, between 20,000 Palatinate troops, under Christian -of Brunswick, and 33,000 Imperialists, under Tilly. Christian having -failed to join forces with Mansfeldt, was in retreat, and was engaged in -holding a bridge over the Main. While thus employed he was overtaken by -Tilly, and though a village covering the bridge was held gallantly for -five hours, he was at last overpowered, losing about 12,000 in killed, -wounded and prisoners. The Imperialist loss was comparatively small. - - - Hogland (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1789, between the Russian fleet, under Admiral Greig, and the -Swedes, under the Duke of Sudermanland. Each side lost a ship, but -strategically the affair was a Russian victory, for the Swedes were -compelled to seek the protection of the forts of Sveaborg. - - - Hohenfriedberg (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought June 3, 1745, between the Austrians and Saxons, under Charles of -Lorraine, and the Prussians, under Frederick the Great. The Saxons, who -were encamped at Strigau, were attacked in the early morning, and -defeated before the Austrians could come to their aid. Frederick then -turned upon the Austrians, and routed them, after desperate fighting. -The Austrians and Saxons lost 4,000 killed and wounded, 7,000 prisoners, -including 4 generals, and 66 guns. The Prussians lost 2,000. - - - Hohenlinden (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought December 3, 1800, between the French, 60,000 strong, under -Moreau, and 70,000 Austrians, under the Archduke John. Moreau occupied -the small clearing of Hohenlinden, and the surrounding forest, while the -Austrian army marched by five distinct routes to rendezvous at -Hohenlinden. The Archduke’s attack on the village was repulsed, and -meanwhile Moreau had fallen upon his advancing columns at various -points, and after severe fighting defeated them. The Austrians lost -7,000 killed and wounded, 12,000 prisoners and 87 guns. - - - Hollabrunn (Campaign of the Danube). - -A rearguard action to protect the retreat of the main Russian army, -under Kutusoff, November 16, 1805, between 7,000 Russians, under Prince -Bagration, and the French, under Lannes. Bagration did not retire until -he had lost half his force. - - - Homildon Hill (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September, 1402, when the Percies lay in wait for a Scottish -force, under Murdach Stewart, and Archibald, Earl of Douglas, who were -returning from a foray into England. The Scots were totally routed, -losing Stewart, 4 Scottish peers, and 80 gentlemen of rank. - - - Honain. - -Fought 629, between 12,000 Moslems, under Mohammed, and a force of pagan -Arabs, 4,000 strong. The Moslems were lured into the valley of Honain, -and were assailed by slingers and archers from the surrounding heights. -They were, however, rallied by the Prophet, and totally routed the -Pagans, who submitted to the rule of Mohammed. - - - Hondschook (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought September, 1793, between the Austrians, under Freytag, and the -French, under Houchard. The Austrians occupied a strong position from -which they were driven in disorder, and with heavy loss. As a -consequence of this victory, the siege of Dunkirk was raised. - - - Hooghly, The. - -Fought November 24, 1759, between three British ships, under Commodore -Wilson, and a Dutch squadron of seven sail. After two hours’ fighting, -the Dutch were completely defeated, and all their ships captured. -Meanwhile a force of 700 Europeans and 800 Sepoys landed from the Dutch -fleet, was defeated with heavy loss by 330 British troops and 800 -Sepoys, under Colonel Forde. - - - Huesca (Mohammedan Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1105, when the Moors, under Ali attacked the Spaniards, who, -under Alfonso VI of Castile, were besieging Huesca. Ali was utterly -routed, losing 10,000 killed in the battle. - - - Huesca (First Carlist War). - -Fought May 23, 1837, between 20,000 Carlists, under Don Carlos and Don -Sebastian, and 12,000 Cristinos and British under General Irribarreu. -The British legion behaved unsteadily and the Cristinos were driven from -the field, though the pursuit was checked by a brilliant cavalry charge, -in which Irribarreu fell. The Cristinos lost over 1,000 killed and -wounded, of which number the British legion lost 277. - - - Humaita (Paraguayan War). - -Fought May, 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the -Argentinians, under Mitre. Mitre attacked the Paraguayan entrenchments, -but was repulsed with heavy loss. - - - Humaita (Paraguayan War). - -Fought February, 1868, between the Paraguayan batteries, and a flotilla -of Brazilian gunboats, endeavouring to force the passage. Their attempt -was a complete failure, and the whole flotilla was sunk. - - - Humaita (Paraguayan War). - -Fought September, 1868, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the -allied armies of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The allies largely -outnumbered Lopez’s forces, and forced him to abandon his entrenchments -at Humaita, and retire to Tebienari. - - - Humblebeck (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1700, when Charles XII, with a small force of Swedes, landed in -face of the Danish army, which was strongly entrenched close the shore, -and drove them headlong from their position with heavy loss. - - - Hydaspes, The (Alexander’s Campaigns in Asia). - -Fought B.C. 327, between 65,000 Macedonians and 70,000 Asiatics, under -Alexander the Great, and the army of the Indian king Porus, numbering -30,000 infantry, with 200 elephants and 300 war chariots. Alexander -crossed the river a few miles above Porus’ entrenchments, and utterly -routed him, with a loss of 12,000 killed and 9,000 prisoners, including -Porus himself. The Macedonians lost 1,000 only. - - - Hyderabad (Conquest of Scinde). - -Fought March 24, 1843, between 6,000 British troops, under Sir Charles -Napier, and 20,000 Beluchis, under Shir Mohammed. The latter was -strongly entrenched behind the Fullali, but the Beluchis, being thrown -into disorder by a heavy artillery fire, were overthrown by a charge of -cavalry on their exposed flank, and a frontal attack by the 22nd -Regiment. This defeat put an end to the resistance of the Scinde Emirs. - - - Hysiæ. - -Fought, approximately, 668 B.C., between the Spartans and the Argives. -The former were totally defeated, and Argos was left in undisputed -possession of the supremacy of the Peloponnesus. - - - - - I - - - Ichinotani (Taira War). - -Fought 1189, between the troops of the Shogun Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, -under his brothers Norigoris and Yoshitsune, and the forces of the Taira -clan. The Taira were signally defeated. - - - Iclistavisus (Germanic Wars). - -Fought 16, between 8 Roman legions, under Germanicus, and the Germans, -under Arminius. The Germans attacked the Romans in the open plain, but -failed against the superior discipline of the legionaries, and were -routed with enormous loss. Arminius with difficulty cut his way out of -the press and escaped. - - - Immac (Revolt of Elagabalus). - -Fought June 7, 218, between the Syrian legions, under Elagabalus, and -the Imperial troops and Pretorians, under the Emperor Macrinus. The -Pretorians, by their superior valour and discipline, broke the legions -opposed, and the victory would have been theirs, but at the crisis of -the fight, Macrinus fled, and this so discouraged his troops, that in -the end they were totally defeated. - - - Imola (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought February 3, 1797, when 8,000 French and Italians, under Victor, -defeated the Papal troops, 7,000 strong, under General Colli. Victor -took the Papal army in the rear, and routed them with a loss of a few -hundred only, as no stand was made. - - - Indus, The (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -Fought A.D. 1221, between 300,000 Tartars, under Genghis Khan, and the -army of Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, 30,000 strong. Jellalladin -fought with his back to the river, and after an obstinate conflict, in -which he inflicted heavy loss on his assailants, was driven across the -Indus, having lost 19,000 men killed and drowned. The Tartars lost -20,000. - - - Ingavi. - -Fought November 18, 1841, between the Bolivians, under Ballivian, 3,800 -strong, and the Peruvians, 5,200 strong, under Gamarra. The Peruvians -were utterly routed, and their army dispersed, Gamarra being among the -killed. - - - Ingogo (First Boer War). - -Fought February 8, 1881 when a small British column, consisting of 5 -companies of infantry, 4 guns, and a small mounted force, attacked the -Boer position, and were repulsed with a loss of 139 killed and wounded. -The Boers admitted a loss of 14 only. - - - Inhlobane Mountain (Zulu War). - -Fought March 28, 1879, when a British force of 1,300 men, under Colonels -Buller and Russell, attacked a strong Zulu kraal, and after severe -fighting, were repulsed with considerable loss. - - - Inkerman (Crimean War). - -Fought November 5, 1854, when 50,000 Russians, under Prince -Mentschikoff, attacked the British position at Inkerman, held by about -8,000 troops. There was a dense fog, and the battle was chiefly a series -of detached hand-to-hand combats some of the most serious fighting being -round the Sandbag Battery, where the Russians lost 1,200 killed. At 10 -o’clock, the French arrived on the scene, and the Russians were soon in -full retreat, having suffered very heavy loss. - - - Inverlochy (Civil War). - -Fought February 2, 1645, when Montrose, with 1,500 Royalist Highlanders, -defeated 3,000 Campbells and Lowland Covenanters, with a loss of 1,700 -men. Argyle left the command of his forces to Campbell of Auchinbrech, -taking refuge in a vessel on Loch Linnhe. This defeat broke the power of -the Campbells in the Highlands for many years. - - Inverkeithing (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1317, between the English invaders, and the Scots, under the Earl -of Fife. The first onslaught of the English drove the Scots from their -positions, but they were rallied by William Sinclair, Bishop of Dunkeld, -and forced the English to retire to their ships. - - - Inverary (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1510, between the Scots, under Robert Bruce, and the English, -under Sir John Mowbray, with whom was a small force of Scottish -sympathisers with the English claims, under the Earl of Buchan. The -English were totally defeated and driven from the field with heavy loss. - - - Ipsus (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 302, between the Syrians, 32,000 strong, under Seleucus, and -the Macedonians, 30,000 in number, under Antigonus. Seleucus utterly -routed the Macedonians, Antigonus being among the slain. Demetrius -Poliorcetes, who now took command, only succeeded in rallying 8,000 men, -after fleeing for 200 miles. - - - Irun (First Carlist War). - -This fortress was captured, May 18, 1837, by 10,000 Cristinos and -British, under General Evans. Evans appeared before the place at noon, -and summoned it to surrender. On the Carlists refusing, an assault was -ordered; by 11 p.m. the fortress was taken, with very small loss to the -assailants. - - - Isandhlwana (Zulu War). - -Fought January 22, 1879, when six companies of the 24th Regiment, with -two guns and a small force of Natal volunteers, under Colonel Durnford, -were overwhelmed and massacred by the Zulus, under Matyana. Of the -regulars, 26 officers and 600 men were killed, in addition to 24 -officers, and a large number of men in the Colonial force. - - - Isara, The (Third Gallic Invasion). - -Fought August 8, 121 B.C., between the Arverni and Allobroges, under -Betuitdus, and the Romans, under Q. Fabius Maximus. The Gauls were -totally defeated, and a bridge breaking down under the press of the -fugitives, they suffered enormous loss. - - - Isaszcq (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 6, 1849, between the Hungarians, 42,000 strong, under -Görgey, and the Croats, under Jellachich. The Hungarian First Corps, -under Klapka, was put to flight, but the rest stood their ground, and -repulsed the Croat attack. Both armies bivouacked for the night on the -ground they held, but early on the following morning Jellachich retired, -the Hungarians thus being entitled to claim a victory. - - - Isle de France (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island, now known as Mauritius, was captured from the French, -December 3, 1810, by a fleet of 19 ships, under Admiral Bertie, -convoying a number of transports, carrying 10,000 troops, under General -Abercromby. The British lost 167 killed, wounded and missing. Seven -frigates and ten sloops were taken, as well as 21 French and 3 captured -British merchantmen. - - - Isly (Abd-el-Kader’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 14, 1844, between 8,000 French, under Marshal Bugeaud, and -45,000 Algerines, chiefly cavalry, under Abd-el-Kader. The French -infantry repulsed all the charges of the Algerine Horse, and aided by -the artillery, inflicted heavy loss upon them; when sufficiently shaken, -a charge of the French cavalry completed the rout, and the Algerines -fled, leaving 1,500 dead on the field. Abd-el-Kader was captured. - - - Ismail (Ottoman Wars). - -This fortress was taken by assault by the Russians, under Suwaroff, -December 22, 1790. The Russians lost enormous numbers in the storm, and -in revenge they massacred the garrison and inhabitants without mercy. - - - Issus (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -Fought B.C. 333, between 35,000 Macedonians, under Alexander the Great, -and a vast horde of Asiatics, with 30,000 Greek mercenaries, under -Darius, King of Persia. The Persians were drawn up on the right bank of -the Pinarus, which crosses the plain of Issus. Alexander, led his heavy -cavalry to the attack on the left, crossing the river, and routing the -Persian cavalry. The phalanx in the centre was opposed to the Greek -mercenaries, and after heavy fighting, the Macedonians made good their -footing on the right bank. Alexander meanwhile led his squadrons against -the bodyguard of Darius, who fled from the field, followed by the whole -of the Asiatics, and the victory was complete. - - - Issus (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1488, between the Turks, under Bajazet II, and the Egyptians, -under the Sultan of Egypt. The Turks were defeated. - - - Itabitsu. - -Fought October, 740, between the Japanese rebels, under Hirotsuke, -13,000 strong, and the troops of the Emperor Shommu under Ono-no-Atsuma. -The Imperial troops, who were only 8,000 in number, attacked the rebels -as they were crossing the river, and routed them with heavy loss. -Hirotsuke was killed. - - - Ivry (Eighth Civil War). - -Fought March 14, 1590, between the Huguenots, under Henri IV, and the -Catholics, under the Duc de Mayenne. Henri gained a complete victory, -and marched forward to invest Paris. - - - - - J - - - Jalula (Moslem Invasion of Persia). - -Fought 637, between the Moslems, under Said, and the Persians, under -Yezdegerd. Yezdegerd fled from the field, and his troops discouraged, -were totally routed with heavy loss. - - - Jamaica. - -This island was captured from the Spaniards, May, 1655 by a combined -English naval and military force, under Admiral Penn and General -Venables. - - - Jarnac (Third Civil War). - -Fought March 13, 1569, between the Catholics, under the Marshal de -Tavannes, and the Huguenots, under the Prince de Condé. The brunt of the -action was borne by the Huguenot cavalry, who were overpowered by the -Catholics, and Condé slain. - - - Jassy (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 20, 1620, between the Poles under Gratiani, and the -Turks, under Osman II. The Poles were completely defeated. - - - Jellalabad (First Afghan War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Afghans, under Mohammed Akbar Khan, -March 11, 1842, after the destruction of General Elphinstone’s force in -the Khoord Cabul pass. It was defended by a small British garrison, -under General Sale. Akbar led his whole army to the assault, but was -gallantly repulsed, and then sat down to besiege the place in form. An -attempt to relieve it by Brigadier Wyld, in January, 1843, failed, Wyld -being defeated in the Khyber Pass by the Khyberis. The garrison -meanwhile made several successful sorties, and on April 7, drove Akbar -Khan out of his entrenchments, with a loss of all his guns, and many -men, forcing him to raise the siege. All chance of a renewal of the -investment was ended by the arrival on the 18th, of a strong relieving -force, under General Pollock. - - - Jemappes (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought November 6, 1792, between the Austrians, under the Archduke -Albert, and the French, under Dumouriez. The Austrians occupied a very -strong position on the heights above Jemappes, from which they were -driven with heavy loss, the French gaining a signal victory. - - - Jena (Campaign of Jena). - -This name is generally given to the two battles fought October 14, 1806, -by the two wings of the French army under Napoleon, at Auerstadt and -Jena. At Auerstadt the Prussian left, 70,000 strong, under the Duke of -Brunswick, was encountered by the French right, under Davoust, with -slightly inferior numbers, and after very severe fighting, were -defeated, the Duke of Brunswick being killed. Napoleon, on the left, -with 100,000 men, attacked the Prince of Hohenlohe with 70,000 -Prussians, and after a sternly fought engagement, drove him from the -field. The two defeated armies, retiring by converging routes upon -Weimar, the retreat became a rout, and Napoleon’s pursuing cavalry -caused them further heavy losses. The Prussians in the two actions lost -22,000 killed and wounded, 18,000 prisoners and 300 guns. Twenty -generals were killed, wounded or captured. The French lost 11,000 killed -and wounded, 7,000 of whom fell at Auerstadt. - - - Jersey. - -Fought 1550, when an English squadron, under Sir William Winter, -attacked a French fleet, which was besieging St. Heliers. The French -were completely routed, losing 1,000 killed and wounded, and the siege -was raised. - - - Jerusalem (Jewish War). - -This city was besieged by Titus, with 60,000 Romans, in March, 70 A.D. -It was defended with the utmost heroism by the Jews, who were led by the -Zealot faction. At the end of six weeks Titus gained possession of the -suburb of Bezetha, and then by hard fighting, captured position after -position, until on September 8, the resistance of the defenders was -finally overcome. Josephus says that 1,100,000 persons perished in the -siege, but this is doubtless an exaggeration. The Romans after the -capture sold 97,000 into slavery. - - - Jerusalem (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Early in 637 Jerusalem was besieged by the Moslems, at first, under Abu -Obeidah, and later by the Khalif Omar. After a defence of four months, -during which scarcely a day passed without a sortie or an assault, the -city was surrendered by the Patriarch Sophronius. - - - Jerusalem (First Crusade). - -The Crusaders, under Godefroi de Bouillon, laid siege to the city, June -7, 1099, and on July 15, it was taken by assault, and for three days was -the scene of a promiscuous massacre, in which 70,000 Moslems perished. - - - Jerusalem. - -On October 2, 1187, the Holy City was besieged by the Saracens, under -Saladin, and after a siege lasting fourteen days, in the course of which -several determined sorties were repulsed, the Moslems forced an -entrance, and Guy de Lusignan, the last King of Jerusalem, surrendered. -The Christians were given forty days to evacuate the city. - - - Jhansi (Indian Mutiny). - -This place, which fell into the hands of the mutineers in June, 1857, -was recaptured by Sir Hugh Rose, who invested it in March, 1858, and -carried the city by assault, April 2. - - - Jidballi (Somali Expedition). - -Fought January 10, 1904, between the Somalis, 5,000 strong, and a small -British and native force, under Sir Charles Egerton. The Somalis’ camp -was attacked, and after a brisk action they were driven out and pursued -by the cavalry for twelve miles, losing 1,000 killed in the fight and -pursuit. The British losses were very small. - - - Jiron. - -Fought February 28, 1829, between the Peruvians, under Lamar, and the -Colombians, under Sucre. The battle was indecisive, both sides claiming -the victory, and it was followed by the signature of peace, September -23. - - - Jitgurh (Gurkha War). - -Fought January 14, 1815, between 4,500 British troops, under General -Wood, and 1,200 Gurkhas, occupying a strong stockade. The British were -led unexpectedly into the zone of fire by a treacherous guide, and -though Wood fought his way to a position from which he could have -carried the stockade, he retired, having suffered considerable loss, -just when the Gurkhas were about to abandon their works. - - - Jotapata (Jewish War). - -This place was besieged by Vespasian, with 60,000 Romans, December, 67, -and was defended by the Jewish army under Josephus. The fortress held -out for 47 days, when it was stormed and sacked. Josephus gave himself -up to Vespasian. - - - Jugdulluck (First Afghan War). - -At this place the remnant of General Elphinstone’s army made their last -stand, January 12, 1842, against the Afghans and Ghilzais. Of the few -who escaped the massacre at this point, only one, Dr. Brydon, succeeded -in reaching Jellalabad. - - - Julian’s Defeat by the Persians (Persian Wars). - -Fought June 28, 363, between the Romans, under Julian, and the Persians, -under Sapor II. Julian had advanced against Ctesiphon, the Persian -capital, but finding himself too weak to attack it, was retreating along -the left bank of the Tigris. In the course of the retreat he was -attacked by the Persians, and worsted in an action unimportant in -itself, but resulting in the death of Julian, who was mortally wounded -in the skirmish. The election of Jovian as Emperor was followed by a -peace which restored to Sapor almost all the Roman conquests in Persia. - - - Junin (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1824, between the Spanish Royalists, under General Cauterac, and -the Colombian Patriots, under Sucre. The Spaniards were completely -defeated. - - - - - K - - - Kaiping (Chino-Japanese War). - -Fought January 10, 1895, when a Chinese force in a strongly entrenched -position was attacked and driven out by a Japanese brigade under General -Nogi. The fighting lasted three hours, the Chinese showing more -steadiness than usual, and inflicting on the assailants a loss of 300 -killed and wounded. - - - Kagoshima (Satsuma Rebellion). - -On August 18, 1876, the rebels, who were closely besieged in their lines -at Enotake, succeeded in passing through the Imperial troops, and making -a forced march, under Saigo Takamori, seized the city of Kagoshima. They -were quickly followed by the Imperial army, under Prince Taruhito, and -an engagement followed which lasted for ten days, at the end of which -time the insurgents were driven out and retired to Shirogama, both sides -having suffered heavy loss. - - - Kagul (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 3, 1770, between 17,000 Russians, under Roumiantsoff, and -150,000 Turks, under Halil Pasha. The Russian rear was threatened by a -force of 80,000 Tartars, under the Khan of Crim Tartary, but -Roumiantsoff boldly attacked the Turkish lines, and after severe -fighting drove the Turks out of their entrenchments in headlong flight, -capturing all their artillery and baggage. - - - Kalisch (Russo-Swedish War). - -Fought 1706, between 10,000 Swedes, under General Meyerfeld, and 30,000 -Russians and Poles, under Prince Mentschikoff. The Swedes were defeated -with considerable loss. - - - Kalunga (Gurkha War). - -This place was attacked by the British under General Gillespie, in -October, 1814, and was defended by the Gurkhas under Bulbuddur Singh. An -unsuccessful assault cost the besiegers 260 officers and men, and after -waiting a month for the arrival of heavy guns, a breach was made, and a -general assault ordered. This also failed, 680 men being killed and -wounded. The fortress was then shelled for three days, at the end of -which time the survivors of the garrison, 70 only out of 600, made their -escape, and the place was captured. - - - Kalpi (Indian Mutiny). - -This town, which had fallen into the hands of the mutineers, was -besieged by Sir Hugh Rose, May 19, 1858. The garrison made two -ineffectual sorties, in which they were repulsed with heavy loss, and on -the 23rd the town was entered without further resistance, the mutineers -having fled. - - - Kamarut (First Burmah War). - -Fought July 8, 1824, when a small British force, under Sir Archibald -Campbell, stormed a series of stockades held by 10,000 Burmans, under -Tuamba Wangyee. The Burmans left 800 dead on the field, including their -leader. - - - Kambula (Zulu War). - -Fought March 29, 1879, when Colonel Wood, with 2,000 British and native -auxiliaries, was attacked in his lager by three Zulu impi. The Zulus -were repulsed with very heavy loss, and pursued for seven miles. The -British lost 81 killed and wounded. The defeat practically broke -Cetewayo’s power. - - - Kandahar (Tartar Invasion of Afghanistan). - -This city was besieged by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, in 1221. The -Tartars possessed themselves of the city, and were investing the -citadel, when Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, fell upon them with a -large force and cut them to pieces. - - - Kandahar. - -Siege was laid to Kandahar in March, 1545, by the Moguls, under Humayun. -The place, which was defended by an Afghan garrison under Mirza Askari, -held out for five months, when, weakened by famine and desertion, the -garrison was forced to surrender. - - - Kandahar (Perso-Afghan Wars). - -In the autumn of 1648 the Persians, under Abbas II, laid siege to the -city, which was defended by a Mogul garrison. An attempt to relieve it -was made by Aurungzebe, but he arrived to find it already in the hands -of the Persians. He in turn laid siege to it, but was unsuccessful, and -after four months was compelled to retire. Subsequent attempts to -recapture the city were made by Said Ullah, the Vizier, and Dara Sheko, -the eldest son of Shah Jehan, but without success. - - - Kandahar. - -Fought July 29, 1834, when Shah Sujah, the expelled Amir of Afghanistan, -attempted to take the city. His successor, Dost Mahomed, and Kohandil -Khan sallied forth at the head of their troops, and totally defeated -Shah Sujah, dispersing his followers. - - - Kandahar (Second Afghan War). - -Fought September 1, 1880, between the British, under Lord Roberts, and -the Afghans, under Ayub Khan, immediately after the completion of the -famous march from Kabul. Ayub was completely defeated, with a loss of -2,000 men, and his army dispersed. The British losses were only 248 -killed and wounded. - - - Kapolna (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought February 26 and 27, 1849, between four Hungarian divisions, under -Dembinski, and the Austrians, under Windischgrätz, of whom only -Schlick’s corps, 15,000 strong, was seriously engaged. The Hungarians -held their own on the 26th, but on the evening of the 27th Schlick -captured the key of the position at Kapolna, whereupon the Hungarians -retired, though unpursued. - - - Kappel (Second War of Kappel). - -Fought October 10, 1531, between the army of the Swiss Catholic Cantons, -8,000 strong, and 1,300 Zurichers, under George Göldli, reinforced later -in the day by a similar number under Rudolf Lavater. Göldli attacked in -defiance of orders, and was totally defeated, among those who fell being -Zwingli. - - - Kara Burur (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 11, 1791, when the Russian fleet, under Admiral -Ouschakoff, totally defeated the Turks after a sanguinary engagement. - - - Karamuran. - -Fought during the winter of 1225, between 300,000 Tartars under Genghiz -Khan, and 500,000 Turks, Chinese and others under Shidasker of Tangat. -Shidasker was totally routed, with a loss, it is said, of 300,000 men. - - - Karaku (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -Fought 1218, between the Tartars, 700,000 strong, under Genghiz Khan, -and 400,000 Kharismians under the Sultan Mehemed. At nightfall the -battle was undecided, and the armies withdrew to their camps, but -Mehemet, who had lost 140,000, refused to renew the conflict on the -following day, and Genghiz Khan, having suffered too severely to attack -his entrenchments, withdrew. - - - Karee (Second Boer War). - -Fought March 29, 1900, when a Boer force holding a line of hills about -eighteen miles north of Bloemfontein, were driven from their -entrenchments by a British division under General Tucker. The British -lost 10 officers and 172 men killed and wounded. - - - Kargaula (Cossack Rising). - -Fought 1774, between the insurgent Cossacks of the Don, under Ikkelman -Pugatcheff, and the Russians, under Prince Gallitzin. The insurgents -were routed with great slaughter, and Pugatcheff fled to the mountains. - - - Kars (Crimean War). - -This fortress, held by a Turkish garrison under General Williams, was -besieged by the Russians in the course of the Crimean war. The place was -most gallantly defended but was finally forced by famine to capitulate, -November, 1855. - - - Kars (Russo-Turkish War). - -This fortress, garrisoned by 24,000 Turks under Hussein Pasha, was -stormed by the Russians under Loris Melikoff on the night of November -17, 1877. The attacking force was led by Lazareff, and after severe -fighting captured all the eastern forts. Hussein then endeavoured to cut -his way through to the west, but the bulk of his force was driven back, -and only he and a few of his officers succeeded in the attempt. The -Russians lost 2,273, killed and wounded; the Turks 2,500 killed, 4,500 -wounded, 17,000 prisoners, and 303 guns. - - - Kashgal (Soudan Campaigns). - -On November 3, 1883, an Egyptian force, 11,000 strong, under Hicks -Pasha, with several British officers, was led by a treacherous guide -into a defile, where they were attacked by the Mahdists, and after -fighting for three days, were massacred almost to a man. - - - Kassassin (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 28, 1882, between the British, under General Graham, and -the Egyptians, under Arabi Pasha. Arabi attacked the British position, -Graham remaining on the defensive throughout the day, but towards -evening he launched his heavy cavalry, under Sir Baker Russell, against -the enemy, who broke and fled. The British losses were only 11 killed -and 68 wounded. - - - Katzbach (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 22, 1813, between 130,000 French, under Napoleon, and -100,000 Prussians, under Blucher. Blucher, who had on the previous day -retired behind the Haynau, was pressed hard by Napoleon, and driven -across the Katzbach, with considerable loss. - - - Katzbach (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 26, 1813, between the French, under Macdonald, and the -Prussians, under Blucher. Macdonald crossed the Katzbach, and while -waiting for his left wing and cavalry under Souham, was attacked by -Blucher, and driven back. As Macdonald was retiring Souham appeared on -the field, but before he could deploy he was attacked and routed with -great slaughter, while the centre under Lauriston also suffered severely -in recrossing the river. The French lost 15,000 killed and wounded, and -over 100 guns. - - - Kazan (Cossack Rising). - -Fought 1774, between the rebel Cossacks, under Pugatcheff, and the -Russians, under General Michelson. The Cossacks were utterly routed. - - - Kemendine (First Burmah War). - -Fought June 10, 1824, when 3,000 British troops, under Sir Archibald -Campbell, stormed a series of stockades, occupied by a large force of -Burmans, and drove out the defenders with heavy loss. - - - Keresztes (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought October 24 to 26, 1596, between the Turks, under Mohammed III, -and the Imperialists and Transylvanians, under the Archduke Maximilian -and Prince Sigismund of Transylvania. The battle at first went badly for -the Turks, and Mohammed would have fled but for the remonstrances of the -Grand Vizier. In the end, however, they gained the upper hand, and the -Archduke was totally defeated. - - - Kharisme (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city, the capital of Kharismia, was besieged by the Tartars under -the three sons of Genghiz Khan, in the summer of 1220. It was most -obstinately defended for a period of seven months by the inhabitants, -under Himartekin, but in February the Tartars mastered the place, -massacring 100,000 persons. - - - Khartoum (Soudan Campaign). - -This city, defended by an Egyptian garrison under General Gordon, was -invested by the Mahdi in the early part of 1884, and, after a gallant -defence, was stormed January 26, 1885. The forerunners of the relieving -force, consisting of the river gunboats under Lord Charles Beresford, -arrived off the city on the 28th, two days too late, and after a brief -engagement with the Mahdist batteries, returned down the river. - - - Khelat (First Afghan War). - -This place, which was defended by a garrison of Beluchis, under Mehrab -Khan, was captured by a British force, 1,000 strong, under General -Willshire, November 13, 1839. The defenders lost 400 killed, including -their leader and 2,000 prisoners. The British lost 37 killed and 107 -wounded. - - - Khojah Pass (First Afghan War). - -Fought March 28, 1842, when General England, in an endeavour to relieve -General Nott in Kandahar, marched into the pass with 500 men only, -without waiting for the rest of his brigade, and was defeated by the -Afghans with a loss of 100 killed and wounded, and compelled to retire -to Quetta. - - - Khoord Kabul Pass (First Afghan War). - -While passing through this defile, the British force, under General -Elphinstone, retreating on Jellalabad, was attacked by the Afghans, -January 8, 1842, and lost 3,000, including followers. - - - Killiecrankie (Jacobite Rising). - -Fought July 27, 1689, between 4,500 Royal troops, under General Mackay, -and 2,500 Highland Jacobites, under Dundee. Dundee allowed Mackay to -enter the plain below the pass of Killiecrankie, and then descending -from the heights, fell upon and utterly routed the Royalists, with a -loss of over 2,000 killed and 500 prisoners. The Jacobites lost about -900, but amongst them was Dundee. Mackay on reaching Stirling had only -400 men with the colours. - - - Kilsyth (Civil War). - -Fought August 15, 1645, between the Royalists, under Montrose, and the -Covenanters, under Baillie. The Royalists won a signal victory, -Baillie’s infantry, 6,000 in number, being cut down almost to a man. - - - Kimberley (Second Boer War). - -This town, defended by a garrison of 4,000 (including armed townsmen) -under Colonel Kekewich, was besieged October 15, 1899, by the Boers, -under Commandant Wessels, and later under General Cronje. It withstood a -severe and continuous bombardment till February 15, 1900, when it was -relieved by a force of cavalry, 5,000 strong, under General French. The -losses of the garrison during the siege amounted to 18 officers and 163 -men. - - - Kin-chau. - -_See_ Nanshan - - - Kineyri (Second Sikh War). - -Fought June 18, 1848, between 8,000 Bhawalpuris, under Futteh Mohammed -Khan, aided by 3,000 Sikh irregulars, under Lieutenant Edwardes, and the -Sikhs, 8,000 strong, under Rung Ram. The Bhawalpuris were repulsed in an -attack on the Sikh positions, but the arrival of Lieutenant Edwardes’ -guns turned the scale, and at a second attempt the entrenchments were -stormed and captured, with a loss to the victors of 300 men. The Sikhs -lost 500 killed in the action, and many more during their flight to -Multan. - - - Kinloss (Danish Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought 1009, between the Danes under Sweyn of Denmark, and the Scots, -under Malcolm II. The Danes were besieging Nairne, and Malcolm -attempting to raise the siege, they attacked and defeated him after hard -fighting, in which Malcolm was wounded. - - - Kinnesaw Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought June 27, 1864, between 90,000 Federals, under General Sherman, -and 50,000 Confederates, under General Johnston. Sherman attacked -Johnston in a strong position and was repulsed with a loss of about -3,000, the Confederates losing 500 only. - - - Kinsale (O’Neil’s Rebellion). - -This town, which had been seized in September, 1601, by 5,000 Spaniards, -under Juan d’Aguila, sent to support the rebels, was besieged by the -Royal troops, under Lord Mountjoy and the Earl of Thomond. On December -23 an attempt by Sir Hugh O’Neil to relieve the place was defeated, -whereupon d’Aguila surrendered and was permitted to ship for Spain. - - - Kiöge (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July, 1677, between the Danish fleet, under Admiral Juel, and the -Swedes, under Admiral Horn. The Swedes suffered a disastrous defeat, -losing eleven ships of the line sunk or captured. - - - Kirbekan (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought February 10, 1885, when the British, about 1,000 strong, under -General Earle, stormed the heights of Kirbekan, which were held by a -strong Mahdist force, and totally routed them, with heavy loss. The -British lost 60, among whom was General Earle, killed. - - - Kirch-Denkern (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 16, 1761, between the Prussians, under Prince Ferdinand, and -the French, under Soubise and the Duc de Broglie. The French attacked -the strong Prussian position in and around Kirch-Denkern, and after -severe fighting were repulsed with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded. - - - Kirkee (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought November 5, 1817, between the Mahrattas under Bajee Rao, and a -British force of one European and three native regiments, under Colonel -Burr. On moving out of his entrenchments, the flanks of Burr’s force -were attacked by the Mahratta horse, but their charge was repulsed, and -the British advancing drove off the enemy with a loss of over 500. The -British loss was 75 killed and wounded. - - - Kiso (Taira War). - -Fought September, 1180, between the adherents of the Minamoto clan, -under Yoshinaka, and the troops of Taira-no-Kiyomori. The Taira men -attacked the position of Yoshinaka at Kiso, but were defeated and driven -from the field with heavy loss. - - - Kissingen (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought July 10, 1866, between the Prussians, under General Falkenstein, -and the Bavarians, under General Zoller. The Bavarians were defeated and -driven out of Kissingen with heavy loss. - - - Kiu-lien-cheng (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought May 1, 1904, between 40,000 Japanese, under Marshal Kuroki, and -the Russians, about 30,000 strong, under General Sassulitch. After four -days of skirmishing, the Japanese crossed the Yalu, April 30, and on the -following day attacked the Russian position at Kiu-lien-Cheng, driving -out the defenders with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, 30 officers -and 500 men prisoners, and 48 guns. The Japanese lost 898 killed and -wounded. - - - Kizil-Tepe (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought June 25, 1877, between the Russians, under General Loris -Melikoff, and the Turks, in superior numbers, under Mahktar Pasha. The -Russians were defeated, and forced to raise the siege of Kars. - - - Klausenburg (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought May, 1660, between the Turks, under the Grand Vizier, Mahomet -Köprili, and the Transylvanians, under the Voivode, George Ragotski II. -The Turks gained a complete victory, Ragotski being mortally wounded. - - - Klonchino. - -Fought July 4, 1610, between the Russians, under Choniski, aided by a -contingent of 5,000 Swedes, under James de la Gardie, and the Poles, -under Sigismund III. The Russians were totally defeated, and, as a -result, the usurper, Basil Choniski, was deposed. - - - Koeniggratz (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought July 3, 1866, between 200,000 Austrians, with 600 guns, under -Marshal Benedek, and the Prussian armies of Prince Frederick Charles and -the Crown Prince, together about equal to the Austrians in number. The -Austrians, who occupied a very strong position, were attacked in the -early morning by Prince Frederick Charles, who, however, made little -impression upon them, and it was not till the arrival of the Crown -Prince on their right flank at 2 p.m. that any advantage was obtained. -Then, however, the Prussians succeeded in piercing the Austrian lines, -and seized the key of the position, after which further resistance being -hopeless, the Austrians retired, with a loss of 20,000 killed and -wounded, 20,000 prisoners, and 174 guns. The Prussians lost 10,000. - - - Koenigswartha (Campaign of Leipzig). - -Fought May 19, 1813, when General Peyri’s Italian division, about 8,000 -strong, was attacked and defeated by 15,000 Russians, under Barclay de -Tolly, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded. The opportune arrival of -the cavalry of Ney’s corps saved the division from destruction. - - - Kojende (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This fortress was besieged in 1219, by the Tartars, under Tuchi Khan, -and defended by a Kharismian garrison, under Timar Malek. After an -obstinate resistance, Timar, finding he could hold out no longer, -embarked with his officers and his best troops, and sailed down the -Jaxartes, pursued by the Tartars, whom, however, after heavy fighting, -he succeeded in escaping. The city surrendered the day after Timar’s -departure. - - - Kokein (First Burmah War). - -Fought December 12, 1824, when 1,800 British troops, under Sir Archibald -Campbell, stormed and captured two large stockades, garrisoned by about -20,000 Burmans, under Maka Bandula. - - - Kolin (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought June 18, 1757, between 34,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 54,000 Austrians, under Marshal Daun. Daun occupied the -heights between Kolin and Chotzewitz, where he was attacked by -Frederick, who had nearly succeeded in turning his right flank when the -Prussian right broke and fled. The Prussian cavalry charged gallantly -six times, but could make no impression on the Austrian defence, and -Frederick was beaten back with a loss of 14,000 men and 43 guns. The -Austrians lost 9,000. - - - Komatsu (Nine Years’ War). - -Fought September 5, 1062, between the Japanese rebels, under Sadatoki, -and the Imperial troops, under Yoriyoshi. Sadatoki, who was besieged in -his camp, made a vigorous sortie at the head of 8,000 men, but after a -severe conflict was repulsed. The fighting was renewed on subsequent -days, and on the 16th Sadatoki was slain, and the rebellion came to an -end. - - - Komorn (Hungarian Rising). - -An action fought by Görgey, April 26, 1849, for the relief of Komorn, -which was besieged by the Austrians. In the early morning two Hungarian -corps, under Klapka and Damjanics, surprised the Austrian entrenched -camp, taking 6 guns and 200 prisoners. The Austrians retired, though not -energetically pursued, and the fortress was relieved. - - - Koniah (Mehemet Ali’s First Rebellion). - -Fought 1831, between the Turks, under Reschid Pasha, and the Egyptians -and Syrians, under Ibrahim Pasha. After a severe engagement, the Turks -were totally defeated, and fled in disorder. Reschid was severely -wounded, and captured. - - - Kornspruit. - -_See_ Sanna’s Post. - - - Korygaom (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought January 1, 1818, when a small British force of under 1,000 men, -chiefly native troops, under Captain Staunton, was attacked by 25,000 -Mahrattas, under the Peshwa, Baji Rao. The British held their ground -gallantly all day, and the approach during the night of large -reinforcements under General Smith determined the Peshwa to retreat, -with a loss of 600. The British lost 275, including 5 out of 8 British -officers. - - - Kossova (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought June 15, 1389, between the Turks, under Murad I, and the combined -army of the Servians, Bosnians, and Albanians, under Lazar, Despot of -Servia. The Turks gained a signal victory, though Murad was mortally -wounded in the battle. This success secured the Turkish domination over -Servia and the neighbouring states. - - - Kossova (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought October 17, 1747, and two following days, between the Hungarians -and Wallachians, 80,000 strong, under John Hunniades, and a vastly -superior Turkish army, under Murad II. The Hungarians left their -entrenchments to attack the Turks, and throughout the day the battle was -evenly contested. On the 18th, however, the Wallachians deserted to the -Turks, and the Hungarians, assailed in front and rear, were hard -pressed, while on the 19th they were unable to maintain their position, -and were forced to retire, defeated, with a loss of 17,000 killed and -wounded. The Turks are said to have lost 40,000 men in the three days. - - - Kotah (Indian Mutiny). - -This place, which had been seized by the rebellious troops of the Rajah -of Kotah, 5,000 in number, was besieged by General Roberts, March 22, -1858. The Rajah, who held the citadel, joined forces with the British, -and after a short bombardment the town was stormed, March 30. - - - Kotzim (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 22, 1622, between the Poles, 60,000 strong, under -Chodkiewicz, and the Turks, 300,000 in number, under Osman II. -Chodkiewicz, old and worn out by fatigue, was forced to retire to his -tent in the middle of the battle, and on his death-bed handed over the -command to Labomirski, by whom the Turks were totally routed, with a -loss of 30,000 men. - - - Kotzim (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought November 11, 1673, between 40,000 Poles and Lithuanians, under -John Sobieski, and 80,000 Turks, under Hussein Pasha. The Turks occupied -a strongly entrenched position, which was stormed by the Poles, and the -Turks driven into the river, losing over 40,000 killed. In consequence -of this signal victory, Kotzim capitulated, and Caplan Pasha, who was -approaching with a large army, recrossed the frontier. - - - Krakovicz (Ottoman Wars). - -On January 17, 1475, 40,000 Moldavian peasants, aided by 7,000 Hungarian -and Polish regulars, under Stephen of Moldavia, fell upon Suleiman -Pasha, with 100,000 Turks, in an untenable position near Lake Krakovicz, -and totally defeated them, driving them into the lake. Very few of the -Turks escaped death, either by the sword or by drowning. - - - Krasnaoi (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought November 17, 1812, when the Russians, 50,000 strong, under -Kutusoff, after a series of combats on the two preceding days, during -which they had inflicted heavy losses on the retreating French army, -were defeated by the corps of Davoust and the Young Guard. The French -losses amounted to 5,000 killed and wounded, and about 8,000 missing. - - - Kringellen (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought August 29, 1612, when a force of Scots in the Danish service, -under Colonel George Sinclair, were ambushed in the mountains by the -Norwegians, and massacred, notwithstanding a strenuous resistance. Only -two of the Scots succeeded in escaping. - - - Kronia (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1738, between the Imperialists under Counts Wallis and Neipperg, -and the Turks. The latter were defeated, but at very heavy cost, and the -Imperial army was so weakened that it was unable to prevent the Turks -capturing Semendaia, Orsova, and other important fortresses. - - - Krotzka (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 23, 1739, between 56,000 Austrians, under Count Wallis, and -over 100,000 Turks, under El Hadj Mohammed Pasha. The Austrian vanguard -was attacked by the Turks when approaching Kotzin and driven back, but -the main body withstood the Turkish onslaught from 5 a.m. to sunset, -when Wallis retired, with a loss of 5,700 killed and 4,500 wounded, -including 9 generals. The Turkish loss is unknown, but was very heavy. - - - Kulevtcha (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1829, between the Russians, under General Diebitsch, and 40,000 -Turks, under Reschid Pasha. The Russians were lying in wait for Reschid -in the Kulevtcha defile, and after a severe struggle, totally routed the -Turks, with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, and all their guns. The -Pasha himself escaped with difficulty. - - - Kulm (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 29 and 30, 1813, between the French, under Vandamme, and -the Austrians, and Russians, with a small force of Prussians, under the -Prince of Schwartzenberg, who were retreating after their defeat at -Dresden. To check the pursuit they occupied Kulm, from which they were -driven by Vandamme on the 29th. On the 30th, however, not having -received his expected reinforcements, Vandamme was compelled to remain -on the defensive, and being attacked in front by the Austrians and -Russians, and in the rear by the Prussians, he was totally routed, with -a loss of 6,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, and 48 guns, being himself -wounded and captured. The allies lost about 5,000. - - - Kumai. - -Fought February, 1355, between the troops of the Emperor Gomarakami, -under Yoshinori, and the rebel Japanese, under Moronoshi and Tokiushi. -The rebels were defeated, and Moronoshi severely wounded. - - - Kumamoto (Satsuma Rebellion). - -The castle in this town was besieged February 22, 1876, by the Satsuma -rebels, 15,000 strong, under Saigo. The place was gallantly defended by -the garrison under General Tani Tateki, though many Samurai deserted to -the rebels, and strenuous efforts were made by the Imperial army under -Prince Taruhito to come to its relief. In the course of March Saigo was -attacked in the rear by a force under General Kuroda, but still -maintained the siege, and it was not till April 14, when the garrison -was on the verge of starvation, that Kuroda, bringing up every available -man, succeeded in driving off the rebels and raising the siege. - - - Kunersdorf (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 12, 1759, between 40,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 80,000 Austrians and Russians, under Generals Landon and -Soltykoff. Frederick first attacked the Russians in flank, driving them -out of their entrenchments, and capturing 180 guns. Then, against the -advice of Seidlitz, he attacked the Austrian position on the left of the -allies, and, though deserted by the Russians, the Austrians held their -ground, and, bringing all their artillery to bear on the Prussians at -close quarters, totally routed them, with a loss of 20,000 men. The -allies lost 24,000. - - - Kunobitza (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1443, between the Turks, under Amurath II, and the Hungarians, -under John Hunniades. The Turks were utterly routed, and in consequence -Amurath concluded with them a ten years’ truce. - - - Kurdlah. - -Fought March 11, 1795, between the army of the Mahratta Confederacy, -under the Peshwa, Madhao Rao II, and Hari Pant, and the forces of the -Nizam of Hyderabad. The troops of the Nizam gained an advantage in the -fight, but the Nizam being persuaded to leave the field, his troops -followed him, and were soon in headlong flight. The Nizam was captured a -few days later. - - - - - L - - - La Belle Famille. - -_See_ Niagara. - - - Lade (Ionian War). - -Fought B.C. 494, between a Persian fleet of 600 sail, which was -blockading Miletus under Artaphernes, and 353 Lesbian, Chian and Samian -ships, which attempted to raise the siege. The Samians, bribed by the -Persians, deserted at the beginning of the action, with the exception of -11 vessels, and the Greeks were totally defeated, with heavy loss. The -Chians made a specially gallant fight. - - - Lade. - -Fought B.C. 201, between the Rhodian fleet, under Theophiliscus, and the -Macedonians, under Heraclides. The Macedonians had rather the better of -the encounter, though both sides claimed the victory. - - - Ladysmith (Second Boer War). - -Sir George White, with about 12,000 troops, was shut up in Ladysmith by -the invading army, under General Joubert, November 2, 1899. The Boers, -who were well provided with heavy guns, contented themselves in the main -with a continuous bombardment. On January 6, 1900, however, a picked -force, under Commandant de Villiers, supported by several thousand Boer -marksmen posted on the heights, made attempt to force the British lines -at Waggon Hill and Caesar’s Camp. The battle lasted throughout the day, -and more than once the defenders were very hard pressed, but they held -their ground till nightfall, when the Boers withdrew, having lost about -800 men. From this date the Boers again contented themselves with -bombarding the town, until it was finally relieved by Sir Redvers -Buller, February 27. In addition to deaths by disease, the garrison lost -during the siege 89 officers and 805 men, more than half of whom fell in -the battle of January 6. - - - La Favorita (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought January 16, 1797, between the French, under Napoleon, and the -Austrians, under Provera. Provera moved upon Mantua to succour the -beleaguered garrison, and was aided by a sortie in force. Napoleon, -making a forced march from the field of Rivoli, fell upon Provera and -totally routed him, while the sortie was repulsed by the French -besieging force at the point of the bayonet. Provera surrendered, with -5,000 men. - - - La Fère Champenoise (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 25, 1814, between Marmont’s and Mortier’s corps, 30,000 -strong, and the allied army marching on Paris. The French were defeated -and forced to retire, with a loss of about 5,000 men and many guns. This -was the last action fought in the north before the first abdication of -Napoleon. - - - Lagos (War of the Revolution). - -Fought June 17, 1693, when a squadron of 23 Dutch and English ships, -under Sir George Rooke, was attacked by a French fleet of 71 sail, -whilst convoying 400 merchantmen to the Mediterranean. The French -destroyed 90 merchant ships, and one English and two Dutch warships. The -skilful manœuvring of Rooke, however, saved the rest of the convoy -from destruction. - - - La Hogue (War of the Revolution). - -Fought May 19 and 20, 1692, between a combined Dutch and English fleet -of 96 sail, under Admirals Russell and Allemande, and a French fleet of -64 sail of the line and 47 smaller vessels, under de Tourville. After -heavy loss on both sides, the French fleet was dispersed, with a loss of -three ships. On the 22nd Admiral Rooke destroyed 16 sail of the line and -a number of transports. - - - Lahore (First Tartar Invasion of India). - -Fought 1296, between the Mongols, 100,000 strong, under Amir Daood, and -the army of Ala-ud-Din, King of Delhi, under his brother, Alaf Khan. The -Mongols were routed, with a loss of 12,000 men. - - - Lake Erie (Second American War). - -Fought September 10, 1813, between the English flotilla of six -schooners, under Commodore Barclay, and a largely superior American -squadron, under Commodore Perry. The whole British flotilla was -destroyed, with a loss of 134 killed and wounded. The Americans lost 27 -killed and 96 wounded. - - - Lake George (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 8, 1755, between 1,500 French and Indians, under Baron -Dieskau, and 2,500 New England militia, under Colonel William Johnson. A -small force sent by Johnson to the relief of Fort Lyman was ambushed by -the French and driven back to camp, but Dieskau pursuing, was repulsed -in his attack upon the camp, with a loss of about 400. Dieskau himself -was wounded and captured. The loss of the New England men during the day -was 216 killed and 96 wounded, most of whom fell in the ambush. - - - Lake Kerguel (Tartar Invasion of Russia). - -Fought July, 1391, between 300,000 Russians, under Tokatmich, and an -equal force of Tartars, under Tamerlane. The battle began at daybreak, -and by mid-day the Russians were utterly routed, and fled in disorder, -leaving their camp in the hands of Tamerlane. - - - Lake Regillus. - -Fought B.C. 497, the first authentic date in the history of Rome. The -details handed down, however, belong to the domain of legend rather than -to that of history. According to the chroniclers, this was the last -attempt of the Tarquinian family to recover the throne of Rome. They -were, however, totally routed by the Romans, under Aulus Postumius, and -all the sons of Tarquinius, and his son-in-law, Mamilius, were slain in -the battle. The legend avers that the Romans, when victory was trembling -in the balance, found at their head two young men on white horses, whom -they claimed to be Castor and Pollux. - - - Lake Vadimon (Gallic Invasion of Italy). - -Fought B.C. 283, between the Romans, under P. Cornelius Dolabella, and -the Gauls and their Etruscan allies. Dolabella attacked the Etruscans as -they were crossing the Tiber close to the lake, and destroyed the flower -of their army. He then fell upon the Gauls, whom he also defeated with -heavy loss, with the result that in the following year they made peace -and withdrew from Italy. - - - Landau (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This fortress, held by a French garrison under M. de Melac, was besieged -by the Imperialists, under Prince Louis of Baden, June 19, 1702. The -garrison made a gallant defence, but was forced to surrender, September -10. The Comte de Soissons, elder brother of Prince Eugene, fell during -the siege. - - - Landen. - -_See_ Neerwinde. - - - Landskrone (Dane-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July 14, 1676, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the -Danes, under Christian V, in which the Danes suffered a serious defeat. - - - Langensalza (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 27, 1866, between 12,000 Prussians, under General Flics, and -the Hanoverians, in about equal strength, under George, King of Hanover. -The Prussians attacked the Hanoverian position, and after severe -fighting were repulsed with a loss of about 1,400 killed and wounded, -and 900 prisoners. The Hanoverians lost 1,392. The victory, however, was -fruitless, as the Prussians in the neighbourhood were in overwhelming -numbers, and the King was compelled to surrender on the 29th. This is -the last appearance of Hanover in history as an independent state. - - - Langport (Civil War). - -Fought July 10, 1645, between the Parliamentarians, under Fairfax, and -the Royalists, under Lord Goring. The Royalists were routed, and driven -by Cromwell’s horse nearly into Bridgwater, with a loss of 300 killed -and 1,400 prisoners. - - - Lang’s Nek (First Boer War). - -Fought January 28, 1881, when a British column, 1,100 strong, under -General Colley, attacked the Boers in a strong position at Lang’s Nek. -The British were repulsed with a loss of 198 killed and wounded. The -Boers lost 14 killed and 27 wounded. - - - Langside. - -Fought May 13, 1568, when the army of Mary Queen of Scots, 6,000 strong, -was defeated and dispersed by the forces of the Regent, Murray. The -Queen’s troops were broken by a cavalry charge, in which they lost 300, -while only one man of the victorious horse was killed, and fled in -confusion from the field. Mary escaped to England. - - - Lannoy (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January, 1567, between 3,000 Flemish Protestants, under Pierre -Cornaille, and a small force of the Duchess of Parma’s troops, under -Novicarmes. The Flemings, mostly half-armed peasants, were cut to pieces -by the Spaniards, 2,600 being killed in one hour’s fighting. - - - Lansdown (Civil War). - -Fought July 5, 1643, between the Royalists, under Sir Ralph Hopton, and -the Parliamentarians, under Waller, who was endeavouring to prevent -Hopton’s advance upon Bath. The Royalists stormed Waller’s entrenchments -and forced him to retreat, though at a heavy cost to themselves. - - - Laon (Allied Invasion of France). - -This fortress, held by the allies under Blucher, was attacked May 9, -1814, by the French under Ney and Marmont. Ney seized two of the -suburbs, but Marmont, failing to support him as promised, he could not -make good his footing. During the night the allies attacked and routed -Marmont, and on the 10th Ney, after hard fighting, was forced to yield -the ground he had gained. The French lost about 6,000 men; the allies -5,000. - - - La Paz. - -Fought January, 1865, between the partizans of General Belza and those -of Colonel Melgarejo, each of whom had proclaimed himself Provisional -President of Bolivia. Belza’s forces were totally defeated, and himself -slain. - - - La Placilla (Chilian Civil War). - -Fought August 28, 1891, between 10,000 Congressists, under General Del -Canto, and 14,000 Balmacedists, under General Barbosa. The latter were -routed with a loss of 3,363 killed and wounded, including Barbosa, while -thousands laid down their arms on the field. The Congressists, who lost -1,609, at once occupied Valparaiso, and a few days late Balmaceda -committed suicide. - - - La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War). - -Fought May 5, 1862, between the French, 7,500 strong, under General -Lorencez, and about 12,000 Mexicans, under General Zaragoça. The French -endeavoured to carry the ridge of the Cerro de Guadalupe, commanding the -town, but were repulsed by General Negreti, with 1,200 men, losing 456 -killed and wounded, and forced to retire from La Puebla. The Mexicans -lost 215 only. - - - La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War). - -On May 4, 1863, the French army, 25,000 strong, under General Forey, -laid siege to La Puebla, which was held by a Mexican garrison under -General Ortega. Forey’s force was too small for a complete investment, -and he began operations against the Fort of San Xavier. On the 29th this -post was taken by storm, the French losing 230, the defenders 600 men. -From this point the French obtained foothold in the town, and then -proceeded to capture the houses block by block. So determined was the -resistance, however, that their progress was very slow, and by April 7 -they had made next to no advance, though they had lost a further 600 -men. Later in the month an attack on the Convent of Santa Cruz was -repulsed with a loss of 480. On May 8 a relieving force of 10,500 men, -under General Comonfort, was defeated by a small French column under -Bazaine, losing 8 guns and 1,000 prisoners, and from this point further -resistance was useless. Ortega, therefore, after a most gallant defence, -surrendered with 1,455 officers and 11,000 men, May 17, 1863. - - - Larcay (Chilian Revolution). - -Fought December, 1829, between the Federalists, or Government Party, -under General Zastera, and the Pelucones, or Unitarians, under General -Prieto. The Pelucones gained a signal victory, following which they -drove out the Government and abrogated the constitution of 1828. - - - Largs (Norse Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought October 2, 1263, between the Norsemen, under Haco, and the Scots. -The Norse fleet of 160 ships was driven ashore off Largs by a violent -storm, and many of them wrecked, and Haco landed a force to protect the -shipwrecked crews. This force was attacked by the Scots and utterly -routed, and Haco was forced to withdraw, and abandon the project of -invasion. The only name on the Scottish side which has come down to us -as taking part in the battle is that of Sir Pierce Curry. - - - Larissa (Third Macedonia War). - -Fought 171 B.C., between the Romans, 40,000 strong, under P. Licinius -Crassus, and 43,000 Macedonians, under Perseus. The Romans were defeated -with a loss of 2,200 killed and 600 prisoners. - - - Larissus, The (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 209, between the Achæans, under Philopœmen, and the -Ætolians and Eleans. The allies were defeated and cut to pieces, the -Elean general being among the slain. - - - La Rochelle (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought June 22, 1372, when an English fleet, under the Earl of Pembroke, -intended for the relief of La Rochelle, was intercepted by a greatly -superior Spanish fleet, under Don Ambrosio Bercenegra, and after very -hard fighting was entirely destroyed or captured. - - - La Rochelle (Huguenot Rebellion). - -This fortress, the principal Huguenot stronghold in France, was besieged -by the Royal troops, under Richelieu, in 1627. The garrison, under the -mayor, Guiton, made a gallant defence, but the assassination of -Buckingham prevented the arrival of the promised English succours, and -the town surrendered, after holding out for fourteen months. - - - La Rothière (Allied Campaign in France). - -Fought February 1, 1814, between 32,000 French, under Napoleon, and -100,000 Prussians, Russians, and Würtembergers, under Blucher. Napoleon -held a strong position, where he was attacked by Blucher, whom he -succeeded in holding at bay till late in the afternoon, when Blucher -captured the village of La Rothière. Napoleon with the Young Guard -retook the village, and the battle ended with the French in possession -of the field. The French lost 5,000, the allies about 8,000, and -Napoleon was enabled to continue his retirement without molestation. - - - Las Navas de Tolosa (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought July 10, 1212, between a huge army of Moors, said by the -chroniclers to have amounted to 600,000, under Mohammed al Nasin, and -the allied armies of the Kings of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre, and -Portugal. The Moors were utterly routed, very few of their enormous host -escaping from the field. - - - Las Salinas (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought April 20, 1538, between the forces of Francisco Pizarro and those -of Almagro. The latter were totally routed, and Almagro captured and -executed. - - - Laswari (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought November 1, 1803, between the British, 10,000 strong, under -General Lake, and Scindhia’s army, consisting of 9,000 infantry and -5,000 cavalry. Scindhia’s veteran infantry made a most gallant defence, -standing their ground until 7,000 had fallen, when the survivors laid -down their arms. The cavalry also suffered heavily. The British loss -amounted to about 800. Seventy-two guns and a large quantity of -ammunition and stores were captured. - - - Laupen (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought June 21, 1339, between 5,000 Swiss of Berne and the Forest -Cantons, under Rudolf von Erlach, and 15,000 Burgundians, under the -Counts of Kiburg and Nidau. Despite their superior numbers, the -Burgundians were unable to withstand the charge of the Swiss, and were -utterly routed and forced to raise the siege of Laupen. - - - Lautulæ (Second Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 316, between the Samnites, under Pontius, and the Romans, -under Q. Fabius Maximus. The Romans were defeated with great slaughter. - - - Lawfeldt (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought July 3, 1747, between the allied Austrians and British, under the -Duke of Cumberland, and the French, under Marshal Saxe. The village of -Lawfeldt was thrice carried by the French and thrice recaptured, but -about noon the British centre was driven in, and defeat was imminent, -when a cavalry charge, headed by Sir John Ligonier, saved the day, and -enabled the Duke to retire in good order. The allies lost 5,620 killed -and wounded, the French about 10,000. - - - Le Bourget (Franco-German War). - -A determined sortie by the French from Paris, October 27, 1870, in which -they carried the village of Le Bourget. They held their ground there -until October 30, when they were driven out by the Prussian Guard Corps, -leaving 1,200 prisoners in the hands of the Germans, who lost 34 -officers and 344 men. - - - Leck, The (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 5, 1632, between 26,000 Swedes and German Protestants, -under Gustavus Adolphus, and 20,000 Imperialists, under Count Tilly. -Gustavus had prepared a bridge to cross the river, and immediately after -daybreak his engineers commenced to fix it, the Swedish artillery -meanwhile keeping the Imperialists in check. In the artillery duel Tilly -was mortally wounded, and his troops retired, leaving the Swedes to -effect the passage unmolested. - - - L’Ecluse (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought 1340, when the English fleet surprised the French in a narrow -channel, and totally routed them, with a loss of 90 ships and 30,000 -men. - - - Leghorn. - -Fought off Leghorn March 31, 1653, when six English ships, under -Commodore Appleton, were destroyed by a Dutch fleet of 16 sail, under -Admiral Van Gelen. Only a sloop escaped the destruction. Van Gelen was -mortally wounded during the action. - - - Legnano (Wars of the Lombard League). - -Fought May 29, 1176, between the Lombard League, aided by Venice and the -Pope, and the Imperialists, under Frederick Barbarossa. Frederick was -utterly routed, and fled from Italy in disguise. - - - Leipsic (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought September 7, 1631, between 20,000 Swedes and an equal force of -Saxons, under Gustavus Adolphus and John George, Elector of Saxony, and -44,000 Imperialists, under Tilly. The Imperialist right totally routed -the Saxons, who fled from the field, headed by the Elector. Meanwhile, -the Swedes had completely defeated the left of the Imperialists, under -Pappenheim, and repulsed the centre under Tilly, and on the return of -the right from pursuing the Saxons, they were attacked by the Swedish -left, and driven from the field, only four regiments holding their -ground in a wood until nightfall. The Imperialists lost 8,000 killed and -wounded and 5,000 prisoners; the allies 2,700, of whom only 700 were -Swedes. Gustavus captured the whole of Tilly’s artillery, and his -victory was the salvation of the Protestant cause, which was trembling -in the balance. - - - Leipsic (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought October 16, 17, and 18, 1813, between the French, under Napoleon, -and the forces of the Great Coalition. Napoleon, who held Leipsic with -155,000 men, was faced by 160,000 Austrians and Russians, under the -Prince of Schwartzemberg, and 60,000 Prussians, under Blucher. On the -16th Schwartzemberg attacked, being faced by Napoleon with 115,000 men, -and, after an obstinate engagement, which lasted till nightfall, the -French had gained a little ground. At the same time Blucher attacked -Marmont, who, with 24,000 men, held his own throughout the day. The -French lost 27,000; the allies about 35,000. Both sides receiving -reinforcements during the night, Napoleon on the morning of the 17th was -at the head of 150,000 troops, while the allies numbered nearly 300,000, -including the Swedes under Bernadotte. Little was done on the 17th, but -on the 18th Napoleon moved out to drive back the allies, and leave a -road of retreat open. He was repulsed at all points, and driven back -into Leipsic, whence during the night of the 18th to 19th, the French -retired by the only serviceable bridge. The corps under Poniatowski left -to cover the retreat was almost annihilated, and Poniatowski killed. The -French lost in the three days over 60,000 men, while the losses of the -allies were also enormous. - - - Leitskau (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 27, 1813, between 5,000 French, under General Girard, and -a Prussian division, under General Hirschberg, aided by some Cossacks, -under Czernitcheff. Girard was defeated, losing heavily in killed and -wounded, besides 1,500 prisoners and 6 guns. - - - Le Mans (Franco-German War). - -Fought January 10, 11, and 12, between the Germans, 50,000 strong, under -Prince Frederick Charles, and the French, numbering about 150,000, under -General Chanzy. The French army was completely routed, and the whole -force so completely demoralised as to be no longer an effective fighting -unit. The Germans took 20,000 prisoners, 17 guns, and great quantities -of war material, at a cost to themselves of 200 officers and 3,200 men. - - - Lens (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 20, 1648, between the French, 14,000 strong, under Condé, -and the Austrians, in somewhat superior force, under the Archduke -Leopold. Condé feigned a retreat, to draw the enemy from their lines, -and then turning upon them, decisively defeated them, with a loss of -4,000 killed, 6,000 prisoners, and all their baggage and artillery. - - - Leontini. - -This city, the stronghold of the National party in Sicily, held by a -garrison of Syracusans and Roman deserters, was stormed and sacked, B.C. -211, by three Roman legions under M. Marcellus. Two thousand Roman -deserters captured in the place were put to the sword. Hippocrates -succeeded in escaping. - - - Lepanto (Cyprus War). - -Fought October 17, 1571, between a fleet of 250 Spanish and Venetian -ships, under Don John of Austria, and a Turkish fleet of 270 sail, under -Piale, the Capitan Pasha. The Turkish left wing, under the Dey of -Algiers, met with some success, but the centre and right were almost -destroyed, the Turks losing 200 vessels, and, it is said, 30,000 men. -Piale was killed. The Dey of Algiers succeeded in extricating the -majority of his ships. The allies lost between 4,000 and 5,000 men, -including 15 Venetian captains. - - - Lerida (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought September, 1642, between the Spaniards, under Leganez, and the -French, under Lamothe-Houdancourt. The Spanish army was defeated, and -this victory, in conjunction with the fall of Perpignan, gave the French -possession of Roussillon. - - - Lerida (Thirty Years’ War). - -This city, held by a garrison of 4,000 Spaniards, under Don Jorge Britt, -was besieged by the French, under the Great Condé, May 12, 1647. The -defence was vigorous, the garrison making constant sorties, and about -the middle of June the appearance of a large Spanish army at Fraga -forced Condé either to deliver an assault or to raise the siege. He -chose the second alternative and withdrew his troops June 17. - - - Lesno (Russo-Swedish War). - -A series of actions, fought 1709 between 40,000 Russians, under Peter -the Great, and 15,000 Swedes, under General Levenhaupt, who was -escorting a convoy of 8,000 waggons to the army of Charles XII. The -battle lasted over five days, at the end of which time the remnant of -the Swedes, though defeated, were permitted to retire in good order, but -without their convoy. The Swedes lost in this series of actions -two-thirds of their numbers. The Russians lost 10,000 men. - - - Leucopetra (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought 146 B.C., between a Roman Consular Army, under Lucius Mummius, -and the forces of the Achæan League, under Diacus. The Greeks, who were -only half as strong as their opponents, were routed, and all resistance -came to an end, the Greek cities, one after another, opening their gates -to the Romans. - - - Leuctra (Bœotian War). - -Fought July, 371 B.C., between 11,000 Spartans, under Cleombrotus, and -6,000 Thebans, under Epaminondas. The principal fighting took place on -the Theban left, where Epaminondas had massed his best troops, and after -a fierce encounter the Spartans were driven back, leaving 1,000 dead, -including Cleombrotus, on the field. As a result of this defeat, the -Spartans evacuated Bœotia. - - - Leuthen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought December 5, 1757, between 33,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 90,000 Austrians, under Prince Charles of Lorraine and Count -Daun. Frederick made a feigned attack on the Austrian right wing, and -then under cover of the ground withdrew the major part of his force, and -strongly attacked the Austrian left, which was driven back and finally -overthrown by a charge of cavalry. The Austrians lost 7,000 killed and -wounded, 20,000 prisoners, including three generals, and 134 guns. The -Prussians lost 5,000 killed and wounded. In consequence of this victory, -Breslau surrendered to Frederick, with over 18,000 troops, on December -10. - - - Lewes (Barons’ War). - -Fought May 14, 1264, between the Barons, under Simon de Montfort, and -the Royalists, under Henry III and Prince Edward. The king was -completely defeated, and the two parties signed an agreement, known as -the Mise of Lewes, to submit the points in dispute to arbitration. - - - Lexington (American War of Independence). - -Fought April 19, 1775, between the Royal troops, under General Gage, and -the Americans. After a brief engagement the Americans were defeated, and -retired. The losses on both sides were very small. - - - Lexington (American Civil War). - -This place was invested September 18, 1861, by the Confederates, 8,000 -strong, under General Price, who having cut off their supplies, forced -the garrison of 3,500, under Colonel Mulligan, to surrender, September -20. The Confederates lost 100 men only. - - - Leyden (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city was invested May 26, 1574, by 8,000 Walloons and Germans under -Valdez, who in the course of a few days had erected 62 batteries round -the place. There was no garrison, with the exception of a few -“freebooters” and a burgher guard, under Jan van der Does. The Prince of -Orange, in order to save the city, determined to open the dykes, and on -August 3 the gates at Schiedam and Rotterdam were opened, and the dykes -broken along the course of the Yssel. Meanwhile the citizens had come to -an end of their bread, but by strenuous efforts the fleet under Admiral -Boisot succeeded in throwing relief into the city at the beginning of -October. By this time the city was on the verge of starvation, and 8,000 -of the inhabitants had perished of pestilence. The Spaniards, however, -had been driven from work after work, and on October 3 the last of their -redoubts was mastered, and Valdez was forced to raise the siege. - - - Lignitz (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 15, 1760. Frederick the Great with 30,000 Prussians was -posted near Lignitz, and expecting to be attacked by the Austrians, -90,000 strong, under Count Daun, commenced a retreat towards Parchwitz, -and took up a position which, according to Daun’s plan was to have been -occupied by Landon’s corps. Landon, quite unconscious of the presence of -the Prussians, marched into the middle of Frederick’s lines, and was -utterly routed, with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, 6,000 prisoners -and 82 guns. - - - Ligny (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 16, 1815, between 84,000 Prussians under Blucher and 60,000 -French under Napoleon. The French attacked Blucher’s position, and met -with a stout resistance, especially at the village of Ligny, but by -sundown the Prussians had exhausted their last resources, and Napoleon, -bringing up the Guard, and a division of heavy cavalry, drove them from -their positions, with a loss of about 12,000. The French lost 8,000 -killed and wounded. - - - Lille (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This city was besieged August 12, 1708, by the Imperialists, under -Prince Eugene, and was defended by a French garrison, under M. de -Bouflers, which after repulsing several determined assaults, surrendered -October 25. The besiegers lost in the course of the siege 3,632. The -French lost about 7,000. - - - Lilybæum (First Punic War). - -This fortress was besieged B.C. 250, by the Romans, under C. Attilius -and L. Manlius, and was defended by a Carthaginian garrison, 10,000 -strong, under Himilcon. The Romans invested the place both by sea and -land, but the superior seamanship of the Carthaginians enabled them from -time to time to throw succour into the place. The first line of the -defences was soon carried but the Romans were then confronted with a -second rampart, equally strong, and the siege was begun anew. In 249 P. -Claudiûs took over the command, but a defeat of the Roman fleet at -Drepanum gave the Carthaginians complete command of the sea, and though -the Romans continued to blockade the fortress on the land side, it held -out till 241. After the naval battle of Ægusæ Carthage sued for peace. - - - Lincoln, Fair of. - -Fought in the streets of Lincoln, 1217, between the Royal troops, under -the Earl of Pembroke, and the adherents of the Dauphin Louis, under the -Comte de la Perche. The Royalists were victorious, and the French leader -was killed. - - - Lindley (Second Boer War). - -At this place a force of 500 yeomanry, under Colonel Spragge, after -holding out for four days against a largely superior Boer force, -surrendered May 27, 1900. - - - Linkoping. - -Fought 1598, between the Poles, under Sigismund III, King of Poland and -Sweden, and the Swedes, under Charles the Regent. The Poles were -surprised and totally defeated, with a loss of 20,000 men, the Swedes -losing, it is said, only 240. This victory was shortly followed by the -dethronement of Sigismund and the accession of Charles as King of -Sweden. - - - Liparæan Islands (First Punic War). - -The scene of a naval battle, B.C. 257, in which the Roman fleet, under -the Consul, C. Attilius, completely defeated the Carthaginians. - - - Lippe (Germanic Wars). - -Fought B.C. 11 between the Romans, under Drusus, and the Sicambri, Suevi -and Cherusii. The Romans were largely outnumbered and surrounded, and so -certain were the Germans of victory, that they had already apportioned -the spoil among the various tribes. Drusus, however, attacked the -barbarians vigorously, and totally routed them with very heavy loss. - - - Lissa (Seven Weeks’ War). - -The only naval action between ironclads in European waters, fought July -20, 1866, between the Austrian fleet of 7 armoured ships and some -obsolete wooden vessels, under Admiral Tegethoff, and the Italian fleet -of 10 armour-clads, under Admiral Persano. Tegethoff attacked in wedge -formation, with his flagship as the apex, and broke the line of the -Italian fleet, which was steaming, line ahead, across his bows. He -rammed and sank the Italian flagship, and the rest of the action was a -melée in which the Italians were defeated and driven off, with a loss of -3 ships and over 1,000 men. This defeat forced the Italians to raise the -siege of Lissa. - - - Little Big Horn (Sioux Rising). - -On June 25, 1876, General Custer, with the 7th United States Cavalry, -700 strong, attacked the village of the Sioux chief, Sitting Bull. He -divided his force into three columns, one of which, led by himself, -marched into an ambush, and was massacred to a man. The other two -columns were vigourously attacked by the Sioux, and forced to retire. -The cavalry lost on this occasion 265 killed. - - - Lodi, Bridge of (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought May 10, 1796, during Napoleon’s pursuit of the retiring -Austro-Sardinian army, under Beaulieu. The bridge over the Adda was -defended by the Austrian rear-guard, with some 20 guns, commanding -passage. Napoleon sent a force of cavalry round by a ford to take the -defenders in rear, and then rushed the bridge, the stormers being led by -Berthier and Masséna, while Napoleon himself was in the thick of the -fighting. The French loss is said not to have exceeded 400, while the -Austrians lost in the action and subsequent pursuit, 2,000 killed and -wounded, 1,000 prisoners, and 20 guns. - - - Loftcha (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought September 3, 1877, between 20,000 Russians, under Prince -Imeretinsky, and 15,000 Turks, under Adil Pasha. The actual attack on -the Turkish positions was made by Skobeleff, at first with 5,000, and -afterwards with 9,000 men, and the Turks were driven out of Loftcha with -a loss of 5,200 killed. The Russians lost 1,500 killed and wounded. - - - Loigny-Pouprey (Franco-German War). - -Fought December 1, 1870, between the Germans, 34,000 strong, under the -Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, and about 90,000 French, forming the army of -the Loire, under General d’Aurelle de Paladines. The Germans gained a -signal victory, completely breaking the aggressive power of the Army of -the Loire. The French lost 18,000 killed and wounded and 9 guns, the -Germans 4,200. - - - Loja (War of Granada). - -Fought July 4, 1482, between the Spaniards, under Ferdinand the -Catholic, and the Moors, under Ali Atar. The King, who was besieging -Loja, was encamped on the heights of Almohacen, but finding the position -insecure, decided upon a retreat. As he was retiring he was vigorously -attacked by the garrison, and though, after very heavy fighting, he -succeeded in withdrawing in good order, he lost most of his baggage and -artillery. - - - Lonato. - -_See_ Castiglione. - - - Londonderry (War of the Revolution). - -This town in which the Ulster Protestants, to the number of about -30,000, had taken refuge, was besieged by James II, April 19, 1689. It -was defended by about 7,000 armed citizens, under Major Henry Baker, and -held out until July 30, when Colonel Kirke succeeded in forcing the boom -at the head of Lough Foyle and reprovisioning the town. The besiegers -then withdrew, having lost 5,000 men during the siege. The garrison was -reduced to 4,000. Among those who died during the siege was Major Baker. - - - Loose Coat Field. - -_See_ Empingham. - - - Loudon Hill (Scottish Wars). - -Fought 1306, between the Scots, under Robert Bruce, and the English, -under the Regent Pembroke. Bruce met the attack of the English cavalry -with a line of spearmen, which they were unable to break, and they were -driven off with heavy loss. Pembroke thereupon withdrew his army and -returned to England. - - - Louisburg (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This place, the strongest fortress in America, was captured June 16, -1745, by a force of New Englanders, under Pepperel, aided by a naval -force under Commodore Warren. - - - Louisburg (Seven Years’ War). - -Louisburg, having been restored to the French, was invested June 3, -1758, by a force of 11,600 British troops, under General Amherst, and a -fleet of 41 ships of war, under Admiral Boscawen. It was defended by -3,800 French regulars, besides Indians and armed citizens, under the -Chevalier de Drucour, while in the harbour were 12 ships of war, with -crews numbering 3,000 men. Owing to heavy weather no siege guns were -landed till the 18th, but by July 20 a practicable breach had been -effected, whereupon the garrison surrendered. During the siege the -defenders lost 1,200 men killed or died of disease, while the prisoners -numbered 5,637, and 239 guns and mortars were taken. Wolfe, who -commanded a brigade, specially distinguished himself. - - - Löwenberg (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought August 21, 1813, between 130,000 French, under Napoleon, and -80,000 Prussians, under Blucher. Blucher being vigorously attacked, -retired behind the Haynau without offering any serious resistance to the -French advance. The Prussians lost 2,000 killed and wounded. - - - Lowositz (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought October 1, 1756, between 24,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and a somewhat superior force of Austrians, under Marshal Brown. -Brown was marching to relieve the Saxons penned up in Pirna, when he was -attacked by the Prussians, who, after hard fighting, forced him to -retire. Each side lost about 3,000, but the victory was of great -importance to Frederick, as it led to the surrender at Pirna of 17,000 -Saxons and 80 guns. - - - Lucena (War of Granada). - -Fought April, 1483, when the Moors, under Abdullah and Ali Atar, who -were besieging Lucena, were attacked by a Spanish relieving force under -the Comte de Cabra. The Moorish infantry fled, and Ali Atar, heading a -charge of cavalry in a gallant attempt to retrieve the day, was slain, -whereupon his following broke and fled, pursued by the Christians to the -banks of the Xenil, where the majority were cut to pieces. - - - Lucknow (Indian Mutiny). - -On the approach of the rebel Sepoy army, July 1, 1857, the garrison and -residents took refuge in the Residency, which had been prepared to stand -a siege. On September 19, 1857, a force of 3,179 British troops, under -Havelock and Outram, left Cawnpore to relieve the garrison. On the 23rd -they encountered and defeated a force of 12,000 rebels at the Alumbagh, -capturing 5 guns. On the 25th they forced the Charbagh bridge, and -captured the Secunderbagh, and the main body, after prolonged street -fighting, reached the Residency, the rearguard with the wounded getting -in on the 26th. The loss during the operations amounted to 535, while -the garrison up to this time had lost 483 killed and wounded. Outram now -took command and the garrison held out until November 19, when it was -relieved, after very heavy fighting, by a column under Sir -Colin-Campbell, and the whole force withdrawn. On March 1, 1858, the -recovery of the city from the rebels commenced by the capture of the -Alumbagh, and was completed on the 21st, when the mutineers were finally -driven from the place. During the interval the various fortresses and -palaces held by the rebels were successively carried by assault, the -fighting in many cases being exceedingly severe. - - - Lugdunum. - -_See_ Lyons. - - - Luncarty (Danish Invasions of Scotland). - -Fought 980, between the Scots, under Kenneth III, and the Danish -corsairs, who had landed on the Tay to attack Dunkeld. After a furious -hand-to-hand fight the Danes were defeated and driven to their ships. - - - Lunden (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the Swedes, under Charles XI, and the Danes, under -Christian V. Both sides claimed the victory, but the advantage rested -with the Swedes, for Christian had to fall back upon Copenhagen, while -Charles forced the Danes to raise the siege of Malmoe. - - - Lundy’s Lane (Second American War). - -Fought July 25, 1814, between 5,000 Americans, under General Jacob -Brown, and 3,000 British, under Sir George Drummond. Drummond occupied -high ground on each side of Lundy’s Lane, where he was attacked by the -Americans. The fighting lasted till far into the night, when a final -assault was repulsed, and the Americans retired to Chippewa with a loss -of 858. The British lost 878. - - - Lutter (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 27, 1626, between the Imperialists, under Tilly, and the -Danes and Germans, under Christian IV of Denmark. The allies were -retreating before Tilly, who came up with them in an open plain near the -Castle of Lutter, where the King had taken up a strong position. Tilly -attacked, and notwithstanding Christian’s personal gallantry, his -infantry was overwhelmed, while the German cavalry refused to take any -part in the fight. The Danes left 4,000 dead on the field, and Tilly -captured 2,000 prisoners, 22 guns and 60 standards. The King with -difficulty cut his way through the enemy’s horse, and escaped. - - - Lützen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November 16, 1632, between 20,000 Swedes, under Gustavus -Adolphus, and 30,000 Imperialists, under Wallenstein. The Swedes -attacked with success on their right, but their left was driven back by -Pappenheim, and Gustavus, hurrying off to rally them fell mortally -wounded. The fall of their king, however, did not dishearten the Swedes, -and a fresh charge, in which Pappenheim was killed, gave them a complete -victory. A dense fog, however, came on, which enabled Wallenstein to -effect an orderly retreat, though he left all his guns on the field. - - - Lützen (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought May 2, 1813, between the French, 70,000 strong, under Napoleon, -and the Russians and Prussians, 65,000 strong, under Wittgenstein and -Blucher. The King of Prussia and the Russian Emperor were present on the -field. Napoleon held five villages in front of Lützen, round which the -battle centred. They were taken and re-taken several times during the -day, but at 8 p.m., in spite of the remonstrances of Blucher, the two -sovereigns ordered a retreat, and the honours of the day rested with the -French. The allies lost about 20,000; the French about 18,000. - - - Luzzara (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 15, 1702, between the French, 35,000 strong, under the Duc -d’Anjou, and 25,000 Imperialists, under Prince Eugene. The Prince -attacked the French in their entrenchments in front of Luzzara, and -after a stubborn resistance, drove them out with a loss of about 4,000 -men. The Imperialists lost 27,000 killed and wounded. - - - Lynn Haven Bay. - -Fought September 5, 1781, between a British fleet of 19 ships of the -line and 7 frigates, under Admiral Thomas Graves, and a French fleet of -25 line of battle ships. Admiral Graves attacked the French as they were -lying in Lynn Haven Bay, but was unsuccessful, and drew off after two -hours’ hard fighting, with a loss of 79 killed and 230 wounded. The -French lost 22 officers and 200 men killed and wounded. - - - Lyons. - -Fought 197 between the legions of Britain, under Clodius Albinus, and -the legions of Pannonia, under Severus, both generals having been -proclaimed Emperor by their respective troops on the death of Pertinax. -Albinus was defeated and slain. - - - - - M - - - Macalo (Italian Wars). - -Fought October 11, 1427, when the Venetians, under Carmagnola, in a -strong position near Macalo, were attacked by the Milanese, under -Malatesta. The Venetians repulsed the attack, and assuming the -offensive, surrounded Malatesta, and compelled him to surrender with his -whole force, numbering about 10,000 men. - - - Madonna dell’ Oleno (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought September 30, 1744, between the French and Spaniards, under -Prince Louis de Conti and Don Philip of Spain, and the Imperialists, -under the King of Sardinia. With a view of relieving Cuneo, which the -allies were besieging, the King attacked their lines, and though he was -defeated in the battle, he gained his object, for Conti was compelled by -lack of supplies to raise the siege, October 22, having suffered heavy -losses from famine, flood and battle. - - - Madras. - -This city was invested by the French under Labourdonnais, with 9 ships -and about 3,700 troops, mostly Europeans, September 14, 1746. It was -defended by a garrison of 200, and after a week’s bombardment, -surrendered September 25. The garrison lost 5 men only; the French not a -single man. - - - Madras (Seven Years’ War). - -On December 16, 1758, Madras was invested by Lally-Tollendal with 2,000 -European and 4,000 native troops. The garrison consisted of 4,000 men, -more than half of whom were Sepoys, under Colonel Laurence, After a -bombardment lasting from January 2, 1759, to February 16, -Lally-Tollendal was on the point of ordering an assault, when the -arrival of the British fleet caused him to raise the siege and retire. -The garrison lost during the siege 1,341 killed and wounded. The French -losses amounted to 700 Europeans, besides Sepoys. - - - Madeira (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was occupied without bloodshed by a combined naval and -military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and General Bowyer, -December 26, 1807. - - - Maestricht (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This city, the German Gate of the Netherlands, was besieged by the -Spaniards, under Prince Alexander of Parma, March 12, 1579. It was held -by a garrison of 1,000 troops and 1,200 armed burghers, under Melchior, -while the besiegers numbered 20,000. Two unsuccessful assaults were made -April 8, which cost the Spaniards 670 officers and 4,000 men, but -finally the place was taken by surprise, and a massacre followed, in -which 6,000 of the inhabitants perished. - - - Mafeking (Second Boer War). - -This small township, entirely destitute of regular defences, was -invested October, 1899, by a force of 5,000 Boers, under General Cronje, -and defended by a garrison of about 700 irregulars and armed townsmen, -under Colonel Baden-Powell. Later in the siege Cronje withdrew a large -part of his force, leaving about 2,000 under Snyman to prosecute the -siege. Though the bombardment was continuous, only one resolute attempt -was made to penetrate the defences; when on May 12, 1900, 300 Boers, -under Sarel Eloff, succeeded in getting within the lines, but were -surrounded and forced to surrender. On May 17, the place was relieved by -a cavalry column under Colonel Mahon. The garrison lost 273, the Boers -about 1,000, in the course of the siege. - - - Magdeburg (Thirty Years’ War). - -This city, held by a small Swedish garrison, under Falkenberg, was -besieged by the Imperialists, under Tilly, March, 1631. After a -desultory bombardment, Tilly was forced by the approach of Gustavus -Adolphus either to raise the siege or to attempt a storm. Choosing the -latter course, an assault was delivered, under Pappenberg, and after two -hours’ severe fighting, in the course of which Falkenberg fell, the -garrison was overpowered. The victory was sullied by an infamous -massacre of the unarmed inhabitants, thousands of whom perished at the -hands of the Croats and Walloons. - - - Magenta (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 4, 1859, between the 2nd French Corps d’Armée, under -Macmahon, and the main Austrian army, under Marshal Giulay, about -100,000 strong. Macmahon attacked the Austrian position, and, after hard -fighting, drove them out of Magenta, and totally defeated them with a -loss of about 6,000 killed and wounded. The French lost 4,400. - - - Magersfontein (Second Boer War). - -Fought December 11, 1899, between 9,000 Boers, under General Cronje, and -Lord Methuen’s division, with the addition of the Highland Brigade. -Cronje’s position was exceedingly strong, and an attempt to turn it by a -flank march undertaken at night led to a disaster to the Highland -brigade, who came under a heavy fire before they were extended, and lost -57 officers and over 700 men, including their brigadier, General -Wauchope. Eventually the attacking force was withdrawn, without having -made any impression on the Boer position. The total British losses were -68 officers and 1,011 men. The Boers admitted a loss of 320, but it was -probably considerably heavier. - - - Magnesia (War with Antiochus the Great). - -Fought B.C. 190, between Antiochus the Great, with 80,000 troops, and -the Romans, 40,000 strong, under Cnæus Domitius. Antiochus, leading the -right wing, drove back the Roman left and penetrated to their camp, -which he nearly succeeded in capturing. His left wing, however, was -routed, and his elephants becoming unmanageable, broke the ranks of the -phalanx, whereupon his whole army fled in confusion, with a loss, it is -said, of 50,000 killed. The Romans lost 300 only. - - - Maharajpur (Gwalior War). - -Fought December 29, 1843, between the British, 14,000 strong, with 40 -guns, under Sir Hugh Gough, and the troops of Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, -18,000 strong, with 100 guns. The Mahrattas occupied a strong position -at Maharajpur, the exact locality of their lines being unknown to Sir -Hugh, until his troops came under fire. The British at once charged and -carried the batteries, and finally routed the Gwalior infantry at a cost -of 787 killed and wounded. The Mahrattas lost 3,000 killed and wounded, -and 56 guns. - - - Maharajpur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 16, 1857, between 5,000 rebels, under the Nana Sahib, and -the British relieving force, under Havelock. The Nana was entrenched -across the Grand Trunk Road, and his position being too strong for a -frontal attack, Havelock turned his left flank. After severe fighting -the rebels were defeated, though Havelock was left with only 800 -Europeans available for further service. On the following day Cawnpore -was re-occupied. - - - Mahidpur (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought December 21, 1817, between the British, under Sir Thomas Hislop, -and the army of Holkar of Indore. The Mahrattas, with 70 guns, were -strongly posted behind the Sipra, which Sir Thomas crossed in the face -of a heavy fire, and completely defeated them. The British lost 778 -killed and wounded, the Mahrattas about 3,000. - - - Maida (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought July 4, 1806, between the British expeditionary force in -Calabria, 5,000 strong, under Sir John Stuart, and the French, in equal -strength, under General Reynier. The British charged with the bayonet, -and the French, though veterans, failing to withstand the onslaught, -broke and fled, losing very heavily in the pursuit. - - - Maidan (First Afghan War). - -Fought September 14, 1842, between the British, under General Nott, and -12,000 Afghans, under Shems-ud-din, who occupied the heights commanding -the road to Kabul. Nott attacked and carried the Afghan position, the -Afghans being driven off with heavy loss. - - - Maiwand (Second Afghan War). - -Fought July 27, 1880, between a small British force, with 6 guns, under -General Burrows, and the Afghan army, under Ayub Khan. A Bombay native -regiment was broken by a Ghazi rush, and although the 66th Regiment -fought magnificently, the British were routed, with a loss of 32 -officers and 939 men killed, and 17 officers and 151 men wounded. The -survivors escaped with difficulty to Kandahar. - - - Main, The (Germanic War). - -Fought B.C. 9, when the Romans, under Drusus, attacked and totally -routed the Marcomanni, driving them to the eastward and occupying their -territory. - - - Majorca (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was captured from the Spaniards in 1706, by a small British -force under Sir John Leake. - - - Majuba (First Boer War). - -Fought February 27, 1881, when a British column, 647 strong, under Sir -George Colley, posted on the summit of Majuba Hill, was attacked and -driven off by the Boers under General Joubert. A strong party of young -Boers stormed the hill while the fire of the defenders was kept down by -a picked body of marksmen, and the British were driven from their -position with heavy loss, especially during the retirement down the -hillside. The casualties amounted to 223 killed and wounded, Sir George -Colley being killed, and 50 prisoners. The Boer losses were very small. -After this disaster an armistice was agreed to, and peace soon -afterwards concluded. - - - Malacca. - -This city, which was defended by 30,000 Malays, under the Sultan -Mohammed, was captured by Albuquerque, with 19 ships and 1,400 -Portuguese regulars, after a very feeble defence, in 1513. - - - Malaga (War of Granada). - -This city, defended by a Moorish garrison, under Hamet Zeli, was -besieged by the Spaniards, 60,000 strong, under Ferdinand the Catholic, -April 17, 1487. After an obstinate resistance, lasting for four months, -the garrison was forced to surrender, and Ferdinand and Isabella entered -the city August 18th. The inhabitants were sold into slavery. - - - Malaga (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 13, 1704, between the combined British and Dutch fleets, -consisting of 45 sail of the line, under Sir George Rooke, and the -French fleet of 53 line-of-battle-ships, under the Comte de Thoulouse. -The French admiral was endeavouring to effect a junction with the -Spanish fleet, which was engaged in the siege of Gibraltar, and was -brought to action by Sir George Rooke off Malaga. The fighting was -severe, and though no ships were lost on either side, the British gained -an important strategic victory as the junction of the two hostile fleets -was prevented. The British lost 6 officers and 687 men killed, and 18 -officers and 1,645 wounded. The French lost 191 officers and 3,048 men -killed and wounded. - - - Malakand Pass (Chitral Campaign). - -Fought April 3, 1895, when the British expedition, under General Low, -15,000 strong, forced the pass, which was held by about 12,000 -tribesmen, with a loss of 8 officers and 61 men killed and wounded. The -Chitralis lost about 500. - - - Malakoff (Crimean War). - -This fort, forming an important part of the southern defences of -Sebastopol, was stormed by 30,000 French, under General Pelissier, -September 8, 1855. The Russians being taken by surprise, made but a -feeble resistance. - - - Malavilly (Third Mysore War). - -Fought March 20, 1799, when the camp of the British force, under Lord -Harris, marching on Seringapatam, was attacked in force by Tippu Sahib. -The enemy was thrown into confusion by a charge of cavalry, under -General Floyd, and retired with a loss of about 1,000. The British -losses were trifling. - - - Maldon (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 991, between the Anglo-Saxons, under Brihtnoth, and the Danes, -under Olaf Triggvason and Guthmund. The Anglo-Saxons were completely -defeated and Brihtnoth slain. - - - Malegnano (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 8, 1859, between three French divisions, under Marshal -Baraguay d’Hilliers, and the Austrians, in about equal force. After -three hours’ hard fighting, the Austrians were defeated and driven out -of Malegnano, with heavy loss, including 1,000 prisoners. The French -lost 850 killed and wounded. - - - Mahnate. - -_See_ Varese. - - - Malo-Jaroslawetz (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought October 24, 1812, between 24,000 Russians, under General -Doctoroff, and a portion of Eugène Beauharnais’ corps, 15,000 strong, -under General Delzons. After a sanguinary engagement, in which -Malo-Jaroslawetz was taken and retaken seven times, the action ended in -a drawn battle, but the strategical success lay with the Russians, who -obliged Napoleon to abandon the southerly line of retreat he had -projected. The French lost 5,000, including General Delzons killed, the -Russians about 6,000. - - - Malplaquet (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought September 11, 1709, between the British and Imperialists, under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the French, under Marshal Villars. -Villars offered battle with the object of relieving Mons, which the -allies were besieging, but while they were waiting for reinforcement -from Tournay, he was enabled to entrench himself strongly on the ground -he had chosen. After desperate fighting, however, the French position -was carried from end to end, and they were driven out with a loss of -17,000 killed and wounded. The allies lost, according to most accounts, -about 8,000, though some contemporaries assert that their losses were -even heavier than those of the French. - - - Malta (Ottoman Wars). - -This place was besieged May 19, 1565, by 30,000 Turks, under Mustapha -Pasha, aided by a fleet of 185 sail, under Piale, the Capitan Pasha. It -was defended by the Knights of Malta, under their Grand-Master -Lavalette, and though St. Elmo was taken, Valetta held out against -numerous assaults until September 11, when Mustapha raised the siege. -The garrison lost 5,000 men, the Turks 20,000. - - - Malta (Wars of the French Revolution). - -The town of Valetta and the island of Malta were captured from the -French September 5, 1800, by a combined British naval and military -force, under Captain George Martin, R.N., and Major-General Pigott. Two -line-of-battle-ships and three frigates were seized in the harbour. - - - Malvern Hill. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battles. - - - Mandonia. - -Fought B.C. 338, between the Italian Greeks, under Archidamus, King of -Sparta, and the Lucanians. The Greeks were defeated, and Archidamus -slain. - - - Mangalore (First Mysore War). - -This place was besieged June 20, 1783, by Tippu Sahib with his whole -army, and was defended by a small British garrison, under Colonel -Campbell. On the conclusion of peace between France and England, the -French officer assisting Tippu withdrew, and on August 2 an armistice -was arranged, during which the garrison was to receive regular supplies. -This article was evaded, and the defenders half starved, and after some -delay Tippu renewed the siege. No attempt, however, was made to relieve -the place, and after a gallant defence, Campbell surrendered January 26, -1763. - - - Manilla (American-Spanish War). - -Fought May 1, 1898, between the American squadron of 6 ships, under -Admiral Dewey, and 11 Spanish vessels, chiefly small, and unarmoured. -The Spanish fleet was totally destroyed, the Americans suffering no -loss. - - - Mansfield (American Civil War). - -Fought April 8, 1864, between 20,000 Federals, under General Banks, and -about 8,000 Confederates, under General Taylor. Banks, while marching -through a difficult country, was attacked by Taylor, and utterly routed, -at a cost to the assailants of less than a thousand men. Besides heavy -losses in killed and wounded, the Federals lost 3,500 prisoners, 22 -guns, and 220 waggons of stores and ammunition. - - - Mantineia (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 418, between 10,000 Spartans and Tegeans, under Agis, and an -equal force of Athenians, under Laches and Nicostratus. The Spartan left -was completely routed, but the Athenian centre and left failed to -withstand the Spartan attack, and but for the defeat of Agis’ left wing, -would have been surrounded and captured. In the end the Spartans gained -a signal victory. Laches and Nicostratus both fell in the action. - - - Mantineia (Bœotian War). - -Fought B.C. 362, between the Bœotians, under Epaminondas, and the -combined forces of Athens, Sparta, and Mantineia. Epaminondas attacked -strongly with his left, holding back his right in reserve, and after the -driving back of the Mantineians, routed the Spartans in the centre. The -Athenians were hardly engaged, but the Bœotian victory was complete. -In the pursuit Epaminondas, fell and the loss of the great leader so -disheartened the Bœotians that they did not further press their -victory. - - - Mantineia (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 208, between the Achæans, under Philopœmen, and the -Spartans, under Machanidas. The Achæans drove the Spartans into a ravine -in great disorder, and routed them with a loss of 4,000 killed, amongst -whom was Machanidas. - - - Mantua (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -This city was invested by Napoleon June 4, 1796, and was defended by -14,000 Austrians, under General Canto d’Irles. The siege was vigorously -prosecuted, but the approach of Wurmser with a large Austrian army -forced Napoleon to concentrate his forces, and he raised the siege July -31. After a brief campaign, which resulted in the dispersal of Wurmser’s -army, that general, with the remnant of his forces, was shut up in the -city, which was again closely invested September 19. Wurmser held out -till his provisions were exhausted, when, on February 2, 1797, he -surrendered, with 20,000 men, of whom only 10,000 were fit for service. -It is computed that 27,000 perished during the siege. - - - Maogamalcha (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, defended by a Persian garrison, and considered -impregnable, was besieged by the Romans under the Emperor Julian in 363. -A mine was carried from the trenches under the ramparts, and three -cohorts broke through into the streets, whereupon the garrison deserted -the ramparts and the besiegers entered. The place was sacked, and -afterwards razed to the ground. - - - Marathon (Second Persian Invasion). - -Fought September 490 B.C., between the Athenians and Platæans, 10,000 -and 1,000 strong respectively, under Miltiades, and the army of Darius -Hystaspes, about 100,000 in number, under Datis. Being greatly -outnumbered, Miltiades altered the usual arrangement of the Greek line, -so as to extend his wings across the whole width of the valley in which -the battle was fought, and thus escape being outflanked. To effect this -he was forced to weaken his centre, which was repulsed, but both his -wings drove back the invaders, and then fell upon and routed the -victorious Persian centre. The Persians fled in confusion to their -ships, which they succeeded in launching, and escaped with a loss of -6,400. The Athenians lost 192 only. - - - Marcianopolis (Gothic Invasion of Thrace). - -Fought 376, between the Romans, under Lupicinus, and the Goths, under -Fritigern. The Romans were totally defeated, but stood their ground to -the last, and were cut to pieces almost to a man. Lupicinus fled as soon -as the ultimate success of the Goths became apparent. - - - Mardis (War of the Two Empires). - -Fought 315, shortly after the battle of Cibalis, between Constantine, -Emperor of the West, and Licinius, Emperor of the East. Constantine -moved a body of 5,000 men round his opponent’s flank, and attacked him -simultaneously in front and rear. The Illyrian veterans formed a double -front, and held their ground, though with heavy loss, till nightfall, -when Licinius, having lost thousands of his best troops, drew off his -army towards the mountains of Macedonia. The consequence of this defeat -was the acquisition by Constantine of Pannonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, -Macedonia and Greece. - - - Marengo (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought June 14, 1800, between 30,000 French, under Napoleon, and 40,000 -Austrians, under Melas. The Austrians attacked, and drove back in -disorder the first line under Victor, and, following up their success, a -serious defeat for Napoleon seemed inevitable, when the arrival of the -reserve corps under Desaix turned the scale. Undercover of his attack, -the broken divisions reformed, and the Austrians were finally repulsed -at all points, and fled in disorder. Desaix was killed at the head of -his troops. - - - Margus. - -Fought May, 285, between the legions of the Emperor Carinus and those of -Diocletian, who had been raised to the purple by his soldiers. The -troops of Diocletian, wasted by the Persian War, were all but -overpowered by the fresher legions of Carinus, but the defection during -the battle of one of his generals turned the scale, and Carinus himself -being killed by an officer whom he had wronged, Diocletian gained a -complete victory. - - - Maria Zell (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought November 8, 1805, during the French advance on Vienna, between -Davoust’s corps, and the Austrian corps, under General von Meerfeld. The -Austrians were defeated and driven off in disorder, leaving 4,000 -prisoners in the hands of the French. - - - Mariendahl (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought May 2, 1645, between the French, under Turenne, and the -Imperialists, under Merci. Turenne, who had 3,000 infantry and 8 -regiments of horse, was surprised in his camp by Merci at 2 a.m., and -being placed between two fires, was compelled to beat a disastrous -retreat, with the loss of almost all his infantry, 1,200 cavalry, and -all his artillery and baggage. - - - Marignano (Italian Wars). - -Fought September 13 and 14, 1575, between 50,000 French, under Francis -I, and about 40,000 Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss attacked the French -camp, and forcing the lines, fought till midnight without decisive -result. On the morning of the 14th the battle was renewed, and the Swiss -were on the point of success, when the arrival of a small force of -Venetians obliged them to withdraw. The French lost 6,000 men, and the -Swiss losses were very heavy, including 1,200 who perished in the flames -of a village they were defending after the repulse of the attack. -Marshal Trivulzio, who commanded a wing of the French army, called the -action the “Battle of Giants.” - - - Marosch, The (Conquest of Dacia). - -Fought 101, between the Dacians, under Decebalus, and the Romans, under -Trajan. The Dacians were utterly routed, and driven across the river -with heavy loss. - - - Marseglia (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought October 4, 1693, tween the French, under Marshal de Catinat, and -the Austrians, Spanish, and English, under the Duke of Savoy. The -allies, who were inferior in numbers, were attacked by the French, and, -after severe fighting, driven across the Po with a loss of about 6,000. -The Duke of Schomberg and Lord Warwick were taken prisoners. The loss of -the French was slightly less. - - - Mars-la-Tour (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 18, 1870, between the French, under Marshal Bazaine, and -the 3rd and 10th German Army corps, under Von Alvensleben. The Germans, -though at times very hard pressed, succeeded in holding their ground, -and prevented the French breaking through to the westward. The battle is -chiefly remarkable for the desperate charges of the German cavalry, and -especially of Von Bredow’s brigade, against the French infantry, under -cover of which the shattered German infantry was enabled to reform. The -losses were about equal, amounting to about 16,000 killed and wounded on -each side. The action is also known as the Battle of Vionville. - - - Marston Moor (Civil War). - -Fought July 2, 1644, between 18,000 Royalists, under Prince Rupert, and -27,000 Parliamentarians, under Manchester, Leven and Fairfax. For the -first time in the war, Rupert’s cavalry was repulsed by Cromwell’s -Ironsides, and though the right wing under Fairfax was broken, the left -and centre were victorious, and the Royalists were totally defeated, -with a loss of 4,000. This victory gave the Parliament complete control -of the north. - - - Martinesti (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 23, 1789, between the Austrians and Russians, 27,000 -strong, under the Prince of Coburg and Suwaroff, and the Turks, 80,000 -strong, under Osman Pasha. The allies stormed the Turkish entrenchments, -and drove out the defenders, of whom 7,000 were killed and wounded, -while 8,000 were drowned in crossing the Rymna. The victors lost 617 -killed and wounded. - - - Martinique (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was captured from the French in 1794, by a combined naval -and military force under Sir John Jervis and Sir George Grey, with a -loss to the victors of 6 officers and 37 men killed and wounded. - - - Martinique (Napoleonic Wars). - -Having been restored to France at the Peace of Amiens, Martinique was -again taken by the British, February 24, 1809, the force engaged being -under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane, and Lieut.-General Beckwith. - - - Maserfield. - -Fought 642, between the Northumbrians, under Oswald, and the Mercians, -under Penda. The latter were defeated, and Penda slain. - - - Masulipatam (Seven Years’ War). - -This fortress, held by a French garrison, under Conflans, was besieged -by the British, about 2,500 strong, under Colonel Forde, in March, 1759. -After a fortnight’s bombardment the place was taken by storm, the -resistance being very feeble, and Conflans surrendered with his whole -force, which considerably outnumbered the assailants. One hundred and -twenty guns were taken in the fortress. - - - Matchevitz (First Polish Insurrection). - -Fought October 10, 1794, between the Russians, under Baron de Fersen, -and the Poles, under Kosciusko. The Poles, after hard fighting, were -totally defeated, leaving 6,000 dead upon the field, while Kosciusko was -severely wounded. - - - Matchin (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 10, 1791, between the Turks, under Yussuf Pasha, and the -Russians, under Prince Repnin. The left and centre of the Turkish army -held its ground manfully, and the victory was long in doubt, but a -brilliant charge of the Russian left, under General Kutusoff, drove back -the Turks who were defeated with heavy loss. - - - Maxen (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 21, 1759, between the Austrians, under Marshal Daun, and -the Prussians, under General Finck. Daun surrounded Finck’s position, -and after comparatively little fighting compelled him to surrender with -over 15,000 men, including 17 generals. Seventeen guns were captured. -The casualties on both sides were very small. - - - Maya (Peninsula War). - -Fought July 25, 1813, between a British division, under General Stewart, -and the French divisions of d’Armagnac, Abbé and Maransin. The French, -at a cost of 1,500 men, forced the pass of Maya, driving back the -British with a loss of 1,400 men and 4 guns. - - - Maypo (South American War of Independence). - -Fought April 5, 1818, between the Chilian Patriots, 9,000 strong, under -San Martin, and 6,000 Spanish Royalists, under General Osorio. The -Spaniards were totally defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed and 2,350 -prisoners, the Chilians losing over 1,000 killed and wounded. The result -of the battle was the establishment of the independence of Chili. - - - Medellin (Peninsular War). - -Fought March 28, 1809, between the French, under Marshal Victor, and -30,000 Spaniards, under Cuesta. The Spaniards soon gave way, and were -mercilessly sabred in the pursuit by the French cavalry, losing, it is -said, 18,000 killed and wounded. The French lost 300 only. - - - Medina (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish). - -Siege was laid to this town in 625 by 10,000 Koreish, under Abu Sophian. -It was defended by Mohammed with 3,000 Moslems, and during the space of -20 days several half-hearted assaults were easily repulsed. At the end -of this time Abu Sophian withdrew, and the Koreish made no further -attempt to interfere with the progress of Mohammedanism. - - - Medola (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought August 5, 1796, between the French, 23,000 strong, under -Napoleon, and 25,000 Austrians, under Wurmser. The Austrians were -totally defeated, and driven back to Roveredo, with a loss of 2,000 -killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners and 20 guns. Prior to this defeat -Wurmser had succeeded in revictualling Mantua, but at very heavy cost, -the Austrian losses during the three days’ fighting, from the 3rd to the -5th, amounting to 20,000 men and 60 guns. - - - Meeanee (Scinde Campaign). - -Fought February 17, 1843, between 2,800 British and native troops, under -Sir Charles Napier, and about 20,000 Beluchis, under the Amirs of -Scinde. The infantry were at one time almost overpowered by the -overwhelming numbers of the enemy, who attacked with great bravery, but -they were rescued by a charge of the 9th Bengal cavalry, who broke up -the assailants, and in the end the Beluchis were routed with a loss of -5,000 men and several guns. The British lost 256 killed and wounded. - - - Meerut (First Mongol Invasion of India). - -This place was besieged in 1398 by the Tartars, under Tamerlane. It was -considered impregnable, and Tamerlane commenced mining operations, but -these methods were too slow for his followers, who by means of scaling -ladders carried the fortress by storm, and massacred all the -inhabitants. Tamerlane afterwards completed his mines and destroyed all -the defences. - - - Megaletaphrus (First Messenian War). - -Fought 740 B.C., between the Messenians, under Aristomenes, and the -Spartans. The Messenians were surrounded and cut to pieces, Aristomenes -escaping with a few followers. - - - Megalopolis. - -Fought B.C. 331, in the attempt of the Spartans, aided by the Arcadians, -Achæans and Eleians, to shake off the Macedonian yoke, during -Alexander’s absence in Asia. The allies, under Agis, King of Sparta, -were besieging Megalopolis, which had declined to join the league, when -they were attacked by the Macedonians, under Antipater, and completely -routed, Agis falling in the battle. - - - Megalopolis (Wars of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 226, between the Spartans, under Cleomenes, and the forces -of the Achæan League, under Aratus. The Achæans early gained an -advantage, and the Spartans fled, pursued by the light troops. These, -however, being unsupported, the Spartans turned and routed them, and -then overwhelmed the Achæan hoplites in their turn with enormous -slaughter. - - - Melanthias (Sclavonian Invasion). - -Fought 559, between the Imperial troops, under Belisarius, and the -Sclavonians and Bulgarians, under Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria. The -barbarians assailed the Roman lines, but were easily repulsed, and so -precipitate was their flight that only about 500 fell. This was -Belisarius’ last victory, and it was closely followed by his disgrace -and death. - - - Meldorp. - -Fought 1500, between the Danes, 30,000 strong, under John of Denmark, -and the inhabitants of the province of Dithmarsh, which John designed to -bring again under Danish rule, after two centuries of virtual -independence. The advancing Danes delivered an assault against a small -fortified outpost, but were repulsed, and driven in confusion into the -surrounding marshes, where over 11,000 perished. - - - Melitene (Persian Wars). - -Fought 578, between the Imperial troops, under Tiberius, and the -Persians, under Chosroes. After a somewhat indecisive battle, at the end -of which each side had held its ground, Chosroes, owing to his heavy -losses, found it necessary to retire during the night. The battle was, -however, signalised by an exploit of a Scythian chief, in command of the -Roman left wing, who at the head of his cavalry charged through the -Persian ranks, plundered the royal tent, and then cut his way out -through the opposing hosts. - - - Memphis (Athenian Expedition to Egypt). - -This city was captured B.C. 459 by an Athenian fleet of 200 ships, which -sailed up the Nile to the assistance of Inaros, who had raised the -standard of revolt against Persia. The citadel, however, held out until -B.C. 456, when a Persian army, under Megabyzus, defeated the Athenians -and drove them out of Memphis. - - - Memphis (Moslem Conquest of Egypt). - -In 638, Amron, lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, with 8,000 Moslems, -invested the city, and after a siege of seven months, in the course of -which the besiegers were nearly overwhelmed by the rising of the Nile, -the place was taken by assault. On the site of the Moslem encampment -were laid the foundations of Old Cairo. - - - Memphis (American Civil War). - -A river action fought June 6, 1862, between 8 Confederate armed vessels, -under Commodore Montgomery, and 10 Federal gunboats, under Commodore -Davis. Only one of the Confederate vessels escaped destruction, and -Memphis fell. - - - Mensourah (Fifth Crusade), - -Fought 1249, between the French, under Louis IX, and the Moslems. The -town of Mensourah was seized by the Comte d’Artois, but being -surrounded, he and the knights with him were killed. The king meanwhile -had seized the Saracen camp, but was unable to hold his ground, and was -driven back to Damietta. In the course of his retreat, however, he was -surrounded and taken prisoner by the Saracens, with his whole army. - - - Mentana (Garibaldian Rising). - -Fought November 3, 1867, between 10,000 Garibaldians, under Garibaldi, -and the French and Papal troops, 5,000 strong, under General Kanzler. -Garibaldi was totally defeated, a result largely due to the brilliant -work of 1,500 Papal Zouaves, who drove them out of position after -position. The Garibaldians lost 1,100 killed and wounded, and 1,000 -prisoners. The allies’ losses were only 182 killed and wounded, of which -the Papal troops lost 144. - - - Merida (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -This place was besieged in 712 by 18,000 Moors, under Musa. After a -defeat in the open plain before the city, the Spaniards made a long and -obstinate defence, which cost the besiegers many lives, but in the end -they were forced by famine to surrender. - - - Merseburg. - -Fought 934 between the Germans, under Henry the Fowler, and the -Hungarian invaders. The Hungarians were completely defeated, with heavy -loss, and withdrew from Germany, which they did not again invade for -twenty years. - - - Merta (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). - -This strong fortress, belonging to the Rajput Rajah of Malwar, was -besieged, 1561, by Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, one of the generals of Akbar, -the Great Mogul. The place held out gallantly for several months, but -was then forced by famine to capitulate. One of the Malwar chiefs, -however, refused all terms, and cut his way out at the head of 500 men, -of whom 250 fell in the enterprise. - - - Merton (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, between the West Saxons, under Alfred, and the Danish -invaders. After a severe engagement the Danes were victorious. - - - Messina. - -Fought October 2, 1284, between the Sicilian and Catalan fleet, under -the Grand Admiral, Roger de Lauria, and the French fleet, under Charles -of Anjou. The Sicilians, who largely outnumbered the French, totally -defeated them, burning or destroying practically the whole of their -fleet. Charles of Anjou was captured, and henceforth made no further -attempt to re-establish his authority in Sicily. - - - Messina. - -_See_ Cape Passaro. - - - Metaurus (Second Punic War). - -Fought 207 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Claudius Nero and Marcus -Livius, and the Carthaginians, in rather smaller force, under Hasdrubal. -The Carthaginians were surprised at early dawn as they were endeavouring -to find a ford in the Metaurus, and being vigorously attacked, were -totally routed, Hasdrubal being slain. The completeness of the victory -was due to Nero, who being in command of the right wing, where the -ground prevented his getting to close quarters, and seeing the Roman -left hard pressed by Hasdrubal’s best troops, led the major part of his -force round the Roman rear, and fell upon Hasdrubal’s right, routing him -utterly. - - - Methuen (Scottish Wars). - -Fought June 19, 1306, when a small Scottish force, under Robert Bruce, -was attacked and defeated by the English in superior force. - - - Metz (Franco-German War). - -This fortress was invested by the Germans after the defeat of Bazaine at -Gravelotte in August 18, 1870, and after several fruitless attempts to -break through the German lines had been repulsed, Bazaine surrendered to -Prince Frederick Charles on October 26, with 3 marshals, 6,000 officers, -and 173,000 men. The Germans took 56 eagles. 622 field guns, 72 -mitrailleuses, 376 pieces of fortress artillery, and about 300,000 -rifles. - - - Mexico (Conquest of Mexico). - -Fought June 20, 1520, when the Spaniards, under Cortez, who were -evacuating Mexico during the night, were attacked by the Aztecs, and -suffered heavy loss. The Spaniards called this event the “Noche Triste.” - - - Michelberg (Campaign of the Danube). - -Fought October 16, 1805. Ney’s corps stormed the heights of the -Michelberg at the same time that Lannes carried the Frauenberg, driving -the Austrians back into Ulm, where on the 17th General Mack capitulated -with 30,000 men. - - - Middelburg (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This fortress, the last stronghold in Walcheren to hold out for the -Spanish king, was besieged by the Patriots in the winter of 1593. It was -defended by a garrison under Colonel Mondragon, who in spite of a -gallant resistance and numerous attempts to relieve him, was forced by -famine to surrender, February 18, 1594. - - - Milazzo (Unification of Italy). - -Fought July 18, 1860, between the Italian Volunteers, under Garibaldi, -and the Neapolitans, under General Bosco. The Neapolitans occupied a -strongly entrenched position, which Garibaldi succeeded in turning, the -Neapolitans, after a severe struggle, being totally defeated and driven -out. - - - Miletopolis (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 86, between the Romans, under Flavius Fimbria, and the -Pontic troops, under Mithridates. The Romans gained a complete victory. - - - Millesimo (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought April 13, 1796, when the divisions of Augereau, Masséna and La -Harpe attacked the Austrians, strongly entrenched, under General Colli, -and after severe fighting, drove them back, thus cutting Colli’s -communications with General Beaulieu, the Austrian Commander-in-Chief. -The Austro-Sardinians lost about 6,000 men and 30 guns, and all -effective co-operation between the two wings was at an end. Also called -the Battle of Monte Lezino. - - - Mill Springs (American Civil War). - -Fought January 19, 1862, between the Federals, about 9,000 strong, under -General Thomas, and 8,000 Confederates, under General Crittenden. The -Confederates attacked, and at first drove back the Federals, who began -the action with 5,000 men only, but reinforcements arriving. Thomas -repulsed the assailants with considerable loss, capturing 12 guns. The -Federals lost 246 only. This was the first considerable defeat suffered -by the Confederates in the war. - - - Minden (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 1, 1759, between the French, 64,000 strong, under the -Marquis de Contades, and the Hanoverians, British and Prussians, 54,000 -strong, under Ferdinand of Brunswick. Ferdinand detached a force of -10,000 men to threaten de Contades’ rear, and then, attacking strongly, -broke the first line of the French. But for the failure of the allies’ -cavalry to advance, the French would have been routed. As it was, they -were able to rally, and effect an orderly retreat, though with a loss of -7,086 killed, wounded and prisoners, 43 guns and 17 standards. The -allies lost 2,762, fully a half of this number being in the ranks of the -six English regiments present, who bore the brunt of the battle. - - - Minorca (Seven Years’ War). - -This place, garrisoned by 2,800 British troops, under General Blakeney, -was invested by the French, under the Duc de Richelieu, May, 1756. On -May 20, a British squadron of 15 line-of-battle-ships and 3 sloops, -under Admiral Byng, attacked Richelieu’s blockading squadron of 12 sail -of the line and 5 frigates, with the object of throwing succours into -the place. The attack, however, was conducted with so little resolution -and resource, that Byng failed in his object, and allowed the French -ships to escape him. Blakeney was shortly afterwards forced to -surrender, and Byng was tried by court-martial, condemned and shot. - - - Minorca. - -Having been restored to England by the Treaty of Paris in 1762, Minorca -was again recaptured in 1781, by a force of 12,000 French and Spaniards, -the garrison, under General Murray, being only 700 strong. Murray made a -sturdy defence but was forced to surrender. - - - Miohosaki. - -Fought September, 764, between the Japanese rebels, under Oshikatsa, and -the Imperial troops, under Saiki-no-Sanya. The rebels were totally -routed, and Oshikatsa and his son slain. - - - Miraflores (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought January 15, 1881, between the Chilians, under General Baquedano, -and the Peruvians, under General Caceres. The Peruvians were totally -defeated, losing 3,000 killed and wounded, while the victors lost 500 -killed and 1,625 wounded. Following up their victory, the Chilians -occupied Lima on the 17th, and the war came to an end. - - - Missionary Ridge. _See_ Chattanooga. - - - Missolonghi (Greek War of Independence). - -This place was besieged in 1821 by a force of 11,000 Turks, under Omar -Brionis Pasha, and was defended by a small Greek garrison, under -Mavrocordatos. The little garrison made so gallant a defence, that at -the end of two months Omar was forced to raise the siege. On April 27, -1825, the town was again besieged by the Turks and was again most -obstinately defended by the garrison and inhabitants. So little progress -was made that it was found necessary to call for the aid of the Egyptian -army, under Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali. It was not, however, till three -months after his arrival before the place that it was finally taken by -storm, April 22, 1826, having held out for all but a year. - - - Mita Caban. - -Fought 1362, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the Getes, under -the Khan Elias. The Getes were routed with heavy loss. - - - Miyako. - -Fought June, 1353, between the revolted Moronoshi, and the troops of the -Emperor of the South, Gomurakami, under Yoshinori. Moronoshi gained a -complete victory, and Yoshinori and the Emperor fled into the Eastern -provinces. - - - Miyako. - -Fought December 30, 1391, between the troops of the provinces of Idzumo -and Idzumi, under Mitsuyaki, and those of the Emperor of the South, -Gokameyama. A series of engagements took place in and around Miyako, and -in the end Mitsuyaki was driven off with heavy loss, among the killed -being the Daimio of Idzumi. - - - Modder River (Second Boer War). - -Fought November 28, 1899, between a Boer force, about 9,000 strong, -under General Cronje, and the British, under Lord Methuen. Cronje held a -strong position on both banks of the river, which was not accurately -known to Lord Methuen, who was marching to the Modder. His columns came -under fire about 7 a.m., and the action lasted till evening, when a -turning movement enabled him to drive Cronje from his entrenchments. The -British losses were 24 officers and 461 men killed and wounded, those of -the Boers being about the same. - - - Mohacz (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 29, 1526, between 30,000 Hungarians, under King Lewis, and -Tomore, Bishop of Kolocz, and over 100,000 Turks, with 300 guns, under -Solyman the Magnificent. The Hungarians made a heroic resistance against -overwhelming numbers, but were finally routed, leaving 22,000 dead on -the field, including the king, 7 bishops, 28 magnates, and over 500 -nobles. This disaster placed Hungary at the mercy of Solyman, and was -quickly followed by the fall of Buda-Pesth. - - - Mohacz (Ottoman Wars). - -On the battlefield where 160 years previously Solyman had gained so -decisive a victory, the Austrians and Hungarians signally defeated the -Turks, under Mohammed IV, in 1687. In consequence of this disaster, -following upon a long series of reverses, Mohammed was deposed by the -discontented soldiery. - - - Mohilev (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought July 23, 1812, between 28,000 French, under Davoust, and 60,000 -Russians, under Prince Bagration. Bagration attacked Davoust in a strong -position, which counter-balanced the great disparity of numbers, and the -Russians were repulsed with a loss of about 4,000. The French lost -barely 1,000. - - - Mohrungen (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought January 25, 1807, between 10,000 French, under Bernadotte, and -14,000 Russians, under General Marhof. The French were defeated with a -loss of about 1,000 killed and wounded. - - - Molino del Rey (Peninsular War). - -Fought December 21, 1808, between 26,000 French, under General St. Cyr, -and the Spaniards, about equal in strength, under Reding. The Spaniards -were routed with a loss of 10,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 50 -guns, at very slight cost to the victors. - - - Molwitz (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought April 8, 1741, between the Prussians, 30,000 strong, under -Frederick the Great, and the Austrians, under Marshal Neuperg. Frederick -surprised the Austrian general, and, after severe fighting, drove him -from his entrenchments, with a loss of about 5,000 killed, wounded and -prisoners. The Prussians lost 2,500. - - - Monarda (Moorish Insurrection). - -Fought March 18, 1501, between the Spaniards, under the Count di -Cifuentes and Alonso de Aguilar, and the insurgent Moors. The Spaniards -were largely outnumbered, and were overpowered by the rebels, suffering -a disastrous defeat. De Aguilar was killed, fighting to the end. - - - Monongahela (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 9, 1755, between 900 French and Indians, under -Contrecœur, and about 1,400 British and Virginians, under Braddock. -The English were attacked shortly after crossing the river, and though -the officers and the Virginians fought gallantly, the troops, ignorant -of Indian warfare, gave way to panic, and after three hours’ fighting, -were driven across the Monongahela, with a loss of 877 killed and -wounded. Of 86 officers, 63 fell, including Braddock, who was mortally -wounded. The French lost 16 only; their Indian allies somewhat more -heavily. - - - Mons-en-Puelle (Flemish War). - -Fought 1304, between the French, under Philip IV, and the Flemings. The -Flemings were unable to withstand the charge of the French cavalry, and -broke and fled, leaving 6,000 dead on the field. - - - Montcontour (Third Civil War). - -Fought October 3, 1569, between the Huguenots, under Henri le Béarnais, -and the Catholics, under the Duc d’Anjou and Marshal de Tavannes. The -Huguenots occupied an untenable position, and at the end of half an hour -were utterly routed, and almost exterminated, some 700 only remaining -with the colours after the battle. - - - Monte Aperto (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought September 4, 1260, between the Florentine Guelfs, and the -Ghibellines, who had been driven from the city, under Manfred of Sicily. -The Guelfs were totally routed, and the victors took possession of -Florence, and re-established their rule. - - - Montebello (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought June 9, 1800, between the French, under Napoleon, and the -Austrians, under General Ott. Napoleon, being ignorant of the fall of -Genoa, was marching to the relief of that city, when his advanced guard, -under Lannes, was attacked by Ott, who was endeavouring to effect a -junction with Melas. Lannes held his ground until reinforcements -arrived, when he assumed the offensive, and drove the Austrians from the -field with heavy loss, capturing 5,000 prisoners. - - - Montebello (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought May 20, 1859, between the Austrians, under General Stadion, and -about 7,000 French, under General Forey. The Austrians were defeated and -driven back to Stradella, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, and -200 prisoners. - - - Monte Caseros (Urquiza’s Rising). - -Fought February 3, 1852, between the Argentine Government troops, under -President Rosas, the leader of the Gaucho party, 25,000 strong, and -20,000 insurgents, under Urquiza. Rosas was totally defeated, and -compelled to fly to England, thus ending the long domination of the -Gauchos in the Argentine Republic. - - - Monte Lezino. - -_See_ Millesimo. - - - Montenotte (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought April 10 and 11, 1796, when d’Argentian, with the central -division of the Austro-Sardinian army, attacked the French position at -Montenotte, held by Cervoni’s division. Cervoni was driven back, but the -key to the position was held throughout the day by Tampon, with 1,500 -men, and on the 12th d’Argentian found himself outflanked by Augereau -and Masséna, and was compelled to fall back, with a loss of 1,000 -killed, 2,000 prisoners, and some guns. This was Napoleon’s first -victory. - - - Montereau (Allied Campaign in France). - -Fought February 18, 1814, between the rearguard of the French army, -under Napoleon, and the Würtembergers, under Prince Eugène of -Würtemberg. Eugène attacked Napoleon’s position, but was repulsed with a -loss of about 2,000 killed and wounded and 4,000 prisoners. - - - Monterey (Americo-Mexican War). - -This town in southern California was captured from the Mexicans, -September 23, 1846, by the Americans, under General Taylor, and this -success was followed by the occupation of the whole of Northern Mexico -by the American army. - - - Montevideo (Napoleonic Wars). - -This city was taken by assault February 3, 1807, by 3,000 British -troops, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty. The capture was preceded by an action -outside the town, in which the Rifle corps, now the Rifle Brigade, -especially distinguished itself. The British losses amounted to about -600. - - - Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -This city was besieged February 16, 1843, by the Argentine troops, under -Oribe, and was defended by the Uruguayans, and a number of foreign -residents, amongst others Garibaldi, under General Paz. In the course of -the siege, Garibaldi, at the head of 160 Italians, made a sortie, in -which he held his own for a whole day against 12,000 Argentines, and -eventually effected a retreat in good order. The intervention of France -and England eventually forced Oribe to raise the siege, November, 1845. - - - Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -Fought October 8, 1851, between the combined forces of Uruguay, Brazil -and Paraguay, under Urquiza, and the Argentines, under Oribe. The -Argentines were besieging Montevideo, and Oribe was hemmed in in his -lines by the allies, and forced to capitulate. - - - Montevideo. - -Fought August, 1863, between the Colorados, or Liberal party, of -Uruguay, under General Venancio Flores, and the Blancos, under General -Medina. The Blancos were victorious. - - - Montfaucon (Norman Invasion of France). - -Fought 887, between the French, under Eudes, and the Norman invaders. -The latter were totally defeated, losing 19,000 men in the battle, and -were forced to retire from before the walls of Paris, which they were -besieging. - - - Montiel. - -Fought 1369, between the French, under Bertrand du Guesclin, and the -Spaniards, under Pedro II of Castile. Pedro was routed and taken -prisoner, and Henry of Trastamare placed on the throne of Castile. - - - Montlhéry (War of the Public Good). - -Fought 1465, between the forces of the Ligue du Bien Public, under the -Comte de Charolais, and the Royal troops, under Louis XI. Louis was -totally defeated, after a sanguinary engagement, and driven from the -field. - - - Montmirail. _See_ Champ Aubert. - - - Montmorenci (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 31, 1759, during the siege of Quebec, when Wolfe, with 5,000 -men, attacked the entrenched camp of the French, which was defended by -12,000 men under Montcalm. As the British were landing, 13 companies of -grenadiers advanced to the attack without waiting for the main body. -They were repulsed with heavy loss, which so weakened Wolfe that he -decided not to press the attack further. The British loss amounted to -443, almost the whole of which fell upon the grenadiers. The French -losses were very small. - - - Montreal (Seven Years’ War). - -This city was surrendered to the British, under General Amherst, by -Vaudreuil, Governor-General of Canada, September 8, 1760. One of the -conditions of the surrender was that the whole of the French army in -Canada and its dependencies must lay down their arms. Canada thus became -a part of the British dominions. - - - Mont Valérien. - -_See_ Buzenval. - - - Moodkee (First Sikh War). - -Fought December 18, 1845, between the British, 12,000 strong, with 42 -guns, under Sir Hugh Gough, and the Sikhs, 30,000 strong, with 40 guns, -under Taj Singh. Gough, at the end of a long march, was surprised by the -Sikhs, and his force thrown into some confusion, but he succeeded in -rallying them, and finally drove the Sikhs from the field, capturing 17 -guns. The British loss was 872 killed and wounded, among the former -being Generals M’Caskill and Sir Robert Sale. - - - Mook (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought April 14, 1574, between the Dutch Patriots, 8,000 strong, under -Count Louis of Nassau, and 5,000 Spaniards, under Don Sancho d’Avila. -The village of Mook was held by the Dutch infantry, who were driven out -by the Spaniards, and totally routed, with a loss of at least 4,000. -Among the slain were the Counts Louis and Henry of Nassau. - - - Morat (Burgundian Wars). - -Fought June 22, 1746, between the Burgundians, 35,000 strong, under -Charles the Bold, and 24,000 Swiss, under Hans Waldmann. After a few -hours’ hard fighting the Burgundians were driven into the plain, where -the Swiss utterly routed them, no less than 8,000 falling. The Swiss -chroniclers aver that the victors only lost 500 killed. - - - Morawa (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought November 3, 1443, between the Hungarians, under John Hunniades, -with 12,000 horse and 20,000 foot, and a greatly superior Turkish army, -under Amurath II. The Turks were defeated, with a loss of 2,000 killed -and 4,000 prisoners. This battle is also called the Battle of Nissa. - - - Morazzone (Italian Rising). - -Fought 1848 between 1,500 Garibaldian volunteers, under Garibaldi, and -5,000 Austrians, under General d’Aspré. After a resistance lasting -eleven hours, Garibaldi, hopelessly out-numbered, withdrew his force -from the town, and executed a masterly retreat to Arona. - - - Morella (First Carlist War). - -This fortress, the last stronghold of the Carlists, was besieged by -Espartero, with 20,000 Cristinos, May 23, 1840. It was defended by a -garrison of 4,000 veterans, under Cabrera, who on the 30th attempted to -break through the besiegers’ lines. His plan, however, had been -betrayed, and he was met and driven back, whereupon the place -surrendered. Cabrera, however, with a portion of the garrison, made a -second and this time a successful attempt to cut his way out. - - - Morgarten (First Swiss-Austrian War). - -Fought November 16, 1315. The men of Schwyz, 1,400 in number, took post -in the Pass of Morgarten, and lay in wait for the Archduke Leopold, who, -with 15,000 Austrians, was marching into Schwyz. Having disordered the -Austrian ranks by rolling down boulders upon them, the Swiss then fell -upon them with their halberds, and totally routed them, with a loss of -1,500 killed. - - - Morshedabad. - -Fought July 24, 1763, between the troops of Mir Cossim, the deposed -Nawab of Bengal, and a British force of 750 Europeans and a large body -of native troops, under Major Adams. The British stormed Cossim’s -entrenchments, driving out his army in confusion, and followed up their -victory by the occupation of Morshedabad, without further opposition. - - - Mortara (Italian Rising). - -Fought March 21, 1849, between the Piedmontese, under the Duke of Savoy -(Victor Emmanuel) and General Darando, and the main Austrian army, under -Radetsky. No steps had been taken by the Piedmontese to render Mortara -defensible, and little guard was kept, with the result that they were -surprised by Radetsky, and driven out of the town in confusion, with a -loss of 500 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners and 5 guns. The -Austrians lost 300 only. - - - Mortimer’s Cross (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought February 2, 1461, when Edward, Duke of York, defeated the -Lancastrians, under the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire, and drove them -back into Wales, thus preventing a concentration of the Lancastrian -forces. - - - Mortlack (Danish Invasion of Scotland). - -Fought 1010, between the Danes, under Sweyn, and the Scots, under -Malcolm II. After a long and obstinate engagement the Danes were totally -defeated, and forced to flee to their ships. A victory for them on this -occasion would probably have given them a permanent lodgment in -Scotland, as Malcolm had his last available man in the field. - - - Mortmant (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought February 17, 1814, between the Russian advance-guard, under the -Count de Pahlen, and the French rear-guard, under Victor. The Russians -were repulsed with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and 11 guns. - - - Möskirch (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought May 5, 1800, between 50,000 French, under Moreau, and 60,000 -Austrians, under de Kray. The French advance-guard, under Lecourbe, -approaching Möskirch found the heights strongly held by the Austrians, -and attempted to carry them, but without success. The arrival of the -main body, however, turned the scale, and the Austrians were obliged to -abandon all their positions, with a loss of about 5,000 men. The French -lost about 3,500. - - - Moskowa. - -_See_ Borodino. - - - Motya. - -This city, the chief stronghold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, was -besieged by Dionysius of Syracuse, with 83,000 men, B.C. 398. Having -built a mole to connect the mainland and the island on which Motya -stood, he erected thereon his new engines of war, the catapults, used -for the first time in this siege. He also built large moving towers to -enable him to cope with the lofty defences of the place, and by these -devices succeeded in effecting an entrance. Every house, however, was in -itself a small fortress, and after days of street fighting, which cost -the assailants a heavy price, the city was still unsubdued. At last by a -night surprise he mastered the quarter which still held out, and the -inhabitants were massacred or sold as slaves. - - - Mount Gaurus (First Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 342, between the Romans, under Valerius Corvus, and the -Samnites. The Romans won a signal victory. - - - Mount Lactarius (Second Gothic War). - -Fought March 553, between the troops of the Emperor Justinian, under -Narses, and the Goths, under Teias, the last Gothic king of Italy. The -Romans gained a signal victory, and Teias was slain, the Goths thereupon -accepting the rule of Justinian. - - - Mount Panium. - -Fought B.C. 198, between the Syrians, under Antiochus the Great, and the -Greeks and Egyptians, under Scopas. Scopas was routed, and Antiochus -took possession of all the territory held by Egypt in Asia, up to the -frontier of Egypt proper. - - - Mount Seleucus (Revolt of Magnentius). - -Fought August 10, 353, between the rebels, under Magnentius, and the -Imperial legions, under Constantius. Constantius forced the passage of -the Cottian Alps, and defeated Magnentius in a sanguinary battle, which -dispersed his army and finally broke his power, Gaul and Italy being -thus again brought under the Imperial sway. - - - Mount Tabor (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought April 15, 1799, when Napoleon defeated and dispersed the Syrian -army raised to create a diversion in favour of the beleaguered garrison -of Acre. Kléber’s division bore the brunt of the fighting. - - - Mount Taurus (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor). - -Fought 804, between the Moslems, under Harroun-al-Raschid, and the -Greeks, under the Emperor Nicephorus I. The Greeks were totally -defeated, with a loss of 40,000 men, and Nicephorus, wounded in three -places, with difficulty escaped from the field. - - - Mount Tifata (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 83, when the legions of Sulla defeated the army of the -Consul, Norbanus, with heavy loss, and drove them to take refuge in -Capua. - - - Mouscron (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1794, between the French, under Moreau and Souham, and the -Austrians, under General Clarifait. The French were victorious. - - - Mühlberg (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought April 24, 1547, between the German Protestants, 9,000 strong, -under the Elector Frederick of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse, and -the Imperial army, together with 3,500 Papal troops, 13,000 in all, -under Charles V. The Protestants were totally defeated, and their two -leaders taken prisoners. The Imperialists lost 50 only. - - - Mühldorf. - -Fought 1322, between the Imperial troops, under the Emperor Louis the -Bavarian, and the German malcontents, under Frederick, Duke of Austria. -Louis won a signal victory, and put an end to the resistance to his -rule. - - - Mühlhausen (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 58, between the Romans, 36,000 strong, under Julius Cæsar, -and the Sequani, under Ariovistus. The Romans occupied two camps, one of -which was held successfully by two legions against a determined attack -of the Gauls. The attack having been repulsed, Cæsar united his forces, -and led them against the Sequani, whom he totally routed with enormous -loss. - - - Mukwanpur (Gurkha War). - -Fought February 27, 1816, when a village, forming part of Sir David -Ochterlony’s position, was attacked by 2,000 Gurkhas. The village was -defended by three companies of Sepoys and 40 men of the 87th Regiment, -and the defenders were hard pressed, but the arrival of reinforcements -enabled them after severe fighting to beat off the assailants with very -heavy loss. - - - Multan (Second Sikh War). - -This fortress, defended by the Sikhs, under Mulraj, was besieged by -Lieutenant Edwardes with about 1,200 men in July, 1848. After an -ineffectual bombardment, the siege was raised September 22, but was -renewed December 27 by General Whish, with 17,000 men and 64 guns. After -a heavy bombardment the place was stormed January 2, 1849, and on the -22nd of the same month Mulraj surrendered the citadel. The British loss -during the siege was 210 killed and 910 wounded. - - - Münchengrätz (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 28, 1866, between the advance-guard of Prince Frederick -Charles’ army, and the Austrians, under Count Clam-Gallas. The Austrians -were defeated with a loss of about 300 killed and wounded, and 1,000 -prisoners. The Prussian losses were very small. - - - Munda (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought March 17, B.C. 45, between the Pompeians, under Cnæus Pompeius, -and the Cæsareans, under Julius Cæsar. The Pompeians were totally -defeated, losing 30,000 men, including Labienus and Varro, while the -Cæsareans lost 1,000 only. Cnæus Pompey was wounded. This defeat put an -end to the resistance of the Pompeian faction in Spain, and the action -is further notable as being Cæsar’s last battle. - - - Muret (Albigensian Crusade). - -Fought 1213, between the Catholics, under Simon de Montfort, and the -Albigenses, under the Count of Thoulouse, aided by Pedro II of Aragon. -The Albigenses were routed, and this defeat put an end to their -organized resistance. Pedro fell in the battle. - - - Murfreesboro (American Civil War). - -Fought December 31, 1862, between 35,000 Confederates, under General -Bragg, and 40,000 Federals, under General Rosecrans. Bragg attacked and -drove back the Federal right, but the centre and left held their ground, -and prevented the defeat degenerating into a rout. Both sides lost -heavily, but the Confederates captured a large number of prisoners and -over 20 guns. On the following day the Federal right retook the ground -it had lost on the 31st, and at the end of the day both armies occupied -their original positions. Early on January 2, however, Bragg retired in -good order. Each side lost about 8,000, killed, wounded and missing, in -the two days’ fighting. - - - Mursa (Revolt of Magnentius). - -Fought September 28, 351, between the usurper Magnentius, with 100,000 -troops, and the Emperor Constantius, with 80,000. The battle was -severely contested, but finally the legions of Magnentius were driven -from the field with a loss of 24,000; that of the victors amounting to -30,000. - - - Musa Bagh (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought March 19, 1858, when a British force, under Sir James Outram, -totally routed a body of mutineers, 7,000 strong, under Huzrat Mahal, -Begum of Oude, which was holding the Musa Bagh, a fortified palace in -the outskirts of Lucknow. - - - Muta (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Fought 629, between the Moslems, under Zaid, and the troops of the -Emperor Heraclius. Zaid was slain, and so successively were Jaafar and -Abdallah, who followed him in the command, but the banner of the prophet -was then raised by Khaled, who succeeded in repulsing the onslaught of -the Imperial troops, and on the following day led the Moslems undefeated -from the field. This is the first battle between the Mohammedan Arabs -and a foreign enemy. - - - Muthal, The (Jugurthine War). - -Fought B.C. 108, between the Numidians, under Jugurtha, and the Romans, -under Metellus Numidicus. The Numidians were strongly posted on the -heights above the river, but were driven out by the legionaries with -heavy loss. Jugurtha did not again face the Romans in the field, -contenting himself with a guerilla warfare. - - - Mutina (Mark Antony’s First Rebellion). - -Fought April 16, 43 B.C., between the adherents of Antony, and three -Consular armies, under Hirtius, Octavius, and Vibius Pansa. Antony, who -was besieging Mutina, was attacked simultaneously by the three armies. -That of Pansa was routed, and Pansa slain but Octavius and Hirtius -gained some small success. Antony, however, was undefeated, and -continued the siege. On the 27th Octavius and Hirtius made a combined -attack on his lines, and succeeded in forcing their way through into the -town, though Hirtius fell in the action. - - - Mycale (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought August, 479 B.C., between the Greeks, under Leotychides the -Spartan, and a large Persian army. The Greeks effected a landing near -Cape Mycale, and drove the Persians back upon their entrenchments, which -they then carried by storm, whereupon the Persian auxiliaries fled. The -fugitives were slaughtered in detail by the revolted Ionians, and the -whole army destroyed. - - - Mylæ (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 260, when the Roman fleet, under Caius Duilius, defeated the -Carthaginians, under Hannibal, with loss of 50 ships, 3,000 killed and -7,000 prisoners. Duilius had introduced the boarding bridge, which was -lowered on to the deck of the opposing galley, and this gave full scope -to the superior powers of the Romans in hand-to-hand fighting. - - - Mylex (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 36, between the Pompeian fleet, under Sextus Pompeius, and -the fleet of the Triumvirs, under Agrippa. The Pompeians were defeated. - - - Myonnesus (War with Antiochus the Great). - -Fought B.C. 190, between the Roman fleet, under Caius Livius, and the -fleet of Antiochus, under Polyxenides, who had an advantage of nine -ships. He was, however, defeated by the superior seamanship of the -Romans, with a loss of 42 vessels. - - - Mytilene (Peloponnesian War). - -This city, which had revolted against Athens, was invested in the autumn -of 428 B.C. by the Athenians, under Paches, with 1,000 hoplites and a -fleet of triremes. A feeble attempt at relief by a Peloponnesian -squadron, under Alcidas, was unsuccessful, and in May, 427, the city -surrendered, and all the male inhabitants were condemned to death. In -the end, however, only the leaders of the revolt were executed. - - - Mytilene (Peloponnesian War). - -A naval action fought B.C. 406, between 140 Peloponnesian vessels, under -Callicratidas, and 70 Athenian triremes, under Conon. Conon was -defeated, with the loss of 30 ships, the rest of his fleet being driven -into Mytilene, where it was blockaded. - - - - - N - - - Nachod (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 27, 1866, between the 5th Prussian Corps, under General -Steinmetz, and the Austrians, under General Ramming. The Austrian -cavalry, which was considerably superior in number, was defeated by the -Prussian Uhlans, and the action resulted in the retreat of the -Austrians, with a considerable loss in killed and wounded. The -Prussians, who lost 900, captured 2,000 prisoners and 5 guns. - - - Næfels (War of Kiburg). - -Fought April 9, 1388, between 6,000 Austrians, under Tockenburg, and 500 -men of Glarus with a few Schwyzers. The Swiss were driven from their -first position behind the “Letzi” at the entrance to the valley, but, -retiring to the heights of the Rauhberg, disordered the advancing -columns by rolling boulders upon them, and, then attacking, utterly -routed them. The Austrians lost 80 knights and 2,000 soldiers. - - - Nagy-Sarló (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 19, 1849, between the Hungarians, 25,000 strong, under -Görgey, and the Austrians, who endeavoured to prevent Görgey -constructing bridges over the Gran. The Austrians were signally -defeated, and the river successfully bridged. - - - Naissus (Gothic Invasion of the East). - -Fought 269 between the Imperial troops, under the Emperor Claudius -Gothicus, and the invading Goths. The Romans were hard pressed, when the -Gothic lines were attacked in the rear by a force of 5,000 men, which -Claudius had concealed for this purpose in the neighbouring mountains, -and being thrown into confusion, were totally routed. Fifty thousand men -are said to have fallen in the battle. - - - Najara. - -_See_ Navarrete. - - - Nanshan (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought May 26, 1904, between three Japanese divisions, under General -Oku, and a Russian division, with a large force of artillery, under -General Stoessel. The Russians occupied a very strongly entrenched -position on the heights of Nanshan. After an artillery preparation, the -Japanese attempted to storm the heights, eight successive attacks -failing before the concentrated fire of the Russian guns, though the -last survivors of the assailants got within 30 yards of the trenches. -The infantry were then retired, and after a further bombardment, aided -by the Japanese fleet in Kiuchau Bay, the whole force attacked -simultaneously, and, penetrating the defences on the Russian left, drove -them from their positions with heavy loss, the defenders leaving 500 -dead on the field. The Japanese lost 4,304 killed, wounded and missing. -Seventy-eight guns were taken, and the Russians penned up in Port -Arthur. - - - Narva (Russo-Swedish War). - -Fought November 30, 1700, between 8,000 Swedes, under Charles XII, and -80,000 Russians, under General Dolgorouky. The Russians were besieging -Narva, and after driving in two large bodies who occupied advanced -positions, Charles boldly attacked their entrenched camp. After a brief -cannonade, the Swedes stormed the trenches, and though the Russian -artillerymen stood to their guns, after three hours’ hard fighting, the -defenders were driven out in disorder having lost 18,000 in the -trenches, while many more fell in the fight. The Swedes lost 600 only. - - - Naseby (Civil War). - -Fought June 14, 1645, between 14,000 Parliamentarians, under Fairfax, -and 7,500 Royalists, under Charles I, with Prince Rupert in actual -command. Rupert’s first charge broke the Parliamentary left wing, but, -as usual, the pursuit was carried too far, and before the cavalry -returned, Cromwell on the right had turned the scale, and the battle was -over. The Royalist infantry, overwhelmed by superior numbers, was almost -annihilated, 5,000 prisoners, and all the artillery and munitions of war -being captured. - - - Nashville (American Civil War). - -Fought December 15 and 16, 1863, between 50,000 Federals, under General -Thomas, and 40,000 Confederates, under General Hood. Thomas attacked the -left of Hood’s lines before Nashville, and after hard fighting, in which -Hood lost 1,200 prisoners and 16 guns, the Confederates withdrew during -the night to a position a few miles in the rear. Here they were again -attacked on the 16th, and, though at first holding their ground, were in -the end driven from the field in confusion, with heavy loss in killed -and wounded, besides 4,460 prisoners and 54 guns. - - - Naulachus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought September 3, B.C. 36, between the Pompeian fleet of 300 ships, -under Sextus Pompeius, and the fleet of the Triumvirs, of equal -strength, under Agrippa. The action was severely contested, but in the -end Agrippa was victorious, and Pompeius fled with 17 vessels only. - - - Naupactus (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 429 B.C. between 20 Athenian ships, under Phormio, and 77 -Peloponnesian ships, under Cnemas. The Athenians were entrapped by -Cnemas at the entrance to the Bay of Naupactus, and 9 of his vessels -driven ashore. The remaining 11 fled towards Naupactus, closely pursued -by the Peloponnesians, when the rearmost of the flying Athenians -suddenly turned, and rammed the leading ship of Cnemas’ squadron. The -pursuers hesitated, and the rest of the Athenians then returned, and -gained a complete victory, taking 6 ships, and recovering 8 of the 9 -which had run ashore. - - - Navarino (Greek War of Independence). - -Fought October 20, 1827, when the allied fleets of Great Britain, France -and Russia under Codrington, de Rigny, and Heiden respectively, and -numbering in all 24 ships, annihilated the Turkish and Egyptian fleets, -60 vessels being entirely destroyed, and the remainder driven ashore. -The allies lost 272 in killed and wounded; the Turks over 4,000. This -battle is noteworthy as being the last general action fought under the -old conditions between wooden sailing ships. - - - Navarrete (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought April 3, 1367, between 24,000 English, under Edward the Black -Prince, and 60,000 French and Spaniards, under Bertrand du Guesclin and -Henry de Trastamare. The English, mainly owing to the skill of their -archers, completely defeated their opponents, with heavy loss, du -Guesclin being made prisoner. This battle is also known as the Battle of -Najara. - - - Naxos. - -Fought September, 376 B.C., between 80 Athenian triremes, under -Chabrias, and 60 Spartan ships, under Pollio, who was endeavouring to -waylay the Athenian grain ships from the Euxine. Pollio was totally -defeated, with a loss of 49 triremes. - - - Nechtan’s Mere. - -Fought May 20, 685, between the Picts, under Brude, and the -Northumbrians, under Ecgfrith. The latter was defeated, and the Picts by -their victory freed themselves from the Northumbrian domination. - - - Neerwinde (War of the Revolution). - -Fought July 19, 1693, between the English, under William III, and the -French in superior force, under Marshal Luxemberg. The French attacked -the English entrenchments, and were at first repulsed, but after eight -hours’ hard fighting, they succeeded in driving them back all along the -line, though owing largely to the personal bravery of the King, the -retirement was in good order. This victory which cost the French 10,000 -men, was a barren one, for William’s retreat was unmolested, and he was -almost at once in a condition to renew the conflict. This is also called -the Battle of Landen. - - - Neerwinde (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought March 18, 1793, between the French, under Dumouriez, and the -Austrians, under the Prince of Coburg. The Austrians won a signal -victory, and in consequence of his defeat Dumouriez was compelled to -evacuate Belgium. - - - Negapatam. - -Fought 1746, off the Coromandel coast between a British squadron of 6 -ships, under Captain Peyton, and 9 French ships, under Labourdonnais. -The fight was conducted almost entirely at long range, and was -indecisive, but after the action Peyton sheered off and made for -Trincomalee, thus practically admitting defeat, though the French had in -fact suffered the heavier loss. - - - Negapatam. - -Siege was laid to this place October 21, 1781, by a British force, 4,000 -strong, under Colonel Braithwaite. The garrison, partly Dutch and partly -Mysore troops, though 8,000 in number, did not wait for a bombardment, -but surrendered November 3. - - - Negapatam. - -A naval action was fought off this place in 1782 between a British -squadron, under Sir Edward Hughes, and a French squadron, under Suffren. -The opposing forces were of about equal strength, and the action was -indecisive, but the French designs on Negapatam were frustrated, and -Suffren drew off to the southward. - - - Nehavend (Moslem Invasion of Persia). - -Fought A.D. 637 between the Moslems, under Said, the lieutenant of the -Caliph Omar, and a Persian army, 150,000 strong. The Persians were -utterly routed, this being the last stand made against the conquering -Moslems. - - - Neon (Sacred War). - -Fought B.C. 354, between the Phocians and certain mercenary troops, -10,000 in all, under Philomelus, and the Thebans and Locrians. The -Phocians were totally defeated, and Philomelus, driven fighting and -covered with wounds to the edge of a precipice, preferred death to -surrender, and sprang over the cliff. - - - Neuwied (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought April 18, 1797, between the French, 80,000 strong, under Hoche, -and the Austrians, under Werneck. Hoche won a signal victory, driving -the Austrians beyond the Lahn, with a loss of 8,000 men and 80 guns. - - - Neville’s Cross (Scottish Wars). - -Fought October 17, 1346, between the Scottish invading army, under David -II, and the northern levies, under Henry Percy and Ralph Neville. The -Scots were completely routed, with a loss of 15,000 men, and David and -many of his nobles captured. - - - Newburn (Scottish Wars). - -Fought August 28, 1640, between 4,500 English, under Lord Conway, and -the Scottish army, 22,500 strong, under Leslie. Conway endeavoured to -hold the ford of Newburn, near Newcastle, but his raw levies, after a -cannonade of three hours, fled in confusion. Conway was consequently -obliged to evacuate Newcastle, which was occupied by the Scots. The -losses on both sides were small. - - - Newbury (Civil War). - -Fought September 20, 1643, between the Royalists, under Charles I, and -the Parliamentarians, under Essex. The object of Charles was to stop -Essex’s march on London, and though his troops held their ground -throughout the day, he could not be said to have gained a victory, as -during the night he felt himself obliged to abandon his position. - -A second indecisive battle was fought at Newbury, October 27, 1644, when -the Royalists, under Charles I, again sustained throughout the day, -without giving ground, the attacks of the Parliamentary army, under -Waller, Manchester, and others, but, as on the previous occasion, -retired during the night. - - - Newmarket (American Civil War). - -Fought May 13, 1864, between 15,000 Federals, under Sigel, and 3,500 -Confederates, under Breckenridge. The Confederates, by a rapid flank -movement, fell upon Sigel’s force while on the march, and drove them to -seek shelter in a wood behind their artillery. The guns were then most -gallantly attacked and taken by 250 boys, pupils of the Lexington -Military School, who lost 80 of their number in the charge. Sigel -retired, having lost very heavily in men, and leaving 6 guns in the -enemy’s hands. - - - New Orleans (Second American War). - -This city, held by a garrison of 12,000 Americans, under General -Jackson, was attacked December, 1814, by a British force of 6,000 men, -under General Keane, aided by the fleet. On the 13th the American -warships, lying in the Mississippi, were captured by a boat attack, and -by the 21st the whole of the troops were disembarked. After a few -skirmishes, Sir Edward Pakenham, arrived and took command on the 25th, -and on January 1, 1815, a determined attack was made upon the American -position. This failed, and owing to difficulties as to supplies, the -British retired. On the 7th a final assault took place, but the -assailants were again repulsed, with a loss of 1,500, including -Pakenham, and the expedition then withdrew. At the time of the action -peace had already been concluded, though of course neither party was -aware of the fact. - - - New Orleans (American Civil War). - -On April 16, 1862, the Federal fleet of 30 armed steamers and 21 mortar -vessels, under Commodore Farragut, began the attack on this city by the -bombardment of Fort Jackson. After this fort and Fort Mary had been -shelled with little intermission until the 25th, Farragut forced the -passage, and anchoring off the Levée of New Orleans, the city at once -surrendered. The forts, however, still held out, but a mutiny broke out -in Fort Jackson, and on the 28th they surrendered to Commodore Porter. - - - New Ross (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 5, 1799, between 30,000 rebels, under Father Roche and -Bagenal Harvey, and about 1,400 regulars, under General Johnstone. The -rebels attacked the troops posted in New Ross, and penetrated into the -centre of the town, but were then driven back with the bayonet, and -totally routed, with a loss of 2,600 killed. - - - Newtown Butler (War of the Revolution). - -Fought August 2, 1689, between 5,000 Catholics, under Maccarthy, and -3,000 Protestants, under Colonel Wolseley, in defence of Enniskillen. -The Catholics were totally routed, and fled in disorder, losing 1,500 in -the action, and 500 drowned in Lough Erne. - - - Niagara (Seven Years’ War). - -This fort was besieged in June, 1759, by 2,500 British, with 900 -Indians, under General Prideaux, the garrison consisting of 600 French, -under Captain Pouchot. Prideaux was killed by the premature explosion of -a shell, and Sir William Johnson succeeded to the command. On July 24, -when the garrison were almost _in extremis_, an attempt to relieve the -fort was made by 1,300 French and Indians, under Ligneris, but he was -repulsed by Johnson with considerable loss, at La Belle Famille, and -Pouchot at once surrendered. - - - Nicæa (First Crusade). - -This city was besieged by the Crusaders, under Godefroi de Bouillon, May -14, 1097. The Saracens were greatly aided in the defence by the -possession of Lake Ascanius, but with great labour the crusaders -transported boats from the sea to the lake, and thus completed the -investment of the place. Two determined attempts to relieve it were made -by the Sultan Soliman, but both were repulsed, and Nicæa surrendered -June 20. - - - Nicholson’s Nek. - -_See_ Farquhar’s Farm. - - - Nicopolis (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 66, between the Romans, under Pompey, and the army of -Mithridates. The Romans had occupied the heights in front of the -retreating Asiatics, and Mithridates encamped under their position. In -the night the Romans attacked him in his camp, and utterly routed him. -This was the last battle fought by Mithridates against the legions of -Rome. - - - Nicopolis. - -Fought B.C. 47, when Domitius Calvinus, with one Roman legion and a -contingent of Pontic and other Asiatic troops, encountered the -Bosporans, under Pharnaces. Calvinus’ Asiatic troops fled at the first -onset, and he was completely defeated, only the steadiness of the Romans -saving him from disaster. - - - Nicopolis (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 28, 1395, between 10,000 French and 50,000 Hungarians, -under the Duc de Nevers and Sigismund of Hungary, and the Turkish army -of Bajazet I. The French charged the Turkish lines, without waiting for -the Hungarians, and penetrated the two first lines, killing 1,500 Turks, -but they were then overpowered by the Janissaries in the third line and -3,000 killed, while all the survivors were captured. Bajazet then turned -upon the Hungarians, who fled without striking a blow. Bajazet massacred -all his prisoners, excepting 25 nobles. - - - Nicopolis (Russo-Turkish War). - -This place was captured July 16, 1877, by the 9th Russian Army Corps, -under General Krudener, after two days’ bombardment, when the garrison -of 7,000 Turks surrendered. The Russians lost 1,300 killed and wounded. - - - Nieuport (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought July 2, 1600, between the Dutch, under Maurice of Orange, and the -Spaniards, under the Archduke Albert of Austria. Prince Maurice was -surprised by the Archduke in a very critical position, but succeeded in -holding his own, and after a long and evenly-contested engagement, -ultimately defeated the Spaniards with heavy loss. - - - Nikko (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the adherents of the Shogun, under Otori Keisuke, -and the Imperial army, under Saigo Takamori. The rebels were defeated, -and fled to the castle of Wakamatsu. - - - Nile (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought August 1, 1798. Admiral Brueys, with 13 ships of the line and -4 frigates, was anchored in Aboukir Bay. Nelson, with 13 -line-of-battleships and one 50-gun ship, penetrated with half his -squadron between the French line and the shore, while his remaining -ships engaged them on the outside. Thus caught between two fires, -the French were utterly routed, only two of their vessels escaping -capture or destruction. Admiral Brueys was killed, and his ship -L’Orient blown up. This battle is also known as the Battle of -Aboukir. - - - Nineveh (Persian Wars). - -Fought December 1, 627, between the Imperial troops, under the Emperor -Heraclius, and the Persians, under Rhazates, the general of Chosroes II. -The Persians stood their ground manfully throughout the day and far into -the night, and were almost annihilated before the surviving remnant -retreated in good order to their camp. The Romans also lost heavily, but -the victory opened the way to the royal city of Destigerd, which fell -into the hands of Heraclius, and peace was made the following year. - - - Niquitas (South American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813, when the Colombian Patriots, under Bolivar, completely -defeated the Spanish Royalists. - - - Nisib (Mehemet Ali’s Second Rebellion). - -Fought June 23, 1839, between 30,000 Turks, under Hafiz Pasha, and -Mehemet Ali’s Syro-Egyptian army, under his son Ibrahim. Ibrahim was far -the stronger in artillery, and his fire so shattered the Turks, that -when he finally advanced his infantry, they made no stand, but turned -and fled. Von Moltke, as a captain in the Turkish service, was under -fire in this action for the first time. - - - Nisibis (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, known as the Bulwark of the East, was thrice besieged in -338, 346 and 350 by Sapor II, King of Persia. In the two former years he -was compelled to retire after a siege of 60 and 80 days respectively. In -350 the city was defended by a garrison under Lucilianus, and Sapor, -finding the ordinary methods unavailing, diverted the course of the -Mygdonius, and by building dams formed a large lake, upon which he -placed a fleet of armed vessels, and attacked the city almost from the -level of the ramparts. Under pressure of the water a portion of the wall -gave way, and the Persians at once delivered an assault, but were -repulsed; and by the following day the garrison had rebuilt the wall. At -the end of about three months, Sapor, having lost 20,000 men, raised the -siege. - - - Nissa. - -A naval action, fought at the mouth of the Nissa in 1064, between the -Danish fleet, under Sweyn II, and the Norwegians under Harold Hardrada. -Sweyn was totally defeated, and his fleet destroyed, he himself escaping -with difficulty to Zealand. - - - Nissa. - -_See_ Morawa. - - - Nive (Peninsular War). - -Fought December 13, 1813, between 35,000 French, under Soult, and 14,000 -British and Portuguese, under Wellington. Having crossed the Nive on the -10th, Wellington took up a strong position on the heights near the -village of St. Pierre. Here he was attacked by Soult, but repulsed him, -and occupied the French position in front of the Adour. The French -losses in this battle and the combats which preceded it, amounted to -10,000 men. The British lost 5,019 killed and wounded. - - - Nivelle (Peninsular War). - -Fought November 10, 1813, when the French, under Soult, were driven from -a very strong position by the British, under Wellington, and forced to -retire behind the Nivelle. The French lost 4,265, including about 1,200 -prisoners, 51 guns, and all their field magazines. The British lost -2,694 killed and wounded. - - - Nordlingen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought September 6, 1634, between 40,000 Imperialists, under Ferdinand -of Hungary, and a numerically inferior force of Germans and Swedes, -under the Duke of Weimar and Count Horn. The action was fought to -relieve Nordlingen, which Ferdinand was besieging, and resulted in the -total defeat of the allies, who lost 12,000 killed, 6,000 prisoners, -including Horn, and 80 guns. - - - Nordlingen (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought August 3, 1645, between 17,000 French under Condé, and 14,000 -Imperialists, under Mercy. The French attacked the village of -Allersheim, where the Imperialists were strongly entrenched, and after -very severe fighting, the left under Turenne succeeded in expelling -them, with a loss of 6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and almost all -their guns. General Mercy was killed. The French loss amounted to about -4,000. - - - Noisseville (Franco-German War). - -A sortie of the French, under Bazaine, from Metz, August 31, 1870, in -the endeavour to break through the investing line of the Germans, under -Prince Frederick Charles. The French had some slight success at first, -and maintained the ground they had won during the day, but on September -1, their further efforts to advance were fruitless, and they were driven -back into Metz with a loss of 145 officers and 3,379 men. The Germans -lost 126 officers and 2,850 men. - - - Northallerton. - -_See_ Standard. - - - Northampton (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought July 10, 1460, between the Lancastrians, under Henry VI, and the -Yorkists, under the Earl of Warwick. The king’s entrenchments were -betrayed by Lord Grey de Ruthyn, and the Lancastrians were defeated with -a loss of 300 killed, including Buckingham, Shrewsbury, Egremont, and -other prominent men. The King was made prisoner. - - - North Foreland (Dutch Wars). - -Fought July 25, 1666, between the English fleet, under the Duke of -Albemarle and Prince Rupert, and the Dutch, under Van Tromp and de -Ruyter. The English gained a complete victory, capturing or burning 20 -ships. The Dutch had 4,000 men killed or drowned. - - - Notion (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought B.C. 407 between the Peloponnesian fleet, under Lysander, and the -Athenian fleet of Alcibiades, which was lying at Notion. Alcibiades was -not present during the action, which was the result of a surprise, and -the Athenians were defeated with a loss of 15 ships. - - - Nova Carthago (Second Punic War). - -This city, defended by a small Carthaginian garrison, under Mago, was -stormed by 27,500 Romans, under Scipio, B.C. 209. - - - Novara (Italian Wars). - -Fought June 6, 1515, between 10,000 French, under La Tremouille, and -13,000 Swiss. The French camp was surprised by the Swiss, who, after -hard fighting, totally routed the French with a loss of 6,000 men. The -Swiss losses were also heavy. - - - Novara (Italian Rising). - -Fought March 23, 1849, between 50,000 Piedmontese, under Chrzanowski, -and three Austrian army corps, under Radetsky. After hard fighting the -Piedmontese were completely defeated and driven from the field in -disorder. - - - Novi (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought August 15, 1799, between the French, under Joubert, and the -Russians and Austrians, under Suwaroff. Early in the action Joubert -fell, Moreau succeeding to the command. The result was disastrous to the -French, who were defeated with a loss of 7,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 -prisoners, and 37 guns. The allies lost 6,000 killed and wounded and -1,200 prisoners. - - - Nujufghur (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought August 24, 1857, between 6,000 rebels, under Mohammed Bukht Khan, -and a small British force, under John Nicholson. The rebels were -defeated, at small cost, with a loss of over 800 men and all their guns. - - - Numantia (Lusitanian War). - -This city, defended by the inhabitants under Megaravicus, was besieged -B.C. 142 by a Roman consular army. In the course of 141 the Romans were -twice defeated under the walls, and though negotiations for a surrender -were entered into in the following year, they were not concluded, and in -139 the new Roman commander, Popilius Lænas, refused to ratify the -terms. Shortly afterwards he was again defeated by the Numantians, as -was his successor Mancius in 137. It was not till the arrival of Scipio -Æmilianus in 134 that the lengthy resistance of the inhabitants was at -last overcome, and fifteen months after he took command the city fell, -in the autumn of 133 B.C. - - - - - O - - - Oberstein. - -Fought 1533, between the Poles, under Tarnowski, and the Wallachians, -under Bogdan. The Wallachians were signally defeated, with heavy loss. - - - Obligado (Uruguayan War of Independence). - -Fought November, 1845, between the Argentine fleet, under Oribe, and the -combined French and British squadrons. The allies were victorious, and -Oribe was forced to raise the siege of Montevideo, while the waters of -the Parana were opened to the shipping of all nations. - - - Ocaña (Peninsular War). - -In this action, at which Joseph Buonaparte was present, Soult, with -30,000 French, defeated 53,000 Spaniards, under Areizaga, with a loss of -5,000 killed and wounded, 26,000 prisoners, including 3 generals, 45 -guns, and all their baggage and transport. The French only lost 1,700 -men. - - - Ocean Pond (American Civil War). - -Fought February 20, 1864, between 5,000 Confederates, under General -Finnegan, and 6,000 Federals, under General Seymour. The Confederates -occupied a strong position, protected by swamps and forests, near Lake -City, where they were attacked by Seymour, whom they defeated with a -loss of 1,200 men and 5 guns. The Confederates loss amounted to 700. - - - Ockley (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 851, between the Danes, and the West Saxons, under Ethelwulf. The -Danes were completely defeated. - - - Oczakov (Ottoman Wars). - -This fortress, defended by 10,000 Turks and Bosnians, was besieged 1737, -by the Russians, under Count Münnich, and after the magazine had been -blown up was stormed by the besiegers, and the garrison cut to pieces. -In 1788 the place was again besieged by the Russians, under Potemkin, -and after a strenuous resistance of six months, was taken by storm, -December 17. In the massacre which followed, 40,000 of the garrison and -inhabitants were put to the sword. - - - Odawara (Hojo Rebellion). - -The castle of Odawara, the last stronghold of the Hojo family, was -besieged by the Japanese Imperial troops, under Hideyoshi. The castle -held out for over three months, but at last finding that they could hope -for no support from without, the garrison surrendered, and the power of -the Hojo family came to an end. - - - Œnophyta - -Fought B.C. 457, between the Athenians, under Myronides, and the Thebans -and other Bœotian states. The Bœotians were totally defeated, and -were in consequence compelled to acknowledge the headship of Athens, and -to contribute men to her armies. - - - Ofen (Hungarian Rising). - -This fortress, held by an Austrian garrison, under General Hentzi, was -besieged by the Hungarians, under Görgey, May 4, 1849. After an -unsuccessful assault, a siege in due form was commenced, and several -further assaults having also failed, the place was finally taken by -storm on the 21st. General Hentzi was mortally wounded. - - - Ohud (Mohammed’s War with the Koreish). - -Fought 623, between 950 Moslems, under Mohammed, and 3,000 Koreish of -Mecca, under Abu Sophian. The latter were victorious, 70 Moslems being -slain, and the Prophet himself wounded, but Abu Sophian did not feel -himself strong enough to follow up his victory by an attack upon Medina. - - - Olmedo. - -Fought 1467, between the Spanish adherents of the Infante Alfonso, a -claimant to the throne, under the Archbishop of Toledo, and the Royal -troops, under Henry of Castile. After an action which began late in the -afternoon, and lasted for three hours, without any very decisive result, -the Archbishop, who was considerably inferior in numbers, withdrew his -troops, leaving Henry in possession of the field. - - - Olmütz (Seven Years’ War). - -This place was besieged by Frederick the Great, May, 1758. Having -insufficient troops to completely invest the place, Frederick’s task was -a difficult one, and Marshal Daun was able to keep communications open, -and supply the town with provisions. After a siege of seven weeks, the -Austrians captured a convoy of 4,000 waggons, under the escort of -Landon, destined for the Prussian army, and Frederick was forced by this -loss to raise the siege, and retire. - - - Olpæ (Peloponnesian War). - -Fought 426 B.C., between a small Athenian force, under Demosthenes, and -a force of Ambraciots, with 3,000 Spartan hoplites, under Eurylochus. -Demosthenes gained a complete victory, by means of an ambuscade, and -Eurylochus was slain. - - - Oltenitza (Crimean War). - -Fought 1853, when a Turkish army, superior in numbers, under Omar Pasha, -totally defeated the Russian army which had invaded the Danubian -Principalities. - - - Omdurman (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought September 2, 1898, between the British and Egyptians, 23,000 -strong, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, and 50,000 Dervishes, under the -Khalifa. The Dervishes attacked the British zareba, and were repulsed -with heavy loss. Kitchener then advanced, to drive the enemy before him -into Omdurman, and capture the place. In the course of the operation, -however, the Egyptian Brigade on the British right, under General -Macdonald, became isolated, and was attacked in front by the centre of -the Dervish army, while his flank and rear were threatened by the -Dervish left, which had not previously been engaged. The position was -critical, but through the extreme steadiness of the Soudanese, who -changed front under heavy fire, the attack was repulsed. The British and -Egyptian losses were 500 killed and wounded. The Dervishes lost about -15,000. - - - Onao (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 28, 1857, between Havelock’s relieving force, 1,500 strong, -and the rebels, who occupied a strong position near Onao, so protected -on the flanks that a frontal attack was necessary. This was successful, -and after the town had been passed, a further attack by the mutineers -was repulsed, with a loss of 300 men and 15 guns. - - - Onessant. - -Fought July 27, 1778, between 30 British ships of the line, under -Admiral Keppel, and a French squadron of equal force, under the Comte -d’Estaing. After a fight which lasted throughout the day, the two fleets -drew off to repair damages, neither side having lost a ship. - - - Oondwa Nullah. - -Fought September, 1763, when 3,000 British and native troops, under -Major Adams, carried by storm the entrenchments and the fort held by Mir -Cossim’s army of 60,000 men with 100 guns. Mir Cossim fled and his army -was entirely dispersed. - - - Ooscata. - -Fought August 23, 1768, when the camp of the Mahratta contingent, under -Morari Rao, forming a part of Colonel Donald Campbell’s column, was -attacked by a detachment of Hyder Ali’s army. The Mahrattas repulsed the -Mysore cavalry with a loss of about 300, at a cost to themselves of 18 -only. - - - Opequan (American Civil War). - -Fought September 19, 1864, between 13,000 Confederates, under General -Early, and 45,000 Federals, under General Sheridan. Success at first -inclined to the side of the Southerners, but their left wing was broken -by a charge of 7,000 cavalry, under Custer, and the Confederates were -completely routed and fled in confusion. - - - Oporto (Peninsular War). - -Fought March 28, 1809, when the French, under Soult, completely defeated -the Portuguese under Lima and Pareiras, outside the city of Oporto. -Soult followed up his success by storming Oporto, with horrible -slaughter, it being computed that 10,000 of the inhabitants perished. -The French lost 500 only. - - - Oran (Ximenes’ Expedition to Morocco). - -Fought May 17, 1509, between the Moors and the Spaniards, under Navarro. -The Spaniards, late in the evening, attacked and drove off the Moors -from a strong position on the heights above the city. They then stormed -the city itself, escalading the walls by placing their pikes in the -crevices of the stones. The Moors lost in the battle and the storm 4,000 -killed and about 8,000 prisoners, while the losses of the victors were -very small. - - - Orchomenus (First Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 85, between the Pontic army, under Archelaus, and the -Romans, under Sulla. The Asiatic cavalry attacked and drove back the -Roman line, but Sulla himself rallied his troops, and led them in a -charge which totally routed the enemy with heavy loss. - - - Ordovici, The. - -Fought A.D. 50, between the Romans, under Ostorius Scapula, and the -Britons, under Caractacus. The Britons occupied the slope of a hill, -where they were attacked by the Romans and totally routed. Caractacus -fled to the Brigantes, by whom he was surrendered, and sent a captive to -Rome. - - - Orleans (Hundred Years’ War). - -This city was besieged by the English, under the Regent, the Duke of -Bedford, in October, 1428. In April, 1429, a French force, 7,000 strong, -under Dunois and Joan of Arc, succeeded in entering, it having been -found impossible to invest the place completely. After various -successful attacks on the batteries erected by the besiegers, Joan, on -the 6th and 7th of May, led the garrison to victory against the English -lines, and on the 8th Bedford was compelled to raise the siege. - - - Orthez (Peninsular War). - -Fought February 27, 1814, between the British under Wellington, and the -French, under Soult. The French were driven out of Orthez and across the -Luy de Béarn, with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, and 6 guns. - - - Oruro. - -Fought 1862, between the Bolivian Government troops, under the -President, General Acha, and the rebels, under General Perez, who had -proclaimed himself President. Perez was utterly routed. - - - Ostend (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This place was besieged, July 5, 1601, by the Spaniards, under the -Archduke Albert. The town made a most remarkable defence, holding out -for more than three years, but Spinola having taken command of the -besiegers, it was finally captured, September 14, 1604, by which time -scarcely a house in the town was left standing. The Spaniards lost -70,000 men in the course of the siege. - - - Ostia (Italian Wars). - -This place, held by a French garrison, under Menaldo Guerri, was -besieged in 1500 by the Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de Cordova. After five -days’ bombardment, an attack was made upon the town on the opposite side -by a small party of Spaniards resident in Rome, under Garcilasso de la -Vega. Thus between two fires, Guerri surrendered. - - - Ostrolenka (Crimean War). - -Fought 1853, between the Turks, under Omar Pasha, and the Russian army -which had invaded the Danubian Principalities. The Turks, who were -considerably superior in numbers, gained a complete victory. - - - Ostrowno (Campaign of Moscow). - -Fought July 25 and 26, 1812, between the French corps of Ney and Prince -Eugène, with Murat’s cavalry, and the Russian corps of Count Osterman -and General Konownitzyn. The Russians were defeated and driven back on -both days, with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, 800 prisoners and 8 -guns. The French loss was about the same. - - - Oswego (Seven Years’ War). - -This place, held by a garrison of 1,400 Provincial troops, under Colonel -Mercer, was besieged by the French, under Montcalm, August 11, 1756. -After a bombardment of 3 days, in the course of which Mercer was killed, -the place surrendered. The losses on both sides were very small. - - - Otrar (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This city was besieged, 1219, by 200,000 Mongols, under Oktai and -Zagatai, sons of Genghiz Khan, and defended by a garrison of 60,000, -under Gazer Khan. The place was entered after a four months’ siege, by -which time the garrison was reduced to 20,000 men, but with this remnant -Gazer Khan held out in the citadel for another month. - - - Otterburn (Scottish Wars). - -Fought August 19, 1388, between 9,000 English, under Henry Percy -(Hotspur) and a greatly inferior force of Scots, under Earls Douglas and -Murray. Hotspur attacked the Scottish entrenchments, and was totally -defeated, with a loss of about 2,000. The battle is celebrated in the -old ballad of “Chevy Chace.” - - - Otumba (Conquest of Mexico). - -Fought July 8, 1520, between 200 Spaniards, with some thousands of -Tlascalan auxiliaries, under Cortes, and a force of about 200,000 -Aztecs. The Spaniards, wearied by a long march on their retreat from -Mexico, were intercepted by the Aztecs, and after many hours’ fighting, -were on the verge of defeat, when a charge of a few cavaliers, headed by -Cortes, into the very heart of the Aztec army, so discouraged them that -they fled in disorder. It is said that 20,000 Aztecs fell. - - - Oudenarde (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 11, 1708, between 80,000 British and Imperialists, under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and 100,000 French, under the Duke of -Burgundy and Marshal Vendôme. The French, who were besieging Oudenarde, -raised the siege on the advance of the allies, and marched to meet them, -but were totally defeated with a loss of 3,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, -and 10 guns. The allies lost 2,000. - - - - - P - - - Paardeberg (Second Boer War). - -Fought February 18, 1900, between 5,000 Boers, under Cronje, and the -British, numbering 4 Infantry Brigades, with 4 batteries, under Lord -Kitchener. Cronje had taken refuge in the bed of the Tugela river, and -an attempt was made to dislodge him. The absence of cover for the -attacking force, however, rendered this impossible, but he was -surrounded, and on the arrival of Lord Roberts, subjected to a sustained -artillery fire, which lasted until he surrendered on the 27th. The -British losses during the operations amounted to 98 officers and 1,437 -men, of whom 1,100 fell in the battle of the 18th. The prisoners taken -numbered 3,000 Transvaalers and 1,100 Free Staters, with 6 guns. - - - Pabon. - -Fought September 17, 1861, between the troops of Buenos Ayres, under -Mitre, aided by an Italian legion, under Piloni, and the army of the -Argentine Confederation, under Urquiza. The latter were defeated. - - - Pagahar (First Burmah War). - -The only occasion during the war when the Burmans met the British in the -open. In 1825 Sir Archibald Campbell, with 1,300 men, encountered 15,000 -Burmans, under Zay-ya-Thayan but the battle was almost a bloodless one, -for the Burmans failed to make any stand, their general being the first -to flee. - - - Pagasæan Gulf (Sacred War). - -Fought B.C. 352, between the Phocians, under Onomarchus, and the -Macedonians, under Philip. Philip’s infantry was about equal in numbers -to that of the Phocians, but he was far superior in cavalry, and in the -end the Phocians were completely defeated, with the loss of a third of -their number. Onomarchus was slain. - - - Palais Gallien (War of the Fronde). - -Fought September 5, 1649, between the Royal troops, 8,000 strong, under -the Marshal de la Meilleraic, and 7,000 Bordelais, under the Ducs de -Bouillon and de la Rochefoucauld. The Bordelais successfully repulsed -four or five assaults, but by nightfall were driven from their -entrenchments into the city, with a loss of about 120. The assailants -lost over 1,000 killed and wounded. - - - Palermo (Italian Rising). - -Fought May 26 and 27, 1848, when Garibaldi, with 750 of his “Thousand -Volunteers,” and about 3,000 Sicilian “Picciotti,” succeeded in -surprising one of the gates of Palermo, which was garrisoned by 18,000 -Neapolitans, under General Lanza. The “Picciotti” fled at the first -shot, but Garibaldi penetrated into the city, where, being joined by the -citizens, he erected barricades, and after some severe fighting, in -which the Neapolitans suffered heavily, General Lanza surrendered. The -last of the Neapolitan troops were withdrawn on June 20. - - - Palestrina (Italian Rising). - -Fought May 9, 1849, between 4,000 Italian Patriots, under Garibaldi, and -7,000 Neapolitans, under King Ferdinand. After three hours’ fighting, -the Neapolitans were totally routed. Garibaldi was wounded in the -action. - - - Palestro (Unification of Italy). - -Fought May 30, 1859, between the Sardinians, under General Cialdini, and -the Austrians, under General Stadion. The Austrians attacked the -Sardinians while they were crossing the Sesia, but were repulsed, and -Cialdini effected the passage successfully and drove the Austrians out -of Palestro with considerable loss. - - - Palmyra (Expedition to Palmyra). - -This city was besieged by the Romans, under Aurelian, after the defeat -of Zenobia at Emesa in 272. An obstinate defence was made by the Queen, -but Aurelian being reinforced by Probus early in 273, Zenobia fled from -the city and the place was captured. Zenobia failed to escape, and was -brought into Aurelian’s camp. During his return march, Aurelian learnt -that the citizens had risen, and massacred the Governor and the garrison -he had left in the place. He thereupon retraced his steps, and destroyed -the city, sparing neither young nor old. - - - Palo Alto (Americo-Mexican War). - -Fought May 8, 1846, between the Americans, under General Taylor, and the -Mexicans, under Arista. The Mexicans were completely routed, at very -small cost to the victors. - - - Panama (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -On December 16, 1670, Morgan the Buccaneer sailed from Hispaniola with -37 ships and about 2,000 men to plunder this town. Having captured the -castle of San Lorenzo, at the mouth of the Chagre, an exploit which cost -the assailants 170 out of 400 men engaged, while two-thirds of the -garrison were killed, Morgan started to cross the Isthmus, at the head -of 1,200 men, January 18, 1671. The garrison of Panama, 2,400 strong, -met him outside the city, and were defeated with heavy loss, the -Buccaneers losing 600 men. Morgan then sacked the place, and on February -24, withdrew with 175 mule loads of plunder, and 600 prisoners. - - - Panama (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -Fought April 23, 1680, between the Buccaneers, with three ships, under -John Coxon, and three Spanish vessels. The Spaniards were defeated, -after a hard fight in which two Spanish vessels were captured by -boarding. The Spanish commander was killed. The Buccaneers then entered -the Bay, and captured six vessels lying in the roads. - - - Pandosia. - -Fought 331 B.C., between the Italian Greeks, under Alexander of Epirus, -and the Lucanians. During the battle Alexander was stabbed by a Lucanian -exile serving in the Greek army, and the Greeks were in the end -defeated. - - - Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought July 15, 1857, between a British relieving force, under Havelock, -and the mutineers who were opposing his advance to Cawnpore. By a forced -march in the heat of the day, Havelock succeeded in seizing the bridge -over the Pandu Naddi, which the mutineers were engaged in mining, thus -securing an open road to Cawnpore. The rebels were driven off after a -short engagement. - - - Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought November 26, 1857, between 1,400 British, under General Windham, -and the advance guard of the mutineers and the Gwalior contingent, under -the Nana Sahib. The rebels were posted beyond the river, and the British -crossing the dry bed, drove them from their entrenchments, capturing 3 -guns. Windham, then finding himself close to the main body of mutineers, -retired towards Cawnpore. - - - Panipat (Third Mongol Invasion). - -Fought April 20, 1526, between the Delhi Mohammedans, 10,000 strong, -with 100 elephants, under Ibrahim, and the Mongols, about 2,000 picked -men, under Baber, the first of the Great Moguls. Ibrahim was totally -defeated, being himself among the slain. The battle marked the end of -the Afghan dynasty of Delhi, and the commencement of the Mogul Empire. - - - Panipat. - -Fought November 5, 1536, between Akbar, the Great Mogul, with about -20,000 troops, and the forces of the revolted Hindu Rajahs, 100,000 -strong, under Hemu. The Hindus attacked, and the onslaught of the -elephants being repulsed, their ranks were thrown into disorder, and the -Moguls gained a complete victory. Hemu was wounded and captured. By this -victory Akbar recovered Delhi, which had fallen into the hands of the -rebels. - - - Panipat. - -Fought 1759, between the Mahrattas, 85,000 strong, under Sedashao Rao -Bhao, cousin of the Peshwa, and the Duranis, numbering, with Hindu -allies, about 90,000. The Bhao attacked, and dispersed Ahmed’s Indian -troops, but on the Duranis coming into action, the Mahrattas were broken -and utterly routed, with enormous loss. The Bhao, and the son of the -Peshwa were among the slain. - - - Panormus (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 250, between 25,000 Romans, under L. Cæcilius Metellus, and -the Carthaginian army in Sicily, under Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal offered -battle in front of Panormus, and Metellus sent out his light troops to -engage him. They ran back into the town before a charge of the -elephants, which, following closely, were driven into the ditch -surrounding the place, where many were killed. Meanwhile Metellus -sallied out with his legionaries, and taking Hasdrubal in flank -completely routed him. The whole of the Carthaginian elephants in Sicily -were killed or captured in this battle. - - - Parætakene Mountains (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought 316 B.C., between the Macedonians, 30,000 strong, under -Antigonus, and an equal force of Asiatics, under Eumenes. Eumenes -attacked the Macedonian camp, and after a severe engagement, in which -the Asiatics held the advantage, Antigonus, by successful manœuvring, -withdrew his army without serious loss, leaving Eumenes a barren -victory. - - - Parana (Paraguayan War). - -Fought 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazilians, -under Porto Alegre. Lopez was victorious. - - - Paris (Allied Invasion of France). - -On March 30, 1814, Paris, which was defended only by 20,000 regulars and -National Guard, under Marmont, was attacked by the Grand Army of the -allies, under Schwartzemberg. Three columns assaulted the French -positions at Vincennes, Belleville and Montmartre, while a fourth -attacked the extreme left of the French line in order to turn the -heights of Montmartre. The two first positions were carried, and -Montmartre turned, whereupon Joseph having fled, Marmont surrendered. -The French lost over 4,000 men; the allies about 8,000. - - - Paris (Franco-German War). - -Paris was invested by the main German army, under the King of Prussia -and von Moltke, September 19, 1870. The garrison, under the command of -General Trochu, made a gallant defence, many serious sorties taking -place, but the Germans gradually mastered the outer defences, and -finally, being much straitened by famine, the city surrendered January -28, 1871. - - - Parkany (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August, 1663, between 200,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier, -Achmet Köprili Pasha, and the Hungarians, in far smaller force, under -Count Forgacz. The Hungarians were defeated, and driven into Neuhäusel, -which town, after a valiant resistance of six weeks, capitulated -September 24. - - - Parma (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought June 29, 1734, between the French, under Marshal de Coigny, and -the Imperialists, 60,000 strong, under General de Mercy. The -Imperialists were defeated with a loss of 6,000, including de Mercy. The -French loss was almost as heavy. - - - Paso de la Patria (Paraguayan War). - -Fought 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazilians, -under Porto Alegre. The Paraguayans gained a signal victory. - - - Patay (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought June 18, 1429, between the French, under Joan of Arc and the Duc -d’Alençon, and the English, under Talbot and Sir John Fastolfe. The -English were retiring after the siege of Orleans, and their advanced -guard under Talbot, being attacked by the French, was seized with a -panic, and refusing to meet the charge of the French cavalry, broke and -fled. The main body, under Fastolfe, however, maintained its formation, -and made good its retreat to Etampes. Talbot was made prisoner. - - - Patila (Tartar Invasion of Persia). - -Fought 1394, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the Persians, -under Shah Mansur. The Persians vigorously attacked the Tartar centre, -and Tamerlane was nearly overwhelmed, but rallying his troops he led a -charge which restored the battle, and gained a complete victory. The -complete subjugation of Persia followed. - - - Pavia (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought 271, between the Romans, under Aurelian, and the German invaders. -Aurelian gained a signal victory, and the Alemanni recrossed the -frontier. - - - Pavia (Lombard Conquest of Italy). - -This city was besieged in 568 by the Lombards, under Alboin, and after a -gallant defence, lasting over three years, was at last subdued, rather -by famine than by force of arms, and surrendered to the besiegers. Pavia -then became the capital of the Lombard kingdom of Italy. - - - Pavia (Italian Wars). - -Fought May 22, 1431, on the Ticino, near Pavia, between 85 Venetian -galleys, under Nicolas Trevisani, and a somewhat superior number of -galleys in the pay of the Milanese. The Venetians were defeated, with a -loss of 70 galleys and 3,000 men. - - - Pavia (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought February 25, 1525, between the French, under Francis I, and the -Imperialists, under Lannoy. Francis, who was besieging Pavia, awaited -the attack of the Imperialists on his lines, and his artillery wrought -great havoc in their ranks, then, charging at the head of his cavalry, -he was repulsed by Lannoy’s infantry, and the Swiss mercenaries being -taken in flank, and thrown into disorder, the battle was lost. Francis -was captured. This is the occasion on which he wrote to his mother, -“Rien ne m’est demouré, excepté l’honneur et la vie qui est sauve.” - - - Peach Tree Creek (American Civil War). - -Fought July 22, 1864, in the course of the operations round Atlanta, -between the Federals, under General Sherman, and the Confederates, under -General Hood. Hood attacked the Federal position, and drove off their -left wing, capturing 13 guns and some prisoners; being reinforced, -however, the Federals rallied, and recovered the lost ground. The -Confederates, however, claimed the victory. The Federals lost 3,722, -including General McPherson. The Confederate losses were about the same. - - - Pea Ridge (American Civil War). - -Fought March 7 and 8, 1862, between 16,000 Confederates, under General -von Dorn, and the Federals, in equal force, under General Curtis. On the -7th the Confederates drove back the Federal right wing, and nearly -succeeded in cutting their communications, though they lost General -M’Culloch in the course of the action. On the 8th the Federals drove -back the Southerners, and recovered the ground they had lost, the battle -ending without decisive result. The losses on each side were about -1,000. This is also called the Battle of Gek Horn. - - - Peiwar Kotal (Second Afghan War). - -Fought December 2, 1878, between a British force, 3,200 strong, under -Sir Frederick Roberts, with 13 guns, and about 18,000 Afghans, with 11 -guns, strongly posted in the Kotal. By an able, but difficult turning -movement, the pass was crossed, and the Afghans completely defeated, -with heavy loss, all their guns being captured. The British lost 20 -killed and 78 wounded. - - - Peking (Tartar Invasion of China). - -This city was besieged by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, in 1210, and -after a long and obstinate defence, which so exhausted the besiegers -that Genghiz Khan is said to have decimated his men in order to feed the -rest, the city was taken by stratagem. - - - Pelekanon (Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor). - -Fought 1329, between the Turks, under Orkhan, and the forces of -Andronicus the Younger, Emperor of the East. The Imperialists were -defeated. This is the first occasion in which the Byzantines met the -Ottoman invaders in battle. - - - Pelischat (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought August 30, 1877, when the Turks, 25,000 strong, with 50 guns, -made a sortie from Plevna, and attacked the Russian lines in front of -Poradim. The Russians, 20,000 strong, under General Zotoff, succeeded in -repulsing all the Turkish attacks, with a loss of about 3,000 killed and -wounded. The Russians lost 1,000. - - - Pelusium (Persian Conquest of Egypt). - -Fought 525 B.C., between the Persians, under Cambyses, and the -Egyptians, under Psammeticus. The Egyptians were totally defeated, and -this victory was followed by the complete subjugation of Egypt, which -became a Persian satrapy. - - - Pelusium (War of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 321, between the Macedonians, under the Regent, Perdiccas, -and the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Lagus. Perdiccas attacked the fortress, -but was driven off with heavy loss, including 1,000 drowned in the Nile. - - - Peña Cerrada (First Carlist War). - -This fortress, held by a Carlist garrison, under Gergue, was captured by -Espartero with 19,000 Cristinos, June 21, 1838. After shelling the place -for 7 hours, Espartero attacked the Carlists, who held the heights -outside the town, and dispersed them, capturing 600 prisoners, and all -their guns. The remainder of the garrison then abandoned the place. - - - Penobscot Bay (American War of Independence). - -Fought July 14, 1779, when a British squadron of 10 ships, under Sir -George Collier, completely destroyed an American squadron of 24 ships, -and captured the 3,000 men who formed their crews. - - - Pen Selwood (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 1016, between the English, under Edmund Ironside, and the Danes, -under Knut, shortly after Edmund’s election as King by the Witanegemot. -This was the first of the series of engagements between the two rivals, -which ended with the Peace of Olney. - - - Pered (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought June 21, 1849, between the Hungarians, 16,000 strong, under -Görgey, and the Austrians and Russians, under Prince Windischgrätz. The -allies attacked the Hungarian position, and after severe fighting, drove -them out, with a loss of about 3,000. - - - Perembacum (First Mysore War). - -Fought September 10, 1780, when a Mysore force, 11,000 strong, under -Tippu Sahib, surrounded and cut to pieces a detachment of Sir Hector -Monro’s army, 3,700 in number, under Colonel Baillie. Only a few, -including Baillie himself, escaped the massacre. - - - Perisabor (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, defended by an Assyrian and Persian garrison, was -captured, May, 363, by the Romans, under Julian. The fortress was -dismantled and the town destroyed. - - - Perpignan. - -This fortress was besieged by the French, 11,000 strong, under the -Seigneur du Lude, at the end of 1474, and was defended by a Spanish -garrison. The Spanish army could not succeed in relieving the place, and -after holding out with great gallantry until March 14, 1475, the -garrison, reduced to 400 men, surrendered, and were allowed to march out -with the honours of war. The capture of Perpignan gave France possession -of Rousillon. - - - Perryville (American Civil War). - -Fought October 8, 1862, between 45,000 Federals, under General Buell, -and a somewhat smaller Confederate army, under General Bragg. The -Confederates attacked, and drove back the Federals, but no decisive -result was arrived at, and during the night Bragg withdrew, having -inflicted a loss of 4,000 on the enemy, and captured an artillery train. -The Confederates lost about 2,500 killed and wounded. - - - Persepolis (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 316, between the Macedonians, 31,000 strong, with 65 -elephants, under Antigonus, and 42,000 Asiatics, with 114 elephants, -under Eumenes. At the first onslaught, Antigonus’ infantry was -overwhelmed, but his cavalry retrieved the day, and seizing the enemy’s -camp, threw Eumenes’ phalanx into confusion. Upon this the Macedonian -infantry rallied, and gained a complete victory, Eumenes being captured. - - - Peshawar (Second Mohammedan Invasion of India). - -Fought 1001, between 10,000 Afghans, under Sultan Mahmud of Ghuzni, and -42,000 Punjabis, with 300 elephants, under the Rajah Jaipal of Lahore. -The Rajah was totally defeated, and captured with 15 of his principal -chiefs. - - - Petersburg (American Civil War). - -Fought June 15 to 18, 1864, forming an episode in the Federal attack on -Richmond. General Beauregard, with 8,000 men, was charged with the -defence of Petersburg, and at the same time had to contain General -Butler at Bermuda Hundred. His entrenchments before Petersburg were -attacked on the 15th by General Smith, and a portion of the first line -carried. On the 16th Beauregard withdrew the force masking Bermuda -Hundred, and concentrated his troops in front of Petersburg, but after -holding out till the afternoon, a panic seized the defenders, and they -were driven from the first line. Beauregard, however, rallied them, and -retook the entrenchments. During the night he withdrew to a second and -stronger line of defences, and on the 17th and 18th repulsed, with -terrible slaughter, all the efforts of the Federals to carry it. - - - Petersburg (American Civil War). - -On June 30, 1864, a mine was exploded under the Confederate defences in -front of Petersburg, and an attempt was made by the Federals to carry -the entrenchments during the confusion that ensued. The Confederates, -however, stood their ground, repulsing all attacks with heavy loss, and -of the Federals who succeeded in entering the breast-works, 5,000 were -killed or captured. Both the generals commanding, Lee and Grant, were -present during the action. - - - Peterwaradin (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 5, 1716, when Prince Eugene, with 80,000 Imperialists, -mostly veterans from the Flanders campaign, signally defeated 150,000 -Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha. The Turks lost 30,000 killed, 50 standards -and 250 guns. The Imperialists lost about 3,000. - - - Petra (Persian Wars). - -This strong fortress, garrisoned by 1,500 Persians, was besieged by the -Romans, 8,000 strong, under Dagisteus, in 549. After a series of -unsuccessful assaults the Romans succeeded in bringing down a large -portion of the outer wall by mining. By this time the garrison was -reduced to 400, but Dagisteus, delaying to storm the fortress, the -Persians succeeded in throwing in reinforcements, which brought the -garrison up to 3,000. Meanwhile all the breaches had been repaired, and -the Romans had to undertake a second siege. At last a breach was -effected, and after very severe fighting the besiegers effected a -lodgement. Of the defenders 700 fell in the second siege, and 1,070 in -the storm, while of 700 prisoners, only 18 were unwounded. Five hundred -retreated to the citadel, and held out to the last, perishing in the -flames when it was fired by the Romans. - - - Pharsalus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought August 9, B.C. 48, between the Pompeians, 60,000 strong, under -Pompey, and Cæsareans, 25,000 strong, under Cæsar. The Pompeian cavalry -drove back that of Cæsar, but following in pursuit, were thrown into -confusion by the legionaries, whereupon they turned and fled from the -field; the infantry followed and the battle became a rout, in which -15,000 Pompeians, and only 200 Cæsareans fell. After the battle, 20,000 -Pompeians surrendered. - - - Pharsalus (Greco-Turkish War). - -Fought May 6, 1897, when Edhem Pasha, with three Turkish divisions, -drove the Greeks from their entrenchments in front of Pharsalus, at a -cost of about 230 killed and wounded. The Greek loss was not very heavy. - - - Philiphaugh (Civil War). - -Fought September 13, 1645, when 4,000 Lowland horse, under David Leslie, -surprised and cut to pieces Montrose’s force of Highlanders, encamped -near Selkirk. Montrose escaped with a few followers. - - - Philippi (Rebellion of Brutus). - -Fought B.C. 42, between the Republicans, under Brutus and Cassius, -100,000 strong, and the army of the Triumvirs, about equal in numbers, -under Octavius and Mark Antony. Brutus on the right repulsed the legions -of Octavius, and penetrated into his camp. Cassius, however, was -overthrown by Antony, and would have been overwhelmed but for the -arrival of aid from the successful right wing. The action was renewed on -the second day, when the Triumvirs were completely victorious, and the -Republican army dispersed. Brutus committed suicide on the field of -battle. - - - Philippopolis (First Gothic Invasion of the Empire). - -This city was besieged, 251, by the Goths, under Cniva, and after a -gallant defence, and the defeat of an attempt by Decius to relieve it, -was stormed and sacked. It is said that 100,000 of the garrison and -inhabitants perished in the siege and subsequent massacre. - - - Philippopolis (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought February 17, 1878, between the Russians, under General Gourko, -and the Turks, under Fuad and Shakir Pashas. The Turks made a stubborn -defence of the approaches to Philippopolis, but were overpowered by -superior numbers, and forced to retreat with a loss of 5,000 killed and -wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and 114 guns. The Russians lost 1,300. - - - Philipsburg (War of the Polish Succession). - -This fortress, held by the Imperialists, was besieged 1734, by the -French, under the Duke of Berwick. The Duke was killed by a cannon ball -while visiting the trenches, but the place fell soon afterwards, -notwithstanding the efforts of Prince Eugene to relieve it. - - - Pieter’s Hill (Second Boer War). - -The scene of the severest fighting in the course of Sir Redvers Buller’s -final and successful attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The operations -commenced by the capture of Hlangwane, on February 19, 1900, which gave -the British command of the Tugela, which was crossed on the 21st. On the -22nd a steady advance was made up to the line of Pieter’s Hill, which -was attacked by the Irish Brigade, under General Hart, on the 23rd. At a -cost of nearly half their numbers, they succeeded in establishing -themselves under cover, close to the Boer trenches, but could not -dislodge the defenders. It was not till the 27th, when Buller had turned -the Boer left, that a general assault was successful, and the Boers -evacuated the position. The British losses during the operations were -1,896 killed and wounded. - - - Pingyang (Chino-Japanese War). - -Fought September 15, 1894, between the Japanese, 14,000 strong, under -General Nodzu, and 12,000 Chinese, entrenched in a strong position. -After severe fighting the Chinese were driven from their entrenchments -with heavy loss. The Japanese lost 650 killed and wounded. - - - Pinkie Cleugh (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September, 1547, between the Scots, under the Earl of Huntly, and -the English, under the Protector Somerset. The Scots crossed the Esk, -and attacked the English lines, at first with success, but they were -thrown into confusion by a charge of cavalry, and in the end fled from -the field with heavy loss. - - - Pirot (Servo-Bulgarian War). - -Fought November 26 and 27, 1885, between 40,000 Servians, under King -Milan, and 45,000 Bulgarians, under Prince Alexander. After some -desultory fighting, the Bulgarians seized the town of Pirot in the -course of the afternoon. At dawn on the 27th, the Servians, by a -surprise attack, recovered Pirot, which was later retaken by the -Bulgarians, though the Servians continued to hold a position to the -south of the town till nightfall. Early next morning an armistice was -concluded. The Bulgarians lost 2,500, the Servians 2,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Pittsburg Landing. - -_See_ Shiloh. - - - Placentia (Invasion of the Alemanni). - -Fought 271, between the Romans, under Aurelian, and the invading -Alemanni. The barbarians attacked the Romans in the dusk of evening, -after a long and fatiguing march, and threw them into disorder, but they -were rallied by the Emperor, and after severe fighting, succeeded in -beating off their assailants. - - - Plains of Abraham (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 13, 1759, when Wolfe, who was lying on shipboard in the -St. Lawrence above Quebec, with 4,000 troops, effected a landing -secretly in the night of the 12th to the 13th, and took up unperceived a -strong position on the Plains of Abraham. Next morning he was attacked -by Montcalm, with about equal numbers, but notwithstanding the most -desperate efforts, the French were unable to carry the position, and -were driven back into Quebec with a loss of about 1,500. Both Wolfe and -Montcalm fell mortally wounded. The British loss amounted to 664 killed -and wounded. The French immediately afterwards evacuated Quebec. - - - Plassy (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought 1757, between the British, 3,000 strong, with 8 guns, under -Clive, and the army of Surabjah Daulah, Nawab of Bengal, aided by a -small force of Frenchmen. Clive was encamped in a grove of mango-trees, -where he was attacked by the Nawab. He beat off the attack, and then -stormed the Nawab’s lines, totally routing his army, which fled in -panic, with a loss of about 500. The British lost 72 only. - - - Platæa (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought B.C. 479, between the Greeks, about 100,000 strong, under -Pausanias the Spartan, and 300,000 Persians, with 50,000 Greek -auxiliaries, under Mardonius. The Persians fought bravely, but were -overborne by the superior discipline and heavier armour of the Greeks, -and Mardonius falling, a panic ensued, and they fled to their entrenched -camp. This was stormed by the Athenians, and no quarter was given, with -the result, it is said, that with the exception of a body of 40,000 -which left the field early in the battle, only 3,000 Persians escaped. - - - Platæa (Peloponnesian War). - -In 429 B.C., this city, held by a garrison of 400 Platæans and 80 -Athenians, was besieged by the Spartans, under Archidamus. All the -useless mouths were sent out of the place, only 110 women being retained -to bake bread. The garrison repulsed numerous assaults, and the siege -soon resolved itself into a blockade, but provisions becoming scarce, an -attempt was made to break through the enemy’s lines, which half the -garrison succeeded in doing, with the loss of one man. The remainder -held out till 427, when being on the verge of starvation, they -surrendered. The survivors were tried for having deserted Bœotia for -Athens, at the outbreak of the war, and 200 Platæans, and 25 Athenians -were put to death. - - - Plescow (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -This fortress was besieged by the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, -August 20, 1615, and defended by a Russian garrison. It is notable as -marking a departure from the established practice of surrounding a -besieged city with walls of circumvallation. For these Gustavus -substituted a series of entrenched camps, communications between which -were maintained by strong patrolling forces. Little progress was made, -owing to a delay in the arrival of the Swedish breaching guns, and -through the mediation of England, negotiations were opened with Russia, -and the siege raised, October 14, 1615. - - - Plevna (Russo-Turkish War). - -Four battles were fought in the course of the siege of Plevna, the first -three being attacks on the Russian defences, and the fourth, Osman -Pasha’s final attempt to cut his way through the besieger’s lines. - -On July 20, 1877, the advance guard of Krüdener’s corps, 6,500 strong, -under Schilder-Schuldener, attacked the defences to the north and east -of Plevna. The Russians advanced with impetuosity, and carried some of -the advanced trenches, driving the defenders back to the outskirts of -the town, but their heavy loss, and a failure of ammunition compelled a -retreat, and the Turks rallying, drove them from the positions they had -captured, and pursued them for some distance. The Russians lost -two-thirds of their officers, and nearly 2,000 men. - -The second battle took place, July 30, when General Krüdener, with -30,000 Russians in two divisions, assailed the Turkish redoubts to the -north and east of the town. Schakofsky had command of the latter attack, -Krüdener himself leading the assault on the Gravitza redoubt on the -north. Krüdener was absolutely unsuccessful. Schakofsky by 5.30 p.m. was -in possession of two of the eastern redoubts, but before nightfall these -were retaken by the Turks, and the Russians retired, defeated all along -the line. Their losses amounted to 169 officers and 7,136 men, of whom -2,400 were left dead on the field. On the 11th and 12th of September, -the investing army, 95,000 strong, under the Grand Duke Michael, -attacked Plevna on three sides, Osman Pasha having now 30,000 men under -his command. On the 11th an attack on the Omar Tabrija redoubt was -repulsed with a loss to the Russians of 6,000 men. The attack on the -Gravitza redoubts resulted in the capture of the “Bloody Battery,” which -the Russians held till the end of the siege. On the south-west, -Skobeleff captured two of the six inner redoubts which protected that -angle of the fortress. On the 12th, the attack on the second Gravitza -redoubt was repulsed, and the two redoubts captured by Skobeleff were -retaken, after a terrible struggle. The losses in the two days’ fighting -amounted to 20,600 including 2,000 prisoners, on the Russian side, on -that of the Turks to 5,000. Of these, 8,000 Russians, and 4,000 Turks -fell in Skobeleff’s attack. - -On December 10, Osman Pasha, at the head of 25,000 Turks, accompanied by -9,000 convalescents and wounded in carts, attempted to cut his way -through the Russian army, now 100,000 strong, under the King of -Roumania, with Todleben as Chief of the Staff. The attempt was made on -the east of Plevna, and was directed against the Imperial Grenadiers, -under General Ganetzki. Having successfully crossed the Vid, Osman -charged down upon the Russians, on a line two miles in length, and -carried the first line of entrenchments. Todleben, however, hurried up -reinforcements, and the Turks were in turn attacked, and driven back in -confusion across the river, Osman being severely wounded. Here they made -their last stand, but were overpowered, and driven into Plevna, which -before evening capitulated, after a defence lasting 143 days. In this -engagement, the Turks lost 5,000, and the Russians 2,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Podhaic. - -Fought 1667, between 10,000 Poles, under John Sobieski, and 80,000 -Cossacks and Tartars who were besieging Kaminiec. The Cossacks were -totally routed and forced to evacuate Poland. - - - Podol (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 26, 1866, between the advance-guard of Prince Frederick -Charles’ army, and the Austrians, under General Clam-Gallas. The -Austrians were defeated and driven out of Podol, after severe fighting, -in which they lost heavily. The Prussians took 500 prisoners. - - - Poitiers (Gothic Invasion of France). - -Fought 507, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Visigoths, under -Alaric II. Clovis and Alaric met in single combat, and Alaric was slain, -following which the Goths were utterly routed. By this decisive victory, -the province of Aquitaine was added to the Frankish dominions. - - - Poitiers (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought September 19, 1356, between 8,000 English, under Edward the Black -Prince, and 80,000 French, under King John of France. The English -occupied a strong position behind lanes and vineyards, in which their -archers were posted. The French cavalry, charging up the lanes, were -thrown into confusion by the bowmen, and were then taken in flank by the -English knights and men-at-arms, who completely routed them, with a loss -of 8,000 killed, and numerous prisoners, including the King. The English -losses were very small. - - - Pola (War of Chiozza). - -Fought 1380, when Doria, with 22 Genoese galleys, offered battle to the -Venetian fleet, under Pisani, which was lying at Pola. Pisani sallied -out with 20 galleys, and captured the Genoese flag-ship, Doria being -killed. The Genoese, however, rallied, drove Pisani back, and defeated -him with a loss of 2,000 killed, and 15 galleys and 1,900 men captured. - - - Pollentia (First Gothic Invasion of Italy). - -Fought March 29, 403, between the Goths, under Alaric, and the Romans, -under Stilicho. Stilicho attacked the Gothic camp while they were -celebrating the festival of Easter, and owing to the surprise, the -charge of the Roman cavalry threw them into confusion. They were, -however, soon rallied by Alaric, and the Romans driven off with heavy -loss, but Stilicho advancing at the head of the legionaries, forced his -way into the camp, and drove out the Goths with enormous slaughter. -Alaric’s wife was among the captives. - - - Pollicore (First Mysore War). - -Fought August 27, 1781, between 11,000 British, under Sir Eyre Coote and -the Mysoris, 80,000 strong, under Haidar Ali. Coote seized the village -of Pollicore, turning Haidar’s flank and forcing him to retreat, after -an action lasting eight hours. The British lost 421 killed and wounded, -the Mysoris about 2,000. - - - Polonka (Russo-Polish Wars). - -Fought 1667, between the Russian invaders, and the Poles, under -Czarnieçki. The Russians were totally routed, a defeat which was largely -instrumental in bringing about the signature of peace in the same year. - - - Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought August 18, 1812, between 33,000 French and Bavarians, under -General Saint Cyr, and 30,000 Russians, under Count Wittgenstein. The -Russians were taken by surprise, and after an action which lasted two -hours only, were driven back with a loss of 3,000 killed, 1,500 -prisoners and 14 guns. The French lost a little over 1,000 killed and -wounded. - - - Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought October 18, 1812, when General Saint-Cyr, with 30,000 French and -Bavarians, was attacked and defeated by the Russians, in slightly -superior force, under Count Wittgenstein, and forced to evacuate -Polotsk. - - - Ponani (First Mysore War). - -Fought November 19, 1780, when a force of British and native troops, -about 2,500 strong, under Colonel Macleod, entrenched near Ponani, were -attacked before daybreak by a strong force of Mysoris, under Tippu -Sahib. The Mysoris were repulsed at the point of the bayonet, with a -loss of 1,100. The British loss was 87 only. - - - Pondicherry. - -This place was invested by the British, under Admiral Boscawen, with a -fleet of 30 sail, and a land force of 6,000 men, August 30, 1748, and -was defended by a French garrison of 4,800, under Dupleix. The siege was -grossly mismanaged, and in October Boscawen was forced to withdraw, -having lost by sickness or in action nearly a third of his land force. -The French lost 250 only during the siege. - - - Pondicherry (Seven Years’ War). - -In August, 1760, Colonel Coote, with about 8,000 British and native -troops, invested this place, which was held by a French garrison, 3,000 -strong, under Lally-Tollendal. Coote was almost immediately superseded -by Colonel Monson, but the latter having been wounded, Coote resumed the -command. Fire was not opened from the breaching batteries till December -8th, and on the 31st a terrific hurricane wrecked all the land -batteries, and drove ashore six ships of the blockading squadron. On -January 10, 1761, however, fire was reopened, and the town surrendered -on the 15th. - - - Pondicherry. - -Having been surrendered to the French by the Peace of Paris, Pondicherry -was again besieged by a British force, under Sir Hector Monro, in -conjunction with a squadron of ships, under Sir Edward Vernon, August 8, -1778. It was gallantly defended by the French, under M. Bellecombe, -until the middle of October, when after a month’s bombardment the place -surrendered. - - - Pondicherry. - -A naval action was fought off Pondicherry, August 10, 1778, during the -third siege, when a French squadron of 5 ships, under M. Tronjolly, -issued from the roads, and offered battle to the 5 ships of Sir Edward -Vernon. The French were worsted, and driven back to their anchorage. - - - Pondicherry. - -A second naval action off this place was fought June 20, 1783, between a -British squadron of 18 ships of the line, and 12 frigates, under Sir -Edward Hughes, and a French squadron, under de Suffren. The battle was -undecided, the British ships suffering considerably in masts and -rigging, and being unable to chase when de Suffren sheered off. The -British loss was 520 killed and wounded. - - - Pontevert (Gallic War). - -Fought 57 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Cæsar, and the Suevi, -300,000 strong, under Galba. The Suevi attacked the Roman entrenched -camp, but were repulsed with very heavy loss and their army dispersed. - - - Pont Valain (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought 1370, between the French, under du Guesclin, and the English, -under Sir Thomas Granson. The French surprised the English camp, but the -English rallied, and a severe conflict followed, in which the French -attack was at first repulsed. A flank movement of the French, however, -threw the English into disorder, and they were defeated with a loss of -nearly 10,000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, among the latter being -Sir Thomas Granson. - - - Poonah (Second Mahratta War). - -Fought October 25, 1802, between the forces of Jeswunt Rao, and the -united armies of the Peshwa and Sindhia of Gwalior. After an evenly -contested action, Jeswunt Rao got the upper hand, and gained a complete -victory, Sindhia fleeing from the field, leaving behind him all his guns -and baggage. - - - Port Arthur (Chino-Japanese War). - -This place, held by a Chinese garrison of 9,000 men, was attacked and -stormed by the Japanese, after a short bombardment. The Chinese made but -a feeble resistance, the assailants losing only 270 killed and wounded. - - - Port Arthur (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought February 8, 1904, between a Japanese fleet of 16 warships, under -Vice-Admiral Togo, and the Russian fleet of 6 battleships and 10 -cruisers, under Vice-Admiral Stark, lying at anchor off Port Arthur. The -Japanese attacked with torpedo boats, and succeeded in seriously -damaging 2 battleships and a cruiser, which were beached at the mouth of -the harbour. They then opened a bombardment, in which they injured a -third battleship and four more cruisers sustaining no damage to their -own ships. The Russians lost 56 killed and wounded, the Japanese, 58, -chiefly in the torpedo boats. - -On April 13, the Japanese torpedo flotilla attacked the Russian -squadron, under Makaroff. The battleship Petropavlovsk was torpedoed and -sunk, Makaroff and 700 officers and men being drowned. The battleship -Pobieda, and a destroyer were also torpedoed, but managed to reach the -harbour. The Japanese suffered no material loss. - -After numerous only partially successful attempts to block the fairway, -the Japanese, on May 2, sent in a fleet of merchant steamers, -accompanied by the torpedo flotilla. Of these, eight succeeded in -reaching the outer harbour, and two of them broke the boom guarding the -inner harbour, and were blown up by their commanders in the fairway. -Several others were sunk near the harbour entrance. Of the 179 officers -and men forming the crews of the merchant steamers, only 42 were rescued -by the Japanese, though a few survivors fell into the hands of the -Russians. This is one of the most daring exploits in the history of -naval warfare. - - - Porte St. Antoine (Wars of the Fronde). - -Fought July 2, 1652, between the Royal troops, under Turenne, and 5,000 -insurgents, under Condé. Condé occupied a position round the gate, -protected by barricades and fortified houses, where he was attacked by -Turenne. The barricades were taken and retaken several times, but at -last, after heavy fighting, Condé abandoned all idea of penetrating into -Paris, and retired. His losses were heavy, especially in officers, among -the severely wounded being the Duc de Nemurs, and the Duc de la -Rochefoucauld. - - - Port Hudson (American Civil War). - -This fortress was invested, May 25, 1863, by five Federal divisions, -under General Banks, and defended by 6,000 Confederates, under General -Gardner. An assault on the 27th was repulsed, and a regular siege -commenced. After a second unsuccessful assault, on June 14, the -garrison, having no hope of relief, surrendered, July 9, having lost 800 -men during the siege. The losses of the besiegers were far heavier, the -two unsuccessful assaults showing a heavy list of casualties. - - - Portland (Dutch Wars). - -Fought February 18, 1653, between an English fleet of about 70 sail, -under Blake, Deane and Monk, and a Dutch fleet of 73 ships, convoying -300 merchantmen, under Van Tromp, de Ruyter and Evetzen. In the early -part of the engagement, which was very severely contested, three English -ships were carried by the board, and that portion of the fleet which had -come into action was nearly overwhelmed. At this crisis, however, the -rest of the English ships engaged, the battle was restored, and the -captured ships retaken. On the 19th the battle was renewed off the Isle -of Wight, 5 Dutch ships being captured or destroyed. On the 20th the -Dutch sheered off defeated, having lost during the three days’ fighting, -11 men-of-war, 60 merchant ships, 1,500 killed and wounded and 700 -prisoners. The English losses were also heavy. - - - Porto Bello (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -This Spanish-American fortress was captured in 1665 by 460 Buccaneers, -under Morgan. The walls were scaled, and the town sacked, unheard-of -cruelties being perpetrated by the Filibusters. - - - Porto Bello (War of the Austrian Succession). - -This place was captured from the Spaniards, November 21, 1740, by a -British fleet of 6 ships, under Admiral Vernon. The British loss was -trifling. - - - Porto Novo (First Mysore War). - -Fought July 1, 1781, between 8,500 British troops, under Sir Eyre Coote, -and about 65,000 Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Hyder occupied a strongly -entrenched camp, blocking the British advance upon Cuddalore. Here he -was attacked by Coote, and after a day’s hard fighting the position was -stormed, and Hyder forced to retreat. The British lost 306 only, while -the Mysoris are computed to have lost 10,000. - - - Porto Praya Bay. - -Fought April 16, 1781, when Commodore Johnstone, in command of a British -squadron of 5 ships of the line and 5 frigates, repulsed a determined -attack of a French squadron of 11 sail, under de Suffren. The loss in -the British squadron amounted to 36 killed and 147 wounded. - - - Port Republic (American Civil War). - -Fought June 9, 1862, between the Federals, 12,000 strong, under General -Shields, and an equal force of Confederates, under General Jackson. The -Federals were completely defeated, a portion of their army being driven -from the field in disorder and with heavy loss. - - - Potidæa. - -This city was besieged by a force of about 3,000 Athenians, B.C. 432, -and was defended by a small garrison of Corinthians, under Aristæus. The -town held out until the winter of 429, when the garrison surrendered, -and were permitted to go free. - - - Potosi. (South-American War of Independence). - -Fought April, 1825, between, the Bolivians, under Bolivar, and the -Spanish Royalists, under Olaneta. The Spaniards were completely -defeated. - - - Prague (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November 8, 1620, when the Imperialists, under Maximilian of -Bavaria and Count Tilly, drove 22,000 Bohemians, under Frederick of -Bohemia, up to the walls of Prague, and signally defeated them, with a -loss of 5,000 men and all their artillery. Frederick was obliged to take -refuge in the city, and soon afterwards capitulated. The battle only -lasted an hour, and the Imperialists lost no more than 300 men. - - - Prague (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought May 6, 1757, between 70,000 Austrians, under Charles of Lorraine, -and 60,000 Prussians, under Frederick the Great. The Austrians occupied -a very strong position on the Moldau, which was attacked and carried by -Frederick, Charles being driven back into Prague with a loss of 8,000 -killed and wounded and 9,000 prisoners. Marshal Braun was among the -killed. The Prussians lost 13,000, including Marshal Schwerin. - - - Prairie Grove (American Civil War). - -A sanguinary but indecisive action, fought December 7, 1862, between the -Confederates, under General Hindman, and the Federals, under General -Herron. The losses were about equal. - - - Preston (Civil War). - -Fought August 17, 1648, when Langdale, with 4,000 Royalists, was -deserted by the main body of the Scottish invading army, and left to -face the attack of about 8,000 Parliamentarians under Cromwell. The -Royalists fought desperately for four hours, but were overpowered, and -the whole force killed or captured. - - - Preston (Rebellion of the Fifteen). - -Fought November 12, 1715, between 4,000 Jacobites, under General -Forster, and a small force of Royal troops, chiefly dragoons, under -General Wills. The Jacobites had barricaded the approaches to the town, -and held their ground throughout the day, but reinforcements arriving, -Wills was able to invest the place completely; and early on the morning -of the 14th Forster surrendered. Many of the rebels having left the town -on the night of the 12th, the prisoners numbered 1,468. The Jacobite -loss in killed and wounded was 42, that of the Royalists about 200. - - - Prestonpans (Rebellion of the Forty-five). - -Fought September 21, 1745, between 2,300 Royal troops, under Sir John -Cope, and a slightly superior force of Jacobites, under the Young -Pretender. Cope’s infantry failed to stand up against the charge of the -Highlanders, and fled in confusion, losing heavily in killed and -wounded, and 1,600 prisoners, including 70 officers. The Highlanders -lost about 140 killed and wounded. This action is also known as the -Battle of Gladsmuir. - - - Primolano (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought September 7, 1796, when Napoleon surprised and totally routed the -vanguard of Wurmser’s army. The Austrians lost over 4,000 killed, -wounded and prisoners. - - - Princeton (American War of Independence). - -Fought 1776 between the Americans, under Washington, and the British, -under General Gage. The British were defeated, and this victory enabled -Washington to regain possession of New Jersey. - - - Pruth, The (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 2, 1770, when the Russians, under General Romanzoff, -stormed the triple entrenchments held by the main Turkish army, 120,000 -strong, under Halil Bey, and drove out the Turks with a loss of 20,000 -killed and wounded. - - - Puente (South American War of Independence). - -Fought February 16, 1816, between the Colombian Patriots, under -Lorrices, and the Spanish Royalists, under Morillo. The Royalists gained -a complete victory. - - - Puente de la Reyna (Second Carlist War). - -Fought October 6, 1872, between 50,000 Carlists, under Ollo, and about -9,000 Republicans, under Moriones. The Republicans were defeated after -hard fighting, and were at last driven in disorder from the field by a -bayonet charge. The Carlists lost 113 only; the losses of the -Republicans were far heavier. - - - Pultowa (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought July 8, 1709, between the Swedes, 24,000 strong, under Charles -XII, and the Russians, 70,000 in number, under Peter the Great. After -some successes early in the battle the Swedes were overwhelmed by the -Czar’s great superiority in artillery, and were defeated with a loss of -9,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. Charles with difficulty -made his escape from the field by swimming the Borysthenes. - - - Pultusk (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1703, between 10,000 Swedes, under Charles XII, and an equal -force of Saxons, under Marshal von Stenau. The Saxons made practically -no resistance, but fled from the field, losing only 600 killed and 1,000 -prisoners. - - - Pultusk (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought December 26, 1806, between 43,000 Russians, under Bennigsen, and -18,000 French, under Lannes. Lannes endeavoured to pierce the Russian -left and cut them off from the town, but he did not succeed in getting -through, and in this part of the field the action was indecisive. On the -left the French did little more than hold their own, but the Russians -retired during the night, having lost 3,000 killed and wounded, 2,000 -prisoners, and a large number of guns. The French admitted a loss of -1,500 only, but this is probably an understatement, Russian accounts -estimating the French losses at 8,000. - - - Puna (Raids of the Buccaneers). - -On April 27, 1687, three Buccaneering vessels, under Captain Davis, -engaged two Spanish men-of-war off Puna. The action was entirely one of -long-range firing, and lasted till May 3, when the Spanish commander -withdrew his ships. In the seven days only three or four Buccaneers were -wounded. - - - Punniar (Gwalior Campaign). - -Fought December 29, 1843, between the left wing of Sir Hugh Gough’s -army, under General Grey, and a force of 12,000 Mahrattas, with 40 guns. -The Mahrattas were totally routed. - - - Pydna (Third Macedonian War). - -Fought June 22, 168 B.C., between the Romans, under Æmilius Paulus, and -the Macedonians, under Perseus. The Macedonian phalanx attacked the -Roman line, and drove them back on their camp, but becoming disordered -by the uneven ground, was broken by the legionaries and cut to pieces. -The result was a total defeat of the Macedonians, with a loss of 20,000 -killed and 11,000 prisoners. The phalanx here fought its last fight and -perished to a man. - - - Pyramids (French Invasion of Egypt). - -Fought July 21, 1798, when the Mameluke army, under Murad Bey, -endeavoured to arrest Napoleon’s march on Cairo. The Mameluke infantry, -numbering about 20,000, took no part in the fight, but their cavalry, -perhaps at that time the finest in the world, charged the French squares -with the utmost gallantry. They were, however, repulsed time after time, -with great slaughter, and were eventually driven into the Nile, where -the shattered remnants escaped by swimming. - - - Pyrenees (Peninsular War). - -The engagements fought between Wellington’s lieutenants and Soult’s -army, which was endeavouring to relieve San Sebastian, are known as the -Battles of the Pyrenees. They include the fighting from July 25 to -August 2, 1813, and specially the actions of Roncesvalles, Maya, -Santarem and Buenzas. The British loss in these battles amounted to -7,300, while the French lost fully double that number. - - - Pylos and Sphacteria (Peloponnesian War). - -The promontory of Pylos, which is separated by a narrow channel from the -island of Sphacteria, was seized and fortified by an Athenian force -under Demosthenes, B.C. 425. Here he was besieged by the Spartans under -Thrasymelidas, with a land force and a fleet of 43 ships, the crews of -which occupied Sphacteria. Demosthenes repulsed an attack on Pylos, and -Eurymedon, arriving with 50 Athenian vessels, defeated the Spartan -fleet, and blockaded Sphacteria. After a protracted siege, the arrival -of reinforcements, under Cleon, enabled the Athenians to land 14,000 men -in the island, and the garrison, reduced from 420 to 292, surrendered. - - - - - Q - - - Quatre Bras (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 16, 1815, between the advance guard of the British army, -under Wellington, and the left wing of the French army, 16,000 strong, -under Ney. Napoleon’s object was to prevent the junction of the British -and the Prussians, and Ney’s orders were to drive back the British, -while Napoleon, with his main body, engaged the Prussians. Ney attacked -at 3 p.m., but the British held their own till evening, when Ney, not -receiving the reinforcements he expected, began to fall back. Wellington -then attacked vigorously all along the line, retaking all the positions -occupied by the French during the day. - - - Quebec (Seven Years’ War). - -This city was besieged June, 1759, by 9,000 British troops, under -General Wolfe, assisted by a fleet of 22 ships of war, under Admiral -Holmes. The place was defended by about 16,000 French, under Montcalm. -Wolfe was too weak numerically for an investment, and his object was to -draw Montcalm into an engagement. On July 31 he was defeated in an -attack on Montcalm’s lines outside the city, but on September 13, having -landed above Quebec, he met and defeated the French, who evacuated the -place on the 17th. - -After defeating General Murray, April 27, 1760, the Chevalier de Levis -laid siege to Quebec, with about 8,000 French and Canadians. The -garrison consisted of no more than 2,500 effectives, but owing to the -superiority of their artillery, Levis was unable to make any impression -on the defences. On May 15 a small British squadron anchored off the -city, and on the following day attacked and destroyed the French ships -carrying de Levis’ supplies and reserve of ammunition, whereupon he -hastily raised the siege, leaving behind him 40 siege guns and all his -sick and wounded. - - - Queenston Heights (Second American War). - -Fought October 13, 1812, between 4,000 British (chiefly Canadian -volunteers), under General Brock, and about 5,000 Americans, under Van -Rensselaer. The Americans attacked the British position on Queenston -Heights, and after very severe fighting, were totally defeated. The -exact losses are unknown, but the British took 1,000 prisoners, and the -American column was practically annihilated. - - - Quiberon Bay (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 20, 1759, between the British fleet, 23 sail of the line -and 10 frigates, under Hawke, and 21 French line-of-battleships and 3 -frigates, under Conflans. The action was fought in a heavy gale on a lee -shore, and resulted in the French being driven to take refuge in -Quiberon Bay, with a loss of 2 ships sunk and 2 captured. -Notwithstanding the gale, Hawke followed up his advantage, and standing -in, succeeded in capturing or destroying all but four of the ships which -had taken refuge in the bay, though in so doing he lost two of his own -ships, which were driven ashore and wrecked. The British lost in the -action only 1 officer and 270 men killed and wounded. - - - Quipuaypan (Conquest of Peru). - -Fought 1532, between the rival Peruvian chiefs, Atahualpa and Huascar. -Huascar was totally routed, and taken prisoner. - - - Quistello (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought July, 1734, between the Imperialists, under Prince Eugene, and -the French, under the Duc de Broglie. Prince Eugene gained a signal -victory. - - - - - R - - - Raab (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought June 14, 1809, between 44,000 French, under Eugene Beauharnais, -and about 40,000 Austrians, under the Archduke John. The French attacked -the Austrian position, and driving them successively from the villages -of Kismegyer and Szabadhegy, totally defeated them. Under cover of -night, however, the Archduke was able to make an orderly retirement, -with a loss of about 3,000 killed and wounded and 2,500 prisoners. The -French lost something over 2,000. - - - Radcot Bridge. - -Fought 1387, between the troops of Richard II, under De Vere, Duke of -Ireland, and the forces of the Lords Appellant, under the Earl of Derby -(Henry IV). De Vere and his troops fled almost without striking a blow, -and the King was thus left entirely in the power of the Barons. - - - Ragatz (Armagnac War). - -Fought March, 1446, between the Austrians and the Swiss Confederation. -The Swiss gained a brilliant victory, which was followed by peace with -Austria and the Armagnacs. - - - Rajahmundry (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought December 9, 1758, between 2,500 British troops, under Colonel -Forde, in conjunction with about 5,000 native levies, and the French, -6,500 strong, under Conflans. The native troops did little on either -side, but Forde’s 500 Europeans routed Conflans’ Frenchmen, and the -latter fled with considerable loss. - - - Rakersberg (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1416, between 20,000 Turks, under Ahmed Bey, and 12,000 Austrians -and others, under Duke Ernest of Styria. Duke Ernest marched to the -relief of Rakersberg, which the Turks were besieging, and drove them -from the field utterly routed. It is said that the Turkish losses -amounted to more than the whole Christian army. Ahmed Bey was among the -slain. - - - Ramillies (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought May 23, 1706, between the British and Imperialists, under -Marlborough and Prince Eugene, about 80,000 strong, and the French, in -equal force, under Marshal Villeroy. The allies drove the French out of -Ramillies, their resistance on the whole being unworthy of them, and in -the end they were disastrously defeated with heavy loss, 5,000 being -killed and wounded, while 6,000 prisoners and 50 guns were taken. The -allies lost less than 3,000. - - - Ramla. - -Fought 1177, between the Saracens, under Saladin, and the Christians of -Jerusalem, under Renaud de Châtillon. The Christians won a complete -victory. - - - Ramnugger (Second Sikh War). - -Fought November, 1849, when Lord Gough attempted to dislodge Shir Singh, -who with about 35,000 Sikhs, had occupied a position behind the Chenab -opposite Ramnugger. The attempt was made by a brigade under General -Campbell, with a cavalry force under General Cureton, and failed owing -to the unexpected strength of the Sikh artillery, which was well posted -and served. General Cureton was killed. - - - Raphia. - -Fought B.C. 223, between the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Philopator, and -the Syrians, under Antiochus the Great. Antiochus at first held the -advantage, but pressing too far in the pursuit, was overpowered and -totally routed. The Syrians lost 14,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. - - - Rastadt (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1796, between the French, under Moreau, and the Austrians, under -the Archduke Charles. After a severe engagement Moreau succeeded in -seizing the heights held by the Austrians, and forced Charles to retreat -to the Danube. - - - Raszyn (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought April 19, 1809, between 30,000 Austrians, under the Archduke -Ferdinand, and about 20,000 French and Poles, under Poniatowski. The -Archduke was marching on Warsaw when Poniatowski, to whom the defence of -that city had been entrusted, came out to meet him, and after a stubborn -fight in the woods and marshes round Raszyn, was driven back upon -Warsaw, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded. A few days later he -surrendered the city to the Austrians to save it from a bombardment. - - - Rathenow (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). - -Fought June 25, 1675, between the Brandenburgers, 15,000 strong, under -the Elector Frederick William, and the Swedes, under Charles XI. The -Swedes, wearied by a long march, were surprised by the Elector in their -camp, and suffered a serious reverse. - - - Rathmines (Civil War). - -Fought August 2, 1649, between the Royalists, under Ormonde, and the -Parliamentary garrison of Dublin, under Colonel Jones. Ormonde having -ordered a night attack upon Dublin, the Parliamentarians made a sortie, -and driving back the assaulting column, attacked the main body of the -Royalists in their camp, totally routing them, with a loss of 4,000 -killed and wounded and 2,000 prisoners. All Ormonde’s artillery was -captured. - - - Ravenna. - -Fought 729 between the troops of Leo the Iconoclast, and a force of -Italians, raised by Pope Gregory II, in defence of image worship. After -a severe struggle, the Greeks were routed, and in their flight to their -ships were slaughtered by thousands. It is said that the waters of the -Po were so infected with blood, that for six years the inhabitants of -Ravenna would not eat any fish caught in that river. - - - Ravenna (War of the Holy League). - -Fought 1512, between the troops of the Holy League, and the French, -under Gaston de Foix. The French gained a signal victory, but Gaston de -Foix fell in the moment of his triumph, pierced with sixteen wounds. - - - Reading (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 871, between the Danish invaders, and the West Saxons, under -Æthelred and Alfred. The West Saxons, after a stubborn resistance, were -defeated and driven from the field with great slaughter. - - - Rebec (Wars of Charles V). - -Fought 1524. between the Imperialists, under Constable de Bourbon, and -the French, under Bonnivet. The French were totally defeated, with heavy -loss, among those who fell being the Chevalier de Bayard. - - - Redan (Crimean War). - -This fort, forming part of the southern defences of Sebastopol, was -attacked by the British Second and Light Divisions, September 8, 1855. -The ramparts were stormed, but the assailants were unable to make good -their footing, and were eventually repulsed with heavy loss. The fall of -the Malakoff, however, rendered the southern side of Sebastopol -untenable, and the Russians retired during the night. The British losses -amounted to 2,184 killed and wounded. - - - Reddersberg (Second Boer War). - -Fought April 3, 1900, when 5 companies of British infantry were -surrounded by a force of Boers, with 5 guns, and after holding out for -twenty-four hours, were compelled by want of water to surrender, having -lost 4 officers and 43 men killed and wounded. The prisoners numbered -405. - - - Reims (Allied Invasion of France). - -Fought March 13, 1814, when Napoleon, with 30,000 French, surprised and -routed 13,000 Prussians and Russians, under Saint-Priest, with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners. The French lost a few hundreds -only. - - - Revel (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -This port was attacked in the spring of 1790 by the Swedish fleet, under -the Duke of Sudermanland. The Russian batteries, however, aided by the -fleet under Admiral Chitchagoff, drove them off with considerable loss. - - - Revolax (Finland War). - -Fought April 27, 1808, when General Klingspoor, with about 8,000 Swedes, -surprised an isolated Russian column of about 4,000 men, under General -Boulatoff. The Russians were surrounded, and tried to cut their way -through, but failed, less than 1,000 succeeding in escaping from the -trap. General Boulatoff fell fighting to the last. - - - Rhé. - -St. Martin, the capital of this island, was besieged by the English, -under the Duke of Buckingham, from July 17 to October 29, 1627. An -assault on October 27 was repulsed, and the landing of the Duke of -Schomberg, with 6,000 French, on the island, made the English lines -untenable, whereupon Buckingham raised the siege. While returning to his -ships Buckingham was attacked by the French, and suffered considerably. -The English losses during the operations amounted to about 4,000 men. - - - Rheinfeldt (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought 1638, between the Protestant Germans, under Duke Bernard of Saxe -Weimar, and the Imperialists, under Jean de Wert. The Duke was besieging -Rheinfeldt, when he was attacked by de Wert, and forced to raise the -siege and retire. After retreating, however, a short distance only, -unpursued, he suddenly retraced his steps, and taking the Imperialists -by surprise, inflicted upon them a severe defeat, dispersing their army -and capturing de Wert. In this action fell the veteran Duc de Rohan. - - - Rhodes (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, defended by the Knights, under their Grand Master, Pierre -d’Aubusson, was besieged May 23, 1480, by a Turkish army, under Meshid -Pasha, aided by a fleet of 160 ships. The siege lasted three months, and -was raised after the failure of the second assault, the Turks having by -that time lost 10,500 killed and wounded. - -A second and successful siege was begun July 28, 1522, by Solyman the -Magnificent. The Knights, under Villiers de L’Isle Adam, held out until -December 21, repulsing numerous attacks, but at last, worn by famine, -they were compelled to surrender. The Turks are stated to have lost by -disease and battle over 100,000 men. This siege is notable as being the -first in which the Turks used explosive bombs. - - - Riachuelo (Paraguayan War). - -Fought June 11, 1865, between the fleets of Paraguay and Brazil. After a -sanguinary engagement the advantage rested with the Brazilians. - - - Richmond (American Civil War). - -Fought August 30, 1862, between the Confederates, about 6,000 strong, -under General Kirby Smith, and 8,000 Federals, under General Manson. The -Federals were routed and driven headlong into Richmond, where 5,000 -prisoners, 9 guns and 10,000 stand of arms were captured. The -Confederate losses were slight. - - - Richmond (American Civil War). - -In the neighbourhood of this place were fought the final actions of the -war, when Lee, with the army of Virginia, endeavoured to break through -the ring of Grant’s troops by which he was surrounded, and being -everywhere repulsed, was compelled to surrender March 8, 1865, on which -date he had but 10,000 effectives under his command. - - - Rich Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought July 12, 1861, between 15,000 Federals, under General McClellan, -and 6,000 Confederates, under General Garnett. The Federals stormed the -heights of Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill, and drove the Southerners from -their positions, with a loss of about 1,000, including prisoners. During -the pursuit on the following day, General Garnett was killed in a -cavalry skirmish. - - - Rietfontein (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 24, 1899, between 4,000 British, under Sir George White, -and the Free Staters, who were advancing to interrupt the retreat of -Colonel Yule from Dundee. The enemy occupied a range of hills about -seven miles from Ladysmith, where they were attacked by White. After an -indecisive action the British retired to Ladysmith, with a loss of 111 -killed and wounded, but the object aimed at was attained, for the Boers -were prevented from interfering with Colonel Yule’s march. - - - Rieti (Neapolitan Rising). - -Fought March 21, 1821, between 12,000 Neapolitans, under General Pepe, -and the Austrian invading army, 80,000 strong. As long as he was -opposing only the advance guard, Pepe made a most resolute resistance, -but on their being reinforced from the main body, the Neapolitans were -overpowered by superior numbers, and finally driven in confusion from -the field. Two days’ later the Austrians entered Naples, and reinstated -Ferdinand on the throne. - - - Riga (Thirty Years’ War). - -This place was invested by the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, in the -early part of August, 1621, and was defended by a garrison of 300 Poles. -A resolute defence was made, and several determined assaults repulsed, -but a large breach having having been effected by September 11, the -garrison, now reduced to a handful, had no option but to surrender, and -the town was entered by the Swedes, September 15, 1621. - - - Rimnitz (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 22, 1789, when 25,000 Austrians and Russians, under the -Duke of Coburg and Suwaroff, routed an army of 90,000 Turks, under the -Grand Vizier. The Turkish losses were enormous, the whole army being -killed, captured, or dispersed. - - - Rinya (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 21, 1556, between 40,000 Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a -comparatively small force of Austrians and Hungarians, under Thomas -Nadasdy. The Turks were defeated with heavy loss, the Christians losing -300 men only. - - - Rio Seco (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 14, 1808, when Marshal Bessières, with about 14,000 French, -defeated 26,000 Spaniards, under Cuesta. The Spaniards lost about 6,000, -while the French loss was only 370 killed and wounded. Following upon -this victory, Joseph entered Madrid. - - - Rivoli (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought January 14, 1797. when the Austrians, with five divisions, under -Alvinzi, attacked Napoleon’s position on the heights of Rivoli. The -position proved too strong to be carried, and Napoleon’s superb handling -of his troops resulted in the total defeat of the assailants. The fifth -Austrian division, which had not taken part in the frontal attack, -appeared in the rear of the French position after the battle was over, -and being forced by overwhelming numbers, laid down its arms. Masséna, -who had specially distinguished himself, took his title from this battle -when later ennobled by Napoleon. - - - Roanoke Island (American Civil War). - -This island, which commanded the entrance to Albemarle Sound, North -Carolina, and which was defended by 1,800 Confederates, under General -Wise, was attacked February 7, 1862, by three brigades of Federals, -under General Burnside, aided by 26 gunboats. On the 8th the Federals -landed, overpowered the garrison, and occupied the island, losing 235 -killed and wounded. The Confederates lost 91 killed and wounded. Of 7 -Confederate gunboats employed in the defence, 5 were captured or -destroyed. - - - Rocoux (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought 1747, between the French, under Maurice de Saxe, and the -Imperialists, under Charles of Lorraine. The French won a signal -victory, as the result of which they occupied Brabant. - - - Rocroi (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought May 19, 1643, between the French, 22,000 strong, under the Great -Condé, and 27,000 Spaniards, under Don Francisco de Melo. The battle was -sternly contested, and at first went against the French, their left wing -being repulsed, and the centre shaken. Want of cavalry, however, -prevented Melo pressing home his advantage, and the French, rallying, -broke the Spanish line, and severely defeated them. The Spaniards lost -9,000 killed, and 6,000 prisoners in the infantry alone. The French only -admitted a loss of 2,000, but it was doubtless considerably heavier. - - - Roliça (Peninsular War). - -Fought August 17, 1808, when Wellington, with 14,000 British and -Portuguese, of whom only 4,000 came into action, attacked the French, -3,000 strong, under Laborde, and after a half-hearted resistance drove -them from their position, with a loss of 500 men. The allies lost about -400. - - - Rome (First Invasion of the Gauls). - -The first siege of Rome by the Gauls, under Brennus, took place B.C. -387. No attempt was made to defend the city, which was seized and burnt -by the barbarians, the greater part of the population fleeing to Veii -and other neighbouring cities. The Capitol, however, was held by the -leading Patrician families, and it is said withstood a siege of six -months, when Brennus accepted a heavy ransom and withdrew his army. - - - Rome (Second Gothic Invasion of Italy). - -The city was besieged in 408 by the Goths, under Alaric, and after being -brought to the verge of starvation and losing many thousands from -famine, the Romans capitulated, but retained their freedom on payment of -a heavy ransom, whereupon Alaric retired northward in 409. In the course -of the year, however, Alaric seized Ostia, the port of Rome, and -summoned the city to surrender. In the absence of the Emperor Honorius, -the populace forced the authorities to yield; and Alaric, after deposing -Honorius, and bestowing the purple on Attalus, withdrew his troops. In -410, during the month of August, Alaric for the third time appeared -before the walls, and on the night of the 24th the Salarian gate was -opened to the besiegers by some sympathisers within the city, and Rome -was given over to pillage and massacre, in which thousands perished. - - - Rome (Ricimer’s Rebellion). - -The rebel Count Ricimer, with a large army of Burgundians, Suevi and -other barbarians, laid siege to Rome in 472, and after a defence of -three months the besiegers entered the city by storming the Bridge of -Hadrian, and sacked it. - - - Rome (First Gothic War). - -In March, 537, the city was besieged by the Goths, under Vitiges, and -defended by Belisarius. After a determined resistance, during which a -vigorous assault was repulsed, and several successful sorties made, with -heavy loss to the besiegers, Vitiges in March, 538, was compelled to -raise the siege. - - - Rome (Second Gothic War). - -In May, 546, Totila, King of Italy, at the head of an army of Goths, -laid siege to Rome, which was defended by a garrison of 3,000, under -Bassas. An attempt to relieve it by Belisarius was on the point of -success, but Bassas failed to co-operate with the relieving force, and -Belisarius was forced to retire, whereupon the city surrendered, -December 17, 546. - -It was recovered by Belisarius in the following February, but was again -besieged by Totila in 549. On this occasion it was defended by a -garrison of 3,000 troops, under Demetrius, who, aided by the -inhabitants, made a gallant resistance, but the Gate of St. Paul was -opened to the besiegers by some Isaurian sympathisers within the walls, -and Totila thus made himself master of the last Italian city excepting -Ravenna, which had resisted his victorious army. - -In 552, after the defeat of Totila at Tagina, Rome was invested by the -Imperial army, under Narses, who, after a brief siege, stormed the -defences, and finally delivered the city from the Gothic domination. - - - Rome. - -In the course of dispute with Pope Gregory VII, who had refused to -recognize him as emperor, Henry III of Germany laid siege to Rome in -1082. After two interruptions to the siege, the city was finally -surrendered to him by the Roman nobles, March, 1084. Gregory was -deposed, and the anti-Pope Clement III set upon the pontifical throne, -Henry at the same time assuming the Imperial purple. - - - Rome (Wars of Charles V). - -The city was taken by storm May 9, 1527, by the Imperialists under the -Constable de Bourbon, who fell in the assault. A massacre followed, in -which 8,000 of the inhabitants perished. The Pope retired to the Castle -of St. Angelo, where he held out until November 26, when a treaty -between him and Charles V put an end to the conflict. - - - Rome (Italian Rising). - -After the proclamation of a Roman republic by Garibaldi and his -adherents in 1848, a French army, under General Oudinot, was sent to -restore the papal rule. On April 30, 1849, the French, 7,000 strong, -attacked the Porta San Pancrazio, where they were encountered by the -Republicans, under Garibaldi, and repulsed, with a loss of 300 killed -and wounded and 500 prisoners. The Garibaldians lost 100. - -On June 3 of the same year the French, under Oudinot, 20,000 strong, -made a night attack upon the Garibaldians, who brought up about 8,000 -men to oppose them. The Garibaldians were repulsed, with a loss of over -2,000, including 200 officers. Oudinot then laid siege to the city, -which, after a terrible bombardment, surrendered July 2, 1849. - - - Romerswael (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January 29, 1574, between the “Beggars of the Sea,” under Admiral -Boisot, and a Spanish fleet of 75 ships, under Julian Romero. The -“Beggars” grappled the enemy’s ships in a narrow estuary, and after a -very severe encounter, in which the Spaniards lost 15 vessels and 1,200 -men, Romero retreated to Bergen-op-Zoom. - - - Roncesvalles. - -Fought 778 between the Franks, under Charlemagne, and the Basques and -Gascons, under Loup II. The army of Charlemagne, retreating from Spain, -was caught in the defile of Roncesvalles, in the Pyrenees, and the -rearguard was totally annihilated, among those who fell being the famous -Paladin, Roland. - - - Roncesvalles (Peninsular War). - -One of the actions known as the “Battles of the Pyrenees,” fought July -25, 1813. Soult, at the head of Clauset’s division, attacked the -British, consisting of three brigades, under General Byng, but was -unable to carry their position, and after severe fighting was repulsed -with a loss of 400. The British lost 181 killed and wounded. - - - Rorke’s Drift (Zulu War). - -On the night of January 22, 1879, after the disaster of Isandhlwana, -this outpost, held by a company of the 24th Regiment and details, in all -139 men, under Lieutenants Bromhead and Chard, R.E., was attacked by a -force of Zulus, estimated at 4,000. After a most heroic defence, in -which many acts of heroism were performed, especially in the removal of -the sick from the hospital, which was fired by the Zulus, the assailants -were beaten off, leaving over 400 dead on the field. The little garrison -lost 25 killed and wounded. Eight Victoria Crosses and nine -Distinguished Conduct medals were awarded for this affair. - - - Rosbach (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 5, 1757, between 80,000 French and Austrians, under -Marshal Soubise, and 30,000 Prussians, under Frederick the Great. -Frederick, who occupied the heights of Rosbach, was attacked by the -allies. The Prussian cavalry, however, under Seidlitz, charged down upon -the Austrians, and threw them into disorder, and the infantry falling -upon the broken columns utterly routed them, with a loss of 4,000 killed -and wounded, 7,000 prisoners, including 11 generals and 63 guns. The -Prussians lost 3,000 only. - - - Rosbecque. - -Fought 1382 between 50,000 Flemings, under Philip van Arteveldt, and the -French, under Charles VI. The Flemings at first drove back the French, -but were overwhelmed by the charges of the French cavalry on their -flanks, and were in the end utterly routed. Thousands fell in the action -and subsequent pursuit, amongst them van Arteveldt. - - - Rostock (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought June, 1677, between the Danish fleet, under Admiral Juel, and the -Swedes, under Admiral Horn. The Swedes were completely defeated. - - - Rotto Freddo (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought July, 1746, when the rearguard of the retreating French army, -under Marshal Maillebois, was attacked by the Austrians, under Prince -Lichtenstein, and after a gallant resistance defeated with heavy loss. -In consequence of this defeat the French garrison of Placentia, 4,000 -strong, surrendered to the Imperialists. - - - Rouen (Hundred Years’ War). - -This city was besieged 1418, by the English, under Henry V. After a -gallant defence the garrison surrendered January 15, 1419, the city -paying a ransom of 300,000 crowns. - - - Roundway Down (Civil War). - -Fought July 13, 1643, when the Parliamentarians, under Waller and -Hazlerigg, attacked the Royalists, under Prince Maurice, who was -advancing to the relief of Devizes. The Parliamentarians were totally -defeated, their attack on Prince Maurice being repulsed, while at the -same time they were taken in the rear by a sortie from the town. Of -1,800 infantry, 600 were killed and the rest taken prisoners. - - - Roncray-St.-Denis. - -_See_ Herrings. - - - Roveredo (Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns). - -Fought September 4, 1796, between 25,000 Austrians, under Davidowich, -and the main body of Napoleon’s army. Napoleon attacked the Austrian -entrenched position, and in spite of a determined defence, carried it, -driving the enemy out of Roveredo with heavy loss, including 7,000 -prisoners and 15 guns. This victory enabled Masséna to occupy Trent, and -the remnants of the Austrian army were driven headlong into the Tyrol. - - - Rowton Heath (Civil War). - -Fought September 24, 1645, when a body of Royalist cavalry, under Sir -Marmaduke Langdale, which was endeavouring to prevent the investment of -Chester, was attacked by the Parliamentary horse, under Colonel Poyntz. -The first attack was repulsed with loss, but Poyntz receiving infantry -support, rallied his troops, and drove the Royalists from the field, -with a loss of 300 killed and wounded and 1,000 prisoners. - - - Roseburgh (Scottish Wars). - -This town, defended by an English garrison, was besieged by the Scots, -under James II of Scotland, in 1460, and after a stubborn defence was -captured and destroyed. This is the first occasion on which artillery -was used by the Scots. During the siege the Scottish king was killed by -the bursting of a gun of large calibre, August 3, 1460. - - - Rullion Green (Covenanters’ Rising). - -Fought November, 1666, between the Covenanters, under Colonel Wallace, -and the Royal troops, under General Dalziel. The Covenanters were -defeated. - - - Rumersheim (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 26, 1709, between the French, under Marshal Villiers, and -the Imperialists, under Count Mercy. Mercy was defeated and driven out -of Alsace. - - - Ruspina (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought January 3, 46 B.C., between Julius Cæsar, with three legions, and -a force of Pompeians, composed entirely of cavalry and archers, under -Labienus. Cæsar’s troops were surrounded, but behaving with extreme -steadiness, were able to retire to Ruspina in good order, though with -very heavy loss. - - - Rynemants (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought August 1, 1578, between the Dutch Patriots, 20,000 strong, under -Count Bossu and François de la Noue, and the Spaniards, numbering about -30,000, under Don John of Austria. Don John crossed the Demer, and -attacked Bossu in his entrenchments. He was however repulsed, after -severe fighting, and retired, leaving 1,000 dead on the field. He -offered battle in the open on the following morning, but Bossu declined -to leave his lines, and Don John was indisposed to renew the attack, and -fell back upon Namur. - - - - - S - - - Saalfeld (Campaign of Jena). - -Fought October 10, 1806, between 7,000 Prussians, under Prince Louis of -Prussia, and a division of Lannes’ corps, under the Marshal himself. The -Prussian infantry was broken and driven under the walls of Saalfeld, -whereupon the prince put himself at the head of his cavalry, and charged -the advancing French. The charge was repulsed, and the Prince refusing -to surrender was cut down and killed. The Prussians lost in this action -400 killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners, and 20 guns. - - - Sabugal (Peninsular War). - -Fought April 3, 1811, between three British divisions, under Wellington, -and the French, consisting of Reynier’s corps. Reynier held the salient -angle of the French position on the Coa, and was driven back after less -than an hour’s fighting, with a loss of about 1,500. The British lost -200 only. - - - Sacile (Napoleon’s Wars). - -Fought April 16, 1809, between 45,000 Austrians, under the Archduke -John, and 36,000 French and Italians, under Eugène Beauharnais, Regent -of Italy. After hard fighting, in which little generalship was shown on -either side, a flank movement of the Austrians, which menaced the French -line of retreat, forced Eugène to retire, victory thus resting with the -Austrians. The losses were about equal on the two sides. - - - Sacripontus (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). - -Fought B.C. 82, between the legions of Sulla and the army of the younger -Marius, 40,000 strong. Sulla’s veterans were too steady for the newer -levies of Marius, and the latter was routed, with the loss of more than -half his army killed or captured. After this victory Sulla occupied -Rome. - - - Sadowa. - -_See_ Koeniggratz. - - - Sadulapur (Second Sikh War). - -Fought December 3, 1848. After the failure of his frontal attack on the -Sikh position at Ramnugger in November, Lord Gough despatched a force -under Sir Joseph Thackwell, to cross the Chenab and turn the Sikh left. -An indecisive action followed, which Lord Gough claimed as a victory, -but though the Sikhs retired, it was slowly, and only to take up a fresh -position, which Thackwell did not consider himself strong enough to -attack. - - - Sagunto (Peninsular War). - -This fortress, held by a Spanish garrison, was besieged by the French, -22,000 strong, under Soult, September 23, 1811. Built on the heights -above Murviedro, the place was accessible on one side only, and an -attempt to escalade this was repulsed September 28. A regular siege was -then commenced, and a second unsuccessful assault was made on October -18. On the 25th General Blake, with 30,000 Spaniards, made an attempt to -relieve the place, but was defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed and -wounded and 4,000 prisoners, the victory costing the French about 800 -men. On the following day the garrison surrendered. - - - St. Alban’s (Wars of the Roses). - -Two engagements were fought here in the course of the war. On May 22, -1455, 2,000 Lancastrians, under Henry VI, posted in the town, were -attacked by 3,000 Yorkists, under the Duke of York. The Duke pierced the -Lancastrian centre, and drove them out of St. Alban’s with heavy loss, -among those who were killed being the Earls of Somerset and -Northumberland. - -The second battle took place February 17, 1461, when the army of -Margaret of Anjou, led by Somerset, Exeter, and others, attacked the -Yorkists, under Warwick, Warwick withdrew his main body, leaving his -left unsupported to withstand the Lancastrian attacks, and these troops, -after a feeble resistance, broke and fled. Henry VI, who was a prisoner -in Warwick’s camp, escaped and rejoined the Queen, and a rapid advance -on London would probably have led to his reinstatement. Warwick, -however, took such prompt measures as to render the Lancastrian victory -practically fruitless. - - - St. Aubin du Cormier. - -Fought 1487, between the Royal troops, under La Tremouille, and the -forces of the rebel Princes, under Marshal de Rieux. The rebels were -totally defeated, and a large number of nobles made prisoners, including -the Duc d’Orléans and the Prince of Orange. - - - St. Charles (French-Canadian Rising). - -Fought 1837, between the Loyalists, under Colonel Wetherall, and the -Canadian rebels. The latter were defeated. - - - St. Denis (Second Civil War). - -Fought November 10, 1567, between the Catholics, under the Constable -Montmorenci, and the Huguenots, under the Prince de Condé. Victory -rested with the Catholics, but at the cost of the Constable, who was -killed, and the battle had no decisive effect upon the course of the -war. - - - St. Denis (French-Canadian Rising). - -Fought 1837, between the Canadian rebels, and a force of British and -Canadian troops, under Colonel Gore. The rebels were victorious, but the -results of their victory were unimportant. - - - Ste. Croix (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island, held by a small Danish garrison, was captured by a British -naval and military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and General -Bowyer, December 25, 1807, but little resistance being offered. - - - St. Eustache (French-Canadian Rising). - -Fought 1837, between the rebels, under Girod, and the Government troops, -under Sir John Colborne. The rebels were completely defeated, and the -rebellion was suppressed. - - - Ste. Foy (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought April 27, 1760, between 3,000 British troops, under General -Murray, and 8,000 French, under the Chevalier de Lévis, who was -approaching from Montreal, with the object of recapturing Quebec. Murray -marched out to attack Lévis, but was defeated and driven back into -Quebec with a loss of over a third of his force. The French lost about -800. - - - St. George (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, the capital of the island of Cephalonia, was besieged in -October, 1500, by the Spaniards and Venetians, under Gonsalvo de Cordova -and Pesaro. The garrison consisted of 400 Turks only, but being veteran -soldiers they made a most gallant defence; but at the end of two months -the place was stormed from two quarters simultaneously, and the -survivors of the garrison, some 80 only, laid down their arms. - - - St. Gothard (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 1, 1664, between 100,000 Turks, under Achmet Köpriali -Pasha, and 60,000 French and Germans, under Montecucculi, who occupied a -strong position behind the Raab. On the Turks advancing to the attack, a -young Turk rode out, and challenged a Christian to single combat. The -challenge was accepted by the Chevalier de Lorraine, who killed his -adversary. The Turks then assaulted Montecucculi’s entrenchment, but -could make no impression, and after hard fighting were beaten off with a -loss of 8,000 killed. - - - St. Jacob an der Mirs (Armagnac War). - -Fought September, 1444, between 30,000 Armagnacs, under the Dauphin, and -1,300 Confederate Swiss. The Swiss being hard pressed, occupied the -hospital of St. Jacob an der Mirs, where they maintained the unequal -fight until the last man had fallen. The Armagnacs, however, had lost -2,000 killed, and the Dauphin felt compelled to abandon the invasion of -Switzerland. - - - St. Kitts (Dutch Wars). - -Fought May 10, 1667, when Sir John Harman, commanding an English -squadron of 12 frigates, fell in with a combined Dutch and French fleet -of 22 sail, under Commodore Kruysen and M. de la Barre, off St. Kitts. -Notwithstanding his inferiority, Harman boldly attacked, and gained a -signal victory, burning 5 and sinking several more of the enemy’s -vessels. The allies took refuge in the harbour of St. Kitts, and Sir -John, following them in, destroyed the rest of their fleet, at a cost of -80 men only. - - - St. Lucia (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was captured from the French, April 4, 1794, by a British -squadron, under Sir John Jervis. - - - St. Mary’s Clyst (Arundel’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 4, 1549, when Lord Russell, marching with the Royal army -to the relief of Exeter, was attacked by 6,000 rebels, detached from the -besieging force. The rebels were defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed, -and Arundel was forced to raise the siege of Exeter. - - - St. Privat. - -_See_ Gravelotte. - - - St. Quentin. - -Fought August 10, 1557, between 22,000 French and Germans, under the -Constable Montmorenci, and about 5,000 Spanish and Flemish cavalry of -the Duke of Savoy’s army, under Count Egmont, supported by a small force -of infantry. The French, in attempting to throw reinforcements into St. -Quentin, were entrapped in a narrow pass, and were utterly routed, with -a loss of 15,000 killed, wounded and captured, and all but two of their -guns. The Spaniards only lost 50 men. - - - St. Quentin (Franco-German War). - -Fought January 19, 1871, between the French, 40,000 strong, under -General Faidherbe, and 33,000 Germans, under Von Göben. The French were -decisively defeated, with a loss of 3,500 killed and wounded, 9,000 -prisoners, and 6 guns. The Germans lost 96 officers and 2,304 men. - - - St. Thomas (Napoleonic Wars). - -This island was captured from the Danes, December 21, 1807, by a -combined British naval and military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. -Cochrane and General Bowyer. - - - Saints, The. - -_See_ Dominica. - - - Salado. (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1344, between the Portuguese and Castilians, under Alfonso IV of -Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile, and the Moors, under Abu Hamed, Emir -of Morocco. The Christians won a signal victory, and Alfonso so -distinguished himself in the battle as to earn the title of the “Brave.” - - - Salamanca (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 22, 1812, when Wellington, with 46,000 British and Spanish -troops, encountered 42,000 French, under Marmont. The battle was forced -on by Marmont, who was endeavouring to interrupt Wellington’s retreat, -but the Marshal was severely wounded early in the day, and the conduct -of the action was in the hands of General Bonnet. The result was a -signal victory for the British, the French losing 12,500 killed, wounded -and prisoners, and 12 guns. The British and Spanish loss amounted to -about 6,000. These figures include the skirmishes of the days preceding -the battle, during which the armies were in touch. - - - Salamanca (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought March 10, 1858, between the Government troops, under Miramon, and -the Liberals, under Doblado. Doblado’s raw levies could not face -Miramon’s trained troops, and were utterly routed. - - - Salamis (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought 480 B.C. between the Greek fleet of 370 sail, under Themistocles, -and the Persian fleet, of over 1,000 galleys. The Greeks at first -hesitated to attack in face of the overwhelming numbers of the Persian -ships, but an Athenian trireme, commanded by Aminias, dashed in, and -being followed by the rest of the Athenians and the Æginetans in good -order, the Persians were, after a hard struggle, totally defeated, with -the loss of more than half their fleet. Xerxes and his army witnessed -the rout from the shores of Salamis. - - - Salamis (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 307, between the Macedonian fleet, under Demetrius -Poliorcetes, and the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Soter. The Egyptians were -routed, with the loss of 100 ships captured and the rest sunk, and -30,000 prisoners. - - - Salankemen (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 19, 1691, between 100,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier, -Mustapha Köpriali Pasha, and 45,000 Imperialists, under the Margrave -Louis. The Turks were signally defeated and Köpriali slain. - - - Salano (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1340 between the Spaniards, under Alfonso XI of Castile, and the -Moors, under Abu ’l Hasan of Granada. The Moors, who were besieging -Tarifa, were attacked by the Spaniards, who utterly routed them and -relieved the town. Abu ’l Hamed fled to Africa, and Alfonso was enabled -to recover Algeciras. - - - Saldanha Bay (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought August 17, 1796, when Sir Keith Elphinstone, with a British -squadron, entered the bay, and after capturing a Dutch ship of war lying -in the harbour, landed a force, to which the garrison surrendered after -a brief resistance. - - - Salo. - -_See_ Castiglione. - - - Samarcand (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). - -This place, which was defended by a garrison of 110,000 Turks and -Kharismians, under the Governor, Alub Khan, was besieged by the Tartars, -under Genghiz Khan, in June, 1220. The garrison harassed the Tartars by -numerous sorties, and little progress was made with the siege, but some -of the inhabitants, hoping to save the city from pillage, opened the -gates to the besiegers. After heroic efforts to defend the city against -the overwhelming hordes of the enemy, Alub Khan put himself at the head -of 1,000 picked horsemen and cut his way out. The survivors of the -garrison, now reduced to 30,000, were put to the sword. - - - Samaghar (Rebellion of Aurungzebe). - -Fought June, 1658, between the army of the Great Mogul, Shah Jehan, -under Dara, and the forces of his rebellious sons, Aurungzebe and Marad. -Dara was totally defeated, and his army dispersed, and three days later -the rebels occupied Agra, where Shah Jehan was imprisoned and Aurungzebe -seized the crown. - - - Sampford Courtney (Arundel’s Rebellion). - -The final engagement with the rebels, fought August 17, 1549, when -Arundel was defeated by the Royal troops, under Lord Russell, with a -loss of 700 killed and many prisoners, including most of the -ring-leaders in the rising. - - - San Giovanni (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 17, 1799, between the French, under Macdonald, and the -Russians, under Suwaroff. After three days’ hard fighting, the French -were forced to retreat, having suffered a loss of 6,000 killed and -wounded and 9,000 prisoners. The Russian losses were about 6,000. - - - San Isidoro (Paraguay War). - -Fought April, 1870, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the allied -army of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, under General Camera. Camera -attacked Lopez’s entrenchments and drove him out, forcing him to take -refuge in the mountains with the small remnant of his troops. - - - San Jacinto (Texan Rising). - -Fought April 2, 1836, when the Mexican army, under Santa Anna, about -5,000 strong, was routed and almost destroyed by the Texans, under -General Houston. The survivors, with Santa Anna and his staff, were -taken prisoners, and Texas was freed from the Mexican yoke. - - - San Jacinto. - -Fought February 12, 1867, between the adherents of the Emperor -Maximilian, under Miramon, and the Mexican Constitutionalists, under -Escobedo. Miramon was defeated, and his army surrendered, he himself -escaping with difficulty from the field. - - - San Juan. - -_See_ El Caney. - - - San Lazaro (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought June, 1746, between the Austrians, 40,000 strong, under Prince -Lichtenstein, and the French and Spaniards, under Marshal Maillebois. -The allies attacked the Austrian entrenched camp, and after an obstinate -conflict, lasting nine hours, were repulsed with a loss of 10,000 killed -and wounded. - - - Sanna’s Post (Second Boer War). - -Fought March 31, 1900, when a force of cavalry, with 2 R.H.A. batteries -and a considerable convoy, under Colonel Broadwood, was ambushed by a -party of Boers, under De Wet, while crossing a donga. The guns were just -entering the donga when the Boers opened fire, and 4 guns of Q battery -succeeded in getting clear and opening fire, stuck to their work till -only 10 men of the battery were left standing. Broadwood succeeded in -extricating his force, but at a cost of 19 officers and 136 men killed -and wounded, 426 prisoners, 7 guns, and the whole of his convoy. General -Colville’s column was within a few miles, but though the firing was -heard, he failed to relieve. This is also known as the action of -Kornspruit. - - - San Sebastian (Peninsular War). - -This town was besieged July 10, 1813, by the British, under General -Graham, and was defended by a French garrison, under General Rey. An -assault on July 25 was repulsed, and pending the arrival of heavy guns -from England, the siege resolved itself into a blockade. Active -operations were resumed, and on the 31st the town was taken by storm. -Rey, however, still held out in the citadel, and it was only after -further bombardment that he surrendered on September 9. The besiegers’ -losses amounted to over 2,500 killed and wounded. - - - San Sebastian (First Carlist War). - -This fortress, held by a garrison of Cristinos and a small detachment of -the British legion, under Colonel Wylde, was besieged by the Carlists, -under Sagastibelza, February, 1836. The siege was carried on in -desultory fashion, with constant fighting between the outposts, till -June, 1836, when General Evans, with 10,000 British and Spanish troops, -occupied the advanced Carlist positions, and forced them to withdraw. - - - Santa Lucia (Rio Grande Rising). - -Fought 1842, between the Brazilian Government troops, under General -Caxias, and the rebels, 6,000 strong, under Feliciano. The rebels were -totally defeated. - - - Santarem (Dom Miguel’s Rebellion). - -Fought February 18, 1834, when the Portuguese Government troops, under -Marshal Saldanha, totally defeated the “Miguelists,” under Dom Miguel. - - - Santa Vittoria (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought July 26, 1702, when 4 regiments of Prince Eugene’s army, under -General Visconti, were attacked by 15,000 French and Spaniards, under -the Duc de Vendôme. The Imperialists were forced to abandon their camp -and retire with the loss of their baggage, but lost only 500 men, while -their qualified success cost the allies nearly 2,000 killed and wounded. - - - Santiago (Spanish-American War). - -Fought July 3, 1898, between the American fleet of 4 battleships and 3 -cruisers, under Admiral W. T. Sampson, and the Spanish fleet of 4 -armoured cruisers and 3 torpedo-boats, under Admiral Cervera. The -Spaniards endeavoured to escape from the blockaded harbour of Santiago, -but were unsuccessful, the whole squadron being destroyed. The Americans -suffered hardly any damage, the Spanish gunnery being very inefficient, -and lost only 1 man killed. - - - Sapienza (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1490 between the Turkish fleet, under Kemal Reis, and the -Venetians. The Venetians suffered a severe reverse, this being the first -naval victory of the Turks in the Mediterranean. - - - Saragossa (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought August 20, 1700, between 25,000 Spaniards, and a force of -Austrians, British, Dutch and Portuguese troops, 23,000 in number, under -the Archduke Charles. The Portuguese in the right wing gave way, leading -a large force of Spaniards in pursuit, but the left and centre stood -their ground, and finally repulsed the enemy, with a loss of 4,000 -prisoners, besides killed and wounded. The Archduke at once took -possession of Saragossa. - - - Saragossa (Peninsular War). - -In June, 1808, siege was laid to this city by the French, under Marshal -Lefebvre. A successful defence was made, and the marshal’s forces being -insufficient to effect a prompt capture, he raised the siege in August. -In December of the same year it was again besieged by the French, under -Moncey and Mortier, and defended by a Spanish garrison, under Palafox. A -most heroic defence was made, notable for the bravery of Agostina, the -maid of Saragossa, who took the place of her wounded lover on the -ramparts, and helped to serve the guns, but despite all the efforts of -Palafox, the place was stormed, and, after very severe house to house -fighting, captured, February 21, 1809. - - - Saratoga. - -_See_ Stillwater. - - - Sardis (Wars of Alexander’s Successors). - -Fought B.C. 280, between the troops of Pergamus, under Eumenes, and the -Syrians, under Antigonus Soter. Eumenes gained a signal victory, and -annexed a large part of the dominions of Antigonus. - - - Sárkány (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought December 30, 1848, between the Austrians, under Windischgrätz, -and the Hungarians, under General Perczel. Perczel had been entrusted by -Görgey with the defence of the Sárkány defile, but on being attacked by -the Austrians, his division made little resistance, and fled in -disorder, thus forcing Görgey to retire from the line he had chosen to -defend. - - - Sauchie Barn (Rebellion of the Barons). - -Fought June 18, 1488, between the rebel Barons, under Angus -“Bell-the-Cat,” and the troops of James III of Scotland, under the king. -The royal army was totally defeated and James slain. - - - Saucourt (Norse Invasion of France). - -Fought 861 between the Neustrians, under Louis III, and the invading -Norsemen, when Louis gained a brilliant victory. - - - Sauroren (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 28, 1813, between the French, 25,000 strong, under Soult, -and the British, 12,000 strong, under Wellington. Soult attempted to -turn the British left in order to drive them from a strong position, but -after severe fighting he was repulsed, with a loss of about 3,000. The -British losses were about 2,600. Soult renewed his attempt to force -Wellington’s lines on the 30th, but was again repulsed, with a loss of -2,000 killed and wounded and 3,000 prisoners. The British loss amounted -to 1,900. - - - Savage’s Station. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battle. - - - Savandroog (Second Mysore War). - -Siege was laid to this place December 10, 1791, by a column of Lord -Cornwallis’ army, about 4,000 strong. It was defended by a strong -garrison of Mysoris, and was considered impregnable, but a practicable -breach having been effected, it was taken by storm eleven days later, -the garrison offering little resistance. The assailants did not lose a -man. - - - Saxa Rubra (Revolt of Maxentius). - -Fought October 28, 312, between the Imperial troops, under Constantine, -and the legions of Italy, under Maxentius. The Italian cavalry, posted -on the wings, was routed by Constantine’s horse; the infantry, thus left -unsupported, fled from the field, only the Pretorians making a brave -resistance, and dying where they stood. Maxentius escaped, but crossing -the Tiber into Rome by the Milvian Bridge, was forced by the crowd of -fugitives into the river and drowned. - - - Scarpheia (War of the Achæan League). - -Fought B.C. 146, between the Romans, under Metellus, and the Achæans, -under Critolaus. The Greeks were totally defeated with heavy loss, -Critolaus being killed. - - - Scio (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 5, 1769, between a Russian fleet of 10 sail of the line, -under Admiral Spiritoff, and 15 Turkish ships, with some small vessels, -under the Capitan Pasha. Alter a severe engagement, in which both the -flag-ships were blown up, the Turks were driven into the Bay of Tchesme, -where a few days later their fleet was destroyed by fire-ships. - - - Schipka Pass (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought August 21, 1877, and following days, when the Russians, 7,000 -strong, under General Darozhinsky, holding the pass, were attacked by -25,000 Turks, under Suleiman Pasha. The Russians were driven from point -after point of their defences, and were on the verge of being -overwhelmed, when the arrival of reinforcements enabled them to assume -the offensive and recover their lost positions, and on the 26th fighting -ceased. The Russian losses amounted to 4,000, including Darozhinsky, -while the Turks lost about 11,500. - -On September 16 Suleiman, reinforced to 40,000 men, made an attempt to -carry the Russian position on Mount St. Nicholas, but was repulsed with -a loss of 3,000, the Russians losing 31 officers and about 1,000 rank -and file. - -By January 8, 1878, the Russian force in the Schipka had been increased -to 60,000 men, under General Radetski, while the Turks, numbering 40,000 -were under Vessil Pasha. General Mirsky, with 25,000 men, attacked the -Turkish entrenchments and drove them out of all their positions, and on -the following day Vessil Pasha surrendered with 36,000 men and 93 guns. -The Russians lost 5,000. - - - Schwechat (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought October 30, 1848, between the Austrians, under Prince -Windischgrätz, and the Hungarians, under General Moga. The Hungarian -militia made a very feeble stand against the Austrian regulars, and were -driven back all along the line with considerable loss. - - - Scutari (Ottoman Wars). - -This place, held by a Venetian garrison, under Antonio Loredano, was -besieged by the Turks, under Suleiman Pasha, May, 1474. The garrison -held out stoutly till the middle of August, when Suleiman raised the -siege. - -Four years later, in June, 1478, Mohammed II invested it, the garrison -now being under the command of Antonio di Lezze. Though few in numbers, -the Venetians withstood a continuous bombardment, repulsing two serious -assaults, until September 8, when Mohammed retired, leaving behind him -only a blockading force. When on the conclusion of peace the place was -handed over to the Turks only 450 men and 150 women were alive in the -town. In the first assault the Turks lost 12,000 men, and an even -greater number, it is said, in the second. - - - Sebastopol (Crimean War). - -This fortress was besieged by the allied French and British armies, -under Marshal St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan, September 28, 1854. It was -defended by a large force of Russians, under Prince Mentschikoff, with -General Todleben as his principal engineer officer. The besiegers were -too few for a complete investment, and though the harbour was closed by -the British fleet, under Sir Edmund Lyons, the Russians were throughout -the siege enabled to obtain reinforcements and provisions from the north -side. The batteries opened on October 17, and from that time till -September 8, 1855, the town was more or less continuously bombarded. On -that day the Malakoff, an important part of the southern defences, was -stormed by the French, and the place became untenable, the allies -entering it unopposed on the following day. The Russians, during the -later days of the bombardment, are said to have lost as many as 3,000 -men a day. - - - Secchia, The (War of the Polish Succession). - -Fought September 14, 1734, when the Imperialists, under Count -Köningsegg, surprised the camp of the French army, under the Duc de -Broglie, capturing 5,000 prisoners, 100 guns and the whole of the -stores, baggage and ammunition. - - - Secessionville (American Civil War). - -Fought June 15, 1862, when 6,000 Federals, under General Benham, -attacked the strong position of Secessionville, covering the road to -Charleston, which was held by 2,000 Confederates, under General Evans. -The Federals were repulsed with a loss of 600 men, the Confederates -losing 200. - - - Secunderbagh (Indian Mutiny). - -Fought November 16, 1857, during the second relief of Lucknow by Sir -Colin Campbell. The Secunderbagh, a walled enclosure of strong masonry, -held by a large body of rebels, was, after a bombardment of about an -hour and a half, taken by storm by the 93rd Highlanders and the 4th -Punjabis, with very heavy loss to the enemy, over 2,000 dead bodies -being afterwards carried out of the enclosure. - - - Sedan (Franco-German War). - -This battle, the most decisive of the war, was fought September 1, 1870, -The French, under Marshal Macmahon, who was wounded early in the action, -were driven from all their positions by the Germans, under the King of -Prussia, and compelled to retire into Sedan, where they laid down their -arms. The Emperor Napoleon III was among the prisoners, and one of the -results of the surrender was his dethronement and the proclamation of a -republic in Paris. The battle is remarkable for the charge of the -Chasseurs d’Afrique, under General Margueritte, in the neighbourhood of -Floing. The brigade was cut to pieces and the general killed. The -Germans lost in the action 460 officers and 8,500 men; the French 3,000 -killed, 14,000 wounded, and 21,000 prisoners, while 83,000 subsequently -surrendered in Sedan. The Germans took 419 guns, 139 fortress guns and -66,000 rifles. - - - Sedgemoor (Monmouth’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 5, 1685, between the Royal troops, under the Earl of -Faversham, and the rebels, under James, Duke of Monmouth. Monmouth -attempted a night attack on Faversham’s camp, but the alarm was given, -and the Royal troops falling upon their assailants, put Monmouth’s -cavalry to flight, and though his infantry made a sturdy resistance they -were at length overpowered and routed with heavy loss. This defeat put -an end to the rebellion. - - - Segeswár (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought July 31, 1849, between the Hungarians, under General Bem, and the -Russians, under General Lüders. The Russians, after a severe engagement, -were totally defeated. - - - Segikahara (Rebellion of Hideyori). - -Fought September 16, 1600, between the troops of the Shogun Tokugawa -Tyeyasa, 80,000 strong, and 130,000 rebels, under Mitsunari. The rebels -were utterly routed with the loss of 30,000 killed, among whom was -Mitsunari, and the rebellion was suppressed. - - - Seine Mouth (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought August 15, 1416, when the English fleet, under Bedford, sailed -into the Seine with the object of revictualling Harfleur, which the -French were besieging. The blockading force, consisting of 8 large -Genoese carracks, besides smaller vessels, attacked the English fleet, -and after six hours’ hard fighting were totally defeated, with a loss of -5 carracks and 5 other ships, while Bedford succeeded in throwing -supplies into the town. - - - Selby (Civil War). - -Fought April 11, 1644, between the Royalists, 3,300 strong, under -Colonel John Bellasis, and a slightly superior force of -Parliamentarians, under Sir Thomas Fairfax. Bellasis had occupied Selby -with the object of preventing a junction between Fairfax’s troops and -those of the Scots at Durham. He was attacked by Fairfax and totally -defeated, with the loss of 1,600 men and all his artillery and baggage. - - - Selinus (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). - -This city was besieged by the Carthaginians, 100,000 strong, under -Hannibal, B.C. 409. An attempt by the Syracusans, under Diocles, to -relieve came too late, for after resisting stubbornly for nine days, the -garrison, hopelessly outnumbered, were overpowered; and the place -stormed and sacked, all the survivors being carried off into captivity. - - - Seminara (Italian Wars). - -Fought 1495 between 6,000 Spaniards and Neapolitans, under Gonsalvo de -Cordova and Ferdinand of Naples, and a largely superior French army, -under D’Aubigny. The Neapolitans fled almost without striking a blow, -and though the Spaniards fought well, they were overpowered by numbers, -and in the end totally routed, only Gonsalvo with 400 Spanish cavalry -making an orderly retreat. - - - Sempach (War of Sempach). - -Fought July 9, 1386, between 6,000 Austrians, under Duke Leopold, and -1,500 Swiss Confederates. The Swiss gained a complete victory, the -Austrians losing 1,500 killed and wounded, while only 120 Swiss fell. -The battle is celebrated for the heroic action of Arnold von Winkelried, -who broke the line of the Austrian spearmen at the cost of his life, and -enabled his followers to penetrate their phalanx. - - - Seneff (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought August 11, 1674, between the French, 45,000 strong, under Condé, -and the Flemings and Spaniards, 60,000 strong, under the Prince of -Orange. Orange, finding Condé’s position too strong to attack, began a -retreat towards Le Quesnay, thereby exposing his flank. Condé took -instant advantage of this error, and dispersed the vanguard of the -allies, but the Prince took up a strong position at Seneff, from which -Condé was unable to dislodge him, and the conflict ended in a drawn -battle, after seventeen hours’ hard fighting. - - - Senegal (Napoleonic Wars). - -The French garrison of this place surrendered, July 13, 1809, to a -British force of 1 frigate and 2 brigs, with some transports carrying -troops, under Captain G. H. Columbine. - - - Senekal (Second Boer War). - -Fought May 29, 1900, when a British force, under General Rundle, -attacked the Boers, strongly posted on the Biddulphsberg. The attack was -made amidst great bush fires, in which many of the wounded perished, and -was unsuccessful, the British losses amounting to 7 officers and 177 men -killed and wounded. - - - Senlac. - -_See_ Hastings. - - - Sentinum (Third Samnite War). - -Fought B.C. 298, between five Roman legions, under Q. Fabius Maximus and -Publius Decius, and the Samnites and Gauls, under Gellius Equatius. The -Roman left was disordered by the war-chariots of the Gauls, but was -rallied by Decius, who restored the battle, but at the cost of his life. -On the right the Samnites were routed, and Fabius then fell upon the -Gauls in flank, and broke them. Meanwhile the Samnite camp was attacked, -and Equatius slain, the Romans gaining a signal victory. The losses of -the victors amounted to 8,200, while the Gauls and Samnites lost 25,000 -killed and 8,000 prisoners. - - - Sepeia (Argive War). - -Fought B.C. 494, between the Spartans, under Cleomenes, and the Argives. -The Spartans, by a ruse, succeeded in surprising the Argives while the -soldiers were dining, and totally routed them. This defeat deprived -Argos of the paramountcy in the Peloponnesus. - - - Seringapatam (Second Mysore War). - -This city was besieged, February 5, 1792, by 22,000 British and native -troops, with 86 guns, under Lord Cornwallis, and defended by a Mysori -garrison, under Tippu Sahib. On the 6th an assault upon the outlying -works was successful, all the redoubts commanding the city being -carried, at a cost to the assailants of 530, while the Mysoris lost -20,000. On the approach of reinforcements, under General Abercromby, on -the 16th, Tippu consented to treat, and peace was signed in the -following month. - - - Seringapatam (Third Mysore War). - -The second siege by General Harris, opened April 6, 1799, when the city -was defended by a garrison of 20,000, under Tippu. On May 3, the breach -was declared practicable, and the place was stormed by 4,000 men, under -General Baird. Tippu was slain in the rout which followed the assault. -The British losses during the siege amounted to 1,464. About 8,000 -Mysoris fell in the assault. - - - Seringham (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought 1753, between 1,000 British troops, under Major Laurence, and the -French, with their Mahratta and Mysori allies, under M. Astruc. The -French attacked in force an isolated post, held by 200 Sepoys, and -carried it before Major Laurence could come up. He then attacked, and in -turn carried the position, driving off the French, and the Mahrattas who -came up to their support, and captured three guns. - - - Seskar (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1790, between the Swedish fleet, under the Duke of Sudermanland, -and a Russian squadron, under Admiral Kruze. The Swedes were totally -defeated, after a severe engagement, which lasted from daybreak till far -into the night. - - - Seta (Yoshinaka’s Rebellion). - -Fought 1183, between the army of Yoritomo, under his brothers Noriyori -and Yoshitsune, and that of Yoshinaka. The rebels were completely -defeated, and Yoshinaka killed. - - - Seven Days’ Battles (American Civil War). - -A series of actions fought by General Lee, with 100,000 Confederates, -against General M’Clellan, with 95,000 Federals, Lee’s object being to -relieve Richmond. On June 26, 1862, General Hill, with 1,400 -Confederates, attacked M’Call’s division, in a strong position at -=Beaver’s Dam Creek=, which attack M’Call repulsed, at small cost to his -force. On the 27th, General Porter, 35,000 strong, posted on the -Chickahominy at =Gaines’ Mill=, was attacked by 54,000 Confederates, -under Lee in person. The Southerners advanced under a heavy artillery -fire, and after severe fighting, drove the Federals across the river, -and captured 20 guns. On the 28th, M’Clellan prepared to withdraw to the -James River, his centre having been pierced, and commenced his retreat. -On the 29th, 4 Confederate divisions, under Longstreet, aided by an -armoured train, came up with Sumner’s corps at =Savage’s Station=, but -was repulsed, Sumner thus inflicting a serious check upon the pursuing -columns. On the 30th, 3 divisions, under General Jackson, overtook the -Federal rearguard, under General French, near the =White Oak Swamp=, and -an artillery duel followed, which cost the Federals some guns. Two -divisions, under Longstreet, also attacked M’Call’s division, and routed -it, M’Call being captured. By the evening of the 30th, M’Clellan reached -=Malvern Hill=, overlooking the James River, and determined to oppose -here the further advance of the Confederates. On July 1st, the -Confederates attacked, but the Federals held their ground throughout the -day, and on the 2nd retired in good order and practically unmolested. -The Federals admit a loss of 15,249 men and 25 guns during the -operations, but Confederate accounts put the figures much higher, and -claim 51 guns. The losses of the Southerners were also very heavy, -especially at Malvern Hill, but Lee’s object was accomplished, and -Richmond was relieved. - - - Sevenoaks (Cade’s Rebellion). - -Fought June 18, 1450, between the rebels, under Cade, and the royal -troops, under Sir Humphrey Stafford. The force under Stafford was quite -inadequate for the work in hand, and was routed, Stafford being killed. - - - Seven Pines. - -_See_ Fair Oaks. - - - Shahjehan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia.) - -This city was besieged 1221, by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, and was -obstinately defended by the garrison under a Turkish general named -Bugha. For twenty-one successive days the besiegers delivered assaults, -which were repulsed, but finally the inhabitants made terms with Tuli -Khan, and opened the gates. - - - Shaldiran (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 24, 1514, between 120,000 Turks, under Selim I, and about -80,000 Persians, under the Shah Ismael. The wing led by the Shah in -person was victorious, but the Persian left was totally routed, and in -endeavouring to restore the battle on that side Ismael was wounded, -whereupon the army was seized with panic, and took to flight. - - - Shannon and Chesapeake (Second American War). - -A famous frigate action, fought May 29, 1813, between the British -frigate _Shannon_, of 38 guns, commanded by Captain Broke, and the -American frigate _Chesapeake_, also of 38 guns, under Captain John -Lawrence. The _Chesapeake_ sailed out of Boston Harbour to attack the -_Shannon_, and after a brisk action was taken by the board by the -British. The _Shannon_ lost 4 officers and 21 men killed, and 3 officers -and 56 men wounded; the _Chesapeake_, 8 officers and 39 men killed, and -9 officers and 106 men wounded. Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain -Broke wounded. - - - Sheerness (Dutch Wars). - -Fought June 7, 1667, and following days, when the Dutch fleet, under de -Ruyter, sailed up the Medway as far as Upnor Castle, and destroyed 7 -ships of war. - - - Sheriffmuir (Rebellion of the Fifteen). - -Fought November 13, 1715, between 3,500 royal troops, under the Duke of -Argyle, and 9,000 Highlanders, under the Earl of Mar. Argyle’s left wing -was routed by the Macdonalds, and his left and centre, though at first -they held their own, were in the end compelled to retire, and Argyle -effected a retreat in good order to Stirling. - - - Sherstone (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 1016, between Edmund Ironside, and Knut, the rival claimants to -the throne. The battle was indecisive. - - - Shijo Nawate (War of the Northern and Southern Empires). - -Fought 1339, between the army of the Northern Emperor, under Takaugi and -Tadayoshi, and the troops of the Southern Emperor, under Kusunoki -Masatsura. Masatsura was attacked at Yoshino, which place was -temporarily the Imperial residence. Feeling that he was too weak to -defend it, he marched out with his whole force to meet his assailants, -and fell fighting to the last, the Northern troops gaining a complete -victory. Japan was soon afterwards again united, under the rule of the -Northern line. - - - Shiloh (American Civil War). - -Fought April 6 and 7, 1862, between the Confederates, 43,000 strong, -under General Johnston, and the Federals, 40,000 strong, under General -Grant. The Confederates attacked Grant’s position on the west of the -Tennessee river, and surprised the Federals, driving back the first line -in confusion. By nightfall, Grant was practically defeated, but Johnston -failed to take advantage of his opportunity, and Grant being reinforced -by 20,000 men during the night, was able on the 7th to assume the -offensive. After severe fighting the Southerners were driven from the -field with a loss of 9,740 killed and wounded and 959 prisoners, General -Johnston being among the killed. The Federals lost 9,617 killed and -wounded, and 4,044 prisoners. - - - Shinowara (Yoshinaka’s Rebellion). - -Fought April, 1183, between the troops of the rebel Daimio Yoshinaka, -and the Japanese Imperial army, consisting of 100,000 horsemen, under -Taira-no-Kore. The Imperial troops were defeated with a loss of 20,000 -killed. - - - Shirogawa (Satsuma Rebellion). - -Fought September 24, 1876, when the last remnants of the rebels, under -Saigo, were defeated by the Imperial army, under Prince Taruhito. The -rebels were practically annihilated, and most of the leaders of the -revolt killed. Saigo, after the defeat, committed _Hara-kiri_ on the -field. - - - Sholapur (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought May 10, 1818, when a body of cavalry, under General Pritzen, -forming part of General Monro’s force, attacked and dispersed the -retreating remnant of the Peshwa’s army. Sholapur surrendered on the -15th, the operations having cost the British only 97 killed and wounded, -while the loss of the Mahrattas exceeded 800 killed. - - - Sholingur (First Mysore War). - -Fought September 27, 1781, between the British, 10,000 strong, under Sir -Eyre Coote, and the Mysoris, numbering about 80,000, under Hyder Ali. -Hyder was surprised in the act of striking camp, and though a series of -cavalry charges enabled him to withdraw his guns in safety, it was at a -cost of 5,000 men that he eventually made good his retreat. The British -loss did not exceed 100. - - - Shrewsbury (Percy’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 21, 1403, when the royalists, under Henry IV, met and -defeated the insurgents, under Hotspur. Hotspur was killed, and Douglas -and Worcester taken prisoners. The battle was the baptism of fire of -Henry, Prince of Wales (Henry V), who displayed great bravery, and was -severely wounded. - - - Sidassir (Third Mysore War). - -Fought March 6, 1799, between the advance guard of General Stuart’s -force, composed of three regiments, under Colonel Montresor, and 12,000 -Mysoris, under Tippu Sahib. Montresor’s small force withstood the attack -of Tippu’s troops for over six hours, and their ammunition was all but -exhausted when Stuart came up, and drove back the enemy with a loss of -2,000 men. The British lost 143 killed and wounded. - - - Sievershausen. - -Fought July 9, 1553, between the Germans, under Maurice, Elector of -Saxony, and the Brandenburgers, under the Margrave Albert. The -Brandenburgers were defeated, but Maurice was wounded in the action, and -died two days later. - - - Siffin. - -A series of actions extending over a hundred days, in 656, between the -Moslems, under the Caliph Ali, and the adherents Moawiyeh, the son of -Abu Sophian, a pretender to the Caliphate. In the course of these -engagements Ali lost 25,000, and Moawiyeh 45,000 men, but the latter was -undefeated, and the sanguinary conflict was ended by an unsatisfactory -compromise. - - - Sikajoki (Finland War). - -Fought April 18, 1808, between the Swedes, under General Klingspor, and -the Russians, under General Bouxhoevden. The Russians endeavoured to -outflank the Swedes by moving out on to the ice at the mouth of the -Sikajoki river, at the same time assailing them in front. Both attacks -were repulsed, and after eight hours fighting, Klingspor took the -offensive, and drove the Russians from the field, with heavy loss. The -Swedes lost 1,000 killed and wounded. - - - Silistria (Crimean War). - -This fortress was besieged by the Russians in 1854, and was defended by -a Turkish garrison, who received valuable assistance from two English -officers, Captain Buller and Lieutenant Nasmyth. Many attempts to storm -the place were repulsed, and though no efforts were made to relieve -them, the garrison held out until June 22, when the Russians raised the -siege, having suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. - - - Silpia. - -_See_ Elinga. - - - Simnitza (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought June 26, 1877, between the Russians, under the Grand Duke -Nicholas, and the Turkish garrison of Sistova. On the night of the 26th, -the Russian advance-guard, 15,000 strong, under Dragomiroff, crossed the -Danube in boats, and then, under Skobeleff, drove the Turks headlong -from their entrenchments. On the morning of the 27th, Sistova was -occupied, the Russians having lost 820 only in the operations. - - - Singara (Persian Wars). - -Fought 348, between the Romans, under Constantius, and the Persians, in -largely superior force, under Sapor II. The Persian king, having posted -the major part of his army on the heights overlooking Singara, engaged -the Romans with a comparatively small force of light-armed troops, who -were easily routed by the legionaries. The pursuit, however, was carried -too far, and when night fell, the Romans, exhausted by their efforts, -bivouacked under the heights. During the night, Sapor led his best -troops to the attack, and routed the weary Romans, with terrible -slaughter. - - - Singara (Persian Wars). - -This fortress, held by a Roman garrison, was captured, after a brief -siege, by the Persians, under Sapor II, in 360. The garrison was sent -into captivity and the fortress dismantled. - - - Sinnaca (Parthian War). - -At this place the remnants of the army of Crassus, after the battle of -Carrhæ, B.C. 53, surrendered to the Parthians. Only 5,000 men were with -the eagles. - - - Sinope (Crimean War). - -Fought 1853, when the Russian fleet attacked the Turkish fleet of 9 -sail, lying in the harbour of Sinope. No quarter was given, and the -Turkish fleet was totally destroyed. Over 4,000 Turks were killed, and -it is said that only 400, almost all wounded, escaped the massacre. - - - Sinzheim (Wars of Louis XIV). - -Fought October 4, 1674, between the French, under Turenne, and the -Imperialists, under General Caprara and the Duke of Lorraine. The French -gained a signal victory. This action is also known as the Battle of -Entzheim. - - - Sitabaldi (Third Mahratta War). - -Fought November 24, 1817, between a small force of Madras native troops, -and some Bengal cavalry, in all about 1,300 men, under Colonel Scott, -and the army of Nappa Sahib, Rajah of Nagpur, 18,000 strong, with 36 -guns. The Sepoys held their ground for 18 hours, and eventually beat off -their assailants, at a cost to themselves of about 300 men. - - - Skalitz (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 28, 1866, between the 5th Prussian Army Corps, under General -Steinmetz, and the 6th and 8th Austrian Corps, under General Ramming. -The Austrians were defeated, and Skalitz occupied by the Prussians, who -captured 4,000 prisoners and 8 guns. - - - Slivnitza (Servo-Bulgarian War). - -Fought November 17, 18 and 19, 1885, between the Servians, 28,000 -strong, under King Milan, and Bulgarians, at first 10,000 in number, but -reinforced on the night of the 17th and during the 18th, by a further -5,000, under Prince Alexander. On the 17th, Prince Alexander, who -occupied a position strong against a frontal attack, but very vulnerable -on his left, made a strong attack on the Servian left, to distract -attention from his weak flank. This attack was repulsed, and on the -following day the Servians attacked Alexander’s left. Having been -reinforced, however, he was able to beat them off, while a frontal -attack was also repulsed with loss. On the 19th the Servian attacks were -again unsuccessful, and by 3 p.m. they were in full retreat, pursued by -the Bulgarians. The Servians lost about 2,000, the victors 3,000 in -killed and wounded, in the three days. - - - Sluys (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought June 24, 1340, when the English fleet of 250 sail, under Sir -Robert Morley and Richard Fitzalan, attacked the French fleet of about -200 sail, under Hugues Quiéret, lying in Sluys Harbour. Practically the -whole of the French fleet was captured or destroyed, and Quiéret was -killed. The French lost 25,000 men, the English 4,000. - - - Smolensko (Russo-Swedish Wars). - -Fought September 22, 1708, when Charles XII of Sweden, with 4,000 -infantry and 6 regiments of cavalry, attacked a force of 16,000 Cossacks -and Tartars. The king with one regiment was in the course of the action -cut off from the rest of his troops by a body of Tartars, and had a -narrow escape. His immediate following was reduced to 5 men, when he was -rescued by a cavalry charge. In the end the Swedes routed the Cossacks -with heavy loss. - - - Smolensko (Campaign of Moscow). - -Fought August 17, 1812, between 175,000 French, under Napoleon, and -130,000 Russians, under Bagration, of whom about 50,000 and 60,000 -respectively were actually engaged. Bagration’s corps occupied the town -of Smolensko, which Napoleon attacked, carrying two of the suburbs. -During the night the Russians set fire to the place, and evacuated it, -having lost in the action about 10,000 killed and wounded. The French -lost 9,000. - - - Sobraon (First Sikh War). - -Fought February 10, 1846, between the British, about 15,000 strong, and -25,000 Sikhs, under Runjur Singh. The Sikhs were strongly entrenched on -the Sutlej, and Sir Hugh Gough, with feigned attacks on their centre and -right, succeeded in pushing home his assault on their left, and after -hard fighting drove the defenders to the river, where many perished. The -British lost 2,383, the Sikhs about 8,000. - - - Soczawa (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the Poles, under John Sobieski and the Turks, under -Mohammed IV. The Poles, who had been reinforced by the Lithuanians, -under Paz, totally routed the Turks, who were greatly superior in -numbers, and drove them in confusion into Kaminiec, with the exception -of which fortress, the whole of Poland was thus freed from the Ottoman -invaders. - - - Sohr (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought September 30, 1745, between 18,000 Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and 35,000 Austrians, under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The -Prussians attacked the Austrian position and the Austrians, failing to -display their usual courage made no stand against the steady advance of -the Prussian infantry, and were driven back in confusion, with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 22 guns. The Prussians lost -between three and four thousand men. - - - Soissons. - -Fought 486, and notable as the first military exploit of Clovis, the -founder of the Merovingian dynasty, who here defeated Syagrius, Count of -Soissons, and annexed his dominions. - - - Solebay (Dutch Wars). - -Fought May 28, 1672, when the French and English fleets, together about -140 sail, under the Comte d’Estrées and the Duke of York, were surprised -at anchor, by a Dutch fleet of 115 ships, under de Ruyter. The French -were first attacked, but soon edged out of the fight, and the bulk of -the work fell to the English. The battle was indecisive, for though the -Dutch lost five or more ships, and the English one only, the allied -fleet was too crippled to take the offensive for over a month after the -action. - - - Solferino (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 24, 1859, between 150,000 Austrians, under the Emperor -Francis Joseph, with Generals Wimpffen and Scholick in actual command, -and the French and Piedmontese, under Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel. -The French attacked the Austrian position on the heights round -Solferino, which were held by Scholick, and after very hard fighting, -they were captured by the corps of Macmahon and Baraguay d’Hilliers. -Meanwhile Wimpffen, with three Army Corps, attacked the French left, but -was held at bay throughout the day by Marshal Niel’s corps, and when -night fell, the Austrian centre being broken, Francis Joseph had no -option but to retreat, and consequently recrossed the Mincio. The -Austrians lost 22,000 killed, wounded and missing. The allies’ losses -were 18,000, of which number the Piedmontese corps of 25,000 lost 4,000. - - - Solway Moss (Scottish Wars). - -Fought December 14, 1542, between the Scottish invading army, under -Oliver Sinclair, and a band of 500 English borderers, under Thomas Dacre -and John Musgrave. The Scots were totally defeated, and many important -nobles captured. - - - Somnauth (Mahmud’s Twelfth Invasion of India). - -This city, one of the holy places of India, was captured by the Afghans, -under Sultan Mahmud of Ghuzni, in 1024. According to tradition, he -carried off the great gates of the city to Ghuzni; and certain gates -purporting to be the same, but which afterwards proved to be of later -date, were brought back to India with a flourish of trumpets, after the -capture of Ghuzni by the British in 1842. - - - Son-Tai (Tongking War). - -This fortress, defended by a garrison of 25,000 Chinese, including -10,000 “Black Flags,” under Lin Yung Ku, was attacked by the French, -under Admiral Courbet, with 7 river gun-boats and force of 7,000 men, -December 14, 1883. On this day the outer defences were carried, and the -garrison driven into the citadel. During the night the French were -surprised by a sortie, which however they repulsed, after severe -fighting. On the 16th they stormed the citadel, losing in the three days -92 officers and 318 men killed and wounded. The Chinese lost about -1,000. - - - Sorata (Inca Rising). - -This city was besieged, 1780, by the revolted Peruvians, under Andrés, -the last of the Incas. The fortifications, well provided with artillery, -proved impregnable, but Andrés diverted certain mountain torrents -against the walls, and thus opened a large breach, through which the -Peruvians entered the city, and massacred the whole of the garrison and -inhabitants. Of 20,000 souls, it is said that only one priest escaped. - - - South Mountain (American Civil War). - -Fought September 14, 1862, between the Federals, under General -M’Clellan, and the Confederates, under General Lee. Lee’s object was to -hold M’Clellan in check while Jackson captured Harper’s Ferry, and to -this end he posted General D. Hill with 15,000 on South Mountain. Here -Hill was attacked, and driven to the upper slopes, but being reinforced -by a portion of Longstreet’s command, he maintained his position there, -withdrawing on the morning of the 15th. Each side lost about 2,500 men, -but Lee had gained his object, as the delay to M’Clellan ensured the -capture of Harper’s Ferry. - - - Southwark (Cade’s Rebellion). - -Fought July 5, 1450, between the rebels, under Cade, and the citizens of -London, under Matthew Gough. The Londoners endeavoured to hold London -Bridge, to prevent the plundering expeditions of Cade’s followers into -the city, but were driven back, and the central drawbridge set on fire. -The Londoners lost heavily, among the killed being Gough. - - - Southwold Bay (Dutch Wars). - -Fought 1665, between the English fleet, under the Duke of York, and the -Dutch fleet, under Admiral Opdam. The English were completely -victorious, the Dutch losing 18 ships and 7,000 men. The English lost -one ship only, and 700 men. - - - Spanish Galleons. - -_See_ Vigo Bay. - - - Sphacteria. - -_See_ Pylos. - - - Spicheren (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 6, 1870, between the Germans, under Von Alvensleben, and a -superior French force, under General Frossard. After an obstinate -encounter, the French were driven from all their positions with heavy -loss, and compelled to retreat on Metz. The Germans lost 223 officers -and 4,648 men. The battle is remarkable for the storming of the Rote -Berg by 1 company of the 39th Regiment and 4 companies of the 74th -Regiment, under General von François, who was killed. These 5 companies -maintained their position throughout the afternoon, in face of a vastly -superior force. This action is also known as the Battle of Forbach. - - - Spion Kop (Second Boer War). - -General Buller’s second attempt to break through the Boer lines on the -Tugela, and relieve Ladysmith, is known by this name. The operations -commenced on the 19th, 24,000 men being employed. On that day Sir -Charles Warren’s division commenced to turn the Boer right, and -gradually drove them from ridge to ridge till the evening of the 22nd, -when by a night surprise, Spion Kop, the centre of the position, was -seized. It was, however, found impossible to get artillery up the steep -slopes, and the brigade holding the hill lost about a third of their -strength in the course of the 23rd, including the Brigadier, General -Woodgate. At nightfall, Colonel Thorneycroft, who had been appointed to -the command, abandoned the hill, and on the following day General Buller -decided to recross the Tugela. The British losses during the operations -amounted to 87 officers and 1,647 men. - - - Spira (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought November 15, 1703, between the French, under Marshal Tallard, and -the Imperialists, under the Prince of Hesse, each side being about -20,000 strong. After a severe engagement, the Imperialists were -overpowered by the French cavalry, and totally defeated with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and missing. Among the prisoners was the Prince of -Hesse. - - - Splitter (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). - -Fought January, 1679, between 16,000 Swedes, under Field-Marshal Horn, -and 10,000 Brandenburgers, under the Elector Frederick William. The -Swedes were utterly routed, Horn being taken prisoner, and not more than -1,500 succeeded in making their way to Riga. - - - Spottsylvania (American Civil War). - -A continuation of the Battle of the Wilderness, fought May 10 to 12, -1864, between the Confederates, under General Lee, and the Federals, -under General Grant. Lee’s position covering Richmond was attacked on -the 10th by Grant, and the day ended with both armies in their original -positions, while the losses, especially on the side of the assailants, -were very heavy. On the 12th Grant renewed the attack, and General -Hancock, on the right surprised the first line of the Confederate -defences, and compelled General Johnson and his division to surrender. -With this exception, entailing the loss of about a mile of ground Lee -held his own throughout the day, and Grant had suffered too severely to -renew the attack. The losses from the 5th, the date of the first Battle -of the Wilderness, to the 12th inclusive, were: Federals, about 50,000 -killed and wounded, Confederates, about 12,000. - - - Spurs. - -_See_ Courtrai. - - - Spurs. - -_See_ Guinegate. - - - Stadtlohn (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought August 9, 1623, between the army of the Protestant Princes of -Germany, about 22,000 strong, under Duke Christian of Brunswick and the -Imperialists, under Tilly. The Protestants were utterly routed and -dispersed, Christian fleeing to Holland. - - - Staffarda (War of the Revolution). - -Fought 1690, between the French, under Marshal Catinat, and the -Imperialists, under Victor Amadeus of Savoy. The Imperialists met with a -crushing defeat. - - - Stamford Bridge. - -Fought September 25, 1066, between the English, under Harold, and the -Norse invaders, under Harold Hardrada and Tostig. The Norsemen were -surprised by Harold in their camp, and totally defeated, both Hardrada -and Tostig being killed, and the survivors driven to their ships. - - - Stamford Bridge (Wars of the Roses). - -An encounter between the retainers of Sir Thomas Neville, and those of -Lord Egremont, which developed into a pitched battle, in August, 1453. -It is considered to be the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. - - - Standard, The (Scottish Wars). - -Fought at Luton Moor, near Northallerton, in 1138, between the Scots, -under David, and the English, under Thurstan, Archbishop of York, and -Raoul, Bishop of Durham. The Scots were routed, and fled in disorder. -The battle derives its name from the fact that the banner of St. -Cuthbert of Durham, which was held to ensure victory, that of St. Peter -of York, and those of other saints, were carried in a waggon in the -midst of the English army. - - - Stavrichani (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought August 28, 1739, between 30,000 Russians, under General Münnich, -and the Turkish army, under Veli Pasha. The Russians stormed the Turkish -entrenched camp, driving the Turks headlong into the Danube, where -thousands perished, and capturing all their guns and baggage. Münnich -followed up this success by the capture of Choczin. - - - Steinkirk (War of the Revolution). - -Fought August 8, 1692, between the English, under William III, and the -French, under Marshal Luxembourg. The English attacked the French camp -at daybreak, and broke and dispersed a brigade. Luxembourg, however, -rallied his troops, and after a severe engagement, repulsed the English -attack, though William was able to withdraw his forces in good order. - - - Stillwater (American War of Independence). - -Fought October 7, 1777, between the British, 6,000 strong, under General -Burgoyne, and the Americans, under General Gates. The Americans occupied -a strongly entrenched position, which was attacked by Burgoyne. After a -severe encounter, the attack was repulsed at all points, and the British -driven back upon their camp at Saratoga, with heavy loss, including -General Fraser, mortally wounded. The Americans followed up their -success by an assault upon the British camp, in which they succeeded in -effecting a lodgement, and on the following day, Burgoyne withdrew, and -took up a fresh position on the heights near the Hudson. On October 15, -Burgoyne, surrounded by the Americans, and finding that no aid could -reach him, surrendered with 5,790 men, his total losses during the -campaign having amounted to 4,689. - - - Stirling (Scottish Wars). - -Fought September 11, 1297, between the Scots, under Sir William Wallace, -and the English, 50,000 strong, under the Earl of Surrey. Wallace fell -upon the English army as it was crossing a narrow bridge over the Forth, -and practically annihilated it. This battle is also called the Battle of -Cambuskenneth. - - - Stockack (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1799, between the French, under Jourdan, and the Austrians, -60,000 strong, under the Archduke Charles. The French were defeated and -driven back upon the Rhine. - - - Stoke (Lambert Simnel’s Rebellion). - -Fought June 16, 1487, between the royal troops, under Henry VII, and the -rebels, under John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who was aided by 2,000 -German mercenaries, under Martin Schwarz. The King, whose force was -superior in numbers, completely defeated the rebels, Simnel and all the -rebel leaders being taken prisoners. - - - Stolhoffen (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought May 22, 1707, when Marshal Villars, with 45 French battalions, -stormed and captured the lines of Stolhoffen, which were held by the -Imperialists, under the Marquis of Baireuth. The French took 50 guns. - - - Stone Creek. - -_See_ Murfreesboro. - - - Stormberg (Second Boer War). - -Fought December 10, 1899, when General Gatacre, with about 3,000 men, -made a night march to attack the Boer position at Stormberg. He was -misled by his guides, and came unexpectedly under a heavy Boer fire. The -position was too strong to carry, and Gatacre was forced to retire, with -a loss of 89 killed and wounded, and 633 prisoners. - - - Stralsund (Thirty Years’ War). - -This place was besieged, July 5, 1628, by the Imperialists, under -Wallenstein, who had sworn to take it in three days. It was defended -mainly by the inhabitants, aided by a small garrison of Swedes and -Scots. An assault on the 8th was repulsed, and though on the 9th some of -the outworks were gained, the town still held out, and finally, after a -siege of 11 weeks, Wallenstein was compelled to withdraw his troops, -having suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. - - - Stralsund (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -The town was again besieged, October 19, 1715, by an army of Prussians -and Danes, 36,000 strong, under Frederick William III of Prussia and -Frederick IV of Denmark, and was defended by a Swedish garrison, under -Charles XII. At the end of three months, the besiegers succeeded in -seizing the island of Rugen, which commanded the town, and an attempt by -Charles to retake it ended disastrously, the king escaping with -difficulty, and severely wounded, while the whole of his force was -killed or captured. On October 10, the allies captured the hornwork, and -on the 20th, the place being no longer defensible, Charles left the town -and embarked for Sweden on the only ship remaining in the harbour. The -garrison immediately afterwards surrendered. - - - Stratton (Civil War). - -Fought May 16, 1643, between the Parliamentary troops, under General -Chudleigh, and the Cornish Royalists, under Sir Ralph Hopton. The -Royalists attacked the Parliamentarian position on Stratton Hill, and -after severe fighting defeated them, capturing 1,700 prisoners, -including Chudleigh, 13 guns and all their baggage and munitions of war. - - - Suero, The (Civil War of Sertorius). - -Fought B.C. 75, between the rebels, under Sertorius, and the Roman army, -under Pompey. The Roman right, under Pompey, was broken and defeated, -but Afranius turned defeat into victory, capturing the Sertorian camp, -and routing and dispersing the rebel army. - - - Suddusain (Second Sikh War). - -Fought July 1, 1848, when a force of Bhawalpuris and British 18,000 -strong, under Lieutenant Edwardes, encountered 12,000 Sikhs, under -Malraj. The Sikhs attacked, but were beaten off, largely owing to the -superiority of the British artillery, and defeated with heavy loss. - - - Sudley Springs (American Civil War). - -Fought August 29, 1862, between the Federals, under General Pope, and -the Confederates, under Jackson. Jackson, by a forced march, had -succeeded in taking up a strong position in Pope’s rear, and defied all -attempts to dislodge him, repulsing the Federal attacks with a loss of -over 8,000 men. - - - Sugar-loaf Rock (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought September 20, 1753, between the British, about 3,000 strong, -under Major Laurence, and the French army which was besieging -Trichinopoly, under M. Astruc. Laurence attacked before daybreak, and -the native auxiliaries with the French army were seized with a panic and -fled, leaving the Europeans unsupported. In the end the French were -defeated, with a loss of 100 killed and 200 prisoners, including Astruc. -The British lost 40 killed and wounded. - - - Surinam (Napoleonic Wars). - -This place, held by a Dutch garrison, was captured, May 5, 1804, by a -British squadron, under Commander Hood, together with 2,000 troops, -under Sir Charles Green. - - - Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori’s Invasion). - -Fought 1191, between the Afghans, under Mohammed Ghori, and the Hindus, -under the King of Delhi, with 200,000 horse and 300 elephants. The -Afghans, who were greatly outnumbered, were surrounded, and utterly -routed, Mohammed Ghori escaping with difficulty from the field. - - - Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori’s Invasion). - -Fought 1192, when Mohammed Ghori, on the field where he had suffered -defeat in the previous year, encountered the Rajputs and Delhi men, -under the Rajah of Ajmir. The Afghans, numbering 120,000, completely -routed the Rajputs, and captured the Rajah. - - - Sveaborg (Finland War). - -This place was besieged by the Russians, under General Suchtelen, in -February, 1808, and was defended by a garrison of 7,000 Swedes and -Finns, under Admiral Cronstedt. The siege was conducted under -considerable difficulties, the transport of breaching guns being almost -impossible. However, lack of supplies compelled the Admiral to sign an -armistice, on April 3, by which he agreed to surrender if not relieved -by at least five ships of war on May 3. This being still unbroken at -that date, he handed over the town to the Russians, with 200 guns, and 2 -frigates and 19 transports, which were ice-bound in the harbour. - - - Sveaborg (Crimean War). - -The town, which had become an important Russian arsenal, was bombarded -by a British fleet, under Admiral Dundas, August 9 to 11, 1854. By the -latter date, the arsenal and storehouses had been destroyed, and Dundas -withdrew, making no further attempt to destroy the fortifications. - - - Sybota. - -Fought 433 B.C., between a Corinthian fleet of 150 sail, and a Corcyrean -fleet of 110 sail, aided by 10 Athenian triremes. The Corcyrean right -wing was defeated, and would have been destroyed, but for the assistance -of the Athenians, and the arrival of a reinforcement of 20 Athenian -ships caused the Corinthians to retire. The Corcyreans offered battle on -the following day, but the Corinthians declined. Both sides claimed the -victory, but the advantage lay with the Corinthians, who captured -several ships. - - - Syracuse (Athenian Expedition to Sicily). - -Siege was laid to this city by the Athenians, under Alcibiades, Lamachus -and Nicias, who with a fleet of 134 galleys, took possession of the -harbour and effected a landing in the autumn of 415 B.C. Alcibiades was -soon recalled, and Lamachus killed in a skirmish, while Nicias proved -weak and incompetent. The siege works were not pressed and in the -following year, Gylippus of Sparta succeeded in getting through the -Athenian lines, and bringing a considerable force to the aid of the -Syracusans, capturing at the same time the advanced positions of the -besiegers. Early in 413, Demosthenes arrived from Athens, with a fleet -of 73 triremes, and made a desperate attempt to recover the lost ground. -He was, however, totally defeated, and in a series of sea-fights which -followed, the Athenian fleet was completely destroyed. This disaster -forced the Athenians to raise the siege, and was, in addition, a -death-blow to the naval supremacy of Athens. - - - Syracuse (Second Carthaginian Invasion). - -Syracuse was again besieged, B.C. 387, by about 80,000 Carthaginians, -under Himilco, aided by a powerful fleet, and defended by Dionysius, -with about an equal number of troops. A fleet of 30 Lacedæmonian -triremes arrived to the succour of the Syracusans, and meanwhile a -pestilence had carried off thousands in the besiegers’ camp. At this -juncture Dionysius decided on a joint sea and land attack upon the -Carthaginians, which was completely successful. Leptinus, with 80 -galleys, surprised the Carthaginian fleet while the crews were ashore, -and completely destroyed it, while Dionysius stormed Himilco’s defences, -and utterly routed the besiegers, Himilco and his principal officers -escaping from Sicily, and leaving the army to its fate. - - - Syracuse (Second Punic War). - -In 213 B.C. Syracuse, then in the hands of the pro-Carthaginian faction, -was besieged by the Romans, 25,000 strong, under M. Marcellus, and a -fleet under Appius Claudius. The city was defended by a garrison under -Hippocrates. The siege is specially notable for the presence in the city -of Archimedes, whose military engines played an important part in the -defence, especially against the fleet. During the winter, the revolt of -other Sicilian towns drew off a portion of the besiegers, and during the -spring and early summer of 212, only a partial blockade could be -maintained. Then however, taking advantage of a festival in the city, -Marcellus stormed and captured the upper portion of the town. An attempt -to force the Roman lines by a Carthaginian relieving force, under -Himilco, was repulsed, and shortly afterwards the rest of the city was -captured by assault. - - - Szigeth (Ottoman Wars). - -This small place, held by a Hungarian garrison, under Count Zrinyi, was -besieged by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, in 1566. The siege -was prosecuted with vigour but was fatal to the great Sultan, who died -on the night of September 4. On the following day, however, the Turks -stormed and sacked the town, and Count Zrinyi and his little garrison -perished in the flames. - - - - - T - - - Tabraca (Revolt of Gildo). - -Fought 398, between 5,000 picked Roman legionaries, under Mascazel, and -the revolted Africans, 70,000 strong, under Gildo. At the first -onslaught of the legionaries, all the Roman soldiers serving under Gildo -deserted, and the Africans taking to flight, Mascazel gained an almost -bloodless victory. Gildo was captured and committed suicide in prison. - - - Taçna (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought May 26, 1880, between the Chilians, under General Baquedano, and -the Peruvians, the Chilians gaining a signal victory. The Peruvian -losses were very heavy, including 197 officers. Following up their -victory, the Chilians captured the fortress of Ariça. - - - Tacubaya (Mexican Liberal Rising). - -Fought April 11, 1859, between the Mexican Government troops, under -Marquez, and the Liberals, under Degollado. The Liberals were completely -routed, with the loss of all their artillery and munitions of war. - - - Tagina (Second Gothic War). - -Fought July, 552, between the Goths, under Totila, King of Italy, and -30,000 Imperial troops, under Narses. The Romans withstood the charge of -the Goths, broke their cavalry, and then drove their infantry from the -field, with a loss of about 6,000. Totila was overtaken and slain in the -pursuit. - - - Tagliacozzo (Guelfs and Ghibellines). - -Fought 1268, between the Guelf party, under Charles of Anjou, the -usurper of the throne of Naples, and the Ghibellines, under Conradin, -the rightful heir, and Frederick, Duke of Austria. The Ghibellines were -utterly routed, and their leaders, including Conradin and the Duke, -captured and beheaded. - - - Taiken Gate (Hogen Insurrection). - -Fought 1157, between the Japanese rebels, under Shitoku, and the -Imperial troops, under Bifukumonia and Tadamichi. The rebels were -utterly routed. This battle is remarkable for the fratricidal nature of -the conflict, many of the greatest families of Japan having -representatives in both armies. - - - Taillebourg. - -Fought 1242, between the French, under Louis IX, and the English, under -Henry III, with whom were allied the rebellious vassals of the French -crown, the Comtes de Marche and de Foix. The allies were defeated, and -Henry withdrew his forces from France. - - - Takashima (Chinese Invasion of Japan). - -After the wreck of the Chinese fleet, in 1281, the survivors, under -Chang Pak, took refuge on the island of Takashima. Here they were -attacked by the troops of Kiushiu, under Shoni Kagesuke. They were -almost without exception killed or captured, only three out of the vast -host returning to China. - - - Taku Forts (Second China War). - -Fought June 25, 1859, when an attempt was made by the British to carry -the forts at the mouth of the Peiho River. Eleven light-draught gunboats -crossed the bar, and tried to silence the batteries, but without -success, and at 5 p.m. an attempt was made to carry the defences by a -land attack. A force of 600 marines and blue-jackets, under Captain -Vansittart, was landed, but after severe fighting was driven back to the -boats, with a loss of 68 killed, and nearly 300 wounded. Six of the -gunboats were sunk or disabled, and their crews also suffered heavily. - -On August 21, 1860, a second and successful assault was made on the -forts by a force of 11,000 British and 7,000 French troops, under Sir -Hope Grant. After a brief bombardment, the small north fort, garrisoned -by 500 Chinese, was stormed by 2,500 British, and 400 French, 400 of the -garrison falling, while the British lost 21 killed and 184 wounded. In -the course of the day the remaining forts surrendered without further -fighting. - - - Talana Hill (Second Boer War). - -Fought October 20, 1899, between 4,000 Boers, under General Lucas Meyer, -and a British force of equal strength, under General Symons. The Boers -occupied a strong position on the heights of Dundee, from which they -were dislodged by the British infantry, with a loss of about 300. The -British lost 19 officers, 142 men killed and wounded, and 331 prisoners, -the latter a detachment of cavalry and mounted infantry, who were -surrounded by a superior force of Boers, and surrendered. General Symons -was mortally wounded. The action is also called the battle of Dundee. - - - Talavera (Peninsular War). - -Fought July 28, 1809, between 19,000 British and 34,000 Spaniards, under -Sir Arthur Wellesley, and 50,000 French, under Marshals Jourdan and -Victor, with Joseph Buonaparte in nominal command. The British repulsed -all the attacks on their position, at a cost of 6,200 killed and -wounded. The Spanish losses were returned at 1,200, but the figures are -doubtful, as they took practically no part in the fighting. The French -lost 7,389 killed, wounded and missing, and 17 guns. - - - Talkhan (Tartar Invasion of Khorassan). - -This fortress was captured, 1221, by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, -after an obstinate defence of seven months, in which thousands perished -on both sides. - - - Talneer (Third Mahratta War). - -By the treaty of January 6, 1818, this fortress was surrendered by -Holkar to the British, but on Sir Thomas Hislop, with a British force, -arriving to take possession, on February 17, the commandant refused to -hand it over. Though warned of the consequences, he fired upon the -British, whereupon Hislop opened fire, and in the afternoon of the same -day the place surrendered. By some misunderstanding, however, the Arab -garrison of 300, were drawn up at one of the gates, and on the approach -of two British officers and some Sepoys, cut them down. No quarter was -then given, the garrison being killed to a man, and the commandant -hanged. - - - Tamai (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 13, 1884, when 4,000 British, under General Graham, -attacked and defeated the Mahdists, under Osman Digna, destroying their -camp. The British fought in two squares, one of which was momentarily -broken by the Mahdists, who captured the naval guns. The second square, -however, moved up in support, and the Mahdists were repulsed and the -guns recovered. The British lost 10 officers and 204 men killed and -wounded; the Dervishes over 2,000 killed. - - - Tanagra. - -Fought 457 B.C., between the Spartans, and their Peloponnesian allies, -and about 14,000 Athenians and others, including a body of Thessalian -cavalry. The battle was stubbornly contested, both sides losing heavily, -but the desertion during the action of the Thessalians turned the scale, -and the Spartans were victorious, though at a cost which deterred them -from their intended attack upon Athens. - - - Tanjore (Seven Years’ War). - -This place was besieged, August, 1758, by the French, under -Lally-Tollendal, and was defended by a garrison, under Monacji. After -five days’ bombardment, the walls were still insufficiently breached, -and owing to lack of ammunition, Lally determined to retire. Hearing -this, Monacji made a sortie, and nearly succeeded in surprising the -French camp. He was with difficulty beaten off, and the French withdrew, -with the loss of all their siege guns and heavy baggage. - - - Tanjore. - -The fortress was besieged, August 20, 1773, by a British force, under -General Joseph Smith, and defended by a garrison of 20,000 men, under -the Rajah, Laljaji, and his Vizier Monacji. On September 16, a breach -having been effected, the besiegers delivered an assault at midday, when -their garrison were taking their usual noonday rest, and meeting with -little opposition, made themselves masters of the place. - - - Tansara Saka (Satsuma Rebellion). - -Fought 1876, when the rebels in a very strong position were attacked by -the Imperial troops, under Prince Taruhito, and after very severe -fighting, driven out with enormous loss. The Imperialists also suffered -severely. - - - Tarapaca (Peruvio-Chilian War). - -Fought November 17, 1879, and resulted in the defeat of the Peruvians -with heavy loss. - - - Tarento (Italian Wars). - -This fortress, held by a Neapolitan garrison, under the Conde di -Potenza, was besieged by about 5,000 Spaniards, under Consalvo de -Cordova, in August, 1501. Gonsalvo endeavoured to reduce the place by -blockade, but found his forces melting away by desertion, and was forced -to have recourse to more active measures. The north front of Tarento -being bounded by a lake, was unfortified, and Gonsalvo, with incredible -labour, transported overland some of the smaller vessels of the Spanish -fleet lying in the Bay of Tarento, and launched them on the lake. The -town was then at his mercy, and surrendered, being entered by the -Spaniards, March 1, 1502. - - - Tarragona (Peninsular War). - -This city was besieged by the French, 40,000 strong, under General -Suchet, in May, 1811, and defended by a garrison but little inferior in -numbers. The outer defences were stormed one by one, and by June 21, the -besiegers had effected a lodgement in the lower town. On the 28th, the -upper town was taken by storm, and the survivors of the garrison, 8,000 -in number, laid down their arms. The French lost about 6,000 during the -siege. - - - Tashkessen (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought December 28, 1877, between 2,000 Turks, under Valentine Baker -Pasha, and a Russian division, under General Kourloff. In order to cover -Shakir Pasha’s retirement from the Shandurnik heights, Baker’s greatly -inferior force withstood throughout the day, the determined onslaughts -of the Russians, when Baker finally withdrew, having effected his -object. He had lost 800 men, and had inflicted a loss on his assailants -of 32 officers and over 1,000 men. - - - Tauris (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 47, between the Pompeian fleet, under Marcus Octavius, and -the Cæsareans, under Publius Vatinius. The Cæsarean fleet consisted of -merchant vessels, temporarily equipped with beaks, but Vatinius, though -his ships were inferior both in number and quality, boldly attacked the -Pompeians, and after severe fighting, completely defeated them, -compelling Octavius to abandon the Adriatic. - - - Taus (Hussite Wars). - -Fought August 14, 1431, between the Hussites, under John Ziska, and the -Imperialists, under the Emperor Sigismund. The Hussites gained a signal -victory. - - - Tayeizan (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, when the adherents of the Shogun made their last stand in -Tokyo at the Tayeizan temple in the Park of Uyeno. They were defeated -after a sharp conflict, leaving the Imperialists in undisputed -possession of the Shogun’s capital. - - - Tchernaya (Crimean War). - -Fought August 16, 1855, between three Russian divisions, under General -Gortschakoff, and three French and one Sardinian division, under General -Marmora. The Russians attacked the allies’ position on the Tchernaya, -and after severe fighting, were repulsed with a loss of 5,000 killed and -wounded. The allies lost 1,200. - - - Tchesme (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July 7, 1770, between the Russian fleet of 50 sail, under Count -Alexis Orloff, and the Turkish fleet of nearly 100 sail of the line, -under Hassan Bey. With the exception of one ship, which was captured, -the whole of the Turkish fleet was destroyed. - - - Tearless Battle. - -Fought B.C. 368, when a force of Arcadians endeavoured to cut off a -Spartan army, under Archidamus, in a narrow defile in Laconia. They were -repulsed with heavy loss, and not a single Spartan was killed, whence -the engagement came to be called the Tearless Battle. - - - Tegea. - -Fought B.C. 473, when the Spartans defeated the combined forces of the -Arcadian League and the Argives, under the walls of Tegea. Though -victorious, the Spartans were too much reduced in numbers to venture -upon the attack of Tegea, which had been the object of the expedition. - - - Tegyra (Bœotian War). - -Fought B.C. 373, when Pelopidas, with the Sacred Band of 300 Thebans, -routed a large force of Spartans in a narrow pass near Orchomenus, -slaying 600, including their two generals. - - - Telamon (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul). - -Fought B.C. 225, when the Gauls, marching upon Rome, found themselves -caught between two Roman consular armies, and though fighting -desperately, were cut to pieces. - - - Tel-el-Kebir (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Fought September 13, 1882, when the British, 17,000 strong, under Lord -Wolseley, after a night march across the desert, attacked and stormed -Arabi’s entrenchments, which were defended by 22,000 Egyptians. The -British lost 339 killed and wounded, the Egyptian loss was very heavy. - - - Tel-el-Mahuta (Arabi’s Rebellion). - -Fought August 24, 1882, when the Egyptians attempted to oppose the march -of the British advance guard, under General Graham, to Kassassin. They -made, however, but a feeble resistance, and were driven off with heavy -loss. - - - Te-li-ssu (Russo-Japanese War). - -Fought June 14 and 15, 1904, between 35,000 Russians, under Baron de -Stakelberg, and about 40,000 Japanese, under General Oku. The Japanese -attacked the Russian position, but the Russians held their ground -throughout the 14th, at a cost of about 350 killed and wounded. On the -15th, however, their flank was turned, and after hard fighting in which -they suffered heavily, two batteries of artillery being absolutely cut -to pieces, they retreated in some disorder, leaving over 1,500 dead on -the field. The Japanese, who lost 1,163 in the two days, captured 300 -prisoners and 14 guns. The total Russian losses were about 10,000. - - - Tellicherry (First Mysore War). - -This place, held by a small British garrison, and very imperfectly -fortified, was besieged June, 1780, by a Mysore force, under Sirdar Ali -Khan. Aid was sent to the garrison from Bombay, and a most gallant -defence was made till January 18, 1782, when reinforcements arrived, -under Major Abington, who, aided by the garrison, stormed the Mysori -entrenchments, capturing all their guns, 60 in number, and 1,200 -prisoners, among whom was Sirdar Ali. - - - Temesvar (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought August 9, 1849, between the Austrians, under Haynau, and the -Hungarians, under Dembinski. The latter was totally routed, and his army -dispersed, this being the last stand made by the Hungarians in the war. -On the 13th, Görgey and his army surrendered to the Russians at -Villágos. - - - Tenchebrai. - -Fought September 28, 1106, between the English, under Henry I, and the -Normans, under Robert of Normandy, Henry’s brother. Robert was totally -defeated and made prisoner, and Henry annexed Normandy to the crown of -England. - - - Tergoes (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This fortress was besieged, August 16, 1572, by the Dutch Patriots, -7,000 strong, under Jerome de ’t Zeraerts, and was defended by a small -Spanish garrison. On October 20, a force of 3,000 Spanish veterans, -under Colonel Mondragon, succeeded in crossing the “Drowned Land,” with -a loss of only 9 men drowned, and relieved the town, ’t Zeraert’s troops -refusing to face this unexpected attack. - - - Testry. - -Fought 687, between the Neustrians, under Thierry III, and the -Austrasians, under Pepin d’Héristal, the Maire du Palais. The Neustrians -were routed, and Thierry captured. - - - Tettenhall (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 910, between the Danish invaders, and the West Saxons, under -Edward the Elder. The Danes were defeated. - - - Tetuan (Morocco War). - -Fought February 4, 1860, when 30,000 Spaniards, under Marshal O’Donnell, -stormed the Moorish entrenchments outside Tetuan, held by about 40,000 -Moors. Three days later Tetuan was entered by the Spaniards. - - - Teuttingen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought November, 1643, between the French, under the Maréchal de -Rantzau, and the Imperialists, under the Count de Merci. The -Imperialists surprised the French camp, and totally routed them, -Rantzau, being captured with most of his superior officers, and all his -artillery and baggage. - - - Tewkesbury (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought May 4, 1471, when the Yorkists, under Edward IV, defeated the -Lancastrians, under Prince Edward, Somerset and others, with heavy loss. -Prince Edward and other leading Lancastrians were killed, and Margaret -of Anjou promptly surrendered. - - - Texel (Dutch Wars). - -Fought June 2, 1653, between a British fleet, under Monk, and a Dutch -fleet, under Van Tromp. The action was undecided, but on the following -day, Monk having been reinforced by 18 ships, under Admiral Blake, -renewed the attack, and signally defeated Van Tromp, with a loss of 11 -ships and 1,300 prisoners taken, and 6 ships sunk. The British lost 20 -ships and 363 killed and wounded. - - - Thala (Numidian Revolt). - -In the year 22, this fortress, defended by no more than 500 Roman -veterans, was attacked by a large force of nomads, under Tacfarinas. The -Romans sallied out, and inflicted so severe a defeat upon Tacfarinas -that his army was dispersed. - - - Thapsus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought April 6, B.C. 46, between the Cæsareans, consisting of 10 -legions, under Julius Cæsar, and the Pompeians, 14 legions, in addition -to cavalry, light troops, and 100 elephants, under Metellus Scipio and -Juba. - - - Thebes. - -This city was captured by the Macedonians, under Alexander the Great, in -September, 335 B.C. The Thebans were blockading the Macedonian garrison, -which held the citadel, and the Cadmea; Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s -captains, without orders, broke through the earthworks outside the city. -Before the Thebans could shut the gates, Perdiccas effected an entrance -into the city, and being joined by the garrison of the Cadmea, soon -overcame the resistance of the Thebans. Six thousand of the inhabitants -were massacred, and the city was razed to the ground. - - - Thermopylæ (Third Persian Invasion). - -Fought 480 B.C., when 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians, under Leonidas, -defended the pass of Thermopylæ, leading southwards out of Thessaly, -against the Persian host, under Xerxes. They kept the Persians at bay -until a considerable force having passed the mountains by another part, -they were attacked in the rear. They then retired to a hillock, and -fought till the last man fell. - - - Thermopylæ (War with Antiochus). - -Fought B.C. 191, between 40,000 Romans, under Glabrio, and the army of -Antiochus the Great, King of Asia. Antiochus was entrenched at -Thermopylæ, where he was attacked by the Romans, and a post held by -2,000 Ætolians being surprised, his flank was turned, and he was -disastrously defeated. Antiochus escaped from the field with barely 500 -men. - - - Thetford (Danish Invasion). - -Fought 870, between the Danish invaders, and the East Anglians, under -Edward. The latter were defeated and Edward killed. - - - Thorn (Russo-Swedish War). - -Siege was laid to this place by the Swedes, under Charles XII, September -22, 1702. It was defended by a garrison of 5,000 Poles, under General -Robel, who made a gallant defence, but after a month’s siege, he was -compelled by famine to surrender. - - - Thurii. - -Fought B.C. 282, when a Roman consular army, under Caius Fabricius, -routed the Lucanians and Bruttians, who were besieging Thurii. The siege -was raised, and the Tarentine coalition temporarily broken up. - - - Tiberias. - -Fought July, 1187, between the Saracens, under Saladin, and the -Christians of Jerusalem, under Guy de Lusignan. Saladin gained a signal -victory, capturing the King, the Grand Master of the Templars, and the -Marquis de Montferrat. Following up his success, Saladin recovered in -succession, Acre, Jaffa, and other important places, and in the month of -October of the same year, recaptured Jerusalem. - - - Ticinus (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 218, between 26,000 Carthaginians, under Hannibal, and -25,000 Romans, under P. Cornelius Scipio (the Elder). The Romans were -defeated with heavy loss, Scipio being severely wounded. - - - Ticonderoga (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 8, 1758, between Montcalm, with 3,600 French and Canadians, -and the British, 15,000 strong, including 6,000 regulars, under General -James Abercromby. Montcalm was strongly intrenched on a ridge in front -of Fort Ticonderoga, his position being furthered strengthened by an -abatis. Abercromby made no attempt to turn the position, but without -waiting for his guns, ordered the regulars to take the lines by storm. -Notwithstanding the gallantry of the troops, who advanced six times to -the assault, the position proved impregnable, and Abercromby was forced -to withdraw, with a loss of 1,944 killed and wounded, the French losing -377 only. The 42nd Regiment (Black Watch) showed conspicuous bravery, -losing half the rank and file, and 25 officers killed and wounded. - -On July 22, 1759, a British force of 11,000 men under General Amherst, -arrived before Ticonderoga, which was held by about 3,500 French and -Canadians, under Bourlemaque. On the 23rd, Bourlemaque withdrew to the -Isle-aux-Noix, on Lake Champlain, leaving only 400 men, under Hébécourt, -with instructions to hold Amherst before the place as long as possible. -On the 26th, however, Hébécourt set fire to the magazine and retired. - - - Ticonderoga (American War of Independence). - -This place was invested, June 22, 1777, by the British, under General -Burgoyne, and was defended by 5,000 Americans, under General St. Clair. -After a brief siege, the Americans evacuated the Fort, July 5. - - - Tiflis (Tartar Invasion of the Caucasus). - -Fought 1386, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the troops of the -Caucasian tribes, under the Queen of Georgia. The Queen issued from -Tiflis to offer battle to the Tartars, but her forces could not stand -against them, and were cut to pieces. - - - Tigranocerta (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 69, when the Romans, 10,000 strong, under Lucullus, who was -besieging the city, were attacked by 200,000 Pontic and Armenian troops, -under Tigranes. Tigranes had failed to occupy some high ground which -commanded the position of his cavalry. This Lucullus seized, and -attacking the Pontic cavalry in rear, broke it. He then attacked and -routed the infantry, with a loss according to the Roman account of -100,000. The Romans lost 5 men only. - - - Tigris (Persian Wars). - -Fought 363, when the Romans under Julian, crossed the Tigris in the face -of a large Persian army, strongly entrenched on the opposite bank. At -the first assault, though an attempt at a surprise failed, the Romans -stormed the Persian lines, and after 12 hours’ fighting, drove them from -the field. The Romans only admitted a loss of 75 men, while they claimed -that the Persians lost 6,000 killed. - - - Tippermuir (Civil War). - -Fought September 1, 1644, between the Covenanters, 6,700 strong, under -Lord Elcho, and about 3,000 Scottish Royalists, under Montrose. The -Covenanters were totally defeated, with a loss variously estimated at -from 1,300 to 2,000 killed, and 800 prisoners, while the Royalist loss -was trifling. Following up his victory Montrose occupied Perth. - - - Toba (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the troops of Aiza and Kuwana, under the Shogun -Yoshinobu, and the army of Satsuma and Choshu. The Shogun was totally -defeated, and abandoned his invasion of Satsuma, returning with his -troops to Yedo by sea, surrendering shortly afterwards to the Imperial -forces. - - - Tofrek (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 22, 1885, when General McNeill, with 3 battalions of -Indian, and 1½ of British troops, was surprised in his zariba, by about -5,000 Mahdists. One of the native regiments broke and fled, but the -Berkshires and Marines, made a gallant defence, though the zariba was -forced, as did the other native regiments. After twenty minutes’ -fighting the attack was beaten off, the Mahdists leaving 1,500 dead on -the field. The British lost 294 combatants and 176 camp-followers, -killed, wounded and missing. - - - Tolbiac. - -Fought 496, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Alemanni. The -Franks, after a desperate conflict, began to give way, but were rallied -by Clovis, who leading a charge in person, utterly routed the Alemanni. -This victory gave the Franks undisputed possession of the territory west -of the Rhine. - - - Tolentino (Hundred Days). - -Fought May 2, 1815, between 50,000 Italians, under Murat, and 60,000 -Austrians, under General Bianchi. The Italians were routed and -dispersed, and Murat compelled to flee from Italy. - - - Tolenus (Social War). - -Fought B.C. 90, between the Romans, under Lupus, and the revolted -Marsians. Lupus was attacked while crossing the Tolenus, and totally -routed with a loss of 8,000 men. - - - Tondeman’s Woods (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought February 14, 1754, when a convoy to revictual Trichinopoly, -escorted by 180 British and 800 native troops, was attacked by 12,000 -Mysore and Mahratta horse, under Hyder Ali and Morari Rao, supported by -a small French force. The Sepoys at once laid down their arms, but the -Europeans made a gallant defence, until the arrival of the French force, -when, hopelessly outnumbered, they also surrendered. The convoy and the -whole detachment were captured. - - - Torgau (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought November 3, 1760, between the Prussians, under Frederick the -Great, and the Austrians, under Count Daun. The Austrians, besides being -numerically superior, occupied a strong position at Torgau. Frederick -divided his forces, and while one portion, under Ziethen, attacked in -front, he himself led the rest of his army round the position, and fell -upon the Austrian rear. Both attacks were repulsed, but during the -night, Ziethen, finding the heights badly guarded, gained them, and -seized the batteries, turning a defeat into a signal victory. The -Austrians lost 20,000, the Prussians, 13,000, and the victory gave -Frederick possession of the whole of Saxony. - - - Toro (War of the Castilian Succession). - -Fought March 1, 1476, between the Portuguese, and the Spanish supporters -of Joanna for the throne of Castile, 8,500 strong, under Alfonso of -Portugal, and the adherents of Isabella, about equal in numbers, under -Ferdinand the Catholic. Ferdinand, after a long march, attacked the -Portuguese at 4 p.m., and at the end of two hours’ fighting, signally -defeated them with heavy loss. - - - Toulon (War of the Spanish Succession). - -An attack was made upon the fortress by a combined Dutch and British -fleet, under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, July 17, 1707. The allies failed to -gain a footing in the town, but 8 French ships lying in the harbour and -130 houses were destroyed by fire. - - - Toulon (War of the Austrian Succession). - -Fought February 11, 1744, between a British fleet of 27 sail of the -line, and 8 frigates, under Admiral Matthews, and a combined French and -Spanish fleet of 28 line-of-battle ships. The British fleet suffered a -serious reverse, in consequence of which the Admiral and four captains -were tried by court-martial and cashiered. The British lost 274 killed -and wounded, the allies about 1,000. - - - Toulon (Wars of the French Revolution). - -On August 29, 1793, Toulon, which had opened its gates to the British, -and was held by a small garrison, under Lord Mulgrave, was besieged by -the French, under Dugommier. By December 18, most of the landward -defences had been carried, and the place having become untenable, Lord -Mulgrave carried off his troops by sea. This siege is chiefly memorable -as being the first important appearance of Napoleon, who commanded the -artillery. - - - Toulouse (Peninsular War). - -Fought April 10, 1814, between 38,000 French, under Soult, and 24,000 -British and Spaniards, under Wellington. The French entrenchments in -front of Toulouse were attacked by the British, who after severe -fighting captured some of the outworks. The victory, however, was -incomplete, and was in effect of no value, as Napoleon had on this date -already surrendered to the allies in Paris. The French lost about 3,000 -killed and wounded, the allies, 4,659, of whom 2,000 were Spaniards. - - - Tournay (Netherlands War of Independence). - -This place was besieged, October 1, 1581, by the Royal troops, under -Alexander of Parma, and in the absence of the Governor, Prince Espinay, -was gallantly defended by the Princess, who held out until November 30, -when, by an honourable capitulation, she was allowed to march out at the -head of the garrison, with all the honours of war. - - - Tournay (War of the Spanish Succession). - -The town was besieged by the British, under the Duke of Marlborough, -July 8, 1709, and was defended by a French garrison under M. de -Surville. After 56 days of open trenches, the garrison surrendered, -having suffered a loss of 3,000 men. - - - Tours (Moslem Invasion of France). - -Fought 732, between the Franks, under Charles Martel, and the Saracens, -under Abderrahman Ibu Abdillah. The battle lasted several days—according -to the Arab chroniclers, two, while the Christian accounts say seven—and -ended in the fall of Abderrahman, when the Saracens, discouraged by the -death of their leader, owned defeat, and fled, losing heavily in the -pursuit. - - - Towton (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought March 29, 1461, when Edward IV, immediately after his -proclamation, marched against the Lancastrians, under Henry VI, and -vigorously attacked their entrenched position at Towton. Aided by a -heavy snowstorm, blowing in the faces of the defenders, Edward defeated -them all along the line, with heavy loss, among the killed being -Northumberland, Dacre and de Mauley. Henry and Margaret escaped from the -field, and fled northward. - - - Trafalgar (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought October 21, 1805, between the British fleet of 27 sail of the -line and 4 frigates, under Nelson, with Collingwood second in command, -and the combined French and Spanish fleets, numbering 33 sail of the -line and 7 frigates, under Admiral Villeneuve. Nelson attacked in two -lines, and destroying the enemy’s formation, completely defeated them, -20 ships striking their colours. Nelson fell in the moment of victory, -while the Spanish Admiral was killed, and Villeneuve captured. Most of -the prizes were lost in a heavy gale which sprang up after the battle, -but the destruction of Villeneuve’s fleet put an end to Napoleon’s -scheme for an invasion of England. The British lost 1,587 killed and -wounded, the losses of the allies being far heavier. - - - Trautenau (Seven Weeks’ War). - -Fought June 27, 1866, between the First Prussian Army Corps, under -General von Bonin, and the 10th Austrian corps, under General Gablenz. -The Prussians at first drove back the Austrians, but General Gablenz -advancing in force, fell upon the Prussians, wearied with a long march, -and compelled them to retreat, with a loss of 1,277 killed and wounded. -Owing to the superiority of the needle-gun, the Austrians, though -victorious, suffered a loss of 5,732. - - - Travancore (Second Mysore War). - -Fought December 28, 1789, when Tippu Sahib, with about 15,000 Mysoris, -made a night attack upon the British lines. Having thrown down a portion -of the rampart, a small advance party were hastening to open the gate, -when they were assailed by a detachment of the garrison, and hurled back -into the trench. This repulse threw the advancing troops into confusion, -and they were routed with a loss of over 2,000. - - - Trebbia (Second Punic War). - -Fought December B.C. 218, between 26,000 Carthaginians, 6,000 being -cavalry, under Hannibal, and 40,000 Romans under the Consul Sempronius. -Sempronius’ colleague, Scipio, had been wounded a few days before in a -skirmish, and Sempronius, contrary to his advice, being in sole command, -crossed the Trebbia to attack the Carthaginians. The Romans fought with -determination, and the issue was for some time in doubt, but finally a -charge of the Carthaginian horse, under Mago, against their left flank, -threw the legionaries into confusion, and they were routed with enormous -loss. - - - Trebbia (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought June 19 to 21, 1799, between the French, under Macdonald, and the -Russians, under Suwaroff. After a severe conflict the French were -totally defeated and driven beyond the Apennines, being obliged shortly -afterwards to evacuate Italy. - - - Trebizond (Ottoman Wars). - -This city, where the last representative of the family of Comnenus had -taken refuge after the fall of Constantinople, was besieged by the -Turks, under Mohammed II, in 1461. After a brief resistance the city -surrendered, and the last vestige of the Empire of the East was swept -away. - - - Treveri (Gallic War). - -Fought B.C. 55, between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Julius Cæsar, -and 300,000 Asipetes, a German tribe, who had made a raid into Gaul. The -Germans were routed with enormous loss; indeed, the action was less a -battle than a massacre, and very few succeeded in recrossing the Rhine. - - - Tricameron (Invasion of the Vandals). - -Fought November, 533, between the Romans, under Belisarius, and the -Vandals, under Gelimer and Zano. The Romans were drawn up behind a -stream, and were attacked by the Vandals, though only the wing under -Zano displayed any vigour in the assault. In the end the Vandals were -defeated with a loss of 800, the Romans losing 50 only. This defeat put -an end to the Vandal domination in Africa. - - - Trichinopoly. - -This place was captured, after a three months’ siege, by the Mahrattas, -March 26, 1741. It had been provisioned for a long siege by Chunda -Sahib, but the Mahrattas retired to a distance of 250 miles, whereupon -the avarice of Chunda Sahib impelled him to sell the grain which he had -in store. The Mahrattas, who had been counting upon this, retraced their -steps, and the garrison were in a very short time starved into -submission. - - - Trincomalee (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 10, 1759, between a British squadron of 12 sail, under -Admiral Pococke, and a French fleet of 14 sail, under the Comte d’Aché. -After an engagement lasting two hours, the French were worsted, but -sailing better than the British, as usual at this period, eluded pursuit -and lost no ships. - - - Trincomalee (First Mysore War). - -Fought September 3, 1767, between the British, under Colonel Smith, and -the Mysore army, under Hyder Ali. Hyder attacked the British camp, but -was beaten off with a loss of 2,000 men while the British lost 170 only. - -On September 26 of the same year, a second engagement took place near -Trincomalee, when Colonel Smith, with 12,000 British and native troops, -came unexpectedly upon the united armies of Hyderabad and Mysore, 60,000 -strong, under Hyder Ali, while rounding a hill which separated them. The -superior discipline of the British enabled them to take full advantage -of the surprise, and they inflicted an overwhelming defeat upon their -opponents’ disordered masses. Hyder Ali lost over 4,000 men and 64 guns, -the British loss being 150 killed and wounded. - - - Trincomalee. - -A naval action was fought off this place April 12, 1782, between 11 -British ships, under Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 French vessels, under -Suffren. After a sanguinary action with no decisive result, the two -fleets, both too seriously damaged to renew the conflict, separated, the -British making for Trincomalee, and the French for their base to repair -damages. - -On September 3, 1782, another indecisive fight took place between the -same Admirals off Trincomalee, the British having 12 and the French 15 -sail. Both squadrons were compelled after the action to return to their -respective bases to refit. - - - Trinidad (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This island was captured from the French, without resistance, by a naval -and military expedition under Admiral John Harvey and Sir Ralph -Abercrombie, February 17, 1797. - - - Trinkitat (Soudan Campaigns). - -Fought March 29, 1884, when the British, 4,000 strong, under General -Graham, totally defeated 6,000 Mahdists, under Osman Digna, after five -hours’ severe fighting. The British casualties amounted to 189 killed -and wounded; the Mahdists lost about 2,000. This action is also known as -the Battle of El Teb. - - - Tripoli (Moslem Conquest of Africa). - -Fought 647, between the invading Moslems, under Abdallah, and 120,000 -Imperial troops and African levies, under the Prefect, Gregory. The -Moslems gained a signal victory, Gregory being among the slain. - - - Trivadi (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought 1760, between 5,000 Mysoris, under Hyder Ali, and a British force -of 230 European and 2,700 native troops, under Major Moore. -Notwithstanding his inferior numbers, Moore attempted to prevent the -junction of Hyder Ali with the French, and was totally defeated. - - - Trout Brook (Seven Years’ War). - -A small skirmish, in which the advance guard of Abercromby’s army, -marching on Ticonderoga, fell in with a French scouting column, 350 -strong, under Langy, July 6, 1758. The French lost 150 killed and -wounded and 148 prisoners, and the affair would be without importance -but for the fact that Lord Howe, who was the brain of Abercromby’s -staff, was killed in the fight. His death was followed by the disaster -of Ticonderoga, and as Parkman says (_Montcalm and Wolfe_, chap. xx.): -“The death of one man was the ruin of fifteen thousand.” - - - Troy. - -The siege and destruction of this city by the Hellenes, though all the -details are legendary, may be accepted as a historical fact, and the -date may be put approximately at 1100 B.C. - - - Truceia. - -Fought 593, between the Neustrians, under Queen Fredegond, and the -Austrasians, under Childebert II. The Austrasian army was totally routed -and fled from the field. - - - Tsushima (Mongol Invasion of Japan). - -Fought 1419 between the Chinese and Koreans, and the ships of the Barons -of Kiushiu. The Japanese gained a signal victory, and from that time -were no more troubled by foreign invasion. - - - Tudela (Peninsular War). - -Fought November 23, 1808, between 30,000 French, under Lannes, and -45,000 Spaniards, under Castaños and Palafox. The Spaniards were totally -defeated, with a loss of about 9,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 prisoners -and 30 guns. The French losses were small. - - - Tunis (First Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 255 between 15,000 Romans, under Regulus, and 16,000 -Carthaginians, of whom 4,000 were cavalry, with 100 elephants, under -Xanthippus, the Spartan. The Romans were broken by a cavalry charge, and -their rout was completed by the elephants, and all but 2,500 fell on the -field. Regulus was captured, and Tunis at once occupied by the -Carthaginians. - - - Tunis (Ninth Crusade). - -This city was besieged by the French Crusaders, under Louis IX in 1270. -While before the walls of the place, which offered an obstinate -resistance, Louis died of a fever, and the crusaders at once raised the -siege and retired. - - - Turbigo (Franco-Austrian War). - -Fought June 3, 1859, when the advance guard of Marshal Macmahon’s corps, -under the Marshal in person, was attacked by a portion of the Austrian -division of Clam-Gallas, while simultaneously 4,000 Austrians assailed -the bridge over the canal near the Ticino, which the French main body -was crossing. After severe fighting both attacks were repulsed with -considerable loss. - - - Turcoing (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1794 between the French, under Souham, and the British, under the -Duke of York. The British were defeated and driven back upon Tournay. - - - Turin (Revolt of Maxentius). - -Fought 312, between the legions of Gaul, 40,000 strong, under -Constantine, and the troops of Maxentius, considerably superior in -number. The charge of Maxentius’ heavy cavalry failed, and he was driven -back into Turin with enormous loss. - - - Turin (War of the Spanish Succession). - -This place, held by an Imperialist garrison, 10,000 strong, under the -Duke of Savoy, was besieged by a French army of 68 battalions and 80 -squadrons, with artillery and engineers, under the Duc de la Feuillade, -May 26, 1706. On June 17 the Duke of Savoy left the city to organise a -relief force, Count Daun taking the command. The garrison held out -stoutly till September 7, when the approach of a large relieving force -under Prince Eugene compelled the French to raise the siege. About 5,000 -of the garrison perished either in action or by disease. In the action -which preceded the retirement of the French, the Imperialists lost -1,500, the French 2,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. - - - Turnhout (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought August 22, 1597, between the Dutch, under Prince Maurice of -Nassau, and the Spaniards under the Archduke Albert. The Spaniards were -totally defeated, and this victory may be said to have set the seal of -the Independence of the Netherlands. - - - Tyre (Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns). - -This strongly fortified city, built on an island separated from the -mainland by a channel 1,000 yards wide, was besieged by the Macedonians -under Alexander the Great, B.C., 332. Alexander at once commenced the -construction of a mole across the channel but was much hampered by the -Phœnician galleys, which issued from the two fortified harbours, and -destroyed his military engines. He therefore collected in Sidon a fleet -of 250 ships from the captured Phœnician cities, and holding the -Tyrian galleys in check, completed his mole. It was some time, however, -before a breach could be effected, but in August, 332, an assault was -delivered, headed by Alexander in person, and the city was stormed and -taken. Eight thousand Tyrians fell in the storm, and about 30,000 were -sold into slavery. - - - - - U - - - Ucles (Mohammedan Empire in Spain). - -Fought 1109, between the Spaniards, under Don Sancho of Castile, and the -Moors, under Ali. The Spaniards were defeated, with a heavy loss of the -Christian chivalry, among the killed being Don Sancho. - - - Uji (Taira War). - -Fought 1180 between the adherents of the Taira clan, under Shigehira, -and the Japanese, who had risen against the domination of the Taira at -the Court of the Emperor Antoku, under Prince Yukiiye and Yorimasa. The -Taira gained a complete victory, Yukiiye being killed, while Yorimasa -committed suicide in the field. - - - Ulundi (Zulu War). - -The last battle of the war, fought August, 1879, between 5,000 British, -under Lord Chelmsford, and about 20,000 Zulus. The Zulus were routed -with a loss of over 1,500, the British losing only 15 killed and 78 -wounded. - - - Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1520, between the Danes, under Otho of Krumpen, and the Swedes, -under Christina Gyllenstierna, widow of the Administrator, Sten Sture. -The Danes, in superior force, were strongly entrenched at Upsala. They -were vigorously attacked, but the advantage of position and numbers -enabled them to beat off their assailants with heavy loss, though only -after severe fighting. - - - Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -Fought 1521, when 3,000 Swedes, under Gustavus Vasa, defeated the troops -of the Bishop of Upsala, who was holding the city in the Danish -interest. After his victory Gustavus occupied the city. - - - Urosan (Invasion of Korea). - -This place, held by a Japanese garrison under Kiyomasa, was besieged -1595 by the Chinese and Koreans, under Tik Ho. The garrison had been -reduced to such straits that they had eaten their horses, when the -approach of a relieving force, under Toyotomo Hideaki and Mori Hidemoto, -forced Tik Ho to withdraw. While retreating, however, he was attacked by -the Japanese and totally routed. - - - Ushant (Wars of the French Revolution). - -This action, generally known as the “Glorious First of June,” was fought -June 1, 1794, between a British fleet of 25 sail of the line, under Lord -Howe, and 26 French ships, under Villaret. After four hours’ fighting -the French were defeated, with a loss of 6 ships captured, and one, the -_Vengeur_, sunk. The sinking of this ship was elaborated by the French -into a fable, to the effect that she refused to surrender, and went down -with all hands and colours flying. She had, however, undoubtedly struck -her colours, and her captain and over 200 of her crew were rescued by -the boats of the British fleet. The French admitted a loss of 3,000 men, -besides prisoners, while the British lost 922 killed and wounded. - - - Utica (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey). - -Fought B.C. 49 between the Pompeians, under Varus, and the Cæsarians, -under Curio. Varus sallied from his entrenchments to attack the -Cæsarians, but was signally defeated, his troops fleeing in disorder, -and opening the way for the occupation of Utica by Varus. - - - Utica (Moslem Conquest of Africa). - -Fought 694 between 40,000 Moslems, under Hassan, and a large force of -Greeks and Goths in the Imperial service. The Imperialists were defeated -and driven out of Africa, and Hassan followed up his victory by the -destruction of Carthage, which thenceforth ceased to exist, except as an -obscure village. - - - Utsonomiya (Japanese Revolution). - -Fought 1868, between the forces of the Shogun, under Otori Keisuke, and -the Imperial troops, under Saigo Takamori. The Imperialists were -completely victorious. - - - - - V - - - Vaalkranz (Second Boer War). - -General Buller’s third attempt to pierce the Boer lines on the Tugela. -On February 5, 1900, he seized Vaalkranz, under cover of a feint attack -at Brakfontein towards the Boer right. The hill was held by a brigade -during the 6th and 7th, but finding further progress impossible, Buller -again recrossed the Tugela. The British losses amounted to 374 killed -and wounded. - - - Valenciennes (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Siege was laid to this place in December, 1566, by a force of Spaniards -and Germans, mercenaries, under Noircarmes. The operations were somewhat -indolently conducted, insomuch that he and his six lieutenants were -derided as the “Seven Sleepers,” but towards the end of February -Noircarmes began to press on his siege works, and on March 23 his -batteries opened fire, the city surrendering on the following day. - - - Valenciennes. - -Defended by a Spanish garrison under Francisco de Manesses, Valenciennes -was besieged June, 1566, by the French, under Turenne and La Ferté. The -French encamped in two divisions on the opposite side of the Scheldt, -and when the city was on the point of surrendering, La Ferté’s division -was attacked by 20,000 Spaniards, under Condé, and totally routed with a -loss of 400 officers and 4,000 men, before Turenne could come to his -assistance. In consequence of this defeat, Turenne was forced to abandon -the siege and retire. - - - Val-ès-Dunes. - -Fought 1047, between the Normans, under William of Normandy, with aid -from Henri I of France, and the rebel Norman Barons. The rebels were -totally defeated. - - - Valetta (Wars of the French Revolution). - -The capital of Malta, held by a French garrison, 60,000 strong, under -General Vaubois, was besieged September, 1798, by a force of British and -Maltese, under Sir Alexander Ball. Vaubois held out for two years, but -on September 5, 1800, was compelled by famine to surrender. The Maltese -lost during the siege 20,000 men. - - - Valmy (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought September 20, 1792, between the French, 70,000 strong, under -Dumouriez, and the Prussians, under the Duke of Brunswick. The battle -consisted in the main of an artillery duel, in which the French had the -upper hand, and after nightfall the Prussians retired, recrossing the -frontier two days later. - - - Valparaiso. - -This city, entirely open and undefended, was bombarded March 31, 1866, -by the Spanish fleet under Mendez Nuñez. By this disgraceful action -Valparaiso was reduced to ashes. - - - Valutinagora (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought August 19, 1812, between Ney’s corps, about 30,000 strong, and a -strong rear-guard of Barclay de Tolly’s army, about 40,000 strong, under -Barclay de Tolly in person. The Russians were strongly posted in marshy -ground, protected by a small stream. The French, attacking resolutely, -carried the Russian position in the face of enormous natural -difficulties. Each side lost about 7,000 men. - - - Varaville. - -Fought 1058, between the Normans, under William of Normandy, and the -French and Angevins, under Henri I of France. The Normans gained a -complete victory, and the French king shortly afterwards made peace. - - - Varese (Italian Rising of 1858). - -Fought May 25, 1859, between 3,000 Garibaldians, under Garibaldi, and -5,000 Austrians, under General Urban. The Austrians were repulsed after -hard fighting, and suffered considerable loss. This action is also known -as the Battle of Malnate. - - - Varmas (South-American War of Independence). - -Fought 1813 between the Colombian Patriots, under Bolivar, and the -Spanish Royalists. The latter were defeated. - - - Varna (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought November 10, 1444, between the Turks, under Amurath II, and the -Hungarians, under King Ladislaus. The Hungarians attacked the Turkish -camp, but were beaten off with heavy loss, the King being killed. On the -following day Amurath stormed the Hungarian entrenchments, practically -the whole of the defenders being put to the sword. - - - Varna (Ottoman Wars). - -This fortress, held by a Turkish garrison of 20,000 men, was besieged -July, 1828, by the Russians, under Prince Mentschikoff, and though a -feeble attempt to relieve it was made by Omar Vrione Pasha, the place -was taken by storm on October 11. - - - Varus. Defeat of (Germanic Wars). - -The site of this famous battle is supposed to be between the rivers Ems -and Lippe, not far from the modern Detmoldt. In A.D. 9 the Roman army, -under Quintilius Varus, was attacked while on the march and encumbered -by a heavy baggage-train, by the Germans, under Arminius or Hermann. The -country was thickly wooded and marshy, and the Romans could make but -little defence, with the result that they were almost annihilated. Varus -committed suicide on the field to avoid falling into the hands of the -victors. - - - Vasaq (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1442, between 80,000 Turks, under Shiabeddin Pasha, and 15,000 -Hungarians, under John Huniades. The Turks were utterly routed, with a -loss of 20,000 killed and wounded, and 5,000 prisoners, including the -Pasha. - - - Vauchamps. - -_See_ Champ-Aubert. - - - Veii. - -This city was besieged B.C. 400 by the Romans, the siege being carried -on in a desultory fashion for seven years. At the end of this period the -citizens of Capua and Valerii made an attack upon the Roman camp, and -inflicted a signal defeat upon the besiegers. M. Furius Camillus was -then appointed dictator, and a determined attempt was made to end the -siege, with the result that Veii fell B.C. 393. Rome’s greatest rival in -Italy was thus destroyed. - - - Veleneze (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought September 29, 1848, between the Hungarians, under General Móga, -and the Croats, under the Ban, Jellachich. The battle was indecisive, -and was followed by a three days’ armistice. - - - Velestinos (Greco-Turkish War). - -Fought May 5, 1897, between a Turkish division under Hakki Pasha, and -the Greeks, 9,000, under Colonel Smolenski. The Greeks occupied a strong -position at Velestinos, where they were attacked by the Turks, but held -their own throughout the day. After nightfall, however his line of -retreat being threatened, Colonel Smolenski withdrew to Volo, where he -embarked his troops on the 7th. - - - Velletri (Italian Rising of 1848). - -Fought May 19, 1849, between 10,000 Garibaldians, under Roselli, and the -Neapolitans, 10,000 strong, under Ferdinand, King of Naples. The advance -guard, under Garibaldi, attacked the town of Velletri, which made a poor -defence, and was evacuated during the night. The losses of the -Garibaldians were small. - - - Vercellæ (Cimbric War). - -Fought July 30, 101 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Marius, and the -Cimbri, under Boiorix. The Cimbri were almost annihilated, and their -king slain. - - - Verneuil (Hundred Years’ War). - -Fought August 18, 1424, between 3,000 English, under the Duke of -Bedford, and 18,000 French and Scots, under the Constable Buchan and the -Earl of Douglas. The men-at-arms on both sides fought dismounted, but -the French could make no impression upon the English archers, who were -protected by a barricade of stakes, and in the end were utterly routed, -leaving over 4,000 dead on the field, among them Buchan and Douglas. The -Duc d’Alencon was taken prisoner. - - - Verona (Revolt of Maxentius). - -This place was besieged 312 by Constantine, with the legions of Gaul, -and was defended by a body of rebels, under Pompeianus. After a sortie -had been repulsed, Pompeianus escaped through Constantine’s lines, and -raised a force for the relief of the city. He was, however, met and -defeated by Constantine, many thousands of the Italians, including their -leader, falling, and Verona at once surrendered. - - - Veseris (Latin War). - -Fought near Mount Vesuvius, B.C. 339, between the Romans, under Manlius -Torquatus and Decius Mus, and the Latin army. The Roman left was -repulsed, but Decius Mus, sacrificing himself for the army, sprang into -the midst of the enemy and was slain, and his soldiers following him, -renewed the conflict. Manlius now brought up his veteran reserve, and -the Romans breaking the Latin line, slew or captured nearly -three-fourths of their opponents. The Roman loss, however, was so heavy, -that they were unable to pursue. - - - Viborg. - -Fought 1157, between the adherents of Sweyn III of Denmark, and those of -his successor Waldemar. Sweyn was totally defeated and fled, but falling -into a morass in his flight was overtaken and slain. - - - Vicksburg (American Civil War). - -This city, held by a Confederate garrison, was invested June 24, 1862, -by a fleet of 13 Federal gunboats, under Admiral Farragut, aided by a -land force of 4,000 men, under General Williams. After a bombardment -which made no impression on the defences, Farragut reimbarked the -troops, and withdrew, July 24. In the course of the siege Captain Brown -with the _Arkansas_, a small river steamer, coated with iron, and -carrying eight guns, attacked the Federal flotilla, which mounted 200 -guns, and ran the gauntlet successfully, losing 14 men killed and -wounded. The Federals lost 82. - -On January 9, 1863, the city was again invested by two Federal corps, -under General M’Clernand, aided by a flotilla of gunboats, under Admiral -Porter. It was defended by a garrison of 3,000 Confederates, under -General Churchill. On the 11th an attack by the combined forces -overpowered the garrison of the fort, but the town defences still held -out, and the siege was not pressed. On May 18, the siege was renewed by -three army corps of General Grant’s army, the garrison being now -commanded by General Pemberton. On the 22nd an unsuccessful assault cost -the Federals 2,500, and a regular siege commenced, with the result that -on July 4, Pemberton surrendered with 25,000 men and 90 guns. - - - Vienna (Ottoman Wars). - -This city, held by a garrison of 16,000 men, under Count de Salm, was -besieged by Solyman the Magnificent, at the head of 120,000 Turks, in -September, 1529. From the 27th of that month till October 14, the -garrison withstood a series of assaults, culminating in an attempt to -storm the breach, which were repulsed with heavy loss. Solyman thereupon -raised the siege and withdrew. - - - Vienna (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 12, 1683, between 300,000 Turks, under Kara Mustapha -Pasha, and 70,000 Christians, under John Sobieski. The Turks were -besieging Vienna, and Sobieski marched to its relief, with 30,000, -bringing up the available forces to 70,000, of which he was given the -command. With this army he attacked the Turkish lines, and after a -sanguinary engagement, lasting throughout the day, routed the Turks with -enormous loss. Six Pashas were killed, and Mustapha only escaped capture -by a precipitate flight. - - - Vigo Bay (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought October 12, 1702, when the combined fleet of 30 British and 20 -Dutch ships, under Sir George Rooke, forced the boom at the entrance to -Vigo Harbour and destroyed the French and Spanish fleet anchored -therein. Of the men-of-war, 11 were burnt and 10 captured, while 11 -Spanish galleons, with treasure, were taken. This action is generally -called the affair of the Spanish Galleons. - - - Villach (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1492, between the Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a Christian army, -under Rudolph de Khevenhuller. During the battle 15,000 Christian -prisoners in the Turkish camp broke out, and fell upon the rear of the -Turks, who were in consequence totally defeated. The Christians lost -7,000 killed, the Turks 10,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners, including -Ali. - - - Villa Viciosa (War of the Spanish Succession). - -Fought December 10, 1710, when 13,000 Imperialists, under Staremberg, -retreating into Catalonia, after the defeat of Stanhope at Brihnega, -were attacked by 20,000 French, under Philip of Anjou and Marshal -Vendôme. Staremberg’s left wing was cut to pieces, but his right and -centre more than held their own, driving back the French with -considerable loss, and capturing some guns. Staremberg was, however, too -weak to take advantage of this partial success, and continued his -retreat after the action. - - - Villeta (Paraguayan War). - -Fought December 11, 1868, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the -armies of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Overwhelmed by vastly superior -numbers, Lopez was forced to withdraw his forces to the entrenched camp -at Angostura. - - - Villiers (Franco-German War). - -A determined sortie from Paris, under General Ducrot, on November 30, -1870, directed against the Wurtembergers. The operations lasted till -December 3. The French, who had at first gained some successes, were -finally repulsed, with a loss of 424 officers and 9,053 men. The Germans -lost 156 officers and 3,373 men. - - - Vindalium. - -Fought B.C. 121, between the Romans, under Q. Fabius Maximus, and the -Arverni. The Arverni were completely defeated, and compelled to sue for -peace. - - - Vinegar Hill (Irish Rebellion). - -Fought June 20, 1798, when the British regulars, under General Lake, -attacked the camp of the Irish rebels, 16,000 strong, under Father -Murphy. Little resistance was made, and the rebels were driven out of -their camp with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, and 13 guns. - - - Vimiera (Peninsular War). - -Fought August 21, 1808, between 18,000 British and Portuguese, under Sir -Arthur Wellesley, and 14,000 French, under Junot. The French were -signally defeated, losing 2,000 men and 13 guns, but the victory was not -followed up by Sir Harry Burrard, who was in supreme command, and the -French were allowed to evacuate Portugal unmolested, under the -Convention of Cintra. The British lost 720 killed and wounded. - - - Viney. - -Fought 717, between the Austrasians, under Charles Martel and the -Neustrians, under Chilperic II. The Neustrians were defeated. - - - Vionville. - -_See_ Mars La Tour. - - - Vittoria (Peninsular War). - -Fought June 21, 1813, between 80,000 British, Portuguese and Spanish -troops, under Wellington, and about 70,000 French, under Joseph -Buonaparte. After severe fighting the French were defeated at all points -and made a somewhat disorderly retreat, losing 6,000 killed, wounded, -and prisoners, 143 guns, and almost all their baggage and treasure. The -allies lost 5,000. This battle finally closed the era of French -domination in Spain, and opened to Wellington the road to the Pyrenees. - - - Vögelinseck (Appenzel Rebellion). - -Fought May 15, 1402, between 5,000 troops, of the Swiss Imperial towns, -and 900 rebels of Appenzel and Schwyz. After a brief engagement, the -rebels were driven from the field, with a loss of 250 men. - - - Volconda. - -Fought April, 1751, between Mohammed Ali’s army, 5,600 strong, under -Abdul Wahab Khan, aided by 1,600 British, under Captain Gingen, and -Chunda Sahib’s troops, 17,000 strong, together with a battalion of -Frenchmen. Captain Gingen, though greatly outnumbered, insisted on -attacking, but was repulsed, his Europeans not showing their usual -steadiness, and forced to retreat with considerable loss. - - - Volturno (Unification of Italy). - -Fought October 1, 1860, between 20,000 Italians, under Garibaldi, and -40,000 Neapolitans, under Afan de Riva. Garibaldi’s position in front of -Capua was attacked by the Neapolitans, who, after hard fighting, were -repulsed all along the line, with heavy loss. The Garibaldian casualties -were 2,023 killed and wounded. The Neapolitans lost 2,070 prisoners, but -their losses in killed and wounded are unknown. In consequence of this -victory, Garibaldi almost immediately captured Capua. - - - Vouillé. - -Fought 507, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Visigoths, under -Alaric II. Alaric was endeavouring to effect a junction with Theodoric, -King of the Ostrogoths, when he was attacked by Clovis, and totally -defeated. Alaric fell in the battle. - - - - - W - - - Wagram (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought July 6, 1809, between 150,000 French, under Napoleon, and 140,000 -Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. Napoleon crossed the lesser arm -of the Danube from the Island of Lobau, on the night of the 4th and 5th -July, and driving the Austrian advanced posts before him, prepared to -attack their main position. An attack upon them on the evening of the -5th was repulsed. On the 6th the Austrians attacked the French right, -under Davoust, but were unsuccessful; later, however, the French centre -and left were compelled to give ground, but Napoleon bringing up the -artillery of the Guard and Macdonald’s corps, checked the Austrian -advance, while Davoust carried the heights on the Austrian left, -outflanking them, and rendering their position untenable. By three -o’clock they were in full retreat, having lost about 24,000 killed and -wounded, 9,000 prisoners, including 12 generals, and 20 guns. The French -lost 18,000 killed and wounded. - - - Waizan (Hungarian Rising). - -Fought April 10, 1849, between the 3rd Hungarian corps, under Damjanics, -about 7,000 strong, and two Austrian brigades, under Götz and -Jablonowski. Damjanics attacked the Austrians and drove them out of -Waizan with heavy loss, among those who fell being General Götz. - - - Wakamatsu (Japanese Revolution). - -The last stand of the Shogun’s followers was made at the Castle of -Wakamatsu, which was stormed by the Imperialists, September 22, 1868, -The resistance to the new régime was thus completely broken. - - - Wakefield (Wars of the Roses). - -Fought December 30, 1460, between the Lancastrians, under Somerset, and -the Yorkists, under Richard, Duke of York. The Lancastrians advanced -from Pontefract and offered battle to Richard, who, though weakened by -the absence of foraging parties, accepted the challenge. Somerset -prepared an ambush, into which the Duke fell as he marched out of -Wakefield, and the Yorkists were defeated with heavy loss. The Duke and -many other nobles were killed, and Salisbury captured and beheaded. - - - Waltersdorf (Campaign of Friedland). - -Fought February 5, 1807, between the French, under Ney, and the Prussian -corps of Lestocq. The Prussians were defeated with a loss of about 3,000 -killed, wounded and missing. - - - Wandewash (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought January 22, 1760, between the British, with 1,900 European and -3,350 native troops, under Colonel Coote, and the French, 2,250 -Europeans and 1,300 natives, under Lally-Tollendal. The French army was -accompanied by 3,000 Mahratta horse, who took no part in the action. -After severe fighting Lally was defeated, with a loss of 600 Europeans, -besides natives, the British losing 190 only. - - - Wandewash (First Mysore War). - -This fort, defended by a small native garrison, under Lieutenant Flint, -who had only one other European with him, was besieged, December, 1780, -by the Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Flint held out with the utmost -gallantry till January 22, 1781, when the approach of Sir Eyre Coote -forced Hyder Ali to raise the siege. The garrison had then only one -day’s ammunition left. - - - Warburg (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought July 31, 1759, between the French, 35,000 strong, under the -Chevalier de May, and a largely superior force of Prussians and British, -under Prince Ferdinand. The French were in danger of their flanks being -turned, and after a brief engagement, retired, having lost 1,500 killed -and wounded and 1,500 prisoners. - - - Warsaw (Second Polish Rising). - -This city, which was held by a garrison of 30,000 Poles, under General -Dembinski, was attacked by the Russians, 60,000 strong, under General -Paskiewitsch. The first onslaught on the Polish entrenchments was made -on the 6th September, 1831, and the Poles were driven from their first -line. On the 7th a further assault was made, notable for the defence of -the Wola redoubt, where, when it was finally captured by the Russians, -only eleven men remained alive out of a garrison of 3,000. On the 8th -the last defences were overcome, and the city capitulated. The Poles had -9,000 killed in the defence. The Russians admitted a loss of 63 officers -and 3,000 men killed, and 445 officers and 7,000 men wounded. - - - Wartemberg (Campaign of Leipsic). - -Fought October 3, 1813, when Blucher, with 60,000 Prussians, defeated -16,000 French, under Bertrand, posted in a very strong position, -protected by a dyke and a swamp. Aided by the ground, the French -withstood the Prussian attack for over four hours, but finally Blucher -turned their right flank and drove them from their position. The -Prussians lost about 5,000. The French admit a loss of 500 only. - - - Wartzburg (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought 1796, between the French, under Jourdan, and the Austrians, under -the Archduke Charles. The Archduke interposed between the armies of -Jourdan and Moreau, who were endeavouring to effect a junction, and -inflicted a severe defeat upon Jourdan, forcing him to retire to the -Rhine. - - - Waterloo (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 18, 1815, between 24,000 British, and 43,500 Dutch, Belgians -and Nassauers, in all 67,655 men, with 156 guns, under the Duke of -Wellington, and the French, 71,947 strong, with 246 guns, under -Napoleon. Wellington posted his troops along the line of heights -covering the road to Brussels, with advanced posts at the farms of -Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. Napoleon attacked this position with the -utmost resolution, but the British squares held their ground against the -French cavalry and artillery throughout the day, and though the French -captured La Haye Sainte, and obtained a footing in Hougoumont, the -arrival of Blucher, with the Prussian army, on the French right, enabled -Wellington at last to assume the offensive, and drive the enemy headlong -from the field, utterly routed. The British lost about 15,000, the -Prussians 7,000 in the battle. The losses of the Dutch and Belgians were -very small, as they left the field early in the day. The French loss was -never officially stated, but it was doubtless enormous, and the army -practically ceased to exist as an organized force. - - - Watigaon (First Burmah War). - -Fought November 15, 1825, when Brigadier-General M’Donell, with four -native regiments, advanced in three columns, against a large force of -Burmans, under Maha Nemyo. The columns failed to keep touch, and were -repulsed in detail, with a loss of 200 men, including the Brigadier. - - - Watrelots (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought January, 1567, between 1,200 Flemish Protestants, under Teriel, -and 600 Spaniards, under the Seigneur de Rassinghem. The Protestants -were defeated and 600 took refuge in an old graveyard, where they held -out till the last man had fallen. - - - Wattignies (Wars of the French Revolution). - -Fought October, 1793, when the French, under Jourdan, attacked the -Austrians, under the Duke of Coburg, and drove him from his position, -forcing him to raise the siege of Manbeuge. - - - Wavre (Hundred Days). - -Fought June 18, 1815, between the French, under Grouchy, and the -Prussians, 27,000 strong, under Thielmann, who had been entrusted by -Blucher with the task of containing Grouchy, while the main Prussian -army marched on Waterloo. Grouchy, who was anxiously expected at -Waterloo, mistook his instructions, and wasted the day in attacking -Thielmann, whom he defeated, but uselessly. - - - Wednesfield (Danish Invasion). - -Fought in 911, between the Danes and the West Saxons, under Edward the -Elder. The Danes were defeated. - - - Wei-hai-Wei (Chino-Japanese War). - -On February 4, 1895, the boom protecting Wei-hai-Wei harbour was cut, -and the Chinese fleet attacked by 10 Japanese torpedo-boats, who -succeeded in sinking one battleship, at the cost of two torpedo-boats. -On the following night the attack was renewed by four boats, and three -Chinese ships were sunk. On the 9th another battleship was sunk by the -Japanese land batteries, whereupon Admiral Ting, the Chinese commander, -surrendered, and he and his principal officers committed suicide. - - - Weissenburg (Franco-German War). - -The opening engagement of the campaign, fought August 4, 1870, between -the advance-guard of the Third German Army, under the Crown Prince of -Prussia, and a portion of Marshal Macmahon’s army, under General Abel -Donay, who fell in the battle. The Germans carried the French position, -and captured the town of Weissenburg, at a cost of 91 officers and 1,460 -men. The French lost 2,300 killed, wounded and prisoners. - - - Wepener (Second Boer War). - -This place was invested by a strong force of Boers, under De Wet, April -9, 1900, and was defended by 1,700 men of the Colonial Division, under -Colonel Dalgety. Notwithstanding the Boer’s great preponderance in -artillery, and a succession of bold assaults on the trenches, the -garrison held out gallantly till April 25, when they were relieved by -General Rundle, having lost 300 killed and wounded in the course of the -operations. - - - Werben (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought July 22, 1631, between the Swedes, 16,000 strong, under Gustavus -Adolphus, and 26,000 Imperialists, under Count Tilly. Tilly attacked -Gustavus’ entrenchments in front of Werben, but his troops could not -face the fire of the Swedish batteries, and being thrown into disorder, -were then charged by the cavalry, under Baudissen, and repulsed. The -attack was renewed a few days later with a similar result, and Tilly -then drew off his forces, having suffered a loss of 6,000 men. - - - Wertingen (Campaign of Austerlitz). - -Fought October, 1805, between the cavalry of Murat’s corps, and nine -Austrian battalions, strongly posted in and round Wertingen. The -Austrians were defeated, losing 2,000 prisoners and several guns, and -had the French infantry been nearer at hand, it is probable that the -whole force would have been captured. - - - White Oak Swamp. - -_See_ Seven Days’ Battles. - - - Wiazma (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought November 3, 1812, when the corps of Eugène Beauharnais and -Davoust were attacked during the retreat from Moscow, by the Russians, -under Kutusoff, and suffered a loss of 4,000 men. - - - Wilderness, The (American Civil War). - -Fought May 5 to 8, 1864, between the Army of the Potomac, 150,000 -strong, under General Grant, and 53,000 Confederates, under General Lee. -Lee’s object was to intercept Grant’s advance on Richmond, and early on -the morning of the 5th he attacked the approaching Federal columns, and -after a hard-fought day, succeeded in arresting the progress of Grant’s -right wing. On the 6th, Lee almost succeeded in breaking Grant’s centre, -but at the critical moment, Longstreet, who was to lead the attack, was -fired upon and dangerously wounded by his own troops. The Federal right -wing, however, was driven back in confusion, and Lee on his side lost no -ground. The two following days minor skirmishes took place, leading up -to the great battle of Spottsylvania. The Confederates lost about 8,000 -in the two days’ fighting. The Federal losses were far heavier, -amounting to 15,000 in the second day alone. - - - Williamsburg (American Civil War). - -Fought May 5, 1862, between the Confederates, under General Magruder, -and the Federals, under General M’Clellan. Magruder occupied a very -strong position and held the Federals at bay throughout the day, but -being greatly outnumbered, withdrew during the night. The Federals lost -2,228 killed, wounded and missing, the Confederate loss being much -smaller. - - - Wilson’s Creek (American Civil War). - -Fought August 6, 1861, between 6,000 Federals, under General Lyon, and -16,000 Confederates, under General M’Culloch. General Lyon divided his -force into two columns, for the attack on M’Culloch’s position, and that -led by himself surprised the Southerners, and gained a partial success. -They rallied, however, and beat him off, Lyon falling, the other column -being also repulsed. The Federals lost 1,236, and the Confederates 1,095 -killed, wounded and missing. - - - Wimpfen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 26, 1622, between 14,000 Palatinate troops, under the -Margrave of Baden, and the Imperialists, under Count Tilly and Gonsalvo -de Cordova. Tilly attacked the Margrave’s camp, which was not -entrenched, and though a brilliant cavalry charge captured his guns, it -was not supported by the Palatine infantry, and the Imperialists -rallying, drove off the cavalry in disorder, recovered the guns, and -then routed the infantry, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, and -all their artillery, baggage and camp equipment. - - - Winchester (American Civil War). - -Fought June 14, 1863, when 7,000 Federals, under General Milroy, were -defeated by three Confederate divisions, under General Ewell, and forced -to retreat with heavy loss, including 3,700 prisoners and 30 guns. - - - Winkovo (Moscow Campaign). - -Fought October 18, 1812, when Murat, with 30,000 men, forming the -advance-guard of the retiring French army, was attacked by the Russians, -under Count Orloff Dennizoff, and driven from his position, with a loss -of 2,000 killed, 1,500 prisoners, and all his baggage and artillery. - - - Wisby (Dano-Swedish Wars). - -A three days’ battle, fought 1613, between the fleet of Gustavus -Adolphus of Sweden, and that of Christian IV, of Denmark. The action was -very obstinately contested, and finally the fleets separated without any -decisive result. - - - Wisloch (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought April 16, 1622, between the troops of the Count Palatine, under -the Count von Mansfeldt, and the Imperialists, under Count Tilly. Tilly -attacked and drove in the Palatinate rearguard, but failing to check the -pursuit, was confronted by the main body, and defeated with a loss of -3,000 killed and wounded, and all his guns. This victory enabled -Mansfeldt to effect a junction with the army of the Margrave of Baden. - - - Worcester (Civil War). - -Fought September 3, 1651, between 12,000 Royalists, under Charles II, -and about 30,000 Parliamentarians, under Cromwell. Charles attacked -Cromwell’s wing, and was repulsed and driven into Worcester, where he -was met by the other wing of the Parliamentary army, under Fleetwood. -The Royalists were utterly routed and dispersed, losing 3,000 killed, -among whom was the Duke of Hamilton, and a large number of prisoners, -including Lords Derby, Lauderdale and Kenmure, and five generals. -Charles himself escaped with difficulty. This was the last pitched -battle of the Civil War. - - - Worth (Franco-German War). - -Fought August 6, 1870, between the Third German Army, under the Crown -Prince of Prussia, and the French, under Marshal Macmahon. After a -closely contested engagement, the French were driven from all their -positions, and made a hasty retreat beyond the Vosges. The Cuirassier -division of General Bonnemain was completely cut to pieces in charging -the German infantry, near Elsasshausen. The German losses amounted to -489 officers, and 10,153 men, while the French lost 10,000 killed and -wounded, 6,000 prisoners, 28 guns and 5 mitrailleuses. - - - Wrotham Heath (Wyatt’s Insurrection). - -Fought January, 1554, when the Kentish insurgents, under Sir Henry -Isley, were totally defeated by the Royal troops, under Lord -Abergavenny. - - - Wargaom (First Mahratta War). - -Fought January 12, 1779, when a British force, 2,600 strong, under -Colonel Cockburn, retreating from Poonah, was attacked by the Mahratta -army, under Mahadaji Sindhia, and Hari Pant. The British succeeded in -beating off the attack, and making good their position in the village of -Wargaom, but at a loss of 352, including 15 officers, and ultimately a -convention was signed by Sindhia, under which the British retired -unmolested. - - - Wynandael (Napoleonic Wars). - -Fought September 28, 1808, between the British, under General Webb, and -the French under the Comte de la Motte. The French, with 40 battalions -and 40 squadrons, attempted to intercept a convoy of supplies for the -army besieging Lille, and were totally defeated, by a far inferior -force, with a loss of 7,000 men. - - - $1h2 nobreak - -X - - - Xeres (Moslem Empire in Spain). - -Fought July 19 to 26, 711, between 90,000 Spaniards, under Roderic, and -12,000 Moslems, with a numerous force of African auxiliaries, under -Tarik. On the fourth day the Moslems suffered a severe repulse, leaving -16,000 dead on the field, but the defection of Count Julian, with a -large part of the King’s forces, revived their courage, and finally the -Christians were routed and dispersed. Roderic fled from the field, but -was drowned in crossing the Guadalquivir. This victory marks the fall of -the Gothic monarchy, and the beginning of the Moorish domination in -Spain. - - - - - Y - - - Yalu (Chino-Japanese War). - -Fought September 17, 1894, between the Chinese fleet of 2 battleships -and 8 cruisers, under Admiral Ting, and the Japanese fleet of 10 -cruisers, and 2 gunboats, under Admiral Ito. The two fleets met at the -mouth of the Yalu, the Chinese steaming out in line abreast. Ito -attacked in line ahead, using his superior speed to circle round the -enemy’s ships. Two of the Chinese vessels hauled out of the line and -fled without coming into action, while two more were set on fire, and -made for the shore. The remaining 6 ships fought well, and a little -before sundown Ito retired, leaving the crippled Chinese fleet to make -its way to Port Arthur. The Japanese lost 294 killed and wounded, of -whom 107 fell on the flagship, the _Matsushima_, while the _Chiyada_, -which was the next ship in the line, had not a man touched. The Chinese -losses are unknown. - - - Yalu. - -_See_ Kiu-lien-cheng. - - - Yamazaki. - -Fought 1582, between the adherents of the Ota family, then predominant -in Japan, and the followers of the rebel Mitsuhide. Mitsuhide sustained -a crushing defeat. - - - Yashima (Taira War). - -Fought 1184, between the adherents of the Taira family, and the rebels, -under Yoshitsune. The Taira forces were defeated. - - - Yawata (War of the Northern and Southern Empires). - -Fought January, 1353, between the armies of the Northern and Southern -Emperors of Japan. The army of the latter, led by Moroushi, gained a -signal victory. - - - Yenikale, Gulf of (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought July, 1790, between the Turkish fleet, and the Russians, under -Admiral Onschakoff. The battle was fiercely contested, but eventually -both fleets drew off without any decisive result. - - - Yermuk (Moslem Invasion of Syria). - -Fought November, 636, between 140,000 Imperial troops, under Manuel, the -General of Heraclius, and 50,000 Moslems, under Khaled. The Moslem -attack was thrice repulsed, but they returned to the charge, and after a -long and sanguinary engagement, drove their opponents from the field -with enormous loss. The Moslems lost 4,030 killed. - - - Yorktown (American War of Independence). - -The entrenched position of Lord Cornwallis, with 6,000 British troops at -this place, was invested by Washington, with 7,000 French and 12,000 -Americans, in September, 1781. The British held out until October 19, -when, surrounded and outnumbered, Cornwallis surrendered, having lost -during the operations, 12 officers and 469 rank and file, killed and -wounded. - - - Yorktown (American Civil War). - -This small village gives its name to the entrenched position occupied by -General Magruder with 11,000 Confederates, which was invested by 105,000 -Federal troops, with 103 siege guns, April 5, 1862. On the 16th, an -unsuccessful attack was made upon Magruder’s lines, and both sides -having been reinforced, M’Clellan set about the erection of batteries. -On May 4, the Federals were about to open fire, when it was found that -the Confederates had abandoned the position and retired. - - - Youghiogany (Seven Years’ War). - -A skirmish of no importance in itself, but notable as being “the shot -fired in America which gave the signal that set Europe in a blaze” -(_Voltaire_, _Louis XV_), and was in a sense the cause of the Seven -Years’ War. On May 27, 1754, Washington, with 40 Virginians, surprised a -small French detachment, under Coulon de Jumonville, despatched probably -as a reconnaissance by Contrecœur from Fort Duquesne. The detachment, -with one exception, was killed or captured. - - - Z - - - Zab, The (Bahram’s Revolt). - -Fought 590, between the troops of the Persian usurper Bahram, and the -army of the Emperor Maurice, under Narses. The usurper’s forces were -totally routed, and Chosroes II restored to the throne of Persia. - - - Zalaka (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought October 26, 1086, between 40,000 Moors, under Almoravid, and -300,000 Christians, under Alfonso VI of Castile. The Spaniards were -utterly routed, with enormous loss. Alfonso, at the head of 500 horse, -cut his way out, and with difficulty escaped. - - - Zama (Second Punic War). - -Fought B.C. 202, between the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, and the -Romans, under Scipio Africanus. The Carthaginians began to attack with -their elephants, 80 in number, but some of these became unmanageable, -and fell back upon the cavalry, throwing them into disorder, while the -legionaries opened out and allowed the others to pass down the lanes -between their ranks. The infantry then closed, and after severe -fighting, the Romans gained a complete victory, 20,000 Carthaginians -falling, while as many more were made prisoners. Hannibal escaped from -the field at the end of the day. - - - Zamora (Moorish Empire in Spain). - -Fought 901, between the Spaniards, under Alfonso the Great, King of the -Asturias, and the Moors, under Abdallah, King of Cordova. The Moors were -utterly routed, with heavy loss, Alfonso thereby extending his dominions -as far as the Guadiana. - - - Zeim (Russo-Turkish War). - -Fought April 20, 1877, between the Russians, under Loris Melikoff, and -the Turks, under Mukhtar Pasha. Melikoff attacked the Turks in a -strongly entrenched position, but was repulsed with considerable loss. - - - Zendecan (Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan). - -Fought 1039, between the Seljuks, under Moghrul Beg, and the Afghans, -under Musrud, Sultan of Ghuzni. The Afghans were defeated, and Musrud -compelled to retire on his capital. - - - Zeugminum (Hungarian War). - -Fought 1168, between the Greeks, under Manuel I, Emperor of -Constantinople, and the Hungarian invaders. The Hungarians were signally -defeated, and the war, which had lasted for five years, came to an end. - - - Zeuta (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought September 11, 1679, between the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, -and the Turks, under Elwas Mohammed, the Grand Vizier. Eugene attacked -the Turkish army as it was crossing a temporary bridge over the Theiss, -and the cavalry being already across, cut it in two, and completely -routed the infantry, driving them into the river. The Turks lost 29,000 -men. The Austrians 500 only. - - - Ziela (Third Mithridatic War). - -Fought B.C. 67, between the Romans, under Triarius, and the Pontic army, -under Mithridates. The King attacked the Roman camp, and practically -annihilated them, though himself dangerously wounded in the assault. - - - Ziela. - -Fought August 2, B.C. 47, between 7 Roman legions, with some Asiatic -auxiliaries, under Julius Cæsar, and the Bosporans, under Pharnaces. -Pharnaces attacked the Romans while they were pitching camp, but the -legionaries quickly formed up, and utterly routed their assailants. This -is the occasion of Cæsar’s famous despatch, “Veni, vidi, vici.” - - - Ziezicksee (Flemish War). - -Fought 1302, when the Genoese galleys, in the service of Philip IV of -France, under Grimaldi and Filipo di Rieti, utterly destroyed the -Flemish fleet. - - - Zlotsow (Ottoman Wars). - -Fought 1676, between the Poles, under John Sobieski, and 20,000 Turks -and Tartars, under Mohammed IV. The Turks were signally defeated. - - - Znaim (Campaign of Wagram). - -Fought July 14, 1809, when Masséna, with 8,000 French, attacked 30,000 -Austrians, under the Prince of Reuss, and drove them into Znaim with -considerable loss, including 800 prisoners. - - - Zorndorf (Seven Years’ War). - -Fought August 25, 1758, between the Prussians, 25,000 strong, under -Frederick the Great, and a Russian army, under Fermor, which was -besieging Custria. Frederick attacked the Russian entrenchments, and -drove them out, with a loss of 19,000 forcing them to relinquish the -siege. The Prussians lost about 11,000. - - - Zummerhausen (Thirty Years’ War). - -Fought 1647, when the French and Swedes, under Turenne and Wrangel, -inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Imperialists. - - - Zurakow (Ottoman War). - -In 1676, John Sobieski, with 10,000 Poles, was besieged by 200,000 Turks -and Tartars, under Ibrahim Pasha (Shaitan). Having 63 guns, Sobieski -made a sturdy defence, and by constant sorties inflicted enormous loss -on the besiegers. At last, being unable to make any impression on the -defence, and finding his army wasting away, Ibrahim consented to treat, -and withdrew his forces from Polish territory. The Turks lost enormous -numbers during the siege; the Poles lost 3,000. - - - Zutphen (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought September 22, 1586, between the Spaniards, under Prince Alexander -of Parma, and the English, under the Earl of Leicester. The Spaniards -endeavoured to throw a convoy of provisions into Zutphen, which -Leicester was besieging. He attempted to intercept it, but without -success, and was forced to retire after suffering considerable loss. -Among those who fell on the English side was Sir Philip Sydney. - - - Zuyder Zee (Netherlands War of Independence). - -Fought October 11, 1573, between 30 Spanish ships, under Bossu, and 25 -Dutch ships, under Admiral Dirkzoon. The Spanish fleet fled, after -losing 5 ships, only Bossu standing his ground. His ship, however, was -eventually captured, after losing three-fourths of her crew. - - - - - INDEX - - - A - - Abbas II, 121 - Abbé, 155 - Abdallah, 100, 143, 169, 255 - — of Cordova, 272 - Abd-el-Kader, 116 - — Rahman, 10 - Abderrahman Ibn Abdillah, 252 - Abdul Wahab Khan, 263 - Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, 1, 9, 254 - Abercromby, Gen. James, 116, 249, 255 - Aberdeen, Provost of, 106 - Abergavenny, Lord, 269 - Abington, Major, 246 - Aboukir Bay, 177 - Aboyne, Lord, 41 - Abu Hamed, 219 - — ’l Hasan, 10, 24, 219 - — Obeidah, 8, 118 - — Sophian, 30, 155, 181, 231 - Abyssinia, Italian Invasion of, 4 - Acha, Gen., 183 - Achmet Hefzi Pasha, 99 - — Koprili Pasha, 188, 217 - Acre, 3, 167 - Adams, Major, 56, 97, 166, 182 - Adda, The, 141 - Adherbal, 79 - Adil Pasha, 142 - Adour, The, 178 - Æmilius, Consul, 48 - — Paulus, 203 - Æthelfrith, 72 - Æthelred, 21, 86, 207 - Æthelstan, 42 - Aetius, 55 - Afan de Riva, 264 - Afghan Wars, 6, 34, 56, 97, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 148, 190 - Afranius, 239 - Africa, Count of, 111 - Agesilaus, 66 - Agis, 151, 156 - Agnes, Countess of March, 81 - Agostina, 222 - Agra, 220 - Agricola, 101 - Agrippa, 170, 172 - Ahmed Ali, 5 - — Bey, 206 - — Pasha, 45, 58 - Aidan, 72 - Aiza, 94, 250 - Ajmir, Rajah of, 240 - Akbar, 60, 158, 187 - — Khan, 117 - Alaf Khan, 131 - Alaric, 197, 211 - — II, 197, 264 - Ala-ud-Din, 60, 74, 131 - Albemarle, Duke of, 9, 75, 99, 179 - — Sound, 210 - Albert, Archduke, 70, 117, 176, 183, 256 - — Margrave, 231 - Albigenses, 169 - Albinus, Clodius, 145 - Alboin, 189 - Albuquerque, 100, 148 - Alcibiades, 72, 179, 240 - Alcidas, 170 - Alemanni, 18, 55 - Alexander of Bulgaria, 194, 232 - — Despot of Pheræ, 71 - — of Epirus, 186 - — of Parma, 146, 252, 273 - — the Great, 17, 54, 95, 101, 113, 116, 248, 256 - Alexander’s Asiatic Campaigns, 95, 101, 113, 116, 256 - Alexius the Usurper, 64 - Alfonso IV, of Portugal, 219, 251 - — VI, 113, 272 - — VIII, of Castile, 7 - — XI, of Castile, 219 - — the Great, 272 - — the Infante, 181 - Alfred the Great, 21, 87, 158, 207 - Algeciras, 220 - Algiers, Dey of, 138 - Ali, 28, 113, 231, 257 - — Adil Shah, 100 - — Atar, 142, 143 - — Khan, 246 - — Hussein, 46 - — Moldovani Pasha, 79 - — Pasha, 210, 262 - Alle, River, 108 - Allemande, Adm., 131 - Allersheim, 178 - Allied Invasion of France, 41, 55, 67, 131, 133, 135, 166, 188, 208 - Almady, 65 - Almagro, 71, 135 - Almohacen, Heights of, 142 - Almoravid, 272 - Alonzo-di-Aguila, 162 - Alub Khan, 220 - Alumbagh, 144 - Alsusieff, 56 - Alvarez Mariano, 97 - Alviani, Gen., 5 - Alvinzi, 17, 18, 46, 200 - Amandus, 108 - Amanien, 36 - Ambiorix, 4 - Ambrosio Bercenegra, Don, 135 - American Civil War, 15, 26, 42, 43, 53, 54, 57, 58, 66, 69, 87, 89, 92, - 97, 105, 125, 139, 151, 157, 159, 169, 172, 180, 189, 191, 192, 200, - 201, 202, 209, 210, 225, 230, 235, 261, 268, 269, 271 - — Spanish War, 150 - — War of Independence, 32, 34, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56, 59, 63, - 86, 97, 102, 103, 139, 190, 202, 237, 249, 271 - — Wars, 26, 35, 36, 43, 57, 59, 61, 131, 144, 175, 205, 229 - Americo-Mexican War, 15, 42, 163, 186 - Amherst, Gen., 143, 164, 209 - Amiens, Peace of, 154 - Aminias, 219 - Amir Daood, 131 - Ammatas, 51 - Amphictyonic War, 54 - Amron, 9, 157 - Amurath II, 64, 130, 165, 259 - Andrés, 235 - Andronicus the Younger, 190 - Angelus, Isaac, 64 - Angostura, 263 - Angus, 14, 223 - Anjou, Duc d’, 145, 162 - Anlaf the Dane, 42 - Anson, Adm., 48 - Anstruther, Col., 41 - Antigonus, 44, 65, 86, 115, 187, 191 - Antigonus Soter, 222 - Antiochus the Great, 19, 21, 147, 167, 170, 207, 248 - Antipater, 156 - Antoku, 257 - Antonius, Caius, 70 - — Primus, 68 - Antony, Mark, 3, 169, 193 - Anwar-ud-Din, 13 - Appenzel Rebellion, 263 - Appius Claudius, 241 - Appleton, Commodore, 136 - Apraxine, 7, 102 - Arabi Pasha, 122 - Arabi’s Rebellion, 9, 122, 246 - Aratus, 156 - Arbogastes, 17 - Arbuthnot, Adm., 49 - Archelaus, 55, 183 - Archidamus, 150, 195, 246 - Archimedes, 241 - Ardoch, Moor of, 101 - Aredondo, 42 - Aremberg, Count, 107, 108 - Argive War, 227 - Argyle, Duke of, 98, 115, 229 - Ariça, 242 - Ariovistus, 3, 168 - Ashanti Wars, 2, 14, 77 - Arista, 186 - Aristœus, 201 - Aristagorus, 86 - Aristomenes, 156 - “Arkansas,” The, 261 - Armagnac War, 206, 218 - Arminius, 114, 260 - Arnulph of Germany, 83 - Arona, 165 - Arsaces III, 19 - Artaphernes, 86 - Artaxerxes, 70 - Arundel’s Rebellion, 88, 218, 220 - Arverni, The, 263 - Asipetes, The, 253 - Aston, Sir Arthur, 80 - Astruc, Mons., 228, 239 - Atahualpa, 13, 205 - Athens, Duke of, 54 - Athol, Earl of, 81 - Athole, Marquis of, 82 - Atlanta, 189 - Attalus, 59, 211 - Attila, 55 - Attilius, C., 140, 141 - Attilius Regulus, 83 - Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 28, 163 - Audley, Lord, 35 - Auerstadt, 118 - Augereau, 28, 53, 159, 163 - Aulus Postumius, 132 - Aurelian, 186, 189, 194 - Aurelian’s Expedition to Palmyra, 15, 85 - Aurep, Gen., 45, 58 - Aurungzebe, 45, 98, 121, 220 - Austrasians, The, 247, 255, 263 - Ayesha, 28 - Ayub Khan, 121, 148 - - B - - Baber, 187 - Baden, Margrave of, 269 - Baden-Powell, Gen., 145 - Bagenal, Harvey, 175 - Bagnall, Sir Henry, 36 - Bagration, 112, 161, 233 - Baghasian, 16 - Secg, 21 - Bahadur Shah, 60, 77 - Bahram’s Revolt, 271 - Baillie, 124 - — Col., 9, 191 - Baird, Gen., 36, 228 - Baireuth, Marquis of, 238 - Bajazet I, 176 - — II, 15, 116 - Baji Rao, 21, 125, 127 - Baj Singh, 60 - Baker, Major Henry, 142 - — Valentine, Pasha, 85, 245 - Baldwin I, 4 - — II, 64 - Balfour of Burleigh, 80 - Ball, Sir Alex., 259 - Balliol, 82, 105 - Ballivian, 114 - Balmaceda, 134 - Balmacedists, 133 - Banks, Gen., 151, 200 - Baquedano, Gen., 61, 160, 242 - Bar, Duke of, 5 - Baraguay d’Hilliers, 149, 234 - Baratieri, Gen., 4 - Barbarossa, Fredk., 136 - Barbosa, Gen., 63, 133 - Barnard, Sir Henry, 25, 75 - Barons, Wars, 87, 139 - Barreiro, Col., 39 - Barrington, Adm., 50 - Basin Rao, 20 - Basques, 213 - Bassano, Don Alfonso, 24 - Bassas, 212 - Bastard of Orleans, 110 - Bates, 95 - “Battle of Giants,” 153 - “Battle of the Spurs,” 103 - Baudissen, 267 - Baum, Col., 32 - Bavaria, Elector of, 36 - Bayard, Chevalier de, 94, 208 - Bazaine, Marshal, 31, 63, 101, 134, 153, 158, 178 - Bazalitch, Gen., 52 - Beatrix of Castile, 11 - Beauharnais, Eugene 150, 205, 216, 268 - Beaulieu, Gen., 37, 141, 157 - Beauregard, Gen., 42, 192 - Beavers Dam Creek, 228 - Beckwith, Gen., 154 - Bedford, 226 - — Duke of, 183, 261 - “Beggars,” The, 107, 203 - Belgium, Liberation of, 16 - Belisarius, 51, 156, 212, 253 - Bellasis, Col. John, 226 - Bellecombe, Mons., 198 - Bellegarde, 8 - Belleville, 188 - “Bell-the-Cat,” 223 - Belza, Gen., 133 - Bem, Gen., 226 - Benedek, Marshal, 125 - Benham, Gen., 225 - Bennigsen, Gen., 87, 93, 108, 203 - Beorwulf, 85 - Bercenegra, Don Ambrosio, 135 - Beresford, Lord Charles, 9, 123 - — Marshal, 7, 42 - Berkshire Regt., 250 - Bermuda Hundred, 192 - Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 208, 209 - Bernadotte, 137, 162 - Berthier, Gen., 141 - Bertie, Adm., 116 - Bertrand, Gen., 76, 266 - Berwick, 105 - Berwick, Duke of, 193 - — Marshal, 8, 12 - Bessières, Marshal, 210 - Betuitdus, 115 - Bevern, Prince of, 40 - Bezetha, 118 - Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, 147 - Bianchi, Gen., 89, 250 - Biddulphsberg, 227 - Bifukumonia | 242 - Bijapore, Rajah of, 100 - Bizet, Gen., 33 - Black Agnes of Dunbar, 81 - Black Prince, The, 173, 197 - “Black Watch,” The, 249 - Blake, Adm., 79, 200, 247 - — Gen., 86, 216 - Blakeney, Gen., 160 - Blasco Nunez, 14 - Blois, Comte de, 4 - “Bloody Battery,” 196 - Blucher, Marshal, 28, 41, 55, 68, 123, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, - 265, 266, 267 - Boadicea, 37 - Bœotian War, 66, 137, 151, 246 - Boer Wars, 31, 41, 63, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 101, 114, 122, 124, 130, - 133, 141, 146, 147, 148, 161, 184, 193, 208, 209, 221, 227, 228, - 236, 243, 258, 267 - Bogdan, 28, 180 - Bohemond, 79 - Boiorix, 17, 261 - Boisot, Adm., 139, 213 - Bolivar, 27, 34, 39, 50, 177, 201, 259 - Boniface, Count of Africa, 111 - Bonnemain, Gen., 269 - Bonnet, Gen., 219 - Bonnivet, 208 - Borysthenes, The, 203 - Boscawen, Adm., 143, 198 - Bosco, Gen., 159 - Bossu, 104, 215, 273 - Botha, 77 - Botta, Gen., 96 - Bover, 86 - Boucicaut, Marshal, 5 - Bouillon, Duc de, 185 - Boulatoff, Gen., 208 - Bourbon, Constable of, 208, 212 - — Francisco de, 54 - Bourlamaque, 249 - Bourquin, 75 - Bouxhoevden, Gen., 231 - Bowyer, Gen., 146, 217, 219 - Boyd, Gen., 61 - Boyle, Mr., 20 - Brabant, 211 - — Duke of, 5 - Braddock, Gen., 162 - Bradstreet, Col., 91 - Bragg, Gen., 57, 58, 169, 191 - Braithwaite, Col., 173 - Brakfontein, 258 - Brand, Martin, 104 - Braun, Marshal, 201 - Breckenridge, Gen., 174 - Brennus, 11, 211 - Brentford, Earl of, 12 - Brian Boru 62 - Bridgwater, 133 - Bridport, Lord, 31 - Brihtnoth, 149 - British Invasion of Egypt, 1, 9 - Britt, Don Jorge, 138 - Broadwood, Col., 221 - Brock, Gen., 205 - Broglie, Duc de, 33, 125, 205, 225 - Broke, Capt., 229 - Bromhead, Lieut., 213 - Brown, Capt., 261 - — Gen. Jacob, 59, 144 - — Marshal, 143 - Bruce, Capt., 104 - — Robert, 26, 81, 115, 142, 158 - Brude, 173 - Brueys, Adm., 177 - Brune, 11 - Brunehilde, Queen, 87 - Brunswick, Christian, of, 90 - — Duke of, 118, 259 - — Ferdinand of, 33 - — Prince of, 47, 111 - Brutus, 41, 193 - Brydon, Dr., 119 - Buccaneers, 186, 200, 203 - Buccelin, 52 - Buchan, Constable, 68, 261 - — Earl of, 115 - Buchanan, Capt., 105 - Buckingham, Duke of, 135, 208 - Buda-Pesth, 161 - Buell, Gen., 191 - Buenzas, 204 - Buerens, Gen., 110 - Buffalo, 36 - Bugeaud, Marshal, 116 - Bugha, 229 - Bukht-Khan, 179 - Bulbuddur, Singh, 120 - Bulgaria, Prince of, 156 - Buller, Capt., 231 - — Sir Redvers, 63, 72, 114, 131, 193, 236, 258 - Burgoyne, Gen., 237, 249 - Burgundian Wars, 100, 109, 136, 165 - Burgundy, Duke of, 184 - Burleigh, Lord, 1 - Burmah, Wars, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185, 266 - Burnaby, Col. Fred., 2 - Burnside, Gen., 92, 211 - Burr, Col., 125 - Burrard, Sir Harry, 263 - Burrows, Gen., 148 - Butler, Gen., 192 - Byng, Adm., 160 - — Gen., 213 - — Sir Geo., 10, 49 - Byron, Adm., 102 - - C - - Cabra, Comte de, 143 - Cabrera, Gen., 61, 165 - Caceres, Gen., 160 - Cade, 229, 235 - Cadiz, Marquis of, 10, 24 - Cadmea, 248 - Cadwallon, 107 - Cæcilius Metellus, 20 - Cæcina, 47, 68 - Cæsar, Julius, 8, 24, 29, 35, 83, 96, 168, 192, 199, 215, 253, 273 - Cæsar’s Camp, 130 - Cairo, 157, 204 - Caius Mœnius, 62 - Calabria, 148 - Calder, Sir Robert, 49 - Caliph Omar, 157 - Callicratidas, 18, 170 - Callinicus, Seleucus, 15 - Calo-John, 4 - Calvert, Capt., 13 - Calvinus, Domitius, 176 - Calvinus, T. Veturius, 53 - Camalogenus, 5 - Cambray, 20 - Cambuskenneth, Battle of, 238 - Cambyses, 190 - Camera, Gen., 16, 220 - Cameron, Gen., 95 - Camillus, M. Furius, 260 - Campaign of Austerlitz, 84, 267 - —— Friedland, 33, 72, 73, 87, 93, 108, 162, 203, 265 - —— Jena, 215 - —— Leipsic, 73, 76, 79, 102, 106, 123, 126, 129, 137, 143, 145 - —— Moscow, 100, 184, 233 - —— the Danube, 14, 23, 82, 103, 106, 112, 153, 159 - —— Wagram, 1, 22, 83, 205, 207 - Campbell, Capt., 60 - — Col., 13, 150 - — of Auchinbrech, 115 - — Sir Archibald, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185 - — Sir Colin, 53, 144, 206, 225 - Cananore, 100 - Candorcanqui, Battle of, 24 - Canmore, Malcolm, 12, 82 - Cannon, Col., 81 - Canto d’Irles, Gen., 151 - Caplan, Pasha, 128 - Caprara, Gen., 232 - Capua, 167, 260, 264 - Caractacus, 47, 183 - Cardigan, Lord, 25 - Carew, Sir Peter, 99 - Carigat, 19 - Carinus, 153 - Carlist Wars, 35, 110, 113, 115, 165, 190, 203, 220 - Carmagnola, 145 - Carrington, Gen., 84 - Carthaginian Invasions, 2, 44, 53, 69, 110, 111, 226, 241 - Caxias, Gen., #220_21# - Cassius, 193 - Castañeta, Don Antonio, 49 - Castaños, 255 - Castijon, Don Petro de, 10 - Castor, 132 - Castruccio Castracane, 12 - Cathcart, Gen., 32, 65 - Catinat, Marshal, 51, 237 - Catulus, C. Lutatius, 4 - Cauterac, Gen., 119 - Cawnpore, 143, 147, 186 - Ceawlin, 76, 89 - Cifuentes, Count di, 162 - Censorinus, L., 51 - Cephalonia, 217 - Cerialis, Petilius, 35 - Cerro de Guadalupe, 134 - Cervera, Adm., 221 - Cervoni, 163 - Cetewayo, 120 - Chabrias, 59, 173 - Chagre, The, 186 - Champagne, Comte Thibaut de, 64 - Chandos, Sir John, 23 - Chang Pak, 74, 242 - Chanzy, Gen., 137 - Chard, Lieut., 213 - Chares, 59, 85 - Charlemagne, 213 - Charles I, 69, 84, 172, 174 - — II, 269 - — V, 132, 168, 212 - — VI, 214 - — VIII, 91 - — XI, 37, 89, 132, 144, 207 - — XII, 62, 82, 93, 113, 138, 171, 202, 233, 239, 248 - — Albert of Savoy, 99 - — Archduke, 1, 22, 34, 36, 83, 207, 222, 238, 264, 266 - — James, the Young Pretender, 202 - — Martel, 252, 263 - — of Anjou, 31, 100, 158, 242 - — of Athens, 54 - — of Blois, 23 - — of Lorraine, 40, 61, 72, 109, 112, 139, 201, 211, 234 - — the Bold, 101, 165 - — the Regent, 141 - Chasseurs d’Afrique, 225 - Chatham, Lord, 90 - Chand Bibi, 6 - Chelmsford, Lord, 257 - Chenab, River, 206, 216 - Cherusii, 141 - “Chesapeake,” The, 229 - Chevy Chace, 184 - Chickahominy, River, 228 - Childebert II, 255 - Chilian Civil War, 63, 133 - Chilian Revolution, 134 - Chilperic II, 263 - China Wars, 242 - Chinese Invasion of Japan, 74, 242 - Chino-Japanese War, 119, 194, 199, 267, 270 - Chippewa, 144 - Chitchagoff, Adm., 208 - Chitral Campaign, 60, 149 - “Chiyada,” The, 270 - Choczin, 237 - Chodkiewicz, 128 - Choniski, 126 - Choshiu, Daimyo of, 74 - Choshu, 94, 250 - Chosroes, 157 - — II, 177, 271 - Chotzewitz, 127 - Christian IV, 144, 269 - — V, 144 - — Duke of Brunswick, 111, 237 - Christina Gyllenstierna, 257 - Cristomenes, 49 - Chrzanowski, 179 - Chudleigh, Gen., 239 - Chunda Sahib, 13, 18, 254, 264 - Chnodomar, 18 - Churchill, Gen., 261 - Cialdini, Gen., 14, 52, 95, 186 - Cimbric War, 16, 261 - Cimon, 87 - Cintra, Convention of, 263 - Civil War, 1, 4, 9, 12, 39, 40, 41, 50, 55, 58, 69, 80, 81, 84, 114, - 115, 133, 154, 172, 174, 193, 202, 214, 239, 250, 269 - — of Cæsar and Pompey, 70, 83, 172, 192, 215, 245, 258 - — of Marius and Sulla, 63, 68, 216 - — of Sertorius, 239 - Clam-Gallas, 98, 168, 197, 256 - Clanwilliam, Earl of, 107 - Clarence, Duke of, 29 - Clarifait, Gen., 167 - Claudius, 47 - — Appius, 49 - — Gothicus, 171 - — Nero, 158 - — Publius, 140 - Clauleu, 57 - Clausel, Marshal, 63 - Clauset, 213 - Claverhouse, 80 - Cleland, Col., 81 - Clement III, 212 - Cleombrotus, 139 - Cleomenes, 156, 227 - Cleon, 14, 204 - Cleopatra, 3 - Clermont, Comte de, 68, 91 - Clifford, Lord, 89 - Clive, 18, 20, 56, 59, 67, 76, 195 - Closter-Seven, Convention of, 107 - Clothaire II, 79, 87 - Clovis, 197, 234, 250, 264 - Clytus, 44 - Cnœus Domitius, 147 - — Fulvius, 109 - — Pompeius, 168 - Cnemas, 65, 172 - Cniva, 92, 193 - Coa, River, 215 - Coburg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266 - — Prince of, 154, 173 - Cochrane, Sir A. J., 26, 146, 154, 217, 219 - — Lord, 46 - Cockburn, Col., 270 - Codrington, Adm., 172 - Cœpio, 17 - Colborne, Sir John, 217 - Coligny, 80 - Colley, Sir Geo., 133, 148 - Colli, Gen., 114, 159 - Collier, Sir George, 190 - Collingwood, Adm., 252 - Colorados, 164 - Columbine, Capt., 227 - Colville, Gen., 220 - Combermere, Lord, 34 - Comnenus, 253 - — Alexius, 82 - Comonfort, Gen., 134 - Conan the Athenian, 62 - Condé, 20, 56, 80, 81, 93, 117, 138, 178, 200, 211, 217, 227, 258 - Conflans, 154, 205, 206 - Congeen, Commodore, 218 - Congressists, 134 - Conon, 4, 170 - Conquest of Algeria, 63 - —— Dacia, 153 - —— Ireland, 23 - —— Mexico, 159 - —— of Peru, 13, 14, 22, 71, 135, 205 - Conradin, 242 - Constantine, 44, 61, 104, 108, 152, 223, 261 - — III, 42 - — of Alban, 78 - — Palæologus, 65 - Constantius, 167, 169, 232 - Contades, Marquis de, 159 - Conti, Prince Louis de, 47, 145 - Contrecœur, 271 - Convent of Santa Cruz, 134 - Conway, Lord, 174 - Cooke, Gen., 33 - Coote, Sir Eyre, 20, 197, 198, 201, 230, 265 - Cope, Sir John, 202 - Copratus, The, 65 - Corinthian War, 66 - Cornaille, Pierre, 133 - Cornwallis, Lord, 19, 26, 47, 103, 223, 227, 271 - Cortes, 159, 184 - Cossack Rising, 122 - Cotton, Gen., 78 - Coulon de Jumonville, 271 - — de Villiers, 102 - Courbet, Adm., 235 - Covenanters’ Rising, 38, 80, 215 - Coxon, John, 186 - Cragova, 58 - Crassus, 232 - — P. Licinius, 134 - — Publius, 51 - Craufurd, Earl of, 40, 62 - Crimean War, 11, 25, 45, 58, 115, 122, 149, 181, 183, 208, 231, 232, - 240, 245 - Crispus, 108 - Critolaus, 223 - Crittenden, Gen., 159 - Cromwell, Oliver, 80, 81, 154, 172, 202, 269 - Cronje, 124, 146, 147, 161, 184 - Cronstedt, Adm., 240 - Cronstrun, 33 - Crouzat, Gen., 30 - Crown Prince of Prussia, 126 - Crusaders, 2, 16, 20, 21, 64, 79, 118, 157, 176, 256 - Ctesiphon, 119 - Cuddalore, 201 - Cuesta, 155, 200 - Cumberland, Duke of, 70, 90, 107, 136 - “Cumberland,” The, 106 - Cureton, Gen., 206 - Curio, 25, 258 - Curry, Sir Pierce, 134 - Curtis, Gen., 189 - Custer, Gen., 141, 182 - Custria, 273 - Cutha, 89 - Cyprus War, 88, 138 - Cyrus the, Younger, 70 - Czarnieçki, 197 - Czernitcheff, 137 - - D - - d’Albergotti, Gen., 79 - d’Aché, Comte, 51, 91, 254 - Dacia, 152 - Dacre, 95, 252 - — Thomas, 234 - Dagisteus, 192 - d’Aguila, 125 - d’Albret, Constable, 5 - d’Alençon, Duc, 5, 261 - Dalgety, Col., 267 - Dalziel, Gen., 215 - Dalmatia, 152 - Damietta, 157 - Damjanics, 127, 264 - Damrémont, Gen., 64 - Danish Invasions, 42, 78, 86, 87, 109, 144, 158, 166, 180, 207, 230, - 247, 248, 267 - Dano-Spanish Wars, 108 - — Swedish Wars, 37, 61, 86, 93, 94, 113, 125, 128, 132, 144, 214, 239, - 257, 269 - Danube, The, 232 - Dara, 220 - Darando, Gen., 166 - d’Argentian, 163 - Darius, Codomannus, 17 - — King of Persia, 116 - — Hystaspes, 152 - d’Armagnac, 155 - Darnad Ali Pasha, 192 - Darozhinsky, Gen., 224 - d’Artois, Robert, 67 - d’Aspré, Gen., 165 - Datis, 152 - D’Aubigny, 226 - d’Aubusson, Pierre, 209 - Daun, Marshal, 111, 127, 139, 140, 155, 181, 251, 256 - d’Aurelle de Paladines, Gen., 67, 142 - d’Auteil, Mons., 13 - David II, 174 - — of Scotland, 82, 237 - Davidowich, 18, 214 - d’Avila, Don Sancho, 16, 165 - Davis, Capt., 203 - — Commodore, 157 - Davoust, 87, 118, 128, 153, 161, 264, 268 - de Aguila, 162 - Deane, Adm., 200 - de Ataida, Luis, 100 - — Beaumont, Robert, 91 - — Bermingham, Richard, 23 - — — John, 81 - — Burgh, William, 23 - — Bouillon, Godefroi, 118 - — Bouflers, Mons., 140 - — Castries, Gen., 47 - — Castro, Juan, 77 - — Catinat, Marshal, 153 - Decebalus, 153 - de Charolais, Comte, 164 - — Conflans, Adm., 31 - Decius, 92, 193 - — Mus., 261 - — Publius, 227 - de Coigny, Marshal, 188 - — Coligny, Marshal, 103 - — Drucour, Chevalier, 143 - — Failly, Gen., 29 - Defenders, 76 - de Fersen, Baron, 154 - Degollado, 242 - de Gonzaga, Francisco, 91, 94 - — Grasse, 78 - — Kalb, 47 - — Kray, 85, 86, 111, 116 - — la Barre?, 218 - — la Feuillade, Duc, 256 - — la Gardie, James, 126 - — la Marck, 41 - — la Meilleraic, Marshal, 185 - — la Motte Count, 270 - — la Noue, François, 215 - — la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, 237 - — la Rochefoucauld, 185 - — Lauria, Roger, 158 - Del Canto, Gen., 63, 133 - de Levis, Chevalier, 205, 217 - Delhi, King of, 240 - de Ligneris, Mons., 101 - — Lorraine, Chevalier, 218 - de Lucy, Richard, 91 - — Lusignan, Guy, 118, 249 - Delzons, Gen., 150 - de Marche, Count, 242 - — Mauley, 252 - Dembinski, Gen., 121, 247, 265 - de Medari, Gen., 52 - — Melac, Mons., 132 - — Mercy, Gen., 188 - Demetrius, 212 - — Poliorcetes, 115 - de Montfort, John, 23 - —— Simon, 139 - Demosthenes, 181, 204, 241 - de Namur, Guy, 67 - Dentatus, M. Carius, 31 - Derby, Lord, 44, 206, 269 - de Rantzau, 247 - — Rassinghem, 266 - — Rieux, Marshal, 217 - — Rigny, Adm., 172 - — Ros, 57 - — Ruyter, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234 - Desaix, 152 - d’Estaing, Count, 50, 102, 182 - Destigerd, 177 - d’Estrées, Count, 107, 234 - de Suffren, 199, 201 - — Tavannes, Marshal, 162 - — Thermes, Marshal, 101 - — Tourville, Adm., 29, 131 - — Trastamare, Henry, 173 - d’Eu, Comte, 50 - de Winter, Adm., 48 - — Vandemont, Prince, 68 - — Vere, Duke of Ireland, 206 - — Villiers, Commandant, 130 - —— Coulon, 102 - Devizes, 214 - De Wert, Jean, 208, 209 - — Wet, 80, 220 - Dewey, Adm., 151 - de Witt, 79 - Dexippus, 2 - de Letendeur, Adm., 49 - Diacus, 138 - Diebitsch, Gen., 102, 129 - Dieskau, Baron, 132, 136 - di Lezze, Antonio, 224 - Dingaan, 77 - Diocles, 111, 226 - Diocletian, 153 - Dionysius, 44, 69, 85, 166, 241 - Diophantus, 44 - di Potenza, Condé, 244 - Dirkzoon, Adm., 273 - Djezzar, 3 - Doblado, 219 - Doctoroff, Gen., 150 - Dolabella, 70 - Dolabella, P. Cornelius, 132 - Dolgorouky, Gen., 171 - Domitius, Cnæus, 147 - Dom Miguel’s Rebellion, 220 - Donald, Bree, 99 - — Lord of the Isles, 106 - Don Carlos, 110, 113 - Don Francisco de Toledo, 104 - — John of Austria, 81, 95, 138, 215 - — Sancho of Castile, 257 - — Sebastian, 110, 113 - Doria, 59, 64, 197 - Dost Mohammed, 121 - Douay, Gen. Abel, 267 - Douglas, 231 - — Archibald, 19 - — Arch., Earl of, 105, 112 - — Earl of, 184, 261 - — James, Earl of, 19 - — Rebellion, 40 - Doveton, Gen., 21 - Dragomiroff, 231 - Drake, 19, 44 - — Mr., 45 - Drepanum, 140 - Dresden, 129 - Drummond, Sir Geo., 144 - Drusus, 141, 148 - Dublin, 207 - Duchambon de Vergor, 30 - Ducrot, Gen., 263 - Duff, Sir James, 97 - Dufour Gen., 98 - du Gast, 54 - Dugommier, 251 - du Guesclin, 23, 57, 60, 62, 164, 173, 199 - Duilius, Caius, 170 - du Lude, Seigneur, 191 - Dumouriez, 117, 173, 259 - Duncan, Adm., 48 - Dundas, Adm., 240 - Dundee, 124 - — Battle of, 209, 243 - Dunkeld, 144 - — Bishop of, 115 - Dunkirk, 112 - Dunois, 183 - Dupleix, 198 - Dupont, Adm., 29, 57 - — Gen., 106 - Durand, Col., 50 - Durham, Bishop of, 237 - Durnford, Col., 115 - Dutch Wars, 77, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234, 235, 247 - d’York, Gen., 56 - - E - - Earle, Gen., 125 - Early, Gen., 54, 89, 182 - Ecgfrith, 173 - Edhem Pasha, 78, 193 - Edmund Ironsides, 22, 191, 228 - Edward, 248 - — I, 55, 81, 87, 88, 139 - — II, 3, 26, 38, 105 - — III, 4, 5, 60, 68, 69 - — IV, 27, 84, 85, 110, 166, 247, 252 - — the Elder, 247, 267 - — the Black Prince, 173, 197 - Edwardes, Lieut., 124, 168, 239 - Edwin, 107 - — Earl, 94 - Egbert, 85, 109 - Egerton, Sir Charles, 119 - Egmont, Count, 101, 218 - — Philip, 96 - Egremont, Lord, 179, 237 - Ehrenskiöld, Adm., 94 - Eighty-Seventh, Regt., 168 - Elbe, River, 107 - Elcho, Lord, 250 - El Hadj Mohammed Pasha, 129 - Elias Khan, 161 - Eliot, Gen., 98 - Eloff, Sarel, 146 - Elphinstone, Gen., 34, 119, 124 - — Sir Keith, 220 - Elsasshausen, 269 - El Teb, Battle of, 255 - Elwas Mohammed, 272 - Emin, Malek, 109 - Emir Hamada, 89 - Enniskillen, 175 - Enotake, 120 - Enslin, Battle of, 101 - Entzheim, Battle of, 232 - Epaminondas, 139, 151 - Epidamnus, 105 - Eporedorix, 3 - Equatius Gellius, 47, 227 - Erinschild, Adm., 7 - Ernest of Styria, Duke, 206 - Errol, Earl of, 99 - Esk, River, 194 - Escobedo, 221 - Espartero, 35, 110, 165, 190 - Espinay, Prince, 252 - Essex, Earl of, 84, 174 - Etampes, 188 - Ethelwulf, 180 - Etruscan War, 20 - Eudamus, 21 - Eudes, 164 - Eugene, Prince, 30, 36, 50, 52, 58, 68, 75, 79, 132, 140, 145, 150, - 192, 193, 205, 222, 272 - —— of Wurtemberg, 163 - Eugenius, 17 - Eumenes, 65, 187, 191, 222 - Eurylocus, 181 - Eurymedon, 204 - Euthydemus, 19 - Evans, Gen., 26, 110, 115, 221 - —— (Am.), 225 - — Sir Ralph, 15 - Evetzen, 200 - Ewell, Gen., 69, 269 - Exeter, 218 - — Earl of, 216 - Exmouth, Lord, 10 - Eyre, Major Vincent, 20 - - F - - Fabricius, Caius, 8, 24 - Fabius Maximus, Q., 116, 136, 227, 263 - Faidherbe, Gen., 27, 105, 218 - Fairfax, Sir Thos., 4, 133, 154, 172, 226 - Falkenberg, 146 - Falkenstein, Gen., 125 - Farokshin, 5 - Farragut, Adm., 175, 261 - Fastolfe, Sir John, 110, 188 - Faure, Gen., 14 - Faversham, Earl of, 225 - Feidlim, 23 - Feliciano, 121 - Ferdinand, Archduke, 106, 207 - — King of Naples, 185, 210, 226, 260 - — of Brunswick, 68, 160 - — of Hungary, 178 - — Prince, 125 - — the Catholic, 100, 142, 149, 251 - Fermor, 273 - Ferrars, Lord, 38 - Fersen, Baron de, 154 - Fife, Earl of, 115 - Filipo de Rieti, 273 - Finck, Gen., 155 - Finland War, 208, 240 - Finnegan, Gen., 180 - Firth, Lord, 58 - Fischbuch, Gen., 58 - Fitzalan, Richard, 233 - Fitzwalter, Lord, 89 - Flaminius, 19, 24, 71 - Flammock’s Rebellion, 35 - Flavius Fimbria, 158 - — Cnæus, 109 - Fleetwood, 269 - Flemish War, 67, 162, 273 - Flics, Gen., 132 - Flint, Lieut., 265 - Floing, 225 - Flores, Gen., 69, 70, 164 - Floyd, Gen., 149 - Foix, Comte de, 242 - Fontana, Benedict, 47 - Forbach, Battle of, 236 - Forde, Col., 113, 154, 206 - Forey, Gen., 134, 163 - Forgacz, Count, 188 - Forster, Gen., 202 - Fort Duquesne, 101, 271 - — Lyman, 132 - — Necessity, 102 - Fournier, Gen., 102 - Fraga, 139 - Francis I, 153, 189 - — II of Naples, 95 - — Joseph, Emperor, 234 - Francisco de Manesses, 258 - —— Melo, 211 - —— Toledo, Don, 104 - — Pizarro, 135 - Franco-Austrian War, 147, 149, 163, 234, 256 - — German War, 14, 27, 29, 31, 43, 58, 63, 105, 137, 142, 153, 158, 178, - 188, 218, 235, 263 - — Mexican War, 3, 134 - Fraser, Gen., 74, 238 - Frauenberg, The, 158 - Fredegond, Queen, 255 - Frederic II, 66, 100 - — IV, of Denmark, 239 - — Augustus, 62 - — Barbarossa, 136 - — Charles, Prince, 82, 98, 126, 137, 158, 168, 178, 197 - — Duke of Austria, 168, 242 - — Elector of Saxony, 168 - — of Bohemia, 201 - — the Great, 60, 72, 109, 111, 112, 126, 129, 139, 140, 143, 162, 181, - 201, 234, 273 - — William III, 239 - ——Elector, 89, 207, 236 - French, Gen., 84, 124 - — Canadian Rising, 217 - — Civil Wars, 67 - — Invasion of Egypt, 1, 3, 108, 177, 204 - Fresnel, 105 - Freyre, 59 - Freytag, 112 - Fritigern, 105, 152 - Frossard, Gen., 235 - Fullali, The, 113 - Fulvius, Cn., 32 - — Q., 49 - Futteh Mohammed Khan, 124 - - G - - Gablenz, Gen., 253 - Gage, Gen., 43, 139, 202 - Gaines’ Mill, 228 - Galba, 199 - Galgacus, 100 - Gallic Invasion of the East, 86, 105 - — Revolt, 35 - — Tribal Wars, 3 - — Wars, 4, 5, 8, 24, 29, 35, 41, 96, 168, 199, 253 - Gallitzin, Prince, 60, 79, 122 - Gallus, Cestius, 34 - Galway, Lord, 8, 12 - Gamarra, 114 - Ganetzki, Gen., 196 - Garcilasso de la Vega, 183 - Gardiner, Col., 12 - Gardner, Gen., 200 - Garibaldi, 22, 45, 157, 159, 164, 165, 185, 212, 260, 264 - Garnett, Gen., 209 - Gaston de Foix, 207 - Gatacre, Gen. Sir W., 238 - Gate Pah, 95 - Gates, Gen., 47, 236 - Gauchos, 163 - Gazer Khan, 184 - Gek Horn, Battle of, 190 - Gelimer, 51, 254 - Gellius Statius, 39 - Gelon, 108, 110 - Genghiz Khan, 26, 97, 114, 121, 122, 123, 184, 190, 220, 244 - Genseric, 48, 111 - George II, 76 - — King of Hanover, 152 - Georgia, Queen of, 249 - Gergue, 190 - German Invasion of Italy, 90 - Germanic Wars, 114, 141, 148, 260 - Getes, 161 - Ghuzni, 97, 234 - Gildo, 242 - Gillespie, Gen., 120 - Gingen, Capt., 264 - Ginkel, 5 - Girard, Col., 137 - Girod, 217 - Giulay, Marshal, 47 - Glabrio, 248 - Glarus, 171 - Goddard, Gen., 6, 28 - Godefroi de Bouillon, 21, 176 - Goignies, Gen., 95 - Gokameyama, 161 - Gokla, 21 - Göldli, Geo., 121 - Golitshin, Adm., 102 - Gomurakami, 129, 161 - Gonsalvo de Cordova, 54, 94, 183, 217, 226, 244 - Gonzaga, 95 - Gonzalo Pizarro, 14, 71 - Gore, Col., 217 - Gordon, Gen., 123 - “Gordon Highlanders,” 74 - Görgey, 3, 116, 127, 171, 181, 191, 223, 247 - Goring, Lord, 133 - Gortschakoff, 245 - Gothic Invasion of France, 197 - —— Italy, 132, 211 - —— Thrace, 152 - — Wars, 87, 92, 67, 171, 193, 197, 212, 242 - Gothicus, Claudius, 171 - Götz, Gen., 264 - Gough, Lord, 59, 89, 103, 147, 165, 203, 206, 216 - — Matthew, 235 - Gourko, Gen., 78, 99, 193 - Gracchus, Tiberius, 32 - Graham, Gen., 27, 106, 221 - — Gen. Sir G., 122, 244, 246, 255 - Grammont, Duc de, 76 - Gran, The, 171 - Granson, Sir Thomas, 199 - Grant, Gen., 57, 58, 192, 209, 230, 236, 262 - — Sir Hope, 243 - — Major, 107 - Gratiani, 117 - Graves, Adm., 145 - Gravitza Redoubt, 196 - Greece, Crown Prince of, 78 - Greek War of Independence, 160, 172 - Green, Sir Chas., 240 - Greene, Gen., 86, 103 - Gregory, 255 - — II, 207 - Grenville, Sir Richard, 24 - Grey, Adm., 111 - Grey Gen., 203 - — Sir Geo., 154 - — de Ruthyn, Lord, 178 - — de Wilton, Lord, 179 - Grimaldi, 273 - Grouchy, 267 - Græco-Turkish War, 78, 193, 260 - Guelfs and Ghibellines, 12, 47, 66, 162, 242 - “Guglers,” 92 - Guilleminot, Gen., 102 - Guiscard, Robert, 62, 82 - Guise, Duc de, 45, 80 - Guiton, 135 - Gurkha War, 12, 119, 120, 168 - Gustavus Adolphus, 12, 61, 73, 92, 136, 137, 146, 195, 210, 269 - — Vasa, 257 - Guthmund, 149 - Guthrum, 87 - Guy de Lusignan, 118, 249 - Guyeaux, 52 - Gwalior Campaign, 147, 203 - Gylippus of Sparta, 240 - - H - - Haco, 134 - Hadji, Ahmed, 63 - Hadrianus, Fabius, 44 - Haidar Khan, 97 - Hakki Pasha, 260 - Halfdene, 21 - Halil Pasha, 120, 202 - Humayun, 61, 121 - Hamet Zeli, 149 - Hamilcar, 68, 69, 110, 111 - Hampden, 55 - Hampton, Gen, 57 - — Thos., 60 - Hancock, Gen., 236 - Hannibal, 2, 21, 48, 49, 109, 111, 170, 226, 249, 272 - Hanno, 4, 32, 83, 84 - Hanover, King of, 132 - Hans Waldmann, 165 - Harclay, Sir Andrew, 38 - Harcourt, 51 - Hari Pant, 130, 270 - Harman, Sir John, 218 - Harold, 107, 236 - — Hardrada, 94, 178, 236 - Haroun-al-Raschid, 167 - Harper’s Ferry, 235 - Harris, Gen., 149, 228 - Hart, Gen., 194 - Hartley, Col., 28, 46 - Harvey, Adm. John, 254 - — Bagenal, 175 - Hasdrubal, 51, 69, 158, 187 - Hassan, 258 - — Bey, 245 - Hasselaer, Kenau, 104 - Hauben, Marshal, 30 - Havelock, Sir Henry, 16, 35, 94, 143, 147, 182, 186 - Hawke, Adm. Sir E., 6, 30, 49, 205 - Hawkins, 19 - Hawley, Gen., 88 - Haynau, Gen., 40, 247 - — The, 143 - Hazlerigg, 214 - Hébécourt, 249 - Heiden, Adm., 172 - Hellenes, The, 255 - Heloris, 85 - Hemu, 187 - Hengist, 24, 68 - Henri I, 259 - — IV, 30, 67, 117 - — le Béarnais, 162 - Henry I, 40, 247 - — II, 91 - — III, 139, 242 - — IV, 231 - — V, 5, 214, 231 - — VI, 36, 178, 216, 252 - — VII, 35, 38, 238 - — VIII, 38, 103 - — of Castile, 181 - — III, of Germany, 212 - — of Nassau, Count, 165 - — the Fowler, 158 - Hentzi, Gen., 181 - Heraclides, 130 - Heraclius, 169, 177, 271 - Hereford, 38 - Hermann, 33 - Herron, Gen., 202 - Hesse, Landgrave of, 168 - — Prince of, 52, 236 - Hicks Pasha, 122 - Hideyori, 226 - Hideyoshi, 180 - Hierax, 15 - Hiero, 71 - Hiketas, 104 - Hill, Gen., 228, 235 - — Gen. A. P., 97 - Hillinger, Gen., 46 - Himartekin, 123 - Himilco, 2, 241 - Himilcon, 140 - Hindman, Gen., 202 - Hippocrates, 75, 108, 138, 241 - Hirotsuke, 116, 117 - Hirschberg, Gen., 137 - Hirtius, 160, 170 - Hislop, Sir Thos., 148, 243 - Hlangwane Hill, 193 - Hoche, 174 - Hodgson, Gen., 31 - Hogen Insurrection, 242 - Hohenlo, Count Philip, 105 - Hohenlohe, Prince of, 118 - Hojo Rebellion, 180 - Holkar, 148, 243 - Holles, Denzil, 40 - Holmes, Adm., 204 - Holstein, Duke of, 62 - Honorius, Emperor, 211 - Hood, Adm., 78 - — Commander, 240 - — Gen., 92, 172, 189 - Hooker, 56 - Hopton, Sir Ralph, 12, 39, 133, 239 - Hore, Gen., 84 - Horn, Adm., 125, 214 - — Field Marshal, 178, 236 - Horsa, 24 - Hotham, Adm., 96 - Hotspur, 184, 231 - Houchard, 112 - Hougoumont, 266 - Houston, Gen., 220 - Howard, Lord Edward, 41 - — Lord Thomas, 24 - — of Effingham, Lord, 19 - Howe, Gen., 39 - — Lord, 255, 257 - — Sir William, 42, 97 - Huascar, 13, 205 - Hudson River, 238 - Hughes, Sir Ed., 70, 173, 199, 254 - Hugues, Quiéret, 233 - Hundred Days’ War, 89, 140, 204, 250, 266 - — Years’ War, 5, 6, 29, 36, 44, 45, 53, 57, 60, 68, 69, 91, 136, 162, - 183, 188, 214, 226, 261 - Hungarian Rising, 116, 121, 171, 181, 191, 224, 226, 247, 260, 264 - — War, 272 - Huguenot Rebellion, 135 - Huniades, John, 110, 128, 130, 165, 260 - Hunsdon, Lord, 95 - Huntley, Earl of, 40, 66, 98, 194 - Huntly’s Rebellion, 40, 66 - Hunyady, John, 30 - Hurry, Sir John,23 - Hussein Pasha, 122, 128 - Hussites, 23, 76, 245 - Huzrat Mahal, 169 - Hwan Buako, 74 - Hyde, Adm., 65 - — Parker, Adm., 77 - Hyderabad, Nizam of, 130 - Hyder Ali, 13, 20, 182, 197, 201, 230, 251, 254, 255, 265 - - I - - Ibrahim, 160, 177, 187 - — Bey, 108 - — Pasha, 30, 34, 127, 273 - Idzumi, Daimio of, 161 - Ikkelman Pugatcheff, 122, 123 - Imeretinsky, Prince, 142 - Inaros, 157 - Inca Rising, 235 - Indian Mutiny, 6, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 34, 53, 75, 94, 95, 118, 128, - 147, 169, 179, 182, 187, 225 - Indulph, 26 - Ingelram von Coucy, Baron, 92 - Invasion of Britain, 47 - —— Korea, 108, 257 - —— the Alemanni, 189, 194 - —— the Huns, 55 - —— the Vandals, 48, 51, 253 - Invasions of the Gauls, 11, 211 - Ionian War, 86, 130 - Iphicrates, 85 - Irish Rebellions, 31, 81, 97, 175, 263 - “Ironsides,” 154 - Irribarreu, Gen., 113 - Isabella, 251 - Isley, Sir Henry, 269 - Isle-aux-Noix, 249 - Isle of Wight, Action off, 200 - Ismael, Shah, 229 - Italian Invasion of Abyssinia, 4 - — Risings, 40, 95, 165, 166, 179, 185, 212, 259, 260 - — Wars, 31, 91, 94, 100, 145, 153, 183, 189, 226, 244 - Ivan the Terrible, 22 - - J - - Jaafar, 169 - Jablonowski, 264 - Jackson, Gen., 43, 54, 56, 69, 106, 201, 228, 235, 239 - —— 175 - Jacobite Rising, 81, 124 - Jaffa, 249 - Jagmal, 60 - Jaipal, Rajah of Lahore, 191 - James II, 39, 142, 215 - — III, of Scotland, 223 - — IV, of Scotland, 90 - — VI, 98 - — River, 229 - Jan Koch, 37 - Janssens, Col., 41 - Japanese Revolution, 94, 177, 250, 258, 264 - Jaxartes, The, 126 - Jean, Joel, 62 - Jehandar Shah, 5 - Jellachich, 116, 260 - Jellalabad, 124 - Jellalladin, 35, 114, 121 - Jennings, Sir John, 10 - Jervis, Sir John, 49, 103, 154, 218 - Jerome de ’t Zeraerts, 247 - Jerusalem, 249 - Jeswunt Rao, 21, 74, 75, 94, 199 - Jewish War, 34, 118, 119 - Jhansi, Ranee of, 104 - Joan of Arc, 183, 188 - Joanna, 251 - John I, 11 - — II, 28, 32 - — Archduke, 112, 205, 216 - — Duke of Normandy, 6 - — of Castile, 100 - — of Denmark, 156 - — King of France, 197 - — Regent, 11 - Johnson, Gen., 125, 230, 236 - — Sir W., 131, 175 - Johnston, Gen., 87 - Johnstone, Col., 41 - — Comm., 201 - — Gen., 175 - Jones, Col., 207 - — Col. Michael, 81 - Jonquière, Adm. de la, 48 - Joseph Buonaparte, 180, 188, 263 - Josephus, 119 - Joubert, 41, 88, 130, 148 - — Marshal, 179 - Jourdan, Marshal, 34, 90, 238, 243 - Jovian, 119 - Jovinus, 55 - Joyeuse, Duc de, 67 - Juan d’Aguila, 125 - Juan Pizarro, 71 - Juarez, 2, 46 - Juba, 25, 248 - Judacilius I, 21 - Juel, Adm., 125, 214 - Jugurtha, 169 - Julian, 18, 119, 152, 191, 250 - — Count, 270 - Junot, 52, 263 - Jussuf, 48 - Justinian, 166 - Jutes, 24 - Jutish Invasion, 68 - - K - - Kabul, 148 - Kaffir Wars, 13, 32, 43 - Kalkreuth, Marshal, 73 - Kaminiec, 197, 233 - Kambaksh, 98 - Kandahar, 124, 148 - Kanzler, Gen., 157 - Kat, 81 - Katuku, 35 - Keane, Gen., 175 - Keatinge, Col., 17, 39 - Keith, Lord, 96 - — Marshal, 111 - Kekewich, Col., 124 - Kelly, Col., 60 - Kemal Reis, 222 - Kenau Hasselaer, 104 - Kenmure, Lord, 269 - Kenneth III, 144 - Keppel, Adm., 31, 182 - Khaled, 7, 8, 38, 72, 169, 271 - Khalifa, The, 181 - Khan, Elias, 161 - Khojah Zofar, 77 - Khoord Kabul Pass, 117 - Khyber Pass, 117 - Kiburg, Count of, 136 - Kilidj Arslan, 21 - Kirboga, 16 - Kirby Smith, Gen., 209 - Kirke, Col., 142 - Kirkjean, Mons., 25 - Kismegyer, 205 - Kiushiu, 242 - Kitchener, Lord, 23, 84, 89, 181, 184 - Kiyomasa, 257 - Klapka, 116, 127 - Kléber, 108, 167 - Kleist, 80 - Klingspoor, Gen., 208, 231 - Knowles, Adm., 107 - Knut, 22, 191, 230 - Kobad, 13 - Kobayagawa Takakage, 108 - Koch, Gen., 84 - — Jan, 37 - Kohandil Khan, 121 - Kolocz, Bishop of, 161 - Köningsegg, Count, 225 - Konishi Yakinaga, 108 - Konownitzyn, Gen., 184 - Kosciusko, 154 - Kotah, Rajah of, 128 - Kourloff, Gen., 245 - Krüdener, Gen., 176, 195, 196 - Kruze, Adm., 228 - Kublai Khan, 74, 105 - Kumal Khan, 100 - Kuroda, Gen., 129 - Kuroki, Marshal, 125 - Kur Singh, 20, 24 - Kusunoki Masatsura, 230 - Kuttugh Khan, 74 - Kutusoff, 23, 38, 112, 128, 155, 268 - Kuwana, 94, 250 - Kyrielle, 91 - - L - - La Belle Alliance, 176 - Labienus, 5, 168, 215 - Labomirski, 128 - Laborde, Gen., 213 - Labourdonnais, Adm., 145, 173 - Laches, 151 - Ladislaus, 259 - Ladysmith, 193 - Lævinus, P. Laverius, 109 - La Ferté, 258 - — Harpe, 159 - — Haye Sainte, 266 - Lake Ascanius, 176 - — Champlain, 249 - — City, 180 - — Gen., 5, 10, 34, 75, 135, 263 - — Lord, 74, 94 - — Zug, 98 - Lakhsman Singh, 60 - Laljaji, 244 - Lally Tollendal, 91, 146, 198, 244, 265 - Lal Singh, 89 - Lamachus, 240 - Lamar, 119 - La Marmora, Gen., 70 - Lambert Simnel, 238 - Lambton, Capt. Hedworth, 88 - La Moricière, Gen., 14, 52 - Lamothe-Houdancourt, 138 - Lancaster, 38 - Landen, Battle of, 173 - Landi, Gen., 45 - Landon, Gen., 30, 130, 140, 181 - Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 202, 214 - Langy, 255 - Lannes, Marshall, 14, 22, 93, 112, 159, 163 203, 215, 255 - Lannoy, 189 - Lanza, Gen., 185 - La Peña, Gen., 27 - Leptines, 53 - Laserna, 24 - Latin War, 261 - La Torre, 50 - — Tremouille, 179, 217 - Lauderdale, Lord, 269 - Laurel Hill, 209 - Lavalette, 150 - Lavater, Rudolph, 121 - Lawrence, Capt. John, 229 - — Major, 25, 76, 99, 146, 228, 239 - Layard, Sir Ed., 24 - Lazar, 127 - Lazareff, 122 - Leake, Sir John, 148 - Lee, Gen., 15, 55, 58, 92, 97, 192, 209, 228, 235, 236, 268 - Lecourbe, 166 - Lefebvre, Marshal, 73, 222 - Leganez, 138 - Lehwaldt, Marshall, 102 - Leicester, Earl of, 273 - Leo IX, Pope, 62 - — the Iconoclast, 207 - Leonidas, 248 - Leontini, 104 - Leopold, Archduke, 40, 138, 165 - — Duke, 227 - Leotychides, 170 - Leptinus, 241 - Le Quesnay, 227 - Leslie, David, 81, 193 - Lestocq, 87, 265 - Letzi, The, 171 - Leval, 33 - Leven, 154 - Levenhaupt, Gen., 138 - Lewis, King, 161 - Lexington Military School, 175 - Liberation of Belgium, 16 - Li Chin, 108 - Lichtenstein, 221 - Licinius, 41, 61, 104, 108, 109, 152 - — Crassus, P., 134 - Ligneris, 176 - “Ligue du bien public,” 164 - Ligonier, Sir John, 136 - Lille, 270 - Lima, 182 - Lincoln, Earl of, 238 - Liniers, Gen., 42 - Lin Fok Heng, 105 - Linnels, 110 - Linois, Adm., 9 - Lin Yung Ku, 235 - Livius, Caius, 71, 170 - — Marcus, 158 - Loch Linnhe, 115 - Lomakine, Gen., 96 - Lombard League, 136 - London Bridge, 235 - Longstreet, Gen., 228, 235, 268 - “Loose-coat-field,” Battle of, 85 - Lopez, 16, 50, 70, 113, 188, 220, 263 - Lorencez, 3, 134 - “L’Orient,” The, 177 - Lorraine, Duke of, 232 - Lorrices, 202 - Louis III, 223 - — VI, 40 - — IX, 157, 242, 256 - — XI, 164 - — XII, 58 - — XIII, 52 - — Dauphin, 140 - — di Conti, Prince, 145 - — of Nassau, Count, 107, 165 - — Prince of Prussia, 215 - — the Bavarian, 168 - Loup II, 213 - Low, Gen., 149 - Lowendahl, 33 - Lucca, Castruccio Castracane of, 12 - Lucilianus, 177 - Lucius Mummius, 138 - Lucknow, 225 - Lucullus, 44, 72, 249 - Lüders, Gen., 226 - Lupicinus, 152 - Lupus, 250 - Lusitanian War, 179 - Luton Moor, 237 - Lutter, Castle of, 144 - Luxembourg, Marshal, 90, 173, 237 - Luy de Béarn, 183 - Lynch, Eliza, 66 - Lyon, Gen., 268 - Lyons, Sir Edmund, 225 - Lysander, 4, 105, 179 - Lysimachus, 67 - - M - - Macbeth, 82 - Maccarthy, 175 - Macdonald, Gen. Sir, H., 181 - — Marshal, 123, 220, 253, 264 - Macedonia, 152 - Macedonian Wars, 24, 71, 134, 203 - Magruder, Gen., 268, 271 - Machanidas, 151 - Mack, Gen., 159 - Mackay, Gen., 124 - Mackinnon, Gen., 62 - Macleod, Col., 198 - Macmahon, Marshal, 147, 225, 256, 267, 269 - Macrinus, 114 - Madhao Rao II, 130 - Magnentius, 167, 169 - Mago, 44, 179, 253 - Maha Bandoola, 78, 127 - Maha Nemyo, 266 - Mahadaji Sindhia, 270 - Mahmud, 23, 191, 234 - Mahmud’s Invasions of India, 191, 234 - Mahmud Tughlak, 74 - Mahomed IV, 161, 233, 273 - Mahomet Koprili, 126 - Mahon, Col., 146 - Mahratta Wars, 5, 6, 10, 22, 28, 34, 56, 74, 75, 94, 103, 125, 127, - 135, 148, 199, 230, 232, 243, 270 - Maillebois, Marshal, 214, 221 - Main, The, 111 - Mainfroy, 31 - Makaroff, Adm., 199 - Malakoff, 149, 208, 225 - Malatesta, 145 - Malcolm II, 124, 166 - — Sir John, 21 - “Male Journée,” The, 36. - Malek-al-Aschraf, 3 - Malmoe, 144 - Malnate, Battle of, 259 - Malraj, 168, 239 - Malvern Hill, 229 - Malwar, Rajah of, 158 - Mamilius, 132 - Manchester, 154, 174 - Mancius, 179 - Manco Capac, 22 - Manfred of Sicily, 100, 162 - Manius Manilius, 51 - Manlius, L., 140 - — Torquatus, 261 - Manny, Sir Walter, 6 - Mansfeldt, Count von, 76, 90, 111, 269 - Mansur, 189 - Mantua, 131, 155 - Manson, Gen, 209 - Manteuffel, Gen., 14, 105 - Manuel I, 64, 271, 272 - Maori War, 95 - Mar, Earl of, 106, 229 - Marad, 20 - Maransin, 155 - Marcantonio Bragadino, 88 - Marcellus, M., 138, 241 - Marcus Livius, 158 - Mardonius, 195 - Margaret of Anjou, 107, 216, 247, 252 - Margueritte, Gen., 225 - Marhof, Gen., 162 - Mariano, Alvarez, 97 - Marines, The, 250 - Marius, 16, 216, 261 - Mark Antony, 193 - — Antony’s Rebellion, 169 - Marlborough, Duke of, 36, 78, 150, 206, 252 - Marmora, Gen., 245 - Marmont, Marshal, 106, 131, 133, 137, 188, 219 - Marquez, 242 - Marsin, 36 - Marston, Capt., 105 - Martin, Capt., R.N., 150 - Mary Queen of Scots, 133 - Mascarenhas, 77 - Mascazel, 241 - Massena, 43, 45, 83, 93, 96, 141, 159, 163, 210, 273 - Mathias, Col., 74 - Matsudaira Nobutsuna, 13 - “Matsushima,” The, 270 - Matthews, Adm., 251 - Matyana, 115 - Maubeuge, 266 - Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 231 - — Emperor, 271 - — Prince, 214 - — Prince of Nassau, 256 - — Prince of Orange, 176 - Mavrocordatos, 160 - Maxentius, 223, 256 - Maximilian I, 47, 103 - — Archduke, 123 - — Emperor, 221 - — of Bavaria, 201 - Maximinus, 109 - Maxwell, Col., 19 - Maya, 204 - Mayenne, 20 - — Duc de, 117 - McCarthy, Sir Charles, 2 - McCall, Gen., 228 - McCaskill, Gen., 165 - McClellan, Gen., 15, 87, 209, 228, 235, 268, 271 - McClernand, Gen., 261 - McCulloch, Gen., 189, 268 - McDonnell, Brig.-Gen., 266 - McDowell, Gen., 42 - McNeil, Gen., 250 - McPherson, Gen., 56, 189 - Meade, Gen., 97 - Meadows, Gen., 50 - Mecklenburg, Grand Duke of, 29, 142 - Medina, Gen., 164 - Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 19 - Medway, The, 229 - Megabyzus, 157 - Megaravicus, 179 - Mehemet Ali, 3, 160, 177 - — Ali’s Rising, 34, 127 - Mehrab Khan, 123 - Mejid Bey, 110 - Melas, 96, 152, 163 - Melchior, 146 - Melgarejo, Col., 133 - Melikoff, Gen., Loris, 7, 84, 122, 126, 272 - Memnon of Rhodes, 101 - Menaldo Guerri, 183 - Mendez Nunez, 259 - Mendizabal, 95 - Menou, Gen., 9 - Mentschikoff, Prince, 11, 25, 115, 120, 224, 260 - Mercer, Col., 184 - Merci, Comte de, 153, 215, 247 - Mercy, Count, 93 - — Gen., 178 - “Merrimac,” The, 105 - Meshid, Pasha, 209 - Messenian Wars, 4, 21, 22, 49, 53, 156 - Metaurus, The, 158 - Metellus, 88, 225 - — L. Cæcilius, 187 - — Numidicus, 169 - Methuen, Lord, 31, 101, 147, 161 - Metz, 178, 235 - Mexican Liberal Rising, 2, 46, 219, 242 - Meyer, Gen. Lucas, 243 - Meyerfeld, Gen., 120 - Michael, Grand Duke, 196 - Michelberg, 106, 159 - Michelson, Gen., 123 - Middleton, Gen., 28, 89 - Milan, King, 194, 232 - Miletus, 130 - Milroy, Gen., 269 - Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, 114 - Minas, Marques das, 12 - Minchin, Capt., 45 - Mindarus, Adm., 71, 72 - Minucius, Titus, 39 - Miramon, 46, 219, 221 - Miranda, 7 - Mir Cossim, 97, 166, 182 - Mirsky, Gen., 224 - Mirza Khan, 6 - Mise of Lewes, 139 - Mischtchenko, Gen., 61 - Mithridates, 176, 272 - Mithridatic Wars, 44, 55, 72, 159, 176, 183, 249, 272 - Mitre, 54, 113, 185 - Mitre’s Rebellion, 42 - Mitsuhide, 270 - Mitsunari, 226 - Mitsuyaki, 161 - Moawiyeh, 64, 231 - Moga, Gen., 224, 260 - Mogrul Bey, 272 - Mogul, The Great, 158, 187 - Mohammed, 30, 112, 155, 181 - — II, 30, 65, 224, 253 - — III, 123 - — Ali, 25, 263 - — al Nasin, 135 - — Emin Pasha, 60 - — Ghori, 240 - — Shah, Emperor, 50 - — Shah of Persia, 109 - — Sultan of Morocco, 148 - — Zain I, 1 - Mohammed’s Wars, 155, 181 - Moldau, The, 201 - Monakji, 99, 144 - Moncenigo, Luigi, 48 - Moncey, 222 - Monckton, Col., 30 - Mondragon, Col., 95, 159, 247 - Mongol Invasions, 74 - — Invasion of the Deccan, 6, 98 - —— of India, 156 - —— of Japan, 255 - “Monitor,” The, 105 - Monk, 81, 200, 247 - Monmouth, Duke of, 38 - — James, Duke of, 226 - Monro, Gen., 31, 43, 91, 230 - — Sir Hector, 198 - Mons, 150 - Monson, Col., 10, 198 - Montague, Lord, 107, 110 - Montecucculi, 92, 217 - Monte-Lezino, Battle of, 159 - Montcalm, 91, 164, 184, 194, 204, 205, 249 - Montferrat, Marquis de, 249 - Montgomery, Commodore, 157 - Montmartre, 188 - Montmorenci, Constable, 80, 217, 218 - — Duc de, 52 - Montreal, 217 - Montresor, Col., 231 - Montrose, 1, 9, 23, 41, 50, 115, 193, 250 - Moore, Sir John, 66 - — Major, 255 - Moorish Insurrection, 162 - Morari Rao, 182, 251 - Morcar, Earl, 94 - Moreau, 8, 34, 37, 85, 111, 112, 166, 167, 179, 207, 266 - Morgan, Capt., R.N., 186, 201 - Mori Hidemoto, 275 - Morillo, 202 - Moriones, 203 - Morley, Sir Robert, 233 - Moro, Castle, 107 - Morocco Wars, 53, 103, 247 - Morosini, 48 - Moroushi, 129, 271 - Morrison, Col., 61 - Mortemar, 35, 47 - Mortier, 82, 106, 131 - Moscow Campaign, 38, 100, 128, 150, 161, 198, 259, 268, 269 - Moshesh, 32 - Moskowa, Battle of, 38 - Moslem Conquest of Africa, 255, 258 - — Empire in Spain, 10, 65, 100, 113, 135, 157, 219, 270, 272 - — Invasion of Asia Minor, 14 - —— Egypt, 9, 157 - —— Europe, 64 - —— France, 252 - —— Persia, 44, 117 - —— Syria, 7, 8, 38, 72, 118, 169, 271 - Moslemeh, 64 - Mosquera, 69 - Motassem, Caliph, 14 - Mountjoy, Earl of, 125 - Mousson Oglou, 42 - Mourzoufle, 64 - Mowbray, Sir John, 115 - Mukhlis Khan, 13 - Mukhtar Pasha, 7, 84, 126, 272 - Mulgrave, Lord, 251 - Mummius, Lucius, 138 - Munemori, 73 - Münnich, Gen., 180, 237 - Münzer, Thomas, 92 - Murad I, 127 - Murad II, 128 - — Bey, 205 - Murat, 14, 80, 89, 184, 250, 267, 269 - Murdach Stewart, 112 - Murphy, Father, 19, 26, 263 - Murray, Earl, 184 - — Gen., 160, 205, 217 - — Sir John, 52 - — Regent, 133 - Murviedro, 216 - Musa, 157 - Musgrave, John, 234 - Musrud, 272 - Mustapha Pasha, 1, 88, 150 - Muzuffer Jung, 13 - Mygdonius, 177 - Myronides, 180 - Mysore Wars, 19, 20, 26, 46, 149, 150, 191, 197, 198, 201, 227, 228, - 230, 231, 246, 253, 254, 265 - - N - - Nabis, 19, 27 - Nadasdy, Thos., 210 - Nadir Shah, 50 - Nagpur, Rajah of, 56 - Nairne, 124 - Najara, Battle of, 173 - Nana Sahib, 53, 147, 187 - Napier, Sir Charles, 81, 113, 156 - Napoleon, 1, 3, 17, 23, 27, 28, 32, 38, 41, 46, 52, 53, 55, 65, 68, 72, - 79, 80, 82, 87, 93, 106, 118, 123, 129, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, - 150, 151, 152, 155, 163, 167, 202, 204, 208, 210, 214, 233, 251, - 252, 266 - Napoleon III, 225, 234 - Napoleonic Wars, 1, 9, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 42, 46, 49, 52, 65, 96, - 108, 114, 116, 131, 146, 148, 151, 152, 163, 202, 210, 214, 217, - 218, 227, 239, 252, 270, 273 - Nappa Sahib, 232 - Narses, 52, 167, 212, 242, 271 - Nasmyth, Lieut., 231 - Nassau, Prince of, 256 - Navarro, 182 - Neapolitan Rising, 210 - — War, 54 - Negreti, Gen., 134 - Neipperg, Count, 102, 129 - Nelson, Lord, 65, 177, 252 - Nemours, Duc de, 54 - Nero, Claudius, 158 - Netherlands War of Independence, 11, 16, 41, 95, 104, 106, 107, 133, - 139, 146, 159, 165, 183, 213, 215, 247, 252, 256, 258, 266, 273 - Neuperg, Marshal, 162 - Neustrians, 223, 255 - Nevers, Duc de, 176 - Neville of Lancaster, 83 - — Ralph, 174 - — Sir Thomas, 237 - Newcastle, 4, 174 - Ney, Marshal, 28, 43, 68, 76, 84, 103, 126, 133, 159, 184, 204, 259, - 265 - Nicephorus I, 167 - Nicholas, Grand Duke, 231 - Nicholas, Trevisani, 189 - Nicholson, John, 75, 178 - Nicias, 240 - Nicolls, Col., 12 - Nicostratus, 151 - Nidau, Count, 136 - Niel, Marshal, 234 - Nile, The, 157, 204 - Nine Years’ War, 127 - Kiuchau Bay, 171 - Nizam-ul-Mulk, 50 - Noailles, Duc de, 76 - “Noche Triste,” 159 - Nodzu, Gen., 194 - Nogi, Gen., 119 - Noircarmes, 133, 258 - Norbanus, 88, 167 - Norfolk, Duke of, 38 - Norigoris, 114 - Noriyori, 73, 228 - Norman Conquest, 107 - — Invasion of Italy, 62, 82 - Norse Invasion, 94 - —— of France, 223 - —— of Ireland, 62 - —— of Scotland, 134 - Northallerton, 237 - Northumberland, 252 - — Earl of, 216 - Northumberland’s Rebellion, 39 - Nott, Gen., 97, 124, 148 - Noyau, 91 - Nudo, Rutilius, 55 - Numidian Revolt, 248 - - O - - O’Connors, The, 23 - Octavius, 193 - — Marcus, 3, 70, 245 - O’Donnell, Marshal, 103, 247 - Oktai, 184 - Oku, Gen., 171, 246 - Olaf Triggvason, 149 - Olaneta, 201 - Clearchus, 70 - Ollo, 203 - Olney, Peace of, 191 - Omar Brionis Pasha, 160 - — Caliph, 44, 118, 157, 174 - — Pasha, 181, 183 - — Tabrija Redoubt, 196 - — Vrione Pasha, 260 - O’Neil, Owen Roe, 80 - — Sir Hugh, 31, 36, 125 - Onomarchus, 185 - Ono-no-Atsuma, 117 - Onschakoff, Adm., 121, 271 - Opdam, Adm., 235 - Orange, Prince of, 139, 217, 227 - Orchomenus, 246 - O’Reilly, Count, 10 - Areizaga, 180 - Oribe, 20, 164, 180 - Orkhan, 190 - Orleans, 110 - — Bastard of, 110 - — Duke of, 5 - Orloff, Count Alexis, 245 - Ormonde, 207 - Orsova, 129 - Ortega, Gen., 134 - Ortiga, Juan de, 10 - Oshikatsa, 160 - Osman II, 128 - — Digna, 85, 106, 255 - — Pasha, 154 195 - Osorio, Gen., 63, 155 - Osterman, Count, 184 - Ostorius Scapula, 183 - Oswald, 154 - — of Northumbria, 107 - Otho, 30, 47 - — II, 69 - — IV, 39 - — of Krumpen, 257 - Otori Keisuke, 177, 258 - Ott, Gen., 96, 163 - Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor, 190 - — Invasion of Europe, 64 - — Wars, 8, 26, 30, 31, 42, 44, 46, 60, 77, 79, 90, 102, 110, 116, 117, - 120, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 161, 165, 176, 188, 192, 202, - 206, 217, 219, 222, 224, 229, 233, 237, 241, 245, 253, 260, 262, - 271, 272, 273 - Ochterlony, Sir David, 168 - Oudinot, Gen., 102, 212 - Outram, Sir James, 143, 169 - Owen of Cumberland, 42 - Oxford, Earl of, 5 - - P - - Paches, 170 - Pagondas, 75 - Pahlen, Count de, 166 - Pakenham, Sir Ed., 175 - Palœologus, Constantine, 65 - — George, 82 - — Michael, 64 - Palafox, 222, 255 - Pallavicini, 22 - Panin, Count, 31 - Pannonia, 145, 152 - Pansa, Vibius, 169 - Papal Zouaves, 157 - Pappenberg, 145 - Pappenheim, 137, 144 - Paraguayan War, 15, 16, 50, 66, 70, 113, 188, 209, 220, 263 - Parana, River, 180 - Parchwitz, 140 - Pareiras, 182 - Park of Uyeno, 245 - Parker, Adm., 65 - Parthian War, 51, 232 - Paskiewitsch, Gen., 21, 265 - Paulinus Suetonius, 47 - Pausanias, 193 - Paz, 164, 233 - Peasants’ War, 92 - Pedro II, of Aragon, 169 - — IV, 9 - — Regent, 100 - “Peep o’ Day Boys,” 76 - Peiho, River, 242 - Pelissier, Marshal, 25, 149 - Pelopidas, 71, 246 - Peloponnesian War, 14, 65, 71, 72, 74, 151, 170, 172, 179, 181, 195, - 204 - Pelucones, 134 - Pemberton, Gen., 262 - Pembroke, Earl of, 83, 140, 166 - — Regent, 142 - Penda, 107, 154 - Peninsular War, 7, 25, 27, 29, 43, 52, 66, 79, 86, 93, 95, 97, 155, - 162, 178, 180, 182, 183, 204, 210, 213, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222, - 243, 245, 252, 255, 263 - Penn, Adm., 117 - Pepe, Gen., 210 - Pepin d’Héristal, 247 - Pepperel, 142 - Perche, Count de la, 140 - Percy, Henry, 174 - — Sir Ralph, 107 - Percy’s Rebellion, 231 - Perczel, Gen., 223 - Perdiccas, 190, 248 - Perez, Gen., 183 - Pergamus, 59 - Perpignan, 138 - Perry, Commodore, 131 - Persano, Adm., 14, 141 - Perseus, 203 - Persian Conquest of Egypt, 190 - — Invasion of India, 50 - — Invasions, 152, 170, 195, 248 - — Wars, 13, 83, 87, 152, 157, 177, 191, 192, 232, 250 - Perso-Afghan Wars, 121 - Pertab Singh, 76 - Pertinax, 145 - Peruvio-Chilian War, 61, 160, 242, 244 - Peter the Great, 7, 94, 138, 203 - Peterborough, Earl of, 27 - “Petropavlovsk,” The, 199 - Peyri, Gen., 126 - Peyton, Capt., 173 - Pharnabazus, 62 - Pharnaces, 176, 273 - Philip I, 96 - — IV, 68, 162 - Philip V, 12, 27 - — Augustus, 93 - — Don, of Spain, 145 - — of Anjou, 262 - — of Macedon, 24, 54, 59, 71, 185 - Phillipon, 25 - Philomelus, 75, 174 - Philopœmen, 27, 151 - Phormio, 65, 172 - Piale, 138, 150 - “Picciotti,” 185 - Piccolomini, 40 - Pigott, Maj.-Gen., 150 - Piloni, 185 - Pinarus, The, 116 - Pirna, 143 - Pirot, 194 - Pisander, 62 - Pisani, 197 - — Vittorio, 16, 59, 64 - Piycála Pasha, 77 - Pizarro, 22 - Pizarro Francesco, 135 - — Gonzalo, 71 - — Juan, 71 - Placentia, 214 - “Pobieda,” The, 199 - Pococke, Adm., 51, 107, 254 - Poland, King of, 141 - Poliorcetes, Demetrius, 95 - Polish Risings, 102, 154, 265 - Pollio, 173 - Pollux, 132 - Pollock, Gen., 117 - Polyxenides, 71, 170 - Pompeianus, 261 - Pompeius, Cnæus, 168 - Pompey, 25, 83, 176, 192, 239 - Poniatowski, 137, 207 - Pontius, 63 - Pontius, 53 - Pope, Gen., 43, 54, 239 - Popham, Capt., 103 - — Sir Home, 42 - Popilius Lænas, 179 - Poradim, 190 - Porta San Pancrazio, 212 - Porto Alegre, 188 - Porus, 113 - Postumus, Spurius, 53 - Postumius, Aulus, 132 - Potemkin, 180 - Pouchot, Capt., 175 - Poyntz, Col., 214 - Pretender, The Young, 50, 70, 88 - Priarius, 18 - Price, Gen., 139 - Prideaux, Gen., 175 - Prieto, Gen., 134 - Prim, Gen., 53 - Pritzen, Gen., 230 - Probus, 186 - Proctor, Gen., 45 - Provera, 131 - Prussia, Crown Prince of, 267, 269 - — King of, 188, 225 - — King William of, 101, 145 - Psammeticus, 190 - Ptolemy, Energetes, 15 - — Lagus, 190 - — Philopator, 206 - — Soter, 95, 219 - Publius Claudius, 79 - Pugatcheff, 122 - Punic Wars, 4, 32, 48, 49, 51, 79, 83, 84, 141, 158, 170, 187, 241, - 253, 255, 272 - Purdon, Col., 77 - Pyrrhus, 31, 109 - Pyrrhus’ Invasion of Italy, 109 - - Q - - Quadrilateral Alliance, 3 - “Q” Battery, 221 - Quetta, 124 - Quintanella, 59 - Quintilius Varus, 260 - -R - - Raab, The, 217 - Radagaisus, 90 - Radetski, Gen., 99, 166, 179, 224 - Radziwill, Prince Michael, 102 - Raghunath Rao, 17 - Raglan, Lord, 11, 25, 224 - Ragotski, II, George, 126 - Rainier, Adm. Peter, 26, 63 - Rajah Ram, 98 - — Sahib, 67 - Ramiro II, 10 - Ramming, Gen., 170 - Rami Khan, 77 - Ramming, Gen., 232 - Raoul, Bishop of Durham, 237 - Rapp, Gen., 73 - Rassinghem, Seigneur de, 266 - Rauhberg, The, 171 - Ravenna, 212 - Raymond of Toulouse, 79 - Rebellion of Aurungzebe, 220 - —— Brutus, 193 - —— Fifteen, 202, 229 - —— Forty-five, 50, 70, 88, 202 - —— Hideyori, 226 - —— Ricimer, 210 - —— Riel, 28, 89 - —— the Marches, 28 - Reding, 162 - “Red Shirts,” 22 - Regulus, 255, 256 - Reinschild, 92 - Renaud de Châtillon, 206 - Repnin, Prince, 155 - Reschid Pasha, 127, 129 - Reuss, Prince of, 273 - Revolt of Maxentius, 223, 256, 261 - —— the Christians, 13 - —— Legions of Aquitaine, 55 - —— Vitellius, 47, 68 - Rey, Gen., 221 - Reynier, Gen., 43, 100, 102, 148, 215 - Rhazates, 177 - Rhodes, 59 - Riall, Gen., 35, 59 - Ribas, 86 - Ribera, 20 - Richard Cœur de Lion, 2, 20, 93 - — Duke of York, 264 - Richelieu, Duc de, 135, 160 - Richmond, 192, 229 - Rich Mountain, 209 - Ricimer, Count, 210 - Riel, 28 - “Rifle Brigade,” 163 - Rio Grande Rising, 221 - Ripperda, 104 - Robel, Gen., 248 - Robert of Normandy, 96, 247 - Roberts, Gen., 128 - — Earl, 56, 72, 77, 80, 121, 185, 190 - Roche, Father, 175 - Roderic, 270 - Rodney, Adm., 78 - Rohan, Duc de, 209 - Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 39 - Roland, 213 - Roman Invasion of Scotland, 100 - — Occupation of Britain, 37 - Romanus, 38 - Romanzoff, Gen., 42, 202 - Romero, Julian, 213 - Roncesvalles, 204 - Roncray St. Denis, 110 - Rooke, Sir Geo., 98, 131, 149, 262 - Rosas, President, 163 - Rose, Sir Hugh, 34, 95, 104, 118, 120 - Rosecrans, Gen., 58, 66, 169 - Roselli, 260 - Ross, Gen., 26, 36 - Rote Berg, Storming of the, 235 - Rotterdam, 139 - Roumiantsoff, 120 - Rousillon, 138, 191 - Roveredo, 155 - Rowley, Commodore, 39 - Rudolph de Khevenhuller, 262 - — von Erlach, 136 - Rundle, Gen., Sir L., 227, 267 - Rung Ram, 124 - Runjur Singh, 11, 233 - Rupert, Prince, 40, 55, 84, 154, 172, 179 - Russell, Adm., 108, 131 - — Col., 114 - — Lord, 88, 218, 220 - Russia, Emperor of, 145 - Russian Conquest of Central Asia, 96 - Russo-Japanese War, 58, 61, 171, 199, 246 - — Polish Wars, 38, 197 - — Swedish Wars, 7, 92, 94, 102, 111, 138, 171, 195, 203, 208, 228, 233, - 248 - — Turkish Wars, 7, 78, 84, 142, 176, 195, 231, 245, 272 - Rustam, 44 - Ruthven, 39 - Rymna, The, 154 - - S - - Sabinius Titurius, 4 - Saburra, 25 - Sachen, 56 - Sacred War, 75, 174, 185 - Sadatoki, 127 - Said, 44, 117 - — Othman, 100 - — Ullah, 121 - Saigo, 129 - — Takamori, 120, 177, 230, 258 - Saiki-no-Sanya, 160 - Sainte Suzanne, 86 - Saint Priest, 208 - Saladin, 20, 118, 206, 249 - Sale, Sir Robert, 117, 165 - Salinas, Marquis de, 98 - Salis-Soglio, Col., 98 - Salisbury, Earl of, 36, 68, 73, 81, 265 - Salm, Count de, 262 - Saluzzo, Marquis of, 94 - Samarcand, 98 - Samnite Wars, 39, 47, 53, 62, 136, 167, 227 - Sampson, Adm., 222 - Sanchez, Vice-President, 16 - Sancho, Count of Castile, 65 - Sandilli, 13, 43 - Sandbag Battery, 115 - Sankun, 97 - San Lorenzo, 186 - — Martin, 34, 63, 155 - — Xavier, Fort of, 134 - Santa Anna, Gen., 2, 7, 15, 42, 220 - Santarem, 204 - Sapor I, 83 - — II, 13, 119, 177, 232 - Saracens, 20 - Saragossa, Maid of, 222 - Saratoga, 238 - Sardinia, King of, 145 - Sarmiento, 42 - Sassulitch, Gen., 126 - Satsuma, 94, 250 - — Rebellion, 121, 129, 230, 244 - Saumarez, Sir James, 9 - Savage’s Station, 128 - Savoy, Duke of, 58, 153, 218 - Saxe, Marshal, 90, 136, 211 - — Coburg, Prince of, 7, 90 - Saxony, Crown Prince of, 29 - Schakofsky, 196 - Schalemberg, 53 - Schaumberg, 92 - Schleswig-Holstein War, 12, 82 - Schenck, Martin, 106 - Schiedam, 139 - Schilder-Schuldener, 195 - Schlick, Marshal, 107, 121 - Schofield, Gen., 92 - Scholick, Gen., 234 - Schomberg, Duke of, 39, 153, 208 - Schomberg the Younger, 39 - Schulemberg, 92 - Schwartz, Martin, 238 - Schwartzemberg, 17, 80, 100, 129, 137, 188 - Schwerin, 222 - Schwyz, 165 - Scinde Campaign, 81, 156 - — Conquest of, 113 - Scipio Æmilianus, 179 - — Africanus, 84, 179, 242 - — Lucius, 47 - — Metellus, 248 - — P. Cornelius, 249, 253 - Scopas, 167 - Scottish Invasion of Ireland, 81 - — Wars, 12, 15, 26, 81, 88, 90, 105, 112, 115, 142, 158, 174, 194, 215, - 234, 237 - Scott, Gen., 15 - Sedashao Rao Bhao, 187 - Seidlitz, 130, 213 - Seleucus, 67, 95, 115 - Selim I, 8, 44, 239 - Semendaia, 129 - Sempronius, 253 - Senlac, Battle of, 107 - Serjabil, 38 - Sertorius, 239 - Servo-Bulgarian War, 194, 232 - Seven Pines, Battle of, 88 - — Weeks’ War, 70, 98, 126, 132, 141, 170, 197, 232, 253 - — Year’s War, 6, 25, 30, 31, 40, 47, 51, 56, 59, 67, 68, 91, 99, 101, - 102, 107, 111, 127, 130, 131, 139, 140, 143, 146, 154, 155, 159, - 160, 164, 168, 181, 194, 195, 198, 201, 204, 205, 206, 213, 217, - 228, 239, 244, 249, 250, 254, 255, 265, 273 - Sextus, Pompeius, 170, 172 - Seymour, Adm., Sir Beauchamp, 9 - — Gen., 57, 180 - Shafter, Gen., 84 - Shah Allum, 43 - — Jehan, 121, 220 - — Mansur, 189 - — Sujah, 121 - Shakir Pasha, 193, 245 - “Shannon,” The, 229 - Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, 158 - Shelton, Brig.-Gen., 34 - Shems-ud-Din, 97, 109, 148 - Shere Afzal, 60 - Shere Singh, 59 - Sheridan, Gen., 54, 89, 182 - Sherman, Gen., 124, 189 - Shiabeddin Pasha, 260 - Shidasker, 122 - Shields, Gen., 69, 201 - Shigehira, 257 - Shir-Khan-Sur, 61 - — Mohammed, 81, 113 - — Singh, 103, 206 - Shirogama, 120 - Shitoku, 242 - Shogun, The, 245 - Shommu, Emperor, 116 - Shoni Kagesuke, 74, 242 - Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 25 - Shrewsbury, Earl of, 179 - Shuja, 45 - Sigel, 174 - Sigismund I, 38 - — III, 141 - — Emperor, 23, 76, 245 - Sigismund Prince of Transylvania, 123 - Sikh Wars, 11, 59, 89, 103, 124, 165, 168, 206, 216, 233, 239 - Sillaces, 51 - Silpia, Battle of, 85 - Simon de Montfort, 139 - Sinclair, Col., Geo., 128 - — Oliver, 234 - — William, Bishop of Dunkeld, 115 - Sindhia, 18, 22, 135, 199 - Sioux Rising, 141 - Sistova, 231 - Sitting Bull, 141 - Siward, Earl of Northumberland, 82 - Skobeleff, Gen., 96, 196, 232 - Slade, 107 - Smith, Col., 254 - — Gen., 21, 127 - — Gen., Joseph, 244 - — Sir Harry, 11, 37 - —— Sydney, 3 - Snyman, 146 - Sobieski, John, 128, 196, 233, 262, 273 - Social War, 59, 85, 250 - Soissons, Count de, 132 - Soliman, 176 - Soltykoff, 130 - Solyman I, 77 - — Caliph, 64 - — Pasha of Egypt, 77 - — the Magnificent, 161, 241, 262 - Somali Expedition, 119 - Somerset, Col., 13 - — Earl of, 110, 216, 247, 265 - — Protector, 194 - Sophian, 64 - Sophronius, 118 - Soubise, Marshal, 124, 213 - Soudan Campaigns, 1, 2, 5, 22, 85, 89, 106, 122, 123, 181, 244, 250, - 255 - Souham, 123, 167, 256 - Soult, Marshal, 7, 33, 66, 79, 95, 108, 178, 182, 183, 204, 213, 216, - 223, 252 - South American War of Independence, 120, 155, 177, 201, 202, 259 - Spanish-American War, 84 - Spinola, 89, 183 - Spiritoff, Adm., 223 - Spragge, Col., 141 - Spurs, Battle of, 67, 103 - Strachan, Col., 50 - St. Angelo, Castle of, 212 - — Arnaud, Marshal, 11, 224 - — Augustine, 111 - — Clair, Gen., 249 - — Cuthbert, 237 - — Cyr, Gen., 86, 162, 198 - — Elmo, 150 - — Heliers, 118 - — Hilaire, Gen., 22 - — Martin, 208 - — Paul, Gate of, 212 - — Peter, 237 - — Pierre, 178 - — Privat, 101 - — Ruth, 5 - Stadion, Gen., 163, 186 - Stafford, Sir Humphrey, 229 - Stakelberg, Baron, 246 - Stanhope, Gen., 12, 41, 262 - Stanley, Lord, 38, 90 - Staremberg, 262 - Stark, Adm., 199 - — Gen., 32 - Staunton, Capt., 127 - Steinbock, Gen., 94, 108 - Steinmetz, Gen., 170, 232 - Stephen of Moldavia, 128 - Stewart, Gen., 6, 69, 86, 155 - — Murdach, 112 - — Sir Herbert, 2 - —— John, 68 - Stilicho, 90, 197 - Stjernsköld, Adm., 73 - Stoessel, Gen., 171 - Stopford, Sir R., 3 - Stone, Gen., 26 - Strabo, 21 - Strategopulus, Alexius, 64 - Strigau, 112 - Stuart, Col., 63, 99 - — Gen., 231 - — Sir John, 148 - Suabian Wars, 47, 92 - Suchet, Gen., 52, 245 - Suchtelen, Gen., 240 - Sucre, 24, 119, 120 - Sudermanland, Duke of, 111, 208, 228 - Suetonius, 37 - Suffren, Adm., 70, 173, 254 - Sulaiman, 65 - Suleiman Pasha, 128 - —— 224 - Sulla, 55, 167, 183, 216 - Sultan Soliman, 79 - Sulpicius Saverrio, 21 - Surabjah Daulah, 3, 4, 45, 195 - Surrey, Earl of, 90, 238 - Suwaroff, 90, 116, 154, 179, 210, 220, 253 - Sveaborg, 111 - Swatoslaus, Duke, 80 - Sweden, Crown Prince of, 76, 102 - Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg, 89 - Swedo-Polish War, 62, 82 - Sweyn, 166 - — II, 178 - — III, 261 - — of Denmark, 124 - Swiss-Austrian War, 165 - Sydney, Sir Philip, 273 - Symons, Gen., 243 - Syagrius, Count of Soissons, 234 - Szabadhegy, 205 - -T - - Taborites, 23 - Tacfarinas, 248 - Tadamichi, 242 - Tadayoshi, 230 - Tagina, 212 - Taira-no-Kiyomori, 125 - —— Kore, 230 - — War, 73, 114, 125, 257, 270 - Taj Singh, 165 - Takaugi, 230 - Talbot, 188 - — Earl of Shrewsbury, 53 - Tallard, Marshal, 36, 78, 236 - Tamerlane, 8, 15, 73, 74, 98, 132, 156, 161, 189, 249 - Tampon, 163 - Tani Tateki, Gen., 129 - Tantia Topi, 34, 95 - Tarik, 270 - Tarnowski, 180 - Tarquinius, 132 - Tartar Invasion of China, 190 - —— Japan, 105 - —— Kharismia, 35, 37, 114, 122, 123, 126, 184, 220, 229 - —— Khorassan, 189, 243 - —— Russia, 132 - —— Syria, 8, 73 - —— the Caucasus, 249 - Taruhito, Prince, 120, 230, 244 - Tayeizan Temple, 245 - Taylor, Gen., 42, 151, 163, 186 - Taxiles, 44 - Tchesme, Bay of, 224 - Tebienari, 113 - Tegethoff, Adm., 141 - Teias, 167 - Telha, 28 - Teriel, 266 - Terouënne, 103 - Teutobod, 16 - Tetricus, 55 - Texan Rising, 7, 220 - Thackwell, Sir Joseph, 26 - Theagenes, 54 - Thenouënel, Jean de, 41 - Theodobert, 79 - Theodoric, 55, 264 - Theodosius, 17 - Theophiliscus, 59 - Theophilus, 14 - Thielmann, 267 - Thierry, 79, 247 - Thirty Years’ War, 12, 40, 73, 76, 89, 92, 93, 111, 136, 144, 146, 153, - 178, 201, 209, 210, 247, 267, 268, 269 - Thomas, Gen., 92, 159, 172 - Thomond, Earl of, 125 - Thorneycroft, Col., 236 - Thornton, 36 - Thorstem, 78 - Thoulouse, Count of, 149, 169 - “Thousand Volunteers,” 185 - Thrasyllus, 18, 71 - Thrasymelidas, 204 - Thurstan, Archbp., of York, 237 - Tiberius, 157 - Tichborne, Sir Henry, 80 - Tiflis, 249 - Tigranes, 249 - Tik-Ho, 257 - Tilly, Count, 111, 136, 137, 138, 144, 146, 201, 237, 267, 268, 269 - Tilsit, Treaty of, 65 - Timar Malek, 126 - Timoleon, 69, 104 - Ting, Adm., 267, 270 - Tippu Sahib, 19, 26, 149, 150, 191, 198, 227, 228, 231, 253 - Tirah Campaign, 74 - Tishe, 174 - Titus, 118 - Tockenburg, 171 - Todleben, Gen., 196, 224 - Togo, Adm., 199 - Tokatmich, 132 - Tokiushi, 129 - Tokugawa Tyeyasa, 226 - Tokyo, 245 - Toledo, Archbp. of, 181 - — Don Francesco de, 11 - Tolenus, The, 250 - Tolmides, 66 - Tolstoy, Count, 72 - Tomore, 161 - Tongking War, 234 - Tooman Beg, 8, 44 - Tormazoff, Gen., 100 - Torrington, 29 - Torstenson, 40 - Tostig, 237 - Totila, 87, 212, 242 - Tournay, 150 - Toyotomo Hideaki, 257 - Trajan, 153 - Traum, Count, 47 - Travis, Col., 7 - Tremont, 69 - Treslong, 41 - Trent, 214 - Triarius, 272 - Trivulzio, Marshal, 5, 153 - Trochu, Gen., 45, 188 - Tronjolly, Mons., 198 - Tuamba Wangyee, 120 - Tuchi Khan, 126 - Tucker, Gen., 122 - Tuli Khan, 109, 121, 229 - Turenne, Marshal, 20, 81, 93, 200, 232, 273 - Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan, 109, 121, 272 - Tutor, 35 - Twenty-second Regt., 113 - Tyrtacus, 49 - - U - - Udai, Singh, 60 - Ulm, 111 - Umrar, Khan, 60 - Ung Khan, 97 - Unification of Italy, 14, 45, 52, 159, 185, 264 - Urban, Gen., 259 - Uriu, Adm., 58 - Urquiza, 54 - Urquiza’s Rising, 163 - Uruguayan War of Independence, 164, 180 - - V - - Vadomair, 55 - Valdemar II, 37 - Valens, 30, 47, 105 - Valerian, 83 - Valerius Corvus, 167 - Valée, Gen., 64 - Van Arteveldt, Philip, 214 - — Capellan, 10 - Vandamme, 33 129 - Van der Does, Jan, 139 - — Dorn, 66, 189 - Van Gelen, Adm., 136 - — Reusselaer, 205 - Vansittart, Capt., 243 - Van Tromp, Adm., 79, 86, 99, 179, 200, 247 - Varro, 48, 168 - Varus, 258 - — Quintilius, 260 - Vatinius, Publius, 245 - Vauban, Mons. du Puy, 33 - Vaubois, 259 - Vaudreuil, 164 - Veli Pasha, 237 - Venables, Gen., 117 - Vendôme, Duc de, 41, 52, 184, 222 - “Vengeur,” The, 258 - Vercingetorix, 8, 24, 96 - Verdier, Gen., 97 - Vernon, Sir Ed., 51, 198, 201 - Vespasian, 119 - Vessil Pasha, 224 - Victor Amadeus, 237 - — Emanuel, 166, 234 - — Marshal, 68, 114, 152, 155, 166 - Vid, The, 196 - Villaret, Adm., 257 - Villars, Marshal, 75, 150 - Villeneuve, Adm., 49, 252 - Villeroy, Marshal, 68, 206 - Vincennes, 188 - Vinoy, Gen., 58 - Visconti, Gen., 222 - Vitiges, 212 - Vladislas IV, 102 - Von Alvensleben, Gen., 154, 235 - — Bonin, Gen., 253 - — Bredow, Gen., 154 - — der Tann, Gen., 67 - — Francois, Gen., 236 - — Goeben, Gen., 218 - — Meerfeld, 153 - — Moltke, 177, 188 - — Steinmetz, 63 - — Stenau, Marshal, 82, 202 - — Tümpling, 58 - Vortigern, 24, 68 - - W - - Waggon Hill, 130 - Wakamatsu, 177 - Walcheren Expedition, 90 - Waldeck, Prince of, 90 - Waldemar, 261 - Wallace, Col., 215 - — Sir William, 88, 238 - Wallenstein, 12, 76, 238 - Waller, 12, 58, 69, 133, 174, 214 - Wallis, Count, 129 - Walpole, Col., 26 - War of Chiozza, 16, 58, 199 - — of Granada, 10, 100, 142, 143, 149 - — of Kiburg, 171 - — of the Austrian Succession, 33, 47, 48, 51, 61, 72, 76, 109, 112, - 132, 145, 162, 201, 211, 214, 221, 233, 251 - — of the Holy League, 41, 207 - — of the League Above the Lake, 40 - — of the Polish Succession, 25, 188, 193, 205, 225 - — of the Quadruple Alliance, 49 - — of the Revolution, 5, 39, 131, 142, 173, 175, 237 - — of the Sonderbund, 98 - — of the Spanish Succession, 98, 140, 145, 149, 150, 215, 222, 236, - 251, 252, 256, 262 - — of the Two Empires, 44, 61, 104, 108, 152 - Warren, Commodore, 142 - — Sir Charles, 237 - Wars of Alexander’s Successors, 65, 67, 95, 115, 187, 190, 191, 219, - 222 - — of Charles V, 54, 189, 208, 212 - — of Louis XIV, 51, 81, 153, 178, 227, 232 - — of Philip Augustus, 39, 73 - — of the Achæan League, 135, 138, 222 - — of the French Revolution, 7, 8, 11, 31, 33, 34, 37, 48, 49, 63, 85, - 86, 90, 96, 103, 111, 112, 117, 154, 167, 173, 174, 179, 218, 220, - 238, 251, 253, 254, 256, 259, 266 - — of the Fronde, 56, 185, 200 - — of the Roses, 27, 36, 38, 83, 89, 107, 110, 166, 178, 216, 237, 247, - 252, 265 - Warwick, Earl of, 27, 81, 178 - — Lord, 153 - Warzburg, 34 - Washington, George, 3, 9, 97, 102, 271 - Watson, Adm., 56 - Wauchope, Gen., 147 - Webb, Gen., 270 - Weimar, 118, 178 - Wellington, Duke of, 18, 22, 25, 43, 62, 79, 93, 178, 183, 204, 213, - 215, 219, 223, 243, 263, 266 - Wells’ Rebellion, 85 - Wells, Sir Robert, 85 - Werdan, 7, 72 - Werneck, 174 - Wessels, Commandant, 124 - Weser, The, 107 - Wetherall, Col., 221 - Whish, Gen., 163 - White, Sir Geo., 88, 130, 209 - Whitelocke, Gen., 42 - White Oak Swamp, 228 - William III, 39, 173, 237 - — of Normandy, 96, 107, 259 - Williams, Gen., 122, 261 - Wills, Gen., 202 - Willshire, Gen., 123 - Wilson, Commodore, 112 - Wimpffen, Gen., 234 - Winder, Gen., 26, 36 - Windham, Gen., 187 - Windischgrätz, Prince, 3, 121, 191, 224 - Winkelried, 227 - Winter, Sir William, 118 - Wise, Gen., 211 - Wittgenstein, Count, 28, 32, 80, 145, 198 - Wolleb, Heinrich, 92 - Wolfe, Gen., 164, 204 - Wolseley, Col., 174 - — Lord, 14, 246 - Wood, Gen., 119 - — Sir Evelyn, 120 - Woodgate, Gen., 237 - Worcester, Earl of, 231 - Wrangel, 273 - Wrede, Gen., 106 - Wurmser, 27, 52, 151, 155, 202 - Würtemberg, Prince of, 73, 103 - Wyatt’s Insurrection, 269 - Wyld, Col., 117 - Wylde, Col., 221 - - X - - Xanthippus, 255 - Xenil, The, 143 - Xerxes, 248 - Ximenes, 182 - - Y - - Yar Mohammed, 109 - Yeatman Biggs, Gen., 74 - Yezdegerd, 117 - Yorimasa, 257 - Yoritomo, 73, 228 - Yoriyoshi, 127 - York, Duke of, 11, 33, 37, 256 - —— 5 - —— 216 - —— 235 - Yoshinaka, 228, 230 - Yoshino, 230 - Yoshinobu, 94 - Yoshinori, 129, 161 - Yoshitsune, 73, 114 - Youkinna, 8 - Yukiiye, 257 - Yule, Col., 209 - Yussuf Pasha, 90, 155 - Yssel, The, 139 - - Z - - Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria, 156 - Zagatai, 184 - Zaid, 169 - Zano, 254 - Zaragoça, Gen., 3, 134 - Zastera, Gen., 134 - Zay-ya-Thayan, 185 - Zenobia, 15, 85, 186 - Ziethen, 251 - Zisca, John, 23, 76, 245 - Zobin, 28 - Zoller, Gen., 125 - Zotoff, Gen., 90 - Zoutman, Adm., 77 - Zrinyi, Count, 241 - Zulfikar Khan, 5, 98 - Zulu War, 114, 115, 257 - - -------------- - - Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome and London. - - - Sonnenschein’s Standard Books of Reference - - ENGLISH QUOTATIONS - - BY - - COLONEL PHILIP HUGH DALBIAC - - =Third Edition. 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It -will form a valuable adjunct to any literary library.”—_Scotsman._ - - - ------------------ - - FAMOUS SAYINGS OF GREAT MEN - - BY - - EDWARD LATHAM - - =Small Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. Shortly= - - -------------- - - LONDON: SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD. - NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s Note - -Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and -are noted here. The references are to the page, and line in the -original. The following issues should be noted, along with the -resolutions. - -The phrase ‘line-of-battle ships’ is sometimes printed without -hyphenation, and occasionally as ‘line-of-battleships’. Where ‘line-of’ -is not employed, the word is always ‘battleships’. To assist searches, -the hyphenated version ‘line-of-battle ships’ is applied here. - -End-of-line hyphens are sometimes missing. It is presumed they have not -survived in the text, and were handled as though present. - -Proper place names are sometimes consistently misspelled and were left -as printed: ‘Guil[d]ford Court House’, ‘Spot[t]sylvania’. - -The entry for the 1039 battle of Zendecan contains references to -‘Moghrul Beg’ of the Seljuks, and ‘Masrud’, sultan of Ghuzni. The index -refers to the former as ‘Mogrul Bey’, ‘Bey’ being a variant of ‘Beg’. -However, separate historical texts consistently have the Seljuk ruler as -‘Toghrul’. The text has been retained, but the issue noted. - -On p. 143, the title of the article for ‘Lunceña’ is an obvious error -for ‘Lucena’, which is supported by other sources and also falls -correctly in the alphabetic order of the Dictionary. - - 3L.22 sallies of the bes[ei/ie]ged Transposed. - 6L.9 on the 18th the garrison surrendered[.] Added. - 20L.40 into the beleagu[e]red city. Inserted. - 24R.17 which is also know[n] as Added. - 27R.31 the Colombian patr[i]ots Inserted. - 32L.37 under General Bizo[u/n]et Inverted. - 33R.35 the bridge of B[u/e]rgfried Replaced. - 36L.20 had taken up a posit[i]on Inserted. - 39L.22 Bovianum (S[ce/ec]ond Samnite War). Transposed. - 40R.24 by assault by Genera[l] Haynau Added. - 45L.2 inhabitants being mass[e/a]cred Replaced. - 46R.4 under Colonel Hartl[e]y Inserted. - 47L.5 16 line[-]of[-]battle ships Inserted. - 56L.1 under Cla[u/n]leu. Inverted. - 59R.12 was surrounded and overpowered, Chabrias Added. - falling[.] - 62L.34 (Norman Invasion of Italy[)]. Inserted. - 65L.4 sallies [Amurath,/, Amurath] was called away Comma moved. - 65L.30 Danish fleet of 10 line[-]of[-]battle[ ]ships Inserted. - 67L.15 Seleuc[n/u]s, though 81 years of age, defeated Inverted. - 67R.28 (Seven Years’ War)[.] Added. - 71R.22 The Macedonians lost 13,000 killed and Added, - wounded[.] - 74L.32 endeavoured to effect a landing at Added. - Dazaifu[,/.] - 75L.10 Scindiah’s army under Bour[g/q]uin Replaced. - 80L.21 10,000 killed and wounded[./,] Replaced. - 80L.22 15,000 prisoners, and 40 guns[,/.] Replaced. - 81R.11 30 of his k[in/ni]ghts, Transposed. - 83L.10 (Civil War of [Car an d/Cæsar and] Pompey). Corrupted. - 83L.31 when Mass[e/é]na’s] corps Replaced. - 86L.10 E[n/u]taw Springs (American War of Replaced. - Independence). - 89R.29 near Fish Creek[,/.] Replaced. - 92L.5 and the Goths under C[u/n]iva Transposed. - 93R.39 Fuentes d’O[n/ñ]oro Replaced. - 95R.29 the royal troops under Lord Hunsdon[.] Added. - 97R.1 though at a heavy cost[.] Added. - 99R.4 and de Ruyter[,/.] Replaced. - 102L.30 but was unsucce[fss/ssf]ul Transposed. - 104R.47 he was totally defeated[,/.] Replaced. - 104R.30 and totally routed[,/.] Replaced. - 106L.39 under Martin Schenck[,/.] Replaced. - 108R.21 and the Syracusans[,\.] Replaced. - 108R.26 Helsingborg (Dano-[Spanish/Swedish] Wars). Corrected. - 112R.35 and with heavy loss[.] Added. - 114R.11 [B.C./A.D.] 1221, Replaced. - 115L.33 [I]nverkeithing Restored. - 116L.31 The British lost 167 killed[,] wounded Added. - 116R.44 Fought October, 740, between[,] the Japanese Removed. - rebels - 121R.12 only 248 killed and wounded[.] Added. - 124L.14 compelled to retire to Quetta[h]. Removed. - 128L.36 in the K[a/u]levtcha defile Replaced. - 132L.23 Fought [B.C.] 497, the first authentic date Added. - 135L.41 100,000 Prussians[sians], Russians, Removed. - 135L.46 when B[l]ucher captured the village Inserted. - 138L.29 Fought October 17, 1571, betwe[e]n Inserted. - 138L.42 The Dey of Algiers succeeded [i]n extricating Restored. - 143L.6 a fleet of[ of] 41 ships of war Removed. - 143R.7 Lu[nceñ/cen]a (War of Granada). Replaced. - 144L.42 Drummo[u]nd occupied high ground Removed. - 145L.33 The Imperialists lost [27,000] killed and _sic_: - wounded. 2,700? - 149R.29 and Bri[th/ht]noth slain. Transposed. - 151L.40 La[r]ches and Nicostratus both fell Removed. - 156L.32 when a Persian army, under Megabyzus[,] Added. - defeated - 158R.7 Metaur[a/u]s (Second Punic War). Replaced. - 160R.18 The Per[vu/uv]ians were totally defeated Transposed. - 161R.34 by the discontented sold[i]ery Inserted. - 163L.7 being ignoran[t] of the fall of Genoa Added. - 163L.46 (Napoleon’s Italian Campa[i]gns). Inserted. - 164L.28 and forced to capitu[al/la]te. Transposed. - 164L.33 and the[,] Blancos, Removed. - 165R.16 under General d’Aspr[e/é] Replaced. - 165R.19 with[rd/dr]ew his force from the town Transposed. - 165R.41 Fought November 16, 1315[,/.] Replaced. - 167R.19 Kl[e/é]ber’s division Replaced. - 169R.4 Huzrat Mah[u/a]l, Begum of Oude Replaced. - 172L.39 from the field in confu[fu]sion Removed. - 174R.3 Fa[r]ragut forced the passage Inserted. - 176L.36 fought by Mith[d]ridates Removed. - 179L.27 with a loss of 15 ships[.] Added. - 180L.18 combined French and British squa[rd/dr]ons Transposed. - 190L.25 after a long and obs[int/tin]ate defence Transposed. - 202R.45 a[u/n]d the Spanish Royalists Inverted. - 203L.38 Pultusk [(]Campaign of Friedland). Added. - 205L.35 about 5,000 Americans, under Van Inverted. - Re[u/n]sselaer - 208L.14 under General Bo[n/u]latoff Replaced. - 208L.19 Bo[n/u]latoff fell fighting Replaced. - 215R.26 under the walls of Saalf[i]eld Removed. - 223R.7 about 4,000 strong[,]. Removed. - 223R.37 under M[a/e]tellus Replaced. - 223R.29 but cros[s]ing the Tiber into Rome Inserted. - 229L.5 the further advance of the Confederates[,/.] Replaced. - 229L.43 and opened the gates[.] Added. - 238L.32 the Battle of Cambuskenneth[.] Added. - 240L.7 between the A[f]ghans Inserted. - 240R.40 and Lamach[a/u]s killed Replaced. - 246L.28 including their two generals[.] Added. - 248R.14 Antiochus the Great, King of Asia[,/.] Replaced. - 249R.8 under Bourl[a]maque Removed. - 249L.44 with a loss of [19,44/1,944] killed and Comma moved. - wounded - 250L.4 attacking the Pontic cavalry in rear, broke Replaced. - it[,/.] - 253L.38 between 26,000 Ca[r]thaginians, Inserted. - 254L.30 a British squa[rd/dr]on of 12 sail Transposed. - 256R.9 left the city to orga[in/ni]se a relief force Transposed. - 264R.40 (Japanese Revolu[lu]tion). Removed. - 265R.29 and the Poles[,] were driven Removed. - 272R.6 under [Moghrul] Beg _Sic_ - Toghrul - 273R.33 after suffering con[si]derable loss Inserted. - -The Index was prepared by Harbottle’s editorial successor, P.H. Dalbiac. -The poor quality of the result is acknowledged in Mr Dalbiac’s preface. -We can assume that he was forced to send his work to the printers as-is. - -More often than not, Harbottle’s spelling of names and places agrees -with other sources. Therefore, the benefit of the doubt, when resolving -discrepancies, has been ceded to Mr. Harbottle. - -For this volume, we have sacrificed faithful adherence to the text to -usefulness for the reader. Without correction, the usefulness of the -Index, especially in the text-only version of this volume, is severely -compromised. Where the Index disagrees with the text, it is assumed to -have been an editorial error and corrected. - -Where these corrections disturb the alphabetic order of the Index, the -items have not been repositioned, with a few exceptions noted below. - -Several index entries (‘Sandbag Battery’, ‘Stopford’, ‘Hans Waldmann’), -violated the alphabetic order or were otherwise misplaced. They were -retained as printed. Other entries were corrected (e.g. -Olearchus/Clearchus, Oreizaga/Areizaga, Ouchterlony/Ochterlony) in such -a way as to place them out of order. The original position is retained. - -More strangely, on p. 287, there are entries for ‘Ley’ and ‘Licias’, -both of which seem to be intended as references to ‘Ney’ and ‘Nicias’. -The entry for ‘Licias’ on p. 240 is duplicated later for ‘Nicias’ and -was removed. The page reference (p. 68) for ‘Ley’ has been transferred -to the list for Marshall Ney, where he is mentioned, and the entry for -‘Ley’ deleted. - -No attempt was made to test each page reference for accuracy. However, -two references to the non-existent page 274, were determined to be -errors. The article for ‘David II’ of Scotland appears on p. 174. An -article mentioning ‘Prince Mentschikoff’ appears on p. 224, and has been -inserted in the proper order. - -The index item for ‘Cacina’ refers the reader to p. 47, where a mention -of ‘Cæcina’ occurs. There is a separate item for ‘Cæcina’, referring to -a different article on p. 68. The two items have been combined. - -The index entry for ‘Claulen’ is doubly problematic. The name appears in -the text as ‘Clauleu’. (The n/u misprint is a common one. In this case, -however, there seem to be two.) Neither the index or the text agrees -with the historical ‘marquis de Clanleu’. Both have been amended. - -On p. 290, the entry for Muzuffa Jung refers to ‘Muzuffer Jung’ in the -text. Other sources have ‘Muzuffar’ or ‘Muzuffer’ Jung, no doubt a -transliteration issue. Following Harbottle's text seemed the preferrable -correction. - -In the text, there are four references to a Samnite commander ‘Pontius’. -The index has two items ‘Pontius, 62, 63’ and ‘Pontras, 53’. The name in -the second item is an error. These refer to three battles: Caudine Forks -B.C. 321 (p. 53), Ciuna B.C. 315 (p. 62), and Colline Gate B.C. 82 (p. -63). Gaius Pontius was the commander for the earlier battles, and the -later battle involved a different commander, Pontius Telesinus. These -errors were resolved by transferring the reference to p.63 to the -earlier Pontius (and correcting his name). A fourth battle, also fought -by Gaius Pontius at Lautulæ B.C. 316 (p. 136) was missed. - -On p. 294, the reference to ‘Schalemberg’ on p. 53 cannot be found. The -later item for ‘Schulemberg’ refers to ‘Schulemburg’ on p. 92. -Schulemburg is also mentioned on p. 33, but is not indexed. It is -possible that the Schalemberg reference is a corrupted attempt at that. - -On p. 296, the reference to ‘Tishe’ on p. 174 cannot be found. It may be -a corruption of ‘Hoche’. - -Also on p. 296, ‘Tytacus’ is an error for ‘Tyrtacus’ on p.49. The -Spartan commander, from other sources was ‘Tyrtaeus’. Harbottle’s -version was retained. - -On p. 298, the item for ‘Yositomo’ referring to p. 73, is a -misspelling of ‘Yoritomo’ (p. 228). There is a separate item for -‘Minamoto-no-Yoritomo’ (p. 114). The item ‘Yositomo’ was eliminated -and the page reference transferred to ‘Yoritomo’. - -The reference to Commodore Congeen in the Index seems spurious. There is -no mention of him on the referenced page (p. 218), or anywhere else. Nor -are there any approximations. - -The author inconsistently used the apostrophe in names beginning with -‘Mc’, e.g. McClelland or M’Clelland. The Index consistently employs the -former. No changes were made to the Index. - -The following are corrections were made to the Index: - - 275L.22 Aby[sinn/ssin]ia, Italian Invasion of, 4 Replaced. - 276L.17 Amb[o]iorix, 4 Removed. - 276R.11 Ari[c/ç]a, 242 Replaced. - 276R.23 Ars[au/ace]s III, 19 Replaced. - 276R.59 Bag Sec[q/g], 21 Replaced. - 277R.21 Bifuk[o/u]monia, 242 Replaced. - 277R.37 Bogd[o/a]n, 28, 180 Replaced. - 277R.53 Boucicau[l]t, Marshal, 5 Removed. - 278R.12 Cacina, 47 Item removed. - 278R.18 Cæcina, [47 ,] 68 Transferred. - 278R.26 Callicratid[e/a]s, 18, 170 Replaced. - 278R.30 Calvin[a/u]s, Domitius, 176 Replaced. - 279L.9 Ca[sc/x]ias, Gen., 22[0/1] Replaced. - 279L.13 Casti[g/j]on, Don Petro de, 10 Replaced. - 279L.20 Catulus, C. L[a/u]tatius, 4 Replaced. - 279L.24 C[e/i]fuentes, Count di, 162 Replaced. - 279L.25 Censo[siau/rinu]s Censorinus, L., 51 Replaced. - 279L.28 Cerro de Guadal[o]upe, 134 Removed. - 279L.31 Cet[a/e]wayo, 120 Replaced. - 279L.64 Cha[u/n]d Bibi, 6 Replaced. - 279R.11 Chitcha[k/g]off, Adm., 208 Replaced. - 279R.17 Choshi[a/u], Daimyo of, 74 Replaced. - 279R.26 C[h]ristomenes, 49 Removed. - 279R.27 Chr[y/z]anowski, 179 Replaced. - 279R.30 Ch[u/n]odomar, 18 Inverted. - 279R.49 Claule[n/u], 57 Replaced. - 280L.10 Cob[o]urg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266 Removed. - 280L.62 Coulon de Jum[o]nville, 271 Inserted. - 280R.6 Crauf[o/u]rd, Earl of, 40, 62 Replaced. - 280R.32 Czarnie[c/ç]ki, 197 Replaced. - 280R.33 Czernitch[i]eff, 137 Removed. - 280R.35 d’A[l]bergotti, Gen, 79 Inserted. - 281L.4 — Hy[s]taspes, 152 Inserted. - 281L.31 — Bo[n/u]flers, Mons., 140 Inverted. - 281L.52 — la [Bresse] , 218 _sic_ Barre? - 281L.56 — la Meillera[i]c, Marshal, 185 Inserted. - 281R.7 de Meda[r/v]i , Gen., 52 Replaced. - 281R.15 de Nam[a/u]r, Guy, 67 Replaced. - 281R.19 — Rassingh[a/e]m, 266 Replaced. - 281R.35 — Va[n/u]demont, Prince, 68 Replaced. - 281R.45 [Z/L]etende[n/ur], Adm., 49 Probably. - 281R.61 Dol[l]abella, P. Cornelius, 132 Removed. - 282R.48 Eury[o]loc[h]us, 181 Removed. Added. - 283L.23 Ferr[a/e]rs, Lord, 38 Replaced. - 283L.3 Fairfax, Sir[.] Thos., Removed. - 283L.31 Fischb[a/u]ch, Gen., 58 Replaced. - 283R.39 Gallus, Cest[i]us, 34 Inserted. - 283R.56 Gellius Stati[a/u]s, 39 Replaced. - 284L.21 Goig[u/ni]s Goignies, Gen., 95 Replaced. - 284R.3 — de Ruth[i/y]n, Lord, 178 Replaced. - 284R.8 Guel[ph/f]s and Ghibellines Replaced. - 284R.18 Guthru[n/m], 87 Replaced. - 284R.31 Ham[a/u]yun, 61, 121 Replaced. - 284R.41 Hans Waldman[n], 165 Added. (Entry - also misplaced.) - 285R.22 Huasca[r], 13, 205 Added. - 285R.33 Hunsd[e/o]n, Lord, 95 Replaced. - 285R.56 Ingelram von Co[n/u]cy, Baron, 92 Replaced. - 286L.28 —— 175 _sic_:—— Fort? - 286L.46 Jellal[l]adin, 35, 114, 121 Inserted. - 286R.38 Kan[had/dah]ar, 124, 148 Transposed. - 286R.60 Kihd[i]j Arslan, 21 Inserted. - 287L.2 Kismeg[e]yer, 205 Removed. - 287L.7 Kl[e/é]ber, 108, 167 Replaced. - 287L.19 Kon[o/i]shi Y[a/u]kinaga, 108 Replaced. - 287L.20 Konownitz[u/yn], Gen., 184 Replaced. - 287L.18 K[on/ö]ningsegg, Count, 225 Replaced. - 287L.25 Kru[g/z]e, Adm., 228 Replaced. - 287L.31 Kus[i/u]noki, Ma[tsa/sat]sura, 230 Replaced. - Transposed. - 287R.14 L[a/e]ptines, 53 Replaced. - 287R.21 Lava[l]lette, 150 Removed. - 288L.7 Loch Linnh[é/e], 115 Replaced. - 288L.31 Lowenda[h]l, 33 Inserted. - 288L.57 Ma[c]gruder, Gen., 268, 271 Removed. - 288R.24 Malek-al-Aschr[e/a]f, 3 Replaced. - 288R.25 Malmo[ë/e], 144 Replaced. - 288R.35 Manius Manil[il]ius, 51 Removed. - 289L.15 Maube[r/u]ge, 266 Replaced. - 289L.44 Mecklenburg[h], Grand Duke of, 29, 142 Removed. - 289L.55 Me[l]chior, 146 Inserted. - 289L.62 Meno[n/u], Gen., 9 Inverted. - 289R.20 Mil[i/e]tus, 130 Replaced. - 289R.26 Min[o/u]cius, 39 Replaced - 289R.40 Mitsuy[u/a]ki, 161 Replaced. - 289R.43 [Mogrul] Bey, 272 _sic_ Toghrul - 290L.56 Mou[r/s]son Oglou, 42 Replaced. - 290L.57 Mourzou[p/f]le, 64 Replaced. - 290R.15 Muzuff[a/er] Jung, 13 Replaced. - 290R.24 Nairn[e], 124 Added. - 291L.13 [N/K]iuch[i]au Bay, 171 Replaced. - Removed. - 290L.47 [O/C]learchus, 70 Replaced. - 291R.2 [O/A]reizaga, 180 Replaced. - 291R.31 O[u]chterlony, Sir David, 168 Removed. - 291R.46 Pani[m/n], Count, 31 Replaced. - 291R.55 Pareir[u/a]s, 182 Replaced. - 292L.24 Pepin d’H[e/é]ristal, 247 Replaced. - 292R.6 Pig[g]ott, Maj.-Gen., 150 Removed. - 292R.14 Pi[zala,/ycála] Pasha, 77 Replaced. - 292R.23 Poliorce[r]tes, Demetrius, 95 Removed. - 292R.30 Pompei[a/u]s, Cnæus, 168 Replaced. - 292R.33 Pontius, [62,] 63 Transferred. - 292R.34 Pont[ra/iu]s, 53 [,62] Replaced. - Transferred. - 292R.40 Porta [s/S] Pancrazio, 212 Replaced. - 292R.62 Ptolemy, E[u/n]ergetes, 15 Inverted. - 292R.63 — L[o/a]gus, 190 Replaced. - 293L.24 Rammi[ng], Gen., 170 Added. - 293L.29 Rassingh[a/e]m, Seigneur de, 266 Replaced. - 293L.46 Renaud de Ch[a/â]tillon, 206 Replaced. - 293L.55 Rha[g/z]ates, 177 Replaced. - 293R.32 Rose[tt/ll]i, 260 Replaced. - 293R.55 Rusta[n/m], 44 Replaced. - 294L.24 Sandil[l]i, 13, 43 Inserted. - 294L.26 Sanku[m/n], 97 Replaced. - 294L.32 S[ä/a]por I, 83 Replaced. - 294L.48 Schako[v/f]sky, 196 Replaced. - 294L.60 Schulemb[e/u]rg, 92 Replaced. - 294R.27 Shah All[uen/um], 43 Replaced. - 295R.17 Stjernsk[o/ö]ld, Adm., 73 Replaced. - 295R.23 Striga[n/u], 112 Replaced. - 295R.41 Surabjah D[ow/au]lah, 3, ... Replaced. - 295R.43 Suwar[r]off, 90, ... Removed. - 295R.57 Sy[r]agius, Count of Soissons, 234 Removed. - 296L.5 Taka[n/u]gi, 230 Replaced. - 296L.33 Terou[e/ë]nne, 103 Replaced. - 296L.39 Thenou[e/ë]nel, Jean de, 41 Replaced. - 296L.43 Theophilis[e/c]us, 59 Replaced. - 296R.8 Tishe, 174 _sic_ no - referrent - 296R.10 Tockenb[e/u]rg, 171 Replaced. - 296R.15 Tokugaw[u/a] Tyeyasa, 226 Replaced. - 296R.31 Toyotom[i/o] Hideaki, 257 Replaced. - 296R.50 Ty[r]tacus, 49 Inserted. - 297L.10 Val[lé/ée], Gen., 64 Replaced. - 298L.4 Whitelock[e], Gen., 42 Added. - 298L.15 Windis[c]hgr[a/ä]tz, Prince, 3, ... Inserted. - Replaced. - 298L.20 Wol[l]eb, Heinrich, 92 Inserted. - 298L.31 W[u/ü]rtemberg, Prince of, 73, 103 Replaced. - 298R.6 Yoritomo, [73,] 228] Transferred. - 298R.17 Yositomo, 73 Item removed. - 298R.19 Yuk[ü/ii]ye, 257 Replaced. - 298R.29 Zaster[n/a], Gen., 134 Replaced. - 298R.39 Zulfik[e/a]r Khan, 5, 98 Replaced. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Dictionary of Battles, by Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF BATTLES *** - -***** This file should be named 60156-0.txt or 60156-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/1/5/60156/ - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; } - </style> - </head> - <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Dictionary of Battles, by Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Dictionary of Battles - -Author: Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -Release Date: August 23, 2019 [EBook #60156] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF BATTLES *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Transcriber’s Note:</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c001'>The text was printed in two columns, which have not been preserved -here. The printer, when setting a reference from one topic to another, -sometimes gave the reference on a separate line, but often on a single -line. To preserve the regular structure of the entries, the former has been -adopted.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the Preface, the editor informs us that Mr. Harbottle died before -he could do the final editorial work (correcting the proofs and preparing -the Index.) In light of that apology, we have taken pains to correct the -many minor errors which are reasonably attributable to the printer. Please -see the transcriber’s <a href='#endnote'>note</a> at the end of this text for details.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The cover image was created from information on the title page -and is hereby placed in the public domain.</p> - -<div class='htmlonly'> - -<p class='c001'>Any corrections are indicated using an <ins class='correction' title='original'>underline</ins> -highlight. Placing the cursor over the correction will produce the -original text in a small popup.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='epubonly'> - -<p class='c001'>Any corrections are indicated as hyperlinks, which will navigate the -reader to the corresponding entry in the corrections table in the -note at the end of the text.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='xlarge'>DICTIONARY OF BATTLES</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='box'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='large'>SONNENSCHEIN'S DICTIONARIES OF QUOTATIONS</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='61%' /> -<col width='3%' /> -<col width='30%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>1.</td> - <td class='c004'>ENGLISH (<i>Third Edition</i>)</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>P. H. Dalbiac.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>2.</td> - <td class='c004'>CLASSICAL (<i>Second Edition</i>)</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>T. B. Harbottle.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>3.</td> - <td class='c004'>FRENCH AND ITALIAN (<i>Second Edition</i>)</td> - <td class='c005'><span class='xxlarge'>{</span></td> - <td class='c006'>T. B. Harbottle.<br />P. H. Dalbiac.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>4.</td> - <td class='c004'>GERMAN</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>Lilian Dalbiac.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>5.</td> - <td class='c004'>SPANISH</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>T. B. Harbottle.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>6.</td> - <td class='c004'>WHAT GREAT MEN HAVE SAID ABOUT GREAT MEN</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>W. Wale.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>7.</td> - <td class='c004'>CONTEMPORARY [ENGLISH] QUOTATIONS</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>H. Swan.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>8.</td> - <td class='c004'>FAMOUS SAYINGS AND THEIR AUTHORS</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>E. Latham.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>9.</td> - <td class='c004'>DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>T. B. Harbottle.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c003'>10.</td> - <td class='c004'>DICTIONARY OF BATTLES</td> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c006'>T. B. Harbottle.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div> - <h1 class='c007'>DICTIONARY OF <br /> BATTLES</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>From the Earliest Date to the Present Time</div> - <div class='c008'>By</div> - <div>THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS" (CLASSICAL); "DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS"; CO-AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS" (FRENCH AND ITALIAN)</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_title.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c008'> - <div>LONDON</div> - <div>SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD.</div> - <div><span class='sc'>High Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.</span></div> - <div>1904</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'><a id='PREFACE'></a>PREFACE</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The sad death of Mr. Harbottle, just as this work was -going to press, has thrown upon me the onus of correcting -the proofs and preparing the Index. The necessity for -hurrying the work through the press has precluded comparison -of the references in every instance with the original -sources from which the Author had taken them; if therefore -some few printer's errors or varieties of spelling may -still remain, they may, I hope, be attributed to the imperfections -of one, who had to step suddenly into the -breach caused by the loss of a valued friend and collaborator, -whose patience in research, depth of knowledge and -accuracy in compilation, he could never hope to equal.</p> - -<div class='c011'><i>October, 1904.</i> <span class='sc'>P. H. Dalbiac.</span></div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c012'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span><span class='large'>DICTIONARY OF BATTLES</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>A</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Abensberg (Campaign of Wagram.)</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 20, 1809, between -the French and Bavarians -under Napoleon, about 90,000 -strong, and the Austrians, 80,000 -in number, under the Archduke -Charles. On the French left, -Lanne's corps drove back the -Austrians, after a feeble resistance. -In the centre the Bavarians -were hard pressed, but -eventually Napoleon succeeded -in turning the Austrian flank, -left exposed by the defeat of -their right, and Charles was -forced to retreat. The Austrians -lost 7,000, the French -and Bavarians about 3,000 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aberdeen (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 13, 1644, -between the Covenanters, 3,000 -strong, under Lord Burleigh, -and the Royalists, about 1,500 -strong, under Montrose. The -Covenanters were put to flight, -and no quarter being given, -they lost heavily before reaching -Aberdeen. The Royalist -losses were insignificant.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aboukir (French Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 5, 1799, Napoleon -attacking the position held -by Mustapha Pasha, who had -recently landed in Egypt at the -head of 18,000 Turks. The -French were completely successful, -two-thirds of the Turkish -troops being killed or driven -into the sea, while 6,000, with -the Pasha, surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aboukir (British Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 8, 1801, when -5,000 British under Sir Ralph -Abercromby disembarked on -the beach at Aboukir, in the face -of a force of 2,000 French under -General Friant. The landing -was effected under a heavy -musketry and artillery fire, -which cost the assailants 1,100 -killed and wounded, and the -French were driven from their -positions with a loss of 500 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aboukir.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#NILE'>Nile</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Abu Hamed (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 7, 1897, when -the Dervish entrenchments outside -Abu Hamed were stormed -by a Soudanese Brigade, with -2 guns Royal Artillery, under -Major-General Hunter. The -Mahdist garrison was driven -through the town, losing heavily, -and their commander, Mohammed -Zain, captured. The Egyptian -loss was 80 killed and -wounded, including 4 British -officers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Abu Klea (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 17, 1885, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>between a British force, 1,500 -strong, under Sir Herbert Stewart, -and 12,000 Mahdists, of -whom about 5,000 actually -attacked. The British square -was broken at one corner, owing -to the jamming of a Gardner -gun, and the Mahdists forcing -their way inside, a desperate -hand-to-hand conflict followed. -Eventually the assailants were -driven off, and the square reformed. -The British loss was -18 officers, among them Colonel -Fred. Burnaby, and 150 men. -In the immediate vicinity of -the square, 1,100 Arab dead -were counted.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Abu Kru (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 19, 1885, -between 1,200 British troops -under Sir Herbert Stewart, and -a large force of Mahdists. The -Mahdists attacked a short distance -from the Nile, and the -British square moved towards -the river, repelling all assaults -successfully till they reached -the Nile. The British losses -were 121, including Sir Herbert -Stewart, mortally wounded. -This action is also known as the -battle of Gubat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acapulco (Mexican Liberal Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 9, 1855, between -the Mexican Government -troops under Santa Anna, and -the Liberals under Juarez. -Santa Anna was totally routed -and fled from the country.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Accra (First Ashanti War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1824, between 10,000 -Ashantis and a force of 1,000 -British under Sir Charles McCarthy. -The British were surrounded -and routed by the -natives, McCarthy being killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Accra (First Ashanti War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1825, between 15,000 -Ashantis and 400 British troops, -with 4,600 native auxiliaries. -The Ashantis were completely -defeated, and the king compelled -to abandon his designs -on Cape Coast Castle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acragas (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 406 by the Carthaginians -under Hannibal, the garrison -being commanded by Dexippus -the Spartan. Early in the siege -a pestilence in the Carthaginian -camp carried off Hannibal, who -was succeeded by his cousin, -Himilco. A relieving army of -35,000 Syracusans, under Daphnæus -fought a pitched battle -with the Carthaginians under -the walls of the city, and succeeded -in seizing and holding -one of their camps, but shortly -afterwards dissensions broke out -in the garrison, and many of the -foreign mercenaries deserting, -the citizens, after a siege of -eight months, left the place <i>en -masse</i>. The Carthaginians at -once occupied the fortress.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acre (Third Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this city by -the Christians in August, 1189, -and it was obstinately defended -by the Saracens for two years, -during which the Crusaders are -said to have lost 120,000 men. -In June, 1191, the besiegers -were reinforced by an English -army under Richard Cœur de -Lion, and in the following -month the garrison surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acre.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city remained in the -hands of the Christians till -1291, when it was captured by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>the Moslems under Malek al -Aschraf, Sultan of Egypt. The -last stronghold in the Holy -Land thus passed out of the -keeping of the Christians.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acre (French Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was besieged March -17, 1799, by the French under -Napoleon, and defended by the -Turks under Djezzar, and a -small force of British seamen -under Sir Sidney Smith. An -assault on the 28th was repulsed -with loss, and then a threatened -attack by a Syrian army forced -Napoleon to withdraw a large -portion of his troops. On the -resumption of the siege, no less -than seven more assaults were -delivered, while the French -had to meet eleven sallies of the -<a id='corr3L.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='beseiged'>besieged</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_3L.22'><ins class='correction' title='beseiged'>besieged</ins></a></span>, but they were unable -to effect a lodgment, and on -May 21 Napoleon reluctantly -raised the siege. The fall of -Acre would have placed the -whole of Syria, and possibly of -the Turkish Empire, in the -hands of the French.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acre (Mehemet Ali's Second Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Mehemet Ali having refused -to accept the conditions imposed -upon him by the Quadrilateral -Alliance, Acre was bombarded, -November 3, 1840, by a -combined British and Turkish -fleet under Sir R. Stopford, -and the town laid in ruins.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acs (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 2, 1849, between -25,000 Hungarians, under -Görgey, and the Russo-Austrian -army, greatly superior in numbers, -under Prince Windischgrätz. -The allies attacked -the entrenched camp of the -Hungarians, outside Komorn, -while the Hungarians made an -attempt to turn the allied left. -Both attacks were repulsed, -and the battle was undecided.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Actium (Mark Antony's Second Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 2, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 31, -between the fleet of Antony, -460 galleys, and that of Octavius, -about 250 sail, but much -lighter and less well manned -than those of Antony. The -battle was fiercely contested, -with varying fortune; but at a -critical moment Cleopatra ordered -the Egyptian admiral to -make sail, and with 60 galleys -withdrew from the fight. She -was followed by Antony, and -his fleet, discouraged by his -flight, surrendered after ten -hours' fighting. The Octavians -captured 300 galleys, and 5,000 -Antonians fell in the action. A -few days later Antony's land -army of 120,000 men laid down -their arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Acultzingo (Franco-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 28, 1862, between -the French, 7,500 strong, -under General Lorencez, and -the main Mexican army, about -10,000 in number, under General -Zaragoça. The Mexicans -held a strong position in the -Cumbres Pass, from which they -were driven by the French, -and forced to retire upon La -Puebla.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Admagetobriga (Gallic Tribal Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 61 between the -Sequani under Ariovistus, and -the Hædui under Eporedorix. -The Hædui were defeated, with -the loss of the flower of their -chivalry, and were compelled -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>to give hostages and pay tribute -to Ariovistus.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Adnatuca (Gallic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 53, when a Roman -force of 9,000 men under -Titurius Sabinus was attacked -in its camps by the Eburones -under Ambiorix. The assault -failed, but an offer by Ambiorix -of a safe passage to the nearest -Roman station was accepted. -On the march the Romans were -treacherously attacked by the -Eburones and cut to pieces, -Sabinius being among the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Adowa (Italian Invasion of Abyssinia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 1, 1896, when -the Italian force under General -Baratieri attacked the Shoan -army, strongly posted in a difficult -country, and was routed -with enormous loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Adrianople (Bulgarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 15, 1205, between -the Imperial troops under -the Latin Emperor, Baldwin I, -and the revolted Bulgarians -under their chief, Calo-John. -The Bulgarian cavalry fled, and -lured the Latin horse in pursuit. -Then turning upon them, they -routed them with the loss of their -leader, the Comte de Blois, and -in the end the Imperialists were -completely defeated and the -Emperor captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='ADWALTON'></a>Adwalton Moor (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 30, 1643, -when the Parliamentarians, -numbering 4,000, with a levy of -armed peasants, were defeated -by 10,000 Royalists under Newcastle. -Fairfax, who commanded -the Parliament force, -succeeded in reaching Hull. -The battle is also known as that -of Atherton Moor.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Ægina (Third Messenian War).</p> - -<p class='c001'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 458, between the -Athenian fleet, and that of -Ægina, aided by the Peloponnesian -States. The Athenians -were victorious, capturing 70 -ships, and landing they invested -Ægina, which fell into their -hands after a siege of a little -less than two years.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Ægospotami (Peloponnesian -War).</p> - -<p class='c001'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 405, between 180 -Athenian triremes, under Conon, -and 180 Peloponnesian ships under -Lysander. The Athenian fleet -was lying at Ægospotami, opposite -Lampsacus, where Lysander -was stationed. For four days -in succession the Athenian admiral -crossed the straits, and -endeavoured, but in vain, to -bring on a general action. On -the fifth day Lysander waited -till the Athenians had returned -to their anchorage, and then, -making a sudden dash across -the straits, caught them unprepared, -and seized all but -twenty ships, putting to death -all the Athenians who were captured. -This disaster destroyed -the naval power of Athens, and -was soon followed by the end of -the Peloponnesian War.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Ægusa (First Punic War).</p> - -<p class='c001'>Fought March 10, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 241, -between the Roman fleet of 200 -quinqueremes under C. Lutatius -Catulus, and a Carthaginian -fleet under Hanno despatched -to relieve the town. The action -was fought in heavy weather, -and the Roman sailors, being -far better trained than their -opponents, Catulus gained a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>signal victory, capturing 70 and -sinking 50 of the enemy's ships. -The victory ended the First -Punic War.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agedincum (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 52, between the -Romans under Labienus, and -the Celts under Camalogenus. -Labienus was endeavouring to -effect a junction with Caesar, -which the Celts were opposing, -and Labienus, crossing the -Marne in face of their army, -inflicted upon them a severe -defeat, in which Camalogenus -fell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aghrim (Wars of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 12, 1691, between -William III's troops, -under Ginkel, and the French -and Irish under St. Ruth. The -English struggled in vain to -carry St. Ruth's entrenchments, -which were protected by a bog, -but his flank was at last turned -by the cavalry, which found a -passage through the morass, and -St. Ruth was killed. The Irish -then broke and fled, and are -said to have lost between 6,000 -and 7,000 in the pursuit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agincourt (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 25, 1415, between -the French, numbering -50,000, under the Constable -d'Albret, and about 15,000 English, -mostly archers, under -Henry V. The archers protected -their front with a palisade -of stakes, which broke the -charge of the French men-at-arms, -and the French army was -routed with a loss of 10,000 slain, -including the Constable and the -Dukes of Alençon, Brabant and -Bar, and 15,000 prisoners, including -the Duke of Orleans -and Marshal Boucicaut. The -English lost only 1,600, among -whom were the Duke of York -and the Earl of Oxford.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agnadello (War of the League of Cambrai).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 14, 1509, between -30,000 French under Louis XII -and Marshal Trioulzio, and -35,000 Venetians under General -Alviani. The Venetians were -defeated with a loss of 6,000 -men and 20 guns, Alviani being -taken, and in consequence of -his victory, Louis XII occupied -all the territory assigned to him -by the League, up to the Mincio.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agordat (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 21, 1893, -between 2,200 Italians, and -native troops, under General -Arimondi, and 11,500 Mahdists -under Ahmed Ali, who had invaded -Italian territory. The -Mahdists were routed with a loss -of about 3,000 men. The Italians -lost 13, and 225 natives -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agra (Farokshin's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1713, between the -Great Mogul, Jehandar Shah, -with 70,000 troops, under Zulfikar -Khan, and the rebel Moguls -under Jehandar's nephew, -Farokshin. After a stubborn -fight, the rebels overpowered -the Imperial troops, and Jehandar -Shah was captured and -put to death by Farokshin, who -ascended the throne.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agra (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The fortress was besieged -October 4, 1803, by the British -under General Lake, and was -defended by a garrison of Sindhia's -troops, 6,000 strong, who -held the citadel, while seven -additional battalions were encamped -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>in the town. The latter -force was attacked on the 10th -and routed, losing 26 guns, -while the survivors, 2,600 in -number, surrendered on the -following day. On the 17th -the batteries opened fire on the -citadel, and on the 18th the -garrison <a id='corr6L.9'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='surrendered'>surrendered.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_6L.9'><ins class='correction' title='surrendered'>surrendered.</ins></a></span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Agra (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On August 2, 1857, the British -garrison holding Agra sallied -out to attack a body of 10,000 -rebels encamped within four -miles of the city. The Kotah -contingent, which formed a -portion of the British force, -deserted to the mutineers, and -the British troops, hard pressed -and short of ammunition, were -driven back into Agra, and -forced to take refuge in the fort. -In October of the same year -Colonel Greathed's column of -four battalions and two cavalry -regiments encountered close to -Agra a force of 7,000 mutineers. -The rebels at first held their -own, but were eventually put -to flight, and pursued with great -slaughter for ten miles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ahmedabad (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong fortress, garrisoned -by 8,000 Arabs and -Scinde Infantry, and 2,000 -Mahrattas, was taken by assault, -after a short bombardment, by -a British force under General -Goddard, February 15, 1780. -The British lost 106 killed and -wounded, including 12 officers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ahmed Khel (Second Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1880, when a British -force under General Stewart on -the march to Ghuzni was attacked -by about 15,000 Ghilzais. -A rush of 3,000 Ghazis -was successfully repulsed, and -the enemy defeated and driven -off, leaving 1,000 dead on the -field. The British lost 17 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ahmednugger (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged in -1599 by the Moguls under -Mirza Khan, one of Akbar's -generals, and defended by a -garrison of Deccanis under -Chand Bibi, ex-Queen of Bijapur. -A practicable breach -having been effected, the garrison -was disposed to surrender, -but Chand Bibi, heading the -defenders, superintended the -repair of the breach, and succeeding -in holding out until a -peace was signed by which the -Great Mogul agreed to leave -Ahmednugger unmolested.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aiguillon (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the French under John, Duke -of Normandy, in May, 1347, -and was defended by a small -English garrison under Sir -Walter Manny, who held out -bravely till the end of August, -repelling numerous assaults. -The defeat of Cressy then forced -the Duke of Normandy to lead -his army northward, and he -was compelled to raise the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aix, Ile d' (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 4, 1758, when -a British squadron of seven sail, -under Sir Edward Hawke, attacked -a French squadron of -five ships of the line and six -frigates, convoying forty transports, -and drove them ashore -on the Ile d'Aix. This delayed -the French expedition to North -America, and facilitated the -capture of Cape Breton.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Aix-la-Chapelle (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 3, 1795, between -the French under Miranda -and the Austrians under the -Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The -French were totally defeated, -and fled in disorder, with a loss -of 3,500 killed and wounded -and 1,500 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aiznadin (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 13, 633, between -45,000 Moslems under Khaled -and 70,000 Imperial troops -under Werdan. The Imperialists -were routed with great -slaughter, leaving Khaled to -prosecute the siege of Damascus. -The Moslems only admit a loss -of 470.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aladja Dagh (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1877, between the -Russians under General Loris -Melikoff, and the Turks under -Mukhtar Pasha. The Russians -were victorious, and Mukhtar -was compelled to take refuge -under the walls of Erzeroum.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alamo, Storming of the (Texan Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On February 22, 1836, General -Santa Anna, with the advance -guard of the Mexican army, -appeared before the walls of -the Alamo, a fortified mission -station held by 145 Texans -under Colonel Travis, who replied -to a summons to surrender -by a cannon shot. On March 1 -the garrison was reinforced by -30 men, Santa Anna's force at -this date being 4,000. On the -6th 2,500 Mexicans assaulted -the fort, and at the third attempt -effected an entrance. The -building was defended room by -room, the church within the -enclosure being the last building -captured, when all the survivors -were put to the sword. -The victory cost the Mexicans -400 killed and many wounded. -"Remember the Alamo" became -the watchword of the -Texans.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aland (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1714, between -the Russian fleet of 30 ships of -the line and 180 galleys under -Admiral Apraxine, and the -Swedish, about one-third of that -strength, under Admiral Erinschild. -The Swedes sought to -prevent the landing of a Russian -force on the island of Aland, -and fought an unequal combat -for three hours, when they were -overpowered and forced to retire. -The Czar, Peter the Great, who -was serving under Apraxine as -Rear-Admiral, captured Erinschild's -flagship.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alarcos (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 19, 1195, between -the Moors under Yakub -el Maasur, and the Spaniards -under Alfonso VIII of Castile. -The Spaniards were utterly -routed, and very few escaped -to Calatrava. The Moors -claimed to have taken 30,000 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Albuera (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 16, 1811, between -the allied British, Portuguese -and Spanish forces, numbering -46,000, of whom 7,000 -only were British infantry, the -whole army being under the -command of Marshal Beresford, -and 33,000 French under Marshal -Soult. The French attacked -Beresford's position, and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Spaniards offering but a poor -resistance, defeat was only -averted by the extraordinary -valour of the British troops, -especially of the Fusilier Brigade, -which came into action -when the day seemed lost, and -drove the French from the field. -Of the 7,000 British, but 1,800 -were left standing. The French -lost over 8,000, including five -generals.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alcantara (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1706, when a force of -British and Portuguese under -Lord Galway attacked and -drove out of Alcantara the -garrison, consisting of a portion -of Marshal Berwick's army. -Ten French battalions laid down -their arms, and 60 guns were -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aleppo (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the Moslems under Abu Obeidah -and Khaled in 638, and the city -almost immediately surrendered, -but the garrison retired to the -citadel, where under Youkinna -it maintained a stubborn defence -for five months, and caused -heavy loss to the besiegers. At -last the citadel was taken by -surprise, and Youkinna became -a convert to Mohammedanism. -This was the last serious resistance -offered in Syria to the -invading Moslems.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aleppo (Tartar Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 11, 1400, -between the Tartars under -Tamerlane, and the Turks under -the Syrian Emirs. Instead of -standing a siege, the Emirs -sallied out to meet Tamerlane -in the open field, and suffered a -disastrous defeat. They were -driven back into Aleppo with -the loss of many thousands, and -a few days later the Tartars -sacked the city and captured -the citadel.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aleppo (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1516, between the -Turks under Selim I, and the -Egyptians under the Mameluke -Sultan, Tooman Beg. After a -sanguinary engagement, the -Egyptians were utterly routed, -and Selim added the whole of -Syria to the Ottoman dominions.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alesia (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to the town by -the Romans under Cæsar, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 52, and it was defended by -the Gauls, numbering 80,000 infantry -and 15,000 cavalry under -Vercingetorix, the Romans being -about 50,000 strong. An -attempt was made by the Belgi, -with an army of 260,000 warriors, -to relieve the town, but they -were met and routed by Labienus -with terrific slaughter. -This disaster so discouraged -the garrison that the town immediately -surrendered, Vercingetorix -being sent a prisoner to -Rome, where five years later -he was beheaded as a rebellious -subject of Rome.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alessandria (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1799, between -the French, 14,000 strong -under Moreau, and the Imperialists -under Bellegarde. The -French gained a signal victory, -the loss of the Imperialists being -1,500 men and 5 guns.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Alexandria (Moslem Invasion of Egypt).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This city, the capital of Egypt, -was besieged by the Moslems, -under Amrou, in 638, and after -a defence of fourteen months, in -the course of which the besiegers -lost 23,000 men, surrendered, -leaving the victors undisputed -masters of Egypt.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alexandria (British Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 21, 1801, between -the French under General -Menou, and the British expeditionary -force under Sir Ralph -Abercromby. The French -cavalry charged the British -right, but were repulsed, and -after hard fighting the French -were defeated and driven under -the walls of Alexandria. -Among those who fell was Sir -Ralph Abercromby, mortally -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alexandria (Arabi's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Arabi Pasha having refused -to cease work upon the forts of -Alexandria, the Admiral, Sir -Beauchamp Seymour, who had -under his command a fleet of -8 battleships and 5 gunboats, -decided to shell them. -He opened fire on the morning -of July 11, 1882, and the bombardment -continued till the -evening of the 12th, when the -forts were totally destroyed, -and the garrison abandoned -the city. The gunboat <i>Condor</i>, -under Lord Charles Beresford, -particularly distinguished herself, -running close in under the -forts, and doing considerable -damage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alford (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 2, 1645, between -the Royalists under Montrose, -and the Covenanters under -General Baillie. Baillie crossed -the Don to attack Montrose, -whom he imagined to be in -retreat, but who was really -waiting for him in a well-chosen -position. The attack was repulsed, -the Covenanters being -routed with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Algeciras Bay (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 8, 1801, between -a British squadron of 7 ships -of the line, 1 frigate and 1 brig, -under Sir James Saumarez, and -a French squadron of 3 line-of-battle -ships and 1 frigate, under -Admiral Linois. The French -were aided by the Spanish gunboats -and the shore batteries, -and Saumarez lost the <i>Hannibal</i>, -which ran ashore, and was captured -by the French. The -British lost 121 killed and 240 -wounded. The French lost 306 -killed. On July 12, the French -squadron, which had been reinforced -meanwhile by 5 Spanish -ships of the line, was again -attacked by Sir James Saumarez, -who succeeded in capturing the -<i>St. Antoine</i> and blowing up the -<i>Hermenegilda</i>. The British lost -only 17 killed and 100 wounded; -the allies, 2,000, chiefly in the -<i>Hermenegilda</i>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Algheri.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1353, between the -Aragonese under Pedro IV (the -Great) and the Genoese. Pedro -won a complete victory, driving -the Genoese out of Sardinia, the -whole of which island became -an appanage of the crown of -Aragon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Algiers.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was attacked July -8, 1775, by a Spanish force of -51 ships of war and 26,000 men -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>under Don Pedro de Castijon -and Count O'Reilly. After a -severe conflict, the Spaniards -failed to dislodge their opponents, -and retired, with a loss of over -3,000 killed and wounded. The -Algerines lost about 5,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Algiers, Bombardment of.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1816 Lord Exmouth, in -command of 19 British war -ships, and accompanied by 6 -Dutch ships under Van Capellan, -bombarded the forts of -Algiers, mounting 500 guns. -The bombardment lasted for -about eight hours, and resulted -in the destruction of the forts -and a large part of the city. -The Dey then gave way, and -agreed to the total abolition of -Christian slavery in his dominions. -The loss of the allies -amounted to 885 killed and -wounded; that of the Algerines -to over 6,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alhama (War of Granada).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, one of the ring -of strong places protecting the -Moorish capital, Granada, was -surprised by a small party of -Spaniards, under Juan de Ortiga, -in the early morning of -February 28, 1482. They -scaled the ramparts unperceived, -and opened the gates -to the Spanish army. The -garrison continued to defend -the streets most obstinately, and -it was only after hard fighting -that the Spaniards mastered -the town. An attempt was -made to recapture the place -by Abul Hasan, King of Granada, -who set down before it, with -50,000 Moors. March 5, 1482. -The garrison, under the Marquis -of Cadiz, made a gallant defence, -and on the 29th, Abul Hasan, -alarmed by the approach of a -strong relieving army under -Ferdinand, raised the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alhandega (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 939, between the -Moors under Abd al Rahman, -and the Christians under Ramiro -II of Leon. The Moors, -100,000 strong, were besieging -Zamora, when they were attacked -by Ramiro, who, aided -by a sortie of the garrison, -utterly routed them. In the -battle 20,000 Moors fell, and -40,000 are said to have been -drowned in the moat surrounding -the city.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alicante (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On June 29, 1706, Alicante -was taken by a British squadron -of 5 ships under Sir George Byng. -The fleet attacked the city walls, -while the suburbs were occupied -by a landing party of marines -under Sir John Jennings. The -place was captured with a loss -to the British of only 30 killed -and 80 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aligurh (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, the arsenal of -Sindhia of Gwalior, was captured -August 29, 1803, by the -76th Highlanders under Colonel -Monson, forming part of General -Lake's army. The place was -strongly fortified and surrounded -by a ditch 100 feet wide, containing -10 feet of water. The -Highlanders carried the fortress -by storm, blowing in the main -gate, and fighting their way -from room to room till the place -was captured. Two hundred -and eighty-one guns were taken. -The British loss amounted to -223 killed and wounded.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Aliwal (First Sikh War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 28, 1846, -between the British, 10,000 -strong, under Sir Harry Smith, -and 20,000 Sikhs under Runjur -Singh. The troops of the -Khalsa withstood three charges -of the British cavalry with -splendid bravery, but at last -broke and fled, losing many -drowned in the Sutlej, besides -those left on the field. The -British captured 67 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aljubarotta.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August, 1385, between -the Castilians, under -John I, in support of the claim -of Beatrix of Castile to the -throne of Portugal, and the -Portuguese under the Regent -John. The Portuguese inflicted -a crushing defeat upon -the Spaniards, and John I was -compelled to withdraw his -troops, and renounce his sister's -claim.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alkmaar (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this place -August 21, 1573, by 16,000 -Spaniards under Don Frederico -de Toledo. It was defended by -a garrison of 800 soldiers and -1,300 armed burghers. On September -18, an assault was -delivered, which was repulsed, -with a loss to the besiegers of -1,000 men, while only 37 of the -garrison fell. The opening of -the dykes at last rendered the -position of the Spaniards most -precarious, and on October 8 -the siege was raised.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alkmaar (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 2, 1799, between -30,000 British and Russians -under the Duke of York, -and the French, in about equal -strength, under Brune. The -action began by the Russians -driving in the French advanced -posts. Meanwhile the Duke of -York had outflanked them, and -as soon as he was in position a -simultaneous attack on the -French left and centre forced -Brune to abandon the key of his -position, Alkmaar, which was -at once occupied by the allies.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Allia, The (First Invasion of the Gauls).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 16, 389 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -the Romans, 40,000 strong, -under Quintus Sulpicius, and -the Gauls, about equal in numbers, -under Brennus. The -Romans took post on the Allia -to check the advance of the -Gauls on Rome. Here they -were attacked by Brennus, who -routed the right wing, where -the younger soldiers were posted, -and then broke the Roman -centre and left, putting them to -flight with enormous loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alma (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 20, 1854, -between the Russians, 40,000 -strong, under Prince Mentschikoff, -and the allied British and -French armies, 26,000 strong, -under Lord Raglan and Marshal -St. Arnaud. The bulk of the -fighting fell upon the British -Second and Light Divisions and -the Guards, who carried the -heights held by the Russians at -the point of the bayonet, and -utterly routed them. The Russians -lost 1,200 killed, and left -4,700 prisoners, many of them -wounded, in the hands of the -allies. The British loss amounted -to 3,000 killed and wounded; -that of the French to 1,000.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Almanza (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 25, 1707, between -the French under Marshal -Berwick, and the British and -Portuguese under Lord Galway -and the Marques das Minas. -Galway, though inferior in -cavalry, attacked at first with -success, but the Portuguese on -the right broke and fled, and -the British centre, attacked in -front and flank simultaneously, -was routed and forced to surrender. -As a consequence of -this defeat, the whole of Spain -was lost to Charles with the -exception of Catalonia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Almenara (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 10, 1710, when -the British contingent of the -Archduke Charles' army, under -General Stanhope, attacked and -defeated the Spaniards under -Philip V, after severe fighting. -So complete was the rout that -Philip's army was only saved -by the fall of night from complete -destruction.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Almorah (Gurkha War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 25, 1815, when -2,000 British regulars under -Colonel Nicolls and a force of -irregular troops under Colonel -Gardiner assaulted and captured -the heights of the town of Almorah. -The result of this victory -was the surrender of the -province of Kumaon and all its -fortresses.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alne (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 13, 1093, -between the Scots under Malcolm -Canmore and the English. -The Scots were totally defeated, -and Malcolm and his eldest son -Edward slain in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alresford (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 1644, between -the Royalists under the -Earl of Brentford and Sir Ralph -Hopton, and the Parliamentarians -under Sir William Waller. -The Parliament forces were -victorious, but their losses were -so severe that Waller was unable -to follow up his advantage, and -the Royalists made an orderly -retreat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alsen (Schleswig-Holstein War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island, in which the -Danish garrison of Düppel had -taken refuge, was captured by -the Prussians, who crossed from -the mainland in boats on the -night of June 29, 1864, and -under a heavy fire carried the -Danish entrenchments, and compelled -them to surrender. This -was the last engagement of the -war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Altendorf (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 24, 1632, between -Gustavus Adolphus, with -40,000 Swedes and Germans, -and the Imperialists, of about -equal numbers, under Wallenstein. -Wallenstein was very -strongly posted on the hill and -in the ruined castle of the Altenwald, -and after a day spent in -fruitless assaults, the King was -forced to retire, having lost -about 2,300 in killed and wounded. -The defenders admitted a -loss of 70 officers and 2,000 men -killed, besides wounded and -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Alto Pascio (Guelfs and Ghibellines).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1325, between the -Ghibellines under Castruccio -Castracane of Lucca, and the -Florentine Guelfs. The Florentines -were defeated with heavy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>loss, among the trophies taken -by Castracane being the <i>carroccio</i> -of Florence.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amakusa (Revolt of the Christians).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1638, the castle of Amakusa, -held by 30,000 rebels under -Masada Shiro, was captured -after very hard fighting by the -troops of the Shôgun, under -Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The -defenders set fire to the castle, -and perished to the last man, -either in the flames or by the -sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amalinde (Kaffir Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1818 between the -Gaikas and the forces of Ndlambi, -in which the former were -utterly routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amatola Mountain (Kaffir Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1846, between the -Kaffirs under Sandilli, and the -British and Cape troops under -Colonels Campbell and Somerset. -Sandilli was totally defeated, -but, rallying his forces, he made -a successful attack on the British -baggage train, the loss of -which forced them to retire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ambate (Conquest of Peru).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1532, between the -two Peruvian chiefs Atahualpa -and Huascar, in which the latter -suffered a complete defeat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ambracian Gulf.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 435, when a -Corinthian fleet of 75 ships -attempted the relief of Epidamnus, -which was besieged by -the Corcyreans, and was defeated -with heavy loss by 80 Corcyrean -triremes.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ambur.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1749, between the -army of Anwar-ud-din, Nawab -of Arcot, 20,000 strong, and the -combined forces of Muzuffer -Jung and Chunda Sahib, aided -by a French contingent under -M. d'Auteil. Anwar-ud-din -was defeated and slain, and -Muzuffer Jung assumed the -title of Subahdar of the Deccan, -Chunda Sahib that of Nawab -of Arcot.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ambur.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong fortress was held -by a garrison of 500 Sepoys, -under Captain Calvert, and a -detachment of Mysore troops -under Mukhlis Khan. This man -had assumed the status of an -independent chief, but being -suspected of intriguing with -Hyder Ali, was arrested by -Calvert. Hyder laid siege to -the place November 10, 1767; -but Calvert, now secure from -treachery within, held out with -his small garrison till December -6, when the approach of a relieving -force obliged Hyder to -raise the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amida (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by a -Roman garrison, was besieged, -and after a vigorous defence -taken by storm by the Persians -under Sapor II in 359. The -garrison and inhabitants were -put to the sword. The siege, -which lasted 73 days, cost the -Persians 30,000 men, and so -weakened Sapor that he was -compelled to relinquish his designs -upon the Eastern Empire.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The fortress was again besieged -by the Persians under -Kobad in 503, being defended -as before by a Roman garrison. -After a defence of three months, -which cost the besiegers 50,000 -men, a weakly defended tower -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>was surprised at night, and on -the following day the Persians, -headed by their King, scaled the -walls, and massacred 80,000 of -the garrison and inhabitants.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amiens (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 27, 1870, -between the French under -General Faure, and the Germans -under Manteuffel. The French -were compelled to abandon the -city, but the Germans failed to -secure a decisive victory. The -French lost 1,383 killed and -wounded, and 1,000 missing; -the Germans, 76 officers and -1,216 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amoaful (Second Ashanti War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 31, 1874, -when the British expeditionary -force under Sir Garnet Wolseley -defeated the Ashantis after a -desperate resistance, which cost -the assailants 16 officers and -174 men killed and wounded. -The 42nd Regiment, which led -the attack, lost 9 officers and -105 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amorium (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 838, between the -Moslems under the Caliph Motassem, -and the Greeks under -Theophilus. Thirty thousand -Persian horsemen, serving under -the Emperor, succeeded in -breaking the Moslem line, but -the Greeks themselves were -overthrown by the Moslems, -and the day ended in a complete -rout of the Imperial army. -Motassem then laid siege to -Amorium, and after a defence -of 55 days, which cost the besiegers -70,000 men, the gates -were opened by treachery, and -30,000 Christians were massacred.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amphipolis (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 422 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> between -1,500 Athenians, with a -contingent of allies under Cleon, -and the Spartans, 2,000 hoplites, -besides light armed troops, -under Brasidas. Cleon advanced -to attack Amphipolis, -but finding the garrison preparing -for a sortie, wheeled about -and commenced to retreat, -He was at once assailed by -Brasidas, and his left fled without -striking a blow. The Athenian -right and centre offered -some resistance, but in the end -were routed with heavy loss. -Both Brasidas and Cleon fell, -the latter while fleeing from the -field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Amstetten (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 5, 1805, -when the Russians retiring on -Vienna fought a rear-guard -action against Murat's cavalry -and a portion of Lannes' corps, -in which they were defeated -with a loss of 1,000 killed, -wounded, and prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Añaquito (Conquest of Peru).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 8, 1546, between -the troops of the Viceroy, -Blasco Nuñez, and those of -Gonzalo Pizarro. Pizarro gained -a signal victory, the Viceroy -being among the slain, and in -consequence the Government of -Peru fell into Pizarro's hands.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ancona (Unification of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was attacked, -September, 1860, by the Piedmontese -fleet of 13 warships -under Admiral Persano, and the -army of General Cialdini. It -was defended by a small Papal -garrison under La Moricière, -and after a resistance of over a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>week, at the end of which time -Persano forced the boom guarding -the harbour, La Moricière -capitulated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ancrum Moor (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 17, 1545, -between the English under Sir -Ralph Evans, and the Scots -under the Earl of Angus. The -Borderers who had joined the -English deserted during the -action, with the result that the -Scots were completely victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ancyræ.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 242, between the -Syrians under Seleucus Callinicus, -and the rebels under his -brother Hierax, aided by a large -contingent of Gauls. After a -desperate struggle, in which -Hierax nearly lost his life at the -hands of his barbarian auxiliaries, -Seleucus was utterly -routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Angora (Tartar Invasion of Asia Minor).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 30, 1402, between -the Tartars under Tamerlane, -and the Turks under -Bajazet I. The numbers engaged -are variously estimated -at from one to two millions, -Tamerlane, it is said, having at -least 800,000 men in the field. -The Turks were totally defeated, -Bajazet and one of his sons -being captured, while another -son was killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Angostura (Americo-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 21, 1847, -between the Mexicans under -Santa Anna and the Americans -under General Scott, when the -Mexicans were totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Angostura (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 22 to 27, -1868, between the Paraguayans -under Lopez, and the allied -armies of the Argentine Republic, -Brazil, and Uruguay. Lopez -held his position for six days -against the greatly superior -forces of the allies, but was then -compelled to retire, leaving in -the hands of the enemy 1,000 -prisoners and 6 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antietam (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 17, 1862, -between the main Confederate -army under General Lee, and -the Federals under General -M’Clellan. On the morning of -the 17th Lee had only 35,000 -men on the ground against -M’Clellan's 95,000. The Federals -strongly attacked Lee's left, -and after a stubborn fight drove -it back, but reinforcements -arriving, Lee resumed the offensive, -and recovered his lost -positions. On the following day -neither side was disposed to -resume the struggle, and the -battle was therefore indecisive. -The Federals lost 12,460 men; -the Confederates about 9,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antioch.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 244, between the -Syrians under Seleucus Callinicus -and the Egyptians under -Ptolemy Energetes. Seleucus -was routed and compelled to -take refuge within the walls of -Antioch.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antioch (Aurelian's Expedition to Palmyra).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 272, between the -Palmyrenians under Zenobia, -and the Romans under the -Emperor Aurelian. Zenobia's -heavy cavalry defeated and -drove from the field the Roman -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>horse, but her infantry was -unable to withstand the charge -of the legionaries, and she was -totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antioch (First Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was besieged, October -21, 1097, by the Crusaders -under Godefroi de Bouillon, -and defended by a Saracen -garrison under Baghasian. The -siege was unskilfully conducted, -and provisions and munitions -ran short in the Christian camp, -with the result that the place -held out till June 3, 1098, when -it was taken by stratagem. -An indiscriminate massacre -followed, in which 10,000 of the -defenders perished. On the -28th of the same month the -Crusading army was attacked -outside Antioch a force of -Saracens under Kirboga. Kirboga -concentrated his attack -against one wing of the Christians, -and outflanked it, but -was then assailed by the main -body, and driven off with heavy -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antium (War of Chiozza).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 30, 1378, when -Vittorio Pisani, with 14 Venetian -galleys, defeated the Genoese -fleet under Fieschi. The Genoese -lost 6 ships, and Fieschi -was taken prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antwerp (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was sacked by the -Spaniards, November 4, 1576. -It was defended by 6,000 troops, -mostly Walloons, who offered -little resistance to the 5,600 -Spaniards under Sancho d'Avila, -who formed the attacking force. -Having effected an entrance, -the Spaniards proceeded to -massacre the inhabitants, of -whom 8,000 are said to have -perished. This event is known -as the Spanish Fury.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Antwerp (Liberation of Belgium).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>When Holland refused to -recognize the London Protocol -creating Belgium into an independent -State, the French laid -siege to Antwerp, November, -1832. The city, which was -defended by Chassé, held out -till December 23, when, the -citadel being demolished by the -French fire, it was forced to -capitulate.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aong (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 15, 1857, between -the British relieving force -under Havelock and the mutineers -who were opposing their -advance on Cawnpore. The -rebels were defeated and driven -from their entrenchments.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aquae Sextiae (Cimbric War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 102, when the -Teutones under the king Teutobod, -were totally routed by the -Romans under Marius.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aquidaban (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The last stand of the Paraguayans -against the allied -armies of the Argentine Republic, -Brazil, and Uruguay, May 1, -1870. Lopez, with a small force -of Paraguayans and 5,000 Indians, -met the attack of the -allies under General Camera on -the banks of the Aquidaban, -and after a sanguinary engagement, -in which he and the Vice-President -Sanchez fell, his army -was cut to pieces, and the war -ended. During the war the population -of Paraguay was reduced -from 1,500,000 to 221,000, of -whom only 29,000 were males -over fifteen years of age.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Aquileia (Eugenius' Usurpation).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 6 and 7, -394, between Theodosius, Emperor -of the East, and Eugenius, -the usurping Emperor of the -West, whose army was commanded -by Arbogastes. The -first day's fighting went against -Theodosius, who was only saved -by darkness from a severe -reverse, but during the night a -force sent by Arbogastes to -secure the passes in Theodosius' -rear, deserted to his standard, -and thus reinforced and aided -by a dust storm which blew in -the faces of his antagonists and -disordered their ranks, he on -the following day gained a -signal victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aras (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 18, 1775, between -Raghunath Rao, the claimant -to the Peshwaship, with 20,000 -Mahrattas, and 2,500 British -troops under Colonel Keating, -and the army of the Mahratta -chieftains, 25,000 strong under -Hari Pant Phunhay. Raghunath's -undisciplined levies -fled, and threw the British line -into confusion; but they rallied, -and after hard fighting repulsed -the Mahrattas with heavy loss. -The British lost 222, including -11 officers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arausio (Fourth Gallic Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 105, when the -Gauls under Boiorix totally -routed two consular armies -under Cæpio and Cn. Mallius -Maximus. It is said that -80,000 Romans fell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arbela (Alexander's Asiatic Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 31, 331 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, -between 47,000 Macedonians -under Alexander the Great, and -the Persian army, three or four -times as numerous, under -Darius Codomannus. Alexander, -who led the Macedonian -right wing, forced a passage -between the Persian left and -centre, and attacked the centre -on the flank. After a stubborn -resistance, and though meanwhile -the Macedonian left had -been hard pressed, the Persians -gave way, and Darius taking -to flight, the whole army fled -in confusion, and was routed -with enormous loss, especially -at the passage of the Lycas, -which barred their retreat. This -victory made Alexander master -of Asia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arcis-sur-Aube (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 21, 1814, between -23,000 French under -Napoleon, and 60,000 allies -under Schwartzenberg. The -French made a gallant stand -against superior numbers, and -in the end effected an orderly -retreat, with a loss of about -2,000. The allies' losses were -considerably heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arcola (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 15, 16, and -17, 1796, between the main -Austrian army under Alvinzi, -and the French under Napoleon. -Napoleon's object was to drive -back Alvinzi before he could -effect a junction with Davidowich, -who was descending from -the Tyrol. The village of Arcola -was occupied on the 15th, after -severe fighting, in which Napoleon -was in great personal -danger on the bridge, but it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>was evacuated during the night. -On the 16th Napoleon again -attacked the village, but the -Austrians held their ground. -On the 17th he turned the position, -and Davidowich still remaining -inactive, Alvinzi was -driven back, with losses variously -estimated at from 8,000 -to 18,000. The French also lost -heavily.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arcot.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was captured by -Clive, with a force of 200 Europeans -and 300 Sepoys, in August, -1751. The garrison, 1,100 -strong, offered no resistance, but -marched out on Clive's approach. -In the course of the autumn -Arcot was beleaguered by an -army of 10,000 natives, and -150 Frenchmen under Chunda -Sahib, the French nominee -for the Nawabship of Arcot. -Against this overwhelming force, -Clive, whose garrison had been -reduced by sickness to 120 -Europeans, and less than 200 -Sepoys, held out for seven -weeks, till the approach of a -Mahratta army forced Chunda -Sahib to raise the siege. The -garrison had 45 Europeans and -30 Sepoys killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Argaum (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 28, 1803, -between the British under -Wellesley (the Duke of Wellington) -and the forces of the Rajah -of Berar, under Sindhia of -Gwalior. Three of Wellesley's -battalions, which had previously -fought well, on this occasion -broke and fled, and the situation -was at one time very serious. -Wellesley, however, succeeded -in rallying them, and in the end -defeated the Mahrattas, with -the loss of all their guns and -baggage. The British lost 346 -killed and wounded. This -victory ended the Second Mahratta -War.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Argentaria (Invasion of the Alemanni).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May, 378, between -the Romans under Gratianus -and the Alemanni under Priarius. -The Alemanni were overwhelmed -by the Roman legionaries, -though they stood their ground -bravely, and only 5,000 escaped -from the field. Priarius was -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Argentoratum.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August, 357, between -13,000 Romans under Julian, -and a vastly superior army of -Alemanni under Chnodomar. -The Romans attacked the German -lines shortly before night-fall, -after a long march, and -though the right wing, under -Julian, was at first driven in, they -were rallied by their general, -and the left and centre pressing -on, the Alemanni were totally -routed, with a loss of 6,000, in -addition to those who fell in the -flight. The Romans lost 4 tribunes -and 243 soldiers only. -Chnodomar was taken prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arginusæ (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 406, between 150 -Athenian triremes under Thrasyllus -and other generals, and -120 Peloponnesian ships under -Callicratidas. The Peloponnesians -were routed, with a loss -of 70 vessels, sunk or taken, -and Callicratidas slain. The -Athenians lost 25 ships with -their crews, and the generals -were brought to trial for not -having taken proper steps to -rescue the men of the disabled -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>ships. They were convicted, -and six of them, including -Thrasyllus, executed. This -victory temporarily restored to -Athens the command of the -sea.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Argos (Roman Invasion of Greece).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 195, between -Nabis of Sparta, with 15,000 -men, and 50,000 Romans and -Macedonians under Flaminius. -Nabis was totally defeated, -and though allowed to retain -Sparta, was compelled to restore -to the Achæan league all his -foreign possessions.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='ARIKERA'></a>Arikera (Second Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 13, 1791, between -the British under Lord -Cornwallis, and the forces of -Tippu Sahib. The latter was -encamped between Arikera and -Seringapatam, and was attacked -by Cornwallis, who attempted -to surprise him by a night -march, but was foiled by heavy -rain. A frontal attack on -Tippu's position was, however, -successful, and, aided by a -flank movement under Maxwell, -resulted in the total defeat of -the Mysore troops, with a loss -of over 2,000. The British -loss amounted to 500. This is -also known as the battle of -Carigat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arius, The.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 214, between the -Syrians under Antiochus the -Great, and the Parthians and -Bactrians under Arsaces III, -and Euthydemus. Antiochus -was severely wounded, but -remained at the head of his -troops, and completely routed -the enemy with enormous loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arkenholm (Douglas Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 12, 1455, between -the troops of James II of -Scotland and the rebels under -the Douglas brothers. The -rebels were completely defeated. -Archibald Douglas was killed, -Hugh captured, and James, -Earl of Douglas, forced to take -refuge in England.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arklow (Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1798, when General -Needham, with about 1,400 -Militia and Volunteers, defended -the town from the attack of -27,000 rebels led by Father -John Murphy. The rebels were -beaten off with great slaughter, -and their intended advance on -Dublin prevented.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Armada, The Invincible.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The fight with the Spanish -Armada in the Channel began -on Sunday, July 21, 1588, and -lasted with intervals until the -30th. The Armada consisted -of 130 ships, many of large size, -under the command of the -Duke of Medina Sidonia. The -English fleet numbered 197 in -all, but only 34 were Queen's -ships, and of these but 8 -were over 600 tons burden. -Lord Howard of Effingham -commanded, with Drake and -Hawkins as his lieutenants. -The English vessels hung on to -the flanks of the Spanish ships -as they sailed up channel, harassing -them in every way, and -doing considerable damage, -until the Armada anchored in -Calais roads. Here many of -their finest vessels were captured -or destroyed by fire-ships, -and finally on the 30th, Medina -Sidonia decided to attempt to -escape northwards. His fleet -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>was scattered by storms, and -many wrecked on the Scotch -and Irish coasts, and in the -end only about one-half of the -Armada returned to Spain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arnee.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1751, shortly after -the relief of Arcot, between -900 British troops, under -Clive, with 600 Mahratta horse -under Basin Rao, and a French -force of 4,800, including 300 -Europeans, who were in charge -of a convoy of treasure. Clive -took up a position in swampy -ground, crossed by a causeway -along which the convoy must -pass. The French were thrown -into disorder, and forced to -retreat, but night saved them -from complete destruction. The -treasure was captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arnee (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>An indecisive action fought -June 7, 1782, between the British -under Sir Eyre Coote, and -the Mysore troops under -Hyder Ali.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arques (Eighth Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 23, 1589, -between 5,000 Huguenots under -Henri IV, and 30,000 Leaguers -under the Duc de Mayenne. -Henri had taken up a strong -position, defended by marshy -ground, and of such a nature -that Mayenne could only bring -against the king 5,000 troops -at a time, thus neutralizing the -disparity of numbers. He -repulsed attack after attack, -with heavy loss to the assailants, -and eventually Mayenne was -forced to withdraw, with the -loss of about half his army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arrah (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A house in Arrah was, in -1857, defended by Mr. Boyle, -with 16 Englishmen and 60 -Sikh police, against the attacks -of three revolted native regiments, -led by a Zemindar named -Kur Singh. This small garrison -held out from July 25 till -August 3, when they were -relieved by a small field force -under Major Vincent Eyre.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arras (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a French -garrison, was besieged August, -1654, by the Spaniards under -the Great Condé. On the 24th -a relieving army under Turenne -attacked the Spanish lines, and -totally routed them with a loss -of 3,000 men. Condé succeeded -in rallying the remainder of his -army, and made a masterly -retreat to Cambray.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arretium (Etruscan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 283, when the -consular army of L. Cæcilius -Metellus, marching to the relief -of Arretium, which the Etruscans -were besieging, met with a -disastrous defeat. Thirteen -thousand, including Metellus, -were slain, and the rest made -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arroyo Grande (Uruguayan War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1842, between the -Argentine troops under Oribe, -and the Uruguayans under -Ribera. Ribera was totally defeated, -and Oribe proceeded to -lay siege to Montevideo.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Arsouf (Third Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1192, between the -English Crusaders under Richard -Cœur de Lion, and the Saracens, -300,000 strong under Saladin. -The Saracens made a desperate -onslaught on the English, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>both their wings gave way, but -the centre under the king stood -firm and finally drove back the -Moslems in great disorder, with -a loss of 40,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ascalon (First Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 19, 1099, -between the Crusaders under -Godefroi de Bouillon, and the -Saracens under Kilidj Arslan. -The Crusaders gained a signal -victory, and for a time the -Moslem resistance to the Christian -occupation of the Holy -Land came to an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Asculum (Pyrrhus' Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 279, between -45,000 Romans under Sulpicius -Saverrio and P. Decius Mus, -and the Epirots, with their -Italian allies, in about equal -force. The Romans fought to -raise the siege of Asculum, but -were finally routed by the Epirot -cavalry and elephants, and -driven back to their camp with -a loss of 6,000. The Epirots -lost 3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Asculum (Social War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 89, between -75,000 Romans under Strabo, -who was besieging the town, and -60,000 Italians under Judacilius, -who had marched to -its relief. The Romans were -victorious, but Judacilius succeeded -in throwing a considerable -portion of his army into -the <a id='corr20L.40'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='beleagured'>beleaguered</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_20L.40'><ins class='correction' title='beleagured'>beleaguered</ins></a></span> city.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ashdown (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 871, between the West -Saxons under Æthelred and the -Danes under Bag Secg and -Halfdene. Largely owing to -the brilliant leading of Alfred -(the Great), who commanded -one of the wings, the Danes, -after a desperate conflict, which -lasted throughout the day, were -finally put to flight, having lost -one of their kings and five jarls.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ashtee (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 19, 1818, -between the army of the Peshwá, -Baji Rao, under Gokla, and -the British under General Smith. -The Peshwá fled before the -action began, and Gokla, charging -at the head of his cavalry, -was killed, whereupon the Mahrattas -broke and fled in confusion.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Asirghur (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by Jeswunt -Rao, with a strong Mahratta -garrison, was besieged by -a British force under Sir John -Malcolm and General Doveton, -March 18, 1819. On the 21st -the garrison was driven into the -upper fort, and after a continuous -bombardment, Jeswunt -Rao surrendered April 7. The -British loss during the siege was -313 killed and wounded; that -of the garrison somewhat less.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Askultsik (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1828, between 30,000 -Turks and the Russians, 17,000 -strong, under General Paskiewitch. -The Turks were routed, -and their camp, with all artillery -and baggage, captured. -Paskiewitch then laid siege to -the town, which was defended -by a garrison of 50,000 men, -and after a siege of three weeks, -carried it by storm, August 28.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aspendus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 191, between the -Syrian fleet of Antiochus the -Great, under Hannibal, and a -Rhodian squadron under Eudamus. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>Though Hannibal was in -superior force, he suffered a -severe defeat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='ASPERN'></a>Aspern (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 21 and 22, 1809, -between 36,000 French under -Napoleon, and 70,000 Austrians -under the Archduke Charles. -The battle commenced about -four p.m. on the 21st by an -attack on the French position -at Aspern, and at nightfall the -Austrians had established a -lodgment in the village. On -the 22nd, both armies having -been reinforced during the night, -the combat was renewed round -Aspern, which was taken and -retaken ten times, while Essling -was the scene of an equally -desperate conflict. Towards -evening the bridge by which -Napoleon had crossed the -Danube was swept away, and -Napoleon was compelled to -retire. Each side lost about -20,000 men, and both claimed -the victory. Among the French -who fell were Marshal Lannes -and General St. Hilaire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aspromonte (Garibaldi's Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1862, -between a small force of "Red -Shirts" under Garibaldi, and -the royal troops under General -Pallavicini. After a short engagement, -in which Garibaldi -was wounded, the "Red Shirts," -largely outnumbered and surrounded, -laid down their arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Assandun (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The last of the five battles -fought in 1016 between the -English under Edmund Ironside -and the Danish invaders -under Knut. Owing to the -treachery of Ædric, who crossed -over with the Hereford men in -the course of the battle, the -English were defeated, and -shortly afterwards Knut was -proclaimed King of England.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Assaye (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 23, 1803, -when General Wellesley (the -Duke of Wellington) with 4,500 -British and native troops routed -the army of Sindhia of Gwalior, -over 30,000 strong. All the -camp equipment and 100 guns -were taken. The Duke always -considered this the bloodiest -action, for the numbers engaged, -that he ever witnessed. -The British loss amounted to -1,566, or more than one-third of -Wellesley's entire force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Astrakhan.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this town, -1569, by the Turks under -Selim II, who required it as a -base for his projected invasion -of Persia. It was held by a -small Russian garrison, which -made an obstinate defence, and -was finally relieved by an army -despatched to its assistance by -Ivan the Terrible, which attacked -the Turkish lines, and utterly -routed them.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Atahualpa (Conquest of Peru).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1531, between 160 -Spaniards under Pizarro, and -30,000 Peruvians, forming the -escort of the Inca, Manco-Capac. -The battle was nothing -but a butchery, Pizarro, who -had invited the Inca to visit -him, falling upon the unsuspecting -Peruvians, seizing Manco-Capac, -and slaughtering 4,000 -men, without the loss of a single -Spaniard.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Atbara (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 8, 1898, between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>the British and Egyptian army, -14,000 strong, under Sir Herbert -Kitchener, and 18,000 Mahdists -under Mahmad. The Mahdists -occupied an entrenched zareeba -on the Atbara, where they were -attacked and utterly routed, -with a loss in the zareeba of -5,000 killed and 1,000 prisoners, -while many more fell in the -pursuit. Mahmad was captured. -The Anglo-Egyptian -losses were 570 killed and -wounded, including 29 British -officers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Athenry (Conquest of Ireland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1316 between the -English under William de -Burgh and Richard de Bermingham, -and the O'Connors under -their chieftain, Feidlim. The -O'Connors were defeated, 11,000 -of the sept falling in the battle. -This is the last appearance of -the O'Connors as a clan in Irish -history.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Atherton Moor.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#ADWALTON'>Adwalton Moor</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Auerstadt.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#JENA'>Jena</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Augsburg.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 900, between the -Germans and the invading -Hungarians. The Christians -fought gallantly, but were overwhelmed -by the numbers of the -barbarian cavalry, and in the -end suffered a signal defeat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Auldearn (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 9, 1645, when -Montrose and his Highlanders -defeated a largely superior force -of Covenanters under Sir John -Hurry, who was marching northward -to raid the lands of the -Gordons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Auray.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 27, 1364, -between the partisans of John -de Montfort, and those of -Charles of Blois, the rival -claimants to the Dukedom of -Brittany. The English party, -under Sir John Chandos, were -besieging Auray, when they -were attacked by the French, -who were led by Bertrand du -Guesclin. Chandos' position, -however, was very strong, and -the French were unable to make -any impression upon it. Meanwhile -they were thrown into -utter confusion by an attack -on their flank, and were ultimately -routed, with heavy loss, -Charles of Blois being among -the slain. Bertrand du Guesclin -was captured. De Montfort -was shortly afterwards acknowledged -by Charles V of France -as Duke of Brittany.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aussig (Hussite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1426, between the -Germans under the Emperor -Sigismund, and the Taborites, -the extreme section of the -Hussites, under John Zisca. -The Germans were signally -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Austerlitz (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 2, 1805, -between 50,000 Russians and -25,000 Austrians under Kutusoff, -and 75,000 French under -Napoleon. An attempt to turn -the French flank failed, and led -to the left of the allies being -entirely cut off from their centre. -Their left and centre were thus -beaten in detail, and the right, -which had at first held its own, -was surrounded, and driven in -disorder across a partially frozen -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>lake, where many perished. -The allies lost 20,000 killed, -wounded, and prisoners, and a -large number of guns. The -French lost about 5,000. The -battle is called the Battle of the -Three Emperors, those of Russia, -Austria, and France being all -present with their respective -armies.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Avaricum (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was made the headquarters -of the revolted Gauls -under Vercingetorix, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 53, -and was besieged by Cæsar, -with 50,000 Romans. The -place was strongly defended, -but supplies ran short, and -Vercingetorix attempted to -withdraw his troops. In this -he was unsuccessful, and the -Romans, delivering a vigorous -assault, took possession of the -town, and massacred the garrison -and inhabitants.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Avus (Second Macedonian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 198, between -20,000 Macedonians under -Philip, and two Roman legions -under T. Quinctius Flamininus. -A force of 4,000 legionaries -penetrated to the rear of Philip's -camp, and when Flamininus -attacked in front, they fell upon -the Macedonian rear, and completely -routed them, with a loss -of 2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Axarquia (War of Granada).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 20, 1483, between -a Spanish force of 3,000 -knights, and about 2,000 infantry, -under the Marquis of -Cadiz, and a strong Moorish -force under Abul Hasan. -The Spaniards were marching -through the defile of Axarquia, -on their way to attack Malaga, -when they were assailed in front -and flank, and totally routed, -losing 800 killed and 1,600 -prisoners. Among the killed -were 400 men of rank.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='AYACUCHO'></a>Ayacucho (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 9, 1824, -between the South American -patriots, 5,780 strong, under -Sucre, and the Spaniards, 9,310 -in number, under Laserna. The -latter were routed with a loss of -2,100 killed and wounded, and -over 3,500 prisoners, including -Laserna, in addition to 15 guns. -The Patriots lost 979. This -engagement, which is also <a id='corr24R.17'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='know'>known</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_24R.17'><ins class='correction' title='know'>known</ins></a></span> -as the Battle of Candorcanqui, -practically decided the question -of South American independence.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Aylesford (Jutish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 456, between the Jutes -under Hengist and Horsa, and -the Britons under Vortigern. -Horsa was slain in the battle, but -the Jutes were victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Azimghur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 15, 1858, between -a British column, composed -of three regiments of -infantry and three of Sikh -cavalry, under Sir Edward -Layard, and the Dinapur mutineers, -about 5,000 strong, under -Kur Singh. The rebels were -routed and dispersed, Kur Singh -falling mortally wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Azores.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1591, a fleet of 7 ships -under Lord Thomas Howard -was driven from Floris by the -Spanish fleet under Don Alfonso -Bassano. The action was chiefly -remarkable for the gallant -fight made by Sir Richard Grenville -in the <i>Revenge</i>, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>maintained an unequal struggle -for nine hours, when her gallant -commander was mortally -wounded, and she surrendered -at daybreak.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c009'>B</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Badajos (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On March 17, 1812, this fortress, -held by a garrison of -French, Hessians and Spaniards, -5,000 strong, under Phillipon, -was invested by Wellington. -The breaches were declared to -be practicable on April 5, and -an assault was ordered. After -terrible slaughter, the town was -taken, with a loss to the assailants -of 3,500, the total British -losses during the siege exceeding -5,000. Fearful excesses were -committed after the assault, -and for two days the troops -were completely out of hand.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Baduli-ki-Serai (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 8, 1857, when a -British force, under Sir Henry -Barnard, defeated a large body -of mutineers, who were opposing -their march to Delhi. All the -rebels' guns were captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bagdad (Tartar Invasion of Mesopotamia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was captured by -the Tartars under Tamerlane, -July 23, 1401.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bagradas (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 49, between the -Cæsareans under Curio and the -Numidians under Juba and -Saburra, who adhered to the -fortunes of Pompey. The Roman -cavalry was cut to pieces, -before the legionaries could -come to its assistance, and eventually -the Romans were surrounded, -and cut down to a -man, Curio being amongst the -slain. This victory left the -Pompeians masters of Africa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bahur (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August, 1752, between -the French, numbering -2,500, including natives, under -M. Kirkjean, and 2,000 British -troops, with 4,000 of Mohammed -Ali's levies, under Major Lawrence. -The French were totally -defeated, losing heavily in men, -guns and stores. This victory -determined the Mahrattas, who -were wavering, to throw in their -lot with the British.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Balaclava (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 25, 1854, -between 30,000 Russians under -Prince Mentschikoff, and the -British under Lord Raglan. -The Russians, having driven -the Turks from their redoubts -at Kadikoi, entered the valley -of Balaclava, where they were -encountered and driven back -by the Heavy Cavalry Brigade -under General Scarlett. Later -in the day, acting under a -mistaken order, Lord Cardigan -at the head of the Light Brigade, -charged the Russian guns at -the head of the valley, and -captured their batteries. Being, -however, shelled from all sides, -he was compelled to retire with -heavy loss. Of this famous -feat of arms, General Pelissier -is reported to have said, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"C’est -magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la -guerre."</span> Another feature of -this singular battle was the -repulse by the Highland Brigade, -in line, of a charge of the -Russian cavalry. The British -losses were small, except in the -case of the Light Brigade, whose -casualties amounted to 272 out -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>of 673 who took part in the -charge.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Balls Bluff (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 21, 1861, -between the Federals under -General Stone, and the Confederates -under General Evans. -The Federals crossed the Potomac -to attack the Southern -position, but were repulsed, -and driven back over the river -in confusion losing 1,100 killed -and wounded, 700 prisoners and -the only three guns which they -had succeeded in taking across. -The Confederates lost 155 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ballymore (Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 3, 1798, when -Colonel Walpole, with 500 Royal -troops, on the march to Enniscorthy, -was surprised and overpowered -by a body of rebels -under Father Murphy. Walpole -and the majority of his force -were cut to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Baltimore (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was attacked September -11, 1814, by a British -fleet of ten sail, under Admiral -Sir Alexander Cochrane, and a -land force of 3,270 under General -Ross, who fell during the action. -The Americans, 17,000 strong, -under General Winder, were -defeated, but the British retired -on the evening of the 13th. -The British lost 46 killed and -300 wounded, the Americans, -20 killed, 90 wounded, and 200 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bamian (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was invested by -the Mongols under Genghiz -Khan in 1221, and after an -obstinate defence, lasting -several months, was taken by -storm. Genghiz, who had seen -a favourite grandson killed -during the progress of the siege, -gave orders that neither woman -nor child was to be spared, and -the whole city with its inhabitants -was wiped out.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Banda (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 19, 1858, between -a force of rather over -1,000 British troops under -General Whitlock, and 7,000 -mutineers under the Nawab of -Banda. After an obstinate -conflict the rebels were totally -routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Banda Islands (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>These islands, forming part of -the Dutch East Indian possessions, -were captured March 8, -1796, by a British squadron -under Admiral Peter Rainier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bands, The (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 961, between the -Scots under their king, Indulph, -and the Danish pirates. The -Danes were defeated, but Indulph -fell in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bangalore (Second Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the British under Lord Cornwallis, -March 5, 1791, and notwithstanding -numerous efforts -to relieve it on the part of Tippu -Sahib, it was taken by storm on -the night of the 21st, Tippu's -final attempt being beaten off -by the reserve with heavy loss. -The British casualties were few.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bannockburn (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 24, 1314, between -the Scots under Robert -Bruce, and the English invaders -under Edward II. Bruce's -position was partly covered by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>a marsh, and further strengthened -by pitfalls, in which the -English cavalry were entrapped, -and defeated with great loss. -The king escaped with difficulty -and the invasion was -abandoned.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bapaume (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 3, 1871, between -the French under General -Faidherbe, and the Germans -under Von Goeben. The result -was indecisive, and though the -French gained some tactical -successes, the result strategically -was an advantage to the -Germans, as General Faidherbe -was compelled to desist from -his attempt to raise the siege of -Péronne. The Germans lost 52 -officers and 698 men; the French -53 officers and 1516 men killed -and wounded, and 550 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Barbosthenian Mountains (Wars of the Achæan League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 192 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> between the -Spartans under Narbis, and the -Achæan League under Philopœmen. -Nabis was totally -routed, with the loss of three-fourths -of his troops.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Barcelona (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, which was held for -Philip V of Spain by a Spanish -garrison, was besieged September -14, 1705, by the British -under the Earl of Peterborough. -After a short bombardment, -the place surrendered, October 9.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Barnet (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 14, 1471, between -the Yorkists under Edward -IV, and the Lancastrians -under the Earl of Warwick. -Warwick prepared to attack -the king as he issued from Barnet, -but Edward came out during -the night and took up a -position opposite Warwick unseen. -The left of the Yorkists -was outflanked and beaten, -but their right outflanked and -defeated the Lancastrian left, -and then fell upon and routed -the centre. Warwick was slain. -The losses on the two sides are -said to have amounted in all to -1,000 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Barosa (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the course of the operations -for the relief of Cadiz, -General Graham, with 4,000 -British troops, defeated Marshal -Victor with 9,000 French, -March 5, 1811. The French -lost 2,000 killed and wounded, -including two generals, 6 guns, -2 eagles, and 400 prisoners. -The British losses amounted to -50 officers and 1,160 rank and -file. A large Spanish force -under La Peña stood idly by, -and took no part in the action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Barquisimeto (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1813, between the -Colombian <a id='corr27R.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='patrots'>patriots</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_27R.31'><ins class='correction' title='patrots'>patriots</ins></a></span> under Simon -Bolivar, and the Spanish -Royalists, Bolivar gaining a -complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Basing (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A victory of the Danish invaders -in 871 over the West -Saxons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bassano (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 8, 1796, -when Napoleon, who had on the -previous day destroyed the -Austrian vanguard at Primolano, -fell upon the main body -of Wurmser's army. The assault -on the town of Bassano was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>delivered by Augereau's division -on the right, and Masséna's -on the left, and the French -utterly routed the Austrians, -Wurmser narrowly escaping -capture. Six thousand men -laid down their arms, and when -Wurmser collected his scattered -forces, he had but 16,000 -left out of the 60,000 with which -he had commenced the campaign.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bassein (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a Mahratta -garrison, was besieged by -a British force under General -Goddard, November 13, 1780. -A serious attempt was made to -relieve the garrison, but the -defeat of the relieving force by -Colonel Hartley at Dugaar, on -December 10, completely discouraged -the defenders, and -they surrendered on the following -day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bassorah (Arab Revolt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought in 665 between the -Caliph Ali, at the head of 29,000 -Moslems, and the rebel Arabs -in superior force, under Telha -and Zobin. The rebels were -defeated with heavy loss, Telha -and Zobin being slain, and -Ayesha, the widow of the prophet, -who had espoused their -cause, captured. This victory -is known to Moslems as the Day -of the Camel, 70 men, who in -succession held the bridle of the -camel on which Ayesha was -mounted, being killed in the -fight which raged round her.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Batavia (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was captured by -the British under Sir Samuel -Auchmuty, with 10,000 troops, -August 26, 1811. The French -and Dutch garrison had abandoned -the town, and occupied a -strong position at Fort Cornelius, -in the immediate neighbourhood. -The British stormed the -entrenchments, with a loss of -872 killed and wounded, whereupon -the survivors of the garrison -laid down their arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Batoche (Riel's Second Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 9 to 12, 1885, -when 750 Canadians under -General Middleton gradually -drove back and finally defeated -Riel's force of half-breeds and -Indians, with a loss of 224. The -Canadians lost only 54 killed -and wounded. Riel surrendered -on the 15th.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Batowitz.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1653 between 40,000 -Poles under John II, and the -Wallachians under Bogdan. The -Poles, who were waiting to -intercept the passage of the -Wallachians, were thrown into -disorder by a furious charge -headed by Bogdan in person, -and almost completely annihilated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bautzen (Campaign of Leipzic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 20 and 21, 1813, -between 150,000 French under -Napoleon, and the Prussians and -Russians, 100,000 strong, under -Blucher and Count Wittgenstein. -The allies were strongly posted -in and around Bautzen, while -their front was protected by -the Spree. On the 20th Napoleon -forced the passage of the -Spree, and seized Bautzen after -severe fighting, driving the -allies from their first line of -defence. On the 22nd he attacked -the second line, while a -flank march of Ney's corps -drove in their right flank, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>captured all their positions. -The allies retired in good order, -lack of cavalry preventing -Napoleon from pushing his -advantage. The allies lost -15,000 killed and wounded in -the two days; the French, -1,300.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bavay (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 57 between the -Romans, 50,000 strong, under -Cæsar, and a large force of Gauls, -drawn from the Nervii, Viromandui, -Atrebates and other -tribes. The Gauls attacked as -the Romans were pitching their -camp on the banks of the -Sambre, but, although surprised, -the legionaries stood their -ground, and utterly routed their -assailants. The Nervii, in particular, -were practically annihilated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Baylen (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 19, 1808, between -15,000 Spaniards under -Castaños, and 20,000 French -under Dupont. The French -were totally defeated with a loss -of over 2,000 men, and Dupont -surrendered with his whole -army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Baza (War of Granada).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, one of the outposts -of Granada, was besieged -by Ferdinand, with 95,000 -Spaniards, in June 1489, and -was defended by a strong -Moorish garrison under Sidi -Yahye. The town was very -strong, and was gallantly defended, -and the siege lasted until -December, when the place was -surrendered on honourable terms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beachy Head (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action fought June 30, -1690, between a combined English -and Dutch fleet of 73 sail -under Torrington, and a French -fleet of 78 ships under de -Tourville, which had been -despatched to create a diversion -in favour of James II in Ireland. -The allies were defeated, the -Dutch losing six and the British -one ship.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beaugé (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 22, 1421, between -the English under the -Duke of Clarence, and the -Armagnacs, aided by the Scottish -mercenaries, resulting in one of -the few defeats sustained by the -English during the French wars. -The Duke and his immediate -following, charging ahead of -his troops, vigorously attacked -the Scottish outposts, and, becoming -separated from the main -body, was surrounded and slain, -all his gentlemen being either -killed or captured. The bodies -were afterwards recovered by -the English archers, but the -defeat was complete.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beaumont (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 30, 1870, between -the Fifth French Corps -d'Armée under General de -Failly, and the Fourth and -Twelfth German Army Corps -under the Crown Prince of -Saxony. The French were surprised -in their cantonments, -and were driven back upon -Monzon, with a loss of 4,800 men -and 42 guns. The Germans lost -about 3,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beaune-la-Rolande (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 28, 1870, -between 9,000 Germans under -the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>and 60,000 French under General -Crouzat. The French assailed -the German position, but, notwithstanding -the disparity of -numbers, the Germans succeeded -in maintaining their -ground, after a desperate encounter, -driving off their assailants -with a loss of 8,000 men. -The Germans lost 37 officers and -817 men only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beauséjour (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort in Nova Scotia, held -by a garrison of 460 men under -Duchambon de Vergor, was -invested June 4, 1755, by 2,000 -Massachusetts volunteers and -a small force of regulars under -Colonel Monckton. On the 14th -the besiegers opened fire, and on -the 16th the garrison surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beaver's Dam Creek.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SEVENDAYS'>Seven Days' Battle</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bedr (Mohammed's War with the Koreish).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought in 623, and notable as -the first military exploit of -Mohammed, who, with only 313 -followers, routed a force of 950 -Koreish, who had been sent out -to meet and protect a caravan -of 1,000 camels, with which was -their chief, Abu Sophian. After -his victory, Mohammed pursued -and captured the caravan.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bedriacum (Revolt of Vitellius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 14, 69, between -the legions of the Emperor Otho -and the Vitellians under Valens. -The Imperial troops were utterly -routed, and driven back to -their camp, which they surrendered -to the Vitellians on -the following day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bega (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1696, between the -Turks, under Mustapha II, and -the Imperialists, when the Turks -gained a complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belgrade (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this city -by a large Turkish army under -Mohammed II, the defence being -in the hands of John Hunyady. -After a gallant resistance of 40 -days, the Turks were compelled -to raise the siege, September 4, -1456. This was Hunyady's last -exploit, and he died a month -later. Mohammed was wounded -in the course of the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belgrade (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 16, 1717, between -40,000 Austrians under -Prince Eugene, and 180,000 -Turks under the Grand Vizier, -Ibrahim Pasha. The Turks -were entrenched in and around -Belgrade, and were attacked by -Eugene at night. His right -wing lost touch and were in -danger of being overwhelmed, -but was rescued by the Prince. -The main attack was completely -successful, and the Turks were -driven out of their positions -with a loss of 20,000 killed and -wounded, and 166 guns. The -Austrians lost almost as heavily, -among those who fell being -Marshal Hauben.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belgrade (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On October 8, 1789, the city -was surrendered by the Turks, -after a brief siege, to an Austrian -army under General Laudon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belle Isle (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 20, 1759, -between a British fleet of 27 -ships of the line and 6 frigates -under Sir Edward Hawke, and -a French fleet of 20 ships of the -line and 6 frigates under Admiral -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>de Conflans. The French -were completely defeated, losing -6 ships and a large number of -men. The British lost 2 ships -ashore, and 58 killed and 251 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belle Isle (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On June 7, 1761, the island -was captured by 8,000 British -troops under General Hodgson, -convoyed by the fleet under -Admiral Keppel. After a first -repulse, the troops made good -their landing, and the garrison -of Palais, the principal town, at -once capitulated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belle Isle (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 23, 1795, between -a British fleet of 17 battleships -under Lord Bridport, and -a French squadron. The French -endeavoured to escape, but the -British gave chase, and captured -three ships, with a loss of 3 killed -and 113 wounded. The French -lost about 700.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bellevue (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 7, 1870, when -Marshal Bazaine attempted to -break through the lines of the -Germans investing Metz. He -was unsuccessful, and was -driven back into the city with a -loss of 64 officers and 1,193 men. -The Germans lost 75 officers and -1,703 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Belmont (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 23, 1899, -between a Boer commando, -about 3,000 strong, occupying -a strong position on the hills -near Belmont, and Lord -Methuen's division of 7½ battalions -of infantry and a regiment -of cavalry. The Boer -position was carried by a frontal -attack, which cost the assailants -28 officers and 270 men. The -Boers lost about 300 killed and -wounded, and 50 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Benburb (Great Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 5, 1646, when -5,500 Irish rebels under O'Neill, -totally routed the Scottish army -under Monro. The Scots left -3,000 dead upon the field, and -the fugitives were ruthlessly -butchered by the Irish in their -flight.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bender (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a Turkish -garrison, was besieged by the -Russians under Count Panin, -August, 1768. After a defence of -two months, the place was taken -by storm, and the garrison put -to the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Benevento (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 26, 1266, -between the Neapolitans, under -Mainfroy, the usurper of the -crown of the Two Sicilies, and -the French under Charles of -Anjou. After a sanguinary engagement, -in which Mainfroy -was slain, the Neapolitans were -utterly routed, and Charles of -Anjou remained in undisputed -possession of the throne.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beneventum (Pyrrhus' Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 275, when Pyrrhus -with a strong force of -Epirots and Italians made a -night attack upon the consular -army of M. Carius Dentatus, -encamped in a strong position -near Beneventum. Pyrrhus was -repulsed with considerable loss, -including eight elephants. Encouraged -by this success, the -Romans shortly afterwards -advanced to meet Pyrrhus in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>the open plain, and were at first -driven back by the elephants, -but rallying, they drove these -back through Pyrrhus' lines, and -disordered the Epirot phalanx, -and a charge of the legionaries -completed the rout. This was -Pyrrhus' last serious attack -against the Roman power, and -he soon afterwards left Italy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beneventum (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 214, between -18,000 Carthaginians under -Hanno, and 20,000 Romans -under Tiberius Gracchus. Hanno's -troops were routed, his infantry -being cut to pieces, and -he himself escaping with difficulty, -with a portion of his -cavalry.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beneventum (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 212, when a -Roman consular army under -Cn. Fulvius, stormed Hanno's -camp, three miles from Beneventum, -at daybreak, and surprising -the Carthaginians, routed -them with heavy loss and captured -all the corn and supplies -intended for the revictualling of -Capua.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bennington (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 10, 1777, between -a British force under -Colonel Baum, and the New -Hampshire troops under General -Stark. Baum had been ordered -to seize the American magazines -at Bennington, but found the -place too strong, and asked for -reinforcements. Meanwhile they -were surrounded and attacked -by Stark. The British fought till -their ammunition was exhausted -and then surrendered, while -Baum was killed trying to cut -his way through the American -lines.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Berea (Kaffir Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 20, 1852, -between the British under -General Cathcart, about 2,500 -strong, and the Basutos, many -thousands in number, under -Moshesh. The British, after hard -fighting, succeeded in holding -their ground, but were obliged on -the following day to retreat to -the entrenched camp on the -Caledon, having suffered a loss -of 37 killed and 15 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beresina (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On November 28, 1812, the -French Grande Armée, in retreat -from Moscow, was attacked -by the Russians under Tchitchakoff -and Wittgenstein. The -former on the right bank, -assailed Napoleon, who had -already crossed the river, while -Wittgenstein attacked Victor's -corps, which formed the French -rear-guard. The attack on -Napoleon was repulsed, but on -the other side of the river the -Russian onslaught caused a -panic among those who were -waiting to cross, and though the -rear-guard made a brave resistance, -the losses among the -stragglers and others were enormous. -The official Russian report -says that 36,000 bodies -were recovered from the Beresina -after the thaw.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Berestecko.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1653, between the -Poles 100,000 strong under -John II, and a large army of -Wallachians, Lithuanians, and -Ukraine Tartars, 300,000 in all, -under Bogdan of Wallachia. -After a sanguinary battle, the -Poles were completely victorious, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>defeating Bogdan with -enormous loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bergen (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 13, 1759, between -the French under the -Duc de Broglie, and the Hanoverians, -about 40,000 strong, -under Ferdinand of Brunswick. -The French gained a signal -victory, and retained possession -of Bergen, the recapture of -which was the object of Ferdinand's -advance.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bergen-op-Zoom (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a garrison -of Dutch and English under -Cronstrun, was besieged July 15, -1747, by 25,000 French under -Count Lowendahl. The besieged -made numerous vigorous sorties, -inflicting heavy losses upon the -French, but on September 17 -the besiegers, by an unexpected -assault, effected a lodgment, and -after severe fighting captured -the place. The French lost -22,000 men during the siege; -the garrison 4,000. A Scottish -brigade in the Dutch service -specially distinguished itself, -losing 1,120 out of a strength -of 1,450.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On March 8, 1875, Bergen, -which was held by a French -garrison 6,000 strong, under -General <a id='corr32L.37'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bizouet'>Bizonet</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_32L.37'><ins class='correction' title='Bizouet'>Bizonet</ins></a></span>, was attacked -by a British force, 4,000 strong -under General Cooke. The force -was divided into four columns, -one of which, approaching the -town from the harbour side, at -low water, effected an entrance, -while two of the others gained the -top of the battlements but -could get no further. At dawn -on the 9th, as there was no -prospect of ultimate success, -the assailants retired, having -suffered a loss of 300 killed and -1,800 prisoners, many of whom -were wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bergen-op-Zoom (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the outskirts of the town -a battle took place September -19, 1799, between 35,000 British -and Russians under the Duke of -York, and the French under -Vandamme. The Russians on -the right met with disaster, -their commander, Hermann, with -nearly all his division, being -taken prisoners, but the British -repulsed the French attack with -heavy loss. The victory, however, -was not of much advantage -to the allies, who were forced to -continue their retreat to Zijp. -The French lost about 3,000 -killed and wounded, and the -British 500 only, but the Russian -casualties amounted to -3,500, while they also lost 26 -guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bergfried (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 3, 1807, -when Leval's division of Soult's -corps forced the bridge of -<a id='corr33R.35'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Burgfried'>Bergfried</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_33R.35'><ins class='correction' title='Burgfried'>Bergfried</ins></a></span>, and carried the village, -driving out the Russians -after a short and sharp encounter, -with a loss of about 1,200 -men. The French lost 700.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Béthune (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This small fortress, held by a -French garrison of 3,500 under -M. du Puy Vauban, was invested -July 14, 1707, by the -Imperialists, with 30 battalions -under Count Schulemburg. -Vauban made a most skilful and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>gallant defence, lasting 35 days, -when, the garrison being reduced -to 1,500 men, he was compelled -to surrender. This little -place cost the allies 3,500 in -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Betioca (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1813, between the -Colombian patriots under Simon -Bolivar, and the Spanish -royalists, Bolivar gaining a -complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Betwa, The (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 1, 1858, between -1,200 British under Sir -Hugh Rose, forming part of the -force besieging Jhansi, and -20,000 rebels, chiefly belonging -to the Gwalior contingent, under -Tantia Topi. The enemy was -thrown into confusion by a -charge of cavalry on the flank, -and, being then attacked with -the bayonet, broke and fled, -leaving 1,000 dead on the field -and all their guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beylan (Mehemet Ali's First Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1831, between the -Syrians and Egyptians under -Ibrahim Pasha, and the Turks, -the latter being completely defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Beymaroo (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 23, 1841, -when a detachment of General -Elphinstone's force, under Brigadier -Shelton, attempted to dislodge -a large body of Afghans, -posted near Beymaroo village. -The detachment had one gun -only, which, being well served, -did considerable execution, but -it broke down, whereupon the -Afghans attacked, and a charge -of Ghazis caused a panic and a -disorderly flight to the British -camp.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bezetha (Jewish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October, 66, when the -Romans under Cestius Gallus -were attacked by the populace -of Jerusalem, and driven out of -their camp, with a loss of 6,000 -men and all their baggage and -siege train.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bhurtpur (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, garrisoned by about -8,000 of the Rajah's troops, was -besieged by General Lake, -January 4, 1805. Finding that -his siege train was inadequate to -reduce the town by the ordinary -methods, Lake determined to -carry it by storm. Four successive -assaults were made, but -without success, and on April 21 -Lake was obliged to withdraw, -having lost 3,200 men during -the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bhurtpur, Second Siege of.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was again besieged -by the British under Lord -Combermere in 1827, a dispute -having taken place as to the -succession, and the Rajah who -was under British protection -having been expelled. After a -bombardment of two months, -which had little effect on the -fortress, it was taken by assault.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Biberac (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October, 1796, between -the French under Moreau, and -the Austrians under the Archduke -Charles, who had previously -defeated Jourdan at Warzburg, -and now turned upon -Moreau, who was retreating -through the Black Forest. -Moreau severely defeated the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>Austrians, and continued his -retreat unmolested.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bibracte (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 58, between the -Romans under Cæsar and a -largely superior force of Helvetii. -The battle was a momentous -one, for a defeat to Cæsar -meant destruction. He therefore -sent away all his officers' -horses, giving them to understand -that they must stand -their ground to the last. In the -event, the Helvetii were totally -routed, and compelled to submit -to the domination of Rome.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bilbao (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the Carlists November 9, 1836, -and was defended by a small -Christino garrison. The besiegers -took possession of some -of the suburbs, which were recaptured -by a sortie. Finally, -after several unsuccessful attempts, -Espartero, at the head -of about 18,000 Christinos, -drove off the besiegers, December -25, and relieved the city, -capturing the Carlist artillery -of 25 pieces. In the action the -Christinos lost 714 killed and -wounded, while the losses of -the garrison during the siege -amounted to about 1,300.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bingen (Gallic Revolt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the year 70, Petilius -Cerialis, who, with four Roman -legions, had crossed the Alps -from Switzerland, surprised the -revolted Gauls under Tutor, in -their camp at Bingen. The -Gallic legionaries in Tutor's army -deserted to the Romans, and -Tutor was totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Biruan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1221, between 80,000 -Tartars under Katuku, and the -troops of Jellalladin, Sultan of -Kharismia, 60,000 strong. The -Tartars were routed and driven -from the field in confusion.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bithur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 16, 1857, -when 4,000 mutineers, strongly -posted, were attacked and routed -by the relieving force under -General Havelock. When driven -from their position, the rebels -had to cross a stream in their -rear by a small bridge, and had -Havelock possessed an adequate -cavalry force, but few could -have escaped.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bitonto (War of the Polish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 25, 1734, between -the Imperialists, 10,000 -strong, and the Spaniards under -Mortemar. The Imperialists -were driven from a strong -position, with heavy loss, and -the victory resulted in the -establishment of Spanish rule -throughout the Neapolitan provinces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Blackheath (Flammock's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 22, 1497, between -the royal troops under -Henry VII, and the rebels under -Flammock and Lord Audley. -The rebels were defeated with a -loss of 2,000 killed, and all their -leaders were captured and executed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Black Rock (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1814, between 1,400 -British troops under General -Riall, and a force of 2,000 -American Indians, occupying a -strong position at Black Rock. -The British stormed the entrenchments -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>and dispersed the -enemy, following up their success -by the seizure of Buffalo.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Blackwater (O'Neill's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1598, between 5,000 -Irish rebels under Hugh O'Neill, -and 5,000 English under Sir -Henry Bagnall, the English -Marshal. Bagnall was defeated -with a loss of 1,500 and all his -ammunition and baggage, while -he himself was killed by O'Neill.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bladensburg (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 24, 1814, -between the British under -General Ross, and the Americans -under General Winder, who was -opposing the British advance -upon Washington, and had taken -up a <a id='corr36L.20'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='positon'>position</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_36L.20'><ins class='correction' title='positon'>position</ins></a></span> which commanded -the only bridge over the Potomac. -Ross attacked with a portion -of his force, under Thornton, -and, having carried the -bridge, a combined assault upon -the main position resulted in a -signal defeat of the American -army, which broke and fled. -Ross entered Washington the -same evening.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Blanquefort (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 1, 1450, -when the English made a sally -from Bordeaux to repel a -marauding band under Amanien. -The English cavalry, advancing -too rapidly, became separated -from the main body, and was -cut off. Amanien then fell upon -the infantry, who, being unsupported, -were overwhelmed -and almost annihilated. So -great was the slaughter that the -day was long known in Bordeaux -as the "Male Journée."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Blenheim (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 13, 1704, between -the British and Imperialists -under Marlborough and -Prince Eugene, and the French -and Bavarians under Marshals -Tallard and Marsin, and the -Elector of Bavaria. The French -numbered 60,000, the allies -52,000. Tallard had massed his -best troops in the village of -Blenheim, and Marlborough, seeing -the weakness of his centre, -hurled his cavalry against it, -and cut the French line in two. -Prince Eugene meanwhile had -withstood the attack of Marsin -and the Elector, and, after -Marlborough's charge, he assumed -the offensive, and the -French right and centre were -totally routed. The French lost -40,000, including 1,600 prisoners, -amongst whom was Marshal -Tallard. The allies lost about -11,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bloore Heath (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 23, 1459, -between the Yorkists under the -Earl of Salisbury, and the -Lancastrians under Henry VI. -The former, who were inferior -in numbers, were attacked by -Henry, who crossed a brook -before the assault. As the Lancastrians -were reforming after -the crossing, the Yorkists -charged down upon them, and -dispersed them with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Blueberg (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On January 8, 1806, a British -force 6,600 strong, under -General Baird, which had just -landed at Saldanha Bay, was -attacked by the Dutch and -French under General Janssens, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>issuing from Cape Town. The -British gained a signal victory, -in which they lost 212 killed, -wounded and missing, while -their opponents' losses amounted -to about 300. Baird at once -occupied Cape Town.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Boadicea, Defeat of (Roman Occupation of Britain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the year 61, Suetonius, -with 10,000 legionaries, totally -routed an enormous host of -Britons under Boadicea, Queen -of the Iceni, who had sacked -Camelodunum, and taken -Londinium and Verulamium. -The Britons lost 80,000 killed, -and Boadicea took poison on -the battlefield.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bois-le-Duc (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 12, 1794, -between the French and Austrians -under the Duke of York, -and the French under Moreau. -Moreau's object was to enter -Holland at a period when the -dykes would be no obstacle to -his advance, and for the purpose -endeavoured to cross the Meuse -at Fort Crèvecœur, near Bois-le-Duc. -The allies however, disputed -his passage so vigorously -that Moreau was forced to retire, -and give up his project.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bokhara (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by -the Tartar army under Genghis -Khan in March, 1220, and was -held by a Kharismian garrison. -On the approach of the Tartars, -however, the Kharismian -general, with the whole garrison, -20,000 strong, fled from the -place, and the Bokhariots, -having no means of defending -themselves, opened the gates to -Genghis. The Governor held out -for a short time in the citadel, -which was finally fired and -destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Boomplaats.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1848, between -the British, 800 strong, -with 250 Griquas, under Sir -Harry Smith, and a force of -1,000 Transvaal Boers under -Commandant Jan Kock. The -British stormed the Boer position -and drove out the defenders, -at a cost of 22 killed and 38 -wounded. The Boers stated their -losses at 5 killed and 9 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Borghetto (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 30, 1796, in the -course of Napoleon's pursuit of -Beaulieu. The French crossed -the Mincio at Borghetto, having -previously repaired the bridge -under a heavy fire, and forced -the Austrians to evacuate -Peschiera, with a loss of 500 -prisoners, besides killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bornholm (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1676, between the -fleet of Charles XI of Sweden, and -a combined Dutch and Danish -squadron. The Swedes were -utterly routed, a disaster which -was followed by the loss of -Helsingborg, Landscroon, and -other fortresses.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bornhoven.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1227, between the -Danes under Valdemar II, and -the insurgents of the province -of Dithmarsh, who had risen -against the Danish dominion. -The royal troops were totally -routed, and, as a consequence, -the province was lost to the -Danish crown.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Borodino (Moscow Campaign).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 5, 1812, -between 120,000 Russians under -Kutusoff, and the French in -equal force under Napoleon. -The Russians, who were intrenched -in a very strong -position, were attacked soon -after daybreak, and their first -line of redoubts was carried and -held by the French till the end -of the day, but the victory was -far from decisive, as at nightfall -Napoleon retired to his original -position, leaving the Russians in -possession of the field. The -French lost 10,000 killed, including -8 generals, and 20,000 -wounded, including 30 generals. -The Russians lost about 45,000. -This battle is also called the -Battle of the Moskowa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Boroughbridge (Rebellion of the Marches).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1322, between the -Royalists under Edward II, and -the rebels under Hereford and -Lancaster. The rebels, falling -back before the king, were surprised -by a force under Sir -Andrew Harclay while crossing -the bridge at Boroughbridge, -and were utterly routed. Hereford -was killed, and Lancaster, -with several hundred barons -and knights, surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Borysthenes, The (Russo-Polish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1512, when the Poles -under Sigismund I defeated an -army of Muscovites, 80,000 -strong, with enormous slaughter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bosra (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong fortress was besieged, -632, by 4,000 Moslems -under Serjabil. A sortie of the -garrison nearly caused their -destruction, but they were -rescued by the arrival of 1,500 -horse under Khaled. After a -brief interval, the whole of the -garrison marched out of the -city to give battle, but were defeated -by Khaled with a loss to -his troops of 250 men only, and -the city was shortly afterwards -betrayed by Romanus, the -Governor.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bosworth Field (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21, 1485, between -Richard III and Henry -Duke of Richmond (Henry VII). -Richmond had received a promise -from Lord Stanley and his -uncle that they would desert -during the battle, and, after -holding aloof for some time, they -came over, with their followers, -at a critical moment of the engagement, -and Richard was -routed and slain. He fought to -the end, and among others who -fell with him were the Duke of -Norfolk and Lord Ferrers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bothwell Bridge (Covenanters' Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 22, 1679, when -the Royal troops, under the -Duke of Monmouth, defeated -the Covenanters with great -slaughter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Boulogne.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to the town by -the English under Henry VIII, -September 14, 1544. It was defended -with great gallantry, and, -in the face of enormous difficulties, -for two months, when it -was forced to surrender, the -inhabitants being allowed to -march out with their arms and -property.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Bourbon (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>On July 8, 1810, this island -was captured by a British -squadron of five ships under -Commodore Rowley, with a -detachment of troops under -Colonel Keatinge. The British -lost 22 killed and 79 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bouvines (Wars of Philip Augustus).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1214 between the -French under Philip Augustus, -and the Germans, Flemish and -English under Otho IV, the -numbers engaged on both sides -being considerable. The French -gained a signal victory, which -broke up the coalition and rendered -the position of Philip -Augustus secure on the throne -of France.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bovianum (<a id='corr39L.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Sceond'>Second</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_39L.22'><ins class='correction' title='Sceond'>Second</ins></a></span> Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 307 between the -Romans under Titus Minucius, -and the Samnites under Statius -Gellius. Gellius attempted to -relieve Bovianum, which the -Romans were besieging, and was -totally defeated, though Minucius -fell in the battle. This defeat -broke the Samnite power, and -they sued for peace in the -following year, leaving Rome -without dispute the first power -in Italy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Boyaca (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 17, 1819, between -the Colombian patriots -under Bolivar, and the Spanish -Royalists, 2,500 strong, under -Colonel Barreiro. Bolivar crossed -the Cordilleras, under incredible -difficulties, and, eluding Barreiro, -took up a position at -Boyaca, cutting him off from his -base at Bogota. The Spaniards -attacked him, and were routed -with heavy loss, Barreiro and -1,600 men being captured. The -patriots lost 66 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Boyne, The (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 1690, between -the forces of William III, and -the Irish under James II. -William and the elder Schomberg -attacked the front of James's -position, while the younger -Schomberg crossed the Boyne a -few miles higher up, and attacked -him in flank. William -forced the passage of the river, -and drove the Irish from their -entrenchments at a cost of 500 -killed and wounded, including -the elder Schomberg. The Irish -lost 1,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Braddock Down (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 19, 1643, -between the Royalists under Sir -Ralph Hopton, and the Parliamentary -forces under Ruthven. -The latter had crossed the -Tamar and occupied Liskeard, -without adequate support, and -was defeated by the Royalists -with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bramham Moor (Northumberland's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 20, 1408, -when Sir Thomas Rokeby, High -Sheriff of Yorkshire, defeated -the Earl of Northumberland, -who had again raised the standard -of rebellion in the North. -The Earl was slain, and the rebellion -subsided.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brandywine (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 11, 1777, -between 18,000 British under -General Howe, and 8,000 Americans -under Washington. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>British General made a flank -movement with a large portion -of his force, whereupon Washington -attacked the British in the -front, but, being ill supported by -his lieutenant, Sullivan, he was -driven back, and forced to -retreat, with a loss of 900 killed -and wounded and 300 prisoners. -The British lost 590 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brechin (Douglas Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1452, between the revolted -Douglasses under the -Earl of Craufurd, and the -Royal troops under the Earl of -Huntly. The Douglasses were -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bregenz (War of the League Above the Lake).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 1408, between -the troops of the League -Above the Lake and the burghers -of Constance, aided by the -Suabian nobles. The Leaguers -were totally routed, with the -result that the League was -shortly afterwards dissolved.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Breitenfeld, First Battle.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#LEIPSIC'>Leipsic</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c015'>Breitenfeld, Second Battle (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 2, 1642, -between the Imperialists under -the Archduke Leopold and -Piccolomini, and the Swedes -under Torstenson. The latter, -who were in retreat, were -caught by the pursuing Austrians -at Breitenfeld, but turning upon -them, they offered a desperate -resistance, and finally drove -them from the field, totally -routed, with a loss of 10,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brenneville.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 20, 1119, between -a small body of English -cavalry under Henry I, and a -similar French force under -Louis VI. Though only about -900 men were engaged, and very -few killed, the fight was considered -a decisive victory for -the English, and Louis shortly -afterwards made peace, conceding -Henry's terms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brentford (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 12, 1642, -between the Royalists under -Prince Rupert, and a Parliamentary -force under Denzil Holles. -Three regiments stationed at -Brentford were driven out of -their entrenchments by the -Royalists, losing 1,500 prisoners -and 11 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brescia (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, where the populace -had risen and shut up the small -Austrian garrison in the citadel, -was carried by assault by <a id='corr40R.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Genera'>General</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_40R.24'><ins class='correction' title='Genera'>General</ins></a></span> -Haynau, with about 4,000 Austrians, -March 31, 1849. Carrying -the Porta Torrelunga, he fought -his way from barricade to barricade, -till, by the evening of -April 1, the resistance of the -citizens was overcome. The -Austrians lost 480 killed, including -General Nugent, and -many wounded. The wholesale -executions ordered by Haynau -after the capture earned for -him the sobriquet of the Hyæna.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Breslau (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 22, 1757, -between 90,000 Austrians under -Prince Charles of Lorraine, and -25,000 Prussians under the -Prince of Bevern. The Prussians, -who were encamped under the -walls of Breslau, were driven -into the city with a loss of 5,000 -killed and wounded, 3,600 -prisoners, including the Prince of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>Bevern, and 80 guns. They -evacuated the city at once, -leaving a garrison of 6,000, -which surrendered two days -later. The Austrians lost 8,000 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brest (War of the Holy League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 10, 1512, -between the English fleet of 45 -sail under Lord Edward Howard, -and the French fleet of 39 sail -under Jean de Thenouënel. The -French ships were driven into -Brest, or along the coast, with -heavy loss. The English lost 2 -ships and 1,600 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bridge of Dee (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1639, between -the Covenanters, 2,300 -strong, and the Royal troops -under Lord Aboyne. The bridge -itself was barricaded and held -by 100 sharpshooters, under -Colonel Johnstone, and Montrose, -who led the Covenanters, -finding the defences too strong, -succeeded by a stratagem in -drawing off the main body of -the defenders, whereupon he -forced a passage. The losses on -both sides were very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brienne (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 29, 1814, between -18,000 French under -Napoleon, and about 30,000 -Russians and Prussians under -Blucher. The allies were driven -from their positions, and the -Château de Brienne taken. After -nightfall a determined attempt -to retake the château was made -by the Russians under Sachen, -but they failed to dislodge the -French. The allies lost about -4,000; the French 3,000 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brihuega (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1710 between the -British under Stanhope, and -the French under the Duc de -Vendôme. Stanhope, who was -retreating from Madrid to Catalonia, -was surprised and surrounded, -and, though he made a -gallant stand, fighting till all his -powder was spent, and then -leading a bayonet charge, his -force was at last reduced to 500 -men, when he surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brill (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was captured -from the Spaniards by the -Beggars of the Sea, about 400 -strong, under De la Marck and -Treslong, April 1, 1572. It -was the first success of the -Netherlands patriots in their -struggle against Spanish rule, -and may be said to have laid the -foundation of the Dutch republic.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brittany, Action off (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This, the first sea fight in the -Atlantic, was fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 56, -between the Roman fleet under -Brutus, and the fleet of the -Veneti, consisting of 220 galleys. -The Romans were victorious, -and the surrender of the -Veneti and the whole of Brittany -quickly followed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bronkhorst Spruit (First Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The opening engagement of -the war, when, on December 20, -1880, a British column, 259 -strong, under Colonel Anstruther, -was ambushed by 150 mounted -Boers under Joubert, and defeated -with a loss of 155 killed and -wounded. The Boers stated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>their losses at 2 killed and 5 -wounded only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brooklyn (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 27, 1776, between -30,000 British under Sir -William Howe, and the Americans, -about 11,000 strong, under -General Putnam. The Americans -were completely defeated, with -a loss of about 2,000 killed and -wounded. The British lost 65 -killed and 255 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Brunanburh (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 937, when Æthelstan -defeated with great slaughter the -combined armies of Anlaf the -Dane, Owen of Cumberland, -and Constantine III of Scotland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bucharest (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1771, between the -Turks under Mousson Oglou, -and the Russians under General -Romanzoff. The Turks were -totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Buena Vista (Americo-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 22, 1846, -between 18,000 Mexicans under -General Santa Anna, and 4,500 -Americans under General -Zachary Taylor. The Americans -occupied a series of heights -commanding the Angostura -pass, and were there attacked by -Santa Anna, who failed to dislodge -them, the day ending with -the combatants occupying the -same ground as in the morning. -On the 23rd, however, Santa -Anna retired. The Americans -lost 746 killed and wounded; the -Mexicans admitted a loss of 1,500 -killed, but it was probably -heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was captured June -27, 1806, by a <i>coup de main</i>, by -a British force, 1,700 strong, -under General Beresford, aided -by a small squadron under Sir -Home Popham. Beresford, -however, was not strong enough -to hold the place, and before -reinforcements could arrive he -was defeated by the South -Americans under General -Liniers, with a loss of 250 killed -and wounded, and compelled to -surrender with his whole force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Buenos Ayres (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 5, 1807 when -9,000 British troops under -General Whitelocke assaulted -the city. They penetrated into -the streets, but suffered terrible -losses from the defenders' fire -from windows and roofs, and, -General Whitelocke proving a -most incapable leader, were -forced to surrender and evacuate -the whole of the River Plate -region.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Buenos Ayres (Mitre's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 6, 1874, -between the Argentine Government -troops under Sarmiento, -and the rebels under Mitre and -Aredondo. The rebels were defeated, -and Mitre forced to -surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bull Run (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 21, 1861, between -40,000 Federals under General -M’Dowell, and 30,000 Confederates -under General Beauregard. -The Confederates occupied a -position extending for about nine -miles along the southern bank -of the Bull Run, and an attempt -to turn and drive in their left -was at first successful, but, being -rallied by General Beauregard, -they assumed the offensive, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>totally routed the Northerners, -with a loss of 1,492 killed and -wounded, 1,600 prisoners, and -28 guns. The Confederates lost -1,752.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bull Run, Second Battle (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 30, 1862, between -the Confederates under -Stonewall Jackson, and the -Federals under General Pope. -The Federals attacked Jackson's -position, which he maintained -till evening, when, the Federal left -giving way, he ordered a general -advance, and drove the enemy -from the field with heavy loss. -Over 7,000 prisoners were taken.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Bunker's Hill (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 17, 1775, when -2,000 British troops, forming a -portion of General Gage's army, -dislodged the Americans holding -Breeds Hill and Bunker's Hill, -on the outskirts of Boston. The -position was stubbornly contested, -the assailants losing -800 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Burlington Heights (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5, 1813, when the -British under Colonel Procter -were attacked by 1,300 Americans -under General Clay, while -engaged with another American -force holding Burlington Heights. -The Americans broke the British -line and seized their guns, but -Procter, who had only 1,000 -men, with some Indian auxiliaries, -rallied his troops and -routed Clay, with a loss of -nearly 1,000 killed, wounded -and captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Burns Hill (Kaffir Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1847, between the -Kaffirs under Sandilli, and a -small British force sent to arrest -that chief. The British were -greatly outnumbered, and were -defeated and forced to retreat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Busaco (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought by Wellington, September -29, 1810, to secure his -retreat to Torres Vedras. He -occupied the heights of Busaco -with 25,000 men and was -attacked by 40,000 French under -Masséna. The actual assault -was delivered by the corps of -Ney and Reynier, but they -could make no impression, and -were repulsed with a loss of about -4,500. The British lost 1,300 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Buxar.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 23, 1764, -between 7,000 British troops and -sepoys under Major Monro, and -the army of Oude, 40,000 strong, -under Surabjah Daulah, who -was accompanied by the Great -Mogul, Shah Allum. The British -gained a signal victory, Surabjah -Daulah abandoning his camp -with a loss of 4,000 men and 130 -guns. The British lost 847 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='BUZENVAL'></a>Buzenval (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A sortie from Paris under -General Trochu on January 19, -1871. The French, advancing -under cover of a fog, established -themselves in the Park of -Buzenval, and occupied St. -Cloud, where they maintained -their position throughout the -day. At other points, however, -they were less successful, and, on -the morning of the 20th, the -force at St. Cloud, finding itself -unsupported, was obliged to retire, -and all the captured positions -were abandoned. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>Germans lost 40 officers and 570 -men; the French 189 officers -and 3,881 men. This sortie is also -known as the Battle of Mont -Valérien.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Byzantium.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 318 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Macedonian fleet under Antigonus, -and that of the Asiatic -rebels under Clytus. The -Asiatics were surprised at anchor, -most of the crews being -ashore, and, after a feeble defence, -the whole of their fleet -was destroyed or captured, with -the exception of the admiral's -galley, in which Clytus succeeded -in escaping.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Byzantium (War of the Two Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 323 the city was besieged -by Constantine the Great after -his victory over Licinius at -Hadrianopolis. Licinius, finding -the place difficult of defence, -crossed into Asia and collected -an army to raise the siege. He -was, however, defeated at Chrysopolis, -and Byzantium surrendered -in 324. Constantine -was proclaimed Emperor of the -united Empire, and Byzantium, -under its modern name of -Constantinople, was made the -capital.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>C</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cabala (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 379, between the -Syracusans under Dionysius, -and the Carthaginians under -Mago. The latter were totally -defeated and Mago slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cabria (Third Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 72, between three -Roman legions under Lucullus, -and the Pontic army under -Diophantus and Taxiles. The -Pontic cavalry, on which -Mithridates chiefly relied, was -overwhelmed by Fabius Hadrianus, -and the king was driven -out of Pontus, which was -erected into a Roman province.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cadesia (Moslem Invasion of Persia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 636, between 30,000 -Moslems under Said, the lieutenant -of the Caliph Omar, and -120,000 Persians under Rustam. -Throughout the first day the -Persians, superior in numbers, -but far inferior in warlike -qualities, sustained the attacks -of the Moslems without losing -ground, but on the following -day Rustam was slain, and his -followers, losing heart, were -driven headlong from the field, -with fearful slaughter. The -Moslems lost 7,500 in the -battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cadiz.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On April 19, 1587, Sir Francis -Drake, with between 30 and 40 -English ships, entered Cadiz -Bay, and destroyed over 100 -Spanish vessels. This exploit -Drake described as "Singeing -the King of Spain's beard."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cadsand (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 10, 1357, -between 2,500 English under the -Earl of Derby, and 5,000 -Flemings in the French service. -The Flemings were defeated -with a loss of 1,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cairo (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1517, between the -Turks under Selim I, and the -Egyptians under the Mameluke -Sultan, Toomaan Bey. The -Egyptians were utterly routed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>and Cairo taken, 50,000 of the -inhabitants being <a id='corr45L.2'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='massecred'>massacred</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_45L.2'><ins class='correction' title='massecred'>massacred</ins></a></span>. -Toomaan Bey, the last of the -Mamelukes, was hanged before -the city gates, and Egypt -annexed to the Ottoman Empire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cajwah.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 8, 1659, between -the Moguls of Delhi, -under Aurungzebe, the Great -Mogul, and the army raised by -his brother Shuja, in support of -Dara, the rightful heir to the -throne. After an obstinate conflict, -Shuja was driven from -the field with heavy losses in -men, leaving behind him 114 -guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calafat (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This position, strongly entrenched -and held by 30,000 -Turks under Ahmed Pasha, -was invested by the Russians, -40,000 strong, under General -Aurep, about the middle of -February, 1854. The Russians -delivered assault after assault -upon the place, without effect, -and finally withdrew their forces -in May; having suffered a loss -from disease, privation, and -battle of 20,000 men. The Turks -lost 12,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calais (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this fortress -in August 1346 by the English -under Edward III. The citizens -made a gallant defence, holding -out for nearly a year, but at -last were forced to surrender -August 4, 1347. In the course -of the siege, six burgesses offered -themselves to the king as -ransom for their fellow citizens; -but their lives were spared -on the intercession of Queen -Philippa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calais.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The last English stronghold -in France was captured by the -French under the Duc de Guise, -January 8, 1558, after a siege of -seven days only. Mary is said -to have exclaimed, on hearing -the news, that at her death the -word "Calais" would be found -engraven on her heart.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calatafimi (Unification of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 15, 1860, between -Garibaldi's "Thousand -Volunteers," with a few thousand -Sicilian "Picciotti" and -4,000 Neapolitans under General -Landi. The Neapolitans were -driven back with heavy loss, -and retreated in disorder to -Palermo. Garibaldi lost, of his -thousand, 18 killed and 128 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calcutta.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to the city -June 16, 1756, by Sarabjah -Daulah, Nawab of Bengal, with -a large force. The garrison, -consisting of 514 regulars and -militia, and 1,000 matchlock -men, under Captain Minchin, -was quite inadequate to man the -defences, and it was decided to -abandon the city, remove all -non-combatants to the ships, -and only defend the fort. The -Governor, Mr. Drake, was among -those who left the place, and -he was accompanied by Captain -Minchin, who deserted his post, -as did many of the militiamen, -with the result that only 190 -remained for the defence of the -fort. An assault was repulsed, -with a loss to the defenders of -95 killed and wounded, but on -the 20th the little garrison -surrendered. The survivors were -thrust into a small room, known -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>as the Black Hole, and used as a -soldiers' prison, and out of 146 -only 23 survived the horrors of -the night.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Caldiero (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 11, 1796, -between the French under -Napoleon and the Austrians -under Alvinzi. Napoleon attacked -the Austrian position, -and, for the first time in the -campaign, suffered a reverse, -being unable to carry the -enemy's lines, and eventually, -after severe fighting, retiring -with a loss of 3,000. Within the -week, however, this defeat was -avenged by the victory of -Arcola.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Caldiero (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On November 30, 1800, -Masséna, with 50,000 French, -encountered the Austrians, -80,000 strong, under the Archduke -Charles, strongly posted -in the village and on the heights -of Caldiero. Masséna attacked -and carried the heights, but the -village held out until nightfall. -During the night the Archduke -removed his baggage and artillery, -leaving a corps of 5,000 -men, under General Hillinger, -to protect his retreat, which -force was on the following day -captured <i>en bloc</i>. The Austrians -lost 3,000 killed and wounded, -and, including Hillinger's corps, -8,000 prisoners; the French -about 4,000 killed and wounded. -Thus, though the battle was -indecisive, Masséna gained a -considerable strategic victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calicut (Second Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 10, 1790, -between 9,000 Mysore troops -under Hussein Ali, and a -British force of one European -and two native regiments under -Colonel <a id='corr46R.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Hartly'>Hartley</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_46R.4'><ins class='correction' title='Hartly'>Hartley</ins></a></span>. Hussein Ali -occupied a strong position in -front of Calicut, which was -attacked and carried by Hartley -with a loss of 52 only. The -enemy lost 1,000 killed and -wounded, and 2,400 prisoners, -including their commander.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Callao (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On the night of November 5, -1820, Lord Cochrane, who with -three Chilian frigates was -blockading the Spaniards in -Callao, rowed into the harbour -with 240 seamen and marines, -and cut out the Spanish frigate -<i>Esmeralda</i> from under the 300 -guns of the shore batteries. -He lost in the enterprise 41 -killed and wounded, while the -whole of the crew of the <i>Esmeralda</i>, -including the Spanish -Admiral, was captured or -killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Callao.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The town was bombarded by -the Spanish fleet of 11 warships, -May 2, 1866. The Peruvian -batteries replied vigorously, -and, after severe fighting, drove -off the Spanish ships with a loss -of 300. The Peruvians lost -1,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Calpulalpam (Mexican Liberal Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 20, 1860, -between the Mexican Government -troops under Miramon, -and the Liberals under Juarez. -The Liberals won a signal victory, -which opened the way to -Mexico, and brought about the -downfall of Miramon's administration.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Calven, The (Swabian War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 22, 1499, between -6,300 men of the Grisons -under Benedict Fontana, and -15,000 Imperialists under Maximilian -I. The Swiss carried the -Austrian entrenchments, and -drove them out with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cambuskenneth.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#STIRLING'>Stirling</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Camden (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 16, 1780, between -the British under Cornwallis, -and the Americans under -Gates and de Kalb. Cornwallis -had concentrated about 2,000 -men at Camden, and though the -Americans numbered 5,000, they -were of very inferior quality. -After a small affair of outposts, -the British attacked the American -levies, who were unable to -face the steady attack of the -regulars, and fled with heavy -loss. Among the killed was -de Kalb. The British lost 312 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Camelodunum (Second Invasion of Britain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 43, between the -Romans under the Emperor -Claudius, and the Britons -under Caractacus. The Britons -were routed, and Camelodunum, -Caractacus' capital, taken.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Camerinum (Third Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 298, between two -Roman legions under Lucius -Scipio, and the Samnites under -Gellius Equatius, aided by a -force of Gauls. Scipio, who had -been stationed near Camerinum -to watch the pass through which -the Gauls were expected to cross -the Apennines, was unable to -prevent the junction of the two -armies, and was totally defeated, -one of his legions being -cut to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Campaldino (Guelfs and Ghibellines).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 11, 1289, between -the Guelfs of Florence -and the Ghibellines who had -been expelled from the city. -The latter were utterly routed, -and this defeat put an end to -their power in Florence. The -battle is notable for the presence -of Dante in the ranks of -the victors.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Campen (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 18, 1759, -between the Prussians under -the Prince of Brunswick, and -the French under General de -Castries, when the Prussians -were defeated with a loss of -1,600 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Campo Santo (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 8, 1743, -between the Spaniards under -Mortemar, and the Imperialists -under Count Traum. Mortemar -was endeavouring to effect a -junction with the army of the -Prince de Conti, and though -the action was undecided, its -results were in favour of the -Imperialists, who prevented the -two armies from joining hands.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Campus Castorum (Revolt of Vitellius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought in 69 between the -revolted legionaries, 70,000 -strong, under Valens and Cæcina, -and the army of the -Emperor Otho under Suetonius -Paulinus. The Imperial troops -gained some advantage, but -Suetonius did not consider himself -strong enough to follow it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>up, and was relieved of his command -by Otho.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Camperdown (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought between the British -fleet, 16 <a id='corr47L.5'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='line of battle'>line-of-battle</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_47L.5'><ins class='correction' title='line of battle'>line-of-battle</ins></a></span> ships, -under Admiral Duncan, and the -Dutch, in equal force, under -Admiral de Winter, October 11, -1797. The Dutch fleet was on -its way to co-operate with the -French in a landing in Ireland, -and was intercepted by Duncan, -who at once gave battle. The -British fleet, in two lines, broke -through the Dutch line, and, in -the general action which followed, -captured eight ships, -including the flagship, the <i>Vrijheid</i>. -The British lost 1,040 -killed and wounded, the Dutch -1,160 and 6,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Candia (Candian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this place -by the Turks under Jussuf, the -Capitan Pasha, in 1648, and -was defended by a small garrison -of Venetians, under Luigi -Moncenigo. So vigorous was the -defence that the Turks lost -20,000 men in the first six -months of the siege. The siege -lasted over twenty years, the -place being from time to time -revictualled and reinforced by -the Venetians and the French, -but it was finally surrendered -by Morosini, September 27, 1669.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Canea (Candian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged June -24, 1644, by 50,000 Turks under -Jussuf, the Capitan Pasha, and -defended by a small force of -Venetians and Candians, who -held out until August 22, repulsing -numerous assaults, -which cost the Turks 20,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cannæ (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 2, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 216, -between 90,000 Romans under -Varro, and about 50,000 Carthaginians -under Hannibal. Hannibal, -though outnumbered in -infantry, was much superior in -cavalry. The Romans were -drawn up with the sea in their -rear, and were attacked and -broken by the Carthaginian -horse. The infantry followed up -the attack, and, flight being -impossible, the Romans were -slaughtered where they stood, -80,000 falling, including the -Consul Æmilius, 25 superior -officers, and 80 senators. The -Carthaginians lost 6,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape Bona (Invasion of the Vandals).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 468, between the -Roman fleet of 1,100 galleys -and transports under Basiliscus, -and the fleet of the Vandals -under Genseric. The Romans -were lying at anchor, having -landed their troops, and Genseric, -taking advantage of a -favourable wind, sent in a fleet -of fireships, following them up -by a determined attack. More -than half the Roman ships -were destroyed, Basiliscus escaping -with difficulty.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape Finisterre (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 3, 1747, between -a British fleet of 16 sail under -Admiral Anson, and a French -fleet of 38 sail under Admiral -de la Jonquière. The French -were completely defeated, losing -10 ships and nearly 3,000 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape Finisterre (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 14, 1747, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>when a British fleet of 14 ships -under Admiral Hawke attacked -a French fleet of 9 battleships -under Admiral de Letendeur. -The French were signally defeated, -losing four ships. The -British lost 598 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape Finisterre (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 22, 1805, between -a British fleet of 15 sail of -the line under Sir Robert -Calder, and the combined -French and Spanish fleets returning -from the West Indies, -under Admiral Villeneuve. The -French fleet, consisting of 20 -battleships, was attacked by -Calder, who captured 2 ships. -Fogs and light airs prevented -him from following up his -advantage next day, for which -he was tried by court-martial -and most unjustly censured. -The British loss was 183 killed -and wounded, the French losing -149 killed and 327 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape Henry (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 16, 1781, between -a British fleet of eight -ships of the line and three -frigates under Vice-Admiral -Arbuthnot, and a French squadron -stronger by one frigate. -The French were forced to -retire, the British losing 30 -killed and 64 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape Passaro (War of the Quadruple Alliance).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 31, 1718, between -a British fleet of 21 ships under -Sir George Byng, and a Spanish -fleet of 29 ships under Don -Antonio Castañeta. Admiral -Byng attacked the Spaniards -in the Straits of Messina, and, -after a very severe action, in -which both sides lost heavily, -captured or destroyed no less -than 15 of the Spanish ships. -Castañeta died of wounds received -in the action. This battle -is also known as the Battle -of Messina.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cape St. Vincent (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 14, 1797, -between a British fleet of 15 -ships of the line and 5 frigates -under Sir John Jervis, and a -Spanish fleet of 26 sail of the -line and 12 frigates. In spite -of their superior numbers, the -Spaniards were totally defeated, -losing 4 ships and over 3,000 -prisoners, in addition to heavy -losses in killed and wounded. -The British lost 74 killed and -227 wounded. For this signal -victory, Jervis was created Lord -St. Vincent.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Caprysema (First Messenian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 743, between the -Spartans and Corinthians, and -the Messenians with their allies -from other Peloponnesian states -under Cristomenes. The Spartans -were routed, and, but for -the eloquence of Tyrtacus, -would have abandoned the -struggle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Capua (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged in -the autumn of <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 212, by -60,000 Romans under Q. Fulvius -and Appius Claudius. The -Romans formed a double wall -of circumvallation round the -city, and, early in the winter, -their defences were attacked by -the garrison from within and -Hannibal from without, but -with no success. Hannibal then -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>attempted to draw the besiegers -from their position by -marching upon Rome, but only -a small portion of the besieging -force followed him. It being -thus found impossible to relieve -the city, it shortly afterwards -surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carabobo (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 24, 1821, between -the Colombian patriots, -8,000 strong, under Bolivar, and -the Spanish Royalists, about -4,000 in number, under La -Torre. The Royalists were -utterly routed, barely 400 -reaching Porto Cabello. This -battle determined the independence -of Colombia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Caracha (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1813, between the -Colombian Patriots under Bolivar -and the Spanish Royalists, -Bolivar gaining a complete -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Caraguatay (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 1869, between -the Paraguayans under Lopez, -and the Brazilians under the -Comte d'Eu. After a stubborn -engagement the Brazilians were -victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carbisdale (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 27, 1650, between -the Royalists of Orkney, -1,000 strong, with 500 Swedish -mercenaries, and a small Parliamentary -force under Colonel -Strachan. Montrose, who commanded -the Royalists, saw his -troops broken by the Parliamentary -horse, only the Swedes -offering any serious resistance. -The Royalists lost 396 killed -and wounded and over 400 -prisoners, while Strachan only -had lost 2 wounded. This was -Montrose's last fight, and he was -soon afterwards captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carénage Bay (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1778, between the -French under the Comte -d'Estaing, and the English under -Admiral Barrington and General -Meadows. After a severe encounter, -the French were defeated, -and the British took -possession of the island of St. -Lucia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carigat.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#ARIKERA'>Arikera</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carlisle (Rebellion of the Forty-five).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Jacobites under the Young -Pretender, November 9, 1745, -and was defended by the -Cumberland and Westmoreland -Militia, with small force of -regulars, under Colonel Durand. -The besiegers opened fire on the -13th, and on the evening of the -14th, under pressure of the -inhabitants, Durand surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carnoul (Persian Invasion of India).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1739, between the -Persians under Nadir Shah, and -the Moguls under the Emperor -Mohammed Shah and his Grand -Vizier, Nizam-ul-Mulk. The -Persian veterans completely defeated -the raw Mogul levies, -and Nadir Shah shortly afterwards -occupied and sacked -Delhi, carrying off, it is said, -jewels and coin to the value of -thirty millions sterling.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carpi (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1701, between -the Imperialists under Prince -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>Eugene, and the French army in -Lombardy, under Marshal Catinat. -The French were signally -defeated, and, in consequence, -Catinat was recalled from the -command.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carrhæ (Parthian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 53, between the -Romans, 52,000 strong, under -Publius Crassus, and the Parthians -under Sillaces. The -Parthians, who were entirely -cavalry, adopted their usual -tactics of retiring and drawing -their foes in pursuit. As the -heavily armed legionaries became -strung out across the -plain, they turned upon them and -cut them down in detail. Of -the division, 6,000 strong, which -actually came into action, 500 -were made prisoners, and the -rest, including Crassus, slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carrical (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>An action was fought off this -place August 2, 1758, between -a British squadron under Admiral -Pococke, and the French -under Comte d'Aché. After a -severe engagement, the French -fleet drew off, but the English -pursuit, owing to damaged -rigging, was ineffectual, and -d'Aché reached Pondicherry -without the loss of a ship.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carthage (Third Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 152 siege was laid to -this city by a Roman consular -army under Manius Manilius, -aided by a fleet under L. Censorinus. -The Carthaginian army -under Hasdrubal was encamped -outside the walls, and greatly -hindered the operations of the -Romans, who would have made -little progress but for the efforts -of Scipio Æmilianus, then a -military tribune. In <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 148, -Scipio was made consul, and -appointed to the command, -and he succeeded in completely -blockading the city, which, -after an obstinate resistance -lasting six years, was captured -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 146 and razed to the -ground.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carthage (Invasion of the Vandals).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 14, 533, -between the Vandals under -Gelimer, about 160,000 strong, -and the Romans under Belisarius, -far inferior in numbers. -Gelimer divided his army into -three, of which he led one portion -to attack the main body of -the Romans. The action was -precipitated, however, by the -hasty attack by Ammatas of -the vanguard, wherein he was -routed with heavy loss. Gelimer -then fell upon the pursuing -Romans, but Belisarius coming -up, the Vandals were put to -flight, and the Romans gained -a complete victory. On the -following day Carthage opened -her gates to the victors.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Carthagena (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This port was blockaded -March 9, 1741, by a British fleet -under Admiral Vernon. An -unsuccessful attack was made -upon the forts, and eventually -Vernon, having lost 3,000 men -during the operations, withdrew -April 9.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Casal (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 1640, between -the French, 10,000 strong, under -Harcourt, and the Spaniards, -numbering 20,000, who were -besieging Casal. Harcourt -pierced the Spanish lines and -totally defeated them, with a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, -800 prisoners, and 18 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Casilinum (Second Frank Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 554, between 18,000 -Imperial troops under Narses, -and the Franks and Alemanni, -30,000 strong, under Buccelin. -The Romans won a signal victory, -and are said by the -chroniclers to have exterminated -the invading army with a loss -to themselves of 80 only. -Buccelin fell in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cassano (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 16, 1705, between -the French under the -Duc de Vendôme, with 35 -battalions and 45 squadrons, -and the Imperialists under -Prince Eugene. The Prince, -with greatly inferior numbers, -attacked the French in a strong -position, which he succeeded in -carrying as the night fell. The -Imperialists lost about 4,000; -the French about 5,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Castalla (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 13, 1813, between -17,000 allied troops under -Sir John Murray, and 15,000 -French under Suchet. The -French were defeated. The allies -lost 600 killed and wounded; -the French, according to Suchet, -800, according to Murray, 3,000, -but the former figure is probably -nearer to the truth.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Castelfidardo (Unification of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 18, 1860, -between the Papal troops under -General La Moricière, about -8,000 strong, and the Sardinians, -40,000 strong, under General -Cialdini. The Papal army was -totally routed, and, after the -action, La Moricière was only able -to assemble about 300 infantry, -with which remnant he made his -way to Ancona.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Castelnaudary.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 1, 1632, -between the troops of Louis XIII -and the rebel nobles under the -Duc de Montmorenci, son of the -Constable. The rebels were -utterly routed, and Montmorenci -taken prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='CASTIGLIONE'></a>Castiglione (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 8, 1706, -between the Imperialists under -the Prince of Hesse, and the -French under General de Medavi. -The Prince was besieging -Castiglione, when he was -attacked by the French, and -totally defeated, with a loss of -8,000 killed, wounded, and missing.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Castiglione (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 3, 1796, between -the French under Napoleon, -and the Imperialists under -Wurmser. Napoleon, with -25,000 men, advanced upon -Lonato, while Augereau moved -upon Castiglione. Lonato was -carried by assault, and the Austrian -army cut in two. One -part under General Bazalitch -effected a retreat to the Mincio, -but the other section was cut up -by a French division under -Guyeaux and Junot's dragoons, -near Salo, losing 3,000 prisoners -and 20 guns.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the portion of the action -fought near Castiglione, the -Austrians were defeated with a -loss of 2,000 men, after a desperate -encounter, and driven -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>back upon Mantua. On the 4th, -Napoleon at Lonato, with only -12,000 men, was summoned to -surrender by a portion of Bazalitch's -force, 4,000 strong. Napoleon, -however, succeeded in -making the messenger think that -he was in the middle of the main -French army, and consequently -the whole Austrian detachment -laid down their arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Castillejos (Moroccan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 1, 1860, -when the advance guard of the -Spanish army, under General -Prim, defeated a strong force of -Moors, after severe fighting. -The victory opened the road to -Tetuan.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Castillon (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This was the last battle of the -Hundred Years' War, and was -fought July 17, 1453. The English -under Talbot, Earl of -Shrewsbury, marched to the -relief of Castillon, and attacked -the lines of the besiegers, but -were taken in flank by a sortie -from the French entrenchments -and totally defeated, Talbot -being slain. On October 19 -following, Bordeaux opened her -gates to the French.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Catana (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 387 between 200 -Syracusan galleys under Leptines, -and a vastly superior Carthaginian -fleet. The Syracusans -were utterly routed, partly -owing to their inferior numbers, -but also in part to the bad -generalship of Leptines, who -dispersed his ships too widely, -allowing them to be overwhelmed -in detail. The victors -at once entered upon the siege -of Syracuse.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Caudine Forks (Second Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 322, when four -Roman legions, under T. Veturius -Calvinus and Spurius Postumus -were entrapped by the -Sabines under Pontius, in the -narrow pass of Caudium. The -Romans fought till nightfall, -suffering heavy loss, and next -day, finding every exit from the -pass barred, the survivors surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The Residency of Cawnpur -was invested by the mutineers -June 6, 1857, and defended by a -small garrison until June 24, -when the survivors, about 450 -in number, surrendered under -promise from the Nana Sahib -of a safe conduct to Allahabad. -They were, however, fired upon -as they took to the boats, and -only a few escaped. The survivors -of this massacre were -afterwards murdered in cold -blood by order of the Nana Sahib.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cawnpur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 6, 1857, -between the British under Sir -Colin Campbell, and 25,000 -rebels, including the Gwalior -contingent. The mutineers -were routed at all points, and -fled, pursued by the cavalry for -14 miles, suffering heavy loss. -Out of 36 guns, 32 were captured. -The British lost 99 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cecryphalea (Third Messenian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action, fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> -458 between the Peloponnesians -and the Athenians, in which the -latter were victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cedar Creek (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 17, 1864, between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>10,000 Confederates under -General Early, and about 40,000 -Federals under General Sheridan. -Under cover of a fog, -Early turned Sheridan's right, -capturing 18 guns, but Sheridan, -rallying his broken right wing, -totally routed the Confederates, -who had been engaged -in plundering the captured -camp. The Federal losses -were the heavier, but Sheridan -captured 22 guns, besides retaking -the 18 he had lost at the -beginning of the action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cedar Mountain (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 9, 1862, between -15,000 Confederates under -Jackson, and about 20,000 -Federals under General Pope. -The strong Confederate position -was assailed at 5 p.m., and successive -attacks were repulsed -until late in the evening, when -the fighting ceased. The Federals -lost about 2,800 killed, -wounded, and missing; the -Confederates, 800 or 900.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cepeda.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 23, 1859, -between the troops of the Argentine -Confederation under Urquiza, -and those of the State of -Buenos Ayres, under Mitre. -Urquiza was victorious, and in -the following month Buenos -Ayres entered the Confederation.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cephisus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1307 between the -Catalan "Great Band," 9,500 -strong, and the troops of Walter -de Brienne, Duke of Athens, -15,000 in number. The Catalans -surrounded their camp with -an artificial inundation, into -which the Duke's cavalry rode -unsuspectingly, and were cut -to pieces, de Brienne being -amongst the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cerignola (Neapolitan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1503 between the -Spaniards under Gonsalvo de -Cordova, and the French under -the Duc de Nemours. The -French were totally defeated -and Nemours slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cerisolles (Wars of Charles V).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1544, between the -French under François de Bourbon, -and the Imperialists under -du Gast, the French gaining a -complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chacabuco (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 12, 1817, -between the Chilian patriots -under San Martin, and the -Spanish royalists. The Chilians -won a complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chæronea (Amphictyonic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 338 between -the Macedonians under -Philip, and the Athenians and -Thebans under Chares and -Theagenes respectively. Philip -had 30,000 foot and 2,000 horse, -the latter led by Alexander, then -a lad of eighteen; the allies were -slightly fewer in number. Philip -reinforced his right wing, which -was opposed by the Athenians, -and sent his heavy cavalry -against the Thebans, on the -allied right. Their charge broke -the Theban ranks, and they then -attacked the Athenians in flank -and rear. A hopeless rout -ensued, the Theban "Sacred -Band" dying where they stood. -The Athenians lost 6,000 killed -and 2,000 prisoners. The Thebans -were almost annihilated.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Chæronea (First Mithridatic War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 86, between the -Romans under Sulla, 30,000 -strong, and the troops of Pontus, -90,000 in number, under Archelaus. -The Romans were completely -victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chalcedon (Third Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 74, between the -Roman Fleet, under Rutilius -Nudo, and that of Pontus. The -Romans sallied out of the harbour, -but were driven back, and -the Pontic fleet then broke the -chain protecting the entrance -and destroyed the whole of the -Roman ships, 70 in number.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chalgrove Field (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A cavalry skirmish fought -June 18, 1643, between the -Royalists under Prince Rupert, -and the Parliamentarians under -Hampden, and notable only for -the fact that Hampden was -killed in the affair.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Châlons (Revolt of the Legions of Aquitaine).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 271, between the -troops of the Emperor Aurelian, -and the revolted legions under -Tetricus. Tetricus, who was -only a puppet in the hands of -his soldiers, concerted measures -with Aurelian for their destruction, -and so posted his forces as -to give the Emperor the advantage, -after which he deserted, -with a few followers. The revolted -legionaries fought desperately, -but were cut to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Châlons (Invasion of the Alemanni).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 366 between the -Romans under Jovinus, and the -Alemanni under Vadomair. -After an obstinate engagement, -lasting throughout the day, the -Alemanni were routed with a -loss of 6,000 killed and 4,000 -prisoners. The Romans lost -1,200.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Châlons (Invasion of the Huns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 451 between the Romans -and the Visigoths under -Actius and Theodoric respectively, -and the Huns under -Attila. The battle was fought -on an open plain, and while the -right and centre of the allies -withstood Attila's onslaught, -the Visigoths on the left made a -furious charge, in which Theodoric -fell, and totally routed the -right of the Huns. Attila then -withdrew to his camp, having -suffered heavy loss, and prepared -to resist the attack of the -allies on the following day. -Actius, however, did not renew -the conflict, and allowed Attila -to retreat unmolested.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Châlons.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Arising out of a tournament -in 1274, in which the life of -Edward I was endangered by -foul play, a fight in earnest took -place between the English and -French knights present. The -French were worsted, and a -considerable number slain. This -fight is called the "Little" -Battle of Châlons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='CHAMP-AUBERT'></a>Champ-Aubert (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 10, 1814, -when Napoleon with his main -army, by an extraordinary -forced march through a difficult -country, fell upon Blucher's -army marching upon Paris, viâ -Châlons. Blucher was advancing -in three divisions, and -Napoleon attacked the second -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>of these, under Alsusieff, and -completely dispersed it, taking -2,000 prisoners and all the guns. -On the following day he encountered -Sachen, who with 20,000 -men formed the advance guard, -and defeated him at Montmirail, -with a loss of 6,000, forcing -him to abandon the main road -and retire on Château Thierry. -On the 13th he encountered -General d'York, with 30,000 -Russians and Prussians at Château -Thierry, driving him out -with heavy loss, including 3,000 -prisoners, while finally on the -14th he turned on the main body -under Blucher himself, who, not -being sufficiently strong to face -the main French army, was -compelled to retire, which he -did in good order, after losing -3,000 in killed, wounded, and -prisoners. This flank march is -considered one of Napoleon's -most brilliant achievements.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chancellorsville (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 2, 3, and 4, 1863, -between 53,000 Confederates -under Lee, and 120,000 Federals -under Hooker. Lee, though -largely outnumbered, detached -half his force under Jackson to -turn Hooker's right, while he -contained the Federals with the -rest of his army. Jackson's -march was successfully carried -out, and on the afternoon of the -2nd he commenced his attack, -routing the Federal 11th Corps. -This success, however, cost the -Confederates dear, for Jackson's -staff was mistaken in the dusk -for that of a Federal general, -and was fired into by a South -Carolina regiment, and Jackson -mortally wounded. On the 3rd -the attack was renewed in front -and flank, with further success -for the Confederates, while on the -4th the Federals were driven off, -and Hooker forced to recross -the Rappahannock on the 5th. -The Confederates lost about -10,000 men; the Federals about -18,000, including 7,650 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chanda (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, the chief stronghold -of the Rajah of Nagpur, -was besieged by a British force -under Colonel Adams, May 9, -1818. It was defended by over -3,000 of the Rajah's troops, but -after two days' bombardment -the place was taken by storm, -with small loss to the assailants, -while the garrison had 500 -killed, including the commandant.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chandernagore (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged March -14, 1757, by Clive, with 2,000 -Company's troops, and defended -by 600 Frenchmen and 300 -Sepoys. On the 19th three -British ships under Admiral -Watson arrived, and on the 24th -a joint attack by sea and land -resulted in the capture of the -place.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Charasiab (Second Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 6, 1879, when -Sir Frederick Roberts attacked -a force of Afghans and Ghilzais, -who were massed on the road -by which a convoy was approaching -from Zahidabad, under -General Macpherson. The enemy -was routed and dispersed, and -the convoy reached camp safely.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Charenton (War of the Fronde).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 8, 1649, between -the Royal troops, 8,000 -strong, under the Great Condé, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>and the forces of the Paris Parliament -under <a id='corr56L.1'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Clauleu'>Clanleu</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_56L.1'><ins class='correction' title='Clauleu'>Clanleu</ins></a></span>. Condé -gained a complete victory, driving -the Frondeurs from all their -entrenchments, and forcing them -back upon Paris with heavy loss, -including 100 officers. Among -the slain was Clauleu.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Charleston (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The siege of this place may be -considered to have commenced -April 6, 1863, on which day the -Federal fleet crossed the bar. -On the 7th an attack was made -upon fort Sumter by nine ironclads -under Admiral Dupont, -which was repulsed with a loss -of 1 ship and the disabling of -several others. The defenders -lost 2 men only. On July 10th -and 11th a land force attacked -Fort Wagner, but was repulsed -with loss. On the 18th an -assault by three brigades under -General Seymour was also repulsed -with enormous loss; and -preparations were then made for -a sap. On September 5, after a -very heavy bombardment, Fort -Wagner proved to be untenable, -and, with the works on Morris -Island, was abandoned, but the -besiegers failed in all their -attempts on Fort Sumter, and -the inner defences. From this -time the siege became a mere -blockade of the port, until, on -the approach of Sherman's army, -the garrison, then 9,000 strong, -evacuated the city, February 18, -1865.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Châteauguay (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1813, between the -Americans, 7,000 strong, under -General Hampton, and a force -of Canadian Militia, far inferior -in numbers, who were strongly -posted near Châteauguay. The -Americans attempted to storm -the Canadian lines, but the -Canadians made a most gallant -defence, and repulsed them with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Châteauneuf-Raudon (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged -1380 by the French under Du -Guesclin, and was defended by -an English garrison under de -Ros. After an obstinate defence -the town surrendered, -July 4, but the siege was fatal to -Du Guesclin, who succumbed to -his fatigues and privations.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Château Thierry.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#CHAMP-AUBERT'>Champ-Aubert</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chattanooga (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 24 to 27, -1863, between 80,000 Federals -under Grant, and the Confederate -Army of the West, -40,000 strong, under Bragg. -The attack on the Confederate -lines commenced on the 27th, -the Federals capturing Look -Out Mountain, on their extreme -left. They advanced unseen -through a thick fog, to the upper -slopes, and drove out the defenders, -whence this action is -known as the "Battle above -the Clouds." On the following -day Bragg's centre was pierced, -while the fighting of the 26th -and 27th was in the nature of -severe rearguard actions. The -Federals lost 5,286 killed and -wounded, and 330 missing. The -Confederates lost fewer in killed -and wounded, but they left in -the hands of the Federals 6,142 -prisoners, 40 guns and 7,000 -rifles. Also called the "Battle -of Missionary Ridge."</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Che-mul-pho (Russo-Japanese War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 8, 1904, -between a Japanese squadron -of four protected cruisers, convoying -transports, under Admiral -Uriu, and a Russian -cruiser and gunboat which -sought to oppose the landing. -After a smart action the cruiser -was blown up to avoid capture, -and the gunboat destroyed, the -Russians losing 504 killed and -wounded. The Japanese suffered -no material damage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cheriton (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 1644, when -the Royalists under Lord Firth -were defeated by the Parliamentarians -under Waller. This -defeat prevented the threatened -Royalist incursion into Kent and -Sussex.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chetaté (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 6 to 9, 1854. -On the 6th the advanced Russian -post of 6,000 men at Chetaté -under General Fischbuch -was attacked by 6,000 Turks -under Ahmed Pasha, and after -heavy fighting, in which the -Russians lost 3,000 killed and -wounded, and many prisoners, -and the Turks 1,000, was driven -out of the village. On the -following days the Russians -made desperate attempts to -recover the position, General -Anrep, on the 9th, bringing up -some 20,000 men from Cragova. -All their efforts, however, failed, -and the three days' fighting cost -them a further 2,000 men, the -Turks losing about 1,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chevilly (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 30, 1870, -when a sortie from Paris under -General Vinoy was repulsed by -the Sixth German Corps under -Von Tümpling, with a loss of 74 -officers and 2,046 men. The -Germans lost 28 officers and 413 -men killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chevy Chace.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#OTTERBURN'>Otterburn</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chiari (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 1, 1701, -between the Imperialists, about -28,000 strong, under Prince -Eugene, and the French and -Spaniards under the Duke of -Savoy. The Prince occupied -the small town of Chiari, where -he was attacked by the allies, -who, after two hours' hard fighting, -were repulsed with a loss of -nearly 3,000. Owing to the -strength of their position, the -Imperialists lost 117 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chickahominy (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 3, 1864, between -the Federal Army of the Potomac -under Grant, and the Confederate -army of Virginia under -Lee. Grant attacked the Southerners' -entrenchments, with the -object of forcing the passage of -the Chickahominy, and his first -onslaught met with some success, -but the Confederates, rallying, -drove back their assailants to -their original position with -heavy loss. All further attempts -on Lee's lines failed, and the -Federals were finally repulsed -with a loss of over 13,000 killed, -wounded and missing. The -Confederates lost about 6,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chickamauga (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 19 and 20, -1863, between the Confederate -Army of the West under General -Bragg, and the Federals under -General Rosecrans. On the 19th -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>the Confederates attacked along -the whole line and drove back -their opponents, cutting them -off from the river, and forcing -them to bivouac for the night -in a waterless country. On the -20th the attack was renewed, -and though Bragg's right was -repulsed, he was elsewhere successful, -and by nightfall Rosecrans -was in full retreat. Bragg -however, failed to follow up his -victory, and allowed Rosecrans -to retire on Chattanooga unmolested. -The Federals lost -16,351 men and 36 guns; the -Confederates about 12,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chillianwallah (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 14, 1849, between -the British under Lord -Gough, and the Sikhs, 40,000 -strong, under Shere Singh. The -battle was very evenly contested, -and though in the end -Lord Gough drove the Sikhs -from the field, his own position -was so insecure that he was -himself compelled to retire after -the action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chiloe (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On January 19, 1826, the -small group of islands, held for -the Spanish crown by a garrison -under Quintanella, was surrendered -to a force of Chilians, -4,000 strong, with a small -squadron of warships under -Freyre.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chingleput (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by a -French garrison of 40 Europeans -and 500 native troops, -was captured, 1752, by Clive, -with a force of about 700 recruits -and Sepoys.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chios (Social War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Chios having risen against -Athenian rule in <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 357, a fleet -of 60 ships under Chabrias and -Chares was sent to reduce it. -A force having been landed, -a joint attack was made by the -fleet and the army, but in -attempting to enter the harbour, -the galley of Chabrias, which led -the way, was surrounded and -overpowered, Chabrias <a id='corr59R.12'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='falling'>falling.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_59R.12'><ins class='correction' title='falling'>falling.</ins></a></span> -The troops were then withdrawn, -and the attack abandoned.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chios.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 201 between the -Macedonian fleet, 48 triremes -and some smaller vessels under -Philip, and the combined fleets -of Rhodes and Pergamus under -Theophiliscus and Attalus. -Philip was defeated with the -loss of half his ships, 3,000 killed -and 5,000 prisoners. The allies -lost 6 ships and 800 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chiozza (War of Chiozza).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, which had been -captured by the Genoese from -Venice, was besieged by the -Venetians under Pisani and defended -by Doria, who was killed -during the siege. The place -made an obstinate resistance, -but was forced to surrender -June 24, 1380, the Venetians -capturing 19 Genoese galleys -and 4,000 prisoners. This disaster -broke the power of the -Genoese Republic for many -years.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chippewa (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 6, 1814, between -4,000 Americans under General -Jacob Brown, and 2,400 British, -1,500 being regulars, under -General Riall. Riall attacked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>Brown in a strong position at -Chippewa, and was repulsed -with considerable loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chitor.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Towards the end of the thirteenth -century this fortress was -besieged by the Pathans under -Ala-ud-Din, and was defended -by the Rana, Lakhsman. The -first attack was repulsed, though -the Rajputs suffered terribly, -but at the second attempt the -Pathans overpowered the defenders, -who were mercilessly -put to the sword. All the Rajput -women in the place committed -suttee, to avoid captivity. -Lakhsman Singh and eleven out -of his twelve sons fell in the defence.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The second sack of Chitor -took place in 1535, when the -Rana Bikrmajit made a gallant -but unavailing defence against -the Gujeratis under Bahadur -Shah. Thirteen thousand women -were slain by the remnant -of the garrison, before they -opened the gates, and rushed -out to fall fighting. Only one -small child of the Royal line -escaped the massacre, namely -Udai Singh. It was during the -reign of this Udai Singh that the -third sack took place in 1568, -by the Delhi Moguls under -Akbar. Udai Singh deserted -his capital, which was defended -by a garrison of 8,000 Rajputs -under Jagmal. The siege was -scientifically conducted, and, a -breach having been effected, an -assault was ordered. A mine, -however, was exploded in the -breach, killing 500 of the assailants, -and the assault was repulsed. -Shortly afterwards -Jagmal was killed, and a second -assault proved successful, the -garrison, refusing to surrender, -being put to the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chitral (Chitral Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On March 3, 1895, the Chitral -garrison, consisting of 90 Sikhs -and 280 Kashmir Imperial Service -troops, with 7 British officers -under Captain Campbell, -was attacked by a large force of -Chitralis and Bajauris under -Shere Afzal, the Pretender to -the Chitral throne, and Umrar -Khan of Bajaur. A sortie was -repulsed, with a loss of 58, including -2 British officers, and -General Baj Singh, who commanded -the Kashmiris, but in -spite of a series of attacks, and -continual mining operations, -the garrison held out until -April 18, when it was relieved -by Colonel Kelly. One fifth of -the garrison was killed or -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chizai (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1372, between -the French under Du Guesclin, -and the English under Thomas -Hampton. Du Guesclin, who -was engaged in the siege of -Chizai, was attacked by the -English, in about equal force to -his own, and, after a long and -bloody engagement, totally -defeated them, and captured -the town. The reverse cost -Edward III Saintonge and -Poitou.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Choczim (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1769, between the -Russians under Galitzin, and the -Turks under Mohammed Emin -Pasha. The Russians, who were -endeavouring to capture Choczim -by a <i>coup de main</i>, were met -and defeated by the Turks with -considerable loss.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Chong-ju (Russo-Japanese War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>The first encounter between -the land forces of Russia and -Japan, April, 1904, when the -advanced guard of the First -Japanese Army came in contact -with a force of Cossacks under -General Mischtchenko, and after -a brisk engagement drove them -back and occupied Chong-ju. -The losses on both sides were -small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chorillos (Peruvio-Chilian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 13, 1861, between -the Chilians under General -Baquedano and the Peruvians -under General Caceres. -The Peruvians were totally defeated -with a loss of 9,000 killed -and wounded, and 2,000 prisoners. -The Chilians lost 800 killed -and 2,500 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chotusitz (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 17, 1742, between -the Austrians under Prince -Charles of Lorraine, and the -Prussians under Frederick the -Great. The numbers were -about equal, but the steadiness -of the Prussian infantry eventually -wore down the Austrians, -and they were forced to retreat, -though in good order, leaving -behind them 18 guns and 12,000 -prisoners. The killed and -wounded numbered about 7,000 -on each side, and the Austrians -made 1,000 prisoners. The -Prussian cavalry delivered several -desperate and unsuccessful -charges, and were almost destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Christianople (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The first military exploit of -Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, -who, during the war of 1611, -made a night assault on this fortress -with 1,500 men, and blowing -in the gate, captured the place -without losing a man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chrysopolis (War of the Two Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 323 between 60,000 -troops under Licinius, Emperor -of the East, and a force detached -by Constantine from the siege of -Byzantium. Licinius was totally -defeated, with a loss of -25,000, and surrendered. The -result of this victory was the -re-union of the whole of the -Roman Empire under one head.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chrystlers Farm (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 11, 1813, -between 800 British under Colonel -Morrison, and about 3,000 -Americans under General Boyd. -The Americans were defeated -with a loss of 249 killed and -wounded and 100 prisoners. -The British lost 203.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Chunar.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, which was held -for Shir Khan Sur, Nawab of -Bengal, was besieged by the -Moguls under Humayun in 1538. -This is the first siege in Indian -history which was conducted -according to the rules of war, -and was notable for the use -made of artillery by both sides. -After a siege lasting several -months, the garrison was forced -by famine to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cibalis (War of the Two Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 8, 315, between -Constantine the Great, -with 20,000 men, and Licinius, -Emperor of the East, with -35,000. Constantine was posted -in a defile, where he was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>attacked by Licinius. The -attack was repulsed, and Constantine -followed the enemy -into the open plain, where Licinius -rallied his troops, and resumed -the offensive. The day -seemed lost, when a charge of -the right wing, under Constantine -in person, once more broke -the Illyrians, and Licinius having -lost 20,000 of his best troops, -abandoned his camp during the -night and retreated to Sirmium.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ciudad Rodrigo (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was invested by -Wellington January 8, 1812, -and carried by assault twelve -days later. The besiegers lost -during the siege 1,290 killed and -wounded, of whom 710, including -Generals Craufurd and Mackinnon, -fell in the storm. The -French lost 300 killed and -wounded, 1,500 prisoners, and -150 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ciuna (Second Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 315, between the -Romans under Caius Mænius -and the Samnites under Pontius. -The Romans gained a -signal victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Civitella (Norman Invasion of <a id='corr62L.34'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Italy.'>Italy).</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_62L.34'><ins class='correction' title='Italy.'>Italy).</ins></a></span></h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1033, when 3,000 Normans -under Robert Guiscard -assailed and totally routed a -miscellaneous force of Germans -and Italians under Pope Leo IX. -Only the Germans offered any -serious resistance, but they were -cut down to a man, and the Pope -was overtaken in his flight and -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Clissau (Swedo-Polish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 13, 1702, between -the Swedes, 12,000 strong, -under Charles XII, and 24,000 -Poles and Saxons under Frederick -Augustus. The Saxons -fought gallantly, but the Poles -fled at the first onslaught, and -in the end the Swedes gained a -complete victory. Among those -who fell was the Duke of Holstein, -commanding the Swedish -cavalry.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Clontarf (Norse Invasion of Ireland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 24, 1014, when -the Scandinavian invaders were -totally routed by the Irish of -Munster, Connaught, Ulster and -Meath, under Brian Boru. The -Norsemen are said to have lost -6,000 men. Brian Boru and his -son fell in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Clusium (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 225, when the -Gauls utterly routed a Roman -army with a loss said to have -amounted to 50,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cnidus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 394 between 120 -Spartan triremes under Pisander -and a largely superior Persian -fleet under Pharnabazus, and -Conon the Athenian. Pisander -was defeated and slain, and his -fleet destroyed. Persia thus re-established -her power in the -Greek cities of Asia, and the -maritime power of Sparta was -destroyed.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Cockerel (Hundred Years' War).</p> - -<p class='c001'>Fought May, 1364, between -the Navarrese under Jean de -Grailli, aided by a force of English -mercenaries under John -Joel, and the French, 10,000 -strong, under Bertrand du -Guesclin. Du Guesclin, who was -executing a strategic retreat, was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>attacked by the English, who were -surrounded and overpowered, -Joel falling. De Grailli came to -their aid, but was also overwhelmed -and made prisoner, -and the Navarrese, deprived of -their leaders, laid down their -arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Colenso (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 15, 1899, -being the first action in Sir Redvers -Buller's campaign for the -relief of Ladysmith. Buller -attempted to carry by a frontal -attack the Boer position on the -opposite side of the Tugela, and -notwithstanding the gallantry -of the troops, was compelled to -retire, with a loss of 71 officers -and 1,055 rank and file. Of this -total the Irish Brigade lost about -half. The Boers captured 10 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Colline Gate (Civil War of Marius and Sulla).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 82 between the -adherents of Sulla, and the -Roman democrats and Samnites -under Pontius, outside the walls -of Rome. The battle was obstinately -contested, but, after a -fight lasting throughout the -night, the insurgents were -routed, and 4,000 prisoners -taken. This victory of the aristocratic -party ended the civil -war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Colombey (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 11, 1870, between -the retiring French army, -and the advance guard of the -First German Army Corps under -von Steinmetz. The French -maintained most of their positions, -but two of their divisions -were overthrown, and Bazaine's -retreat on Verdun was seriously -delayed. The French lost about -7,000; the Germans 222 officers -and 5,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Colombo (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was captured from -the Dutch in 1796, by a squadron -of four British warships, and -a small force of troops under -Admiral Peter Rainier and -Colonel Stuart.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Concha Rayada (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 1818, between -the Spanish Royalists, -5,000 strong, under General -Osorio, and the Chilians and -Colombians under San Martin. -The Spaniards gained a complete -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Concon (Chilian Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21, 1891, between -10,000 Congressists under -General del Canto, and 11,000 -Balmacedists under General Barbosa. -Aided by the fire of three -warships, the Congressists, who -had landed unopposed on the -20th, stormed the entrenchments -of the Balmacedists, and -drove them out with a loss of -1,648 killed and wounded, and -1,500 prisoners. The victors -lost 869.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Condorcanqui.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#AYACUCHO'>Ayacucho</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Constantine (Conquest of Algeria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortified city in Eastern -Algeria, which, under Hadji -Ahmad, had held out for six -years against French rule, was -invested by the French, 7,000 -strong, under Marshal Clausel, -in the autumn of 1836. Having -no breaching pieces, Clausel -essayed an assault, but was repulsed -with a loss of 2,000 men, -and abandoned the siege. In -the following year General -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>Damrémont sat down before -Constantine October 6, with -10,000 men, and on the 12th, -a breach having been effected, -an assault was on the point of -taking place, when Damrémont -was killed. His successor, General -Valée, however, took the -place by storm on the following -day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Constantinople (Moslem Invasion of Europe).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged in 668, -by the Saracens under Sophian, -the lieutenant of the Caliph -Moawiyeh. The Moslem fleet -passed the Hellespont unopposed, -but their attack upon the city -was met with a most determined -resistance. After keeping the -field from April to September, -Sophian retired into winter -quarters, but renewed active -operations during the following -and five succeeding summers, -without success, until, in 675, he -finally abandoned the siege, -having lost in its progress over -30,000 men.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In 716, the Saracens again laid -siege to the city, with 120,000 -men under Moslemeh, brother -of the Caliph Solyman. A fleet -of 1,800 sail co-operated with -the land forces, but was destroyed -by the Greek fire ships, -and thus obtaining the command -of the sea, the citizens -were relieved from all fear of -famine, and repulsed all Moslemeh's -assaults. After a siege -of 13 months, the Saracens -withdrew, after a defeat at the -hands of a Bulgarian relieving -army, in which they lost 22,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Constantinople (Fourth Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was besieged July -7, 1203, by the French and -Venetian Crusaders under Count -Thibaut de Champagne. After -a feeble defence, it was surrendered -July 18, by the Usurper, -Alexius, and occupied by the -Crusaders, who restored Isaac -Angelus to the throne, and withdrew.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In January 1204 the Crusaders -again laid siege to Constantinople, -and at the end of three -months, in the course of which -Isaac Angelus died, and Mourzoufle -assumed the purple, they -stormed and pillaged the city. -Baldwin was then proclaimed -first Latin Emperor of the East.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On July 25, 1261, Constantinople -was taken by surprise by -the troops of the Greek Emperor, -Michael Palæologus, -under his lieutenant, Alexius -Strategopulus. The Latin Emperor, -Baldwin II, made no -attempt at resistance, but escaped -to the Venetian galleys, -and the restoration of the Greek -Empire was accomplished without -opposition.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Constantinople.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action fought February -13, 1352, between 64 -Genoese galleys under Doria, -and 75 Greek and Venetian -galleys under Pisani. The Genoese -were victorious, taking or -sinking 26 galleys, and forcing -Pisani to retire into the fortified -harbour. The Genoese lost -13 galleys.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Constantinople (Ottoman Invasion of Europe).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On June 10, 1422, Amurath -II, with 200,000 Turks, laid -siege to the city, which was -defended by the Greek garrison -under the Emperor Manuel. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>After a siege of two months, in -which the Turks lost heavily -in their numerous assaults, and -in the defenders' sallies<a id='corr65L.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Amurath,'>, Amurath</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_65L.4'><ins class='correction' title='Amurath,'>, Amurath</ins></a></span> -was called away to Boursa -by a domestic revolt, and raised -the siege.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On April 6, 1453, the Turks -again laid siege to Constantinople -with 258,000 men under -Mohammed II. The garrison, -consisting of 5,000 Greeks and -2,000 foreigners, though short -of ammunition, made a gallant -defence, but were overpowered -by numbers in a general assault -on May 25, and the city was -captured. Constantine Palæologus, -the last Emperor of the -East, was killed by an unknown -hand, in the tumult which -followed the storming of the -ramparts.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 2, 1801, between -the British fleet of 20 sail of -the line, besides frigates, under -Admirals Hyde Parker and -Nelson, and the Danish fleet of -10 <a id='corr65L.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='line of battleships'>line-of-battle ships</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_65L.30'><ins class='correction' title='line of battleships'>line-of-battle ships</ins></a></span>, aided by -the shore batteries. Nelson -attacked with 12 ships, Parker -remaining in reserve, but three -of Nelson's vessels running -aground, he met the Danish line -with 9 only. The Danes offered -a strenuous resistance, and Parker -hoisted the signal to retire, -but Nelson put the telescope to -his blind eye, and refused to see -the signal. The action continued -until the Danish fire was -silenced. The British lost 1,200 -men, and had six vessels seriously -damaged. The Danes had -one ship destroyed, and the -rest of their fleet completely -disabled. The result of this -victory was the dissolution -of the league of the Northern -Powers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Copenhagen (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was captured September -5, 1807, by 20,000 -British troops under Lord Cathcart, -after a four days' bombardment -of the forts and -citadel by 27 ships of the line. -The Danish fleet of 18 sail of the -line, which was surrendered, -would otherwise, under a secret -clause of the Treaty of Tilsit, -have been placed at the disposal -of Napoleon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Copratus, The (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 316, between the -Macedonians under Antigonus, -and the Asiatics under Eumenes. -Each army was about 30,000 -strong, and Eumenes fell upon -the Macedonians as they were -crossing the Copratus, and signally -defeated them, though -Antigonus was able to retreat -in good order.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cordova (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 1010, between -the Berbers under Sulaiman, -aided by the Spaniards under -Sancho, Count of Castile, and -the Moors of Cordova under -Almudy. Almudy marched out -of Cordova to meet the Berbers, -but was utterly routed, with a -loss of 20,000, including most of -his principal Emirs.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Corinth (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 429, between 47 -Peloponnesian ships under Cnemus, -and 20 Athenian triremes -under Phormio. Phormio, who -was blockading the Gulf of -Corinth, allowed Cnemus to pass -into the open sea, and when -disordered by the heavy weather -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>prevailing, he attacked and -completely defeated the Peloponnesians, -capturing 12 ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Corinth (Corinthian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 394 between -14,000 Spartans, and 26,000 -Athenians, Corinthians, Thebans -and Argives. The allies -were defeated, losing twice as -many men as their opponents, -but the Spartans, in spite of -their victory, were obliged to -retire, leaving the Isthmus in -their possession.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Corinth (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 3 and 4, 1862, -between the Confederates under -Van Dorn, and the Federals -under Rosecrans. Rosecrans -was strongly entrenched at -Corinth, where he was attacked -on the 3rd, and driven into his -inner lines. The attack was -renewed on the 4th, but an -attempt to storm the entrenchments -was repulsed, and the -Federals, taking the offensive -against the disordered Southerners, -drove them from the -field with a loss of 6,423 killed -and wounded, and 2,248 prisoners. -The Federals lost 2,359 -killed, wounded, and missing.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Coroneia (Bœotian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 447, when an -Athenian army under Tolmides, -which had entered Bœotia to -reduce certain of the Bœotian -towns which had thrown off -their allegiance to Athens, was -encountered and totally defeated -by a largely superior -force of Bœotians. Almost all -the surviving Athenians were -captured, and, to secure their -release, Athens resigned her -claims over Bœotia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Coroneia (Corinthian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 394, between -the Athenians, Argives, -Thebans, and Corinthians, and -the Spartans under Agesilaus. -The Spartan right defeated the -Argives, but their left fled before -the Thebans, who then -attacked the Spartan right, but, -after a desperate struggle, were -defeated. The Spartans, however, -had suffered so severely -that Agesilaus was compelled -to evacuate Bœotia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Corrichie (Huntly's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1562, between the -troops of Mary, Queen of Scots, -and the Scottish rebels under -the Earl of Huntly. The rebels, -whose forces had been greatly -reduced by desertions, were -totally defeated, and Huntly -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Corte Nuova (Guelfs and Ghibellines).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1237, between the -Imperialists under Frederick II, -and the Lombard Guelfs under -the leadership of the Milanese. -Frederick won a signal victory, -capturing the <i>carroccio</i> of Milan.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Corumba (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1877, between the -Paraguayans and a Brazilian -army corps which was endeavouring -to enter Paraguay from -the north-east. The Brazilians -retired in disorder, being pursued -for many miles, and suffering -heavy loss. The battle is -remarkable for the presence in -the Paraguayan army of a corps -of Amazons led by Eliza Lynch.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Coruña (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 16, 1809, -between 14,000 British under -Sir John Moore, and 20,000 -French under Soult, who was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>endeavouring to prevent the -British from embarking. The -French attacks were uniformly -repulsed, and the troops safely -embarked, with a loss of about -800, including Sir John Moore. -The French lost about 2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Compedion (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 281 between the -Macedonians under Lysimachus, -and the Syrians under Seleucus. -The two generals met in single -combat, in front of their armies, -and <a id='corr67L.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Seleucns'>Seleucus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_67L.15'><ins class='correction' title='Seleucns'>Seleucus</ins></a></span>, though 81 years -of age, defeated and slew his -ancient comrade in arms. -The two armies then engaged, -and the Syrians gained a complete -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Coulmiers (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 9, 1870, -between 20,000 Germans under -Von der Tann, and a largely -superior French force under -General d'Aurelle de Paladines. -After maintaining their position -for the greater part of the day, -the Germans were driven back, -having lost 576 killed and -wounded, 800 prisoners, an -ammunition column and 2 guns. -The French losses were about -1,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='COURTRAI'></a>Courtrai (Flemish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1302, between the -French under Robert d'Artois, -and the Flemings under Guy de -Namur. The French were -utterly routed, and so great was -the carnage among the French -nobility and knighthood, that -after the battle 4,000, some say -7,000, gilt spurs, were hung up -as trophies in Courtrai cathedral. -From this circumstance -this battle is commonly known -as the Battle of the Spurs.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Coutras (Eighth Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1587 between the -Huguenots under Henry of -Navarre (Henri IV) and the -Catholics under the Duc de -Joyeuse. The Catholic army -was annihilated, Joyeuse being -amongst the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Covelong (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a French -garrison of 350, was captured -by Clive in 1752, after a few -days' siege. Clive had only 200 -European recruits and 500 Sepoys, -and had great difficulty -in getting his men to face the -French fire. Having, however, -managed to erect a battery -which commanded the place, -the Governor surrendered. On -the following day Clive ambushed -and defeated, with a loss -of 100 men, a relieving force -approaching from Chingleput.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Coverypank (Seven Years' <a id='corr67R.28'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='War)'>War).</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_67R.28'><ins class='correction' title='War)'>War).</ins></a></span></h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 1752, between -the British, 380 -Europeans, and 1,300 Sepoys, -under Clive, and the troops -of Rajah Sahib, with 400 -Frenchmen, in all about 5,000. -Clive's advance guard marched -into an ambush, and with difficulty -held its ground against -the fire of 9 guns. Meanwhile -Clive passed round the enemy's -position, and attacked them -vigorously in the rear, whereupon -they fled in panic. Most -of the Frenchmen and the guns -were captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Craonne (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 7, 1814, between -55,000 French under -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>Napoleon, and about 90,000 of -the allies under Blucher. Blucher -occupied a very strong -position on the heights about -Craonne, which was attacked -and carried by Victor's and -Ney's corps at the point of the -bayonet. The French lost -9,000, the allies 7,000 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cravant (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 31, 1423. A -force of Armagnacs under Buchan, -Constable of France, with -some Scottish mercenaries under -Sir John Stewart, was advancing -upon Craonne, the capture -of which town would secure -Charles VII's communications -with Champagne. They were -attacked by the Burgundians -and English under the Earl of -Salisbury, and defeated with -heavy loss. Both Buchan and -Stewart were captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Crayford (Jutish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 456 between the Jutes -under Hengest, and the Britons -under Vortigern. The Britons -were defeated, and driven out of -Kent.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Crefeld (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 23, 1758, between -32,000 Hanoverians, Hessians -and Brunswickers under -Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, -and about 50,000 French under -the Comte de Clermont. The -French were totally defeated, -with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cremona (Second Gallic Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 198, when the -Romans defeated with heavy -slaughter an invading army of -Gauls under Hamilcar, a Carthaginian. -Hamilcar was slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cremona (Revolt of Vitellius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 69, between -the Vitellians, and the Flavians -under Antonius Primus, 40,000 -strong. The Vitellians, who -were without a leader, having -deposed their general, Cæcina, -were attacked in their camp, -and after a hard fight, which -lasted throughout the night, -were totally routed. The victors -sacked and burnt Cremona.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cremona (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, held by a French -garrison, was surprised by the -Imperialists under Prince Eugene, -February 1, 1702. The -town was entered without the -alarm being given, and many -important officers, including -Marshal Villeroy, were made -prisoners. A portion of the -garrison, however, still held out -in the citadel, and made Eugene's -tenure of the town precarious, -and finally, on the -approach of a relieving force -under the Prince de Vaudemont, -he was forced to withdraw his -troops. The garrison lost 1,000 -killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cressy (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 26, 1346, when -a very inferior force of English -under Edward III defeated the -French under Philip VI. The -battle is notable as being the -first in which the English army -was mainly composed of infantry, -and as proving the powerlessness -of mounted men against -the English archers. The -French losses were 11 princes, -1,200 knights, and 30,000 of -lesser ranks, a total exceeding -the whole English force.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Crimisus (Third Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 340, between -10,000 Sicilians under -Timoleon, and 70,000 Carthaginians, -including the "Sacred -Band" of 2,500 Carthaginian -citizens of good birth, under -Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. Timoleon -attacked the Carthaginians -while they were crossing the -Crimisus, and routed and dispersed -the Sacred Band before -the main army had crossed. A -heavy storm of rain in the faces -of the Carthaginians came to -the aid of the Sicilians, and after -a severe struggle, they gained a -signal victory, and the Carthaginians -fled, leaving 10,000 dead -in the field, and 15,000 prisoners. -Many more were drowned in -their endeavour to recross the -river.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cronion (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 379 between the -Syracusans under Dionysius, -and the Carthaginians. The -Syracusans were defeated, with -enormous loss, and Dionysius -forced to accept unfavourable -terms of peace.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cropredy Bridge (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 29, 1644, between -the Royalists under -Charles I, and a detachment of -the Parliamentary army under -Sir William Waller. Waller -crossed the Cherwell near Banbury -with the object of taking -the Royalists in the rear, but -was repulsed with considerable -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Crosskeys (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A rearguard action, fought -June 8, 1862, between 8,000 -Confederates under Ewell, and -about 15,000 Federals under -Tremont. Ewell was given the -task of holding Tremont in -check, while General Jackson -marched to meet the Federals -under Shields, who were endeavouring -to effect a junction with -Tremont. The Confederates -held their ground, beating back -their opponents with a loss of -664 killed and wounded. After -the action, Ewell crossed the -river, burning the bridge behind -him, and Jackson was enabled -to fall upon Shields with his -whole force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Crotona.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 983, between the -Germans under Otho II, and the -Greeks, aided by 40,000 Saracens -under the Caliph of Egypt. -After an obstinate engagement, -Otho was totally defeated, losing -many of his bravest knights.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Crotoye (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1347, during the siege -of Calais by Edward III. The -French fleet attempted to relieve -the town, but was defeated -and driven off with heavy loss -by the English fleet.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cuaspad.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 6, 1862, -between the Ecuadorians under -Flores, 6,000 strong, and 4,000 -Colombians under Mosquera. -The Ecuadorians were utterly -routed, losing 1,500 killed and -wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and -all their guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cuddalore.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 13, 1783, when -a portion of the British force -under General Stewart attacked -the French entrenchments in -front of Cuddalore, and after -hard fighting, drove the French -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>into the town with a loss of 700 -men and 13 guns. The British -lost 1,013 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cuddalore.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action was fought off -Cuddalore June 30, 1783, between -a British squadron of -17 sail under Sir Edward -Hughes, and 12 French ships -under Suffren. The French, as -usual, declined to come to close -quarters, and after a long range -action, in which Hughes lost -532 men, fighting was suspended -at nightfall, leaving Suffren in -possession of the roads, and able -to prevent the complete investment -of Cuddalore.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='CULLODEN'></a>Culloden (Rebellion of the Forty-five).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 16, 1746, between -the Royal troops under -the Duke of Cumberland, and -the Highlanders under the -Young Pretender. The rebels -were completely routed by the -English regulars, and in addition -to heavy loss in the field, suffered -terribly in the pursuit, -being ruthlessly cut down by -the cavalry. Cumberland's -cruelty on this occasion earned -for him the title of "Butcher." -The Royalists lost 309 killed -and wounded. This battle is -sometimes called the Battle of -Drummossie Moor.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cunaxa (Expedition of Cyrus the Younger).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 401 between the -Persians, about 400,000 strong, -under Artaxerxes, and the army -of his brother Cyrus, consisting -of 100,000 Orientals, with -14,000 Greek mercenaries, -under Clearchus. The Greeks -on the right wing drove back -the Persian left, and Cyrus in -the centre broke the king's body-guard, -which fled in disorder. -While pursuing his brother, -however, he was struck down, -and his Orientals at once took -to flight. The Greeks refused -to surrender, and were allowed -to retain their arms and march, -to the coast. This expedition -of Cyrus forms the subject of -Xenophon's "Anabasis."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Curicta (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 49, when the -Cæsarian fleet under Dolabella -was totally destroyed by the -Pompeian fleet under Marcus -Octavius. This victory cut off -the Cæsarian army under Caius -Antonius, which was quartered -on the island of Curicta, and -Antonius was forced to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Curupayti (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 22, 1866, -between the troops of Brazil, -Argentine and Uruguay, under -General Flores, and the Paraguayans -under Lopez. The -allies were totally defeated, and -Flores abandoned the army, -returning to Montevideo.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Custozza (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 24, 1866, between -60,000 Austrians under -the Archduke Albert, and -140,000 Italians under General -La Marmora. La Marmora -crossed the Mincio, and advanced -against the Archduke, -who was covering Verona. The -Italians having to pass through -a hilly country, the columns -were much broken up, and as -they debouched into the plain -of Custozza, they were beaten -in detail, and driven back by -the Austrians, who gained a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>signal victory. The Austrians -lost 4,650 killed and wounded; -the Italians, 720 killed, 3,112 -wounded, and 4,315 prisoners. -La Marmora was compelled to -recross the Mincio.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cuzco (Conquest of Peru).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged 1536, -by 200,000 Peruvians, and was -defended by 250 Spaniards -under Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro. -After a siege of five -months, Almagro, to whom certain -of the conquered territories -had been assigned by the king -of Spain, arrived with his troops, -and attacked and totally routed -the Peruvians. He then laid -siege to the place on his own -account, and shortly afterwards -compelled Gonzalo Pizarro to -capitulate. Juan died in the -course of the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cyme.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 474, between the -fleet of Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, -and the Etruscan fleet, -which was investing the Greek -colony of Cyme. The Etruscans -were routed, and from this defeat -dates the rapid decline of -the Etruscan power.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cynoscephalæ.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 364 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -the Thebans and Thessalians -under Pelopidas, and the -forces of Alexander, Despot of -Pheræ. Both armies made a -forced march to seize the heights -of Cynoscephalæ, and reached -the spot almost simultaneously. -The Theban cavalry drove back -Alexander's horse, but lost time -in the pursuit, and his infantry -made good their position on the -heights. However, after very -hard fighting, they were dislodged, -and Alexander completely -routed, though Pelopidas -fell in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cynoscephalæ (Second Macedonian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 197, between the -Romans, 26,000 strong, under -Flamininus, and the Macedonians, -in about equal force -under Philip. The Roman vanguard, -coming unexpectedly -upon the enemy, was repulsed, -but Flamininus bringing up the -legionaries, the battle became -more equal. On the right -Philip, with half his phalanx, -drove back the Romans, but his -left wing was utterly routed, -and the victorious Roman right -then turned and attacked the -Macedonian right in flank and -rear, and won a complete -victory. The Macedonians lost -13,000 killed and <a id='corr71R.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='wounded'>wounded.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_71R.22'><ins class='correction' title='wounded'>wounded.</ins></a></span> -The Roman losses were small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cynossema (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 411 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between 86 -Peloponnesian ships under Mindarus, -and 76 Athenian triremes -under Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus. -The Athenian centre was -broken, but, in the moment of -victory, Thrasybulus fell upon -the Peloponnesians with the -right wing, and totally routed -them, while Thrasyllus on the -left also drove off his adversaries, -after hard fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cyssus (War with Antiochus the Great).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 191 between the -Roman fleet of 105 triremes -under Caius Livius, and the -fleet of Antiochus, numbering -70 sail, under Polyxenides. -Polyxenides sailed out of Cyssus -to encounter the Romans, -but was defeated with a loss of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>23 ships, and forced to seek -refuge at Ephesus.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cyzicus (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 410 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, when Alcibiades, -with 86 Athenian ships, -surprised the Peloponnesian -Admiral Mindarus, who was -besieging Cyzicus, and, after a -hard fight, totally defeated him. -Mindarus was slain, 60 triremes -were taken or destroyed, and -the Peloponnesian fleet was -practically annihilated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Cyzicus (First Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 88, when the army -of Mithridates, who was besieging -Cyzicus, was hemmed by -the Romans under Lucullus, -and though the latter, with inferior -forces, did not venture on -a pitched battle, he fought a series -of minor engagements, in which -he eventually destroyed the -Pontic army, their losses -amounting in the end to over -200,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Czarnovo (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 24, 1806, -between the French under Napoleon, -and the Russians, -about 15,000 strong, under Count -Tolstoy. Napoleon, with Davoust's -corps, crossed the Ukra, -and made a night attack upon -the Russians, driving them out -of Czarnovo with a loss of 1,600 -and several guns. The French -lost 700.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Czaslau (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1742, between the -Prussians under Frederic the -Great, and the Austrians under -Prince Charles of Lorraine. -The Prussians were driven from -the field, but the Austrians -abandoned the pursuit to plunder, -and the king, rallying his -troops, broke the Austrian main -body, and defeated them with a -loss of 4,000 men.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>D</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Daegastan.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 603 between the -Northumbrians under Æthelfrith, -and the Picts and Scots -under Aidan, King of the Scots. -Æthelfrith was victorious, and -extended his dominions as far -as Chester.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dalmanutha (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21 to 28, 1900, -when the position of the Boers -from Belfast to Machadodorp -covering the Delagoa Bay Railway, -and extending over a line 30 -miles long, was attacked on the -west by Lord Roberts, and on -the south by Sir Redvers Buller. -On the 28th Buller entered -Machadodorp, by which time -the Boers, who were under -General Botha, had been driven -from all their positions. Kruger -at once fled to Delagoa Bay. -The British loss in the four days -amounted to about 500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Damascus (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Moslems under Khaled in 633, -and was defended by a large -garrison of Greeks and Romans. -The city made an obstinate defence, -and the defenders succeeded -in sending a demand for -succour to Werdan, the general -of Heraclius. Werdan's approach -drew Khaled away from -the place, and as he was retiring -he was attacked by the garrison, -whom he defeated with enormous -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>loss. He then marched -against Werdan, defeated him, -and returned to prosecute the -siege. After a gallant defence, -the city, 70 days later, was -taken by storm.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Damascus (Tartar Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On January 25, 1401, Damascus -was captured, through treachery, -by the Tartars under -Tamerlane.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Damme (Wars of Philip Augustus).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April, 1213, when an -English fleet of 500 vessels under -the Earl of Salisbury attacked -and dispersed a large fleet of -French ships designed to support -Philip Augustus' invasion -of Flanders. The English captured -300 and burnt 100 vessels, -and Philip Augustus was forced -to abandon his design.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dan-no-ura (Taira War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1189, between the -army of the Shôgun, Yoritomo, -under his brothers Noriyori and -Yoshitsune, and the Taira Clan -under Munemori, when the -Taira were routed and dispersed. -This defeat broke the power of -the clan, and the Minamoto -became the dominant clan in -Japan.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dantzig (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the Swedes under Gustavus -Adolphus in 1627, and was defended -by a Polish garrison -which successfully resisted all -attempts to storm the place, -until the truce of September 16, -1629. In a night attack on -May 27, 1627, the King of -Sweden was severely wounded, -while in the autumn of the same -year a sally was made from the -port by the Dantzig ships, -which defeated the Swedish -fleet under Admiral Stjernsköld, -the Admiral being killed, -1 ship captured and 1 destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dantzig (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On March 19, 1807, Marshal -Lefebvre, with 18,000 French, -laid siege to the city, which was -defended by a garrison of -14,000 Prussians, and 4,000 -Russians under Marshal Kalkreuth. -For complete investment -it was necessary for Lefebvre -to encompass a circuit of -about 17 leagues, for which -purpose his numbers were too -few, and he made little progress. -Receiving reinforcements, however, -he opened his first parallel -April 1, while on the 12th an -important outwork was carried. -On the 23rd the batteries opened -fire, and on May 15 a determined -effort to relieve the -place was made by a force of -8,000 Russians, who were repulsed -with a loss of 2,000, the -French losing 400 only. From -this point the city was left to -its fate, and an assault was -ordered for the 21st. Before -this date, however, Marshal Kalkreuth -signified his readiness to -parley, and on May 26 the place -was surrendered, the garrison -being then reduced to 7,000 -effectives.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dantzig (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>After the Moscow retreat, -General Rapp, with 30,000 -French, mostly survivors of the -Moscow campaign, was besieged -in Dantzig, January 1813, by -the allies, 30,000 in number, -under the Duke of Würtemberg. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>Rapp made a strenuous defence, -but his works were mastered -one by one, and, finding his -garrison dwindling rapidly from -starvation and exposure, he surrendered -November 29, 1813, -by which date the defenders -numbered only 18,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dargai (Tirah Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 20, 1897, -when a British brigade, under -General Yeatman Biggs, stormed -the heights, which were held by -a large force of Afridis. The -actual storming was accomplished -by the Gordon Highlanders, -and the British loss -amounted to 37 killed and 175 -wounded. Colonel Mathias' -speech to the Gordons, before -leading them to the charge was, -"Highlanders, the General says -the position must be taken at -all costs. The Gordons will -take it."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dazaifu (Chinese Invasion of Japan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1281, Hwan Buako, the -General of Kublai Khan, at the -head of 100,000 Chinese, and -10,000 Koreans, endeavoured -to effect a landing at <a id='corr74L.32'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Dazaifu,'>Dazaifu.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_74L.32'><ins class='correction' title='Dazaifu,'>Dazaifu.</ins></a></span> -The Japanese, however, kept -them at bay for 60 days, at the -end of which time the Chinese -fleet was wrecked and dispersed -by a typhoon. The survivors, -under Chang Pak, took refuge -in the island of Takashima, where -they were attacked and cut to -pieces by the troops of the -Daimiyo of Choshiu, under -Shoni Kagasuke, only 3,000 out -of the vast host making their -way back to China.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Deeg (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1780 between the -British, 6,000 strong under -General Fraser, and the Mahrattas -under Holkar of Indore, -with 14 battalions of infantry, -a numerous cavalry, and -160 guns. The Mahrattas were -utterly routed, leaving 87 guns on -the field. The British lost 643, -including General Fraser, killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Deeg (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The fortress, which was held -by a garrison of Holkar's troops, -was besieged December 11, 1804, -by the British under Lord Lake. -After six days' bombardment, -it was stormed on the 23rd, and -the citadel captured on the -following day. Over 100 guns -were taken.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delhi (First Mongol Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1297, between 200,000 -Mongols under Kuttugh Khan, -and 300,000 Delhi Mohammedans, -with 2,700 elephants, under -Ala-ud-Din. The Indian right -wing, with a successful charge, -broke the Mongols left, but carried -the pursuit too far. Meanwhile -the right of the Mongol -army assailed the Indian left and -drove it from the field. Kuttugh -Khan, however, had lost so -heavily, that he was unable to -follow up his advantage, and -retreated with all speed from -India.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delhi (Second Mongol Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1398, between the -Mongols under Tamerlane, and -the Delhi Mohammedans under -Mahmud Tughlak. Tamerlane, -having crossed the Jumna to -reconnoitre with an escort of -700 horsemen, was attacked by -Mahmud with 5,000 cavalry. -Tamerlane repulsed the attack, -and later, having brought his -main body across the river, -totally defeated Mahmud, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>drove him into Delhi, which at -once surrendered. The city was -plundered, and Tamerlane withdrew -laden with spoil.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delhi (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 11, 1803, -between 4,500 British under -General Lake, and 19,000 Mahrattas -of Scindiah's army under -<a id='corr75L.10'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bourguin'>Bourquin</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_75L.10'><ins class='correction' title='Bourguin'>Bourquin</ins></a></span>. The enemy occupied -a strong position with the -Jumna in their rear, and Lake, -feigning a retreat, drew them -from their lines, and then turning -upon them drove them with -the bayonet into the river, inflicting -enormous loss upon -them. The British lost 400 -only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delhi (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was invested October -7, 1804, by 20,000 Mahrattas, -with 100 guns, under Jeswunt -Rao Holkar, and was successfully -defended for nine days by -a small British garrison. At the -end of this period, Holkar withdrew. -So small was the garrison, -that they were on constant -duty on the ramparts, throughout -the siege, without relief.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delhi (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>After the outbreak at Meerut, -Delhi became the rallying place -of the mutineers, and on June 8, -1857, Sir Harry Barnard commenced -the siege of the city. -His force was too small for a -complete investment, while the -mutineers numbered 30,000, -and could obtain continual reinforcements, -and ample supplies. -The garrison made constant -sorties, and fighting was -incessant at the outposts. On -September 8 the breaching -batteries opened fire, and on -the 14th the final assault was -made and the city entered. It -was not, however, till the 20th -that the Palace was taken, and -all resistance at an end. Among -those who fell was John Nicholson.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delium (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 424 between the -Athenians under Hippocrates. -17,000 strong, and the Bœotians -under Pagondas, 18,000 -strong. The armies met on a -plain before Delium, and after -an obstinate encounter, in which -the Thebans on the right overpowered -the Athenians, while -their left attack was repulsed, -the appearance of a large body -of cavalry on their flank alarmed -the Athenians, who broke and -fled, Hippocrates fell in the -battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Delphi (Sacred War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 355, between the -Phocians, 5,000 strong, under -Philomelus, and the Locrians. -Philomelus, who had seized -Delphi, attacked the Locrians -on the heights above the sacred -city, and routed them with heavy -loss, many being driven over -the precipice.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Denain (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1712, when the camp -of the allies, held by 10 battalions -under the Earl of Albemarle, -was attacked by 130 -French battalions under Marshal -Villiers. Prince Eugene made an -effort to relieve the Earl, but -was unable to cross the Scheldt, -and the allies were overwhelmed -by superior numbers, only about -4,000 making good their retreat. -Five generals were killed or -captured.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Dennewitz (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 6, 1813, -between the French army of -the north under Ney, and the -allies under the Crown Prince of -Sweden. Ney had detached -Bertrand's division to mask -Dennewitz, while his main body -marched past the position on -the road to Berlin, but Bertrand -delayed so long before Dennewitz, -that what was intended -for a demonstration became a -serious action, in which the full -force of both sides was engaged. -The French were defeated with -a loss of 10,000 men and 43 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Deorham.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 577, when Ceawlin, -King of Wessex, defeated the -Welsh, and extended the borders -of Wessex to the Bristol -Channel, thus severing the -Welsh nation into two parts.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dessau (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 15, 1626, between -the German Protestants -under Count von Mansfeldt, and -the Imperialists, about 20,000 -strong, under Wallenstein. -Mansfeldt was attacking the -fort of Dessau, on the Elbe, -when Wallenstein, approaching -under cover of the woods, fell -upon his flank, and totally -routed him, killing or capturing -nearly three-fourths of his army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dettingen (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 27, 1743, between -the British, 40,000 strong, -under George II, and 60,000 -French under the Duc de -Noailles. The British, who were -retiring upon Hanau from Aschaffenburg, -found their retreat -cut off by the French, Dettingen -being held by 23,000 men under -de Grammont, while the main -body was on the opposite bank -of the Maine. De Grammont -left his lines to attack the -British, whereupon George II -put himself at the head of his -troops, and led a charge which -broke the French and drove -them headlong into the river. -Their losses in crossing were -heavy, and they left 6,000 killed -and wounded on the field. This -is the last occasion on which -the Sovereign has led British -troops in battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Deutschbrod (Hussite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1422 between the -Taborite section of the Hussites -under John Zisca, and the Germans -under the Emperor Sigismund. -Zisca was completely -victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Devicotta.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held for Pertab -Singh by a garrison of the Tanjore -army, was captured in 1749, -after a three days' bombardment, -by a British force of -2,300 men under Major Lawrence. -An attack upon the -breach, headed by Clive, was -nearly disastrous, as the Sepoys -hung back, and of the Europeans -engaged, only Clive and -three others escaped, but Lawrence -arriving opportunely with -the main column, the place was -stormed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Diamond.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A faction fight, known as the -battle of Diamond which took -place September 21, 1795, at a -village in Co. Armagh, between -the Peep o' Day Boys and the -Defenders. The former were -victorious, killing 48 of their -opponents.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Diamond Hill (Second Boer War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 11 and 12, 1900, -when General Botha, with the -main Boer army of 15,000 men, -strongly entrenched about 15 -miles from Pretoria, was attacked -by Lord Roberts with -17,000 men and 70 guns, and -driven from his position. The -Boer lines were so extended that -three distinct actions were in -progress at the same time. The -British lost 25 officers and 137 -men killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dingaan's Day.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 16, 1838, -between the Boers of the Transvaal, -and the Zulus under Dingaan. -The Zulus were totally -routed, with heavy loss. The -Boer losses were small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dipæa (Arcadian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 471, between the -Spartans and the Arcadian -League. The Arcadians were -totally defeated, and Tegea, the -head of the League, shortly -afterwards submitted to Sparta.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Diu.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortified Portuguese factory -was besieged early in September, -1537, by a fleet of 76 -Turkish galleys, and 7,000 soldiers -under Solyman, Pasha of -Egypt, acting with whom was -an army of 20,000 Gujeratis -under Bahadur Shah, and Khojah -Zofar, an Italian renegade. -The garrison of 600, under -Antonio de Silveira, repulsed -assault after assault, but were -nearly at the end of their resources, -when the false rumour -of an approaching Portuguese -fleet caused Solyman to withdraw.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Diu.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1545 Diu was again besieged -by the Gujeratis, the -garrison being commanded by -Mascarenhas. Khojah Zofar, -who led the besiegers, was killed -in the course of the siege, and -was succeeded by Rami Khan. -The garrison, at the end of -several months, was on the -point of surrendering, owing to -famine, when it was relieved by -Juan de Castro, who signally -defeated the Gujeratis, and -raised the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Djerbeh (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1560, between the -fleet of Solyman I, Sultan of -Turkey, under Piycála Pasha, -and the combined squadrons of -Malta, Venice, Genoa and Florence. -The Christian fleet was -utterly routed, the Turks securing -thereby the preponderance -in the Mediterranean.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dniester (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 9, 1769, -between the Russians under -Prince Gallitzin, and the Turks -under Ali Moldovani Pasha. -The Turks crossed the river in -the face of the Russian army, -and attacked their lines with -great impetuosity. After -severe fighting, however, they -were beaten off, and forced to -withdraw from Choczim.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dodowah (First Ashanti War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1826, between the -Ashanti army, which had invaded -the Gold Coast, and the -British under Colonel Purdon. -The Ashantis fought bravely, but -were routed with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dogger Bank (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 15, 1781, between -a British fleet of seven -battleships and six frigates, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>under Admiral Hyde Parker, -and a Dutch fleet of equal -strength under Admiral Zoutman. -After a severe engagement, -the Dutch bore away, -and reached their port in safety, -the British fleet being too -crippled to pursue. The British -lost 109 killed and 362 wounded; -the Dutch 1 ship, the <i>Hollandia</i>, -142 killed and 403 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dollar (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 875, when the Danish -invaders under Thorstem totally -defeated the men of Alban under -Constantine. The Danes subsequently -occupied Caithness, -Sutherlandshire, Ross and -Moray.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dolni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 1, 1877, -when General Gourko, with two -divisions of the Russian guard, -dislodged the Turks from the -redoubt of Dolni-Dubnik, and -forced them to retire upon -Plevna. There was little actual -fighting, the Turks retiring -without much resistance, but -the action is important, because -the capture of the redoubt made -the investment of Plevna complete.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='DOMINICA'></a>Dominica.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 12, 1782, between -the British fleet of 36 sail -of the line, under Rodney, with -Hood second in command, and -the French fleet of 33 sail under -de Grasse. Rodney departed -from the usual tactics of a ship -to ship action, and broke the -enemy's line, gaining a complete -victory, and capturing or -destroying 5 ships, while 2 more -were captured within the next -few days. The British lost -261 killed and 837 wounded. -The French losses have been -put as high as 15,000, but it is -probable that they lost about -3,000 killed and wounded, while -7,980 were taken in the captured -ships. This action is also -known as the battle of the -Saints.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Domokos (Greco-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 17, 1879, between -five Turkish divisions of -the army under Edhem Pasha, -and the Greeks under the Crown -Prince of Greece, about 40,000 -strong. The Greeks held their -ground till late in the evening, -when the right was outflanked, -and forced to give ground, -though, when the action ceased, -the Turks had made no other -advance. Edhem was prepared -to renew the fight on the following -day, but the Crown Prince -found that the retirement of his -right had rendered the position -untenable, and retreated during -the night. The Greeks lost 600 -killed and wounded; the Turks -about 1,800.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Donabew (First Burmah War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 7, 1825, when -General Cotton, with about 700 -troops, attacked three strong -stockades held by 12,000 Burmans -under Maha Bandoola. -The smallest of the three was -carried, but Cotton's force was -too small, and it was not till the -25th that Sir Archibald Campbell -arrived, and, shelling the -stockade, forced the Burmans -to evacuate the position. -Maha Bandoola was killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Donauwörth (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 2, 1704, between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>the British and Imperialists -under the Duke of Marlborough, -and the French and Bavarians -under Marshal Tallard. The -Duke attacked the enemy's -entrenched position at Schellenberg, -in front of Donauwörth, -and drove them out, forcing -them to abandon the town. The -victors lost 5,374 killed and -wounded. The French losses -are unknown, but were probably -heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dormeille.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 602, between the Neustrians -under Clothaire II, and -Austrasians and Burgundians -under Theodobert and Thierry. -Clothaire was defeated with -great slaughter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dorylæum (First Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1097, between -70,000 Crusaders under Bohemond -and Raymond of Thoulouse, -and 250,000 Saracens -under the Sultan Soliman. The -Saracens drove back Bohemond's -division on their camp, -which they proceeded to plunder, -and, while so engaged, were attacked -by Raymond and totally -routed with a loss of 30,000. -The Crusaders lost 4,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Douai (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the allies under Prince Eugene, -April 25, 1710, and was defended -by a French garrison, 8,000 -strong, under General d'Albergotti. -The place was obstinately -defended, numerous sorties -being made, but, the French -army being unable to relieve it, -d'Albergotti was forced to surrender -June 26. The besiegers -lost 8,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Douro (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 12, 1809, when -12,000 British under Wellesley -(the Duke of Wellington) crossed -the Douro and drove the French -under Soult out of Oporto. -The French numbered about -24,000, of whom 5,000 were -killed, wounded or captured, -mainly during the pursuit. In -the action itself, the French -lost 500, the British, 116.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dover (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 29, 1652, -between a Dutch fleet of 95 -sail, under Van Tromp, and an -English fleet of 40 ships, under -Blake. The Dutch were victorious, -the English fleet being -much cut up, and two ships -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Downs, The (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 1, 2 and 3, 1666, -between the English fleet under -the Duke of Albemarle, and the -Dutch under De Ruyter, Van -Tromp and De Witt. After an -obstinate fight, Albemarle, on -the 3rd, retired, after setting -fire to his disabled vessels, but -the Dutch were too seriously -crippled to pursue.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Drepanum (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 249, during the -siege of Lilybæum, between -the Roman fleet of 123 galleys -under Publius Claudius, and -the Carthaginians under Adherbal. -Claudius was defeated, -losing 93 ships, 8,000 killed and -20,000 prisoners, while the -victors did not lose a ship.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dresden (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 27, 1813, between -130,000 French under -Napoleon, and 200,000 Russians, -Prussians and Austrians, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>under Count Wittgenstein, -Kleist, and Prince Schwartzemberg, -respectively. The Emperors -of Russia and Austria, -and the King of Prussia, were -present on the field. Napoleon, -who was in possession of Dresden, -made his main attack upon -the Austrian left, which was -separated from the centre by -the ravine of Planen. This -attack, which was entrusted to -Murat, was completely successful, -and the Austrians were -driven with heavy loss into the -ravine. Meanwhile, the centre -and right of the allies had been -attacked with equal success, -and finally they were driven -from the field with a loss of -10,000 killed and <a id='corr80L.21'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='wounded.'>wounded,</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_80L.21'><ins class='correction' title='wounded.'>wounded,</ins></a></span> -15,000 prisoners, and 40 <a id='corr80L.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='guns,'>guns.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_80L.22'><ins class='correction' title='guns,'>guns.</ins></a></span> -The French lost about 10,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dreux (First Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1562, between the -Huguenots under the Prince de -Condé, and the Catholics under -the Constable, Montmorency. -The Constable, heading a charge -of the Catholic cavalry, was -overthrown and captured by -Coligny. The Catholics then -fled, but the Huguenots, carrying -the pursuit too far, were charged -and routed by François de -Guise, and Condé made prisoner. -The victory thus rested -with the Catholics.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Driefontein (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 10, 1900, between -the Boer Army covering -Bloemfontein, under de Wet, -and the British under Lord -Roberts. The Boers occupied -a position about seven miles in -extent, which was attacked in -front by Kelly-Kenny's division, -and on the left flank by -that of Tucker. The Boers -were driven out and the road -to Bloemfontein opened, at a -cost to the British of 424 killed -and wounded. The Boers left -over 100 dead on the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dristen.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong post on the Danube -was defended for fifty-five -days in 973, by the Russians -under their Duke Swatoslaus, -against the Greeks under the -Emperor John Zimisces. At -the end of that time the Russians -were forced to surrender, -thus ending their invasion of -Byzantine territory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Drogheda (Great Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this town, -which was held by an English -garrison under Sir Henry Tichborne, -by the Irish rebels, under -Owen Roe O'Neil, in December, -1641. The garrison held out -successfully for three months, -when O'Neil was compelled to -raise the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Drogheda (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On September 3, 1649, siege -was laid to the place by the -Parliamentary army under -Cromwell, the garrison of 2,500 -English regulars being under -Sir Arthur Aston. An assault -on the 10th was repulsed, but -on the 12th the town was stormed, -and the garrison put to the -sword. Four thousand soldiers -and inhabitants, including Aston, -are said to have perished.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Drumclog (Covenanters' Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 11, 1679, when -a party of Covenanters, under -Balfour of Burleigh, defeated the -royal troops, under Claverhouse.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Drummossie Moor.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#CULLODEN'>Culloden</a>.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Dubba (Scinde Campaign).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 24, 1843, -between 5,000 British troops, -under Sir Charles Napier, and -20,000 Beluchis, under the Amir -Shir Mohamed. The enemy -was strongly posted behind a -double nullah, which was carried -by the infantry with great -gallantry, and the Beluchis -were totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Duffindale (Kat's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The scene of the defeat of the -rebels under Kat, by the royal -troops, under the Earl of Warwick, -in 1549.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunbar (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 27, 1296, between -the English, under Edward -I, and the Scots under the -Earl of Athol. The Scots were -defeated, with a loss of 10,000 -men. This defeat led to the -surrender of Balliol, and Edward -was proclaimed King of -Scotland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunbar (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was besieged, 1339, -by the English, under the Earl -of Salisbury, and was defended -by Agnes, Countess of March, -known as Black Agnes of Dunbar, -whose husband, the Governor, -was absent at the time. So -vigorous was the defence, that -Salisbury was compelled to -withdraw from the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunbar (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 3, 1650, -between 14,000 Parliamentarians -under Cromwell and Monk, -and the Scottish Royalists, -27,000 strong, under David -Leslie. Leslie left a strong -position on the heights near -Dunbar, to meet Cromwell, and -was routed with a loss of 3,000 -killed and wounded, and 10,000 -prisoners. Cromwell's losses -were small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dundalk (Scottish Invasion of Ireland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 5, 1318, between -the Scots under Edward -Bruce, 3,000 in number, and the -English and Irish under John -de Bermingham. The Scots -were totally defeated, Bruce, -with about 30 of his <a id='corr81R.11'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='kinghts'>knights</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_81R.11'><ins class='correction' title='kinghts'>knights</ins></a></span>, -and over 80 men-at-arms, being -killed, and the invasion came to -an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dundee.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#TALANA'>Talana Hill</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunes (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14, 1650, between -the Spaniards, 14,000 -strong, under Don John of Austria -and the Great Condé, and -the French in equal force under -Turenne. A force landed from -the English fleet commenced the -attack on the Spaniards, which -was vigorously supported by -Turenne, and the Spaniards -were totally defeated, with a -loss of 4,000 killed, wounded -and captured. Ten days later -the town of Dunkirk capitulated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunganhill (Great Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 8, 1647, between -the Irish rebels, and an -English force under Colonel -Michael Jones. The Irish were -routed with a loss of 6,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunkeld (Jacobite Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21, 1689, between -the Highlanders under -Colonel Cannon, and the Cameronian -Regiment under Colonel -Cleland. The fight took place -in the town of Dunkeld, where -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>the Cameronians held a house -belonging to the Marquis of -Athole. The Highlanders were -unable to dislodge them, and -eventually retired, Cannon being -killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dunsinnan.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1054, between the -usurper, Macbeth, and the -Anglo-Saxons under Siward, -Earl of Northumberland, who -was supporting Malcolm Canmore, -the son of the murdered -Duncan. Macbeth was defeated, -losing 10,000 men, and -fled to the north. The Anglo-Saxons -lost 1,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Duplin (Baliol's Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 12, 1332, between -the Scottish barons, under -Edward Baliol, and the forces of -David, King of Scotland. Though -largely outnumbered Baliol was -victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Düppel (Schleswig-Holstein War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, protected by an -outer chain of ten redoubts, -was invested by the Prussians, -16,000 strong, under Prince -Frederick Charles, and the first -parallel opened, March 30, 1864. -The Danish garrison numbered -22,000. On April 17, after a -heavy bombardment, the Prussians -were launched at the first -six of the chain of redoubts, and, -after a brief resistance, they -were captured and the place was -immediately afterwards surrendered. -The Prussians lost -70 officers and 1,331 men, the -Danes, including prisoners, -5,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Durazzo (Norman Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, which was defended -by a garrison of Greeks -and Macedonians under George -Palæologus, was besieged by -the Normans, under Robert -Guiscard, July 17, 1081. On -October 18, the besiegers, now -reduced to 18,000, were attacked -by a force of about 75,000 -Greeks, under Alexius Comnenus, -and after a terrible -struggle, in which the Normans -were almost overpowered, the -victory rested with Guiscard. -The Greeks lost about 6,000. -On the Norman side, the Italian -auxiliaries suffered heavily, but -only 20 Norman knights were -killed. Notwithstanding this -disaster, the city still held out, -and it was not till February 8, -1082, that a night surprise -rendered the Normans masters -of the place.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dürrenstein (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 11, 1805, -during Napoleon's advance on -Vienna, when Mortier, with one -French division, was attacked -by 30,000 Russians, and would -have been overwhelmed but for -the timely arrival of another -division. The French lost -3,000; the Russians about the -same number.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dwina, The (Swedo-Polish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1701, between 15,000 -Swedes under Charles XII, and -12,000 Saxons under Marshal -von Stenau. Charles, who was -marching upon Riga, found the -passage of the Dwina barred by -von Stenau. Having the wind -at his back, he set fire to a large -quantity of straw, and under -cover of the smoke, crossed the -river unperceived. He then -attacked the Saxons, who, after -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>an obstinate engagement, were -defeated and driven from the -field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dyle (Norman Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 896, between the -Norman invaders, and the Germans -under Arnulph, Emperor -of Germany. The Normans -were totally routed with -enormous loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Dyrrachium (Civil War of <a id='corr83L.10'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Car an d Pompey'>Cæsar and Pompey</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_83L.10'><ins class='correction' title='Car an d Pompey'>Cæsar and Pompey</ins></a></span>).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 48, between the -Cæsarians, under Julius Cæsar, -and the Pompeians, under Pompey. -The latter having formed -an entrenched camp some distance -from Dyrrachium, Cæsar -interposed his army between -the camp and the town. This -interrupted Pompey's communications, -and he, in consequence, -attacked the Cæsarian -lines, which he forced, at the -cost of 1,000 men, and obliged -Cæsar to retire.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>E</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ebersberg (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 3, 1809, when -<a id='corr83L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Massena’s'>Masséna’s</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_83L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Massena’s'>Masséna’s</ins></a></span> corps stormed the -bridge and castle of Ebersberg, -which was held by about 30,000 -Austrians under the Archduke -Charles. After the bridge was -captured, a terrible conflict -followed in the streets of Ebersberg, -and finally the Austrians -were driven out, with a loss of -about 3,000 killed and wounded, -4,000 prisoners and many guns. -The French admit a loss of 1,700 -only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Eckmühl (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 22, 1809, between -90,000 French, under -Napoleon, and 76,000 Austrians, -under the Archduke Charles. -The Austrians occupied a position -on the high ground above -Eckmühl, from which they were -dislodged after severe fighting, -but the approach of night enabled -the Archduke to draw off -his troops in tolerable order -towards Ratisbon, with a loss of -about 5,000 killed and wounded, -and 3,000 prisoners. The -French loss is stated at 2,500. -By this victory Napoleon cut -the main Austrian army in two.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ecnomus (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 256, between 330 -Roman galleys, with crews of -100,000 men, under L. Manlius -Valso, and M. Attilius Regulus, -and 350 Carthaginian ships -under Hanno. After a hard-fought -battle, in which the -Romans lost 24 vessels, they -defeated the Carthaginians, with -a loss of 30 ships sunk and 64 -captured, and drove the rest of -the fleet to Carthage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Edessa (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 259, between the Romans -under Valerian, and the -Persians under Sapor I. The -Romans were totally defeated, -and Valerian taken prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Edgeworth (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 26, 1469, between -the Yorkists under Pembroke, -and the troops of the revolted -Nevilles. The Lancastrians attacked -Pembroke, whose troops -were chiefly Welshmen, and, -notwithstanding a stubborn -resistance, defeated them with -heavy loss, no less than 168 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>Welsh knights falling, besides -rank and file. Edward IV, who -was in the neighbourhood, -though not present at the battle, -was captured soon after.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Edgehill (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The first battle of the Civil -War, October 23, 1642, between -the Royalists under Charles I, -and the Parliamentarians, under -Essex, each army being about -20,000 strong. The victory was -claimed by both sides, but the -advantage rested with the King, -as the Parliamentarians failed -to face Prince Rupert's cavalry, -and the Royalists were not -prevented from continuing their -march on London.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Elandslaagte (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 21, 1899, between -a strong Boer force under -General Koch, and 3 battalions -and 5 squadrons of British -troops, with 12 guns, under -General French. The Boers occupied -a strong position, on -high ground near the Ladysmith-Dundee -railway, from which -they were driven by the infantry -and Imperial Light Horse (dismounted) -with a loss of 250 -killed and wounded, and 200 -prisoners, including Koch. The -British lost 35 officers and 219 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Elands River (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On August 4, 1900, a force of -400 Australians, under Colonel -Hore, were surrounded by 2,500 -Boers, with 6 guns. The Australians -occupied an exposed -kopje, with no water nearer than -the river half-a-mile away. Their -maxim became unserviceable, -an attempt by General Carrington -to relieve them failed, and -so severe was the Boer fire that, -in 11 days, 1,800 shells fell within -their lines. They held out, -however, till August 15, when -they were relieved by Lord -Kitchener, having lost 75 killed -and wounded, and nearly all -their horses.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='ELCANEY'></a>El Caney (Spanish-American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 1898, when -12,000 Americans, under General -Shafter, captured from the -Spaniards, after heavy fighting, -the strong position of El Caney -and San Juan Hill, commanding -Santiago de Cuba. The Spaniards -made various attempts on -the 2nd and 3rd to dislodge -them, but without success. The -American losses during the three -days amounted to 115 officers -and 1,570 men killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Elchingen (Campaign of Austerlitz).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 14, 1805, -when Ney's corps, after repairing -the bridge of Elchingen -under fire, stormed and captured -the convent and village, -driving out 20,000 Austrians, -and taking 3,000 prisoners and -a number of guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Elena (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1877, between the -Russians under Loris Melikoff, -and the Turks under Muhktar -Pasha, in which the former -were victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='ELINGA'></a>Elinga (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 206, between -74,000 Carthaginians, under -Hanno, and 48,000 Romans -under Scipio Africanus. The -battle was fought on the open -plain in front of Hanno's camp, -and resulted in a complete -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>victory for the Romans. This -battle, which is also known as -the battle of Silpia, ended the -Carthaginian domination in -Spain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Elk Horn.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#PEARIDGE'>Pea Ridge</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ellandune.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In this battle, fought 823, -the Mercians under Beorwulf, -were totally routed by the West -Saxons under Egbert.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Elleporus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 389, between the -Sicilians, 23,000 strong, under -Dionysius of Syracuse, and the -Italiots, 17,000 strong, under -Heloris. Dionysius attacked -the Italiot vanguard, under -Heloris himself, on the march, -and the Italiot army, coming -into action in detachments, was -beaten piecemeal, and finally -routed with heavy loss. The -survivors, 10,000 in number, -surrendered, and were allowed -to go free. Heloris was slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>El Teb (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 4, 1884, -when a column of 3,500 Egyptian -troops under Baker Pasha, -marching to relieve Sinkat, was -overwhelmed, and practically -annihilated by 12,000 Soudanese -under Osman Digna. The -Egyptians lost 2,360 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>El Teb.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#TRINKITAT'>Trinkitat</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Embata (Social War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 356, when an -Athenian fleet of 120 sail, under -Chares, designed to attack the -Chians, with 100 galleys, in the -straits between Chios and the -mainland. The day proving -stormy, however, his colleagues -Iphicrates and Timoleon declined -the enterprise as too -hazardous, and Chares attacking -alone, with a third of the fleet, -was defeated with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Emesa (Expedition to Palmyra).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 272, between the -Romans under Aurelian, and -the Palmyrenians under Zenobia. -Zenobia was completely -defeated, and forced to retire -within the walls of Palmyra, to -which Aurelian at once laid -siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='EMPINGHAM'></a>Empingham (Wells' Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 12, 1470, when -Edward IV totally routed the -northern rebels, under Sir Robert -Wells. The battle is called -"Loose-coat Field," from the -precipitate flight of the rebels, -who threw off their upper garments -to flee the faster.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Engen (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 3, 1800, between -the French, 75,000 strong, under -Moreau, and 110,000 Austrians -under De Kray. Moreau had -crossed the Rhine on the 1st, and -was advancing through the -Black Forest, and the battle -was in reality two distinct -actions. Moreau's right, 25,000 -strong, under Lecourbe, overtook -the Austrian rear-guard, -and drove them into and through -Stokach, capturing 4,000 prisoners, -and a large depot of -munitions and stores. Moreau -in the centre was attacked at -Engen by 40,000 Austrians, -under De Kray, whom he repulsed -with a loss of 2,000 -killed and wounded, and 5,000 -prisoners. The French lost -2,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Englefield (Danish Invasion).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 871, the first of the -series of battles between the -West Saxons and the Danish -invaders. The former, under -their king, Æthelred, defeated -the Danes.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Enslin.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#GRASPAN'>Graspan</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='corr86L.10'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Entaw'>Eutaw</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_86L.10'><ins class='correction' title='Entaw'>Eutaw</ins></a></span> Springs (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 8, 1781, -between the British garrison of -Charleston, under Colonel -Stewart, and the Americans, -under General Greene. The -British were attacked and at -first driven back, but rallying -carried the American -positions, but with a loss of 700 -men, which so weakened their -small force that they were unable -to profit by the victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Entholm (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 11, 1676, between -the Danish fleet, under -van Tromp, and Swedes. The -Swedes were defeated with very -heavy loss in ships and men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Entzheim.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SINZHEIM'>Sinzheim</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ephesus (Ionian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 499 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Athenians and Ionians, under -Aristagorus, and the Persians, -under Artaphernes. The Greeks -who were retreating to the -coast after burning Sardis, were -overtaken by the pursuing Persians, -under the walls of Ephesus, -and signally defeated. The -Athenians thereupon withdrew -their fleet, and took no further -part in the war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ephesus (Gallic Invasion of Asia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 262, between the -Syrians, under Antigonus, and -the Gallic invaders. Antigonus -was disastrously defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Erbach (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 15, 1800, between -15,000 French under -Sainte-Suzanne, and 36,000 -Austrians under de Kray. The -Austrians, who had 12,000 -cavalry, attacked vigorously, -but the French, though driven -back at certain points, were not -routed, and held to their main -positions for 12 hours, until the -approach of St. Cyr's corps -forced the Austrians to retire. -Both sides lost heavily in the -action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Erisa (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December, 1814, between -the Spanish royalists, -under Bover, 8,000 strong, and -the American patriots, under -Ribas. Ribas was totally defeated, -and taken prisoner, and -in revenge for the death of -Bover, who fell in the battle, -he was beheaded, and his head -publicly exposed in Caraccas.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Espinosa (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 10, 1808, -between 18,000 French under -Victor, and 30,000 Spaniards -under Blake. The Spaniards -were routed, and Blake's army -scattered. The French lost -about 1,100 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Essling.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#ASPERN'>Aspern</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Etampes.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 604, between the -Burgundians, under Queen -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>Brunehilde, and the Neustrians -under Clothaire II. The latter -were totally defeated with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ethandun (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 878, between the West -Saxons, under Alfred, and the -Danes, under Guthrum. The -Danes were totally defeated, -and Alfred's victory was followed -by the Peace of Wedmore, -which lasted for fifteen years.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Eurymedon, The (Third Persian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 470, between the -Persian fleet and army, and the -Athenians and Delians, under -Cimon. The Greeks were victorious -both by land and sea, -defeating the Persian fleet with -a loss of 200 ships, and routing -the land army with great slaughter. -This victory secured the -adhesion of the south of Asia -Minor to the Athenian Confederacy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Evesham (Barons' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 4, 1265, between -the royalists under Prince -Edward, and the Barons under -Simon de Montfort. The -Barons were taken by surprise, -having at first mistaken Edward's -army for reinforcements -under young de Montfort, and -were totally defeated, Simon de -Montfort falling. This defeat -ended the Barons' War.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Eylau (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 8, 1807, between -90,000 French under -Napoleon, and 80,000 Russians -under Bennigsen. Napoleon -attacked at daybreak, all along -the line, but could at first make -no impression on the Russian -infantry. Later in the day -Davoust all but succeeded in -turning the Russian left, but the -opportune arrival of a Prussian -corps under l'Estocq enabled -the Russians to repulse him, -and after a sanguinary engagement, -which lasted till ten p.m., -both armies retained their original -positions. On the following -day the Russians retired -unmolested. The French lost -about 30,000; the Russians -about 20,000 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>F</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Faenza (First Gothic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 541, between 20,000 -Roman legionaries, and the -Goths under Totila, King of -Italy. The Romans made no -attempt to resist the onslaught -of the Goths, but throwing -down their arms fled ignominiously, -giving the Goths an -easy victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='FAIROAKS'></a>Fair Oaks (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 31, and June 1, -1862, between the Federals under -General M’Clellan and the Confederates -under General Johnston. -M’Clellan was advancing -upon Richmond, and his left wing -was attacked in the afternoon -of the 31st, and notwithstanding -the arrival of Sumner's corp -in support, was driven back for -two miles. On the 1st the -Federals recovered the ground -they had lost, but made no -further progress, and at the -end of the day the Confederates, -who were largely outnumbered, -were permitted to retire unmolested. -The Federals lost -over 7,000 killed and wounded, -the Confederates about 4,500, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>including General Johnston. -This is also called the Battle of -Seven Pines.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Falkirk (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 23, 1298, between -the English under Edward I, -and the Scots under Sir William -Wallace. The Scots, who were -greatly inferior in numbers, -were strongly posted behind a -morass, which at first greatly -hampered the English attack. -In the end, however, the English -archers overcame the Scottish -defence, and a final charge, -led by the king in person, utterly -routed them. Wallace escaped -from the field, but was a fugitive -for the rest of his life.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Falkirk (Rebellion of the Forty-five).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 17, 1746, between -the rebel Highlanders, -8,000 strong, under the Young -Pretender, and a force of 8,000 -British troops, with 1,000 Campbells -under General Hawley. -The charge of the Highlanders -broke the British line, and they -were driven headlong from the -field, with a loss of 600 killed -and wounded, 700 prisoners, 7 -guns, and all tents and baggage. -The rebels lost 120 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Famagosta (Cyprus War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the Turks under Mustapha -Pasha, in October, 1570, and -was defended by 7,000 men, -half Venetians, half Cypriotes, -under Marcantonio Bragadino. -The garrison held out until -August 1, 1571, when it capitulated, -marching out with the -honours of war. After the surrender, -however, Mustapha -murdered in cold blood, Bragadino -and four of his lieutenants. -The Turks lost 50,000 men in -the course of the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='FARQUHAR'></a>Farquhar's Farm (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 29, 1899, -between the main Boer army, -under Joubert, and the garrison -of Ladysmith, under Sir George -White. The Boer position -covered about eight miles, and -White attacked in three columns, -one of which, detached to the -left to hold a position at Nicholson's -Nek, was overwhelmed -and surrendered. The Boers -meanwhile developed a strong -attack against the British right, -and White, having no guns -capable of coping with the -heavy Boer ordnance, ordered -a retreat. This was effected in -good order, and was greatly -aided by the opportune arrival -of two heavy naval guns, under -Captain Hedworth Lambton. -The British lost 317 killed and -wounded, and 1,068 missing. -The Boer losses are unknown, -but were certainly small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Farrington Bridge (Arundel's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 27, 1549, between -a small force of Cornish -rebels, and an equal number of -Royal troops under Lord Russell. -The rebels were defeated -and driven from the field, but -there was no pursuit. Each -side lost about 300.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Faventia (Civil War of Marius and Sulla).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 82, between the -consular army of Norbanus, -and the Sullans under Metellus. -Norbanus attacked with his -army wearied by a long march, -and his force was totally broken -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>up, only 1,000 remaining with -the eagles after the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fehrbellin (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 28, 1675, between -the Swedes, under -Charles XI, and the Brandenburgers, -15,000 strong, under -the Elector, Frederick William. -The Swedes were totally defeated, -and forced to evacuate -Brandenburg.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ferkeh (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 7, 1896, between -9,500 Egyptian troops, with a -British horse battery, under -Sir Herbert Kitchener, and -4,000 Mahdists under the Emir -Hamada. Kitchener, by a -night march, surprised the Mahdists -in their camp, and after -two hours' fighting, drove them -out with a loss of 1,500 killed -and 500 prisoners. Of 62 Emirs -present in the camp, 44 fell and -four were captured. The Egyptians -lost 20 killed and 81 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ferozeshah (First Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 21, 1845, -between 50,000 Sikhs, with 108 -guns, under Lal Singh, and -16,700 British and native troops, -under Sir Hugh Gough. An -attempt was made to carry the -Sikh entrenched camp by a -night attack, but this was unsuccessful. -When the attack -was renewed at dawn, dissensions -among the Sikh leaders -enfeebled the resistance, and -the Sikhs were defeated with a -loss of about 7,000. The British -losses were 694 killed, -1,721 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ferrara (Hundred Days).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 12, 1815, when -Murat, with 50,000 Italians, -endeavoured to force the passage -of the Po in the face of an -Austrian army, under General -Bianchi. He was repulsed with -heavy loss, and forced to retreat -southward.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ferrybridge (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1461, shortly before -the battle of Towton, when a -force of Lancastrian cavalry, -under Lord Clifford, defeated -the Yorkists, under Lord Fitzwalter, -who was endeavouring -to secure the passage of the Aire -at Ferrybridge. Lord Fitzwalter -was killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fethanleag.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 584, between the -West Saxons, under Ceawlin, -and the Britons under Cutha. -The Britons were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fish Creek (Riel's Second Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 24, 1885, when -General Middleton, with 400 -Canadians, attempted to drive -the rebels, 280 strong, from a -strong position near Fish <a id='corr89R.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Creek,'>Creek.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_89R.29'><ins class='correction' title='Creek,'>Creek.</ins></a></span> -After losing 50 men, Middleton -withdrew. The rebels lost 29 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fisher's Hill (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 21, 1864, -between 40,000 Federals, under -General Sheridan, and 12,000 -Confederates, under General -Early. The Confederates were -defeated and driven from their -position with a heavy loss in -prisoners and 11 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fleurus (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1622, -between the Spaniards, under -Spinola, and the Palatinate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>troops, under Count von Mansfeldt -and Christian of Brunswick. -The Germans were endeavouring -to retreat into Holland -after their defeat at Hoechst -and were intercepted by the -Spaniards, through whom they -tried to fight their way. In -this effort the infantry was almost -entirely cut to pieces, -but about 7,000 cavalry reached -Breda with the two generals.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fleurus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 1690, between -the French, under Marshal -Luxembourg, and the Germans -and Dutch under the Prince of -Waldeck. The French gained -a signal victory, the allies being -driven from the field in disorder -with a loss of 14,000 killed and -wounded, and 49 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fleurus (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 16, 1794, between -the Austrians, 80,000 -strong, under the Duke of Coburg, -and an equal force of -French, under Jourdan. The -Austrians attacked, and after a -severe engagement, were repulsed -and compelled to fall back in -the direction of Brussels to -cover that city.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Flodden (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 9, 1513, -when the English, under the -Earl of Surrey, attacked the -Scots, under James IV, in a -strong position on the hill of -Flodden. The position was -turned by the English left wing, -under Stanley, and the Scots -totally defeated with heavy -losses. James and all his principal -nobles fell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Florence (German Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged in 406, -by the German invaders under -Radagaisus, and was almost on -the verge of starvation, when -the approach of Stilicho at the -head of a large Roman army, -encouraged the defenders to -further resistance. The besiegers, -in fact, now became the -besieged, for Stilicho surrounded -their camp, and starved the -Germans into surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Flushing (Walcheren Expedition).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was besieged by -the British under Lord Chatham -and surrendered after a feeble -defence, August 16, 1809.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Foksani (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 21, 1789, between -the Turks, under Yusuf -Pasha, and the Russians and -Austrians under Suwaroff and -the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. -The allies stormed the Turkish -entrenched camp and drove out -the Turks with a loss of 2,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fontenoy (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 11, 1745, between -50,000 British, Dutch and Austrian -troops, under the Duke of -Cumberland, and the French, -under Marshal Saxe. The -Duke endeavoured to relieve -Tournay, which the French were -besieging, and the British troops -captured the heights on which -the French were posted. The -Prince of Waldeck, however, -who commanded the Dutch, -failed to support the Duke, -and the French being reinforced, -the trenches were retaken, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>the British beaten back. Tournay -fell shortly afterwards.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Formigny (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 15, 1450, when -the newly landed English reinforcements -under Kyrielle were -totally defeated, and almost -annihilated, by the French -under the Comte de Clermont. -This defeat practically put an -end to the English domination -in the north of France.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fornham St. Genevieve (Rebellion of the Princes).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1173, between the -supporters of the rebel princes -under Robert de Beaumont, and -the forces of Henry II under -the Justiciary, Richard de Lucy. -The rebels were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fornovo (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 6, 1495, between -34,000 Venetians and Mantuans -under Francisco de Gonzaga of -Mantua, and 8,000 French and -Swiss under Charles VIII. -The French were attacked as -they were retiring, but succeeded -in repulsing the Italians -at a cost of only 100 of all ranks, -while the assailants lost 3,500 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fort Frontenac (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by about 110 -French troops, under Noyan, -was captured by Colonel Bradstreet -with 3,000 Colonials, -August 27, 1758. The capture -was of extreme importance, as -it robbed the French of the -control of Lake Ontario, and -severed their communications -with their posts on the Ohio.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fort St. David (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged, -May 14, 1758, by a French -force under Lally Tollendal, -and defended by a garrison of -800 British and 1,600 native -troops. The defence was not -energetically conducted, and, on -the arrival in the roads of a -French fleet under Comte d'Aché, -the garrison surrendered, June 2.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fort St. David (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action was fought off -this place, April 29, 1758, between -7 British ships under -Admiral Pococke, and a squadron -of 9 French vessels under -Comte d'Aché. After a short -and indecisive engagement, the -French sheered off, but the -British were too severely damaged -in the rigging to give chase. -The French lost one ship, driven -ashore.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fort William Henry (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort, held by 2,200 British -and Colonial troops under -Colonel Monro, was besieged, -August 4, 1757, by Montcalm, -with 6,000 French and Canadians -and 1,600 Indians. Montcalm's -batteries opened on the -6th, and on the 9th, having lost -300 killed and wounded, and -nearly all his guns being disabled, -Monro surrendered. He -was to be permitted to retire -unmolested to Fort Edward, but -the French were unable to -control their Indian allies, who -attacked the unarmed column -as it retired. Before order was -restored, some 50 had been -killed, and 400 carried off prisoners -by the Indians.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Forum Terebronii (First Gothic Invasion of the Empire).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 251, between the -Romans under Decius, and the -Goths under <a id='corr92L.5'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cuiva'>Cniva</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_92L.5'><ins class='correction' title='Cuiva'>Cniva</ins></a></span>. The -Gothic army was drawn up in -three lines, and the legionaries -overthrew the two first, but, in -attacking the third, they became -entangled in a morass, -and were utterly routed. Decius -and his son were slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Frankenhausen (Peasants' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 15, 1525, between -the troops of Saxony, -Hesse and Brunswick, and the -revolted peasants under Thomas -Münzer. The peasants were -utterly routed, and Münzer -captured and hanged out of -hand. This entirely put an end -to the rising.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Frankfort-on-Oder (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was taken by storm -by Gustavus Adolphus, at the -head of 15,000 Swedes, April 2, -1631. Schaumberg and Montecucculi, -who were in the town, -escaped with a portion of the -cavalry, but 1,800 of the Imperialist -garrison were killed, -and 800 captured, with 30 -standards and 18 heavy guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Franklin (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 30, 1864, between -30,000 Federals under -General Schofield, and 40,000 -Confederates under General -Hood. Schofield occupied a -strong position covering Nashville, -where he was attacked by -Hood, who penetrated his lines. -The Federals, however, rallied, -and recaptured the lost positions, -and after nightfall, Schofield -was enabled to cross the -Harpeth in good order, and -effect a junction with General -Thomas. The Confederates lost -about 4,500; the Federals, -1,500 killed and wounded and -1,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Frastenz (Suabian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 20, 1499, when -the Swiss, under Heinrich Wolleb, -attacked the Austrians who -occupied a strongly entrenched -position, and drove them out -with a loss of 3,000 killed. Wolleb, -who led the charge, was -the first to fall on the Swiss -side.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fraubrunnen (Invasion of the "Guglers").</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1376, between -the Bernese, and the -"Guglers," French and English -mercenaries, under Baron Ingelram -von Coucy, who claimed -the Canton of Aargau in right -of his mother. The "Guglers" -were totally routed, and compelled -to retire from Switzerland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Frauenstadt (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 12, 1706, -between 10,000 Swedes under -Marshal Reinschild, and 20,000 -Russians and Saxons under -General Schulemburg. The -battle did not last a quarter of -an hour, for the allies fled without -making any resistance. No -less than 7,000 <i>loaded</i> muskets -were picked up on the battlefield.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fredericksburg (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 13, 1862 -between 150,000 Federals under -General Burnside, and 80,000 -Confederates under General -Lee. The Confederates, who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>occupied a range of heights -fringing the Massaponax River, -were attacked by the Federals, -whom they repulsed after hard -fighting, with a loss of 13,771 -killed and wounded. The Confederates -lost 1,800 only, but -Lee, owing to his inferior numbers, -did not feel strong enough -to push his victory home, and -allowed Burnside to evacuate -Fredericksburg unmolested.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fredericshall (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, the strongest in -Norway, was besieged by the -Swedes, under Charles XII, -early in December, 1718. On -the 11th, as he was inspecting -the advanced batteries, the king -was struck by a round shot, and -fell dead. The Swedes at once -raised the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Freteval.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1194, between the -English under Richard Cœur -de Lion, and the French under -Philip Augustus. Richard -gained a complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fribourg (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 3, 5 and 9, -1644, between 20,000 French -under the Great Condé and -Turenne, and 15,000 Bavarians -under the Comte de Mercy. -On the 3rd, Turenne, after a -long flank march, attacked the -Bavarians on the flank, while -Condé assailed their front, at -5 p.m. When night fell, the -Bavarians were giving way, -and during the night de Mercy -retired to a fresh position. Here -he was attacked on the 5th, but -held his ground throughout the -day. The French losing twice -as many men as their opponents. -Three days later de Mercy -found it necessary to retreat, -and on the 9th he was attacked -while retiring by a force of -cavalry. This he repulsed, but -Condé, coming up, rescued his -cavalry, and drove the Bavarians -headlong before him, capturing -all their artillery and -baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Friedland (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14, 1807, between -80,000 French under -Napoleon, and 70,000 Russians -under Bennigsen. The battle -began at 3 a.m., at which time -only Lannes' corps was on the -field. Bennigsen at first contented -himself with an artillery -duel, and did not attack in force -till 7 a.m., when 26,000 French -were in position. These held -their ground till the arrival of -Napoleon, who with his fresh -troops launched an attack -against the Russian columns -massed in a bend of the river -Alle, drove large numbers -of them into the river, and -occupied Friedland after hard -fighting. It was 10 p.m. before -the Russians were finally driven -from the field, having lost 15,000 -killed and wounded and 10,000 -prisoners. The French lost between -9,000 and 10,000. This -victory was followed by the -signature of the Peace of Tilsit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fuentes <a id='corr93R.39'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='d’Onoro'>d’Oñoro</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_93R.39'><ins class='correction' title='d’Onoro'>d’Oñoro</ins></a></span> (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5, 1811, in the -course of Masséna's attempt to -relieve Almeida. Wellington, -with 34,000 men, occupied a -position behind Fuentes -d'Oñoro, which was attacked by -Masséna with 34,000 troops and -36 guns. He failed to capture -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>the position, and finally retired, -in good order. The British lost -1,200 killed and wounded, and -300 prisoners. The French -losses are variously estimated, -but were certainly heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fulford (Norse Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1066, between the -Norsemen under Harold Hardrada, -King of Norway, the -English under Earls Edwin and -Morcar. The English were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Furruckabad (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 14, 1804, -between a small British force -under Lord Lake, and an -army of 60,000 Mahrattas under -Jeswunt Rao Holkar. Holkar -was signally defeated with -heavy loss. The British casualties -were only 2 killed and 20 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Fushimi (Japanese Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1868, between the -troops of Aizu and Kuwana, -under the Shôgun, Yoshinobu, -and the forces of Satsuma and -Choshu, who gained a complete -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Futteypur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 12, 1857, between -a strong force of rebels, -and the British troops under -Havelock, who was marching -to the relief of Lucknow. The -rebels were completely defeated, -losing 11 guns, while not a -single European in the British -force was killed.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>G</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c015'>Gadebesk (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 20, 1712, -between the Swedes, 12,000 -strong, under General Steinbock, -and 24,000 Danes and Saxons. -The allies occupied a position -protected by marshy ground, -where they were attacked by -the Swedes, and, after three -hours' hard fighting, driven from -their entrenchments with heavy -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gaines' Mill.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SEVENDAYS'>Seven Days' Battles</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gangud (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1714, between the -Russian fleet under Peter the -Great, and the Swedish, under -Admiral Ehrenskiöld. The -Swedes were utterly routed and -Ehrenskiöld and the whole of -his squadron captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Garigliano (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 8, 1503, -between the Spaniards, 12,000 -strong, under Gonsalvo de -Cordova, and the French, in -greatly superior force, under -Francisco de Gonzaga of Mantua. -Gonzaga, wishing to pass -the Garigliano, had thrown a -bridge over it, and proceeded -to cross in face of the Spanish -army. After very severe fighting, -the French drove back the -Spaniards, and made good the -passage of the river.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Garigliano (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 29, 1503, -between the Spaniards, about -15,000 strong, under Gonsalvo -de Cordova, and the French, -slightly superior in number, -under the Marquis of Saluzzo. -Gonsalvo crossed the Garigliano -at two points, and fell upon the -French, who were retiring on -Gasta. After hard fighting, in -which the Chevalier Bayard -bore a notable part, the French -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>were utterly routed, leaving -4,000 dead on the field, and all -their artillery and baggage. -The Spanish loss is unknown.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Garigliano (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October, 1850, between -the Italian patriots under -Cialdini, and the Neapolitans -under Francis II of Naples. -The patriots were victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gate Pah (Maori War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 27, 1864, when -1,700 British soldiers and blue-jackets, -under General Cameron, -attacked the Maori stockade -known as the Gate Pah. After -a short bombardment, 600 men -forced their way into the stockade, -but were repulsed. On the -following day it was found that -the stockade had been evacuated. -The British lost 14 officers, -and 98 men killed and wounded. -Only 30 dead and wounded -Maories were found in and near -the Pah.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gaulauli (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 22, 1858, between -a British column under Sir -Hugh Rose, and 20,000 rebels -under Tantia Topi, the Ranee of -Jhansi, and other rebel leaders. -The overwhelming numbers of -the rebels at first gave them -the advantage, but a bayonet -charge broke them, and they -fled in disorder with heavy loss. -This victory was followed by -the recovery of Calpi.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gaza (Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, defended by a Persian -garrison, under Batis, was -besieged by Alexander the Great -October, 332 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Utilizing the -engines he had employed against -Tyre, he succeeded, after some -weeks, in breaching the walls, -and, after three unsuccessful -assaults, carried the city by -storm, the garrison being put to -the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gaza (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 312, between the -Syrians and Egyptians under -Seleucus and Ptolemy Soter, -25,000 strong, and an equal -force of Macedonians under -Demetrius Poliorcetes. The -Macedonians were routed, losing -5,000 killed, 8,000 wounded, -and all their treasure and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gebora (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 19, 1811, -between 8,000 French, under -Marshal Soult, and 12,000 -Spaniards, under Mendizabal. -The Spaniards were routed with -a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded, -5,000 prisoners and all their -guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gelt, The.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February, 1570, between -the rebel Borderers under -Leonard Dacre, and the royal -troops under Lord <a id='corr95R.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Hunsdon'>Hunsdon.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_95R.29'><ins class='correction' title='Hunsdon'>Hunsdon.</ins></a></span> -The rebels were completely -routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gemblours (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 31, 1578, -between the Netherlands -patriots, 20,000 strong, under -General Goignies, and the -Spaniards, in about equal force, -under Don John of Austria. -The patriots, who were retiring -from Namur, were followed by -Don John, who sent forward a -picked force of 1,600 men, under -Gonzaga and Mondragon in -pursuit. They attacked the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>rearguard, under Philip Egmont, -and dispersed it, and then, -falling suddenly upon the main -body, utterly routed it, with a -loss, it is said, of 10,000 killed -and prisoners. The Spaniards -lost ten or eleven at most.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Genoa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1746, the Genoese, incensed -by the license of the -soldiery, rose against the Austrian -garrison, under General -Botta, and after five days' street -fighting, lasting from December -6 to 10, drove them out of the -city, with a loss of 5,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Genoa (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 13, 1795, between -a British fleet of 14 sail -of the line under Admiral -Hotham, and a French fleet of -15 sail. The action lasted -throughout the day, and on the -following morning the French -retired, leaving two line-of-battle -ships in the hands of the -British. The British lost 74 -killed and 284 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Genoa (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In April, 1800, Genoa, held by -the French, under Masséna, was -besieged by the Austrians under -General Melas, and later in the -siege under General Ott. The -city had for some time been -blockaded on the seaward side -by the British fleet, under Lord -Keith. Provisions were consequently -scarce, and notwithstanding -some successful sorties, -Masséna was forced to capitulate, -June 5, the garrison marching -out without laying down -their arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Geok Tepe (Russian Conquest of Central Asia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, the stronghold of -the Tekke Turcomans, defended -by a garrison of 15,000, was -besieged, September 9, 1878, by -the Russians, under General -Lomakine. After a short bombardment, -an attempt was made -to storm the fortress, which was -repulsed with a loss of 500. The -breaching guns were with difficulty -saved, and the Russians -retired on the following day. -About 4,000 Turcomans were -killed by shell fire.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In 1881, a second attempt -was made by Skobeloff, with -10,000 Russians, the garrison -being now nearly 30,000 strong. -After a regular siege, lasting -from the 8th to the 17th of -January, the place was stormed, -6,500 Turcomans falling in the -assault, and 8,000 in the subsequent -pursuit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gerberoi.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1080, between the -troops of William the Conqueror, -and those of his son Robert, who -claimed the Dukedom of Normandy, -and was receiving aid -from Philip I of France. Robert -was defeated and made prisoner, -and, obtaining his father's forgiveness, -resigned his claim to -the Dukedom.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gergovia (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 52, between the -Romans under Julius Cæsar, -and the Gauls under Vercingetorix. -Cæsar was besieging the -town, but was compelled to -retreat. Before retiring, however, -he delivered an assault -which was repulsed by the Gauls, -the Romans leaving over 700 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>legionaries, and 46 centurions -dead on the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Germaghah.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Genghis Khan's first battle, -fought 1193, when with 6,000 -men he defeated the army of -his father-in-law, Ung Khan, -under Sankun, 10,000 strong, -surprising them in a narrow -pass, and inflicting heavy loss -upon them.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Germantown (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 4, 1777, between -the Americans under -Washington, and the British -under Sir William Howe. The -Americans attacked the British -entrenchments, and were repulsed -with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gerona (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by 3,000 -Spanish regulars, under Mariano -Alvarez, was besieged, June 4, -1809, by General Verdier, with -18,000 French. Though ill-provided -with food, medicines, -and money, and receiving but -little assistance from outside, -Alvarez held out gallantly till -December 10, when he capitulated, -and the garrison marched -out with the honours of war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gettysburg (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 2 and 3, 1863, -between the army of the Potomac -under General Meade, and -the army of Virginia under -General Lee. On the 1st, -Meade's position in front of -Gettysburg was attacked by -A. P. Hills' corps, and the -Federals driven in confusion -into the town. On the 2nd, -Meade took up a fresh position -behind Gettysburg, where he -repulsed all the Confederate -attacks, though at a heavy <a id='corr97R.1'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='cost'>cost.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_97R.1'><ins class='correction' title='cost'>cost.</ins></a></span> -On the 3rd, Meade succeeded in -driving back the Confederate -left, but Lee's main attack -succeeded in driving the Federals -from the ridge. They rallied -and retook it, but had lost too -heavily to assume the offensive. -Lee again offered battle on the -4th, but the Federals declined -it, and Lee retired unmolested, -having lost about 20,000 men -in the three days. The Federal -losses were about the same.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gherain.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 2, 1763, between -the army of Mir Cossim, -the deposed Nawab of Bengal, -and the British under Major -Adams. A severe engagement, -lasting four hours, ended in a -signal victory for the British.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ghoaine (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 30, 1842, between -General Nott's force, on -its march from Kandahar to -Ghuzni, and the Afghans, under -Shems-ud-din, Governor of -Ghuzni. The Afghans were -totally defeated, losing all their -guns, tents and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ghuzni (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, garrisoned by -3,000 Afghans, under Haidar -Khan, was captured, January -21, 1839, by the British. The -besiegers having no breaching -guns, it was found necessary to -blow in the main gate, and the -place was then stormed, at a -cost of 18 officers and 162 rank -and file, killed and wounded. -The garrison lost 500 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gibbel Rutts (Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 26, 1798, when -the regulars, under Sir James -Duff, attacked the camp of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>rebels on the Curragh, and dispersed -them at the point of the -bayonet, with a loss of 350 -killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gibraltar (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was captured, -July 24, 1704, by a combined -British and Dutch fleet, under -Sir George Rooke, from the -Spaniards under the Marquis -de Salinas. The resistance of -the garrison lasted 2 days only, -during which the allies lost 12 -officers and 276 men killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gibraltar.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>From 1779 to 1783, Gibraltar -sustained a siege at the hands -of a combined French and Spanish -force, who, though provided -with powerful floating batteries, -were unable to make any impression -on the defences. In -the course of the siege, the -garrison, under General Elliot, -were several times reinforced -and revictualled by British -fleets, which ran the gauntlet -of the blockade.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gihon, The.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1362, between the -Getes under their Khan, and the -Tartars under Tamerlane. The -Tartars were defeated, and the -Getes marched upon Samarcand, -but sickness robbed them -of nearly all their horses, and -they were forced to retire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gingi (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the Moguls in 1689, and was -defended by Rajah Ram. The -siege was carried on in desultory -fashion, first by Zulfikar Khan, -then by Kambaksh, son of -Aurungzebe, and then again by -Zulfikar Khan. After three -years had been wasted, Aurungzebe -took command in person, -and after conniving at the -escape of Rajah Ram, carried -the place by storm.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gislikon (War of the Sonderbund).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 23, 1847, -when the Federals, under -General Dufour, attacked the -troops of the Sonderbund, under -Colonel Salis-Soglio, strongly -posted at Gislikon, near Lake -Zug, and drove them from their -position. The losses were very -small. On the following day -the Federals entered Lucerne, -and the Civil War, which had -lasted 20 days only, came to -an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gitschin (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 29 and 30, 1866, -between the Prussians, 16,000 -strong, under Prince Frederick -Charles, and the Austrians and -Saxons, 30,000 strong, under -Count Clam Gallas. The Austrians -were defeated, and driven -from all their positions with a -loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, -and 7,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gladsmuir.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> Prestonpans.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Glen Fruin.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1604, between the -royal troops under the Duke of -Argyll, and the Macgregors and -other clans, when the Highlanders -gained a complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Glenlivet (Huntly's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 4, 1594, between -the troops of James VI, -10,000 strong, under the Earl -of Argyll, and the rebel Earls -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>of Errol and Huntly. Though -inferior in numbers, the rebels -gained a complete victory, driving -off the royal troops with a -loss of 500 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Glen Malone.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1580, between the -English settlers under Lord -Grey de Wilton, and the Irish -septs. The English suffered a -serious defeat, among the slain -being Sir Peter Carew.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Glenmarreston.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 638, when the Scots -under Donald Bree, King of -Dalriada, utterly routed the -invading Angles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Glorious First of June.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> Ushant.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Goits (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 30, 1848, between -the Piedmontese under -Charles Albert of Savoy, and -the Austrians under General -Radetsky. The Austrians were -completely defeated, and Radetsky -compelled to take refuge -behind the line of the Adige.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Golden Rock (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 7, 1753, between -1,500 British under Major -Lawrence, together with 5,000 -Tanjore troops under Monakji, -and a detachment of French -and Mysoris, forming part of -the army besieging Trichinopoly. -The Golden Rock was -taken by assault, and the enemy -driven off in confusion, but the -victory would have been more -decisive had the Tanjore horse -pursued with more vigour.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Goodwins, The (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 1666, between -a British fleet of 60 sail, under -the Duke of Albemarle, and a -Dutch fleet of 71 sail-of-the-line, -and 30 smaller vessels, -under van Tromp and de <a id='corr99R.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Ruyter,'>Ruyter.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_99R.4'><ins class='correction' title='Ruyter,'>Ruyter.</ins></a></span> -The action lasted two days, and -was desperately contested, but -the Dutch being reinforced in -the morning of the 3rd, Albemarle -bore away. On the 4th, -having been joined by Prince -Rupert's squadron, he renewed -the attack, but without success. -The English lost 10 ships, while -most of the others were disabled. -The killed and wounded amounted -to 1,700, while 2,000 were -taken prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Goraria (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 23 and 24, -1857, between a British column, -about 3,000 strong, under Brigadier -Stuart, and a body of 5,000 -rebels. The mutineers occupied -a strong position, and the British -were unable to dislodge -them on the 23rd. On the -following day the attack was -renewed, and the rebels were -driven out and dispersed, with -a loss of over 1,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gorni-Dubnik (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 24, 1877, between -the 2nd Division of the -Russian Guard, under General -Gourko, and the Turks, who -were holding the redoubt of -Gorni-Dubnik, under Achmet -Hefzi Pasha. After very heavy -fighting, the Russians succeeded -in dislodging their opponents, -with a loss of 1,500 killed and -wounded, and 53 officers and -2,250 men captured, including -the Pasha. The Russians lost -3,300 killed and wounded, including -116 officers of the Guards.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Gorodeczno (Campaign of Moscow).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 12, 1812, between -36,000 French and Austrians, -under General Reynier -and the Prince of Schwartzemberg, -and the Russians, in equal -force, under General Tormazoff. -The Russians were defeated and -driven from their positions, with -a loss of 4,000 men. The French -and Austrians lost about 2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Goa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1511, Goa, held by a Portuguese -garrison, under Albuquerque, -was invested by Kumal -Khan, General of the Rajah of -Bijapore, at the head of 60,000 -men. After a siege of 20 days -Albuquerque found his communication -with his fleet threatened, -and withdrew the garrison. -In the same year, however, having -collected a force of 1,500 -men with 23 ships at Cananore, -he attacked Goa, and at once -forced an entrance. After -severe fighting in the streets, -the Deccanis fled in confusion -to the mainland, with a loss of -6,000. The Portuguese lost 50 -only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Goa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort, which was held by a -Portuguese garrison of 700, -under the Viceroy, Luis de -Ataida, was attacked by Ali Adil -Shah, Rajah of Bijapore, with -135,000 men and 350 guns, in -1570. Aided by the civilians, -and 1,300 monks, the garrison -made so strenuous a defence, -that the Rajah was beaten off, -after losing 12,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grampians, The (Roman Invasion of Scotland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 84, probably on the -Moor of Ardoch, between the -Romans under Agricola, and -the Caledonians, 30,000 strong, -under Galgacus. The Caledonians -attacked with great -bravery, but were beaten by -the superiority of the Roman -discipline, and retired with a -loss of 10,000 men. The Romans -also lost heavily.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Granada (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1319, when a Spanish -army, under the Regents Pedro -and John of Castile, appeared -under the walls of Granada. A -sortie of 5,000 picked Moors, -under Said Othman took place, -and the Christians were utterly -routed, both the Regents being -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Granada (War of Granada).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On April 26, 1491, Ferdinand -the Catholic, with an army of -50,000 Spaniards, sat down before -Granada, the last stronghold -of the Moors in Spain. The -siege was carried on in somewhat -desultory fashion, and in -the early days one serious sortie -was made by the inhabitants -and garrison, who were, however, -defeated, with a loss of -2,000 killed. The city held out -until November 25, when Abdallah, -the last king of Granada, -capitulated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grandella (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1266, between the -troops of the Two Sicilies, under -Manfred, son of the Emperor -Frederick II, and the French, -under Charles of Anjou. Manfred -was defeated, and fell in -the battle, Charles seizing the -crown of the double kingdom.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grandson (Burgundian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 2, 1476, between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>the Swiss, 18,000 strong, -and the Burgundians, numbering -36,000, under Charles the -Bold. Charles endeavoured to -entice the Swiss into the plain, -and to that end ordered a retreat. -He was followed by the -Swiss, and his rearguard being -attacked, was seized with panic, -and fled, and in the end Charles -was completely defeated and -his camp captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Granicus, The (Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May, 334 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -35,000 Macedonians, -under Alexander the Great, and -40,000 Persians and Greek mercenaries, -under Memnon of -Rhodes, and various Persian -satraps. Alexander crossed the -Granicus in the face of the Persian -army, leading the way himself -at the head of the heavy -cavalry, and having dispersed -the Persian light horse, he -brought up the phalanx, which -fell upon and routed the Greek -mercenaries. The Persians lost -heavily, while the Macedonians' -loss was very slight.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grant's Hill (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 14, 1758, -when Major Grant, with 800 -Highlanders, and Provincials, -attacked a body of Indians in -the French service near Fort -Duquesne. He was repulsed, -and in turn attacked by the -garrison of the Fort, 3,000 -strong, under M. de Ligneris. -Grant was totally defeated, -losing 273 in killed, wounded -and prisoners, and was himself -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='GRASPAN'></a>Graspan (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 25, 1899, -between Lord Methuen's division, -with a naval brigade, 400 -strong, and a Boer commando -of about 2,500 men. The Boers -occupied a strong position, the -key of which, a high kopje, was -attacked in front and flank, and -carried, with a loss of 9 officers -and 185 men. The marines, -who numbered 200, lost 3 officers -and 86 men of this total. The -Boers lost about 100. This is -also called the battle of Enslin.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gravelines.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 13, 1538, between -8,500 French and Germans, -under Marshal de Thermes, and -about 10,000 Spanish, Germans -and Flemings, under Count Egmont. -De Thermes' right rested -on the sea, and a cavalry -charge, headed by Egmont, -broke his line, after severe -hand-to-hand fighting, and the -French fled in confusion, leaving -1,500 dead on the field, while as -many more were driven into the -sea, and drowned. Large numbers -were cut down in the pursuit, -and de Thermes was captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='GRAVELOTTE'></a>Gravelotte (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 18, 1870, between -the French, under Bazaine, -and the combined German -army under the supreme command -of William of Prussia. -The battle was most hotly contested, -but while the French -held their ground in the neighbourhood -of Gravelotte, the -Germans turned their right -flank at St. Privat, and they -were eventually obliged to abandon -all their positions, and retire -into Metz, where they were -subsequently blockaded. The -German losses amounted to 899 -officers and 19,260 men killed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>and wounded. The French -losses were somewhat less. This -battle is also known as the battle -of St. Privat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Great Meadows (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 3, 1752, between -350 Virginians, under Washington, -and 700 French, under -Coulon de Villiers. The Virginians -occupied a square log -enclosure, known as Fort Necessity, -where they resisted the -French attack for nine hours, -till lack of ammunition forced -Washington to surrender. The -Virginians lost 60 killed and -wounded; the French considerably -less.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grenada (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 3, 1779, between -a British fleet of 24 sail, under -Admiral Byron, and a French -fleet of 20 sail-of-the-line, and -10 frigates, under the Comte -d'Estaing. Admiral Byron attacked -the French with a view -of recapturing Grenada, but -was <a id='corr102L.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='unsuccefssul'>unsuccessful</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_102L.30'><ins class='correction' title='unsuccefssul'>unsuccessful</ins></a></span>, though he -inflicted upon them a loss of -1,200 killed and 1,500 wounded. -The British lost 183 killed and -346 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grangam (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1721, between the -Swedes, and the Russian fleet -under Admiral Golitshin. The -Swedes were completely defeated, -losing four line-of-battle -ships captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grochow (Second Polish Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 25, 1831, -between the Poles, 90,000 strong -under Prince Michael Radziwill, -and 120,000 Russians, under General -Dubitsch. After a sanguinary -engagement, the Russians were -defeated, with a loss of 10,000 -killed and wounded. The Poles -lost about 5,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gross-Beeren (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 23, 1813, between -the French army of the -north, under Oudinot, and the -allies, 80,000 strong, under the -Crown Prince of Sweden, who -was covering the road to Berlin. -Regnier, whose corps formed -the centre of Oudinot's army, -captured Gross-Beeren, which -was retaken by the Prussians -under von Bulow, and again -recovered by Fournier's and -Guilleminot's divisions, but Oudinot -was not sufficiently strong -to press his advantage, and -retired with a loss of 1,500 men, -and 8 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gross-Jägersdorf (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 30, 1757, between -28,000 Prussians, under -Marshal Lehwaldt, and a largely -superior force of Russians, under -General Apraxine. The Prussians -were defeated, but Apraxine -failed to follow up his victory, -and recrossed the frontier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grozka (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1739, between the -Austrians, under Count Neipperg, -and the Turks, under the -Grand Vizier. The Austrians -were defeated, with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Grunnervaldt.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1404, between the -Poles, under Vladislas IV, and -the Teutonic Knights, under -their Grand Master. The Poles -gained a complete victory, and -it is said that 50,000 knights -perished, though it is more than -<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>doubtful whether their whole -army amounted to so many.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Guadeloupe (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was taken by a -British force under Sir John -Jervis, July 3, 1794, with a loss -of 3 officers and 33 men killed -and wounded. It was recaptured -by the French, on December -10, of the same year.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Guad-el-Ras (Moroccan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 23, 1860, when -25,000 Spaniards, under Marshal -O'Donnell, routed a large force -of Moors, entrenched in a very -strong position behind the -Guad-el-Ras. This victory ended -the war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Guastalla (War of the Polish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 19, 1734, -between the Imperialists, under -the Prince of Würtemberg, and -the French, under Marshal de -Coligny. The Imperialists were -defeated with a loss of about -4,000, including the Prince of -Würtemberg. The French losses -were about the same.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gubat.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> Abu Klea.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Guildford Court House (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 16, 1781, between -the British, under Lord -Cornwallis, and a largely superior -force of Americans, under -General Greene. The Americans -occupied a strongly entrenched -position in and round Guildford, -and the battle consisted of a -series of independent actions, -in which the British were uniformly -successful, driving out -the Americans with heavy -casualties, and the loss of all -their guns and ammunition. -The British lost 548 killed and -wounded, but the victory served -little purpose, as Lord Cornwallis -was too weak to pursue -his advantage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='GUINEGATE'></a>Guinegate.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 16, 1513, when -a body of French cavalry, who -aimed at relieving Terouënne, -which was besieged by the English, -under Henry VIII, and the -Imperialists, under Maximilian I, -were put to flight by the allies -without striking a blow. The -French fled so precipitately that -the action was dubbed the -Battle of the Spurs.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gujerat (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 22, 1849, -between the British, 25,000 -strong, under Lord Gough, and -50,000 Sikhs, under Shir Singh. -The British artillery, numbering -84 pieces, broke the Sikh lines, -and after resisting for over two -hours, they fled, and were practically -annihilated in the pursuit. -Fifty-three guns were -taken. The British lost only -92 killed and 682 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gunzburg (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 9, 1805, when -Ney's corps carried the three -bridges over the Danube, at or -near this town, driving off the -Austrians with a loss of 300 -killed and wounded, and 1,000 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gwalior (First Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong fortress was -captured from the Mahrattas, -August 3, 1780, by a British -force of about 2,000 men, mostly -sepoys, under Captain Popham. -The wall was scaled by two companies -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>of sepoys, under Captain -Bruce, supported by 20 -Europeans, and followed by two -battalions. The garrison was -completely surprised, and an -entrance effected without opposition, -whereupon the place was -surrendered to the assailants, -who had not lost a man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Gwalior (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 17, 18 and 19, -1858, between a British column -under Sir Hugh Rose, and a -large body of rebels, led by the -Ranee of Jhansi in person. On -the 17th the mutineers were -driven out of the cantonments -with heavy loss, while on the -following days the important -positions in the town were captured -in succession, until by the -evening of the 19th, the British -were in undisputed possession -of Gwalior. The Ranee was -known to be amongst the slain, -though her body was never -found.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>H</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Haarlem (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was invested by the -Spaniards, 30,000 strong, under -Don Francisco de Toledo, December -11, 1572. It was held -by a garrison of 4,000, under -Ripperda, including a corps of -Amazons, led by a widow named -Kenau Hasselaer. The batteries -opened on the 18th, and -on the 21st an assault was repulsed, -the assailants losing -400, the garrison three or four -only. A second assault, on -January 31, 1573, was also repulsed, -while a brilliant sortie, -on March 25, captured a large -and welcome convoy of provisions. -On May 28, however, -the patriot flotilla of 150 vessels -under Martin Brand, on the -lake, was defeated by 100 Spanish -ships, under Count Bossu. -From this point the reduction -of the city by famine was inevitable, -and the place was -surrendered, July 12, 1573. -The garrison, reduced to 1,800, -was massacred, with the exception -of 600 Germans, and altogether -2,300 persons perished -after the capitulation. The -Spaniards lost 12,000 men in the -course of the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hadranum.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 344, between -Timoleon, the deliverer of Sicily, -with 2,000 followers, and Hiketas, -Tyrant of Leontini, with -10,000 men. The two had been -summoned to the assistance of -the rival factions in Hadranum, -and Hiketas, who arrived first, -was resting his men under the -walls, when he was surprised by -Timoleon, and totally <a id='corr104R.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='routed,'>routed.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_104R.30'><ins class='correction' title='routed,'>routed.</ins></a></span> -This was Timoleon's first exploit, -and Hadranum became -his headquarters.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hadrianople (War of the Two Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 3, 323, between -Constantine, Emperor of the -West, with 120,000 troops, and -Licinius, Emperor of the East, -with 165,000. Licinius, by the -skilful manœuvring of Constantine, -was enticed from his entrenched -camp into the open -plain, and his raw levies being -powerless against the Western -veterans, he was totally <a id='corr104R.47'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='defeated,'>defeated.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_104R.47'><ins class='correction' title='defeated,'>defeated.</ins></a></span> -It is said that 34,000 -perished in the battle.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Hadrianople (Second Gothic Invasion of the East).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 9, 378, between -the Romans, under the -Emperor Valens, and the Goths, -under Fritigern. The Roman -cavalry fled from the field, and -the legionaries were surrounded -and ridden down by the overwhelming -masses of the Gothic -horse. Two thirds of the legionaries, -and 39 great officers and -tribunes perished. Valens was -carried off the field wounded, -but the hut in which he was -lying was fired, and he perished -in the flames.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hahozaki (Tartar Invasion of Japan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1274, between the -troops of the province of Kiushiu -and the Tartars forming the -expedition, despatched by Kublai -Khan, under Lin Fok Heng. -After severe fighting, in which -the Japanese suffered heavily, -Lin was severely wounded, and -withdrew to his ships. A heavy -gale destroyed a large number -of the Tartar and Korean vessels, -and finally the remnant of the -invading force made good its -escape.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Haliartus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 395, when Lysander, -at the head of a Spartan -force, without waiting as had -been arranged to effect a junction -with Pausanius, attacked -the town of Haliartus. The -Haliartians, seeing from the -battlements that a body of -Thebans was approaching, made -a sortie, and the Spartans, attacked -simultaneously in front -and rear, were routed, and -Lysander slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Halidon Hill (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1383, in the course of -an attempt by Archibald Douglas, -the Regent, to relieve Berwick, -which was besieged by -Edward III. The Scots were -powerless against the English -archers, and were defeated with -a loss of 30,000, including the -Regent, and four Earls. This -defeat resulted in the submission -of Scotland, and Edward placed -Balliol upon the throne.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Halieis.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 459, between the -Athenians, and the combined -forces of Corinth and Epidamnus. -The Athenians were victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hallue (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 23 and 24, -1870, between 40,000 French, -under General Faidherbe, and -22,500 Germans, under Manteuffel. -The French lost heavily -in the village lying in front of -their position, but the Germans -were unable to carry the entrenchments -on the heights. -After their attack had been -repulsed, the French assumed -the offensive, but with no decisive -result. The Germans lost -927 killed and wounded; the -French over 1,000, besides 1,300 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hampton Roads (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 8 and 9, 1862, -between the Confederate armoured -frigate, <i>Merrimac</i>, and -5 gunboats, under Captain Buchanan, -and 5 Federal warships, -under Captain Marston. On the -8th, the <i>Merrimac</i> destroyed -two Federal vessels, and drove -one ashore, but on the 9th, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>Federals were reinforced by -the arrival of the turret-ship -<i>Monitor</i>, and after an indecisive -action, the <i>Merrimac</i> drew off. -In the two days, the Confederates -lost only 10 killed and -wounded, but the Federal losses -were far heavier, the <i>Cumberland</i> -alone losing 150 out of a -crew of 400.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hanau (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 30 and 31, -1813, between 80,000 French, -the survivors of Leipsic, under -Napoleon, and 45,000 Austrians -and Bavarians, under General -Wrede, who had occupied a -position at Hanau, barring Napoleon's -retreat to France. On -the 30th, Napoleon attacked -Wrede's left, which was astride -of the road, and driving it back -continued his retreat with the -main body, leaving three divisions, -under Marmont, to secure -his rearguard. On the 31st, the -rearguard, under Mortier, attacked -Hanau, and Wrede being -dangerously wounded, his successor, -Fresnel, drew off, leaving -the road clear. The French lost -6,000, the allies 10,000 men in -the two days.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hardenberg (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 15, 1580, between -the Dutch Patriots, under -Count Philip Hohenlo, and the -Royalists, under Martin <a id='corr106L.39'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Schenck,'>Schenck.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_106L.39'><ins class='correction' title='Schenck,'>Schenck.</ins></a></span> -Fatigued by a long march, the -Patriots were no match for -Schenck's fresh troops, and after -an hour's fighting, were broken -and almost annihilated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Harlaw.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 24, 1411, between -the rebel Highlanders, -under Donald, Lord of the Isles, -and the Lowland Scots, under -the Earl of Mar, together with -the town militia of Aberdeen, -led by their Provost. After a -most sanguinary battle, the -Lowlanders were utterly routed. -Among the slain were the Provost, -many knights, 500 men-at-arms, -and the majority of the -burghers forming the militia. -The Highlanders lost 500 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Harper's Ferry (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 16, 1862, -when the Confederates, three -divisions, under General "Stonewall" -Jackson surrounded the -Federal garrison of Harper's -Ferry, 11,000 strong, with 73 -guns, and forced them to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hashin (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 20, 1885, when -8,000 British troops, under -General Graham, defeated a -detachment of Osman Digna's -army, inflicting upon them a -loss of about 1,000 killed. The -British lost 48 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Haslach (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 11, 1805, -when General Dupont, with -6,000 French, marching upon -Ulm, was suddenly confronted -with an army of Austrians, -60,000 strong, strongly posted -on the Michelberg. Dupont at -once seized and entrenched the -village of Hanau, which he held -until dark against 25,000 Austrians, -under the Archduke -Ferdinand. After nightfall he -withdrew, carrying off 4,000 -prisoners.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Hastenbech (Seven Years' War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 26, 1757, between -50,000 Hanoverians and -others, under the Duke of Cumberland, -and 80,000 French, -under Marshal d'Estrées. The -Duke, who had taken post on -the Weser, to protect Hanover, -was overpowered by d'Estrées, -and driven back to Slade, on the -Elbe, with a loss of several -hundred men. This defeat was -followed by the signature of the -Convention of Closter-Seven.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='HASTINGS'></a>Hastings (Norman Conquest).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 14, 1066, a -fortnight after the landing of -William the Conqueror. The -English, under Harold, fought -entirely on the defensive, at first -with success, but were at last -lured from their position by a -feigned flight of the Normans, -and were then totally routed. -Harold was among the fallen. -This battle is also known as the -Battle of Senlac.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hatvan (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 2, 1849, when -the Austrians, 15,000 strong -under Marshal Schlick, attacked -the 7th Hungarian corps, of -about equal strength, and after -a severe engagement, were totally -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Havana (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 12, 1748, between -a British squadron of -seven ships, under Admiral -Knowles, and a Spanish squadron -of equal strength. The -action was fought with little -determination, and though the -British captured one ship, the -result was far from decisive. -The Spaniards lost 298, the -British 179 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Havana (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In June, 1762, the Earl of -Clanwilliam, with 11,000 British -troops, supported by a -squadron, under Admiral Pococke, -laid siege to Havana. -Moro Castle, the key of the -defences, was taken by storm, -and after a siege of two months -and eight days the city was -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heathfield.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 633, between the -Mercians, under Penda, and -the Northumbrians, under Edwin. -The latter were defeated -and Edwin slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heavenfield.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 634, between the -Anglo-Saxons, under the Bretwalda, -Oswald of Northumbria, -and the Britons, under Cadwallon. -The Britons were -totally routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hedgeley Moor (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 25, 1464, between -the Lancastrians, under -Margaret of Anjou and Sir -Ralph Percy, and the Yorkists, -under Lord Montague. The -Lancastrians were totally defeated, -Percy falling in the -battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heiliger-Zee (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 23, 1568, between -the "Beggars," under -Louis of Nassau, and 5,000 -veteran Spaniards, under Aremberg. -Louis occupied a very -strong position on a wooded -height, near the monastery of -the Holy Lion, his front being -protected by a morass crossed -by a narrow causeway. The -Spanish infantry traversed this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>to the attack, but were repulsed, -and Count Aremberg, leading a -charge of horse, in the hope of -restoring the day, fell mortally -wounded. Upon this the -Spaniards broke and fled, having -suffered a loss of 1,600 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heilsberg (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 10, 1807, between -30,000 French, under -Marshal Soult, and 80,000 Russians, -under General Bennigsen. -The Russians occupied the -heights on both sides of the Alle, -and the plains below, being in -greater force on the left bank. -The French attacked and drove -the Russians into the entrenchments, -but could make no -further progress, and night put -an end to an obstinate but inconclusive -conflict, in which the -Russians lost about 10,000, the -French, 8,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hekitai-Kan (Invasion of Korea).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1595, between the -Japanese, under Kobayagawa -Takakage, and the Chinese, -under Li Chin. The Chinese -were utterly routed, Li's army -being almost annihilated, and -he himself escaping with difficulty -from the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heligoland (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured, -August 31, 1807, from the Danes, -by a small British squadron, -under Admiral Thomas Russell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heliopolis (French Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 20, 1800, between -10,000 French, under -Kléber, and about 70,000 Turks, -under Ibrahim Bey. The Turks -were utterly routed, with a loss -of several thousand men, while -the French only lost about 300 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hellespont (War of the Two Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 323, between the -fleet of Constantine the Great, -consisting of 200 small galleys, -under Crispus, and that of -Licinius, numbering 350 sail, -under Amandus. After two -days' hard fighting, Crispus -forced the passage of the Hellespont, -and totally routed the -Eastern fleet, with a loss of 130 -ships and 5,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Helorus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 492, between -Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela, -and the <a id='corr108R.21'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Syracusans,'>Syracusans.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_108R.21'><ins class='correction' title='Syracusans,'>Syracusans.</ins></a></span> The Syracusans -were totally routed, and -were so weakened by this defeat, -that Syracuse fell an easy prey -to Gelon, Hippocrates' successor, -in the following year.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Helsingborg (<a id='corr108R.26'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Dano-Spanish'>Dano-Swedish</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_108R.26'><ins class='correction' title='Dano-Spanish'>Dano-Swedish</ins></a></span> Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1710, between 20,000 -Swedes, of whom 12,000 were -raw recruits, under General -Steinbock, and the Danish invading -army. The Swedes won -a signal victory, and the invaders -were compelled to take -refuge under the walls of Helsingborg, -and a few days later -to embark for Denmark. Besides -killed, they left 4,000 -wounded prisoners in the hands -of the Swedes.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hemushagu (Invasion of Korea).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1595, between the -Japanese, under Konishi Yukinaga, -and the Chinese, under Li -Chin. The Japanese were defeated, -and forced to retire upon -the capital.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Hengestesdun (Danish Invasion).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 835, when the men of -Wessex, under Egbert, totally -defeated the Danes and Cornish -Britons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hennersdorf (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 1745, between -60,000 Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and 40,000 -Austrians and Saxons, under -Prince Charles of Lorraine. -Frederick surprised Prince -Charles on the march, and -utterly routed his vanguard, -comprised of Saxons, with enormous -loss. The Austrians were -compelled in consequence to -retire into Bohemia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heraclea (Pyrrhus' Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 280, between the -Epirots, 30,000 strong, under -Pyrrhus, and about 35,000 Romans, -under P. Laverius Lævinus. -The Romans crossed -the Siris in the face of the enemy, -when they were attacked by -Pyrrhus, and after a furious -conflict, were at last broken by -his elephants, and fled in disorder, -losing about 7,000 men. -The Epirots lost 4,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Heraclea.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 313, between the -Illyrians, under Licinius, afterwards -Emperor of the East, and -the troops of the reigning Emperor -Maximinus. Licinius was -marching with 30,000 men to -the relief of Heraclea, when he -was attacked by Maximinus, -with 70,000. Licinius was at -first driven back by weight of -numbers, but his skill, and the -steadiness of his troops, enabled -him to rally, and eventually -Maximinus was defeated with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Herat (Tartar Invasion of Afghanistan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was captured, 1220, -by 20,000 Tartars, under Sudah -Bahadur. The Governor, Emin -Malek, was entirely unprepared -to stand a siege, and surrendered -when the Tartars appeared before -the walls. Having meanwhile -been retaken by a <i>coup-de-main</i>, -by Shems-ed-din, who -held it as an independent chieftain, -Herat was again besieged -by the Mongols, under Tuli -Khan, in 1221. After a brief, -but resolute resistance, during -which Shems-ed-din fell, the -inhabitants opened the gates -to the besiegers, and the garrison -was put to the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Herat (Perso-Afghan Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On November 22, 1837, Mohamed, -Shah of Persia, laid -siege to the city, which was held -by an Afghan garrison, under -Yar Mohamed. After a somewhat -desultory siege, an attempt -was made to storm the place, -June 24, 1838, when the Persians -were repulsed with a loss of -1,700 men. From this time a -tacit armistice existed till September -9, when the Shah withdrew -his army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Herdonea (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 210, when the -Carthaginians, under Hannibal, -defeated, and practically destroyed -an army of 25,000 Romans, -under Cnæus Fulvius. -Fulvius was among the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Héricourt (Burgundian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 13, 1474, -between the Swiss, 18,000 -strong, and the Burgundians, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>10,000 in number. The Burgundians -were totally defeated, -the town of Héricourt taken.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hermanstadt (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1442, and notable as -being the first appearance of -John Huniades in arms against -the Turks. With an army of -Hungarians he totally defeated -Mejid Bey, who was besieging -Hermanstadt, inflicting on the -Turks a loss of 20,000 men, and -relieving the place. The Hungarians -lost 3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hernani (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1836, between -the British legion, under -General Evans, and the Carlists. -Evans was defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hernani (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 15 and 16, -1837, between the British legion, -and a small contingent of Cristinos, -under General Evans, and -about 17,000 Carlists, under -Don Sebastian, strongly posted -on the Hernani road. On the -15th, Evans attacked the Carlists -on the Venta heights, and -after five hours' fighting occupied -the position. On the 16th, -when the conflict was resumed, -the Carlists retired into Hernani, -but reinforcements arriving, -they took the offensive, and -forced Evans to retreat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Herrera (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 23, 1837, between -the Carlists, under Don -Carlos, with General Moreno in -actual command, and the Cristinos, -under General Buerens. -Don Carlos, who was marching -upon Madrid, attacked Buerens -before he could effect a junction -with Espartero, and severely -defeated him, the Cristinos losing -50 officers, and 2,600 men -killed, wounded and missing. -Don Carlos, after this victory, -advanced to within twelve miles -of Madrid, when the appearance -of Espartero, at the head of -20,000 troops, obliged him to -retire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='HERRINGS'></a>Herrings, The (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought at Roncray-St.-Denis, -February 12, 1429. Sir John -Fastolfe was in charge of a -convoy of salt fish for the English -army before Orleans, and -hearing of the approach of a -French force, under the Bastard -of Orleans, intrenched himself -at Roncray. Here the French -attacked him, and were repulsed -with heavy loss, the Bastard -being severely wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hexham (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 15, 1464, when -the Yorkists, under Montague, -surprised the Lancastrians, under -Somerset, in their camp at -Linnels, near Hexham. The -Lancastrians were practically -in a trap, and had no option but -to surrender. Somerset and -many other important leaders -were taken, and promptly executed. -This success secured -Edward IV on the throne.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Himera (First Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 480 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Syracusans and Agrigentines, -557,000 strong, under Gelon, -Tyrant of Syracuse, and the -Carthaginians, said to number -300,000, under Hamilcar. The -Carthaginians were totally -routed, and Hamilcar slain.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Himera (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 409. A first assault -was repulsed, and Diocles arriving -in the harbour with 25 ships, -rescued half the inhabitants. -Three days later he returned -for the remainder, but too late, -for before he could reach the -harbour the breach was stormed. -The town was sacked, and 3,000 -prisoners were sacrificed to appease -the shade of Hamilcar, who -had fallen in the battle of 480.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hippo (Invasion of the Vandals).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this city in -May, 430, by the Vandals, under -Genseric. It was defended by -Boniface, Count of Africa, who -having command of the sea, was -able to keep the city well provisioned, -and after fourteen -months Genseric retired. Among -those who died during the -siege was St. Augustine.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hochkirchen (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 14, 1758, -between the Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and the -Austrians, under Count Daun. -Frederick, who was encamped -on the heights of Hochkirchen, -was surprised in the early morning -by the Austrians, who broke -into his camp and seized his -artillery. He succeeded, however, -in forming up his troops, -and descending into the plain, -made good his retreat to Bautzen. -The Prussians lost 9,000 -men, including the Prince of -Brunswick and Marshal Keith, -all their tents and baggage, and -101 guns. The Austrians lost -8,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hochstett (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 19, 1800, between -70,000 French, under -Moreau, and about 80,000 Austrians, -under de Kray. Moreau -crossed the Danube with the -object of cutting off the Austrians -from their base, and forcing -them to evacuate Ulm. In -a battle which lasted 18 hours, -he succeeded in establishing -himself upon the left bank, and -making Ulm untenable. The -French took 5,000 prisoners -and 20 guns, but the losses on -both sides in killed and wounded -were small for the numbers -engaged.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hoechst (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 10, 1622, between -20,000 Palatinate troops, -under Christian of Brunswick, -and 33,000 Imperialists, under -Tilly. Christian having failed -to join forces with Mansfeldt, -was in retreat, and was engaged -in holding a bridge over the -Main. While thus employed -he was overtaken by Tilly, and -though a village covering the -bridge was held gallantly for -five hours, he was at last overpowered, -losing about 12,000 -in killed, wounded and prisoners. -The Imperialist loss was comparatively -small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hogland (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1789, between the -Russian fleet, under Admiral -Greig, and the Swedes, under -the Duke of Sudermanland. -Each side lost a ship, but strategically -the affair was a Russian -victory, for the Swedes were -compelled to seek the protection -of the forts of Sveaborg.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Hohenfriedberg (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 3, 1745, between -the Austrians and Saxons, under -Charles of Lorraine, and the -Prussians, under Frederick the -Great. The Saxons, who were -encamped at Strigau, were attacked -in the early morning, -and defeated before the Austrians -could come to their aid. -Frederick then turned upon the -Austrians, and routed them, -after desperate fighting. The -Austrians and Saxons lost 4,000 -killed and wounded, 7,000 prisoners, -including 4 generals, and -66 guns. The Prussians lost -2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hohenlinden (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 3, 1800, -between the French, 60,000 -strong, under Moreau, and -70,000 Austrians, under the -Archduke John. Moreau occupied -the small clearing of Hohenlinden, -and the surrounding -forest, while the Austrian army -marched by five distinct routes -to rendezvous at Hohenlinden. -The Archduke's attack on the -village was repulsed, and meanwhile -Moreau had fallen upon -his advancing columns at various -points, and after severe fighting -defeated them. The Austrians -lost 7,000 killed and wounded, -12,000 prisoners and 87 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hollabrunn (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A rearguard action to protect -the retreat of the main Russian -army, under Kutusoff, November -16, 1805, between 7,000 -Russians, under Prince Bagration, -and the French, under -Lannes. Bagration did not -retire until he had lost half his -force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Homildon Hill (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1402, when -the Percies lay in wait for -a Scottish force, under Murdach -Stewart, and Archibald, Earl of -Douglas, who were returning -from a foray into England. -The Scots were totally routed, -losing Stewart, 4 Scottish -peers, and 80 gentlemen of -rank.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Honain.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 629, between 12,000 -Moslems, under Mohammed, -and a force of pagan Arabs, -4,000 strong. The Moslems were -lured into the valley of Honain, -and were assailed by slingers -and archers from the surrounding -heights. They were, however, -rallied by the Prophet, and -totally routed the Pagans, who -submitted to the rule of Mohammed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hondschook (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1793, between -the Austrians, under -Freytag, and the French, under -Houchard. The Austrians occupied -a strong position from -which they were driven in disorder, -and with heavy <a id='corr112R.35'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='loss'>loss.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_112R.35'><ins class='correction' title='loss'>loss.</ins></a></span> -As a consequence of this victory, -the siege of Dunkirk was raised.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hooghly, The.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 24, 1759, -between three British ships, -under Commodore Wilson, and -a Dutch squadron of seven sail. -After two hours' fighting, the -Dutch were completely defeated, -and all their ships captured. -Meanwhile a force of 700 Europeans -and 800 Sepoys landed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>from the Dutch fleet, was defeated -with heavy loss by 330 -British troops and 800 Sepoys, -under Colonel Forde.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Huesca (Mohammedan Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1105, when the Moors, -under Ali attacked the Spaniards, -who, under Alfonso VI of Castile, -were besieging Huesca. -Ali was utterly routed, losing -10,000 killed in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Huesca (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 23, 1837, between -20,000 Carlists, under -Don Carlos and Don Sebastian, -and 12,000 Cristinos and British -under General Irribarreu. The -British legion behaved unsteadily -and the Cristinos were -driven from the field, though -the pursuit was checked by a -brilliant cavalry charge, in -which Irribarreu fell. The -Cristinos lost over 1,000 killed -and wounded, of which number -the British legion lost 277.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Humaita (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May, 1866, between -the Paraguayans, under Lopez, -and the Argentinians, under -Mitre. Mitre attacked the Paraguayan -entrenchments, but was -repulsed with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Humaita (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February, 1868, between -the Paraguayan batteries, -and a flotilla of Brazilian gunboats, -endeavouring to force the -passage. Their attempt was a -complete failure, and the whole -flotilla was sunk.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Humaita (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1868, between -the Paraguayans, under -Lopez, and the allied armies of -Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. -The allies largely outnumbered -Lopez's forces, and forced him -to abandon his entrenchments -at Humaita, and retire to Tebienari.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Humblebeck (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1700, when Charles -XII, with a small force of Swedes, -landed in face of the Danish -army, which was strongly entrenched -close the shore, and -drove them headlong from their -position with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hydaspes, The (Alexander's Campaigns in Asia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 327, between -65,000 Macedonians and 70,000 -Asiatics, under Alexander the -Great, and the army of the -Indian king Porus, numbering -30,000 infantry, with 200 elephants -and 300 war chariots. -Alexander crossed the river a -few miles above Porus' entrenchments, -and utterly routed him, -with a loss of 12,000 killed and -9,000 prisoners, including Porus -himself. The Macedonians lost -1,000 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Hyderabad (Conquest of Scinde).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 24, 1843, between -6,000 British troops, under -Sir Charles Napier, and 20,000 -Beluchis, under Shir Mohammed. -The latter was strongly -entrenched behind the Fullali, -but the Beluchis, being thrown -into disorder by a heavy artillery -fire, were overthrown by a -charge of cavalry on their exposed -flank, and a frontal attack -by the 22nd Regiment. This -defeat put an end to the resistance -of the Scinde Emirs.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Hysiæ.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought, approximately, 668 -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the Spartans and -the Argives. The former were -totally defeated, and Argos was -left in undisputed possession of -the supremacy of the Peloponnesus.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>I</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ichinotani (Taira War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1189, between the -troops of the Shogun Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, -under his brothers -Norigoris and Yoshitsune, and -the forces of the Taira clan. -The Taira were signally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Iclistavisus (Germanic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 16, between 8 Roman -legions, under Germanicus, and -the Germans, under Arminius. -The Germans attacked the Romans -in the open plain, but -failed against the superior discipline -of the legionaries, and -were routed with enormous loss. -Arminius with difficulty cut his -way out of the press and escaped.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Immac (Revolt of Elagabalus).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 7, 218, between -the Syrian legions, under Elagabalus, -and the Imperial troops -and Pretorians, under the Emperor -Macrinus. The Pretorians, -by their superior valour -and discipline, broke the legions -opposed, and the victory would -have been theirs, but at the -crisis of the fight, Macrinus fled, -and this so discouraged his -troops, that in the end they -were totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Imola (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 3, 1797, -when 8,000 French and Italians, -under Victor, defeated the Papal -troops, 7,000 strong, under -General Colli. Victor took the -Papal army in the rear, and -routed them with a loss of a few -hundred only, as no stand was -made.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Indus, The (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='sc'><a id='corr114R.11'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='B.C.'>A.D.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_114R.11'><ins class='correction' title='B.C.'>A.D.</ins></a></span></span> 1221, between -300,000 Tartars, under Genghis -Khan, and the army of Jellalladin, -Sultan of Kharismia, 30,000 -strong. Jellalladin fought with -his back to the river, and after -an obstinate conflict, in which -he inflicted heavy loss on his -assailants, was driven across -the Indus, having lost 19,000 -men killed and drowned. The -Tartars lost 20,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ingavi.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 18, 1841, -between the Bolivians, under -Ballivian, 3,800 strong, and the -Peruvians, 5,200 strong, under -Gamarra. The Peruvians were -utterly routed, and their army -dispersed, Gamarra being among -the killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ingogo (First Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 8, 1881 -when a small British column, -consisting of 5 companies of -infantry, 4 guns, and a small -mounted force, attacked the -Boer position, and were repulsed -with a loss of 139 killed and -wounded. The Boers admitted -a loss of 14 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Inhlobane Mountain (Zulu War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 28, 1879, when -a British force of 1,300 men, -under Colonels Buller and Russell, -attacked a strong Zulu -kraal, and after severe fighting, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>were repulsed with considerable -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Inkerman (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 5, 1854, -when 50,000 Russians, under -Prince Mentschikoff, attacked -the British position at Inkerman, -held by about 8,000 troops. -There was a dense fog, and the -battle was chiefly a series of -detached hand-to-hand combats -some of the most serious fighting -being round the Sandbag Battery, -where the Russians lost -1,200 killed. At 10 o'clock, the -French arrived on the scene, -and the Russians were soon in -full retreat, having suffered very -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Inverlochy (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 2, 1645, -when Montrose, with 1,500 -Royalist Highlanders, defeated -3,000 Campbells and Lowland -Covenanters, with a loss of 1,700 -men. Argyle left the command -of his forces to Campbell of -Auchinbrech, taking refuge in a -vessel on Loch Linnhe. This -defeat broke the power of the -Campbells in the Highlands for -many years.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><a id='corr115L.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='nverkeithing'>Inverkeithing</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_115L.33'><ins class='correction' title='nverkeithing'>Inverkeithing</ins></a></span> (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1317, between the -English invaders, and the Scots, -under the Earl of Fife. The -first onslaught of the English -drove the Scots from their -positions, but they were rallied -by William Sinclair, Bishop of -Dunkeld, and forced the English -to retire to their ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Inverary (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1510, between the -Scots, under Robert Bruce, and -the English, under Sir John -Mowbray, with whom was a -small force of Scottish sympathisers -with the English -claims, under the Earl of Buchan. -The English were totally defeated -and driven from the field -with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ipsus (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 302, between the -Syrians, 32,000 strong, under -Seleucus, and the Macedonians, -30,000 in number, under Antigonus. -Seleucus utterly routed -the Macedonians, Antigonus -being among the slain. Demetrius -Poliorcetes, who now took -command, only succeeded in -rallying 8,000 men, after fleeing -for 200 miles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Irun (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was captured, -May 18, 1837, by 10,000 Cristinos -and British, under General -Evans. Evans appeared before -the place at noon, and summoned -it to surrender. On the -Carlists refusing, an assault was -ordered; by 11 p.m. the fortress -was taken, with very small loss -to the assailants.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Isandhlwana (Zulu War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 22, 1879, -when six companies of the 24th -Regiment, with two guns and a -small force of Natal volunteers, -under Colonel Durnford, were -overwhelmed and massacred by -the Zulus, under Matyana. Of -the regulars, 26 officers and 600 -men were killed, in addition to -24 officers, and a large number -of men in the Colonial force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Isara, The (Third Gallic Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 8, 121 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, -between the Arverni and Allobroges, -under Betuitdus, and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>Romans, under Q. Fabius Maximus. -The Gauls were totally -defeated, and a bridge breaking -down under the press of the -fugitives, they suffered enormous -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Isaszcq (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 6, 1849, between -the Hungarians, 42,000 strong, -under Görgey, and the Croats, -under Jellachich. The Hungarian -First Corps, under Klapka, -was put to flight, but the -rest stood their ground, and -repulsed the Croat attack. Both -armies bivouacked for the night -on the ground they held, but -early on the following morning -Jellachich retired, the Hungarians -thus being entitled to -claim a victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Isle de France (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island, now known as -Mauritius, was captured from -the French, December 3, 1810, -by a fleet of 19 ships, under -Admiral Bertie, convoying a -number of transports, carrying -10,000 troops, under General -Abercromby. The British lost -167 <a id='corr116L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='killed'>killed,</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_116L.31'><ins class='correction' title='killed'>killed,</ins></a></span> wounded and -missing. Seven frigates and -ten sloops were taken, as well as -21 French and 3 captured British -merchantmen.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Isly (Abd-el-Kader's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 14, 1844, between -8,000 French, under -Marshal Bugeaud, and 45,000 -Algerines, chiefly cavalry, under -Abd-el-Kader. The French infantry -repulsed all the charges -of the Algerine Horse, and aided -by the artillery, inflicted heavy -loss upon them; when sufficiently -shaken, a charge of the -French cavalry completed the -rout, and the Algerines fled, -leaving 1,500 dead on the field. -Abd-el-Kader was captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ismail (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was taken by -assault by the Russians, under -Suwaroff, December 22, 1790. -The Russians lost enormous -numbers in the storm, and in -revenge they massacred the -garrison and inhabitants without -mercy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Issus (Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 333, between -35,000 Macedonians, under -Alexander the Great, and a vast -horde of Asiatics, with 30,000 -Greek mercenaries, under -Darius, King of Persia. The -Persians were drawn up on the -right bank of the Pinarus, which -crosses the plain of Issus. Alexander, -led his heavy cavalry to -the attack on the left, crossing -the river, and routing the Persian -cavalry. The phalanx in -the centre was opposed to the -Greek mercenaries, and after -heavy fighting, the Macedonians -made good their footing on the -right bank. Alexander meanwhile -led his squadrons against -the bodyguard of Darius, who -fled from the field, followed by -the whole of the Asiatics, and -the victory was complete.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Issus (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1488, between the -Turks, under Bajazet II, and -the Egyptians, under the Sultan -of Egypt. The Turks were -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Itabitsu.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October, 740, <a id='corr116R.44'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='between,'>between</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_116R.44'><ins class='correction' title='between,'>between</ins></a></span> -the Japanese rebels, under Hirotsuke, -13,000 strong, and the -troops of the Emperor Shommu -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>under Ono-no-Atsuma. The -Imperial troops, who were only -8,000 in number, attacked the -rebels as they were crossing the -river, and routed them with -heavy loss. Hirotsuke was -killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ivry (Eighth Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 14, 1590, between -the Huguenots, under -Henri IV, and the Catholics, -under the Duc de Mayenne. -Henri gained a complete victory, -and marched forward to invest -Paris.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>J</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jalula (Moslem Invasion of Persia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 637, between the -Moslems, under Said, and the -Persians, under Yezdegerd. -Yezdegerd fled from the field, -and his troops discouraged, -were totally routed with heavy -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jamaica.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured -from the Spaniards, May, 1655 -by a combined English naval -and military force, under Admiral -Penn and General Venables.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jarnac (Third Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 13, 1569, between -the Catholics, under the -Marshal de Tavannes, and the -Huguenots, under the Prince de -Condé. The brunt of the action -was borne by the Huguenot -cavalry, who were overpowered -by the Catholics, and Condé -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jassy (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 20, 1620, -between the Poles under Gratiani, -and the Turks, under -Osman II. The Poles were -completely defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jellalabad (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the Afghans, under Mohammed -Akbar Khan, March 11, 1842, -after the destruction of General -Elphinstone's force in the -Khoord Cabul pass. It was -defended by a small British -garrison, under General Sale. -Akbar led his whole army to -the assault, but was gallantly -repulsed, and then sat down to -besiege the place in form. An -attempt to relieve it by Brigadier -Wyld, in January, 1843, -failed, Wyld being defeated in -the Khyber Pass by the Khyberis. -The garrison meanwhile -made several successful -sorties, and on April 7, drove -Akbar Khan out of his entrenchments, -with a loss of all his guns, -and many men, forcing him to -raise the siege. All chance of -a renewal of the investment -was ended by the arrival on -the 18th, of a strong relieving -force, under General Pollock.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jemappes (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 6, 1792, -between the Austrians, under -the Archduke Albert, and the -French, under Dumouriez. The -Austrians occupied a very strong -position on the heights above -Jemappes, from which they -were driven with heavy loss, -the French gaining a signal -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='JENA'></a>Jena (Campaign of Jena).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This name is generally given -to the two battles fought October -14, 1806, by the two wings -of the French army under Napoleon, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>at Auerstadt and Jena. -At Auerstadt the Prussian left, -70,000 strong, under the Duke -of Brunswick, was encountered -by the French right, under Davoust, -with slightly inferior -numbers, and after very severe -fighting, were defeated, the -Duke of Brunswick being killed. -Napoleon, on the left, with -100,000 men, attacked the Prince -of Hohenlohe with 70,000 -Prussians, and after a sternly -fought engagement, drove him -from the field. The two defeated -armies, retiring by converging -routes upon Weimar, -the retreat became a rout, and -Napoleon's pursuing cavalry -caused them further heavy -losses. The Prussians in the -two actions lost 22,000 killed -and wounded, 18,000 prisoners -and 300 guns. Twenty generals -were killed, wounded or captured. -The French lost 11,000 -killed and wounded, 7,000 of -whom fell at Auerstadt.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jersey.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1550, when an English -squadron, under Sir William -Winter, attacked a French fleet, -which was besieging St. Heliers. -The French were completely -routed, losing 1,000 killed and -wounded, and the siege was -raised.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jerusalem (Jewish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by -Titus, with 60,000 Romans, in -March, 70 <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> It was defended -with the utmost heroism by the -Jews, who were led by the Zealot -faction. At the end of six weeks -Titus gained possession of the -suburb of Bezetha, and then by -hard fighting, captured position -after position, until on September 8, -the resistance of the -defenders was finally overcome. -Josephus says that 1,100,000 -persons perished in the siege, -but this is doubtless an exaggeration. -The Romans after -the capture sold 97,000 into -slavery.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jerusalem (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Early in 637 Jerusalem was -besieged by the Moslems, at -first, under Abu Obeidah, and -later by the Khalif Omar. After -a defence of four months, during -which scarcely a day passed -without a sortie or an assault, -the city was surrendered by -the Patriarch Sophronius.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jerusalem (First Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The Crusaders, under Godefroi -de Bouillon, laid siege to the -city, June 7, 1099, and on -July 15, it was taken by assault, -and for three days was the scene -of a promiscuous massacre, in -which 70,000 Moslems perished.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jerusalem.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On October 2, 1187, the Holy -City was besieged by the Saracens, -under Saladin, and after a -siege lasting fourteen days, in -the course of which several determined -sorties were repulsed, the -Moslems forced an entrance, -and Guy de Lusignan, the last -King of Jerusalem, surrendered. -The Christians were given forty -days to evacuate the city.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jhansi (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, which fell into the -hands of the mutineers in June, -1857, was recaptured by Sir -Hugh Rose, who invested it in -March, 1858, and carried the -city by assault, April 2.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Jidballi (Somali Expedition).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 10, 1904, -between the Somalis, 5,000 -strong, and a small British and -native force, under Sir Charles -Egerton. The Somalis' camp -was attacked, and after a brisk -action they were driven out and -pursued by the cavalry for -twelve miles, losing 1,000 killed -in the fight and pursuit. The -British losses were very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jiron.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 28, 1829, -between the Peruvians, under -Lamar, and the Colombians, -under Sucre. The battle was -indecisive, both sides claiming -the victory, and it was followed -by the signature of peace, September -23.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jitgurh (Gurkha War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 14, 1815, between -4,500 British troops, under -General Wood, and 1,200 Gurkhas, -occupying a strong stockade. -The British were led unexpectedly -into the zone of fire by -a treacherous guide, and though -Wood fought his way to a -position from which he could -have carried the stockade, he -retired, having suffered considerable -loss, just when the -Gurkhas were about to abandon -their works.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jotapata (Jewish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -Vespasian, with 60,000 Romans, -December, 67, and was defended -by the Jewish army under -Josephus. The fortress held out -for 47 days, when it was stormed -and sacked. Josephus gave himself -up to Vespasian.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Jugdulluck (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>At this place the remnant of -General Elphinstone's army -made their last stand, January -12, 1842, against the Afghans -and Ghilzais. Of the few who -escaped the massacre at this -point, only one, Dr. Brydon, -succeeded in reaching Jellalabad.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Julian's Defeat by the Persians (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 28, 363, between -the Romans, under Julian, and -the Persians, under Sapor II. -Julian had advanced against -Ctesiphon, the Persian capital, -but finding himself too weak to -attack it, was retreating along -the left bank of the Tigris. In -the course of the retreat he was -attacked by the Persians, and -worsted in an action unimportant -in itself, but resulting in the -death of Julian, who was mortally -wounded in the skirmish. -The election of Jovian as Emperor -was followed by a peace -which restored to Sapor almost all -the Roman conquests in Persia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Junin (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1824, between the -Spanish Royalists, under General -Cauterac, and the Colombian -Patriots, under Sucre. The -Spaniards were completely defeated.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>K</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kaiping (Chino-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 10, 1895, -when a Chinese force in a strongly -entrenched position was attacked -and driven out by a -Japanese brigade under General -Nogi. The fighting lasted three -hours, the Chinese showing -more steadiness than usual, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>and inflicting on the assailants -a loss of 300 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kagoshima (Satsuma Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On August 18, 1876, the -rebels, who were closely besieged -in their lines at Enotake, -succeeded in passing through the -Imperial troops, and making a -forced march, under Saigo -Takamori, seized the city of -Kagoshima. They were quickly -followed by the Imperial army, -under Prince Taruhito, and an -engagement followed which -lasted for ten days, at the end of -which time the insurgents were -driven out and retired to -Shirogama, both sides having -suffered heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kagul (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 3, 1770, between -17,000 Russians, under -Roumiantsoff, and 150,000 -Turks, under Halil Pasha. The -Russian rear was threatened by -a force of 80,000 Tartars, under -the Khan of Crim Tartary, but -Roumiantsoff boldly attacked -the Turkish lines, and after -severe fighting drove the Turks -out of their entrenchments in -headlong flight, capturing all -their artillery and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kalisch (Russo-Swedish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1706, between 10,000 -Swedes, under General Meyerfeld, -and 30,000 Russians and -Poles, under Prince Mentschikoff. -The Swedes were defeated with -considerable loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kalunga (Gurkha War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was attacked by -the British under General -Gillespie, in October, 1814, and -was defended by the Gurkhas -under Bulbuddur Singh. An -unsuccessful assault cost the -besiegers 260 officers and men, -and after waiting a month for -the arrival of heavy guns, a -breach was made, and a general -assault ordered. This also -failed, 680 men being killed and -wounded. The fortress was then -shelled for three days, at the -end of which time the survivors -of the garrison, 70 only out of -600, made their escape, and -the place was captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kalpi (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town, which had fallen -into the hands of the mutineers, -was besieged by Sir Hugh Rose, -May 19, 1858. The garrison -made two ineffectual sorties, in -which they were repulsed with -heavy loss, and on the 23rd the -town was entered without further -resistance, the mutineers -having fled.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kamarut (First Burmah War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 8, 1824, when a -small British force, under Sir -Archibald Campbell, stormed a -series of stockades held by -10,000 Burmans, under Tuamba -Wangyee. The Burmans left -800 dead on the field, including -their leader.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kambula (Zulu War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 1879, when -Colonel Wood, with 2,000 -British and native auxiliaries, -was attacked in his lager by -three Zulu impi. The Zulus -were repulsed with very heavy -loss, and pursued for seven -miles. The British lost 81 -killed and wounded. The defeat -practically broke Cetewayo's -power.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Kandahar (Tartar Invasion of Afghanistan).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Tartars, under Tuli Khan, in -1221. The Tartars possessed -themselves of the city, and were -investing the citadel, when -Jellalladin, Sultan of Kharismia, -fell upon them with a large -force and cut them to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kandahar.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to Kandahar in -March, 1545, by the Moguls, -under Humayun. The place, -which was defended by an -Afghan garrison under Mirza -Askari, held out for five months, -when, weakened by famine and -desertion, the garrison was -forced to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kandahar (Perso-Afghan Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the autumn of 1648 the -Persians, under Abbas II, laid -siege to the city, which was -defended by a Mogul garrison. -An attempt to relieve it was -made by Aurungzebe, but he -arrived to find it already in the -hands of the Persians. He in -turn laid siege to it, but was unsuccessful, -and after four months -was compelled to retire. Subsequent -attempts to recapture the -city were made by Said Ullah, -the Vizier, and Dara Sheko, -the eldest son of Shah Jehan, -but without success.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kandahar.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 29, 1834, when -Shah Sujah, the expelled Amir -of Afghanistan, attempted to -take the city. His successor, -Dost Mahomed, and Kohandil -Khan sallied forth at the head -of their troops, and totally -defeated Shah Sujah, dispersing -his followers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kandahar (Second Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 1, 1880, -between the British, under Lord -Roberts, and the Afghans, under -Ayub Khan, immediately after -the completion of the famous -march from Kabul. Ayub was -completely defeated, with a loss -of 2,000 men, and his army dispersed. -The British losses were -only 248 killed and <a id='corr121R.12'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='wounded'>wounded.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_121R.12'><ins class='correction' title='wounded'>wounded.</ins></a></span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kapolna (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 26 and 27, -1849, between four Hungarian -divisions, under Dembinski, and -the Austrians, under Windischgrätz, -of whom only Schlick's -corps, 15,000 strong, was -seriously engaged. The Hungarians -held their own on the -26th, but on the evening of the -27th Schlick captured the key -of the position at Kapolna, -whereupon the Hungarians retired, -though unpursued.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kappel (Second War of Kappel).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 10, 1531, between -the army of the Swiss -Catholic Cantons, 8,000 strong, -and 1,300 Zurichers, under -George Göldli, reinforced later -in the day by a similar number -under Rudolf Lavater. Göldli -attacked in defiance of orders, -and was totally defeated, -among those who fell being -Zwingli.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kara Burur (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 11, 1791, -when the Russian fleet, under -Admiral Ouschakoff, totally defeated -the Turks after a sanguinary -engagement.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Karamuran.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought during the winter of -1225, between 300,000 Tartars -under Genghiz Khan, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>500,000 Turks, Chinese and -others under Shidasker of Tangat. -Shidasker was totally -routed, with a loss, it is said, of -300,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Karaku (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1218, between the -Tartars, 700,000 strong, under -Genghiz Khan, and 400,000 -Kharismians under the Sultan -Mehemed. At nightfall the -battle was undecided, and the -armies withdrew to their camps, -but Mehemet, who had lost -140,000, refused to renew the -conflict on the following day, -and Genghiz Khan, having -suffered too severely to attack -his entrenchments, withdrew.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Karee (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 1900, when -a Boer force holding a line of -hills about eighteen miles north -of Bloemfontein, were driven -from their entrenchments by -a British division under General -Tucker. The British lost 10 -officers and 172 men killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kargaula (Cossack Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1774, between the -insurgent Cossacks of the Don, -under Ikkelman Pugatcheff, and -the Russians, under Prince -Gallitzin. The insurgents were -routed with great slaughter, and -Pugatcheff fled to the mountains.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kars (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a -Turkish garrison under General -Williams, was besieged by the -Russians in the course of the -Crimean war. The place was -most gallantly defended but -was finally forced by famine to -capitulate, November, 1855.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kars (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, garrisoned by -24,000 Turks under Hussein -Pasha, was stormed by the -Russians under Loris Melikoff -on the night of November 17, -1877. The attacking force was -led by Lazareff, and after severe -fighting captured all the eastern -forts. Hussein then endeavoured -to cut his way through to the -west, but the bulk of his force -was driven back, and only he -and a few of his officers succeeded -in the attempt. The -Russians lost 2,273, killed and -wounded; the Turks 2,500 -killed, 4,500 wounded, 17,000 -prisoners, and 303 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kashgal (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On November 3, 1883, an -Egyptian force, 11,000 strong, -under Hicks Pasha, with several -British officers, was led by a -treacherous guide into a defile, -where they were attacked by -the Mahdists, and after fighting -for three days, were massacred -almost to a man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kassassin (Arabi's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 28, 1882, between -the British, under General -Graham, and the Egyptians, -under Arabi Pasha. Arabi attacked -the British position, -Graham remaining on the defensive -throughout the day, but -towards evening he launched -his heavy cavalry, under Sir -Baker Russell, against the -enemy, who broke and fled. -The British losses were only 11 -killed and 68 wounded.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Katzbach (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 22, 1813, between -130,000 French, under -Napoleon, and 100,000 Prussians, -under Blucher. Blucher, -who had on the previous day -retired behind the Haynau, was -pressed hard by Napoleon, and -driven across the Katzbach, -with considerable loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Katzbach (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 26, 1813, between -the French, under Macdonald, -and the Prussians, under -Blucher. Macdonald crossed -the Katzbach, and while waiting -for his left wing and cavalry -under Souham, was attacked by -Blucher, and driven back. As -Macdonald was retiring Souham -appeared on the field, but before -he could deploy he was attacked -and routed with great slaughter, -while the centre under -Lauriston also suffered severely -in recrossing the river. The -French lost 15,000 killed and -wounded, and over 100 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kazan (Cossack Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1774, between the -rebel Cossacks, under Pugatcheff, -and the Russians, under -General Michelson. The Cossacks -were utterly routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kemendine (First Burmah War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 10, 1824, when -3,000 British troops, under Sir -Archibald Campbell, stormed a -series of stockades, occupied by -a large force of Burmans, and -drove out the defenders with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Keresztes (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 24 to 26, -1596, between the Turks, under -Mohammed III, and the Imperialists -and Transylvanians, -under the Archduke Maximilian -and Prince Sigismund of Transylvania. -The battle at first -went badly for the Turks, and -Mohammed would have fled but -for the remonstrances of the -Grand Vizier. In the end, however, -they gained the upper -hand, and the Archduke was -totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kharisme (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, the capital of -Kharismia, was besieged by the -Tartars under the three sons of -Genghiz Khan, in the summer -of 1220. It was most obstinately -defended for a period of -seven months by the inhabitants, -under Himartekin, but -in February the Tartars mastered -the place, massacring -100,000 persons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Khartoum (Soudan Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, defended by an -Egyptian garrison under General -Gordon, was invested by the -Mahdi in the early part of 1884, -and, after a gallant defence, -was stormed January 26, 1885. -The forerunners of the relieving -force, consisting of the river -gunboats under Lord Charles -Beresford, arrived off the city -on the 28th, two days too late, -and after a brief engagement -with the Mahdist batteries, returned -down the river.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Khelat (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, which was defended -by a garrison of Beluchis, -under Mehrab Khan, was captured -by a British force, 1,000 -strong, under General Willshire, -November 13, 1839. The defenders -lost 400 killed, including -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>their leader and 2,000 -prisoners. The British lost 37 -killed and 107 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Khojah Pass (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 28, 1842, when -General England, in an endeavour -to relieve General Nott -in Kandahar, marched into the -pass with 500 men only, without -waiting for the rest of his -brigade, and was defeated by -the Afghans with a loss of 100 -killed and wounded, and compelled -to retire to <a id='corr124L.14'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Quettah'>Quetta</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_124L.14'><ins class='correction' title='Quettah'>Quetta</ins></a></span>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Khoord Kabul Pass (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>While passing through this -defile, the British force, under -General Elphinstone, retreating -on Jellalabad, was attacked by -the Afghans, January 8, 1842, and -lost 3,000, including followers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Killiecrankie (Jacobite Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 27, 1689, between -4,500 Royal troops, under -General Mackay, and 2,500 -Highland Jacobites, under Dundee. -Dundee allowed Mackay -to enter the plain below the pass -of Killiecrankie, and then descending -from the heights, fell -upon and utterly routed the -Royalists, with a loss of over -2,000 killed and 500 prisoners. -The Jacobites lost about 900, -but amongst them was Dundee. -Mackay on reaching Stirling -had only 400 men with the -colours.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kilsyth (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 15, 1645, between -the Royalists, under -Montrose, and the Covenanters, -under Baillie. The Royalists -won a signal victory, Baillie's -infantry, 6,000 in number, being -cut down almost to a man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kimberley (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town, defended by a -garrison of 4,000 (including -armed townsmen) under Colonel -Kekewich, was besieged October -15, 1899, by the Boers, -under Commandant Wessels, -and later under General Cronje. -It withstood a severe and continuous -bombardment till February -15, 1900, when it was -relieved by a force of cavalry, -5,000 strong, under General -French. The losses of the -garrison during the siege amounted -to 18 officers and 163 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kin-chau.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#NANSHAN'>Nanshan</a></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kineyri (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1848, between -8,000 Bhawalpuris, under -Futteh Mohammed Khan, aided -by 3,000 Sikh irregulars, under -Lieutenant Edwardes, and the -Sikhs, 8,000 strong, under Rung -Ram. The Bhawalpuris were -repulsed in an attack on the -Sikh positions, but the arrival -of Lieutenant Edwardes' guns -turned the scale, and at a -second attempt the entrenchments -were stormed and captured, -with a loss to the victors -of 300 men. The Sikhs lost 500 -killed in the action, and many -more during their flight to -Multan.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kinloss (Danish Invasion of Scotland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1009, between the -Danes under Sweyn of Denmark, -and the Scots, under -Malcolm II. The Danes were -besieging Nairne, and Malcolm -attempting to raise the siege, -they attacked and defeated -him after hard fighting, in which -Malcolm was wounded.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Kinnesaw Mountain (American Civil War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 27, 1864, between -90,000 Federals, under -General Sherman, and 50,000 -Confederates, under General -Johnston. Sherman attacked -Johnston in a strong position -and was repulsed with a loss -of about 3,000, the Confederates -losing 500 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kinsale (O'Neil's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town, which had been -seized in September, 1601, by -5,000 Spaniards, under Juan -d'Aguila, sent to support the -rebels, was besieged by the -Royal troops, under Lord -Mountjoy and the Earl of -Thomond. On December 23 an -attempt by Sir Hugh O'Neil to -relieve the place was defeated, -whereupon d'Aguila surrendered -and was permitted to ship for -Spain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kiöge (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1677, between the -Danish fleet, under Admiral -Juel, and the Swedes, under -Admiral Horn. The Swedes -suffered a disastrous defeat, -losing eleven ships of the line -sunk or captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kirbekan (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 10, 1885, -when the British, about 1,000 -strong, under General Earle, -stormed the heights of Kirbekan, -which were held by a strong -Mahdist force, and totally routed -them, with heavy loss. The -British lost 60, among whom -was General Earle, killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kirch-Denkern (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 16, 1761, between -the Prussians, under Prince -Ferdinand, and the French, -under Soubise and the Duc de -Broglie. The French attacked -the strong Prussian position in -and around Kirch-Denkern, and -after severe fighting were repulsed -with a loss of 4,000 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kirkee (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 5, 1817, -between the Mahrattas under -Bajee Rao, and a British force -of one European and three -native regiments, under Colonel -Burr. On moving out of his -entrenchments, the flanks of -Burr's force were attacked by -the Mahratta horse, but their -charge was repulsed, and the -British advancing drove off the -enemy with a loss of over 500. -The British loss was 75 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kiso (Taira War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1180, between -the adherents of the -Minamoto clan, under Yoshinaka, -and the troops of Taira-no-Kiyomori. -The Taira men -attacked the position of Yoshinaka -at Kiso, but were defeated -and driven from the field with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kissingen (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 10, 1866, between -the Prussians, under General -Falkenstein, and the Bavarians, -under General Zoller. The -Bavarians were defeated and -driven out of Kissingen with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='KIULIENCHENG'></a>Kiu-lien-cheng (Russo-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 1, 1904, between -40,000 Japanese, under Marshal -Kuroki, and the Russians, about -30,000 strong, under General -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>Sassulitch. After four days of -skirmishing, the Japanese -crossed the Yalu, April 30, -and on the following day attacked -the Russian position at -Kiu-lien-Cheng, driving out the -defenders with a loss of 4,000 -killed and wounded, 30 officers -and 500 men prisoners, and 48 -guns. The Japanese lost 898 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kizil-Tepe (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 25, 1877, between -the Russians, under -General Loris Melikoff, and the -Turks, in superior numbers, -under Mahktar Pasha. The -Russians were defeated, and -forced to raise the siege of Kars.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Klausenburg (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May, 1660, between -the Turks, under the Grand -Vizier, Mahomet Köprili, and -the Transylvanians, under the -Voivode, George Ragotski II. -The Turks gained a complete -victory, Ragotski being mortally -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Klonchino.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 4, 1610, between -the Russians, under Choniski, -aided by a contingent of 5,000 -Swedes, under James de la -Gardie, and the Poles, under -Sigismund III. The Russians -were totally defeated, and, as a -result, the usurper, Basil Choniski, -was deposed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='KOENIGGRATZ'></a>Koeniggratz (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 3, 1866, between -200,000 Austrians, with 600 guns, -under Marshal Benedek, and -the Prussian armies of Prince -Frederick Charles and the Crown -Prince, together about equal to -the Austrians in number. The -Austrians, who occupied a very -strong position, were attacked -in the early morning by Prince -Frederick Charles, who, however, -made little impression -upon them, and it was not till -the arrival of the Crown Prince -on their right flank at 2 p.m. -that any advantage was obtained. -Then, however, the -Prussians succeeded in piercing -the Austrian lines, and seized -the key of the position, after -which further resistance being -hopeless, the Austrians retired, -with a loss of 20,000 killed and -wounded, 20,000 prisoners, and -174 guns. The Prussians lost -10,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Koenigswartha (Campaign of Leipzig).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 19, 1813, when -General Peyri's Italian division, -about 8,000 strong, was attacked -and defeated by 15,000 -Russians, under Barclay de -Tolly, with a loss of 2,000 killed -and wounded. The opportune -arrival of the cavalry of Ney's -corps saved the division from -destruction.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kojende (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged in -1219, by the Tartars, under -Tuchi Khan, and defended by a -Kharismian garrison, under -Timar Malek. After an obstinate -resistance, Timar, finding he -could hold out no longer, embarked -with his officers and his -best troops, and sailed down the -Jaxartes, pursued by the Tartars, -whom, however, after -heavy fighting, he succeeded -in escaping. The city surrendered -the day after Timar's -departure.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Kokein (First Burmah War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 12, 1824, -when 1,800 British troops, under -Sir Archibald Campbell, stormed -and captured two large stockades, -garrisoned by about 20,000 -Burmans, under Maka Bandula.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kolin (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1757, between -34,000 Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and 54,000 -Austrians, under Marshal Daun. -Daun occupied the heights between -Kolin and Chotzewitz, -where he was attacked by -Frederick, who had nearly succeeded -in turning his right -flank when the Prussian right -broke and fled. The Prussian -cavalry charged gallantly six -times, but could make no impression -on the Austrian defence, -and Frederick was beaten -back with a loss of 14,000 men -and 43 guns. The Austrians -lost 9,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Komatsu (Nine Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 5, 1062, -between the Japanese rebels, -under Sadatoki, and the Imperial -troops, under Yoriyoshi. -Sadatoki, who was besieged in -his camp, made a vigorous sortie -at the head of 8,000 men, but -after a severe conflict was repulsed. -The fighting was renewed -on subsequent days, and -on the 16th Sadatoki was -slain, and the rebellion came to -an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Komorn (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>An action fought by Görgey, -April 26, 1849, for the relief of -Komorn, which was besieged by -the Austrians. In the early morning -two Hungarian corps, under -Klapka and Damjanics, surprised -the Austrian entrenched -camp, taking 6 guns and 200 -prisoners. The Austrians retired, -though not energetically -pursued, and the fortress was -relieved.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Koniah (Mehemet Ali's First Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1831, between the -Turks, under Reschid Pasha, -and the Egyptians and Syrians, -under Ibrahim Pasha. After a -severe engagement, the Turks -were totally defeated, and fled -in disorder. Reschid was severely -wounded, and captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kornspruit.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> Sanna's Post.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Korygaom (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 1, 1818, -when a small British force of -under 1,000 men, chiefly native -troops, under Captain Staunton, -was attacked by 25,000 -Mahrattas, under the Peshwa, -Baji Rao. The British held -their ground gallantly all day, -and the approach during the -night of large reinforcements -under General Smith determined -the Peshwa to retreat, with a -loss of 600. The British lost 275, -including 5 out of 8 British -officers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kossova (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 15, 1389, between -the Turks, under Murad I, -and the combined army of the -Servians, Bosnians, and Albanians, -under Lazar, Despot -of Servia. The Turks gained a -signal victory, though Murad -was mortally wounded in the -battle. This success secured -the Turkish domination over -Servia and the neighbouring -states.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Kossova (Ottoman Wars).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 17, 1747, and -two following days, between the -Hungarians and Wallachians, -80,000 strong, under John -Hunniades, and a vastly superior -Turkish army, under Murad II. -The Hungarians left their entrenchments -to attack the -Turks, and throughout the day -the battle was evenly contested. -On the 18th, however, -the Wallachians deserted to -the Turks, and the Hungarians, -assailed in front and rear, were -hard pressed, while on the 19th -they were unable to maintain -their position, and were forced -to retire, defeated, with a loss of -17,000 killed and wounded. The -Turks are said to have lost -40,000 men in the three days.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kotah (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, which had been -seized by the rebellious troops -of the Rajah of Kotah, 5,000 -in number, was besieged by -General Roberts, March 22, -1858. The Rajah, who held the -citadel, joined forces with the -British, and after a short -bombardment the town was -stormed, March 30.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kotzim (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 22, 1622, -between the Poles, 60,000 -strong, under Chodkiewicz, and -the Turks, 300,000 in number, -under Osman II. Chodkiewicz, -old and worn out by fatigue, -was forced to retire to his tent -in the middle of the battle, and -on his death-bed handed over -the command to Labomirski, -by whom the Turks were totally -routed, with a loss of 30,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kotzim (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 11, 1673, -between 40,000 Poles and -Lithuanians, under John Sobieski, -and 80,000 Turks, under -Hussein Pasha. The Turks -occupied a strongly entrenched -position, which was stormed -by the Poles, and the Turks -driven into the river, losing -over 40,000 killed. In consequence -of this signal victory, -Kotzim capitulated, and Caplan -Pasha, who was approaching -with a large army, recrossed -the frontier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Krakovicz (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On January 17, 1475, 40,000 -Moldavian peasants, aided by -7,000 Hungarian and Polish -regulars, under Stephen of -Moldavia, fell upon Suleiman -Pasha, with 100,000 Turks, in -an untenable position near Lake -Krakovicz, and totally defeated -them, driving them into the -lake. Very few of the Turks -escaped death, either by the -sword or by drowning.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Krasnaoi (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 17, 1812, -when the Russians, 50,000 -strong, under Kutusoff, after a -series of combats on the two -preceding days, during which -they had inflicted heavy losses -on the retreating French army, -were defeated by the corps of -Davoust and the Young Guard. -The French losses amounted to -5,000 killed and wounded, and -about 8,000 missing.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kringellen (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1612, -when a force of Scots in the -Danish service, under Colonel -George Sinclair, were ambushed -in the mountains by the Norwegians, -and massacred, notwithstanding -a strenuous resistance. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>Only two of the Scots -succeeded in escaping.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kronia (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1738, between the -Imperialists under Counts Wallis -and Neipperg, and the -Turks. The latter were defeated, -but at very heavy cost, and the -Imperial army was so weakened -that it was unable to prevent -the Turks capturing Semendaia, -Orsova, and other important -fortresses.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Krotzka (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 23, 1739, between -56,000 Austrians, under -Count Wallis, and over 100,000 -Turks, under El Hadj Mohammed -Pasha. The Austrian -vanguard was attacked by the -Turks when approaching Kotzin -and driven back, but the main -body withstood the Turkish -onslaught from 5 a.m. to sunset, -when Wallis retired, with a loss -of 5,700 killed and 4,500 -wounded, including 9 generals. -The Turkish loss is unknown, -but was very heavy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kulevtcha (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1829, between the -Russians, under General Diebitsch, -and 40,000 Turks, -under Reschid Pasha. The -Russians were lying in wait for -Reschid in the <a id='corr128L.36'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kalevtcha'>Kulevtcha</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_128L.36'><ins class='correction' title='Kalevtcha'>Kulevtcha</ins></a></span> defile, -and after a severe struggle, -totally routed the Turks, with a -loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, -and all their guns. The Pasha -himself escaped with difficulty.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kulm (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29 and 30, 1813, -between the French, under -Vandamme, and the Austrians, -and Russians, with a small force -of Prussians, under the Prince of -Schwartzenberg, who were retreating -after their defeat at -Dresden. To check the pursuit -they occupied Kulm, from which -they were driven by Vandamme -on the 29th. On the 30th, however, -not having received his -expected reinforcements, Vandamme -was compelled to remain -on the defensive, and -being attacked in front by the -Austrians and Russians, and in -the rear by the Prussians, he -was totally routed, with a loss -of 6,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, -and 48 guns, being himself -wounded and captured. The -allies lost about 5,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kumai.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February, 1355, between -the troops of the Emperor -Gomarakami, under Yoshinori, -and the rebel Japanese, under -Moronoshi and Tokiushi. The -rebels were defeated, and -Moronoshi severely wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kumamoto (Satsuma Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The castle in this town was -besieged February 22, 1876, by -the Satsuma rebels, 15,000 -strong, under Saigo. The place -was gallantly defended by the -garrison under General Tani -Tateki, though many Samurai -deserted to the rebels, and -strenuous efforts were made by -the Imperial army under Prince -Taruhito to come to its relief. -In the course of March Saigo was -attacked in the rear by a force -under General Kuroda, but still -maintained the siege, and it was -not till April 14, when the garrison -was on the verge of starvation, -that Kuroda, bringing up -every available man, succeeded -in driving off the rebels and -raising the siege.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Kunersdorf (Seven Years' War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 12, 1759, between -40,000 Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and 80,000 -Austrians and Russians, under -Generals Landon and Soltykoff. -Frederick first attacked the -Russians in flank, driving them -out of their entrenchments, and -capturing 180 guns. Then, -against the advice of Seidlitz, he -attacked the Austrian position -on the left of the allies, and, -though deserted by the Russians, -the Austrians held their -ground, and, bringing all their -artillery to bear on the Prussians -at close quarters, totally -routed them, with a loss of -20,000 men. The allies lost -24,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kunobitza (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1443, between the -Turks, under Amurath II, and -the Hungarians, under John -Hunniades. The Turks were -utterly routed, and in consequence -Amurath concluded with -them a ten years' truce.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Kurdlah.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 11, 1795, between -the army of the Mahratta -Confederacy, under the Peshwa, -Madhao Rao II, and Hari Pant, -and the forces of the Nizam of -Hyderabad. The troops of the -Nizam gained an advantage in -the fight, but the Nizam being -persuaded to leave the field, his -troops followed him, and were -soon in headlong flight. The -Nizam was captured a few days -later.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>L</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Belle Famille.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#NIAGARA'>Niagara</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lade (Ionian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 494, between a -Persian fleet of 600 sail, which -was blockading Miletus under -Artaphernes, and 353 Lesbian, -Chian and Samian ships, which -attempted to raise the siege. -The Samians, bribed by the -Persians, deserted at the beginning -of the action, with the -exception of 11 vessels, and the -Greeks were totally defeated, -with heavy loss. The Chians -made a specially gallant fight.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lade.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 201, between the -Rhodian fleet, under Theophiliscus, -and the Macedonians, -under Heraclides. The Macedonians -had rather the better -of the encounter, though both -sides claimed the victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ladysmith (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Sir George White, with about -12,000 troops, was shut up in -Ladysmith by the invading -army, under General Joubert, -November 2, 1899. The Boers, -who were well provided with -heavy guns, contented themselves -in the main with a continuous -bombardment. On -January 6, 1900, however, a -picked force, under Commandant -de Villiers, supported by -several thousand Boer marksmen -posted on the heights, made -attempt to force the British lines -at Waggon Hill and Caesar's -Camp. The battle lasted -throughout the day, and more -than once the defenders were -very hard pressed, but they held -their ground till nightfall, when -the Boers withdrew, having lost -about 800 men. From this date -the Boers again contented themselves -with bombarding the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>town, until it was finally relieved -by Sir Redvers Buller, -February 27. In addition to -deaths by disease, the garrison -lost during the siege 89 officers -and 805 men, more than half -of whom fell in the battle of -January 6.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Favorita (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 16, 1797, -between the French, under -Napoleon, and the Austrians, -under Provera. Provera moved -upon Mantua to succour the -beleaguered garrison, and was -aided by a sortie in force. -Napoleon, making a forced -march from the field of Rivoli, -fell upon Provera and totally -routed him, while the sortie -was repulsed by the French -besieging force at the point of -the bayonet. Provera surrendered, -with 5,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Fère Champenoise (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 25, 1814, between -Marmont's and Mortier's -corps, 30,000 strong, and the -allied army marching on Paris. -The French were defeated and -forced to retire, with a loss of -about 5,000 men and many -guns. This was the last action -fought in the north before the -first abdication of Napoleon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lagos (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 17, 1693, when -a squadron of 23 Dutch and -English ships, under Sir George -Rooke, was attacked by a -French fleet of 71 sail, whilst -convoying 400 merchantmen to -the Mediterranean. The French -destroyed 90 merchant ships, -and one English and two Dutch -warships. The skilful manœuvring -of Rooke, however, saved -the rest of the convoy from -destruction.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Hogue (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 19 and 20, 1692, -between a combined Dutch and -English fleet of 96 sail, under -Admirals Russell and Allemande, -and a French fleet of 64 sail of -the line and 47 smaller vessels, -under de Tourville. After heavy -loss on both sides, the French -fleet was dispersed, with a loss -of three ships. On the 22nd -Admiral Rooke destroyed 16 -sail of the line and a number of -transports.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lahore (First Tartar Invasion of India).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1296, between the -Mongols, 100,000 strong, under -Amir Daood, and the army of -Ala-ud-Din, King of Delhi, -under his brother, Alaf Khan. -The Mongols were routed, with -a loss of 12,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lake Erie (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 10, 1813, -between the English flotilla of -six schooners, under Commodore -Barclay, and a largely superior -American squadron, under -Commodore Perry. The whole -British flotilla was destroyed, -with a loss of 134 killed and -wounded. The Americans lost -27 killed and 96 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lake George (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 8, 1755, -between 1,500 French and Indians, -under Baron Dieskau, -and 2,500 New England militia, -under Colonel William Johnson. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>A small force sent by Johnson -to the relief of Fort Lyman was -ambushed by the French and -driven back to camp, but -Dieskau pursuing, was repulsed -in his attack upon the camp, -with a loss of about 400. Dieskau -himself was wounded and -captured. The loss of the New -England men during the day -was 216 killed and 96 wounded, -most of whom fell in the ambush.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lake Kerguel (Tartar Invasion of Russia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1391, between -300,000 Russians, under Tokatmich, -and an equal force of -Tartars, under Tamerlane. The -battle began at daybreak, and -by mid-day the Russians were -utterly routed, and fled in disorder, -leaving their camp in the -hands of Tamerlane.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lake Regillus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <a id='corr132L.23'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='497'><span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 497</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_132L.23'><ins class='correction' title='497'><span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 497</ins></a></span>, the first authentic -date in the history of Rome. -The details handed down, however, -belong to the domain of -legend rather than to that of -history. According to the -chroniclers, this was the last -attempt of the Tarquinian -family to recover the throne of -Rome. They were, however, -totally routed by the Romans, -under Aulus Postumius, and all -the sons of Tarquinius, and his -son-in-law, Mamilius, were slain -in the battle. The legend avers -that the Romans, when victory -was trembling in the balance, -found at their head two young -men on white horses, whom -they claimed to be Castor and -Pollux.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lake Vadimon (Gallic Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 283, between the -Romans, under P. Cornelius -Dolabella, and the Gauls and -their Etruscan allies. Dolabella -attacked the Etruscans as they -were crossing the Tiber close to -the lake, and destroyed the -flower of their army. He then -fell upon the Gauls, whom he -also defeated with heavy loss, -with the result that in the -following year they made peace -and withdrew from Italy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Landau (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a French -garrison under M. de Melac, was -besieged by the Imperialists, -under Prince Louis of Baden, -June 19, 1702. The garrison -made a gallant defence, but was -forced to surrender, September -10. The Comte de Soissons, -elder brother of Prince Eugene, -fell during the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Landen.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#NEERWINDE'>Neerwinde</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Landskrone (Dane-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 14, 1676, between -the Swedes, under Charles -XI, and the Danes, under -Christian V, in which the Danes -suffered a serious defeat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Langensalza (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 27, 1866, between -12,000 Prussians, under -General Flics, and the Hanoverians, -in about equal strength, -under George, King of Hanover. -The Prussians attacked the -Hanoverian position, and after -severe fighting were repulsed -with a loss of about 1,400 killed -and wounded, and 900 prisoners. -The Hanoverians lost 1,392. -The victory, however, was fruitless, -as the Prussians in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>neighbourhood were in overwhelming -numbers, and the -King was compelled to surrender -on the 29th. This is the last -appearance of Hanover in history -as an independent state.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Langport (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 10, 1645, between -the Parliamentarians, under -Fairfax, and the Royalists, -under Lord Goring. The Royalists -were routed, and driven -by Cromwell's horse nearly into -Bridgwater, with a loss of 300 -killed and 1,400 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lang's Nek (First Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 28, 1881, -when a British column, 1,100 -strong, under General Colley, -attacked the Boers in a strong -position at Lang's Nek. The -British were repulsed with a loss -of 198 killed and wounded. The -Boers lost 14 killed and 27 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Langside.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 13, 1568, when -the army of Mary Queen of -Scots, 6,000 strong, was defeated -and dispersed by the -forces of the Regent, Murray. -The Queen's troops were broken -by a cavalry charge, in which -they lost 300, while only one -man of the victorious horse was -killed, and fled in confusion -from the field. Mary escaped -to England.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lannoy (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1567, between -3,000 Flemish Protestants, -under Pierre Cornaille, and a -small force of the Duchess of -Parma's troops, under Novicarmes. -The Flemings, mostly -half-armed peasants, were cut to -pieces by the Spaniards, 2,600 -being killed in one hour's -fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lansdown (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 5, 1643, between -the Royalists, under Sir Ralph -Hopton, and the Parliamentarians, -under Waller, who was -endeavouring to prevent Hopton's -advance upon Bath. The -Royalists stormed Waller's entrenchments -and forced him to -retreat, though at a heavy cost -to themselves.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Laon (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by the -allies under Blucher, was attacked -May 9, 1814, by the -French under Ney and Marmont. -Ney seized two of the suburbs, -but Marmont, failing to support -him as promised, he could not -make good his footing. During -the night the allies attacked and -routed Marmont, and on the -10th Ney, after hard fighting, -was forced to yield the ground -he had gained. The French lost -about 6,000 men; the allies -5,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Paz.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1865, between -the partizans of General -Belza and those of Colonel -Melgarejo, each of whom had -proclaimed himself Provisional -President of Bolivia. Belza's -forces were totally defeated, and -himself slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Placilla (Chilian Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 28, 1891, between -10,000 Congressists, under -General Del Canto, and 14,000 -Balmacedists, under General -Barbosa. The latter were -routed with a loss of 3,363 -killed and wounded, including -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>Barbosa, while thousands laid -down their arms on the field. -The Congressists, who lost 1,609, -at once occupied Valparaiso, -and a few days late Balmaceda -committed suicide.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5, 1862, between -the French, 7,500 strong, under -General Lorencez, and about -12,000 Mexicans, under General -Zaragoça. The French endeavoured -to carry the ridge of the -Cerro de Guadalupe, commanding -the town, but were repulsed -by General Negreti, with 1,200 -men, losing 456 killed and -wounded, and forced to retire -from La Puebla. The Mexicans -lost 215 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Puebla (Franco-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On May 4, 1863, the French -army, 25,000 strong, under -General Forey, laid siege to -La Puebla, which was held by -a Mexican garrison under General -Ortega. Forey's force was -too small for a complete investment, -and he began operations -against the Fort of San -Xavier. On the 29th this -post was taken by storm, the -French losing 230, the defenders -600 men. From this point the -French obtained foothold in the -town, and then proceeded to -capture the houses block by -block. So determined was the -resistance, however, that their -progress was very slow, and by -April 7 they had made next to -no advance, though they had -lost a further 600 men. Later in -the month an attack on the -Convent of Santa Cruz was repulsed -with a loss of 480. On -May 8 a relieving force of -10,500 men, under General -Comonfort, was defeated by -a small French column under -Bazaine, losing 8 guns and -1,000 prisoners, and from this -point further resistance was -useless. Ortega, therefore, after -a most gallant defence, surrendered -with 1,455 officers and -11,000 men, May 17, 1863.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Larcay (Chilian Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December, 1829, between -the Federalists, or Government -Party, under General -Zastera, and the Pelucones, or -Unitarians, under General Prieto. -The Pelucones gained a -signal victory, following which -they drove out the Government -and abrogated the constitution -of 1828.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Largs (Norse Invasion of Scotland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 2, 1263, between -the Norsemen, under -Haco, and the Scots. The Norse -fleet of 160 ships was driven -ashore off Largs by a violent -storm, and many of them -wrecked, and Haco landed a -force to protect the shipwrecked -crews. This force was attacked -by the Scots and utterly routed, -and Haco was forced to withdraw, -and abandon the project -of invasion. The only name on -the Scottish side which has come -down to us as taking part in the -battle is that of Sir Pierce Curry.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Larissa (Third Macedonia War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 171 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Romans, 40,000 strong, under -P. Licinius Crassus, and 43,000 -Macedonians, under Perseus. -The Romans were defeated with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>a loss of 2,200 killed and 600 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Larissus, The (Wars of the Achæan League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 209, between the -Achæans, under Philopœmen, -and the Ætolians and Eleans. -The allies were defeated and -cut to pieces, the Elean general -being among the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Rochelle (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 22, 1372, when -an English fleet, under the -Earl of Pembroke, intended for -the relief of La Rochelle, was -intercepted by a greatly superior -Spanish fleet, under Don Ambrosio -Bercenegra, and after -very hard fighting was entirely -destroyed or captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Rochelle (Huguenot Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, the principal -Huguenot stronghold in France, -was besieged by the Royal -troops, under Richelieu, in 1627. -The garrison, under the mayor, -Guiton, made a gallant defence, -but the assassination of Buckingham -prevented the arrival of -the promised English succours, -and the town surrendered, after -holding out for fourteen months.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>La Rothière (Allied Campaign in France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 1, 1814, -between 32,000 French, under -Napoleon, and 100,000 Prussians<a id='corr135L.41'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sians'></ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_135L.41'><ins class='correction' title='sians'></ins></a></span>, -Russians, and Würtembergers, -under Blucher. Napoleon -held a strong position, -where he was attacked by -Blucher, whom he succeeded in -holding at bay till late in the -afternoon, when <a id='corr135L.46'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bucher'>Blucher</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_135L.46'><ins class='correction' title='Bucher'>Blucher</ins></a></span> captured -the village of La Rothière. -Napoleon with the Young Guard -retook the village, and the -battle ended with the French in -possession of the field. The -French lost 5,000, the allies -about 8,000, and Napoleon was -enabled to continue his retirement -without molestation.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Las Navas de Tolosa (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 10, 1212, between -a huge army of Moors, -said by the chroniclers to have -amounted to 600,000, under -Mohammed al Nasin, and the -allied armies of the Kings of -Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre, -and Portugal. The Moors were -utterly routed, very few of -their enormous host escaping -from the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Las Salinas (Conquest of Peru).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 20, 1538, between -the forces of Francisco -Pizarro and those of Almagro. -The latter were totally routed, -and Almagro captured and -executed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Laswari (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 1, 1803, -between the British, 10,000 -strong, under General Lake, and -Scindhia's army, consisting of -9,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. -Scindhia's veteran infantry -made a most gallant -defence, standing their ground -until 7,000 had fallen, when the -survivors laid down their arms. -The cavalry also suffered -heavily. The British loss -amounted to about 800. Seventy-two -guns and a large quantity -of ammunition and stores were -captured.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Laupen (Burgundian Wars).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 21, 1339, between -5,000 Swiss of Berne and -the Forest Cantons, under Rudolf -von Erlach, and 15,000 -Burgundians, under the Counts -of Kiburg and Nidau. Despite -their superior numbers, the -Burgundians were unable to -withstand the charge of the -Swiss, and were utterly routed -and forced to raise the siege of -Laupen.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lautulæ (Second Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 316, between the -Samnites, under Pontius, and -the Romans, under Q. Fabius -Maximus. The Romans were -defeated with great slaughter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lawfeldt (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 3, 1747, between -the allied Austrians and British, -under the Duke of Cumberland, -and the French, under Marshal -Saxe. The village of Lawfeldt -was thrice carried by the French -and thrice recaptured, but about -noon the British centre was -driven in, and defeat was imminent, -when a cavalry charge, -headed by Sir John Ligonier, -saved the day, and enabled the -Duke to retire in good order. -The allies lost 5,620 killed and -wounded, the French about -10,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Le Bourget (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A determined sortie by the -French from Paris, October 27, -1870, in which they carried the -village of Le Bourget. They held -their ground there until October -30, when they were driven out -by the Prussian Guard Corps, -leaving 1,200 prisoners in the -hands of the Germans, who lost -34 officers and 344 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leck, The (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 5, 1632, between -26,000 Swedes and German -Protestants, under Gustavus -Adolphus, and 20,000 Imperialists, -under Count Tilly. -Gustavus had prepared a bridge -to cross the river, and immediately -after daybreak his engineers -commenced to fix it, the -Swedish artillery meanwhile -keeping the Imperialists in -check. In the artillery duel -Tilly was mortally wounded, -and his troops retired, leaving -the Swedes to effect the passage -unmolested.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>L'Ecluse (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1340, when the English -fleet surprised the French -in a narrow channel, and totally -routed them, with a loss of 90 -ships and 30,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leghorn.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought off Leghorn March 31, -1653, when six English ships, -under Commodore Appleton, -were destroyed by a Dutch fleet -of 16 sail, under Admiral Van -Gelen. Only a sloop escaped the -destruction. Van Gelen was -mortally wounded during the -action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Legnano (Wars of the Lombard League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 29, 1176, between -the Lombard League, aided by -Venice and the Pope, and the -Imperialists, under Frederick -Barbarossa. Frederick was -utterly routed, and fled from -Italy in disguise.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leipsic (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 7, 1631, -between 20,000 Swedes and an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>equal force of Saxons, under -Gustavus Adolphus and John -George, Elector of Saxony, and -44,000 Imperialists, under Tilly. -The Imperialist right totally -routed the Saxons, who fled -from the field, headed by the -Elector. Meanwhile, the Swedes -had completely defeated the -left of the Imperialists, under -Pappenheim, and repulsed the -centre under Tilly, and on the -return of the right from pursuing -the Saxons, they were attacked -by the Swedish left, and driven -from the field, only four regiments -holding their ground in a -wood until nightfall. The Imperialists -lost 8,000 killed and -wounded and 5,000 prisoners; -the allies 2,700, of whom only -700 were Swedes. Gustavus captured -the whole of Tilly's -artillery, and his victory was the -salvation of the Protestant -cause, which was trembling in -the balance.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='LEIPSIC'></a>Leipsic (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 16, 17, and -18, 1813, between the French, -under Napoleon, and the forces -of the Great Coalition. Napoleon, -who held Leipsic with -155,000 men, was faced by -160,000 Austrians and Russians, -under the Prince of Schwartzemberg, -and 60,000 Prussians, -under Blucher. On the 16th -Schwartzemberg attacked, being -faced by Napoleon with 115,000 -men, and, after an obstinate -engagement, which lasted till -nightfall, the French had gained -a little ground. At the same -time Blucher attacked Marmont, -who, with 24,000 men, held his -own throughout the day. The -French lost 27,000; the allies -about 35,000. Both sides receiving -reinforcements during -the night, Napoleon on the -morning of the 17th was at the -head of 150,000 troops, while -the allies numbered nearly -300,000, including the Swedes -under Bernadotte. Little was -done on the 17th, but on the -18th Napoleon moved out to -drive back the allies, and leave -a road of retreat open. He was -repulsed at all points, and driven -back into Leipsic, whence during -the night of the 18th to 19th, -the French retired by the only -serviceable bridge. The corps -under Poniatowski left to cover -the retreat was almost annihilated, -and Poniatowski killed. -The French lost in the three -days over 60,000 men, while -the losses of the allies were also -enormous.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leitskau (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 27, 1813, between -5,000 French, under -General Girard, and a Prussian -division, under General Hirschberg, -aided by some Cossacks, -under Czernitcheff. Girard was -defeated, losing heavily in killed -and wounded, besides 1,500 -prisoners and 6 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Le Mans (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 10, 11, and -12, between the Germans, -50,000 strong, under Prince -Frederick Charles, and the -French, numbering about -150,000, under General Chanzy. -The French army was completely -routed, and the whole -force so completely demoralised -as to be no longer an effective -fighting unit. The Germans -took 20,000 prisoners, 17 guns, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>and great quantities of war -material, at a cost to themselves -of 200 officers and 3,200 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lens (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 20, 1648, between -the French, 14,000 strong, -under Condé, and the Austrians, -in somewhat superior force, -under the Archduke Leopold. -Condé feigned a retreat, to draw -the enemy from their lines, and -then turning upon them, decisively -defeated them, with -a loss of 4,000 killed, 6,000 -prisoners, and all their baggage -and artillery.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leontini.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, the stronghold of -the National party in Sicily, -held by a garrison of Syracusans -and Roman deserters, was -stormed and sacked, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 211, by -three Roman legions under M. -Marcellus. Two thousand Roman -deserters captured in the place -were put to the sword. Hippocrates -succeeded in escaping.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lepanto (Cyprus War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 17, 1571, <a id='corr138L.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='betwen'>between</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_138L.29'><ins class='correction' title='betwen'>between</ins></a></span> -a fleet of 250 Spanish and -Venetian ships, under Don John -of Austria, and a Turkish fleet -of 270 sail, under Piale, the -Capitan Pasha. The Turkish -left wing, under the Dey of -Algiers, met with some success, -but the centre and right were -almost destroyed, the Turks -losing 200 vessels, and, it is said, -30,000 men. Piale was killed. -The Dey of Algiers succeeded -<a id='corr138L.42'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='n'>in</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_138L.42'><ins class='correction' title='n'>in</ins></a></span> extricating the majority of -his ships. The allies lost between -4,000 and 5,000 men, including -15 Venetian captains.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lerida (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1642, between -the Spaniards, under -Leganez, and the French, under -Lamothe-Houdancourt. The -Spanish army was defeated, and -this victory, in conjunction with -the fall of Perpignan, gave the -French possession of Roussillon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lerida (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, held by a garrison -of 4,000 Spaniards, under Don -Jorge Britt, was besieged by -the French, under the Great -Condé, May 12, 1647. The defence -was vigorous, the garrison -making constant sorties, and -about the middle of June the -appearance of a large Spanish -army at Fraga forced Condé -either to deliver an assault or -to raise the siege. He chose the -second alternative and withdrew -his troops June 17.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lesno (Russo-Swedish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A series of actions, fought -1709 between 40,000 Russians, -under Peter the Great, and -15,000 Swedes, under General -Levenhaupt, who was escorting -a convoy of 8,000 waggons to -the army of Charles XII. The -battle lasted over five days, at -the end of which time the remnant -of the Swedes, though defeated, -were permitted to retire -in good order, but without their -convoy. The Swedes lost in -this series of actions two-thirds -of their numbers. The Russians -lost 10,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leucopetra (Wars of the Achæan League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 146 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between a -Roman Consular Army, under -Lucius Mummius, and the forces -of the Achæan League, under -Diacus. The Greeks, who were -only half as strong as their opponents, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>were routed, and all resistance -came to an end, the -Greek cities, one after another, -opening their gates to the Romans.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leuctra (Bœotian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 371 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -11,000 Spartans, under Cleombrotus, -and 6,000 Thebans, under -Epaminondas. The principal -fighting took place on the Theban -left, where Epaminondas had -massed his best troops, and after -a fierce encounter the Spartans -were driven back, leaving 1,000 -dead, including Cleombrotus, on -the field. As a result of this defeat, -the Spartans evacuated -Bœotia.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leuthen (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 5, 1757, -between 33,000 Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and 90,000 -Austrians, under Prince Charles -of Lorraine and Count Daun. -Frederick made a feigned attack -on the Austrian right wing, and -then under cover of the ground -withdrew the major part of his -force, and strongly attacked the -Austrian left, which was driven -back and finally overthrown by -a charge of cavalry. The Austrians -lost 7,000 killed and -wounded, 20,000 prisoners, including -three generals, and 134 -guns. The Prussians lost 5,000 -killed and wounded. In consequence -of this victory, Breslau -surrendered to Frederick, with -over 18,000 troops, on December -10.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lewes (Barons' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 14, 1264, between -the Barons, under Simon -de Montfort, and the Royalists, -under Henry III and Prince -Edward. The king was completely -defeated, and the two -parties signed an agreement, -known as the Mise of Lewes, -to submit the points in dispute -to arbitration.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lexington (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 19, 1775, between -the Royal troops, under -General Gage, and the Americans. -After a brief engagement -the Americans were defeated, -and retired. The losses -on both sides were very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lexington (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was invested September -18, 1861, by the Confederates, -8,000 strong, under -General Price, who having cut -off their supplies, forced the -garrison of 3,500, under Colonel -Mulligan, to surrender, September -20. The Confederates lost -100 men only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Leyden (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was invested May -26, 1574, by 8,000 Walloons and -Germans under Valdez, who in -the course of a few days had -erected 62 batteries round the -place. There was no garrison, -with the exception of a few -"freebooters" and a burgher -guard, under Jan van der Does. -The Prince of Orange, in order -to save the city, determined to -open the dykes, and on August -3 the gates at Schiedam and -Rotterdam were opened, and -the dykes broken along the -course of the Yssel. Meanwhile -the citizens had come to -an end of their bread, but by -strenuous efforts the fleet under -Admiral Boisot succeeded in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>throwing relief into the city at -the beginning of October. By -this time the city was on the -verge of starvation, and 8,000 -of the inhabitants had perished -of pestilence. The Spaniards, -however, had been driven from -work after work, and on October -3 the last of their redoubts was -mastered, and Valdez was forced -to raise the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lignitz (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 15, 1760. -Frederick the Great with 30,000 -Prussians was posted near Lignitz, -and expecting to be -attacked by the Austrians, -90,000 strong, under Count -Daun, commenced a retreat -towards Parchwitz, and took -up a position which, according -to Daun's plan was to have -been occupied by Landon's -corps. Landon, quite unconscious -of the presence of the -Prussians, marched into the -middle of Frederick's lines, and -was utterly routed, with a loss -of 4,000 killed and wounded, -6,000 prisoners and 82 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ligny (Hundred Days).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 16, 1815, between -84,000 Prussians under -Blucher and 60,000 French -under Napoleon. The French -attacked Blucher's position, and -met with a stout resistance, -especially at the village of -Ligny, but by sundown the -Prussians had exhausted their -last resources, and Napoleon, -bringing up the Guard, and a -division of heavy cavalry, drove -them from their positions, with -a loss of about 12,000. The -French lost 8,000 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lille (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged August -12, 1708, by the Imperialists, -under Prince Eugene, and was -defended by a French garrison, -under M. de Bouflers, which -after repulsing several determined -assaults, surrendered -October 25. The besiegers lost -in the course of the siege 3,632. -The French lost about 7,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lilybæum (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> -250, by the Romans, under C. -Attilius and L. Manlius, and was -defended by a Carthaginian -garrison, 10,000 strong, under -Himilcon. The Romans invested -the place both by sea -and land, but the superior seamanship -of the Carthaginians -enabled them from time to time -to throw succour into the place. -The first line of the defences -was soon carried but the Romans -were then confronted -with a second rampart, equally -strong, and the siege was begun -anew. In 249 P. Claudiûs took -over the command, but a defeat -of the Roman fleet at Drepanum -gave the Carthaginians complete -command of the sea, and -though the Romans continued -to blockade the fortress on the -land side, it held out till 241. -After the naval battle of Ægusæ -Carthage sued for peace.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lincoln, Fair of.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought in the streets of Lincoln, -1217, between the Royal -troops, under the Earl of Pembroke, -and the adherents of the -Dauphin Louis, under the Comte -de la Perche. The Royalists -were victorious, and the French -leader was killed.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Lindley (Second Boer War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>At this place a force of 500 -yeomanry, under Colonel -Spragge, after holding out for -four days against a largely -superior Boer force, surrendered -May 27, 1900.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Linkoping.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1598, between the -Poles, under Sigismund III, -King of Poland and Sweden, -and the Swedes, under Charles -the Regent. The Poles were -surprised and totally defeated, -with a loss of 20,000 men, the -Swedes losing, it is said, only -240. This victory was shortly -followed by the dethronement -of Sigismund and the accession -of Charles as King of Sweden.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Liparæan Islands (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The scene of a naval battle, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 257, in which the Roman -fleet, under the Consul, C. Attilius, -completely defeated the -Carthaginians.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lippe (Germanic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 11 between the -Romans, under Drusus, and the -Sicambri, Suevi and Cherusii. -The Romans were largely outnumbered -and surrounded, and -so certain were the Germans of -victory, that they had already -apportioned the spoil among -the various tribes. Drusus, however, -attacked the barbarians -vigorously, and totally routed -them with very heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lissa (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The only naval action between -ironclads in European -waters, fought July 20, 1866, -between the Austrian fleet of -7 armoured ships and some -obsolete wooden vessels, under -Admiral Tegethoff, and the -Italian fleet of 10 armour-clads, -under Admiral Persano. Tegethoff -attacked in wedge formation, -with his flagship as the -apex, and broke the line of the -Italian fleet, which was steaming, -line ahead, across his bows. -He rammed and sank the Italian -flagship, and the rest of the -action was a melée in which the -Italians were defeated and -driven off, with a loss of 3 ships -and over 1,000 men. This defeat -forced the Italians to raise -the siege of Lissa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Little Big Horn (Sioux Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On June 25, 1876, General -Custer, with the 7th United -States Cavalry, 700 strong, attacked -the village of the Sioux -chief, Sitting Bull. He divided -his force into three columns, -one of which, led by himself, -marched into an ambush, and -was massacred to a man. The -other two columns were vigourously -attacked by the Sioux, -and forced to retire. The -cavalry lost on this occasion -265 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lodi, Bridge of (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 10, 1796, during -Napoleon's pursuit of the retiring -Austro-Sardinian army, -under Beaulieu. The bridge -over the Adda was defended by -the Austrian rear-guard, with -some 20 guns, commanding -passage. Napoleon sent a force -of cavalry round by a ford to -take the defenders in rear, and -then rushed the bridge, the -stormers being led by Berthier -and Masséna, while Napoleon -himself was in the thick of the -fighting. The French loss is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>said not to have exceeded 400, -while the Austrians lost in the -action and subsequent pursuit, -2,000 killed and wounded, 1,000 -prisoners, and 20 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Loftcha (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 3, 1877, -between 20,000 Russians, under -Prince Imeretinsky, and 15,000 -Turks, under Adil Pasha. The -actual attack on the Turkish -positions was made by Skobeleff, -at first with 5,000, and -afterwards with 9,000 men, and -the Turks were driven out of -Loftcha with a loss of 5,200 -killed. The Russians lost 1,500 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Loigny-Pouprey (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 1, 1870, -between the Germans, 34,000 -strong, under the Grand Duke -of Mecklenburg, and about -90,000 French, forming the -army of the Loire, under General -d'Aurelle de Paladines. The -Germans gained a signal victory, -completely breaking the aggressive -power of the Army of the -Loire. The French lost 18,000 -killed and wounded and 9 guns, -the Germans 4,200.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Loja (War of Granada).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 4, 1482, between -the Spaniards, under Ferdinand -the Catholic, and the Moors, -under Ali Atar. The King, who -was besieging Loja, was encamped -on the heights of Almohacen, -but finding the position -insecure, decided upon a retreat. -As he was retiring he was vigorously -attacked by the garrison, -and though, after very heavy -fighting, he succeeded in withdrawing -in good order, he -lost most of his baggage and -artillery.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lonato.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#CASTIGLIONE'>Castiglione</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Londonderry (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town in which the Ulster -Protestants, to the number of -about 30,000, had taken refuge, -was besieged by James II, April -19, 1689. It was defended by -about 7,000 armed citizens, -under Major Henry Baker, and -held out until July 30, when -Colonel Kirke succeeded in forcing -the boom at the head of -Lough Foyle and reprovisioning -the town. The besiegers then -withdrew, having lost 5,000 -men during the siege. The -garrison was reduced to 4,000. -Among those who died during -the siege was Major Baker.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Loose Coat Field.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#EMPINGHAM'>Empingham</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Loudon Hill (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1306, between the -Scots, under Robert Bruce, and -the English, under the Regent -Pembroke. Bruce met the attack -of the English cavalry -with a line of spearmen, which -they were unable to break, and -they were driven off with heavy -loss. Pembroke thereupon withdrew -his army and returned to -England.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Louisburg (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, the strongest fortress -in America, was captured -June 16, 1745, by a force of New -Englanders, under Pepperel, -aided by a naval force under -Commodore Warren.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Louisburg (Seven Years' War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Louisburg, having been restored -to the French, was invested -June 3, 1758, by a force -of 11,600 British troops, under -General Amherst, and a fleet <a id='corr143L.6'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='of of'>of</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_143L.6'><ins class='correction' title='of of'>of</ins></a></span> -41 ships of war, under Admiral -Boscawen. It was defended by -3,800 French regulars, besides -Indians and armed citizens, -under the Chevalier de Drucour, -while in the harbour were 12 -ships of war, with crews numbering -3,000 men. Owing to heavy -weather no siege guns were -landed till the 18th, but by July -20 a practicable breach had -been effected, whereupon the -garrison surrendered. During -the siege the defenders lost -1,200 men killed or died of -disease, while the prisoners -numbered 5,637, and 239 guns -and mortars were taken. Wolfe, -who commanded a brigade, -specially distinguished himself.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Löwenberg (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21, 1813, between -130,000 French, under -Napoleon, and 80,000 Prussians, -under Blucher. Blucher being -vigorously attacked, retired behind -the Haynau without offering -any serious resistance to the -French advance. The Prussians -lost 2,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lowositz (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 1, 1756, between -24,000 Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and a somewhat -superior force of Austrians, -under Marshal Brown. Brown -was marching to relieve the -Saxons penned up in Pirna, -when he was attacked by the -Prussians, who, after hard fighting, -forced him to retire. Each -side lost about 3,000, but the -victory was of great importance -to Frederick, as it led to the -surrender at Pirna of 17,000 -Saxons and 80 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='corr143R.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Lunceña'>Lucena</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_143R.7'><ins class='correction' title='Lunceña'>Lucena</ins></a></span> (War of Granada).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April, 1483, when the -Moors, under Abdullah and Ali -Atar, who were besieging Lucena, -were attacked by a Spanish relieving -force under the Comte -de Cabra. The Moorish infantry -fled, and Ali Atar, heading -a charge of cavalry in a gallant -attempt to retrieve the day, -was slain, whereupon his following -broke and fled, pursued by -the Christians to the banks of -the Xenil, where the majority -were cut to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lucknow (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On the approach of the rebel -Sepoy army, July 1, 1857, the -garrison and residents took refuge -in the Residency, which -had been prepared to stand a -siege. On September 19, 1857, -a force of 3,179 British troops, -under Havelock and Outram, -left Cawnpore to relieve the -garrison. On the 23rd they encountered -and defeated a force -of 12,000 rebels at the Alumbagh, -capturing 5 guns. On -the 25th they forced the Charbagh -bridge, and captured the -Secunderbagh, and the main -body, after prolonged street -fighting, reached the Residency, -the rearguard with the wounded -getting in on the 26th. The -loss during the operations -amounted to 535, while the -garrison up to this time had -lost 483 killed and wounded. -Outram now took command -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>and the garrison held out until -November 19, when it was relieved, -after very heavy fighting, -by a column under Sir Colin-Campbell, -and the whole force -withdrawn. On March 1, 1858, -the recovery of the city from -the rebels commenced by the -capture of the Alumbagh, and -was completed on the 21st, -when the mutineers were finally -driven from the place. During -the interval the various fortresses -and palaces held by the -rebels were successively carried -by assault, the fighting in many -cases being exceedingly severe.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lugdunum.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#LYONS'>Lyons</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Luncarty (Danish Invasions of Scotland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 980, between the Scots, -under Kenneth III, and the -Danish corsairs, who had landed -on the Tay to attack Dunkeld. -After a furious hand-to-hand -fight the Danes were defeated -and driven to their ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lunden (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1676, between the -Swedes, under Charles XI, and -the Danes, under Christian V. -Both sides claimed the victory, -but the advantage rested with -the Swedes, for Christian had -to fall back upon Copenhagen, -while Charles forced the Danes -to raise the siege of Malmoe.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lundy's Lane (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 25, 1814, between -5,000 Americans, under -General Jacob Brown, and 3,000 -British, under Sir George Drummond. -<a id='corr144L.42'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Drummound'>Drummond</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_144L.42'><ins class='correction' title='Drummound'>Drummond</ins></a></span> occupied -high ground on each side of -Lundy's Lane, where he was -attacked by the Americans. -The fighting lasted till far into -the night, when a final assault -was repulsed, and the Americans -retired to Chippewa with a loss -of 858. The British lost 878.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lutter (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 27, 1626, between -the Imperialists, under -Tilly, and the Danes and Germans, -under Christian IV of -Denmark. The allies were retreating -before Tilly, who came -up with them in an open plain -near the Castle of Lutter, where -the King had taken up a strong -position. Tilly attacked, and -notwithstanding Christian's personal -gallantry, his infantry was -overwhelmed, while the German -cavalry refused to take any part -in the fight. The Danes left -4,000 dead on the field, and Tilly -captured 2,000 prisoners, 22 -guns and 60 standards. The -King with difficulty cut his way -through the enemy's horse, and -escaped.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lützen (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 16, 1632, -between 20,000 Swedes, under -Gustavus Adolphus, and 30,000 -Imperialists, under Wallenstein. -The Swedes attacked with success -on their right, but their left -was driven back by Pappenheim, -and Gustavus, hurrying off to -rally them fell mortally wounded. -The fall of their king, however, -did not dishearten the Swedes, -and a fresh charge, in which -Pappenheim was killed, gave -them a complete victory. A -dense fog, however, came on, -which enabled Wallenstein to -effect an orderly retreat, though -he left all his guns on the field.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Lützen (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 2, 1813, between -the French, 70,000 strong, under -Napoleon, and the Russians and -Prussians, 65,000 strong, under -Wittgenstein and Blucher. The -King of Prussia and the Russian -Emperor were present on the -field. Napoleon held five villages -in front of Lützen, round -which the battle centred. They -were taken and re-taken several -times during the day, but at 8 -p.m., in spite of the remonstrances -of Blucher, the two -sovereigns ordered a retreat, -and the honours of the day -rested with the French. The -allies lost about 20,000; the -French about 18,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Luzzara (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 15, 1702, between -the French, 35,000 strong, -under the Duc d'Anjou, and -25,000 Imperialists, under Prince -Eugene. The Prince attacked -the French in their entrenchments -in front of Luzzara, and -after a stubborn resistance, -drove them out with a loss of -about 4,000 men. The Imperialists -lost <a id='corr145L.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic: 2,700?'>27,000</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_145L.33'><ins class='correction' title='sic: 2,700?'>27,000</ins></a></span> killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Lynn Haven Bay.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 5, 1781, -between a British fleet of 19 -ships of the line and 7 frigates, -under Admiral Thomas Graves, -and a French fleet of 25 line of -battle ships. Admiral Graves -attacked the French as they -were lying in Lynn Haven Bay, -but was unsuccessful, and drew -off after two hours' hard fighting, -with a loss of 79 killed and -230 wounded. The French lost -22 officers and 200 men killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='LYONS'></a>Lyons.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 197 between the legions -of Britain, under Clodius -Albinus, and the legions of Pannonia, -under Severus, both -generals having been proclaimed -Emperor by their respective -troops on the death of Pertinax. -Albinus was defeated and slain.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>M</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Macalo (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 11, 1427, -when the Venetians, under Carmagnola, -in a strong position -near Macalo, were attacked by -the Milanese, under Malatesta. -The Venetians repulsed the -attack, and assuming the offensive, -surrounded Malatesta, and -compelled him to surrender -with his whole force, numbering -about 10,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Madonna dell' Oleno (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 30, 1744, -between the French and Spaniards, -under Prince Louis de -Conti and Don Philip of Spain, -and the Imperialists, under the -King of Sardinia. With a view -of relieving Cuneo, which the -allies were besieging, the King -attacked their lines, and though -he was defeated in the battle, -he gained his object, for Conti -was compelled by lack of supplies -to raise the siege, October -22, having suffered heavy losses -from famine, flood and battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Madras.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was invested by the -French under Labourdonnais, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>with 9 ships and about 3,700 -troops, mostly Europeans, September -14, 1746. It was defended -by a garrison of 200, -and after a week's bombardment, -surrendered September -25. The garrison lost 5 men -only; the French not a single -man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Madras (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On December 16, 1758, Madras -was invested by Lally-Tollendal -with 2,000 European -and 4,000 native troops. The -garrison consisted of 4,000 men, -more than half of whom were -Sepoys, under Colonel Laurence, -After a bombardment lasting -from January 2, 1759, to February -16, Lally-Tollendal was -on the point of ordering an assault, -when the arrival of the -British fleet caused him to raise -the siege and retire. The garrison -lost during the siege 1,341 -killed and wounded. The -French losses amounted to 700 -Europeans, besides Sepoys.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Madeira (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was occupied without -bloodshed by a combined -naval and military force, under -Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and -General Bowyer, December 26, -1807.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maestricht (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, the German Gate of -the Netherlands, was besieged -by the Spaniards, under Prince -Alexander of Parma, March 12, -1579. It was held by a garrison -of 1,000 troops and 1,200 armed -burghers, under Melchior, while -the besiegers numbered 20,000. -Two unsuccessful assaults were -made April 8, which cost the -Spaniards 670 officers and 4,000 -men, but finally the place was -taken by surprise, and a massacre -followed, in which 6,000 -of the inhabitants perished.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mafeking (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This small township, entirely -destitute of regular defences, -was invested October, 1899, by -a force of 5,000 Boers, under -General Cronje, and defended by -a garrison of about 700 irregulars -and armed townsmen, under -Colonel Baden-Powell. Later -in the siege Cronje withdrew a -large part of his force, leaving -about 2,000 under Snyman to -prosecute the siege. Though -the bombardment was continuous, -only one resolute attempt -was made to penetrate the defences; -when on May 12, 1900, -300 Boers, under Sarel Eloff, -succeeded in getting within the -lines, but were surrounded and -forced to surrender. On May -17, the place was relieved by a -cavalry column under Colonel -Mahon. The garrison lost 273, -the Boers about 1,000, in the -course of the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Magdeburg (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, held by a small -Swedish garrison, under Falkenberg, -was besieged by the Imperialists, -under Tilly, March, -1631. After a desultory bombardment, -Tilly was forced by -the approach of Gustavus Adolphus -either to raise the siege or -to attempt a storm. Choosing -the latter course, an assault was -delivered, under Pappenberg, -and after two hours' severe -fighting, in the course of which -Falkenberg fell, the garrison -was overpowered. The victory -was sullied by an infamous massacre -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>of the unarmed inhabitants, -thousands of whom perished -at the hands of the Croats -and Walloons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Magenta (Franco-Austrian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 4, 1859, between -the 2nd French Corps -d'Armée, under Macmahon, and -the main Austrian army, under -Marshal Giulay, about 100,000 -strong. Macmahon attacked -the Austrian position, and, after -hard fighting, drove them out of -Magenta, and totally defeated -them with a loss of about 6,000 -killed and wounded. The French -lost 4,400.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Magersfontein (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 11, 1899, -between 9,000 Boers, under -General Cronje, and Lord Methuen's -division, with the addition -of the Highland Brigade. -Cronje's position was exceedingly -strong, and an attempt -to turn it by a flank march -undertaken at night led to a -disaster to the Highland brigade, -who came under a heavy fire -before they were extended, and -lost 57 officers and over 700 -men, including their brigadier, -General Wauchope. Eventually -the attacking force was -withdrawn, without having -made any impression on the -Boer position. The total British -losses were 68 officers and 1,011 -men. The Boers admitted a -loss of 320, but it was probably -considerably heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Magnesia (War with Antiochus the Great).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 190, between -Antiochus the Great, with 80,000 -troops, and the Romans, 40,000 -strong, under Cnæus Domitius. -Antiochus, leading the right -wing, drove back the Roman -left and penetrated to their -camp, which he nearly succeeded -in capturing. His left -wing, however, was routed, and -his elephants becoming unmanageable, -broke the ranks of the -phalanx, whereupon his whole -army fled in confusion, with a -loss, it is said, of 50,000 killed. -The Romans lost 300 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maharajpur (Gwalior War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 29, 1843, -between the British, 14,000 -strong, with 40 guns, under Sir -Hugh Gough, and the troops of -Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, 18,000 -strong, with 100 guns. The -Mahrattas occupied a strong -position at Maharajpur, the -exact locality of their lines being -unknown to Sir Hugh, until his -troops came under fire. The -British at once charged and carried -the batteries, and finally -routed the Gwalior infantry at -a cost of 787 killed and wounded. -The Mahrattas lost 3,000 killed -and wounded, and 56 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maharajpur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 16, 1857, between -5,000 rebels, under the -Nana Sahib, and the British relieving -force, under Havelock. -The Nana was entrenched across -the Grand Trunk Road, and his -position being too strong for a -frontal attack, Havelock turned -his left flank. After severe -fighting the rebels were defeated, -though Havelock was -left with only 800 Europeans -available for further service. On -the following day Cawnpore was -re-occupied.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Mahidpur (Third Mahratta War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 21, 1817, -between the British, under Sir -Thomas Hislop, and the army -of Holkar of Indore. The Mahrattas, -with 70 guns, were -strongly posted behind the -Sipra, which Sir Thomas crossed -in the face of a heavy fire, and -completely defeated them. The -British lost 778 killed and -wounded, the Mahrattas about -3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maida (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 4, 1806, between -the British expeditionary force -in Calabria, 5,000 strong, under -Sir John Stuart, and the French, -in equal strength, under General -Reynier. The British charged -with the bayonet, and the -French, though veterans, failing -to withstand the onslaught, -broke and fled, losing very -heavily in the pursuit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maidan (First Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 14, 1842, -between the British, under -General Nott, and 12,000 Afghans, -under Shems-ud-din, who -occupied the heights commanding -the road to Kabul. Nott -attacked and carried the Afghan -position, the Afghans being -driven off with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maiwand (Second Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 27, 1880, between -a small British force, with -6 guns, under General Burrows, -and the Afghan army, under -Ayub Khan. A Bombay native -regiment was broken by a Ghazi -rush, and although the 66th -Regiment fought magnificently, -the British were routed, with a -loss of 32 officers and 939 men -killed, and 17 officers and 151 -men wounded. The survivors -escaped with difficulty to Kandahar.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Main, The (Germanic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 9, when the Romans, -under Drusus, attacked -and totally routed the Marcomanni, -driving them to the eastward -and occupying their territory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Majorca (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured from -the Spaniards in 1706, by a small -British force under Sir John -Leake.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Majuba (First Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 27, 1881, -when a British column, 647 -strong, under Sir George Colley, -posted on the summit of Majuba -Hill, was attacked and driven -off by the Boers under General -Joubert. A strong party of -young Boers stormed the hill -while the fire of the defenders -was kept down by a picked body -of marksmen, and the British -were driven from their position -with heavy loss, especially -during the retirement down the -hillside. The casualties amounted -to 223 killed and wounded, -Sir George Colley being killed, -and 50 prisoners. The Boer -losses were very small. After -this disaster an armistice was -agreed to, and peace soon afterwards -concluded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malacca.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, which was defended -by 30,000 Malays, under the -Sultan Mohammed, was captured -by Albuquerque, with 19 -ships and 1,400 Portuguese regulars, -after a very feeble defence, -in 1513.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Malaga (War of Granada).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This city, defended by a -Moorish garrison, under Hamet -Zeli, was besieged by the Spaniards, -60,000 strong, under Ferdinand -the Catholic, April 17, -1487. After an obstinate resistance, -lasting for four months, -the garrison was forced to surrender, -and Ferdinand and Isabella -entered the city August -18th. The inhabitants were sold -into slavery.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malaga (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 13, 1704, between -the combined British and -Dutch fleets, consisting of 45 -sail of the line, under Sir George -Rooke, and the French fleet of -53 line-of-battle-ships, under the -Comte de Thoulouse. The -French admiral was endeavouring -to effect a junction with the -Spanish fleet, which was engaged -in the siege of Gibraltar, -and was brought to action by -Sir George Rooke off Malaga. -The fighting was severe, and -though no ships were lost on -either side, the British gained -an important strategic victory -as the junction of the two hostile -fleets was prevented. The -British lost 6 officers and 687 -men killed, and 18 officers and -1,645 wounded. The -French lost 191 officers and -3,048 men killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malakand Pass (Chitral Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 3, 1895, when -the British expedition, under -General Low, 15,000 strong, -forced the pass, which was held -by about 12,000 tribesmen, -with a loss of 8 officers and 61 -men killed and wounded. The -Chitralis lost about 500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malakoff (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort, forming an important -part of the southern defences -of Sebastopol, was -stormed by 30,000 French, -under General Pelissier, September -8, 1855. The Russians -being taken by surprise, made -but a feeble resistance.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malavilly (Third Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 20, 1799, when -the camp of the British force, -under Lord Harris, marching -on Seringapatam, was attacked -in force by Tippu Sahib. The -enemy was thrown into confusion -by a charge of cavalry, -under General Floyd, and retired -with a loss of about 1,000. -The British losses were trifling.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maldon (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 991, between the -Anglo-Saxons, under Brihtnoth, -and the Danes, under Olaf -Triggvason and Guthmund. -The Anglo-Saxons were completely -defeated and <a id='corr149R.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Brithnoth'>Brihtnoth</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_149R.29'><ins class='correction' title='Brithnoth'>Brihtnoth</ins></a></span> -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malegnano (Franco-Austrian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 8, 1859, between -three French divisions, -under Marshal Baraguay d'Hilliers, -and the Austrians, in -about equal force. After three -hours' hard fighting, the -Austrians were defeated and -driven out of Malegnano, with -heavy loss, including 1,000 -prisoners. The French lost 850 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mahnate.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#VARESE'>Varese</a>.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Malo-Jaroslawetz (Moscow Campaign).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 24, 1812, between -24,000 Russians, under -General Doctoroff, and a portion -of Eugène Beauharnais' corps, -15,000 strong, under General -Delzons. After a sanguinary -engagement, in which Malo-Jaroslawetz -was taken and retaken -seven times, the action -ended in a drawn battle, but -the strategical success lay with -the Russians, who obliged Napoleon -to abandon the southerly -line of retreat he had projected. -The French lost 5,000, including -General Delzons killed, the -Russians about 6,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malplaquet (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 11, 1709, -between the British and Imperialists, -under Marlborough and -Prince Eugene, and the French, -under Marshal Villars. Villars -offered battle with the object of -relieving Mons, which the allies -were besieging, but while they -were waiting for reinforcement -from Tournay, he was enabled -to entrench himself strongly on -the ground he had chosen. After -desperate fighting, however, the -French position was carried -from end to end, and they were -driven out with a loss of 17,000 -killed and wounded. The allies -lost, according to most accounts, -about 8,000, though some contemporaries -assert that their -losses were even heavier than -those of the French.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malta (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged May -19, 1565, by 30,000 Turks, under -Mustapha Pasha, aided by a -fleet of 185 sail, under Piale, the -Capitan Pasha. It was defended -by the Knights of Malta, -under their Grand-Master Lavalette, -and though St. Elmo was -taken, Valetta held out against -numerous assaults until September -11, when Mustapha -raised the siege. The garrison -lost 5,000 men, the Turks 20,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malta (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The town of Valetta and the -island of Malta were captured -from the French September 5, -1800, by a combined British -naval and military force, under -Captain George Martin, R.N., -and Major-General Pigott. Two -line-of-battle-ships and three -frigates were seized in the harbour.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Malvern Hill.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SEVENDAYS'>Seven Days' Battles</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mandonia.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 338, between the -Italian Greeks, under Archidamus, -King of Sparta, and the -Lucanians. The Greeks were -defeated, and Archidamus slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mangalore (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged June -20, 1783, by Tippu Sahib with -his whole army, and was defended -by a small British garrison, -under Colonel Campbell. -On the conclusion of peace between -France and England, the -French officer assisting Tippu -withdrew, and on August 2 an -armistice was arranged, during -which the garrison was to receive -regular supplies. This article -was evaded, and the defenders -half starved, and after some delay -Tippu renewed the siege. -No attempt, however, was made -to relieve the place, and after a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>gallant defence, Campbell surrendered -January 26, 1763.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Manilla (American-Spanish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 1, 1898, between -the American squadron of 6 -ships, under Admiral Dewey, -and 11 Spanish vessels, chiefly -small, and unarmoured. The -Spanish fleet was totally destroyed, -the Americans suffering -no loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mansfield (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 8, 1864, between -20,000 Federals, under -General Banks, and about 8,000 -Confederates, under General -Taylor. Banks, while marching -through a difficult country, -was attacked by Taylor, and -utterly routed, at a cost to the -assailants of less than a thousand -men. Besides heavy losses in -killed and wounded, the Federals -lost 3,500 prisoners, 22 guns, -and 220 waggons of stores and -ammunition.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mantineia (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 418, between -10,000 Spartans and Tegeans, -under Agis, and an equal force -of Athenians, under Laches and -Nicostratus. The Spartan left -was completely routed, but the -Athenian centre and left failed -to withstand the Spartan -attack, and but for the defeat -of Agis' left wing, would have -been surrounded and captured. -In the end the Spartans gained -a signal victory. <a id='corr151L.40'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Larches'>Laches</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_151L.40'><ins class='correction' title='Larches'>Laches</ins></a></span> and -Nicostratus both fell in the -action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mantineia (Bœotian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 362, between the -Bœotians, under Epaminondas, -and the combined forces of -Athens, Sparta, and Mantineia. -Epaminondas attacked strongly -with his left, holding back his -right in reserve, and after the -driving back of the Mantineians, -routed the Spartans in the -centre. The Athenians were -hardly engaged, but the Bœotian -victory was complete. In the -pursuit Epaminondas, fell and -the loss of the great leader so -disheartened the Bœotians that -they did not further press their -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mantineia (Wars of the Achæan League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 208, between the -Achæans, under Philopœmen, -and the Spartans, under Machanidas. -The Achæans drove the -Spartans into a ravine in great -disorder, and routed them with -a loss of 4,000 killed, amongst -whom was Machanidas.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mantua (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was invested by -Napoleon June 4, 1796, and -was defended by 14,000 Austrians, -under General Canto -d'Irles. The siege was vigorously -prosecuted, but the approach -of Wurmser with a large -Austrian army forced Napoleon -to concentrate his forces, and -he raised the siege July 31. -After a brief campaign, which -resulted in the dispersal of -Wurmser's army, that general, -with the remnant of his forces, -was shut up in the city, which -was again closely invested September -19. Wurmser held out -till his provisions were exhausted, -when, on February -2, 1797, he surrendered, with -20,000 men, of whom only -10,000 were fit for service. It -<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>is computed that 27,000 perished -during the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maogamalcha (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by a -Persian garrison, and considered -impregnable, was besieged by -the Romans under the Emperor -Julian in 363. A mine was -carried from the trenches under -the ramparts, and three cohorts -broke through into the streets, -whereupon the garrison deserted -the ramparts and the -besiegers entered. The place -was sacked, and afterwards -razed to the ground.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marathon (Second Persian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 490 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, -between the Athenians and -Platæans, 10,000 and 1,000 -strong respectively, under Miltiades, -and the army of Darius -Hystaspes, about 100,000 in -number, under Datis. Being -greatly outnumbered, Miltiades -altered the usual arrangement -of the Greek line, so as to extend -his wings across the whole width -of the valley in which the battle -was fought, and thus escape -being outflanked. To effect -this he was forced to weaken -his centre, which was repulsed, -but both his wings drove back -the invaders, and then fell upon -and routed the victorious Persian -centre. The Persians fled in -confusion to their ships, which -they succeeded in launching, -and escaped with a loss of -6,400. The Athenians lost 192 -only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marcianopolis (Gothic Invasion of Thrace).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 376, between the -Romans, under Lupicinus, and -the Goths, under Fritigern. -The Romans were totally defeated, -but stood their ground -to the last, and were cut to -pieces almost to a man. Lupicinus -fled as soon as the ultimate -success of the Goths became -apparent.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mardis (War of the Two Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 315, shortly after the -battle of Cibalis, between Constantine, -Emperor of the West, -and Licinius, Emperor of the -East. Constantine moved a -body of 5,000 men round his -opponent's flank, and attacked -him simultaneously in front -and rear. The Illyrian veterans -formed a double front, and -held their ground, though with -heavy loss, till nightfall, when -Licinius, having lost thousands -of his best troops, drew off his -army towards the mountains of -Macedonia. The consequence -of this defeat was the acquisition -by Constantine of Pannonia, -Dalmatia, Dacia, Macedonia -and Greece.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marengo (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14, 1800, between -30,000 French, under -Napoleon, and 40,000 Austrians, -under Melas. The Austrians -attacked, and drove back in -disorder the first line under -Victor, and, following up their -success, a serious defeat for -Napoleon seemed inevitable, -when the arrival of the reserve -corps under Desaix turned the -scale. Undercover of his attack, -the broken divisions reformed, -and the Austrians were finally -repulsed at all points, and fled -<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>in disorder. Desaix was killed -at the head of his troops.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Margus.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May, 285, between -the legions of the Emperor -Carinus and those of Diocletian, -who had been raised to the -purple by his soldiers. The -troops of Diocletian, wasted by -the Persian War, were all but -overpowered by the fresher -legions of Carinus, but the defection -during the battle of -one of his generals turned the -scale, and Carinus himself being -killed by an officer whom he -had wronged, Diocletian gained -a complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maria Zell (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 8, 1805, -during the French advance on -Vienna, between Davoust's -corps, and the Austrian corps, -under General von Meerfeld. -The Austrians were defeated -and driven off in disorder, -leaving 4,000 prisoners in the -hands of the French.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mariendahl (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 2, 1645, between -the French, under Turenne, and -the Imperialists, under Merci. -Turenne, who had 3,000 infantry -and 8 regiments of horse, -was surprised in his camp by -Merci at 2 a.m., and being placed -between two fires, was compelled -to beat a disastrous retreat, -with the loss of almost all -his infantry, 1,200 cavalry, and -all his artillery and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marignano (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 13 and 14, -1575, between 50,000 French, -under Francis I, and about -40,000 Swiss mercenaries. The -Swiss attacked the French -camp, and forcing the lines, -fought till midnight without -decisive result. On the morning -of the 14th the battle was -renewed, and the Swiss were on -the point of success, when the -arrival of a small force of Venetians -obliged them to withdraw. -The French lost 6,000 men, and -the Swiss losses were very heavy, -including 1,200 who perished -in the flames of a village they -were defending after the repulse -of the attack. Marshal Trivulzio, -who commanded a wing of -the French army, called the -action the "Battle of Giants."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marosch, The (Conquest of Dacia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 101, between the -Dacians, under Decebalus, and -the Romans, under Trajan. -The Dacians were utterly routed, -and driven across the river with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marseglia (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 4, 1693, -tween the French, under Marshal -de Catinat, and the Austrians, -Spanish, and English, -under the Duke of Savoy. The -allies, who were inferior in numbers, -were attacked by the -French, and, after severe fighting, -driven across the Po with a -loss of about 6,000. The Duke -of Schomberg and Lord Warwick -were taken prisoners. The -loss of the French was slightly -less.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='MARS'></a>Mars-la-Tour (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 18, 1870, between -the French, under Marshal -Bazaine, and the 3rd and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>10th German Army corps, under -Von Alvensleben. The Germans, -though at times very hard -pressed, succeeded in holding -their ground, and prevented -the French breaking through to -the westward. The battle is -chiefly remarkable for the -desperate charges of the German -cavalry, and especially of -Von Bredow's brigade, against -the French infantry, under -cover of which the shattered -German infantry was enabled -to reform. The losses were -about equal, amounting to -about 16,000 killed and wounded -on each side. The action is -also known as the Battle of -Vionville.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Marston Moor (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 2, 1644, between -18,000 Royalists, under Prince -Rupert, and 27,000 Parliamentarians, -under Manchester, -Leven and Fairfax. For the -first time in the war, Rupert's -cavalry was repulsed by Cromwell's -Ironsides, and though the -right wing under Fairfax was -broken, the left and centre were -victorious, and the Royalists -were totally defeated, with a -loss of 4,000. This victory -gave the Parliament complete -control of the north.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Martinesti (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 23, 1789, -between the Austrians and Russians, -27,000 strong, under the -Prince of Coburg and Suwaroff, -and the Turks, 80,000 strong, -under Osman Pasha. The -allies stormed the Turkish entrenchments, -and drove out -the defenders, of whom 7,000 -were killed and wounded, while -8,000 were drowned in crossing -the Rymna. The victors lost -617 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Martinique (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured -from the French in 1794, by a -combined naval and military -force under Sir John Jervis and -Sir George Grey, with a loss to -the victors of 6 officers and 37 -men killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Martinique (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Having been restored to -France at the Peace of Amiens, -Martinique was again taken by -the British, February 24, 1809, -the force engaged being under -Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane, -and Lieut.-General Beckwith.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maserfield.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 642, between the -Northumbrians, under Oswald, -and the Mercians, under Penda. -The latter were defeated, and -Penda slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Masulipatam (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a French -garrison, under Conflans, was -besieged by the British, about -2,500 strong, under Colonel -Forde, in March, 1759. After -a fortnight's bombardment the -place was taken by storm, the -resistance being very feeble, -and Conflans surrendered with -his whole force, which considerably -outnumbered the assailants. -One hundred and twenty -guns were taken in the fortress.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Matchevitz (First Polish Insurrection).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 10, 1794, between -the Russians, under -Baron de Fersen, and the Poles, -under Kosciusko. The Poles, -after hard fighting, were totally -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>defeated, leaving 6,000 dead -upon the field, while Kosciusko -was severely wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Matchin (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 10, 1791, between -the Turks, under Yussuf -Pasha, and the Russians, under -Prince Repnin. The left and -centre of the Turkish army held -its ground manfully, and the -victory was long in doubt, but -a brilliant charge of the Russian -left, under General Kutusoff, -drove back the Turks who were -defeated with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maxen (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 21, 1759, -between the Austrians, under -Marshal Daun, and the Prussians, -under General Finck. -Daun surrounded Finck's position, -and after comparatively -little fighting compelled him to -surrender with over 15,000 men, -including 17 generals. Seventeen -guns were captured. The -casualties on both sides were -very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maya (Peninsula War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 25, 1813, between -a British division, under -General Stewart, and the French -divisions of d'Armagnac, Abbé -and Maransin. The French, at -a cost of 1,500 men, forced the -pass of Maya, driving back the -British with a loss of 1,400 men -and 4 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Maypo (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 5, 1818, between -the Chilian Patriots, 9,000 -strong, under San Martin, and -6,000 Spanish Royalists, under -General Osorio. The Spaniards -were totally defeated with a -loss of 1,000 killed and 2,350 -prisoners, the Chilians losing -over 1,000 killed and wounded. -The result of the battle was the -establishment of the independence -of Chili.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Medellin (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 28, 1809, between -the French, under Marshal -Victor, and 30,000 Spaniards, -under Cuesta. The Spaniards -soon gave way, and were -mercilessly sabred in the pursuit -by the French cavalry, -losing, it is said, 18,000 killed -and wounded. The French -lost 300 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Medina (Mohammed's War with the Koreish).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this town in -625 by 10,000 Koreish, under -Abu Sophian. It was defended -by Mohammed with 3,000 Moslems, -and during the space of -20 days several half-hearted -assaults were easily repulsed. -At the end of this time Abu -Sophian withdrew, and the -Koreish made no further attempt -to interfere with the progress -of Mohammedanism.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Medola (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 5, 1796, between -the French, 23,000 strong, -under Napoleon, and 25,000 -Austrians, under Wurmser. The -Austrians were totally defeated, -and driven back to Roveredo, -with a loss of 2,000 killed and -wounded, 1,000 prisoners and -20 guns. Prior to this defeat -Wurmser had succeeded in revictualling -Mantua, but at very -heavy cost, the Austrian losses -during the three days' fighting, -from the 3rd to the 5th, amounting -to 20,000 men and 60 guns.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Meeanee (Scinde Campaign).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 17, 1843, -between 2,800 British and native -troops, under Sir Charles Napier, -and about 20,000 Beluchis, -under the Amirs of Scinde. The -infantry were at one time almost -overpowered by the overwhelming -numbers of the enemy, who -attacked with great bravery, -but they were rescued by a -charge of the 9th Bengal cavalry, -who broke up the assailants, and -in the end the Beluchis were -routed with a loss of 5,000 men -and several guns. The British -lost 256 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Meerut (First Mongol Invasion of India).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged in -1398 by the Tartars, under -Tamerlane. It was considered -impregnable, and Tamerlane -commenced mining operations, -but these methods were too -slow for his followers, who by -means of scaling ladders carried -the fortress by storm, and massacred -all the inhabitants. -Tamerlane afterwards completed -his mines and destroyed -all the defences.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Megaletaphrus (First Messenian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 740 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Messenians, under Aristomenes, -and the Spartans. The Messenians -were surrounded and -cut to pieces, Aristomenes escaping -with a few followers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Megalopolis.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 331, in the -attempt of the Spartans, aided -by the Arcadians, Achæans -and Eleians, to shake off the -Macedonian yoke, during Alexander's -absence in Asia. The -allies, under Agis, King of Sparta, -were besieging Megalopolis, -which had declined to join the -league, when they were attacked -by the Macedonians, under Antipater, -and completely routed, -Agis falling in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Megalopolis (Wars of the Achæan League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 226, between the -Spartans, under Cleomenes, -and the forces of the Achæan -League, under Aratus. The -Achæans early gained an advantage, -and the Spartans fled, -pursued by the light troops. -These, however, being unsupported, -the Spartans turned -and routed them, and then overwhelmed -the Achæan hoplites -in their turn with enormous -slaughter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Melanthias (Sclavonian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 559, between the Imperial -troops, under Belisarius, -and the Sclavonians and Bulgarians, -under Zabergan, Prince -of Bulgaria. The barbarians -assailed the Roman lines, but -were easily repulsed, and so -precipitate was their flight that -only about 500 fell. This was -Belisarius' last victory, and it -was closely followed by his disgrace -and death.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Meldorp.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1500, between the -Danes, 30,000 strong, under -John of Denmark, and the inhabitants -of the province of -Dithmarsh, which John designed -to bring again under -Danish rule, after two centuries -of virtual independence. The -advancing Danes delivered an -assault against a small fortified -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>outpost, but were repulsed, and -driven in confusion into the -surrounding marshes, where -over 11,000 perished.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Melitene (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 578, between the Imperial -troops, under Tiberius, -and the Persians, under Chosroes. -After a somewhat indecisive -battle, at the end of which -each side had held its ground, -Chosroes, owing to his heavy -losses, found it necessary to -retire during the night. The -battle was, however, signalised -by an exploit of a Scythian -chief, in command of the Roman -left wing, who at the head of his -cavalry charged through the -Persian ranks, plundered the -royal tent, and then cut his way -out through the opposing hosts.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Memphis (Athenian Expedition to Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was captured <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> -459 by an Athenian fleet of 200 -ships, which sailed up the Nile -to the assistance of Inaros, who -had raised the standard of revolt -against Persia. The citadel, -however, held out until -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 456, when a Persian army, -under <a id='corr156L.32'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Megabyzus'>Megabyzus,</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_156L.32'><ins class='correction' title='Megabyzus'>Megabyzus,</ins></a></span> defeated the -Athenians and drove them out -of Memphis.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Memphis (Moslem Conquest of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 638, Amron, lieutenant of -the Caliph Omar, with 8,000 -Moslems, invested the city, and -after a siege of seven months, -in the course of which the besiegers -were nearly overwhelmed -by the rising of the Nile, the -place was taken by assault. On -the site of the Moslem encampment -were laid the foundations -of Old Cairo.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Memphis (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A river action fought June 6, -1862, between 8 Confederate -armed vessels, under Commodore -Montgomery, and 10 -Federal gunboats, under Commodore -Davis. Only one of -the Confederate vessels escaped -destruction, and Memphis fell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mensourah (Fifth Crusade),</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1249, between the -French, under Louis IX, and the -Moslems. The town of Mensourah -was seized by the Comte d'Artois, -but being surrounded, he and -the knights with him were -killed. The king meanwhile -had seized the Saracen camp, -but was unable to hold his -ground, and was driven back -to Damietta. In the course of -his retreat, however, he was -surrounded and taken prisoner -by the Saracens, with his whole -army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mentana (Garibaldian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 3, 1867, -between 10,000 Garibaldians, -under Garibaldi, and the French -and Papal troops, 5,000 strong, -under General Kanzler. Garibaldi -was totally defeated, a -result largely due to the brilliant -work of 1,500 Papal Zouaves, -who drove them out of position -after position. The Garibaldians -lost 1,100 killed and -wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. -The allies' losses were only 182 -killed and wounded, of which -the Papal troops lost 144.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Merida (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged in 712 -by 18,000 Moors, under Musa. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>After a defeat in the open plain -before the city, the Spaniards -made a long and obstinate defence, -which cost the besiegers -many lives, but in the end they -were forced by famine to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Merseburg.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 934 between the Germans, -under Henry the Fowler, -and the Hungarian invaders. -The Hungarians were completely -defeated, with heavy loss, and -withdrew from Germany, which -they did not again invade for -twenty years.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Merta (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong fortress, belonging -to the Rajput Rajah of -Malwar, was besieged, 1561, by -Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, one of -the generals of Akbar, the Great -Mogul. The place held out -gallantly for several months, -but was then forced by famine -to capitulate. One of the Malwar -chiefs, however, refused all -terms, and cut his way out at -the head of 500 men, of whom -250 fell in the enterprise.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Merton (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 871, between the West -Saxons, under Alfred, and the -Danish invaders. After a severe -engagement the Danes were -victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Messina.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 2, 1284, between -the Sicilian and Catalan -fleet, under the Grand Admiral, -Roger de Lauria, and the French -fleet, under Charles of Anjou. -The Sicilians, who largely outnumbered -the French, totally -defeated them, burning or destroying -practically the whole -of their fleet. Charles of Anjou -was captured, and henceforth -made no further attempt to re-establish -his authority in Sicily.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Messina.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> Cape Passaro.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='corr158R.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Metauras'>Metaurus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_158R.7'><ins class='correction' title='Metauras'>Metaurus</ins></a></span> (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 207 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -50,000 Romans, under Claudius -Nero and Marcus Livius, and -the Carthaginians, in rather -smaller force, under Hasdrubal. -The Carthaginians were surprised -at early dawn as they -were endeavouring to find a -ford in the Metaurus, and being -vigorously attacked, were totally -routed, Hasdrubal being slain. -The completeness of the victory -was due to Nero, who being in -command of the right wing, -where the ground prevented his -getting to close quarters, and -seeing the Roman left hard -pressed by Hasdrubal's best -troops, led the major part of his -force round the Roman rear, -and fell upon Hasdrubal's right, -routing him utterly.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Methuen (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 19, 1306, when -a small Scottish force, under -Robert Bruce, was attacked -and defeated by the English in -superior force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Metz (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was invested by -the Germans after the defeat of -Bazaine at Gravelotte in August -18, 1870, and after several fruitless -attempts to break through -the German lines had been repulsed, -Bazaine surrendered to -Prince Frederick Charles on -October 26, with 3 marshals, -6,000 officers, and 173,000 men. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>The Germans took 56 eagles. -622 field guns, 72 mitrailleuses, -376 pieces of fortress artillery, -and about 300,000 rifles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mexico (Conquest of Mexico).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 20, 1520, when -the Spaniards, under Cortez, -who were evacuating Mexico -during the night, were attacked -by the Aztecs, and suffered -heavy loss. The Spaniards -called this event the <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">"Noche -Triste."</span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Michelberg (Campaign of the Danube).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 16, 1805. -Ney's corps stormed the heights -of the Michelberg at the same -time that Lannes carried the -Frauenberg, driving the Austrians -back into Ulm, where on -the 17th General Mack capitulated -with 30,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Middelburg (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, the last stronghold -in Walcheren to hold out -for the Spanish king, was besieged -by the Patriots in the -winter of 1593. It was defended -by a garrison under -Colonel Mondragon, who in -spite of a gallant resistance and -numerous attempts to relieve -him, was forced by famine to -surrender, February 18, 1594.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Milazzo (Unification of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 18, 1860, between -the Italian Volunteers, -under Garibaldi, and the Neapolitans, -under General Bosco. -The Neapolitans occupied a -strongly entrenched position, -which Garibaldi succeeded in -turning, the Neapolitans, after -a severe struggle, being totally -defeated and driven out.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Miletopolis (First Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 86, between the -Romans, under Flavius Fimbria, -and the Pontic troops, under -Mithridates. The Romans gained -a complete victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='MILLESIMO'></a>Millesimo (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 13, 1796, when -the divisions of Augereau, -Masséna and La Harpe attacked -the Austrians, strongly entrenched, -under General Colli, -and after severe fighting, drove -them back, thus cutting Colli's -communications with General -Beaulieu, the Austrian Commander-in-Chief. -The Austro-Sardinians -lost about 6,000 -men and 30 guns, and all effective -co-operation between the -two wings was at an end. Also -called the Battle of Monte Lezino.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mill Springs (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 19, 1862, -between the Federals, about -9,000 strong, under General -Thomas, and 8,000 Confederates, -under General Crittenden. The -Confederates attacked, and at -first drove back the Federals, -who began the action with -5,000 men only, but reinforcements -arriving. Thomas repulsed -the assailants with considerable -loss, capturing 12 -guns. The Federals lost 246 -only. This was the first considerable -defeat suffered by the -Confederates in the war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Minden (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 1, 1759, between -the French, 64,000 strong, -under the Marquis de Contades, -and the Hanoverians, British -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>and Prussians, 54,000 strong, -under Ferdinand of Brunswick. -Ferdinand detached a force of -10,000 men to threaten de -Contades' rear, and then, attacking -strongly, broke the -first line of the French. But -for the failure of the allies' -cavalry to advance, the French -would have been routed. As -it was, they were able to rally, -and effect an orderly retreat, -though with a loss of 7,086 killed, -wounded and prisoners, 43 guns -and 17 standards. The allies -lost 2,762, fully a half of this -number being in the ranks of -the six English regiments present, -who bore the brunt of the -battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Minorca (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, garrisoned by 2,800 -British troops, under General -Blakeney, was invested by the -French, under the Duc de -Richelieu, May, 1756. On -May 20, a British squadron of -15 line-of-battle-ships and 3 -sloops, under Admiral Byng, -attacked Richelieu's blockading -squadron of 12 sail of the line -and 5 frigates, with the object -of throwing succours into the -place. The attack, however, -was conducted with so little -resolution and resource, that -Byng failed in his object, and -allowed the French ships to -escape him. Blakeney was -shortly afterwards forced to -surrender, and Byng was tried -by court-martial, condemned -and shot.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Minorca.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Having been restored to England -by the Treaty of Paris in -1762, Minorca was again recaptured -in 1781, by a force of -12,000 French and Spaniards, -the garrison, under General -Murray, being only 700 strong. -Murray made a sturdy defence -but was forced to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Miohosaki.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 764, between -the Japanese rebels, under -Oshikatsa, and the Imperial -troops, under Saiki-no-Sanya. -The rebels were totally routed, -and Oshikatsa and his son slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Miraflores (Peruvio-Chilian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 15, 1881, between -the Chilians, under -General Baquedano, and the -Peruvians, under General Caceres. -The <a id='corr160R.18'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Pervuians'>Peruvians</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_160R.18'><ins class='correction' title='Pervuians'>Peruvians</ins></a></span> were -totally defeated, losing 3,000 -killed and wounded, while the -victors lost 500 killed and 1,625 -wounded. Following up their -victory, the Chilians occupied -Lima on the 17th, and the war -came to an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Missionary Ridge. <i>See</i> Chattanooga.</h3> - -<h3 class='c013'>Missolonghi (Greek War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged in -1821 by a force of 11,000 Turks, -under Omar Brionis Pasha, and -was defended by a small Greek -garrison, under Mavrocordatos. -The little garrison made so -gallant a defence, that at the -end of two months Omar was -forced to raise the siege. On -April 27, 1825, the town was again -besieged by the Turks and was -again most obstinately defended -by the garrison and inhabitants. -So little progress was made that -it was found necessary to call -for the aid of the Egyptian -army, under Ibrahim, son of -Mehemet Ali. It was not, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>however, till three months after -his arrival before the place that -it was finally taken by storm, -April 22, 1826, having held out -for all but a year.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mita Caban.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1362, between the -Tartars, under Tamerlane, and -the Getes, under the Khan Elias. -The Getes were routed with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Miyako.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June, 1353, between -the revolted Moronoshi, and the -troops of the Emperor of the -South, Gomurakami, under -Yoshinori. Moronoshi gained a -complete victory, and Yoshinori -and the Emperor fled into the -Eastern provinces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Miyako.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 30, 1391, -between the troops of the provinces -of Idzumo and Idzumi, -under Mitsuyaki, and those of -the Emperor of the South, Gokameyama. -A series of engagements -took place in and around -Miyako, and in the end Mitsuyaki -was driven off with heavy -loss, among the killed being the -Daimio of Idzumi.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Modder River (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 28, 1899, -between a Boer force, about -9,000 strong, under General -Cronje, and the British, under -Lord Methuen. Cronje held a -strong position on both banks -of the river, which was not -accurately known to Lord -Methuen, who was marching to -the Modder. His columns -came under fire about 7 a.m., -and the action lasted till evening, -when a turning movement -enabled him to drive Cronje -from his entrenchments. The -British losses were 24 officers -and 461 men killed and wounded, -those of the Boers being about -the same.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mohacz (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1526, between -30,000 Hungarians, under -King Lewis, and Tomore, Bishop -of Kolocz, and over 100,000 -Turks, with 300 guns, under -Solyman the Magnificent. The -Hungarians made a heroic resistance -against overwhelming -numbers, but were finally -routed, leaving 22,000 dead on -the field, including the king, 7 -bishops, 28 magnates, and over -500 nobles. This disaster -placed Hungary at the mercy -of Solyman, and was quickly -followed by the fall of Buda-Pesth.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mohacz (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On the battlefield where 160 -years previously Solyman had -gained so decisive a victory, the -Austrians and Hungarians signally -defeated the Turks, under -Mohammed IV, in 1687. In -consequence of this disaster, following -upon a long series of reverses, -Mohammed was deposed -by the discontented <a id='corr161R.34'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='solidery'>soldiery</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_161R.34'><ins class='correction' title='solidery'>soldiery</ins></a></span>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mohilev (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 23, 1812, between -28,000 French, under -Davoust, and 60,000 Russians, -under Prince Bagration. Bagration -attacked Davoust in a -strong position, which counter-balanced -the great disparity of -numbers, and the Russians were -repulsed with a loss of about -4,000. The French lost barely -1,000.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Mohrungen (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 25, 1807, -between 10,000 French, under -Bernadotte, and 14,000 Russians, -under General Marhof. -The French were defeated with -a loss of about 1,000 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Molino del Rey (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 21, 1808, -between 26,000 French, under -General St. Cyr, and the Spaniards, -about equal in strength, -under Reding. The Spaniards -were routed with a loss of 10,000 -killed, wounded and prisoners, -and 50 guns, at very slight cost -to the victors.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Molwitz (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 8, 1741, between -the Prussians, 30,000 -strong, under Frederick the -Great, and the Austrians, under -Marshal Neuperg. Frederick -surprised the Austrian general, -and, after severe fighting, drove -him from his entrenchments, -with a loss of about 5,000 killed, -wounded and prisoners. The -Prussians lost 2,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Monarda (Moorish Insurrection).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 18, 1501, between -the Spaniards, under the -Count di Cifuentes and Alonso -de Aguilar, and the insurgent -Moors. The Spaniards were -largely outnumbered, and were -overpowered by the rebels, -suffering a disastrous defeat. -De Aguilar was killed, fighting to -the end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Monongahela (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 9, 1755, between -900 French and Indians, under -Contrecœur, and about 1,400 -British and Virginians, under -Braddock. The English were -attacked shortly after crossing -the river, and though the officers -and the Virginians fought gallantly, -the troops, ignorant of -Indian warfare, gave way to -panic, and after three hours' -fighting, were driven across the -Monongahela, with a loss of 877 -killed and wounded. Of 86 -officers, 63 fell, including Braddock, -who was mortally -wounded. The French lost 16 -only; their Indian allies somewhat -more heavily.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mons-en-Puelle (Flemish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1304, between the -French, under Philip IV, and -the Flemings. The Flemings -were unable to withstand the -charge of the French cavalry, -and broke and fled, leaving 6,000 -dead on the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montcontour (Third Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 3, 1569, between -the Huguenots, under -Henri le Béarnais, and the -Catholics, under the Duc -d'Anjou and Marshal de Tavannes. -The Huguenots occupied -an untenable position, and at -the end of half an hour were -utterly routed, and almost exterminated, -some 700 only remaining -with the colours after -the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Monte Aperto (Guelfs and Ghibellines).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 4, 1260, -between the Florentine Guelfs, -and the Ghibellines, who had -been driven from the city, under -Manfred of Sicily. The Guelfs -were totally routed, and the -victors took possession of Florence, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>and re-established their -rule.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montebello (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 9, 1800, between -the French, under Napoleon, -and the Austrians, under General -Ott. Napoleon, being <a id='corr163L.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='ignoran'>ignorant</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_163L.7'><ins class='correction' title='ignoran'>ignorant</ins></a></span> -of the fall of Genoa, was -marching to the relief of that -city, when his advanced guard, -under Lannes, was attacked by -Ott, who was endeavouring to -effect a junction with Melas. -Lannes held his ground until -reinforcements arrived, when -he assumed the offensive, and -drove the Austrians from the -field with heavy loss, capturing -5,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montebello (Franco-Austrian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 20, 1859, between -the Austrians, under -General Stadion, and about -7,000 French, under General -Forey. The Austrians were defeated -and driven back to Stradella, -with a loss of 2,000 killed -and wounded, and 200 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Monte Caseros (Urquiza's Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 3, 1852, between -the Argentine Government -troops, under President -Rosas, the leader of the Gaucho -party, 25,000 strong, and 20,000 -insurgents, under Urquiza. -Rosas was totally defeated, and -compelled to fly to England, -thus ending the long domination -of the Gauchos in the Argentine -Republic.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Monte Lezino.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#MILLESIMO'>Millesimo</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montenotte (Napoleon's Italian <a id='corr163L.46'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Campagns'>Campaigns</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_163L.46'><ins class='correction' title='Campagns'>Campaigns</ins></a></span>).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 10 and 11, 1796, -when d'Argentian, with the -central division of the Austro-Sardinian -army, attacked the -French position at Montenotte, -held by Cervoni's division. Cervoni -was driven back, but the -key to the position was held -throughout the day by Tampon, -with 1,500 men, and on the 12th -d'Argentian found himself outflanked -by Augereau and -Masséna, and was compelled to -fall back, with a loss of 1,000 -killed, 2,000 prisoners, and some -guns. This was Napoleon's first -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montereau (Allied Campaign in France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 18, 1814, -between the rearguard of the -French army, under Napoleon, -and the Würtembergers, under -Prince Eugène of Würtemberg. -Eugène attacked Napoleon's -position, but was repulsed with -a loss of about 2,000 killed and -wounded and 4,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Monterey (Americo-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town in southern California -was captured from the -Mexicans, September 23, 1846, by -the Americans, under General -Taylor, and this success was -followed by the occupation of -the whole of Northern Mexico -by the American army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montevideo (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was taken by assault -February 3, 1807, by 3,000 -British troops, under Sir Samuel -Auchmuty. The capture was -preceded by an action outside -the town, in which the Rifle -corps, now the Rifle Brigade, -especially distinguished itself. -The British losses amounted to -about 600.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Independence).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged February -16, 1843, by the Argentine -troops, under Oribe, and was -defended by the Uruguayans, -and a number of foreign residents, -amongst others Garibaldi, -under General Paz. In -the course of the siege, Garibaldi, -at the head of 160 Italians, -made a sortie, in which he held -his own for a whole day against -12,000 Argentines, and eventually -effected a retreat in good -order. The intervention of -France and England eventually -forced Oribe to raise the siege, -November, 1845.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montevideo (Uruguayan War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 8, 1851, between -the combined forces of -Uruguay, Brazil and Paraguay, -under Urquiza, and the Argentines, -under Oribe. The Argentines -were besieging Montevideo, -and Oribe was hemmed -in in his lines by the allies, and -forced to <a id='corr164L.28'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='capitualte'>capitulate</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_164L.28'><ins class='correction' title='capitualte'>capitulate</ins></a></span>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montevideo.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August, 1863, between -the Colorados, or Liberal party, -of Uruguay, under General -Venancio Flores, and <a id='corr164L.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='the,'>the</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_164L.33'><ins class='correction' title='the,'>the</ins></a></span> -Blancos, under General Medina. -The Blancos were victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montfaucon (Norman Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 887, between the -French, under Eudes, and the -Norman invaders. The latter -were totally defeated, losing -19,000 men in the battle, and -were forced to retire from before -the walls of Paris, which they -were besieging.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montiel.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1369, between the -French, under Bertrand du -Guesclin, and the Spaniards, -under Pedro II of Castile. Pedro -was routed and taken prisoner, -and Henry of Trastamare placed -on the throne of Castile.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montlhéry (War of the Public Good).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1465, between the -forces of the Ligue du Bien -Public, under the Comte de -Charolais, and the Royal troops, -under Louis XI. Louis was -totally defeated, after a sanguinary -engagement, and driven -from the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montmirail. <i>See</i> Champ Aubert.</h3> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montmorenci (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 31, 1759, during -the siege of Quebec, when Wolfe, -with 5,000 men, attacked the -entrenched camp of the French, -which was defended by 12,000 -men under Montcalm. As the -British were landing, 13 companies -of grenadiers advanced -to the attack without waiting -for the main body. They were -repulsed with heavy loss, which -so weakened Wolfe that he decided -not to press the attack -further. The British loss amounted -to 443, almost the -whole of which fell upon the -grenadiers. The French losses -were very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Montreal (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was surrendered to -the British, under General Amherst, -by Vaudreuil, Governor-General -of Canada, September -8, 1760. One of the conditions -of the surrender was that the -whole of the French army in -Canada and its dependencies -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>must lay down their arms. -Canada thus became a part of -the British dominions.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mont Valérien.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#BUZENVAL'>Buzenval</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Moodkee (First Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 18, 1845, -between the British, 12,000 -strong, with 42 guns, under Sir -Hugh Gough, and the Sikhs, -30,000 strong, with 40 guns, -under Taj Singh. Gough, at -the end of a long march, was -surprised by the Sikhs, and his -force thrown into some confusion, -but he succeeded in rallying -them, and finally drove the -Sikhs from the field, capturing -17 guns. The British loss was -872 killed and wounded, among -the former being Generals -M’Caskill and Sir Robert Sale.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mook (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 14, 1574, between -the Dutch Patriots, 8,000 -strong, under Count Louis of -Nassau, and 5,000 Spaniards, -under Don Sancho d'Avila. -The village of Mook was held by -the Dutch infantry, who were -driven out by the Spaniards, -and totally routed, with a loss -of at least 4,000. Among the -slain were the Counts Louis and -Henry of Nassau.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Morat (Burgundian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 22, 1746, between -the Burgundians, 35,000 -strong, under Charles the Bold, -and 24,000 Swiss, under Hans -Waldmann. After a few hours' -hard fighting the Burgundians -were driven into the plain, -where the Swiss utterly routed -them, no less than 8,000 falling. -The Swiss chroniclers aver that -the victors only lost 500 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='MORAWA'></a>Morawa (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 3, 1443, -between the Hungarians, under -John Hunniades, with 12,000 -horse and 20,000 foot, and a -greatly superior Turkish army, -under Amurath II. The Turks -were defeated, with a loss of -2,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. -This battle is also called the -Battle of Nissa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Morazzone (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1848 between 1,500 -Garibaldian volunteers, under -Garibaldi, and 5,000 Austrians, -under General <a id='corr165R.16'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='d’Aspre'>d’Aspré</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_165R.16'><ins class='correction' title='d’Aspre'>d’Aspré</ins></a></span>. After -a resistance lasting eleven hours, -Garibaldi, hopelessly out-numbered, -<a id='corr165R.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='withrdew'>withdrew</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_165R.19'><ins class='correction' title='withrdew'>withdrew</ins></a></span> his force from -the town, and executed a -masterly retreat to Arona.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Morella (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, the last stronghold -of the Carlists, was besieged -by Espartero, with 20,000 -Cristinos, May 23, 1840. It was -defended by a garrison of 4,000 -veterans, under Cabrera, who on -the 30th attempted to break -through the besiegers' lines. -His plan, however, had been -betrayed, and he was met and -driven back, whereupon the -place surrendered. Cabrera, however, -with a portion of the -garrison, made a second and -this time a successful attempt -to cut his way out.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Morgarten (First Swiss-Austrian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 16, <a id='corr165R.41'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='1315,'>1315.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_165R.41'><ins class='correction' title='1315,'>1315.</ins></a></span> -The men of Schwyz, 1,400 in -number, took post in the Pass -of Morgarten, and lay in wait -for the Archduke Leopold, who, -with 15,000 Austrians, was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>marching into Schwyz. Having -disordered the Austrian ranks -by rolling down boulders upon -them, the Swiss then fell upon -them with their halberds, and -totally routed them, with a loss -of 1,500 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Morshedabad.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 24, 1763, between -the troops of Mir Cossim, -the deposed Nawab of Bengal, -and a British force of 750 Europeans -and a large body of native -troops, under Major Adams. -The British stormed Cossim's -entrenchments, driving out his -army in confusion, and followed -up their victory by the occupation -of Morshedabad, without -further opposition.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mortara (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 21, 1849, between -the Piedmontese, under -the Duke of Savoy (Victor Emmanuel) -and General Darando, -and the main Austrian army, -under Radetsky. No steps had -been taken by the Piedmontese -to render Mortara defensible, -and little guard was kept, with -the result that they were surprised -by Radetsky, and driven -out of the town in confusion, -with a loss of 500 killed and -wounded, 2,000 prisoners and -5 guns. The Austrians lost -300 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mortimer's Cross (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 2, 1461, -when Edward, Duke of York, -defeated the Lancastrians, -under the Earls of Pembroke -and Wiltshire, and drove them -back into Wales, thus preventing -a concentration of the -Lancastrian forces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mortlack (Danish Invasion of Scotland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1010, between the -Danes, under Sweyn, and the -Scots, under Malcolm II. After -a long and obstinate engagement -the Danes were totally -defeated, and forced to flee to -their ships. A victory for them -on this occasion would probably -have given them a permanent -lodgment in Scotland, as Malcolm -had his last available man -in the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mortmant (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 17, 1814, -between the Russian advance-guard, -under the Count de -Pahlen, and the French rear-guard, -under Victor. The Russians -were repulsed with a loss -of 3,000 killed and wounded, -and 11 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Möskirch (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5, 1800, between -50,000 French, under Moreau, -and 60,000 Austrians, under de -Kray. The French advance-guard, -under Lecourbe, approaching -Möskirch found the -heights strongly held by the -Austrians, and attempted to -carry them, but without success. -The arrival of the main -body, however, turned the -scale, and the Austrians were -obliged to abandon all their -positions, with a loss of about -5,000 men. The French lost -about 3,500.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Moskowa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> Borodino.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Motya.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, the chief stronghold -of the Carthaginians in Sicily, -was besieged by Dionysius of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>Syracuse, with 83,000 men, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 398. Having built a mole -to connect the mainland and -the island on which Motya stood, -he erected thereon his new -engines of war, the catapults, -used for the first time in this -siege. He also built large moving -towers to enable him to cope -with the lofty defences of the -place, and by these devices succeeded -in effecting an entrance. -Every house, however, was in -itself a small fortress, and after -days of street fighting, which -cost the assailants a heavy -price, the city was still unsubdued. -At last by a night surprise -he mastered the quarter -which still held out, and the inhabitants -were massacred or -sold as slaves.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Gaurus (First Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 342, between the -Romans, under Valerius Corvus, -and the Samnites. The Romans -won a signal victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Lactarius (Second Gothic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 553, between -the troops of the Emperor -Justinian, under Narses, and -the Goths, under Teias, the last -Gothic king of Italy. The -Romans gained a signal victory, -and Teias was slain, the Goths -thereupon accepting the rule -of Justinian.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Panium.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 198, between the -Syrians, under Antiochus the -Great, and the Greeks and -Egyptians, under Scopas. Scopas -was routed, and Antiochus -took possession of all the territory -held by Egypt in Asia, up -to the frontier of Egypt proper.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Seleucus (Revolt of Magnentius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 10, 353, between -the rebels, under Magnentius, -and the Imperial legions, -under Constantius. Constantius -forced the passage of the -Cottian Alps, and defeated -Magnentius in a sanguinary -battle, which dispersed his army -and finally broke his power, -Gaul and Italy being thus again -brought under the Imperial sway.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Tabor (French Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 15, 1799, when -Napoleon defeated and dispersed -the Syrian army raised to -create a diversion in favour of -the beleaguered garrison of Acre. -<a id='corr167R.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kleber’s'>Kléber’s</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_167R.19'><ins class='correction' title='Kleber’s'>Kléber’s</ins></a></span> division bore the brunt -of the fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Taurus (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 804, between the Moslems, -under Harroun-al-Raschid, -and the Greeks, under the Emperor -Nicephorus I. The Greeks -were totally defeated, with a -loss of 40,000 men, and Nicephorus, -wounded in three places, -with difficulty escaped from the -field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mount Tifata (Civil War of Marius and Sulla).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 83, when the -legions of Sulla defeated the -army of the Consul, Norbanus, -with heavy loss, and drove them -to take refuge in Capua.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mouscron (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1794, between the -French, under Moreau and -Souham, and the Austrians, -under General Clarifait. The -French were victorious.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Mühlberg (Wars of Charles V).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 24, 1547, between -the German Protestants, -9,000 strong, under the Elector -Frederick of Saxony and the -Landgrave of Hesse, and the -Imperial army, together with -3,500 Papal troops, 13,000 in -all, under Charles V. The Protestants -were totally defeated, -and their two leaders taken -prisoners. The Imperialists lost -50 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mühldorf.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1322, between the -Imperial troops, under the Emperor -Louis the Bavarian, and -the German malcontents, under -Frederick, Duke of Austria. -Louis won a signal victory, and -put an end to the resistance to -his rule.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mühlhausen (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 58, between the -Romans, 36,000 strong, under -Julius Cæsar, and the Sequani, -under Ariovistus. The Romans -occupied two camps, one of -which was held successfully by -two legions against a determined -attack of the Gauls. The -attack having been repulsed, -Cæsar united his forces, and led -them against the Sequani, whom -he totally routed with enormous -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mukwanpur (Gurkha War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 27, 1816, -when a village, forming part of -Sir David Ochterlony's position, -was attacked by 2,000 Gurkhas. -The village was defended by -three companies of Sepoys and -40 men of the 87th Regiment, -and the defenders were hard -pressed, but the arrival of reinforcements -enabled them -after severe fighting to beat off -the assailants with very heavy -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Multan (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by the -Sikhs, under Mulraj, was besieged -by Lieutenant Edwardes -with about 1,200 men in -July, 1848. After an ineffectual -bombardment, the siege was -raised September 22, but was -renewed December 27 by General -Whish, with 17,000 men -and 64 guns. After a heavy -bombardment the place was -stormed January 2, 1849, and -on the 22nd of the same month -Mulraj surrendered the citadel. -The British loss during the -siege was 210 killed and 910 -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Münchengrätz (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 28, 1866, between -the advance-guard of -Prince Frederick Charles' army, -and the Austrians, under Count -Clam-Gallas. The Austrians -were defeated with a loss of -about 300 killed and wounded, -and 1,000 prisoners. The Prussian -losses were very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Munda (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 17, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 45, -between the Pompeians, under -Cnæus Pompeius, and the -Cæsareans, under Julius Cæsar. -The Pompeians were totally -defeated, losing 30,000 men, -including Labienus and Varro, -while the Cæsareans lost 1,000 -only. Cnæus Pompey was -wounded. This defeat put an -end to the resistance of the -Pompeian faction in Spain, and -the action is further notable as -being Cæsar's last battle.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Muret (Albigensian Crusade).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1213, between the -Catholics, under Simon de -Montfort, and the Albigenses, -under the Count of Thoulouse, -aided by Pedro II of Aragon. -The Albigenses were routed, -and this defeat put an end to -their organized resistance. Pedro -fell in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='MURFREESBORO'></a>Murfreesboro (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 31, 1862, -between 35,000 Confederates, -under General Bragg, and 40,000 -Federals, under General Rosecrans. -Bragg attacked and -drove back the Federal right, -but the centre and left held -their ground, and prevented -the defeat degenerating into a -rout. Both sides lost heavily, -but the Confederates captured -a large number of prisoners and -over 20 guns. On the following -day the Federal right retook the -ground it had lost on the 31st, -and at the end of the day both -armies occupied their original -positions. Early on January 2, -however, Bragg retired in good -order. Each side lost about -8,000, killed, wounded and -missing, in the two days' fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mursa (Revolt of Magnentius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 28, 351, -between the usurper Magnentius, -with 100,000 troops, and -the Emperor Constantius, with -80,000. The battle was severely -contested, but finally -the legions of Magnentius were -driven from the field with a loss -of 24,000; that of the victors -amounting to 30,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Musa Bagh (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 19, 1858, when -a British force, under Sir James -Outram, totally routed a body -of mutineers, 7,000 strong, -under Huzrat <a id='corr169R.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mahul'>Mahal</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_169R.4'><ins class='correction' title='Mahul'>Mahal</ins></a></span>, Begum -of Oude, which was holding the -Musa Bagh, a fortified palace -in the outskirts of Lucknow.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Muta (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 629, between the Moslems, -under Zaid, and the troops -of the Emperor Heraclius. Zaid -was slain, and so successively -were Jaafar and Abdallah, who -followed him in the command, -but the banner of the prophet -was then raised by Khaled, who -succeeded in repulsing the onslaught -of the Imperial troops, -and on the following day led the -Moslems undefeated from the -field. This is the first battle -between the Mohammedan -Arabs and a foreign enemy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Muthal, The (Jugurthine War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 108, between the -Numidians, under Jugurtha, -and the Romans, under Metellus -Numidicus. The Numidians -were strongly posted on the -heights above the river, but -were driven out by the legionaries -with heavy loss. Jugurtha -did not again face the Romans -in the field, contenting himself -with a guerilla warfare.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mutina (Mark Antony's First Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 16, 43 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -the adherents of Antony, -and three Consular armies, -under Hirtius, Octavius, and -Vibius Pansa. Antony, who -was besieging Mutina, was -attacked simultaneously by the -three armies. That of Pansa -was routed, and Pansa slain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>but Octavius and Hirtius gained -some small success. Antony, -however, was undefeated, and -continued the siege. On the -27th Octavius and Hirtius made -a combined attack on his lines, -and succeeded in forcing their -way through into the town, -though Hirtius fell in the action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mycale (Third Persian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August, 479 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -the Greeks, under Leotychides -the Spartan, and a large -Persian army. The Greeks effected -a landing near Cape -Mycale, and drove the Persians -back upon their entrenchments, -which they then carried by -storm, whereupon the Persian -auxiliaries fled. The fugitives -were slaughtered in detail by -the revolted Ionians, and the -whole army destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mylæ (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 260, when the -Roman fleet, under Caius Duilius, -defeated the Carthaginians, -under Hannibal, with loss -of 50 ships, 3,000 killed and -7,000 prisoners. Duilius had -introduced the boarding bridge, -which was lowered on to the -deck of the opposing galley, and -this gave full scope to the superior -powers of the Romans in -hand-to-hand fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mylex (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 36, between the -Pompeian fleet, under Sextus -Pompeius, and the fleet of the -Triumvirs, under Agrippa. The -Pompeians were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Myonnesus (War with Antiochus the Great).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 190, between the -Roman fleet, under Caius Livius, -and the fleet of Antiochus, under -Polyxenides, who had an advantage -of nine ships. He was, -however, defeated by the superior -seamanship of the Romans, -with a loss of 42 vessels.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mytilene (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, which had revolted -against Athens, was invested -in the autumn of 428 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> by the -Athenians, under Paches, with -1,000 hoplites and a fleet of -triremes. A feeble attempt at -relief by a Peloponnesian squadron, -under Alcidas, was unsuccessful, -and in May, 427, the -city surrendered, and all the -male inhabitants were condemned -to death. In the end, -however, only the leaders of the -revolt were executed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Mytilene (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> -406, between 140 Peloponnesian -vessels, under Callicratidas, and -70 Athenian triremes, under -Conon. Conon was defeated, -with the loss of 30 ships, the -rest of his fleet being driven into -Mytilene, where it was blockaded.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>N</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nachod (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 27, 1866, between -the 5th Prussian Corps, -under General Steinmetz, and -the Austrians, under General -Ramming. The Austrian cavalry, -which was considerably -superior in number, was defeated -by the Prussian Uhlans, -and the action resulted in the -retreat of the Austrians, with a -considerable loss in killed and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>wounded. The Prussians, who -lost 900, captured 2,000 prisoners -and 5 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Næfels (War of Kiburg).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 9, 1388, between -6,000 Austrians, under Tockenburg, -and 500 men of Glarus -with a few Schwyzers. The -Swiss were driven from their -first position behind the "Letzi" -at the entrance to the valley, -but, retiring to the heights of the -Rauhberg, disordered the advancing -columns by rolling -boulders upon them, and, then -attacking, utterly routed them. -The Austrians lost 80 knights -and 2,000 soldiers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nagy-Sarló (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 19, 1849, between -the Hungarians, 25,000 -strong, under Görgey, and the -Austrians, who endeavoured to -prevent Görgey constructing -bridges over the Gran. The -Austrians were signally defeated, -and the river successfully -bridged.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Naissus (Gothic Invasion of the East).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 269 between the -Imperial troops, under the Emperor -Claudius Gothicus, and -the invading Goths. The Romans -were hard pressed, when -the Gothic lines were attacked -in the rear by a force of 5,000 -men, which Claudius had concealed -for this purpose in the -neighbouring mountains, and -being thrown into confusion, -were totally routed. Fifty -thousand men are said to have -fallen in the battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Najara.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#NAVARRETE'>Navarrete</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='NANSHAN'></a>Nanshan (Russo-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 26, 1904, between -three Japanese divisions, under -General Oku, and a Russian -division, with a large force of -artillery, under General Stoessel. -The Russians occupied a -very strongly entrenched position -on the heights of Nanshan. -After an artillery preparation, -the Japanese attempted to -storm the heights, eight successive -attacks failing before -the concentrated fire of the -Russian guns, though the last -survivors of the assailants got -within 30 yards of the trenches. -The infantry were then retired, -and after a further bombardment, -aided by the Japanese -fleet in Kiuchau Bay, the whole -force attacked simultaneously, -and, penetrating the defences on -the Russian left, drove them -from their positions with heavy -loss, the defenders leaving 500 -dead on the field. The Japanese -lost 4,304 killed, wounded -and missing. Seventy-eight -guns were taken, and the Russians -penned up in Port Arthur.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Narva (Russo-Swedish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 30, 1700, -between 8,000 Swedes, under -Charles XII, and 80,000 Russians, -under General Dolgorouky. -The Russians were besieging -Narva, and after driving -in two large bodies who occupied -advanced positions, Charles -boldly attacked their entrenched -camp. After a brief cannonade, -the Swedes stormed the trenches, -and though the Russian artillerymen -stood to their guns, -after three hours' hard fighting, -the defenders were driven out -in disorder having lost 18,000 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>in the trenches, while many -more fell in the fight. The -Swedes lost 600 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Naseby (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14, 1645, between -14,000 Parliamentarians, -under Fairfax, and 7,500 Royalists, -under Charles I, with -Prince Rupert in actual command. -Rupert's first charge -broke the Parliamentary left -wing, but, as usual, the pursuit -was carried too far, and before -the cavalry returned, Cromwell -on the right had turned the -scale, and the battle was over. -The Royalist infantry, overwhelmed -by superior numbers, -was almost annihilated, 5,000 -prisoners, and all the artillery -and munitions of war being -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nashville (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 15 and 16, -1863, between 50,000 Federals, -under General Thomas, and -40,000 Confederates, under -General Hood. Thomas attacked -the left of Hood's lines -before Nashville, and after hard -fighting, in which Hood lost -1,200 prisoners and 16 guns, the -Confederates withdrew during -the night to a position a few -miles in the rear. Here they -were again attacked on the 16th, -and, though at first holding -their ground, were in the end -driven from the field in <a id='corr172L.39'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='confufusion'>confusion</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_172L.39'><ins class='correction' title='confufusion'>confusion</ins></a></span>, -with heavy loss in killed -and wounded, besides 4,460 -prisoners and 54 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Naulachus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 3, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 36, -between the Pompeian fleet of -300 ships, under Sextus Pompeius, -and the fleet of the -Triumvirs, of equal strength, -under Agrippa. The action -was severely contested, but in -the end Agrippa was victorious, -and Pompeius fled with 17 vessels -only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Naupactus (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 429 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> between 20 -Athenian ships, under Phormio, -and 77 Peloponnesian ships, -under Cnemas. The Athenians -were entrapped by Cnemas at -the entrance to the Bay of Naupactus, -and 9 of his vessels -driven ashore. The remaining -11 fled towards Naupactus, -closely pursued by the Peloponnesians, -when the rearmost of -the flying Athenians suddenly -turned, and rammed the leading -ship of Cnemas' squadron. The -pursuers hesitated, and the rest -of the Athenians then returned, -and gained a complete victory, -taking 6 ships, and recovering -8 of the 9 which had run ashore.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Navarino (Greek War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 20, 1827, -when the allied fleets of Great -Britain, France and Russia -under Codrington, de Rigny, -and Heiden respectively, and -numbering in all 24 ships, annihilated -the Turkish and Egyptian -fleets, 60 vessels being entirely -destroyed, and the remainder -driven ashore. The -allies lost 272 in killed and -wounded; the Turks over -4,000. This battle is noteworthy -as being the last general -action fought under the old -conditions between wooden -sailing ships.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span> - <h3 class='c013'><a id='NAVARRETE'></a>Navarrete (Hundred Years' War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 3, 1367, between -24,000 English, under -Edward the Black Prince, and -60,000 French and Spaniards, -under Bertrand du Guesclin -and Henry de Trastamare. The -English, mainly owing to the -skill of their archers, completely -defeated their opponents, with -heavy loss, du Guesclin being -made prisoner. This battle is -also known as the Battle of -Najara.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Naxos.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 376 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, -between 80 Athenian triremes, -under Chabrias, and 60 Spartan -ships, under Pollio, who was -endeavouring to waylay the -Athenian grain ships from the -Euxine. Pollio was totally defeated, -with a loss of 49 triremes.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nechtan's Mere.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 20, 685, between -the Picts, under Brude, and the -Northumbrians, under Ecgfrith. -The latter was defeated, and the -Picts by their victory freed -themselves from the Northumbrian -domination.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='NEERWINDE'></a>Neerwinde (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 19, 1693, between -the English, under William -III, and the French in -superior force, under Marshal -Luxemberg. The French attacked -the English entrenchments, -and were at first repulsed, -but after eight hours' -hard fighting, they succeeded -in driving them back all along -the line, though owing largely -to the personal bravery of the -King, the retirement was in good -order. This victory which cost -the French 10,000 men, was a -barren one, for William's retreat -was unmolested, and he was -almost at once in a condition to -renew the conflict. This is also -called the Battle of Landen.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Neerwinde (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 18, 1793, between -the French, under Dumouriez, -and the Austrians, -under the Prince of Coburg. -The Austrians won a signal -victory, and in consequence of -his defeat Dumouriez was compelled -to evacuate Belgium.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Negapatam.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1746, off the Coromandel -coast between a British -squadron of 6 ships, under Captain -Peyton, and 9 French ships, -under Labourdonnais. The -fight was conducted almost entirely -at long range, and was -indecisive, but after the action -Peyton sheered off and made -for Trincomalee, thus practically -admitting defeat, though the -French had in fact suffered the -heavier loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Negapatam.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this place -October 21, 1781, by a British -force, 4,000 strong, under -Colonel Braithwaite. The garrison, -partly Dutch and partly -Mysore troops, though 8,000 -in number, did not wait for a -bombardment, but surrendered -November 3.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Negapatam.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action was fought off -this place in 1782 between a -British squadron, under Sir -Edward Hughes, and a French -squadron, under Suffren. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>opposing forces were of about -equal strength, and the action -was indecisive, but the French -designs on Negapatam were -frustrated, and Suffren drew off -to the southward.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nehavend (Moslem Invasion of Persia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 637 between the -Moslems, under Said, the lieutenant -of the Caliph Omar, and -a Persian army, 150,000 strong. -The Persians were utterly -routed, this being the last stand -made against the conquering -Moslems.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Neon (Sacred War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 354, between the -Phocians and certain mercenary -troops, 10,000 in all, under Philomelus, -and the Thebans and -Locrians. The Phocians were -totally defeated, and Philomelus, -driven fighting and -covered with wounds to the -edge of a precipice, preferred -death to surrender, and sprang -over the cliff.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Neuwied (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 18, 1797, between -the French, 80,000 strong, -under Hoche, and the Austrians, -under Werneck. Hoche won a -signal victory, driving the Austrians -beyond the Lahn, with a -loss of 8,000 men and 80 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Neville's Cross (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 17, 1346, -between the Scottish invading -army, under David II, and the -northern levies, under Henry -Percy and Ralph Neville. The -Scots were completely routed, -with a loss of 15,000 men, and -David and many of his nobles -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Newburn (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 28, 1640, between -4,500 English, under -Lord Conway, and the Scottish -army, 22,500 strong, under -Leslie. Conway endeavoured -to hold the ford of Newburn, -near Newcastle, but his raw -levies, after a cannonade of three -hours, fled in confusion. Conway -was consequently obliged -to evacuate Newcastle, which -was occupied by the Scots. -The losses on both sides were -small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Newbury (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 20, 1643, -between the Royalists, under -Charles I, and the Parliamentarians, -under Essex. The object -of Charles was to stop Essex's -march on London, and though -his troops held their ground -throughout the day, he could -not be said to have gained a -victory, as during the night he -felt himself obliged to abandon -his position.</p> - -<p class='c001'>A second indecisive battle -was fought at Newbury, October -27, 1644, when the Royalists, -under Charles I, again sustained -throughout the day, without -giving ground, the attacks of -the Parliamentary army, under -Waller, Manchester, and others, -but, as on the previous occasion, -retired during the night.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Newmarket (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 13, 1864, between -15,000 Federals, under -Sigel, and 3,500 Confederates, -under Breckenridge. The Confederates, -by a rapid flank movement, -fell upon Sigel's force -while on the march, and drove -them to seek shelter in a wood -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>behind their artillery. The -guns were then most gallantly -attacked and taken by 250 boys, -pupils of the Lexington Military -School, who lost 80 of their number -in the charge. Sigel retired, -having lost very heavily -in men, and leaving 6 guns in -the enemy's hands.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>New Orleans (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, held by a garrison -of 12,000 Americans, under -General Jackson, was attacked -December, 1814, by a British -force of 6,000 men, under -General Keane, aided by the -fleet. On the 13th the American -warships, lying in the Mississippi, -were captured by a -boat attack, and by the 21st -the whole of the troops were -disembarked. After a few skirmishes, -Sir Edward Pakenham, -arrived and took command -on the 25th, and on January -1, 1815, a determined -attack was made upon the -American position. This failed, -and owing to difficulties as to -supplies, the British retired. -On the 7th a final assault took -place, but the assailants were -again repulsed, with a loss of -1,500, including Pakenham, and -the expedition then withdrew. -At the time of the action peace -had already been concluded, -though of course neither party -was aware of the fact.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>New Orleans (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On April 16, 1862, the Federal -fleet of 30 armed steamers and -21 mortar vessels, under Commodore -Farragut, began the -attack on this city by the bombardment -of Fort Jackson. -After this fort and Fort Mary -had been shelled with little intermission -until the 25th, <a id='corr174R.3'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Faragut'>Farragut</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_174R.3'><ins class='correction' title='Faragut'>Farragut</ins></a></span> -forced the passage, and -anchoring off the Levée of New -Orleans, the city at once surrendered. -The forts, however, -still held out, but a mutiny -broke out in Fort Jackson, and -on the 28th they surrendered -to Commodore Porter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>New Ross (Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 5, 1799, between -30,000 rebels, under Father -Roche and Bagenal Harvey, -and about 1,400 regulars, under -General Johnstone. The rebels -attacked the troops posted in -New Ross, and penetrated into -the centre of the town, but were -then driven back with the -bayonet, and totally routed, -with a loss of 2,600 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Newtown Butler (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 2, 1689, between -5,000 Catholics, under -Maccarthy, and 3,000 Protestants, -under Colonel Wolseley, -in defence of Enniskillen. The -Catholics were totally routed, -and fled in disorder, losing 1,500 -in the action, and 500 drowned -in Lough Erne.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='NIAGARA'></a>Niagara (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort was besieged in -June, 1759, by 2,500 British, -with 900 Indians, under General -Prideaux, the garrison consisting -of 600 French, under Captain -Pouchot. Prideaux was -killed by the premature explosion -of a shell, and Sir William -Johnson succeeded to the command. -On July 24, when the -garrison were almost <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>in extremis</i></span>, -an attempt to relieve the fort -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>was made by 1,300 French and -Indians, under Ligneris, but he -was repulsed by Johnson with -considerable loss, at La Belle -Famille, and Pouchot at once -surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nicæa (First Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Crusaders, under Godefroi de -Bouillon, May 14, 1097. The -Saracens were greatly aided in -the defence by the possession of -Lake Ascanius, but with great -labour the crusaders transported -boats from the sea to -the lake, and thus completed -the investment of the place. -Two determined attempts to -relieve it were made by the -Sultan Soliman, but both were -repulsed, and Nicæa surrendered -June 20.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nicholson's Nek.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#FARQUHAR'>Farquhar’s Farm</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nicopolis (Third Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 66, between the -Romans, under Pompey, and -the army of Mithridates. The -Romans had occupied the -heights in front of the retreating -Asiatics, and Mithridates -encamped under their position. -In the night the Romans attacked -him in his camp, and -utterly routed him. This was -the last battle fought by <a id='corr176L.36'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mithdridates'>Mithridates</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_176L.36'><ins class='correction' title='Mithdridates'>Mithridates</ins></a></span> -against the legions of -Rome.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nicopolis.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 47, when Domitius -Calvinus, with one Roman -legion and a contingent of -Pontic and other Asiatic troops, -encountered the Bosporans, -under Pharnaces. Calvinus' -Asiatic troops fled at the first -onset, and he was completely -defeated, only the steadiness of -the Romans saving him from -disaster.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nicopolis (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 28, 1395, -between 10,000 French and -50,000 Hungarians, under the -Duc de Nevers and Sigismund of -Hungary, and the Turkish army -of Bajazet I. The French -charged the Turkish lines, without -waiting for the Hungarians, -and penetrated the two first -lines, killing 1,500 Turks, but -they were then overpowered by -the Janissaries in the third line -and 3,000 killed, while all the -survivors were captured. Bajazet -then turned upon the Hungarians, -who fled without striking -a blow. Bajazet massacred -all his prisoners, excepting 25 -nobles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nicopolis (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was captured July -16, 1877, by the 9th Russian -Army Corps, under General -Krudener, after two days' bombardment, -when the garrison -of 7,000 Turks surrendered. -The Russians lost 1,300 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nieuport (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 2, 1600, between -the Dutch, under Maurice of -Orange, and the Spaniards, -under the Archduke Albert of -Austria. Prince Maurice was -surprised by the Archduke in a -very critical position, but succeeded -in holding his own, and -after a long and evenly-contested -engagement, ultimately -defeated the Spaniards with -heavy loss.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Nikko (Japanese Revolution).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1868, between the -adherents of the Shogun, under -Otori Keisuke, and the Imperial -army, under Saigo Takamori. -The rebels were defeated, and -fled to the castle of Wakamatsu.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='NILE'></a>Nile (French Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 1, 1798. Admiral -Brueys, with 13 ships of -the line and 4 frigates, was -anchored in Aboukir Bay. -Nelson, with 13 line-of-battleships -and one 50-gun ship, -penetrated with half his squadron -between the French line -and the shore, while his remaining -ships engaged them on the -outside. Thus caught between -two fires, the French were -utterly routed, only two of -their vessels escaping capture -or destruction. Admiral Brueys -was killed, and his ship -L'Orient blown up. This battle -is also known as the Battle of -Aboukir.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nineveh (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 1, 627, -between the Imperial troops, -under the Emperor Heraclius, -and the Persians, under Rhazates, -the general of Chosroes II. -The Persians stood their ground -manfully throughout the day -and far into the night, and were -almost annihilated before the -surviving remnant retreated in -good order to their camp. The -Romans also lost heavily, but -the victory opened the way to -the royal city of Destigerd, -which fell into the hands of -Heraclius, and peace was made -the following year.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Niquitas (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1813, when the Colombian -Patriots, under Bolivar, -completely defeated the Spanish -Royalists.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nisib (Mehemet Ali's Second Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 23, 1839, between -30,000 Turks, under -Hafiz Pasha, and Mehemet -Ali's Syro-Egyptian army, -under his son Ibrahim. Ibrahim -was far the stronger in artillery, -and his fire so shattered the -Turks, that when he finally -advanced his infantry, they -made no stand, but turned and -fled. Von Moltke, as a captain -in the Turkish service, was -under fire in this action for the -first time.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nisibis (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, known as the -Bulwark of the East, was thrice -besieged in 338, 346 and 350 by -Sapor II, King of Persia. In -the two former years he was -compelled to retire after a siege -of 60 and 80 days respectively. -In 350 the city was defended by -a garrison under Lucilianus, -and Sapor, finding the ordinary -methods unavailing, diverted -the course of the Mygdonius, -and by building dams formed a -large lake, upon which he placed -a fleet of armed vessels, and -attacked the city almost from -the level of the ramparts. -Under pressure of the water a -portion of the wall gave way, -and the Persians at once delivered -an assault, but were -repulsed; and by the following -day the garrison had rebuilt the -wall. At the end of about -three months, Sapor, having -lost 20,000 men, raised the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nissa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action, fought at the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>mouth of the Nissa in 1064, -between the Danish fleet, under -Sweyn II, and the Norwegians -under Harold Hardrada. Sweyn -was totally defeated, and his -fleet destroyed, he himself escaping -with difficulty to Zealand.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nissa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#MORAWA'>Morawa</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nive (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 13, 1813, -between 35,000 French, under -Soult, and 14,000 British and -Portuguese, under Wellington. -Having crossed the Nive on the -10th, Wellington took up a -strong position on the heights -near the village of St. Pierre. -Here he was attacked by Soult, -but repulsed him, and occupied -the French position in front of -the Adour. The French losses -in this battle and the combats -which preceded it, amounted to -10,000 men. The British lost -5,019 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nivelle (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 10, 1813, -when the French, under Soult, -were driven from a very strong -position by the British, under -Wellington, and forced to retire -behind the Nivelle. The French -lost 4,265, including about 1,200 -prisoners, 51 guns, and all their -field magazines. The British -lost 2,694 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nordlingen (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 6, 1634, -between 40,000 Imperialists, -under Ferdinand of Hungary, -and a numerically inferior force -of Germans and Swedes, under -the Duke of Weimar and Count -Horn. The action was fought -to relieve Nordlingen, which -Ferdinand was besieging, and -resulted in the total defeat of -the allies, who lost 12,000 killed, -6,000 prisoners, including Horn, -and 80 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nordlingen (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 3, 1645, between -17,000 French under -Condé, and 14,000 Imperialists, -under Mercy. The French attacked -the village of Allersheim, -where the Imperialists were -strongly entrenched, and after -very severe fighting, the left -under Turenne succeeded in -expelling them, with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and -prisoners, and almost all their -guns. General Mercy was killed. -The French loss amounted to -about 4,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Noisseville (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A sortie of the French, under -Bazaine, from Metz, August 31, -1870, in the endeavour to break -through the investing line of -the Germans, under Prince -Frederick Charles. The French -had some slight success at first, -and maintained the ground -they had won during the day, -but on September 1, their -further efforts to advance were -fruitless, and they were driven -back into Metz with a loss of -145 officers and 3,379 men. -The Germans lost 126 officers -and 2,850 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Northallerton.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#STANDARD'>Standard</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Northampton (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 10, 1460, between -the Lancastrians, under -Henry VI, and the Yorkists, -under the Earl of Warwick. -The king's entrenchments were -betrayed by Lord Grey de -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>Ruthyn, and the Lancastrians -were defeated with a loss of -300 killed, including Buckingham, -Shrewsbury, Egremont, -and other prominent men. The -King was made prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>North Foreland (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 25, 1666, between -the English fleet, under -the Duke of Albemarle and -Prince Rupert, and the Dutch, -under Van Tromp and de -Ruyter. The English gained -a complete victory, capturing -or burning 20 ships. The Dutch -had 4,000 men killed or drowned.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Notion (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 407 between the -Peloponnesian fleet, under Lysander, -and the Athenian fleet of -Alcibiades, which was lying at -Notion. Alcibiades was not -present during the action, -which was the result of a surprise, -and the Athenians were -defeated with a loss of 15 <a id='corr179L.27'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='ships'>ships.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_179L.27'><ins class='correction' title='ships'>ships.</ins></a></span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nova Carthago (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, defended by a small -Carthaginian garrison, under -Mago, was stormed by 27,500 -Romans, under Scipio, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 209.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Novara (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 6, 1515, between -10,000 French, under La Tremouille, -and 13,000 Swiss. The -French camp was surprised by -the Swiss, who, after hard fighting, -totally routed the French -with a loss of 6,000 men. The -Swiss losses were also heavy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Novara (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 23, 1849, between -50,000 Piedmontese, -under Chrzanowski, and three -Austrian army corps, under -Radetsky. After hard fighting -the Piedmontese were completely -defeated and driven -from the field in disorder.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Novi (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 15, 1799, between -the French, under Joubert, -and the Russians and -Austrians, under Suwaroff. -Early in the action Joubert fell, -Moreau succeeding to the command. -The result was disastrous -to the French, who were -defeated with a loss of 7,000 -killed and wounded, 3,000 -prisoners, and 37 guns. The -allies lost 6,000 killed and -wounded and 1,200 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Nujufghur (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 24, 1857, between -6,000 rebels, under Mohammed -Bukht Khan, and a -small British force, under John -Nicholson. The rebels were -defeated, at small cost, with a -loss of over 800 men and all -their guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Numantia (Lusitanian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, defended by the -inhabitants under Megaravicus, -was besieged <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 142 by a -Roman consular army. In the -course of 141 the Romans were -twice defeated under the walls, -and though negotiations for a -surrender were entered into in -the following year, they were -not concluded, and in 139 the -new Roman commander, Popilius -Lænas, refused to ratify -the terms. Shortly afterwards -he was again defeated by the -Numantians, as was his successor -Mancius in 137. It was -not till the arrival of Scipio -Æmilianus in 134 that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>lengthy resistance of the inhabitants -was at last overcome, -and fifteen months after he -took command the city fell, in -the autumn of 133 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span></p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>O</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oberstein.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1533, between the -Poles, under Tarnowski, and -the Wallachians, under Bogdan. -The Wallachians were signally -defeated, with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Obligado (Uruguayan War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 1845, between -the Argentine fleet, under -Oribe, and the combined French -and British <a id='corr180L.18'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='squardons'>squadrons</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_180L.18'><ins class='correction' title='squardons'>squadrons</ins></a></span>. The -allies were victorious, and Oribe -was forced to raise the siege of -Montevideo, while the waters of -the Parana were opened to the -shipping of all nations.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ocaña (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In this action, at which -Joseph Buonaparte was present, -Soult, with 30,000 French, -defeated 53,000 Spaniards, under -Areizaga, with a loss of -5,000 killed and wounded, -26,000 prisoners, including 3 -generals, 45 guns, and all their -baggage and transport. The -French only lost 1,700 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ocean Pond (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 20, 1864, -between 5,000 Confederates, -under General Finnegan, and -6,000 Federals, under General -Seymour. The Confederates occupied -a strong position, protected -by swamps and forests, -near Lake City, where they -were attacked by Seymour, -whom they defeated with a loss -of 1,200 men and 5 guns. The -Confederates loss amounted to -700.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ockley (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 851, between the -Danes, and the West Saxons, -under Ethelwulf. The Danes -were completely defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oczakov (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by -10,000 Turks and Bosnians, was -besieged 1737, by the Russians, -under Count Münnich, and -after the magazine had been -blown up was stormed by the -besiegers, and the garrison cut -to pieces. In 1788 the place -was again besieged by the Russians, -under Potemkin, and -after a strenuous resistance of -six months, was taken by storm, -December 17. In the massacre -which followed, 40,000 of the -garrison and inhabitants were -put to the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Odawara (Hojo Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The castle of Odawara, the -last stronghold of the Hojo -family, was besieged by the -Japanese Imperial troops, under -Hideyoshi. The castle held out -for over three months, but at -last finding that they could hope -for no support from without, the -garrison surrendered, and the -power of the Hojo family came -to an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Œnophyta</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 457, between the -Athenians, under Myronides, -and the Thebans and other -Bœotian states. The Bœotians -were totally defeated, and -were in consequence compelled -to acknowledge the headship of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>Athens, and to contribute men -to her armies.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ofen (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by an -Austrian garrison, under General -Hentzi, was besieged by the -Hungarians, under Görgey, -May 4, 1849. After an unsuccessful -assault, a siege in due -form was commenced, and -several further assaults having -also failed, the place was finally -taken by storm on the 21st. -General Hentzi was mortally -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ohud (Mohammed's War with the Koreish).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 623, between 950 -Moslems, under Mohammed, and -3,000 Koreish of Mecca, under -Abu Sophian. The latter were -victorious, 70 Moslems being -slain, and the Prophet himself -wounded, but Abu Sophian did -not feel himself strong enough -to follow up his victory by an -attack upon Medina.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Olmedo.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1467, between the -Spanish adherents of the Infante -Alfonso, a claimant to the -throne, under the Archbishop of -Toledo, and the Royal troops, -under Henry of Castile. After -an action which began late in -the afternoon, and lasted for -three hours, without any very -decisive result, the Archbishop, -who was considerably inferior -in numbers, withdrew his troops, -leaving Henry in possession of -the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Olmütz (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -Frederick the Great, May, 1758. -Having insufficient troops to -completely invest the place, -Frederick's task was a difficult -one, and Marshal Daun was -able to keep communications -open, and supply the town with -provisions. After a siege of -seven weeks, the Austrians -captured a convoy of 4,000 -waggons, under the escort of -Landon, destined for the Prussian -army, and Frederick was -forced by this loss to raise the -siege, and retire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Olpæ (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 426 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between a -small Athenian force, under -Demosthenes, and a force of -Ambraciots, with 3,000 Spartan -hoplites, under Eurylochus. -Demosthenes gained a complete -victory, by means of an -ambuscade, and Eurylochus was -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oltenitza (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1853, when a Turkish -army, superior in numbers, -under Omar Pasha, totally -defeated the Russian army -which had invaded the Danubian -Principalities.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Omdurman (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 2, 1898, -between the British and Egyptians, -23,000 strong, under Sir -Herbert Kitchener, and 50,000 -Dervishes, under the Khalifa. -The Dervishes attacked the -British zareba, and were repulsed -with heavy loss. Kitchener -then advanced, to drive the -enemy before him into Omdurman, -and capture the place. -In the course of the operation, -however, the Egyptian Brigade -on the British right, under -General Macdonald, became isolated, -and was attacked in -front by the centre of the Dervish -army, while his flank and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>rear were threatened by the -Dervish left, which had not -previously been engaged. The -position was critical, but through -the extreme steadiness of the Soudanese, -who changed front under -heavy fire, the attack was repulsed. -The British and Egyptian -losses were 500 killed and -wounded. The Dervishes lost -about 15,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Onao (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 28, 1857, between -Havelock's relieving force, 1,500 -strong, and the rebels, who -occupied a strong position near -Onao, so protected on the flanks -that a frontal attack was necessary. -This was successful, and -after the town had been passed, -a further attack by the mutineers -was repulsed, with a loss -of 300 men and 15 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Onessant.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 27, 1778, between -30 British ships of the -line, under Admiral Keppel, and -a French squadron of equal -force, under the Comte d'Estaing. -After a fight which -lasted throughout the day, the -two fleets drew off to repair -damages, neither side having -lost a ship.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oondwa Nullah.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1763, -when 3,000 British and native -troops, under Major Adams, -carried by storm the entrenchments -and the fort held by -Mir Cossim's army of 60,000 -men with 100 guns. Mir Cossim -fled and his army was -entirely dispersed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ooscata.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 23, 1768, -when the camp of the Mahratta -contingent, under Morari Rao, -forming a part of Colonel Donald -Campbell's column, was attacked -by a detachment of Hyder -Ali's army. The Mahrattas repulsed -the Mysore cavalry with -a loss of about 300, at a cost to -themselves of 18 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Opequan (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 19, 1864, -between 13,000 Confederates, -under General Early, and 45,000 -Federals, under General Sheridan. -Success at first inclined -to the side of the Southerners, -but their left wing was broken -by a charge of 7,000 cavalry, -under Custer, and the Confederates -were completely routed -and fled in confusion.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oporto (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 28, 1809, when -the French, under Soult, completely -defeated the Portuguese -under Lima and Pareiras, outside -the city of Oporto. Soult -followed up his success by storming -Oporto, with horrible slaughter, -it being computed that -10,000 of the inhabitants perished. -The French lost 500 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oran (Ximenes' Expedition to Morocco).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 17, 1509, between -the Moors and the Spaniards, -under Navarro. The -Spaniards, late in the evening, -attacked and drove off the Moors -from a strong position on the -heights above the city. They -then stormed the city itself, -escalading the walls by placing -their pikes in the crevices of the -stones. The Moors lost in the -battle and the storm 4,000 -killed and about 8,000 prisoners, -while the losses of the victors -were very small.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Orchomenus (First Mithridatic War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 85, between the -Pontic army, under Archelaus, -and the Romans, under Sulla. -The Asiatic cavalry attacked -and drove back the Roman line, -but Sulla himself rallied his -troops, and led them in a charge -which totally routed the enemy -with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ordovici, The.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 50, between the -Romans, under Ostorius Scapula, -and the Britons, under Caractacus. -The Britons occupied -the slope of a hill, where they -were attacked by the Romans -and totally routed. Caractacus -fled to the Brigantes, by whom -he was surrendered, and sent a -captive to Rome.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Orleans (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -English, under the Regent, the -Duke of Bedford, in October, -1428. In April, 1429, a French -force, 7,000 strong, under Dunois -and Joan of Arc, succeeded in -entering, it having been found -impossible to invest the place -completely. After various successful -attacks on the batteries -erected by the besiegers, Joan, -on the 6th and 7th of May, led -the garrison to victory against -the English lines, and on the -8th Bedford was compelled to -raise the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Orthez (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 27, 1814, -between the British under Wellington, -and the French, under -Soult. The French were driven -out of Orthez and across the -Luy de Béarn, with a loss of -4,000 killed and wounded, and -6 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oruro.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1862, between the -Bolivian Government troops, -under the President, General -Acha, and the rebels, under -General Perez, who had proclaimed -himself President. Perez -was utterly routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ostend (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged, July -5, 1601, by the Spaniards, under -the Archduke Albert. The town -made a most remarkable defence, -holding out for more than three -years, but Spinola having taken -command of the besiegers, it -was finally captured, September -14, 1604, by which time scarcely -a house in the town was left -standing. The Spaniards lost -70,000 men in the course of the -siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ostia (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a French -garrison, under Menaldo Guerri, -was besieged in 1500 by the -Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de -Cordova. After five days' bombardment, -an attack was made -upon the town on the opposite -side by a small party of Spaniards -resident in Rome, under -Garcilasso de la Vega. Thus -between two fires, Guerri surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ostrolenka (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1853, between the -Turks, under Omar Pasha, and -the Russian army which had -invaded the Danubian Principalities. -The Turks, who were -considerably superior in numbers, -gained a complete victory.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Ostrowno (Campaign of Moscow).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 25 and 26, 1812, -between the French corps of -Ney and Prince Eugène, with -Murat's cavalry, and the Russian -corps of Count Osterman -and General Konownitzyn. The -Russians were defeated and -driven back on both days, with -a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, -800 prisoners and 8 guns. -The French loss was about the -same.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oswego (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a garrison -of 1,400 Provincial troops, under -Colonel Mercer, was besieged -by the French, under Montcalm, -August 11, 1756. After -a bombardment of 3 days, -in the course of which Mercer -was killed, the place surrendered. -The losses on both sides were -very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Otrar (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged, 1219, -by 200,000 Mongols, under -Oktai and Zagatai, sons of Genghiz -Khan, and defended by a -garrison of 60,000, under Gazer -Khan. The place was entered -after a four months' siege, by -which time the garrison was -reduced to 20,000 men, but with -this remnant Gazer Khan held -out in the citadel for another -month.</p> - -<h3 class='c015'><a id='OTTERBURN'></a>Otterburn (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 19, 1388, between -9,000 English, under -Henry Percy (Hotspur) and a -greatly inferior force of Scots, -under Earls Douglas and Murray. -Hotspur attacked the -Scottish entrenchments, and was -totally defeated, with a loss of -about 2,000. The battle is -celebrated in the old ballad of -"Chevy Chace."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Otumba (Conquest of Mexico).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 8, 1520, between -200 Spaniards, with some -thousands of Tlascalan auxiliaries, -under Cortes, and a force -of about 200,000 Aztecs. The -Spaniards, wearied by a long -march on their retreat from -Mexico, were intercepted by -the Aztecs, and after many -hours' fighting, were on the -verge of defeat, when a charge -of a few cavaliers, headed by -Cortes, into the very heart of -the Aztec army, so discouraged -them that they fled in disorder. -It is said that 20,000 Aztecs -fell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Oudenarde (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 11, 1708, between -80,000 British and Imperialists, -under Marlborough -and Prince Eugene, and 100,000 -French, under the Duke of Burgundy -and Marshal Vendôme. -The French, who were besieging -Oudenarde, raised the siege on -the advance of the allies, and -marched to meet them, but were -totally defeated with a loss of -3,000 killed, 7,000 prisoners, -and 10 guns. The allies lost -2,000.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>P</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Paardeberg (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 18, 1900, -between 5,000 Boers, under -Cronje, and the British, numbering -4 Infantry Brigades, with 4 -batteries, under Lord Kitchener. -Cronje had taken refuge in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>bed of the Tugela river, and an -attempt was made to dislodge -him. The absence of cover for -the attacking force, however, -rendered this impossible, but he -was surrounded, and on the -arrival of Lord Roberts, subjected -to a sustained artillery -fire, which lasted until he surrendered -on the 27th. The -British losses during the operations -amounted to 98 officers -and 1,437 men, of whom 1,100 -fell in the battle of the 18th. -The prisoners taken numbered -3,000 Transvaalers and 1,100 -Free Staters, with 6 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pabon.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 17, 1861, -between the troops of Buenos -Ayres, under Mitre, aided by an -Italian legion, under Piloni, and -the army of the Argentine Confederation, -under Urquiza. The -latter were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pagahar (First Burmah War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The only occasion during the -war when the Burmans met -the British in the open. In 1825 -Sir Archibald Campbell, with -1,300 men, encountered 15,000 -Burmans, under Zay-ya-Thayan -but the battle was -almost a bloodless one, for the -Burmans failed to make any -stand, their general being the -first to flee.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pagasæan Gulf (Sacred War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 352, between the -Phocians, under Onomarchus, -and the Macedonians, under -Philip. Philip's infantry was -about equal in numbers to that -of the Phocians, but he was far -superior in cavalry, and in the -end the Phocians were completely -defeated, with the loss -of a third of their number. -Onomarchus was slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Palais Gallien (War of the Fronde).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 5, 1649, -between the Royal troops, 8,000 -strong, under the Marshal de la -Meilleraic, and 7,000 Bordelais, -under the Ducs de Bouillon -and de la Rochefoucauld. The -Bordelais successfully repulsed -four or five assaults, but by -nightfall were driven from their -entrenchments into the city, -with a loss of about 120. The -assailants lost over 1,000 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Palermo (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 26 and 27, 1848, -when Garibaldi, with 750 of his -"Thousand Volunteers," and -about 3,000 Sicilian "Picciotti," -succeeded in surprising one of -the gates of Palermo, which -was garrisoned by 18,000 Neapolitans, -under General Lanza. -The "Picciotti" fled at the -first shot, but Garibaldi penetrated -into the city, where, being -joined by the citizens, he -erected barricades, and after -some severe fighting, in which -the Neapolitans suffered heavily, -General Lanza surrendered. The -last of the Neapolitan troops -were withdrawn on June 20.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Palestrina (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 9, 1849, between -4,000 Italian Patriots, under -Garibaldi, and 7,000 Neapolitans, -under King Ferdinand. -After three hours' fighting, the -Neapolitans were totally routed. -Garibaldi was wounded in the -action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Palestro (Unification of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 30, 1859, between -the Sardinians, under -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>General Cialdini, and the Austrians, -under General Stadion. -The Austrians attacked the -Sardinians while they were -crossing the Sesia, but were -repulsed, and Cialdini effected -the passage successfully and -drove the Austrians out of -Palestro with considerable loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Palmyra (Expedition to Palmyra).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Romans, under Aurelian, after -the defeat of Zenobia at Emesa -in 272. An obstinate defence -was made by the Queen, but -Aurelian being reinforced by -Probus early in 273, Zenobia -fled from the city and the place -was captured. Zenobia failed -to escape, and was brought into -Aurelian's camp. During his -return march, Aurelian learnt -that the citizens had risen, and -massacred the Governor and -the garrison he had left in the -place. He thereupon retraced -his steps, and destroyed the -city, sparing neither young nor -old.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Palo Alto (Americo-Mexican War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 8, 1846, between -the Americans, under General -Taylor, and the Mexicans, under -Arista. The Mexicans were -completely routed, at very small -cost to the victors.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Panama (Raids of the Buccaneers).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On December 16, 1670, Morgan -the Buccaneer sailed from Hispaniola -with 37 ships and about -2,000 men to plunder this town. -Having captured the castle of -San Lorenzo, at the mouth of -the Chagre, an exploit which -cost the assailants 170 out of -400 men engaged, while two-thirds -of the garrison were -killed, Morgan started to cross -the Isthmus, at the head of -1,200 men, January 18, 1671. -The garrison of Panama, 2,400 -strong, met him outside the -city, and were defeated with -heavy loss, the Buccaneers -losing 600 men. Morgan then -sacked the place, and on February -24, withdrew with 175 -mule loads of plunder, and 600 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Panama (Raids of the Buccaneers).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 23, 1680, between -the Buccaneers, with -three ships, under John Coxon, -and three Spanish vessels. The -Spaniards were defeated, after -a hard fight in which two Spanish -vessels were captured by -boarding. The Spanish commander -was killed. The Buccaneers -then entered the Bay, -and captured six vessels lying -in the roads.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pandosia.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 331 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Italian Greeks, under Alexander -of Epirus, and the Lucanians. -During the battle Alexander -was stabbed by a Lucanian -exile serving in the Greek army, -and the Greeks were in the end -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 15, 1857, between -a British relieving force, -under Havelock, and the mutineers -who were opposing his -advance to Cawnpore. By a -forced march in the heat of the -day, Havelock succeeded in -seizing the bridge over the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>Pandu Naddi, which the mutineers -were engaged in mining, -thus securing an open road to -Cawnpore. The rebels were -driven off after a short engagement.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 26, 1857, -between 1,400 British, under -General Windham, and the -advance guard of the mutineers -and the Gwalior contingent, -under the Nana Sahib. The -rebels were posted beyond the -river, and the British crossing -the dry bed, drove them from -their entrenchments, capturing -3 guns. Windham, then finding -himself close to the main body -of mutineers, retired towards -Cawnpore.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Panipat (Third Mongol Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 20, 1526, between -the Delhi Mohammedans, -10,000 strong, with 100 elephants, -under Ibrahim, and the -Mongols, about 2,000 picked -men, under Baber, the first of -the Great Moguls. Ibrahim was -totally defeated, being himself -among the slain. The battle -marked the end of the Afghan -dynasty of Delhi, and the commencement -of the Mogul Empire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Panipat.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 5, 1536, -between Akbar, the Great -Mogul, with about 20,000 troops, -and the forces of the revolted -Hindu Rajahs, 100,000 strong, -under Hemu. The Hindus -attacked, and the onslaught -of the elephants being repulsed, -their ranks were thrown into -disorder, and the Moguls gained -a complete victory. Hemu was -wounded and captured. By -this victory Akbar recovered -Delhi, which had fallen into the -hands of the rebels.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Panipat.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1759, between the -Mahrattas, 85,000 strong, under -Sedashao Rao Bhao, cousin of -the Peshwa, and the Duranis, -numbering, with Hindu allies, -about 90,000. The Bhao attacked, -and dispersed Ahmed's -Indian troops, but on the Duranis -coming into action, the -Mahrattas were broken and -utterly routed, with enormous -loss. The Bhao, and the son -of the Peshwa were among the -slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Panormus (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 250, between -25,000 Romans, under L. Cæcilius -Metellus, and the Carthaginian -army in Sicily, under -Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal offered -battle in front of Panormus, and -Metellus sent out his light -troops to engage him. They -ran back into the town before a -charge of the elephants, which, -following closely, were driven -into the ditch surrounding the -place, where many were killed. -Meanwhile Metellus sallied out -with his legionaries, and taking -Hasdrubal in flank completely -routed him. The whole of the -Carthaginian elephants in Sicily -were killed or captured in this -battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Parætakene Mountains (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 316 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Macedonians, 30,000 strong, -under Antigonus, and an equal -force of Asiatics, under Eumenes. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>Eumenes attacked the Macedonian -camp, and after a severe -engagement, in which the -Asiatics held the advantage, -Antigonus, by successful manœuvring, -withdrew his army -without serious loss, leaving -Eumenes a barren victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Parana (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1866, between the -Paraguayans, under Lopez, and -the Brazilians, under Porto -Alegre. Lopez was victorious.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Paris (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On March 30, 1814, Paris, -which was defended only by -20,000 regulars and National -Guard, under Marmont, was -attacked by the Grand Army -of the allies, under Schwartzemberg. -Three columns assaulted -the French positions at -Vincennes, Belleville and Montmartre, -while a fourth attacked -the extreme left of the French -line in order to turn the heights -of Montmartre. The two first -positions were carried, and -Montmartre turned, whereupon -Joseph having fled, Marmont -surrendered. The French lost -over 4,000 men; the allies about -8,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Paris (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Paris was invested by the -main German army, under the -King of Prussia and von Moltke, -September 19, 1870. The garrison, -under the command of -General Trochu, made a gallant -defence, many serious sorties -taking place, but the Germans -gradually mastered the outer -defences, and finally, being much -straitened by famine, the city -surrendered January 28, 1871.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Parkany (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August, 1663, between -200,000 Turks, under the -Grand Vizier, Achmet Köprili -Pasha, and the Hungarians, in -far smaller force, under Count -Forgacz. The Hungarians were -defeated, and driven into Neuhäusel, -which town, after a -valiant resistance of six weeks, -capitulated September 24.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Parma (War of the Polish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 29, 1734, between -the French, under Marshal -de Coigny, and the Imperialists, -60,000 strong, under General de -Mercy. The Imperialists were -defeated with a loss of 6,000, -including de Mercy. The French -loss was almost as heavy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Paso de la Patria (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1866, between the -Paraguayans, under Lopez, and -the Brazilians, under Porto -Alegre. The Paraguayans gained -a signal victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Patay (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1429, between -the French, under Joan -of Arc and the Duc d'Alençon, -and the English, under Talbot -and Sir John Fastolfe. The -English were retiring after the -siege of Orleans, and their advanced -guard under Talbot, -being attacked by the French, -was seized with a panic, and -refusing to meet the charge of -the French cavalry, broke and -fled. The main body, under -Fastolfe, however, maintained -its formation, and made good -its retreat to Etampes. Talbot -was made prisoner.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Patila (Tartar Invasion of Persia).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1394, between the -Tartars, under Tamerlane, and -the Persians, under Shah Mansur. -The Persians vigorously -attacked the Tartar centre, and -Tamerlane was nearly overwhelmed, -but rallying his troops -he led a charge which restored -the battle, and gained a complete -victory. The complete -subjugation of Persia followed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pavia (Invasion of the Alemanni).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 271, between the -Romans, under Aurelian, and -the German invaders. Aurelian -gained a signal victory, and the -Alemanni recrossed the frontier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pavia (Lombard Conquest of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged in 568 -by the Lombards, under Alboin, -and after a gallant defence, lasting -over three years, was at last -subdued, rather by famine than -by force of arms, and surrendered -to the besiegers. Pavia -then became the capital of the -Lombard kingdom of Italy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pavia (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 22, 1431, on the -Ticino, near Pavia, between -85 Venetian galleys, under -Nicolas Trevisani, and a somewhat -superior number of galleys -in the pay of the Milanese. -The Venetians were defeated, -with a loss of 70 galleys and -3,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pavia (Wars of Charles V).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 25, 1525, -between the French, under -Francis I, and the Imperialists, -under Lannoy. Francis, who -was besieging Pavia, awaited -the attack of the Imperialists -on his lines, and his artillery -wrought great havoc in their -ranks, then, charging at the -head of his cavalry, he was -repulsed by Lannoy's infantry, -and the Swiss mercenaries being -taken in flank, and thrown into -disorder, the battle was lost. -Francis was captured. This is -the occasion on which he wrote -to his mother, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Rien ne m'est -demouré, excepté l'honneur et -la vie qui est sauve."</span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Peach Tree Creek (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 22, 1864, in the -course of the operations round -Atlanta, between the Federals, -under General Sherman, and -the Confederates, under General -Hood. Hood attacked the -Federal position, and drove off -their left wing, capturing 13 -guns and some prisoners; being -reinforced, however, the Federals -rallied, and recovered the lost -ground. The Confederates, however, -claimed the victory. -The Federals lost 3,722, including -General McPherson. -The Confederate losses were -about the same.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='PEARIDGE'></a>Pea Ridge (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 7 and 8, 1862, -between 16,000 Confederates, -under General von Dorn, and -the Federals, in equal force, -under General Curtis. On the -7th the Confederates drove -back the Federal right wing, -and nearly succeeded in cutting -their communications, though -they lost General M’Culloch -in the course of the action. On -the 8th the Federals drove back -the Southerners, and recovered -the ground they had lost, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>battle ending without decisive -result. The losses on each side -were about 1,000. This is also -called the Battle of Gek Horn.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Peiwar Kotal (Second Afghan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 2, 1878, -between a British force, 3,200 -strong, under Sir Frederick -Roberts, with 13 guns, and -about 18,000 Afghans, with 11 -guns, strongly posted in the -Kotal. By an able, but difficult -turning movement, the -pass was crossed, and the Afghans -completely defeated, with -heavy loss, all their guns being -captured. The British lost 20 -killed and 78 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Peking (Tartar Invasion of China).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, -in 1210, and after a long and -<a id='corr190L.25'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='obsintate'>obstinate</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_190L.25'><ins class='correction' title='obsintate'>obstinate</ins></a></span> defence, which so -exhausted the besiegers that -Genghiz Khan is said to have -decimated his men in order to -feed the rest, the city was -taken by stratagem.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pelekanon (Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1329, between the -Turks, under Orkhan, and the -forces of Andronicus the Younger, -Emperor of the East. The -Imperialists were defeated. -This is the first occasion in -which the Byzantines met the -Ottoman invaders in battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pelischat (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 30, 1877, -when the Turks, 25,000 strong, -with 50 guns, made a sortie -from Plevna, and attacked the -Russian lines in front of Poradim. -The Russians, 20,000 -strong, under General Zotoff, -succeeded in repulsing all the -Turkish attacks, with a loss of -about 3,000 killed and wounded. -The Russians lost 1,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pelusium (Persian Conquest of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 525 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Persians, under Cambyses, and -the Egyptians, under Psammeticus. -The Egyptians were -totally defeated, and this victory -was followed by the complete -subjugation of Egypt, -which became a Persian satrapy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pelusium (War of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 321, between the -Macedonians, under the Regent, -Perdiccas, and the Egyptians, -under Ptolemy Lagus. Perdiccas -attacked the fortress, but -was driven off with heavy loss, including -1,000 drowned in the Nile.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Peña Cerrada (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a Carlist -garrison, under Gergue, was -captured by Espartero with -19,000 Cristinos, June 21, 1838. -After shelling the place for -7 hours, Espartero attacked the -Carlists, who held the heights -outside the town, and dispersed -them, capturing 600 prisoners, -and all their guns. The remainder -of the garrison then -abandoned the place.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Penobscot Bay (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 14, 1779, when -a British squadron of 10 ships, -under Sir George Collier, completely -destroyed an American -squadron of 24 ships, and captured -the 3,000 men who formed -their crews.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Pen Selwood (Danish Invasion).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1016, between the -English, under Edmund Ironside, -and the Danes, under Knut, -shortly after Edmund's election -as King by the Witanegemot. -This was the first of the -series of engagements between -the two rivals, which ended -with the Peace of Olney.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pered (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 21, 1849, between -the Hungarians, 16,000 -strong, under Görgey, and the -Austrians and Russians, under -Prince Windischgrätz. The allies -attacked the Hungarian -position, and after severe fighting, -drove them out, with a loss -of about 3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Perembacum (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 10, 1780, -when a Mysore force, 11,000 -strong, under Tippu Sahib, -surrounded and cut to pieces a -detachment of Sir Hector Monro's -army, 3,700 in number, -under Colonel Baillie. Only a -few, including Baillie himself, -escaped the massacre.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Perisabor (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by an -Assyrian and Persian garrison, -was captured, May, 363, by the -Romans, under Julian. The -fortress was dismantled and -the town destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Perpignan.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the French, 11,000 strong, under -the Seigneur du Lude, at the -end of 1474, and was defended -by a Spanish garrison. The -Spanish army could not succeed -in relieving the place, and after -holding out with great gallantry -until March 14, 1475, the garrison, -reduced to 400 men, -surrendered, and were allowed -to march out with the honours -of war. The capture of Perpignan -gave France possession -of Rousillon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Perryville (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 8, 1862, between -45,000 Federals, under -General Buell, and a somewhat -smaller Confederate army, under -General Bragg. The Confederates -attacked, and drove back -the Federals, but no decisive -result was arrived at, and during -the night Bragg withdrew, -having inflicted a loss of 4,000 -on the enemy, and captured -an artillery train. The Confederates -lost about 2,500 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Persepolis (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 316, between -the Macedonians, 31,000 strong, -with 65 elephants, under Antigonus, -and 42,000 Asiatics, -with 114 elephants, under Eumenes. -At the first onslaught, -Antigonus' infantry was -overwhelmed, but his cavalry -retrieved the day, and seizing -the enemy's camp, threw Eumenes' -phalanx into confusion. -Upon this the Macedonian infantry -rallied, and gained a -complete victory, Eumenes being -captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Peshawar (Second Mohammedan Invasion of India).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1001, between 10,000 -Afghans, under Sultan Mahmud -of Ghuzni, and 42,000 Punjabis, -with 300 elephants, under the -Rajah Jaipal of Lahore. The -Rajah was totally defeated, and -captured with 15 of his principal -chiefs.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Petersburg (American Civil War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 15 to 18, 1864, -forming an episode in the -Federal attack on Richmond. -General Beauregard, with 8,000 -men, was charged with the -defence of Petersburg, and at -the same time had to contain -General Butler at Bermuda -Hundred. His entrenchments -before Petersburg were attacked -on the 15th by General Smith, -and a portion of the first line -carried. On the 16th Beauregard -withdrew the force masking -Bermuda Hundred, and -concentrated his troops in front -of Petersburg, but after holding -out till the afternoon, a panic -seized the defenders, and they -were driven from the first line. -Beauregard, however, rallied -them, and retook the entrenchments. -During the night he -withdrew to a second and -stronger line of defences, and on -the 17th and 18th repulsed, with -terrible slaughter, all the efforts -of the Federals to carry it.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Petersburg (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On June 30, 1864, a mine was -exploded under the Confederate -defences in front of Petersburg, -and an attempt was made by the -Federals to carry the entrenchments -during the confusion -that ensued. The Confederates, -however, stood their ground, -repulsing all attacks with heavy -loss, and of the Federals who -succeeded in entering the breast-works, -5,000 were killed or -captured. Both the generals -commanding, Lee and Grant, -were present during the action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Peterwaradin (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 5, 1716, when -Prince Eugene, with 80,000 -Imperialists, mostly veterans -from the Flanders campaign, -signally defeated 150,000 Turks -under Darnad Ali Pasha. The -Turks lost 30,000 killed, 50 -standards and 250 guns. The -Imperialists lost about 3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Petra (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strong fortress, garrisoned -by 1,500 Persians, was -besieged by the Romans, 8,000 -strong, under Dagisteus, in 549. -After a series of unsuccessful -assaults the Romans succeeded -in bringing down a large portion -of the outer wall by mining. By -this time the garrison was reduced -to 400, but Dagisteus, -delaying to storm the fortress, -the Persians succeeded in throwing -in reinforcements, which -brought the garrison up to -3,000. Meanwhile all the -breaches had been repaired, and -the Romans had to undertake -a second siege. At last a breach -was effected, and after very -severe fighting the besiegers -effected a lodgement. Of the -defenders 700 fell in the second -siege, and 1,070 in the storm, -while of 700 prisoners, only 18 -were unwounded. Five hundred -retreated to the citadel, -and held out to the last, perishing -in the flames when it was -fired by the Romans.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pharsalus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 9, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 48, -between the Pompeians, 60,000 -strong, under Pompey, and -Cæsareans, 25,000 strong, under -Cæsar. The Pompeian cavalry -drove back that of Cæsar, but -following in pursuit, were thrown -into confusion by the legionaries, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>whereupon they turned -and fled from the field; the infantry -followed and the battle -became a rout, in which 15,000 -Pompeians, and only 200 Cæsareans -fell. After the battle, -20,000 Pompeians surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pharsalus (Greco-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 6, 1897, when -Edhem Pasha, with three Turkish -divisions, drove the Greeks -from their entrenchments in -front of Pharsalus, at a cost of -about 230 killed and wounded. -The Greek loss was not very -heavy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Philiphaugh (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 13, 1645, -when 4,000 Lowland horse, -under David Leslie, surprised -and cut to pieces Montrose's -force of Highlanders, encamped -near Selkirk. Montrose escaped -with a few followers.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Philippi (Rebellion of Brutus).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 42, between the -Republicans, under Brutus and -Cassius, 100,000 strong, and the -army of the Triumvirs, about -equal in numbers, under Octavius -and Mark Antony. Brutus -on the right repulsed the legions -of Octavius, and penetrated into -his camp. Cassius, however, -was overthrown by Antony, -and would have been overwhelmed -but for the arrival of -aid from the successful right -wing. The action was renewed -on the second day, when the -Triumvirs were completely victorious, -and the Republican army -dispersed. Brutus committed -suicide on the field of battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Philippopolis (First Gothic Invasion of the Empire).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged, 251, -by the Goths, under Cniva, and -after a gallant defence, and the -defeat of an attempt by Decius -to relieve it, was stormed and -sacked. It is said that 100,000 -of the garrison and inhabitants -perished in the siege and subsequent -massacre.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Philippopolis (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 17, 1878, -between the Russians, under -General Gourko, and the Turks, -under Fuad and Shakir Pashas. -The Turks made a stubborn -defence of the approaches to -Philippopolis, but were overpowered -by superior numbers, -and forced to retreat with a loss -of 5,000 killed and wounded, -2,000 prisoners, and 114 guns. -The Russians lost 1,300.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Philipsburg (War of the Polish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by the -Imperialists, was besieged 1734, -by the French, under the Duke -of Berwick. The Duke was -killed by a cannon ball while -visiting the trenches, but the -place fell soon afterwards, notwithstanding -the efforts of -Prince Eugene to relieve it.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pieter's Hill (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The scene of the severest fighting -in the course of Sir Redvers -Buller's final and successful -attempt to relieve Ladysmith. -The operations commenced by -the capture of Hlangwane, on -February 19, 1900, which gave -the British command of the -Tugela, which was crossed on -the 21st. On the 22nd a steady -advance was made up to the -line of Pieter's Hill, which was -attacked by the Irish Brigade, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>under General Hart, on the 23rd. -At a cost of nearly half their -numbers, they succeeded in -establishing themselves under -cover, close to the Boer trenches, -but could not dislodge the defenders. -It was not till the -27th, when Buller had turned -the Boer left, that a general -assault was successful, and the -Boers evacuated the position. -The British losses during the -operations were 1,896 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pingyang (Chino-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 15, 1894, -between the Japanese, 14,000 -strong, under General Nodzu, -and 12,000 Chinese, entrenched -in a strong position. After -severe fighting the Chinese were -driven from their entrenchments -with heavy loss. The -Japanese lost 650 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pinkie Cleugh (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1547, between -the Scots, under the Earl -of Huntly, and the English, -under the Protector Somerset. -The Scots crossed the Esk, and -attacked the English lines, at -first with success, but they were -thrown into confusion by a -charge of cavalry, and in the -end fled from the field with -heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pirot (Servo-Bulgarian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 26 and 27, -1885, between 40,000 Servians, -under King Milan, and 45,000 -Bulgarians, under Prince Alexander. -After some desultory -fighting, the Bulgarians seized -the town of Pirot in the course -of the afternoon. At dawn on -the 27th, the Servians, by a -surprise attack, recovered Pirot, -which was later retaken by the -Bulgarians, though the Servians -continued to hold a position to -the south of the town till nightfall. -Early next morning an -armistice was concluded. The -Bulgarians lost 2,500, the Servians -2,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pittsburg Landing.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SHILOH'>Shiloh</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Placentia (Invasion of the Alemanni).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 271, between the -Romans, under Aurelian, and -the invading Alemanni. The -barbarians attacked the Romans -in the dusk of evening, after a -long and fatiguing march, and -threw them into disorder, but -they were rallied by the Emperor, -and after severe fighting, -succeeded in beating off their -assailants.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Plains of Abraham (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 13, 1759, -when Wolfe, who was lying on -shipboard in the St. Lawrence -above Quebec, with 4,000 troops, -effected a landing secretly in the -night of the 12th to the 13th, -and took up unperceived a -strong position on the Plains of -Abraham. Next morning he -was attacked by Montcalm, -with about equal numbers, but -notwithstanding the most desperate -efforts, the French were -unable to carry the position, -and were driven back into -Quebec with a loss of about 1,500. -Both Wolfe and Montcalm fell -mortally wounded. The British -loss amounted to 664 killed and -wounded. The French immediately -afterwards evacuated -Quebec.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Plassy (Seven Years' War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1757, between the -British, 3,000 strong, with 8 -guns, under Clive, and the army -of Surabjah Daulah, Nawab of -Bengal, aided by a small force -of Frenchmen. Clive was encamped -in a grove of mango-trees, -where he was attacked by -the Nawab. He beat off the -attack, and then stormed the -Nawab's lines, totally routing -his army, which fled in panic, -with a loss of about 500. The -British lost 72 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Platæa (Third Persian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 479, between the -Greeks, about 100,000 strong, -under Pausanias the Spartan, -and 300,000 Persians, with -50,000 Greek auxiliaries, under -Mardonius. The Persians fought -bravely, but were overborne by -the superior discipline and -heavier armour of the Greeks, -and Mardonius falling, a panic -ensued, and they fled to their -entrenched camp. This was -stormed by the Athenians, and -no quarter was given, with the -result, it is said, that with the -exception of a body of 40,000 -which left the field early in the -battle, only 3,000 Persians -escaped.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Platæa (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 429 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, this city, held by -a garrison of 400 Platæans and -80 Athenians, was besieged by -the Spartans, under Archidamus. -All the useless mouths -were sent out of the place, only -110 women being retained to -bake bread. The garrison repulsed -numerous assaults, and -the siege soon resolved itself -into a blockade, but provisions -becoming scarce, an attempt -was made to break through the -enemy's lines, which half the garrison -succeeded in doing, with the -loss of one man. The remainder -held out till 427, when being on -the verge of starvation, they -surrendered. The survivors -were tried for having deserted -Bœotia for Athens, at the outbreak -of the war, and 200 -Platæans, and 25 Athenians -were put to death.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Plescow (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the Swedes, under Gustavus -Adolphus, August 20, 1615, -and defended by a Russian -garrison. It is notable as marking -a departure from the established -practice of surrounding -a besieged city with walls of -circumvallation. For these -Gustavus substituted a series -of entrenched camps, communications -between which were -maintained by strong patrolling -forces. Little progress was -made, owing to a delay in the -arrival of the Swedish breaching -guns, and through the mediation -of England, negotiations -were opened with Russia, and -the siege raised, October 14, -1615.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Plevna (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Four battles were fought in -the course of the siege of Plevna, -the first three being attacks on -the Russian defences, and the -fourth, Osman Pasha's final -attempt to cut his way through -the besieger's lines.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On July 20, 1877, the advance -guard of Krüdener's corps, -6,500 strong, under Schilder-Schuldener, -attacked the defences -to the north and east -of Plevna. The Russians advanced -<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>with impetuosity, and -carried some of the advanced -trenches, driving the defenders -back to the outskirts of the -town, but their heavy loss, and a -failure of ammunition compelled -a retreat, and the Turks rallying, -drove them from the positions -they had captured, and pursued -them for some distance. The -Russians lost two-thirds of their -officers, and nearly 2,000 men.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The second battle took place, -July 30, when General Krüdener, -with 30,000 Russians in two -divisions, assailed the Turkish -redoubts to the north and east -of the town. Schakofsky had -command of the latter attack, -Krüdener himself leading the -assault on the Gravitza redoubt -on the north. Krüdener was -absolutely unsuccessful. Schakofsky -by 5.30 p.m. was in possession -of two of the eastern -redoubts, but before nightfall -these were retaken by the Turks, -and the Russians retired, defeated -all along the line. Their -losses amounted to 169 officers -and 7,136 men, of whom 2,400 -were left dead on the field. On -the 11th and 12th of September, -the investing army, 95,000 -strong, under the Grand Duke -Michael, attacked Plevna on -three sides, Osman Pasha having -now 30,000 men under his command. -On the 11th an attack -on the Omar Tabrija redoubt -was repulsed with a loss to the -Russians of 6,000 men. The -attack on the Gravitza redoubts -resulted in the capture of the -"Bloody Battery," which the -Russians held till the end of the -siege. On the south-west, Skobeleff -captured two of the six -inner redoubts which protected -that angle of the fortress. On -the 12th, the attack on the -second Gravitza redoubt was -repulsed, and the two redoubts -captured by Skobeleff were -retaken, after a terrible struggle. -The losses in the two days' -fighting amounted to 20,600 -including 2,000 prisoners, on -the Russian side, on that of the -Turks to 5,000. Of these, 8,000 -Russians, and 4,000 Turks fell -in Skobeleff's attack.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On December 10, Osman -Pasha, at the head of 25,000 -Turks, accompanied by 9,000 -convalescents and wounded in -carts, attempted to cut his way -through the Russian army, now -100,000 strong, under the King -of Roumania, with Todleben -as Chief of the Staff. The -attempt was made on the east -of Plevna, and was directed -against the Imperial Grenadiers, -under General Ganetzki. Having -successfully crossed the Vid, -Osman charged down upon the -Russians, on a line two miles in -length, and carried the first line -of entrenchments. Todleben, -however, hurried up reinforcements, -and the Turks were in -turn attacked, and driven back -in confusion across the river, -Osman being severely wounded. -Here they made their last stand, -but were overpowered, and -driven into Plevna, which before -evening capitulated, after a -defence lasting 143 days. In -this engagement, the Turks lost -5,000, and the Russians 2,000 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Podhaic.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1667, between 10,000 -Poles, under John Sobieski, and -80,000 Cossacks and Tartars -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>who were besieging Kaminiec. -The Cossacks were totally routed -and forced to evacuate Poland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Podol (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 26, 1866, between -the advance-guard of -Prince Frederick Charles' army, -and the Austrians, under General -Clam-Gallas. The Austrians -were defeated and driven out -of Podol, after severe fighting, -in which they lost heavily. The -Prussians took 500 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Poitiers (Gothic Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 507, between the -Franks, under Clovis, and the -Visigoths, under Alaric II. -Clovis and Alaric met in single -combat, and Alaric was slain, -following which the Goths were -utterly routed. By this decisive -victory, the province of Aquitaine -was added to the Frankish -dominions.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Poitiers (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 19, 1356, -between 8,000 English, under -Edward the Black Prince, and -80,000 French, under King -John of France. The English -occupied a strong position behind -lanes and vineyards, in -which their archers were posted. -The French cavalry, charging -up the lanes, were thrown into -confusion by the bowmen, and -were then taken in flank by the -English knights and men-at-arms, -who completely routed -them, with a loss of 8,000 killed, -and numerous prisoners, including -the King. The English -losses were very small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pola (War of Chiozza).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1380, when Doria, -with 22 Genoese galleys, offered -battle to the Venetian fleet, -under Pisani, which was lying -at Pola. Pisani sallied out with -20 galleys, and captured the -Genoese flag-ship, Doria being -killed. The Genoese, however, -rallied, drove Pisani back, and -defeated him with a loss of -2,000 killed, and 15 galleys and -1,900 men captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pollentia (First Gothic Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 403, between -the Goths, under Alaric, -and the Romans, under Stilicho. -Stilicho attacked the Gothic -camp while they were celebrating -the festival of Easter, and -owing to the surprise, the charge -of the Roman cavalry threw -them into confusion. They -were, however, soon rallied by -Alaric, and the Romans driven -off with heavy loss, but Stilicho -advancing at the head of the -legionaries, forced his way into -the camp, and drove out the -Goths with enormous slaughter. -Alaric's wife was among the -captives.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pollicore (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 27, 1781, between -11,000 British, under Sir -Eyre Coote and the Mysoris, -80,000 strong, under Haidar Ali. -Coote seized the village of Pollicore, -turning Haidar's flank -and forcing him to retreat, after -an action lasting eight hours. -The British lost 421 killed and -wounded, the Mysoris about -2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Polonka (Russo-Polish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1667, between the -Russian invaders, and the Poles, -under Czarnieçki. The Russians -were totally routed, a -defeat which was largely instrumental -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>in bringing about -the signature of peace in the -same year.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Polotsk (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 18, 1812, between -33,000 French and Bavarians, -under General Saint Cyr, -and 30,000 Russians, under -Count Wittgenstein. The Russians -were taken by surprise, -and after an action which lasted -two hours only, were driven -back with a loss of 3,000 killed, -1,500 prisoners and 14 guns. -The French lost a little over -1,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Polotsk (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 18, 1812, -when General Saint-Cyr, with -30,000 French and Bavarians, -was attacked and defeated by -the Russians, in slightly superior -force, under Count Wittgenstein, -and forced to evacuate Polotsk.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ponani (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 19, 1780, -when a force of British and -native troops, about 2,500 -strong, under Colonel Macleod, -entrenched near Ponani, were -attacked before daybreak by a -strong force of Mysoris, under -Tippu Sahib. The Mysoris were -repulsed at the point of the -bayonet, with a loss of 1,100. -The British loss was 87 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pondicherry.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was invested by -the British, under Admiral Boscawen, -with a fleet of 30 sail, -and a land force of 6,000 men, -August 30, 1748, and was defended -by a French garrison of -4,800, under Dupleix. The -siege was grossly mismanaged, -and in October Boscawen was -forced to withdraw, having lost -by sickness or in action nearly -a third of his land force. The -French lost 250 only during the -siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pondicherry (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In August, 1760, Colonel -Coote, with about 8,000 British -and native troops, invested -this place, which was held by a -French garrison, 3,000 strong, -under Lally-Tollendal. Coote -was almost immediately superseded -by Colonel Monson, but -the latter having been wounded, -Coote resumed the command. -Fire was not opened from the -breaching batteries till December -8th, and on the 31st a -terrific hurricane wrecked all -the land batteries, and drove -ashore six ships of the blockading -squadron. On January 10, -1761, however, fire was reopened, -and the town surrendered on -the 15th.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pondicherry.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Having been surrendered to -the French by the Peace of -Paris, Pondicherry was again -besieged by a British force, -under Sir Hector Monro, in -conjunction with a squadron of -ships, under Sir Edward Vernon, -August 8, 1778. It was gallantly -defended by the French, under -M. Bellecombe, until the middle -of October, when after a month's -bombardment the place surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pondicherry.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action was fought off -Pondicherry, August 10, 1778, -during the third siege, when a -French squadron of 5 ships, -under M. Tronjolly, issued from -the roads, and offered battle to -the 5 ships of Sir Edward -<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>Vernon. The French were -worsted, and driven back to -their anchorage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pondicherry.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A second naval action off -this place was fought June 20, -1783, between a British squadron -of 18 ships of the line, and -12 frigates, under Sir Edward -Hughes, and a French squadron, -under de Suffren. The battle -was undecided, the British ships -suffering considerably in masts -and rigging, and being unable -to chase when de Suffren sheered -off. The British loss was 520 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pontevert (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 57 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -50,000 Romans, under Cæsar, -and the Suevi, 300,000 strong, -under Galba. The Suevi attacked -the Roman entrenched camp, -but were repulsed with very -heavy loss and their army dispersed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pont Valain (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1370, between the -French, under du Guesclin, and -the English, under Sir Thomas -Granson. The French surprised -the English camp, but -the English rallied, and a severe -conflict followed, in which the -French attack was at first repulsed. -A flank movement of -the French, however, threw -the English into disorder, and -they were defeated with a loss -of nearly 10,000 in killed, -wounded and prisoners, among -the latter being Sir Thomas -Granson.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Poonah (Second Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 25, 1802, -between the forces of Jeswunt -Rao, and the united armies of -the Peshwa and Sindhia of -Gwalior. After an evenly contested -action, Jeswunt Rao got -the upper hand, and gained a -complete victory, Sindhia fleeing -from the field, leaving behind -him all his guns and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Port Arthur (Chino-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a Chinese -garrison of 9,000 men, was attacked -and stormed by the Japanese, -after a short bombardment. -The Chinese made but a -feeble resistance, the assailants -losing only 270 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Port Arthur (Russo-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 8, 1904, -between a Japanese fleet of 16 -warships, under Vice-Admiral -Togo, and the Russian fleet of -6 battleships and 10 cruisers, -under Vice-Admiral Stark, lying -at anchor off Port Arthur. The -Japanese attacked with torpedo -boats, and succeeded in seriously -damaging 2 battleships and a -cruiser, which were beached at -the mouth of the harbour. They -then opened a bombardment, -in which they injured a third -battleship and four more cruisers -sustaining no damage to their -own ships. The Russians lost -56 killed and wounded, the -Japanese, 58, chiefly in the -torpedo boats.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On April 13, the Japanese -torpedo flotilla attacked the -Russian squadron, under Makaroff. -The battleship Petropavlovsk -was torpedoed and sunk, -Makaroff and 700 officers and -men being drowned. The battleship -Pobieda, and a destroyer -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>were also torpedoed, but managed -to reach the harbour. The -Japanese suffered no material -loss.</p> - -<p class='c001'>After numerous only partially -successful attempts to block -the fairway, the Japanese, on -May 2, sent in a fleet of merchant -steamers, accompanied by -the torpedo flotilla. Of these, -eight succeeded in reaching the -outer harbour, and two of them -broke the boom guarding the -inner harbour, and were blown -up by their commanders in the -fairway. Several others were -sunk near the harbour entrance. -Of the 179 officers and men -forming the crews of the merchant -steamers, only 42 were -rescued by the Japanese, though -a few survivors fell into the -hands of the Russians. This is -one of the most daring exploits -in the history of naval warfare.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Porte St. Antoine (Wars of the Fronde).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 2, 1652, between -the Royal troops, under Turenne, -and 5,000 insurgents, -under Condé. Condé occupied -a position round the gate, protected -by barricades and fortified -houses, where he was attacked -by Turenne. The barricades -were taken and retaken several -times, but at last, after heavy -fighting, Condé abandoned all -idea of penetrating into Paris, -and retired. His losses were -heavy, especially in officers, -among the severely wounded -being the Duc de Nemurs, and -the Duc de la Rochefoucauld.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Port Hudson (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was invested, -May 25, 1863, by five Federal -divisions, under General Banks, -and defended by 6,000 Confederates, -under General Gardner. -An assault on the 27th -was repulsed, and a regular -siege commenced. After a -second unsuccessful assault, on -June 14, the garrison, having no -hope of relief, surrendered, -July 9, having lost 800 men -during the siege. The losses of -the besiegers were far heavier, -the two unsuccessful assaults -showing a heavy list of casualties.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Portland (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 18, 1653, -between an English fleet of -about 70 sail, under Blake, -Deane and Monk, and a Dutch -fleet of 73 ships, convoying 300 -merchantmen, under Van Tromp, -de Ruyter and Evetzen. In -the early part of the engagement, -which was very severely -contested, three English ships -were carried by the board, and -that portion of the fleet which -had come into action was nearly -overwhelmed. At this crisis, -however, the rest of the English -ships engaged, the battle was -restored, and the captured ships -retaken. On the 19th the battle -was renewed off the Isle of Wight, -5 Dutch ships being captured -or destroyed. On the 20th the -Dutch sheered off defeated, -having lost during the three -days' fighting, 11 men-of-war, -60 merchant ships, 1,500 killed -and wounded and 700 prisoners. -The English losses were also -heavy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Porto Bello (Raids of the Buccaneers).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This Spanish-American fortress -was captured in 1665 by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>460 Buccaneers, under Morgan. -The walls were scaled, and the -town sacked, unheard-of cruelties -being perpetrated by the -Filibusters.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Porto Bello (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was captured from -the Spaniards, November 21, -1740, by a British fleet of 6 -ships, under Admiral Vernon. -The British loss was trifling.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Porto Novo (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 1781, between -8,500 British troops, under Sir -Eyre Coote, and about 65,000 -Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. -Hyder occupied a strongly entrenched -camp, blocking the -British advance upon Cuddalore. -Here he was attacked by Coote, -and after a day's hard fighting -the position was stormed, and -Hyder forced to retreat. The -British lost 306 only, while the -Mysoris are computed to have -lost 10,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Porto Praya Bay.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 16, 1781, when -Commodore Johnstone, in command -of a British squadron of -5 ships of the line and 5 frigates, -repulsed a determined attack of -a French squadron of 11 sail, -under de Suffren. The loss in -the British squadron amounted -to 36 killed and 147 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Port Republic (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 9, 1862, between -the Federals, 12,000 strong, -under General Shields, and an -equal force of Confederates, -under General Jackson. The -Federals were completely defeated, -a portion of their army -being driven from the field in -disorder and with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Potidæa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by a -force of about 3,000 Athenians, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 432, and was defended by a -small garrison of Corinthians, -under Aristæus. The town -held out until the winter of 429, -when the garrison surrendered, -and were permitted to go free.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Potosi. (South-American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April, 1825, between, -the Bolivians, under Bolivar, -and the Spanish Royalists, -under Olaneta. The Spaniards -were completely defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Prague (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 8, 1620, -when the Imperialists, under -Maximilian of Bavaria and -Count Tilly, drove 22,000 Bohemians, -under Frederick of -Bohemia, up to the walls of -Prague, and signally defeated -them, with a loss of 5,000 men -and all their artillery. Frederick -was obliged to take refuge -in the city, and soon afterwards -capitulated. The battle only -lasted an hour, and the Imperialists -lost no more than 300 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Prague (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 6, 1757, between -70,000 Austrians, under Charles -of Lorraine, and 60,000 Prussians, -under Frederick the -Great. The Austrians occupied -a very strong position on the -Moldau, which was attacked -and carried by Frederick, -Charles being driven back into -Prague with a loss of 8,000 -killed and wounded and 9,000 -prisoners. Marshal Braun was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>among the killed. The Prussians -lost 13,000, including -Marshal Schwerin.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Prairie Grove (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A sanguinary but indecisive -action, fought December 7, -1862, between the Confederates, -under General Hindman, and -the Federals, under General -Herron. The losses were about -equal.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Preston (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 17, 1648, -when Langdale, with 4,000 -Royalists, was deserted by the -main body of the Scottish invading -army, and left to face -the attack of about 8,000 Parliamentarians -under Cromwell. -The Royalists fought desperately -for four hours, but were -overpowered, and the whole -force killed or captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Preston (Rebellion of the Fifteen).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 12, 1715, -between 4,000 Jacobites, under -General Forster, and a small -force of Royal troops, chiefly -dragoons, under General Wills. -The Jacobites had barricaded -the approaches to the town, -and held their ground throughout -the day, but reinforcements -arriving, Wills was able to invest -the place completely; and -early on the morning of the 14th -Forster surrendered. Many of -the rebels having left the town -on the night of the 12th, the -prisoners numbered 1,468. The -Jacobite loss in killed and -wounded was 42, that of the -Royalists about 200.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Prestonpans (Rebellion of the Forty-five).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 21, 1745, -between 2,300 Royal troops, -under Sir John Cope, and a -slightly superior force of Jacobites, -under the Young Pretender. -Cope's infantry failed -to stand up against the charge -of the Highlanders, and fled in -confusion, losing heavily in -killed and wounded, and 1,600 -prisoners, including 70 officers. -The Highlanders lost about -140 killed and wounded. This -action is also known as the -Battle of Gladsmuir.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Primolano (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 7, 1796, -when Napoleon surprised and -totally routed the vanguard of -Wurmser's army. The Austrians -lost over 4,000 killed, -wounded and prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Princeton (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1776 between the -Americans, under Washington, -and the British, under General -Gage. The British were defeated, -and this victory enabled -Washington to regain possession -of New Jersey.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pruth, The (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 2, 1770, when -the Russians, under General -Romanzoff, stormed the triple -entrenchments held by the -main Turkish army, 120,000 -strong, under Halil Bey, and -drove out the Turks with a loss -of 20,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Puente (South American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 16, 1816, -between the Colombian Patriots, -under Lorrices, <a id='corr202R.45'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='aud'>and</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_202R.45'><ins class='correction' title='aud'>and</ins></a></span> the Spanish -Royalists, under Morillo. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>Royalists gained a complete -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Puente de la Reyna (Second Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 6, 1872, between -50,000 Carlists, under -Ollo, and about 9,000 Republicans, -under Moriones. The Republicans -were defeated after -hard fighting, and were at last -driven in disorder from the field -by a bayonet charge. The Carlists -lost 113 only; the losses of -the Republicans were far heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pultowa (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 8, 1709, between -the Swedes, 24,000 strong, under -Charles XII, and the Russians, -70,000 in number, under Peter -the Great. After some successes -early in the battle the -Swedes were overwhelmed by -the Czar's great superiority in -artillery, and were defeated -with a loss of 9,000 killed and -wounded and 6,000 prisoners. -Charles with difficulty made his -escape from the field by swimming -the Borysthenes.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pultusk (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1703, between 10,000 -Swedes, under Charles XII, and -an equal force of Saxons, under -Marshal von Stenau. The Saxons -made practically no resistance, -but fled from the field, -losing only 600 killed and 1,000 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pultusk <a id='corr203L.38'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Campaign'>(Campaign</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_203L.38'><ins class='correction' title='Campaign'>(Campaign</ins></a></span> of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 26, 1806, -between 43,000 Russians, under -Bennigsen, and 18,000 French, -under Lannes. Lannes endeavoured -to pierce the Russian -left and cut them off from the -town, but he did not succeed in -getting through, and in this -part of the field the action was -indecisive. On the left the -French did little more than -hold their own, but the Russians -retired during the night, -having lost 3,000 killed and -wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and -a large number of guns. The -French admitted a loss of 1,500 -only, but this is probably an -understatement, Russian accounts -estimating the French -losses at 8,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Puna (Raids of the Buccaneers).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On April 27, 1687, three Buccaneering -vessels, under Captain -Davis, engaged two Spanish -men-of-war off Puna. The action -was entirely one of long-range -firing, and lasted till May -3, when the Spanish commander -withdrew his ships. In the -seven days only three or four -Buccaneers were wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Punniar (Gwalior Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 29, 1843, -between the left wing of Sir -Hugh Gough's army, under -General Grey, and a force of -12,000 Mahrattas, with 40 guns. -The Mahrattas were totally -routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pydna (Third Macedonian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 22, 168 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, -between the Romans, under -Æmilius Paulus, and the Macedonians, -under Perseus. The -Macedonian phalanx attacked -the Roman line, and drove them -back on their camp, but becoming -disordered by the uneven -ground, was broken by the -legionaries and cut to pieces. -The result was a total defeat of -the Macedonians, with a loss -of 20,000 killed and 11,000 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>prisoners. The phalanx here -fought its last fight and perished -to a man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pyramids (French Invasion of Egypt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 21, 1798, when -the Mameluke army, under -Murad Bey, endeavoured to -arrest Napoleon's march on -Cairo. The Mameluke infantry, -numbering about 20,000, -took no part in the fight, but -their cavalry, perhaps at that -time the finest in the world, -charged the French squares -with the utmost gallantry. They -were, however, repulsed time -after time, with great slaughter, -and were eventually driven into -the Nile, where the shattered -remnants escaped by swimming.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Pyrenees (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The engagements fought between -Wellington's lieutenants -and Soult's army, which was -endeavouring to relieve San -Sebastian, are known as the -Battles of the Pyrenees. They -include the fighting from July -25 to August 2, 1813, and specially -the actions of Roncesvalles, -Maya, Santarem and Buenzas. -The British loss in these battles -amounted to 7,300, while the -French lost fully double that -number.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='PYLOS'></a>Pylos and Sphacteria (Peloponnesian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The promontory of Pylos, -which is separated by a narrow -channel from the island of -Sphacteria, was seized and fortified -by an Athenian force -under Demosthenes, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 425. -Here he was besieged by the -Spartans under Thrasymelidas, -with a land force and a fleet of -43 ships, the crews of which -occupied Sphacteria. Demosthenes -repulsed an attack on -Pylos, and Eurymedon, arriving -with 50 Athenian vessels, defeated -the Spartan fleet, and -blockaded Sphacteria. After a -protracted siege, the arrival of -reinforcements, under Cleon, -enabled the Athenians to land -14,000 men in the island, and -the garrison, reduced from 420 -to 292, surrendered.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>Q</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Quatre Bras (Hundred Days).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 16, 1815, between -the advance guard of the -British army, under Wellington, -and the left wing of the French -army, 16,000 strong, under Ney. -Napoleon's object was to prevent -the junction of the British -and the Prussians, and Ney's -orders were to drive back the -British, while Napoleon, with -his main body, engaged the -Prussians. Ney attacked at 3 -p.m., but the British held their -own till evening, when Ney, not -receiving the reinforcements he -expected, began to fall back. -Wellington then attacked vigorously -all along the line, retaking -all the positions occupied by the -French during the day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Quebec (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged June, -1759, by 9,000 British troops, -under General Wolfe, assisted -by a fleet of 22 ships of war, -under Admiral Holmes. The -place was defended by about -16,000 French, under Montcalm. -Wolfe was too weak numerically -for an investment, and his object -<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>was to draw Montcalm into an -engagement. On July 31 he -was defeated in an attack on -Montcalm's lines outside the -city, but on September 13, -having landed above Quebec, -he met and defeated the French, -who evacuated the place on the -17th.</p> - -<p class='c001'>After defeating General Murray, -April 27, 1760, the Chevalier -de Levis laid siege to Quebec, -with about 8,000 French and -Canadians. The garrison consisted -of no more than 2,500 -effectives, but owing to the -superiority of their artillery, -Levis was unable to make any -impression on the defences. On -May 15 a small British squadron -anchored off the city, and on -the following day attacked and -destroyed the French ships -carrying de Levis' supplies and -reserve of ammunition, whereupon -he hastily raised the siege, -leaving behind him 40 siege -guns and all his sick and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Queenston Heights (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 13, 1812, -between 4,000 British (chiefly -Canadian volunteers), under -General Brock, and about 5,000 -Americans, under Van <a id='corr205L.35'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Reusselaer'>Rensselaer</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_205L.35'><ins class='correction' title='Reusselaer'>Rensselaer</ins></a></span>. -The Americans attacked -the British position on Queenston -Heights, and after very -severe fighting, were totally -defeated. The exact losses are -unknown, but the British took -1,000 prisoners, and the American -column was practically -annihilated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Quiberon Bay (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 20, 1759, -between the British fleet, 23 -sail of the line and 10 frigates, -under Hawke, and 21 French -line-of-battleships and 3 frigates, -under Conflans. The action -was fought in a heavy gale on a -lee shore, and resulted in the -French being driven to take -refuge in Quiberon Bay, with a -loss of 2 ships sunk and 2 captured. -Notwithstanding the -gale, Hawke followed up his -advantage, and standing in, -succeeded in capturing or destroying -all but four of the ships -which had taken refuge in the -bay, though in so doing he lost -two of his own ships, which -were driven ashore and wrecked. -The British lost in the action -only 1 officer and 270 men -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Quipuaypan (Conquest of Peru).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1532, between the -rival Peruvian chiefs, Atahualpa -and Huascar. Huascar was -totally routed, and taken prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Quistello (War of the Polish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1734, between -the Imperialists, under Prince -Eugene, and the French, under -the Duc de Broglie. Prince -Eugene gained a signal victory.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>R</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Raab (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14, 1809, between -44,000 French, under -Eugene Beauharnais, and about -40,000 Austrians, under the -Archduke John. The French -attacked the Austrian position, -and driving them successively -from the villages of Kismegyer -and Szabadhegy, totally defeated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>them. Under cover of -night, however, the Archduke -was able to make an orderly -retirement, with a loss of about -3,000 killed and wounded and -2,500 prisoners. The French -lost something over 2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Radcot Bridge.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1387, between the -troops of Richard II, under De -Vere, Duke of Ireland, and the -forces of the Lords Appellant, -under the Earl of Derby (Henry -IV). De Vere and his troops -fled almost without striking a -blow, and the King was thus left -entirely in the power of the -Barons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ragatz (Armagnac War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March, 1446, between -the Austrians and the Swiss -Confederation. The Swiss gained -a brilliant victory, which was -followed by peace with Austria -and the Armagnacs.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rajahmundry (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 9, 1758, -between 2,500 British troops, -under Colonel Forde, in conjunction -with about 5,000 native -levies, and the French, 6,500 -strong, under Conflans. The -native troops did little on either -side, but Forde's 500 Europeans -routed Conflans' Frenchmen, -and the latter fled with considerable -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rakersberg (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1416, between 20,000 -Turks, under Ahmed Bey, and -12,000 Austrians and others, -under Duke Ernest of Styria. -Duke Ernest marched to the -relief of Rakersberg, which the -Turks were besieging, and drove -them from the field utterly -routed. It is said that the -Turkish losses amounted to -more than the whole Christian -army. Ahmed Bey was among -the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ramillies (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 23, 1706, between -the British and Imperialists, -under Marlborough and -Prince Eugene, about 80,000 -strong, and the French, in equal -force, under Marshal Villeroy. -The allies drove the French out -of Ramillies, their resistance on -the whole being unworthy of -them, and in the end they were -disastrously defeated with heavy -loss, 5,000 being killed -and wounded, while 6,000 prisoners -and 50 guns were taken. -The allies lost less than 3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ramla.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1177, between the -Saracens, under Saladin, and -the Christians of Jerusalem, -under Renaud de Châtillon. -The Christians won a complete -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ramnugger (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 1849, -when Lord Gough attempted to -dislodge Shir Singh, who with -about 35,000 Sikhs, had occupied -a position behind the -Chenab opposite Ramnugger. -The attempt was made by a -brigade under General Campbell, -with a cavalry force under -General Cureton, and failed owing -to the unexpected strength -of the Sikh artillery, which -was well posted and served. -General Cureton was killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Raphia.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 223, between the -Egyptians, under Ptolemy Philopator, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>and the Syrians, under -Antiochus the Great. Antiochus -at first held the advantage, -but pressing too far in the -pursuit, was overpowered and -totally routed. The Syrians lost -14,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rastadt (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1796, between the -French, under Moreau, and the -Austrians, under the Archduke -Charles. After a severe engagement -Moreau succeeded in seizing -the heights held by the Austrians, -and forced Charles to -retreat to the Danube.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Raszyn (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 19, 1809, between -30,000 Austrians, under -the Archduke Ferdinand, and -about 20,000 French and Poles, -under Poniatowski. The Archduke -was marching on Warsaw -when Poniatowski, to whom the -defence of that city had been -entrusted, came out to meet -him, and after a stubborn fight -in the woods and marshes round -Raszyn, was driven back upon -Warsaw, with a loss of 2,000 -killed and wounded. A few -days later he surrendered the -city to the Austrians to save it -from a bombardment.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rathenow (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 25, 1675, between -the Brandenburgers, -15,000 strong, under the Elector -Frederick William, and the -Swedes, under Charles XI. The -Swedes, wearied by a long -march, were surprised by the -Elector in their camp, and -suffered a serious reverse.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rathmines (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 2, 1649, between -the Royalists, under -Ormonde, and the Parliamentary -garrison of Dublin, under -Colonel Jones. Ormonde having -ordered a night attack upon -Dublin, the Parliamentarians -made a sortie, and driving back -the assaulting column, attacked -the main body of the Royalists -in their camp, totally routing -them, with a loss of 4,000 killed -and wounded and 2,000 prisoners. -All Ormonde's artillery -was captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ravenna.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 729 between the -troops of Leo the Iconoclast, -and a force of Italians, raised -by Pope Gregory II, in defence -of image worship. After a -severe struggle, the Greeks were -routed, and in their flight to -their ships were slaughtered by -thousands. It is said that the -waters of the Po were so infected -with blood, that for six -years the inhabitants of Ravenna -would not eat any fish -caught in that river.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ravenna (War of the Holy League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1512, between the -troops of the Holy League, and -the French, under Gaston de -Foix. The French gained a -signal victory, but Gaston de -Foix fell in the moment of his -triumph, pierced with sixteen -wounds.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Reading (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 871, between the -Danish invaders, and the West -Saxons, under Æthelred and -Alfred. The West Saxons, -after a stubborn resistance, -were defeated and driven from -the field with great slaughter.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Rebec (Wars of Charles V).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1524. between the -Imperialists, under Constable de -Bourbon, and the French, under -Bonnivet. The French were -totally defeated, with heavy -loss, among those who fell being -the Chevalier de Bayard.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Redan (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort, forming part of the -southern defences of Sebastopol, -was attacked by the British -Second and Light Divisions, -September 8, 1855. The ramparts -were stormed, but the -assailants were unable to make -good their footing, and were -eventually repulsed with heavy -loss. The fall of the Malakoff, -however, rendered the southern -side of Sebastopol untenable, -and the Russians retired during -the night. The British losses -amounted to 2,184 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Reddersberg (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 3, 1900, when -5 companies of British infantry -were surrounded by a force of -Boers, with 5 guns, and after -holding out for twenty-four -hours, were compelled by want -of water to surrender, having -lost 4 officers and 43 men killed -and wounded. The prisoners -numbered 405.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Reims (Allied Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 13, 1814, when -Napoleon, with 30,000 French, -surprised and routed 13,000 -Prussians and Russians, under -Saint-Priest, with a loss of -6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners. -The French lost a few -hundreds only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Revel (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This port was attacked in the -spring of 1790 by the Swedish -fleet, under the Duke of Sudermanland. -The Russian batteries, -however, aided by the -fleet under Admiral Chitchagoff, -drove them off with considerable -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Revolax (Finland War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 27, 1808, when -General Klingspoor, with about -8,000 Swedes, surprised an -isolated Russian column of -about 4,000 men, under General -<a id='corr208L.14'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bonlatoff'>Boulatoff</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_208L.14'><ins class='correction' title='Bonlatoff'>Boulatoff</ins></a></span>. The Russians were -surrounded, and tried to cut -their way through, but failed, -less than 1,000 succeeding in -escaping from the trap. General -<a id='corr208L.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bonlatoff'>Boulatoff</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_208L.19'><ins class='correction' title='Bonlatoff'>Boulatoff</ins></a></span> fell fighting to the -last.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rhé.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>St. Martin, the capital of this -island, was besieged by the -English, under the Duke of -Buckingham, from July 17 to -October 29, 1627. An assault -on October 27 was repulsed, -and the landing of the Duke of -Schomberg, with 6,000 French, -on the island, made the English -lines untenable, whereupon -Buckingham raised the siege. -While returning to his ships -Buckingham was attacked by -the French, and suffered considerably. -The English losses -during the operations amounted -to about 4,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rheinfeldt (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1638, between the -Protestant Germans, under -Duke Bernard of Saxe Weimar, -and the Imperialists, under -Jean de Wert. The Duke was -besieging Rheinfeldt, when he -was attacked by de Wert, and -forced to raise the siege and -retire. After retreating, however, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>a short distance only, unpursued, -he suddenly retraced -his steps, and taking the Imperialists -by surprise, inflicted -upon them a severe defeat, dispersing -their army and capturing -de Wert. In this action -fell the veteran Duc de Rohan.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rhodes (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, defended by the -Knights, under their Grand -Master, Pierre d'Aubusson, was -besieged May 23, 1480, by a -Turkish army, under Meshid -Pasha, aided by a fleet of 160 -ships. The siege lasted three -months, and was raised after -the failure of the second assault, -the Turks having by that time -lost 10,500 killed and wounded.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A second and successful siege -was begun July 28, 1522, by -Solyman the Magnificent. The -Knights, under Villiers de L'Isle -Adam, held out until December -21, repulsing numerous attacks, -but at last, worn by famine, they -were compelled to surrender. -The Turks are stated to have -lost by disease and battle over -100,000 men. This siege is notable -as being the first in which -the Turks used explosive bombs.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Riachuelo (Paraguayan War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 11, 1865, between -the fleets of Paraguay -and Brazil. After a sanguinary -engagement the advantage rested -with the Brazilians.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Richmond (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 30, 1862, between -the Confederates, about -6,000 strong, under General -Kirby Smith, and 8,000 Federals, -under General Manson. -The Federals were routed and -driven headlong into Richmond, -where 5,000 prisoners, 9 guns -and 10,000 stand of arms were -captured. The Confederate -losses were slight.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Richmond (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the neighbourhood of this -place were fought the final -actions of the war, when Lee, -with the army of Virginia, endeavoured -to break through -the ring of Grant's troops by -which he was surrounded, and -being everywhere repulsed, was -compelled to surrender March -8, 1865, on which date he had -but 10,000 effectives under his -command.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rich Mountain (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 12, 1861, between -15,000 Federals, under -General McClellan, and 6,000 -Confederates, under General -Garnett. The Federals stormed -the heights of Rich Mountain -and Laurel Hill, and drove the -Southerners from their positions, -with a loss of about 1,000, -including prisoners. During -the pursuit on the following day, -General Garnett was killed in a -cavalry skirmish.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rietfontein (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 24, 1899, -between 4,000 British, under -Sir George White, and the Free -Staters, who were advancing to -interrupt the retreat of Colonel -Yule from Dundee. The enemy -occupied a range of hills about -seven miles from Ladysmith, -where they were attacked by -White. After an indecisive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>action the British retired to -Ladysmith, with a loss of 111 -killed and wounded, but the -object aimed at was attained, -for the Boers were prevented -from interfering with Colonel -Yule's march.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rieti (Neapolitan Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 21, 1821, between -12,000 Neapolitans, under -General Pepe, and the Austrian -invading army, 80,000 strong. -As long as he was opposing only -the advance guard, Pepe made -a most resolute resistance, but -on their being reinforced from -the main body, the Neapolitans -were overpowered by superior -numbers, and finally driven in -confusion from the field. Two -days' later the Austrians entered -Naples, and reinstated Ferdinand -on the throne.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Riga (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was invested by -the Swedes, under Gustavus -Adolphus, in the early part of -August, 1621, and was defended -by a garrison of 300 Poles. A -resolute defence was made, and -several determined assaults repulsed, -but a large breach having -having been effected by September -11, the garrison, now -reduced to a handful, had no -option but to surrender, and -the town was entered by the -Swedes, September 15, 1621.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rimnitz (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 22, 1789, -when 25,000 Austrians and -Russians, under the Duke of -Coburg and Suwaroff, routed -an army of 90,000 Turks, under -the Grand Vizier. The Turkish -losses were enormous, the whole -army being killed, captured, or -dispersed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rinya (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 21, 1556, between -40,000 Turks, under Ali -Pasha, and a comparatively -small force of Austrians and -Hungarians, under Thomas Nadasdy. -The Turks were defeated -with heavy loss, the -Christians losing 300 men only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rio Seco (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 14, 1808, when -Marshal Bessières, with about -14,000 French, defeated 26,000 -Spaniards, under Cuesta. The -Spaniards lost about 6,000, -while the French loss was only -370 killed and wounded. Following -upon this victory, Joseph -entered Madrid.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rivoli (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 14, 1797. -when the Austrians, with five -divisions, under Alvinzi, attacked -Napoleon's position on -the heights of Rivoli. The -position proved too strong to -be carried, and Napoleon's -superb handling of his troops -resulted in the total defeat of -the assailants. The fifth Austrian -division, which had not -taken part in the frontal attack, -appeared in the rear of the -French position after the battle -was over, and being forced by -overwhelming numbers, laid -down its arms. Masséna, who -had specially distinguished himself, -took his title from this -battle when later ennobled by -Napoleon.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roanoke Island (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island, which commanded -the entrance to Albemarle -Sound, North Carolina, -and which was defended by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>1,800 Confederates, under General -Wise, was attacked February -7, 1862, by three brigades -of Federals, under General -Burnside, aided by 26 gunboats. -On the 8th the Federals landed, -overpowered the garrison, and -occupied the island, losing 235 -killed and wounded. The Confederates -lost 91 killed and -wounded. Of 7 Confederate -gunboats employed in the -defence, 5 were captured or -destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rocoux (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1747, between the -French, under Maurice de Saxe, -and the Imperialists, under -Charles of Lorraine. The -French won a signal victory, -as the result of which they -occupied Brabant.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rocroi (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 19, 1643, between -the French, 22,000 strong, -under the Great Condé, and -27,000 Spaniards, under Don -Francisco de Melo. The battle -was sternly contested, and at -first went against the French, -their left wing being repulsed, -and the centre shaken. Want -of cavalry, however, prevented -Melo pressing home his advantage, -and the French, rallying, -broke the Spanish line, and -severely defeated them. The -Spaniards lost 9,000 killed, and -6,000 prisoners in the infantry -alone. The French only admitted -a loss of 2,000, but it -was doubtless considerably heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roliça (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 17, 1808, -when Wellington, with 14,000 -British and Portuguese, of -whom only 4,000 came into -action, attacked the French, -3,000 strong, under Laborde, -and after a half-hearted resistance -drove them from their -position, with a loss of 500 men. -The allies lost about 400.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (First Invasion of the Gauls).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The first siege of Rome by the -Gauls, under Brennus, took -place <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 387. No attempt -was made to defend the city, -which was seized and burnt by -the barbarians, the greater part -of the population fleeing to -Veii and other neighbouring -cities. The Capitol, however, -was held by the leading Patrician -families, and it is said withstood -a siege of six months, when -Brennus accepted a heavy ransom -and withdrew his army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (Second Gothic Invasion of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was besieged in 408 -by the Goths, under Alaric, and -after being brought to the verge -of starvation and losing many -thousands from famine, the -Romans capitulated, but retained -their freedom on payment -of a heavy ransom, whereupon -Alaric retired northward -in 409. In the course of the -year, however, Alaric seized -Ostia, the port of Rome, and -summoned the city to surrender. -In the absence of the -Emperor Honorius, the populace -forced the authorities to yield; -and Alaric, after deposing Honorius, -and bestowing the purple -on Attalus, withdrew his troops. -In 410, during the month of -August, Alaric for the third -time appeared before the walls, -and on the night of the 24th -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>the Salarian gate was opened -to the besiegers by some sympathisers -within the city, and -Rome was given over to pillage -and massacre, in which thousands -perished.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (Ricimer's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The rebel Count Ricimer, -with a large army of Burgundians, -Suevi and other barbarians, -laid siege to Rome in -472, and after a defence of three -months the besiegers entered -the city by storming the Bridge -of Hadrian, and sacked it.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (First Gothic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In March, 537, the city was -besieged by the Goths, under -Vitiges, and defended by Belisarius. -After a determined resistance, -during which a vigorous -assault was repulsed, and -several successful sorties made, -with heavy loss to the besiegers, -Vitiges in March, 538, was compelled -to raise the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (Second Gothic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In May, 546, Totila, King of -Italy, at the head of an army -of Goths, laid siege to Rome, -which was defended by a garrison -of 3,000, under Bassas. An -attempt to relieve it by Belisarius -was on the point of success, -but Bassas failed to co-operate -with the relieving force, -and Belisarius was forced to -retire, whereupon the city surrendered, -December 17, 546.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was recovered by Belisarius -in the following February, but -was again besieged by Totila in -549. On this occasion it was -defended by a garrison of 3,000 -troops, under Demetrius, who, -aided by the inhabitants, made -a gallant resistance, but the -Gate of St. Paul was opened to -the besiegers by some Isaurian -sympathisers within the walls, -and Totila thus made himself -master of the last Italian city -excepting Ravenna, which had -resisted his victorious army.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In 552, after the defeat of -Totila at Tagina, Rome was -invested by the Imperial army, -under Narses, who, after a brief -siege, stormed the defences, -and finally delivered the city -from the Gothic domination.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In the course of dispute with -Pope Gregory VII, who had -refused to recognize him as -emperor, Henry III of Germany -laid siege to Rome in 1082. -After two interruptions to the -siege, the city was finally surrendered -to him by the Roman -nobles, March, 1084. Gregory -was deposed, and the anti-Pope -Clement III set upon the pontifical -throne, Henry at the same -time assuming the Imperial -purple.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (Wars of Charles V).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The city was taken by storm -May 9, 1527, by the Imperialists -under the Constable de Bourbon, -who fell in the assault. A -massacre followed, in which -8,000 of the inhabitants perished. -The Pope retired to the -Castle of St. Angelo, where he -held out until November 26, -when a treaty between him and -Charles V put an end to the -conflict.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rome (Italian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>After the proclamation of a -Roman republic by Garibaldi -and his adherents in 1848, a -French army, under General -Oudinot, was sent to restore the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>papal rule. On April 30, 1849, -the French, 7,000 strong, attacked -the Porta San Pancrazio, -where they were encountered -by the Republicans, under -Garibaldi, and repulsed, with a -loss of 300 killed and wounded -and 500 prisoners. The Garibaldians -lost 100.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On June 3 of the same year -the French, under Oudinot, -20,000 strong, made a night -attack upon the Garibaldians, -who brought up about 8,000 -men to oppose them. The -Garibaldians were repulsed, -with a loss of over 2,000, including -200 officers. Oudinot -then laid siege to the city, -which, after a terrible bombardment, -surrendered July 2, -1849.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Romerswael (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 29, 1574, -between the "Beggars of the -Sea," under Admiral Boisot, -and a Spanish fleet of 75 ships, -under Julian Romero. The -"Beggars" grappled the enemy's -ships in a narrow estuary, -and after a very severe encounter, -in which the Spaniards -lost 15 vessels and 1,200 men, -Romero retreated to Bergen-op-Zoom.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roncesvalles.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 778 between the -Franks, under Charlemagne, -and the Basques and Gascons, -under Loup II. The army of -Charlemagne, retreating from -Spain, was caught in the defile -of Roncesvalles, in the Pyrenees, -and the rearguard was totally -annihilated, among those -who fell being the famous Paladin, -Roland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roncesvalles (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>One of the actions known as -the "Battles of the Pyrenees," -fought July 25, 1813. Soult, -at the head of Clauset's division, -attacked the British, consisting -of three brigades, under General -Byng, but was unable to carry -their position, and after severe -fighting was repulsed with a -loss of 400. The British lost -181 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rorke's Drift (Zulu War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On the night of January 22, -1879, after the disaster of -Isandhlwana, this outpost, held -by a company of the 24th Regiment -and details, in all 139 men, -under Lieutenants Bromhead -and Chard, R.E., was attacked by -a force of Zulus, estimated at -4,000. After a most heroic -defence, in which many acts of -heroism were performed, especially -in the removal of the sick -from the hospital, which was -fired by the Zulus, the assailants -were beaten off, leaving -over 400 dead on the field. The -little garrison lost 25 killed -and wounded. Eight Victoria -Crosses and nine Distinguished -Conduct medals were awarded -for this affair.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rosbach (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 5, 1757, -between 80,000 French and -Austrians, under Marshal Soubise, -and 30,000 Prussians, -under Frederick the Great. -Frederick, who occupied the -heights of Rosbach, was attacked -by the allies. The Prussian -cavalry, however, under -Seidlitz, charged down upon -the Austrians, and threw them -<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>into disorder, and the infantry -falling upon the broken columns -utterly routed them, with a loss -of 4,000 killed and wounded, -7,000 prisoners, including 11 -generals and 63 guns. The -Prussians lost 3,000 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rosbecque.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1382 between 50,000 -Flemings, under Philip van -Arteveldt, and the French, -under Charles VI. The Flemings -at first drove back the -French, but were overwhelmed -by the charges of the French -cavalry on their flanks, and -were in the end utterly routed. -Thousands fell in the action and -subsequent pursuit, amongst -them van Arteveldt.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rostock (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June, 1677, between -the Danish fleet, under Admiral -Juel, and the Swedes, under -Admiral Horn. The Swedes -were completely defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rotto Freddo (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1746, when the -rearguard of the retreating -French army, under Marshal -Maillebois, was attacked by the -Austrians, under Prince Lichtenstein, -and after a gallant resistance -defeated with heavy -loss. In consequence of this -defeat the French garrison of -Placentia, 4,000 strong, surrendered -to the Imperialists.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rouen (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged 1418, -by the English, under Henry V. -After a gallant defence the -garrison surrendered January -15, 1419, the city paying a ransom -of 300,000 crowns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roundway Down (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 13, 1643, when -the Parliamentarians, under -Waller and Hazlerigg, attacked -the Royalists, under Prince -Maurice, who was advancing to -the relief of Devizes. The Parliamentarians -were totally defeated, -their attack on Prince -Maurice being repulsed, while -at the same time they were -taken in the rear by a sortie -from the town. Of 1,800 infantry, -600 were killed and the -rest taken prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roncray-St.-Denis.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#HERRINGS'>Herrings</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roveredo (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 4, 1796, -between 25,000 Austrians, under -Davidowich, and the main -body of Napoleon's army. -Napoleon attacked the Austrian -entrenched position, and in -spite of a determined defence, -carried it, driving the enemy out -of Roveredo with heavy loss, -including 7,000 prisoners and -15 guns. This victory enabled -Masséna to occupy Trent, and -the remnants of the Austrian -army were driven headlong -into the Tyrol.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rowton Heath (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 24, 1645, -when a body of Royalist cavalry, -under Sir Marmaduke Langdale, -which was endeavouring to prevent -the investment of Chester, -was attacked by the Parliamentary -horse, under Colonel -Poyntz. The first attack was -repulsed with loss, but Poyntz -receiving infantry support, rallied -his troops, and drove the -Royalists from the field, with a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>loss of 300 killed and wounded -and 1,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Roseburgh (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town, defended by an -English garrison, was besieged -by the Scots, under James II of -Scotland, in 1460, and after a -stubborn defence was captured -and destroyed. This is the -first occasion on which artillery -was used by the Scots. During -the siege the Scottish king was -killed by the bursting of a gun -of large calibre, August 3, 1460.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rullion Green (Covenanters' Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 1666, between -the Covenanters, under -Colonel Wallace, and the Royal -troops, under General Dalziel. -The Covenanters were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rumersheim (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 26, 1709, between -the French, under Marshal -Villiers, and the Imperialists, -under Count Mercy. -Mercy was defeated and driven -out of Alsace.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ruspina (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 3, 46 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, -between Julius Cæsar, with three -legions, and a force of Pompeians, -composed entirely of -cavalry and archers, under Labienus. -Cæsar's troops were -surrounded, but behaving with -extreme steadiness, were able -to retire to Ruspina in good -order, though with very heavy -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Rynemants (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 1, 1578, between -the Dutch Patriots, -20,000 strong, under Count -Bossu and François de la Noue, -and the Spaniards, numbering -about 30,000, under Don John -of Austria. Don John crossed -the Demer, and attacked Bossu -in his entrenchments. He was -however repulsed, after severe -fighting, and retired, leaving -1,000 dead on the field. He -offered battle in the open on the -following morning, but Bossu declined -to leave his lines, and -Don John was indisposed to -renew the attack, and fell back -upon Namur.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>S</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saalfeld (Campaign of Jena).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 10, 1806, -between 7,000 Prussians, under -Prince Louis of Prussia, and a -division of Lannes' corps, under -the Marshal himself. The -Prussian infantry was broken -and driven under the walls of -<a id='corr215R.26'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Saalfield'>Saalfeld</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_215R.26'><ins class='correction' title='Saalfield'>Saalfeld</ins></a></span>, whereupon the prince -put himself at the head of his -cavalry, and charged the advancing -French. The charge -was repulsed, and the Prince -refusing to surrender was cut -down and killed. The Prussians -lost in this action 400 -killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners, -and 20 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sabugal (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 3, 1811, between -three British divisions, -under Wellington, and the -French, consisting of Reynier's -corps. Reynier held the salient -angle of the French position on -the Coa, and was driven back -after less than an hour's fighting, -with a loss of about 1,500. -The British lost 200 only.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Sacile (Napoleon's Wars).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 16, 1809, between -45,000 Austrians, under -the Archduke John, and 36,000 -French and Italians, under -Eugène Beauharnais, Regent -of Italy. After hard fighting, -in which little generalship was -shown on either side, a flank -movement of the Austrians, -which menaced the French line -of retreat, forced Eugène to -retire, victory thus resting with -the Austrians. The losses were -about equal on the two sides.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sacripontus (Civil War of Marius and Sulla).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 82, between the -legions of Sulla and the army -of the younger Marius, 40,000 -strong. Sulla's veterans were -too steady for the newer levies -of Marius, and the latter was -routed, with the loss of more -than half his army killed or -captured. After this victory -Sulla occupied Rome.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sadowa.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#KOENIGGRATZ'>Koeniggratz</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sadulapur (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 3, 1848. -After the failure of his frontal -attack on the Sikh position at -Ramnugger in November, Lord -Gough despatched a force under -Sir Joseph Thackwell, to cross -the Chenab and turn the Sikh -left. An indecisive action followed, -which Lord Gough -claimed as a victory, but -though the Sikhs retired, it was -slowly, and only to take up a -fresh position, which Thackwell -did not consider himself strong -enough to attack.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sagunto (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a -Spanish garrison, was besieged -by the French, 22,000 strong, -under Soult, September 23, -1811. Built on the heights -above Murviedro, the place was -accessible on one side only, and -an attempt to escalade this was -repulsed September 28. A regular -siege was then commenced, -and a second unsuccessful -assault was made on -October 18. On the 25th -General Blake, with 30,000 -Spaniards, made an attempt to -relieve the place, but was defeated -with a loss of 1,000 killed -and wounded and 4,000 prisoners, -the victory costing the -French about 800 men. On -the following day the garrison -surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Alban's (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Two engagements were fought -here in the course of the war. -On May 22, 1455, 2,000 Lancastrians, -under Henry VI, posted -in the town, were attacked by -3,000 Yorkists, under the Duke -of York. The Duke pierced -the Lancastrian centre, and -drove them out of St. Alban's -with heavy loss, among those -who were killed being the Earls -of Somerset and Northumberland.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The second battle took place -February 17, 1461, when the -army of Margaret of Anjou, led -by Somerset, Exeter, and others, -attacked the Yorkists, under -Warwick, Warwick withdrew -his main body, leaving his left -unsupported to withstand the -Lancastrian attacks, and these -troops, after a feeble resistance, -broke and fled. Henry VI, -who was a prisoner in Warwick's -camp, escaped and rejoined the -Queen, and a rapid advance on -<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>London would probably have -led to his reinstatement. Warwick, -however, took such prompt -measures as to render the -Lancastrian victory practically -fruitless.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Aubin du Cormier.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1487, between the -Royal troops, under La Tremouille, -and the forces of the rebel -Princes, under Marshal de Rieux. -The rebels were totally defeated, -and a large number of nobles -made prisoners, including the -Duc d'Orléans and the Prince -of Orange.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Charles (French-Canadian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1837, between the -Loyalists, under Colonel Wetherall, -and the Canadian rebels. -The latter were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Denis (Second Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 10, 1567, -between the Catholics, under -the Constable Montmorenci, -and the Huguenots, under the -Prince de Condé. Victory -rested with the Catholics, but -at the cost of the Constable, -who was killed, and the battle -had no decisive effect upon the -course of the war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Denis (French-Canadian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1837, between the -Canadian rebels, and a force of -British and Canadian troops, -under Colonel Gore. The rebels -were victorious, but the results of -their victory were unimportant.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ste. Croix (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island, held by a small -Danish garrison, was captured -by a British naval and military -force, under Admiral Sir A. J. -Cochrane and General Bowyer, -December 25, 1807, but little -resistance being offered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Eustache (French-Canadian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1837, between the -rebels, under Girod, and the -Government troops, under Sir -John Colborne. The rebels -were completely defeated, and -the rebellion was suppressed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ste. Foy (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 27, 1760, between -3,000 British troops, -under General Murray, and -8,000 French, under the Chevalier -de Lévis, who was approaching -from Montreal, with the -object of recapturing Quebec. -Murray marched out to attack -Lévis, but was defeated and -driven back into Quebec with a -loss of over a third of his force. -The French lost about 800.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. George (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, the capital of the -island of Cephalonia, was besieged -in October, 1500, by the -Spaniards and Venetians, under -Gonsalvo de Cordova and -Pesaro. The garrison consisted -of 400 Turks only, but being -veteran soldiers they made a -most gallant defence; but at -the end of two months the place -was stormed from two quarters -simultaneously, and the survivors -of the garrison, some 80 -only, laid down their arms.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Gothard (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 1, 1664, between -100,000 Turks, under -Achmet Köpriali Pasha, and -60,000 French and Germans, -under Montecucculi, who occupied -a strong position behind -the Raab. On the Turks advancing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>to the attack, a young -Turk rode out, and challenged -a Christian to single combat. -The challenge was accepted by -the Chevalier de Lorraine, who -killed his adversary. The Turks -then assaulted Montecucculi's -entrenchment, but could make -no impression, and after hard -fighting were beaten off with a -loss of 8,000 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Jacob an der Mirs (Armagnac War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September, 1444, between -30,000 Armagnacs, under -the Dauphin, and 1,300 Confederate -Swiss. The Swiss -being hard pressed, occupied -the hospital of St. Jacob an der -Mirs, where they maintained -the unequal fight until the last -man had fallen. The Armagnacs, -however, had lost 2,000 -killed, and the Dauphin felt -compelled to abandon the invasion -of Switzerland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Kitts (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 10, 1667, when -Sir John Harman, commanding -an English squadron of 12 frigates, -fell in with a combined -Dutch and French fleet of 22 -sail, under Commodore Kruysen -and M. de la Barre, off -St. Kitts. Notwithstanding -his inferiority, Harman boldly -attacked, and gained a signal -victory, burning 5 and sinking -several more of the enemy's -vessels. The allies took refuge -in the harbour of St. Kitts, and -Sir John, following them in, -destroyed the rest of their fleet, -at a cost of 80 men only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Lucia (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured -from the French, April 4, 1794, -by a British squadron, under -Sir John Jervis.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Mary's Clyst (Arundel's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 4, 1549, when -Lord Russell, marching with -the Royal army to the relief of -Exeter, was attacked by 6,000 -rebels, detached from the besieging -force. The rebels were -defeated with a loss of 1,000 -killed, and Arundel was forced -to raise the siege of Exeter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Privat.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#GRAVELOTTE'>Gravelotte</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Quentin.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 10, 1557, between -22,000 French and Germans, -under the Constable -Montmorenci, and about 5,000 -Spanish and Flemish cavalry -of the Duke of Savoy's army, -under Count Egmont, supported -by a small force of infantry. -The French, in attempting to -throw reinforcements into St. -Quentin, were entrapped in a -narrow pass, and were utterly -routed, with a loss of 15,000 -killed, wounded and captured, -and all but two of their guns. -The Spaniards only lost 50 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Quentin (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 19, 1871, -between the French, 40,000 -strong, under General Faidherbe, -and 33,000 Germans, -under Von Göben. The French -were decisively defeated, with -a loss of 3,500 killed and wounded, -9,000 prisoners, and 6 guns. -The Germans lost 96 officers -and 2,304 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>St. Thomas (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured -from the Danes, December 21, -1807, by a combined British -naval and military force, under -<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and -General Bowyer.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saints, The.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#DOMINICA'>Dominica</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salado. (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1344, between the -Portuguese and Castilians, under -Alfonso IV of Portugal -and Alfonso XI of Castile, and -the Moors, under Abu Hamed, -Emir of Morocco. The Christians -won a signal victory, and -Alfonso so distinguished himself -in the battle as to earn the -title of the "Brave."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salamanca (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 22, 1812, when -Wellington, with 46,000 British -and Spanish troops, encountered -42,000 French, under -Marmont. The battle was -forced on by Marmont, who -was endeavouring to interrupt -Wellington's retreat, but the -Marshal was severely wounded -early in the day, and the conduct -of the action was in the -hands of General Bonnet. The -result was a signal victory for -the British, the French losing -12,500 killed, wounded and -prisoners, and 12 guns. The -British and Spanish loss amounted -to about 6,000. These -figures include the skirmishes -of the days preceding the battle, -during which the armies were in -touch.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salamanca (Mexican Liberal Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 10, 1858, between -the Government troops, -under Miramon, and the Liberals, -under Doblado. Doblado's raw -levies could not face Miramon's -trained troops, and were utterly -routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salamis (Third Persian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 480 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> between the -Greek fleet of 370 sail, under -Themistocles, and the Persian -fleet, of over 1,000 galleys. The -Greeks at first hesitated to -attack in face of the overwhelming -numbers of the Persian -ships, but an Athenian trireme, -commanded by Aminias, dashed -in, and being followed by the -rest of the Athenians and the -Æginetans in good order, the -Persians were, after a hard -struggle, totally defeated, with -the loss of more than half their -fleet. Xerxes and his army -witnessed the rout from the -shores of Salamis.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salamis (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 307, between the -Macedonian fleet, under Demetrius -Poliorcetes, and the Egyptians, -under Ptolemy Soter. The -Egyptians were routed, with the -loss of 100 ships captured and -the rest sunk, and 30,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salankemen (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 19, 1691, between -100,000 Turks, under the -Grand Vizier, Mustapha Köpriali -Pasha, and 45,000 Imperialists, -under the Margrave Louis. The -Turks were signally defeated -and Köpriali slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salano (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1340 between the -Spaniards, under Alfonso XI -of Castile, and the Moors, under -Abu 'l Hasan of Granada. The -Moors, who were besieging -Tarifa, were attacked by the -Spaniards, who utterly routed -them and relieved the town. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>Abu 'l Hamed fled to Africa, -and Alfonso was enabled to -recover Algeciras.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saldanha Bay (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 17, 1796, -when Sir Keith Elphinstone, -with a British squadron, entered -the bay, and after capturing a -Dutch ship of war lying in the -harbour, landed a force, to -which the garrison surrendered -after a brief resistance.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Salo.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#CASTIGLIONE'>Castiglione</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Samarcand (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, which was defended -by a garrison of 110,000 -Turks and Kharismians, under -the Governor, Alub Khan, was -besieged by the Tartars, under -Genghiz Khan, in June, 1220. -The garrison harassed the Tartars -by numerous sorties, and -little progress was made with -the siege, but some of the inhabitants, -hoping to save the -city from pillage, opened the -gates to the besiegers. After -heroic efforts to defend the -city against the overwhelming -hordes of the enemy, Alub -Khan put himself at the head -of 1,000 picked horsemen and -cut his way out. The survivors -of the garrison, now reduced to -30,000, were put to the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Samaghar (Rebellion of Aurungzebe).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June, 1658, between -the army of the Great Mogul, -Shah Jehan, under Dara, and -the forces of his rebellious sons, -Aurungzebe and Marad. Dara -was totally defeated, and his -army dispersed, and three days -later the rebels occupied Agra, -where Shah Jehan was imprisoned -and Aurungzebe seized -the crown.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sampford Courtney (Arundel's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The final engagement with -the rebels, fought August 17, -1549, when Arundel was defeated -by the Royal troops, -under Lord Russell, with a loss -of 700 killed and many prisoners, -including most of the ring-leaders -in the rising.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Giovanni (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 17, 1799, between -the French, under Macdonald, -and the Russians, under -Suwaroff. After three days' -hard fighting, the French were -forced to retreat, having suffered -a loss of 6,000 killed and -wounded and 9,000 prisoners. -The Russian losses were about -6,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Isidoro (Paraguay War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April, 1870, between -the Paraguayans, under Lopez, -and the allied army of Brazil, -Argentina and Uruguay, under -General Camera. Camera attacked -Lopez's entrenchments -and drove him out, forcing him -to take refuge in the mountains -with the small remnant of his -troops.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Jacinto (Texan Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 2, 1836, when -the Mexican army, under Santa -Anna, about 5,000 strong, was -routed and almost destroyed -by the Texans, under General -Houston. The survivors, with -Santa Anna and his staff, were -taken prisoners, and Texas was -freed from the Mexican yoke.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span> - <h3 class='c013'>San Jacinto.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 12, 1867, -between the adherents of the -Emperor Maximilian, under -Miramon, and the Mexican Constitutionalists, -under Escobedo. -Miramon was defeated, and his -army surrendered, he himself -escaping with difficulty from -the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Juan.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#ELCANEY'>El Caney</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Lazaro (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June, 1746, between -the Austrians, 40,000 strong, -under Prince Lichtenstein, and -the French and Spaniards, under -Marshal Maillebois. The allies -attacked the Austrian entrenched -camp, and after an obstinate -conflict, lasting nine hours, -were repulsed with a loss of -10,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sanna's Post (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 31, 1900, when -a force of cavalry, with 2 R.H.A. -batteries and a considerable -convoy, under Colonel Broadwood, -was ambushed by a party -of Boers, under De Wet, while -crossing a donga. The guns -were just entering the donga -when the Boers opened fire, and -4 guns of Q battery succeeded -in getting clear and opening -fire, stuck to their work till -only 10 men of the battery were -left standing. Broadwood succeeded -in extricating his force, -but at a cost of 19 officers and -136 men killed and wounded, -426 prisoners, 7 guns, and the -whole of his convoy. General -Colville's column was within a -few miles, but though the firing -was heard, he failed to relieve. -This is also known as the action -of Kornspruit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Sebastian (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This town was besieged July -10, 1813, by the British, under -General Graham, and was defended -by a French garrison, -under General Rey. An assault -on July 25 was repulsed, and -pending the arrival of heavy -guns from England, the siege -resolved itself into a blockade. -Active operations were resumed, -and on the 31st the town was -taken by storm. Rey, however, -still held out in the citadel, -and it was only after further -bombardment that he surrendered -on September 9. The -besiegers' losses amounted to -over 2,500 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>San Sebastian (First Carlist War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a garrison -of Cristinos and a small -detachment of the British -legion, under Colonel Wylde, -was besieged by the Carlists, -under Sagastibelza, February, -1836. The siege was carried -on in desultory fashion, with -constant fighting between the -outposts, till June, 1836, when -General Evans, with 10,000 -British and Spanish troops, -occupied the advanced Carlist -positions, and forced them to -withdraw.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Santa Lucia (Rio Grande Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1842, between the -Brazilian Government troops, -under General Caxias, and the -rebels, 6,000 strong, under Feliciano. -The rebels were totally -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Santarem (Dom Miguel's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 18, 1834, -when the Portuguese Government -troops, under Marshal -<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>Saldanha, totally defeated the -"Miguelists," under Dom Miguel.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Santa Vittoria (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 26, 1702, when -4 regiments of Prince Eugene's -army, under General Visconti, -were attacked by 15,000 -French and Spaniards, under -the Duc de Vendôme. The Imperialists -were forced to abandon -their camp and retire with -the loss of their baggage, but lost -only 500 men, while their qualified -success cost the allies nearly -2,000 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Santiago (Spanish-American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 3, 1898, between -the American fleet of 4 battleships -and 3 cruisers, under -Admiral W. T. Sampson, and -the Spanish fleet of 4 armoured -cruisers and 3 torpedo-boats, -under Admiral Cervera. The -Spaniards endeavoured to escape -from the blockaded harbour -of Santiago, but were -unsuccessful, the whole squadron -being destroyed. The -Americans suffered hardly any -damage, the Spanish gunnery -being very inefficient, and lost -only 1 man killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sapienza (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1490 between the -Turkish fleet, under Kemal -Reis, and the Venetians. The -Venetians suffered a severe reverse, -this being the first naval -victory of the Turks in the -Mediterranean.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saragossa (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 20, 1700, between -25,000 Spaniards, and a -force of Austrians, British, -Dutch and Portuguese troops, -23,000 in number, under the -Archduke Charles. The Portuguese -in the right wing gave -way, leading a large force of -Spaniards in pursuit, but the -left and centre stood their -ground, and finally repulsed -the enemy, with a loss of 4,000 -prisoners, besides killed and -wounded. The Archduke at -once took possession of Saragossa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saragossa (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In June, 1808, siege was laid -to this city by the French, -under Marshal Lefebvre. A -successful defence was made, -and the marshal's forces being -insufficient to effect a prompt -capture, he raised the siege in -August. In December of the -same year it was again besieged -by the French, under Moncey -and Mortier, and defended by a -Spanish garrison, under Palafox. -A most heroic defence -was made, notable for the bravery -of Agostina, the maid of Saragossa, -who took the place of -her wounded lover on the ramparts, -and helped to serve the -guns, but despite all the efforts -of Palafox, the place was -stormed, and, after very severe -house to house fighting, captured, -February 21, 1809.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saratoga.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#STILLWATER'>Stillwater</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sardis (Wars of Alexander's Successors).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 280, between the -troops of Pergamus, under Eumenes, -and the Syrians, under -Antigonus Soter. Eumenes -gained a signal victory, and -annexed a large part of the -dominions of Antigonus.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Sárkány (Hungarian Rising).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 30, 1848, -between the Austrians, under -Windischgrätz, and the Hungarians, -under General Perczel. -Perczel had been entrusted by -Görgey with the defence of the -Sárkány defile, but on being -attacked by the Austrians, his -division made little resistance, -and fled in disorder, thus forcing -Görgey to retire from the line -he had chosen to defend.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sauchie Barn (Rebellion of the Barons).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1488, between -the rebel Barons, under -Angus "Bell-the-Cat," and -the troops of James III of Scotland, -under the king. The -royal army was totally defeated -and James slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saucourt (Norse Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 861 between the -Neustrians, under Louis III, -and the invading Norsemen, -when Louis gained a brilliant -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sauroren (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 28, 1813, between -the French, 25,000 strong, -under Soult, and the British, -12,000 strong, under Wellington. -Soult attempted to turn -the British left in order to drive -them from a strong position, -but after severe fighting he was -repulsed, with a loss of about -3,000. The British losses were -about 2,600. Soult renewed -his attempt to force Wellington's -lines on the 30th, but was -again repulsed, with a loss of -2,000 killed and wounded and -3,000 prisoners. The British -loss amounted to 1,900.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Savage's Station.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SEVENDAYS'>Seven Days’ Battle</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Savandroog (Second Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this place -December 10, 1791, by a column -of Lord Cornwallis' army, about -4,000 <a id='corr223R.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='strong,'>strong</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_223R.7'><ins class='correction' title='strong,'>strong</ins></a></span>. It was defended -by a strong garrison -of Mysoris, and was considered -impregnable, but a -practicable breach having been -effected, it was taken by storm -eleven days later, the garrison -offering little resistance. The -assailants did not lose a man.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Saxa Rubra (Revolt of Maxentius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 28, 312, between -the Imperial troops, -under Constantine, and the -legions of Italy, under Maxentius. -The Italian cavalry, -posted on the wings, was routed -by Constantine's horse; the -infantry, thus left unsupported, -fled from the field, only the -Pretorians making a brave resistance, -and dying where they -stood. Maxentius escaped, but -<a id='corr223R.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='crosing'>crossing</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_223R.29'><ins class='correction' title='crosing'>crossing</ins></a></span> the Tiber into Rome by -the Milvian Bridge, was forced -by the crowd of fugitives into -the river and drowned.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Scarpheia (War of the Achæan League).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 146, between the -Romans, under <a id='corr223R.37'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Matellus'>Metellus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_223R.37'><ins class='correction' title='Matellus'>Metellus</ins></a></span>, and -the Achæans, under Critolaus. -The Greeks were totally defeated -with heavy loss, Critolaus -being killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Scio (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 5, 1769, between -a Russian fleet of 10 sail of the -line, under Admiral Spiritoff, -and 15 Turkish ships, with some -small vessels, under the Capitan -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>Pasha. Alter a severe engagement, -in which both the flag-ships -were blown up, the Turks -were driven into the Bay of -Tchesme, where a few days -later their fleet was destroyed -by fire-ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Schipka Pass (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21, 1877, and -following days, when the Russians, -7,000 strong, under General -Darozhinsky, holding the -pass, were attacked by 25,000 -Turks, under Suleiman Pasha. -The Russians were driven from -point after point of their defences, -and were on the verge -of being overwhelmed, when -the arrival of reinforcements -enabled them to assume the -offensive and recover their lost -positions, and on the 26th fighting -ceased. The Russian losses -amounted to 4,000, including -Darozhinsky, while the Turks -lost about 11,500.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On September 16 Suleiman, -reinforced to 40,000 men, made -an attempt to carry the Russian -position on Mount St. -Nicholas, but was repulsed with -a loss of 3,000, the Russians -losing 31 officers and about -1,000 rank and file.</p> - -<p class='c014'>By January 8, 1878, the Russian -force in the Schipka had -been increased to 60,000 men, -under General Radetski, while -the Turks, numbering 40,000 -were under Vessil Pasha. General -Mirsky, with 25,000 men, -attacked the Turkish entrenchments -and drove them out of all -their positions, and on the following -day Vessil Pasha surrendered -with 36,000 men and -93 guns. The Russians lost 5,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Schwechat (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 30, 1848, -between the Austrians, under -Prince Windischgrätz, and the -Hungarians, under General -Moga. The Hungarian militia -made a very feeble stand against -the Austrian regulars, and were -driven back all along the line -with considerable loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Scutari (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a Venetian -garrison, under Antonio Loredano, -was besieged by the -Turks, under Suleiman Pasha, -May, 1474. The garrison held -out stoutly till the middle of -August, when Suleiman raised -the siege.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Four years later, in June, -1478, Mohammed II invested it, -the garrison now being under -the command of Antonio di -Lezze. Though few in numbers, -the Venetians withstood a continuous -bombardment, repulsing -two serious assaults, until -September 8, when Mohammed -retired, leaving behind him -only a blockading force. When -on the conclusion of peace the -place was handed over to the -Turks only 450 men and 150 -women were alive in the town. -In the first assault the Turks -lost 12,000 men, and an even -greater number, it is said, in -the second.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sebastopol (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged -by the allied French and British -armies, under Marshal St. -Arnaud and Lord Raglan, September -28, 1854. It was defended -by a large force of Russians, -under Prince Mentschikoff, -with General Todleben as -his principal engineer officer. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>The besiegers were too few for -a complete investment, and -though the harbour was closed -by the British fleet, under Sir -Edmund Lyons, the Russians -were throughout the siege enabled -to obtain reinforcements -and provisions from the north -side. The batteries opened -on October 17, and from -that time till September 8, -1855, the town was more or -less continuously bombarded. -On that day the Malakoff, an -important part of the southern -defences, was stormed by the -French, and the place became -untenable, the allies entering it -unopposed on the following -day. The Russians, during the -later days of the bombardment, -are said to have lost as many -as 3,000 men a day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Secchia, The (War of the Polish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 14, 1734, -when the Imperialists, under -Count Köningsegg, surprised -the camp of the French army, -under the Duc de Broglie, capturing -5,000 prisoners, 100 guns -and the whole of the stores, -baggage and ammunition.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Secessionville (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 15, 1862, when -6,000 Federals, under General -Benham, attacked the strong -position of Secessionville, covering -the road to Charleston, -which was held by 2,000 Confederates, -under General Evans. -The Federals were repulsed -with a loss of 600 men, the Confederates -losing 200.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Secunderbagh (Indian Mutiny).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 16, 1857, -during the second relief of Lucknow -by Sir Colin Campbell. -The Secunderbagh, a walled -enclosure of strong masonry, -held by a large body of rebels, -was, after a bombardment of -about an hour and a half, taken -by storm by the 93rd Highlanders -and the 4th Punjabis, -with very heavy loss to the -enemy, over 2,000 dead bodies -being afterwards carried out -of the enclosure.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sedan (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This battle, the most decisive -of the war, was fought September -1, 1870, The French, under -Marshal Macmahon, who was -wounded early in the action, -were driven from all their positions -by the Germans, under -the King of Prussia, and compelled -to retire into Sedan, -where they laid down their -arms. The Emperor Napoleon -III was among the prisoners, -and one of the results of the -surrender was his dethronement -and the proclamation of -a republic in Paris. The battle -is remarkable for the charge of -the Chasseurs d'Afrique, under -General Margueritte, in the -neighbourhood of Floing. The -brigade was cut to pieces and -the general killed. The Germans -lost in the action 460 -officers and 8,500 men; the -French 3,000 killed, 14,000 -wounded, and 21,000 prisoners, -while 83,000 subsequently surrendered -in Sedan. The Germans -took 419 guns, 139 fortress -guns and 66,000 rifles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sedgemoor (Monmouth's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 5, 1685, between -the Royal troops, under the -Earl of Faversham, and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>rebels, under James, Duke of -Monmouth. Monmouth attempted -a night attack on -Faversham's camp, but the -alarm was given, and the Royal -troops falling upon their assailants, -put Monmouth's cavalry -to flight, and though his infantry -made a sturdy resistance -they were at length overpowered -and routed with heavy loss. -This defeat put an end to the -rebellion.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Segeswár (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 31, 1849, between -the Hungarians, under -General Bem, and the Russians, -under General Lüders. The -Russians, after a severe engagement, -were totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Segikahara (Rebellion of Hideyori).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 16, 1600, -between the troops of the Shogun -Tokugawa Tyeyasa, 80,000 -strong, and 130,000 rebels, under -Mitsunari. The rebels were -utterly routed with the loss -of 30,000 killed, among whom -was Mitsunari, and the rebellion -was suppressed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seine Mouth (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 15, 1416, -when the English fleet, under -Bedford, sailed into the Seine with -the object of revictualling Harfleur, -which the French were -besieging. The blockading -force, consisting of 8 large -Genoese carracks, besides -smaller vessels, attacked the -English fleet, and after six -hours' hard fighting were totally -defeated, with a loss of 5 carracks -and 5 other ships, while -Bedford succeeded in throwing -supplies into the town.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Selby (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 11, 1644, between -the Royalists, 3,300 -strong, under Colonel John -Bellasis, and a slightly superior -force of Parliamentarians, under -Sir Thomas Fairfax. Bellasis -had occupied Selby with the -object of preventing a junction -between Fairfax's troops and -those of the Scots at Durham. -He was attacked by Fairfax -and totally defeated, with the -loss of 1,600 men and all his -artillery and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Selinus (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -Carthaginians, 100,000 strong, -under Hannibal, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 409. An -attempt by the Syracusans, -under Diocles, to relieve came -too late, for after resisting -stubbornly for nine days, the -garrison, hopelessly outnumbered, -were overpowered; and -the place stormed and sacked, -all the survivors being carried -off into captivity.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seminara (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1495 between 6,000 -Spaniards and Neapolitans, under -Gonsalvo de Cordova and -Ferdinand of Naples, and a -largely superior French army, -under D'Aubigny. The Neapolitans -fled almost without -striking a blow, and though -the Spaniards fought well, they -were overpowered by numbers, -and in the end totally routed, -only Gonsalvo with 400 Spanish -cavalry making an orderly retreat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sempach (War of Sempach).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 9, 1386, between -6,000 Austrians, under Duke -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>Leopold, and 1,500 Swiss Confederates. -The Swiss gained a -complete victory, the Austrians -losing 1,500 killed and wounded, -while only 120 Swiss fell. The -battle is celebrated for the -heroic action of Arnold von -Winkelried, who broke the line -of the Austrian spearmen at -the cost of his life, and enabled -his followers to penetrate their -phalanx.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seneff (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 11, 1674, between -the French, 45,000 strong, -under Condé, and the Flemings -and Spaniards, 60,000 strong, -under the Prince of Orange. -Orange, finding Condé's position -too strong to attack, began -a retreat towards Le Quesnay, -thereby exposing his flank. -Condé took instant advantage -of this error, and dispersed the -vanguard of the allies, but the -Prince took up a strong position -at Seneff, from which Condé -was unable to dislodge him, -and the conflict ended in a -drawn battle, after seventeen -hours' hard fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Senegal (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The French garrison of this -place surrendered, July 13, -1809, to a British force of 1 -frigate and 2 brigs, with some -transports carrying troops, under -Captain G. H. Columbine.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Senekal (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 29, 1900, when -a British force, under General -Rundle, attacked the Boers, -strongly posted on the Biddulphsberg. -The attack was -made amidst great bush fires, -in which many of the wounded -perished, and was unsuccessful, -the British losses amounting to -7 officers and 177 men killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Senlac.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#HASTINGS'>Hastings</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sentinum (Third Samnite War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 298, between five -Roman legions, under Q. Fabius -Maximus and Publius Decius, -and the Samnites and Gauls, -under Gellius Equatius. The -Roman left was disordered by -the war-chariots of the Gauls, -but was rallied by Decius, who -restored the battle, but at the -cost of his life. On the right -the Samnites were routed, and -Fabius then fell upon the Gauls -in flank, and broke them. Meanwhile -the Samnite camp was -attacked, and Equatius slain, -the Romans gaining a signal -victory. The losses of the -victors amounted to 8,200, while -the Gauls and Samnites lost -25,000 killed and 8,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sepeia (Argive War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 494, between the -Spartans, under Cleomenes, and -the Argives. The Spartans, by -a ruse, succeeded in surprising -the Argives while the soldiers -were dining, and totally routed -them. This defeat deprived -Argos of the paramountcy in -the Peloponnesus.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seringapatam (Second Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged, February -5, 1792, by 22,000 British -and native troops, with 86 guns, -under Lord Cornwallis, and -defended by a Mysori garrison, -under Tippu Sahib. On the 6th -an assault upon the outlying -works was successful, all the -redoubts commanding the city -being carried, at a cost to the -assailants of 530, while the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>Mysoris lost 20,000. On the -approach of reinforcements, -under General Abercromby, on -the 16th, Tippu consented to -treat, and peace was signed in -the following month.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seringapatam (Third Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The second siege by General -Harris, opened April 6, 1799, -when the city was defended by -a garrison of 20,000, under -Tippu. On May 3, the breach -was declared practicable, and -the place was stormed by 4,000 -men, under General Baird. -Tippu was slain in the rout -which followed the assault. -The British losses during the -siege amounted to 1,464. About -8,000 Mysoris fell in the assault.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seringham (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1753, between 1,000 -British troops, under Major -Laurence, and the French, with -their Mahratta and Mysori allies, -under M. Astruc. The French -attacked in force an isolated -post, held by 200 Sepoys, and -carried it before Major Laurence -could come up. He then attacked, -and in turn carried the -position, driving off the French, -and the Mahrattas who came -up to their support, and captured -three guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seskar (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1790, between the -Swedish fleet, under the Duke -of Sudermanland, and a Russian -squadron, under Admiral -Kruze. The Swedes were totally -defeated, after a severe -engagement, which lasted from -daybreak till far into the night.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seta (Yoshinaka's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1183, between the -army of Yoritomo, under his -brothers Noriyori and Yoshitsune, -and that of Yoshinaka. -The rebels were completely -defeated, and Yoshinaka killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='SEVENDAYS'></a>Seven Days' Battles (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A series of actions fought by -General Lee, with 100,000 Confederates, -against General -M’Clellan, with 95,000 Federals, -Lee's object being to relieve -Richmond. On June 26, 1862, -General Hill, with 1,400 Confederates, -attacked M’Call's -division, in a strong position at -<b>Beaver's Dam Creek</b>, which -attack M’Call repulsed, at small -cost to his force. On the 27th, -General Porter, 35,000 strong, -posted on the Chickahominy -at <b>Gaines' Mill</b>, was attacked -by 54,000 Confederates, under -Lee in person. The Southerners -advanced under a heavy artillery -fire, and after severe fighting, -drove the Federals across -the river, and captured 20 guns. -On the 28th, M’Clellan prepared -to withdraw to the James River, -his centre having been pierced, -and commenced his retreat. On -the 29th, 4 Confederate divisions, -under Longstreet, aided -by an armoured train, came up -with Sumner's corps at <b>Savage's -Station</b>, but was repulsed, Sumner -thus inflicting a serious -check upon the pursuing columns. -On the 30th, 3 divisions, -under General Jackson, overtook -the Federal rearguard, -under General French, near the -<b>White Oak Swamp</b>, and an -artillery duel followed, which -cost the Federals some guns. -Two divisions, under Longstreet, -also attacked M’Call's -division, and routed it, M’Call -being captured. By the evening -<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>of the 30th, M’Clellan reached -<b>Malvern Hill</b>, overlooking -the James River, and determined -to oppose here the -further advance of the <a id='corr229L.5'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Confederates,'>Confederates.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_229L.5'><ins class='correction' title='Confederates,'>Confederates.</ins></a></span> -On July 1st, the -Confederates attacked, but the -Federals held their ground -throughout the day, and on the -2nd retired in good order and -practically unmolested. The -Federals admit a loss of 15,249 -men and 25 guns during the -operations, but Confederate -accounts put the figures much -higher, and claim 51 guns. The -losses of the Southerners were -also very heavy, especially at -Malvern Hill, but Lee's object -was accomplished, and Richmond -was relieved.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sevenoaks (Cade's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1450, between -the rebels, under Cade, -and the royal troops, under -Sir Humphrey Stafford. The -force under Stafford was quite -inadequate for the work in -hand, and was routed, Stafford -being killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Seven Pines.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#FAIROAKS'>Fair Oaks</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shahjehan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia.)</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged 1221, -by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, -and was obstinately defended -by the garrison under a Turkish -general named Bugha. For -twenty-one successive days the -besiegers delivered assaults, -which were repulsed, but finally -the inhabitants made terms with -Tuli Khan, and opened the <a id='corr229L.43'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='gates'>gates.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_229L.43'><ins class='correction' title='gates'>gates.</ins></a></span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shaldiran (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 24, 1514, between -120,000 Turks, under -Selim I, and about 80,000 Persians, -under the Shah Ismael. -The wing led by the Shah in -person was victorious, but the -Persian left was totally routed, -and in endeavouring to restore -the battle on that side Ismael -was wounded, whereupon the -army was seized with panic, and -took to flight.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shannon and Chesapeake (Second American War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A famous frigate action, fought -May 29, 1813, between the -British frigate <i>Shannon</i>, of 38 -guns, commanded by Captain -Broke, and the American frigate -<i>Chesapeake</i>, also of 38 guns, -under Captain John Lawrence. -The <i>Chesapeake</i> sailed out of -Boston Harbour to attack the -<i>Shannon</i>, and after a brisk -action was taken by the board -by the British. The <i>Shannon</i> -lost 4 officers and 21 men killed, -and 3 officers and 56 men wounded; -the <i>Chesapeake</i>, 8 officers -and 39 men killed, and 9 officers -and 106 men wounded. Captain -Lawrence was killed and Captain -Broke wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sheerness (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 7, 1667, and -following days, when the Dutch -fleet, under de Ruyter, sailed up -the Medway as far as Upnor -Castle, and destroyed 7 ships of -war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sheriffmuir (Rebellion of the Fifteen).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 13, 1715, -between 3,500 royal troops, -under the Duke of Argyle, and -9,000 Highlanders, under the -Earl of Mar. Argyle's left wing -was routed by the Macdonalds, -and his left and centre, though -at first they held their own, were -in the end compelled to retire, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>and Argyle effected a retreat in -good order to Stirling.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sherstone (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1016, between Edmund -Ironside, and Knut, the -rival claimants to the throne. -The battle was indecisive.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shijo Nawate (War of the Northern and Southern Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1339, between the -army of the Northern Emperor, -under Takaugi and Tadayoshi, -and the troops of the Southern -Emperor, under Kusunoki Masatsura. -Masatsura was attacked -at Yoshino, which place was -temporarily the Imperial residence. -Feeling that he was too -weak to defend it, he marched -out with his whole force to meet -his assailants, and fell fighting -to the last, the Northern troops -gaining a complete victory. -Japan was soon afterwards -again united, under the rule of -the Northern line.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='SHILOH'></a>Shiloh (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 6 and 7, 1862, -between the Confederates, 43,000 -strong, under General Johnston, -and the Federals, 40,000 strong, -under General Grant. The Confederates -attacked Grant's position -on the west of the Tennessee -river, and surprised the Federals, -driving back the first line in -confusion. By nightfall, Grant -was practically defeated, but -Johnston failed to take advantage -of his opportunity, and -Grant being reinforced by 20,000 -men during the night, was able -on the 7th to assume the offensive. -After severe fighting the -Southerners were driven from -the field with a loss of 9,740 -killed and wounded and 959 -prisoners, General Johnston being -among the killed. The -Federals lost 9,617 killed and -wounded, and 4,044 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shinowara (Yoshinaka's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April, 1183, between -the troops of the rebel Daimio -Yoshinaka, and the Japanese -Imperial army, consisting of -100,000 horsemen, under Taira-no-Kore. -The Imperial troops -were defeated with a loss of -20,000 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shirogawa (Satsuma Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 24, 1876, -when the last remnants of the -rebels, under Saigo, were defeated -by the Imperial army, -under Prince Taruhito. The -rebels were practically annihilated, -and most of the leaders -of the revolt killed. Saigo, -after the defeat, committed -<i>Hara-kiri</i> on the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sholapur (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 10, 1818, when -a body of cavalry, under General -Pritzen, forming part of General -Monro's force, attacked and -dispersed the retreating remnant -of the Peshwa's army. -Sholapur surrendered on the -15th, the operations having cost -the British only 97 killed and -wounded, while the loss of the -Mahrattas exceeded 800 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sholingur (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 27, 1781, -between the British, 10,000 -strong, under Sir Eyre Coote, -and the Mysoris, numbering -about 80,000, under Hyder Ali. -Hyder was surprised in the act -of striking camp, and though a -series of cavalry charges enabled -him to withdraw his guns in -safety, it was at a cost of 5,000 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>men that he eventually made -good his retreat. The British -loss did not exceed 100.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Shrewsbury (Percy's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 21, 1403, when -the royalists, under Henry IV, -met and defeated the insurgents, -under Hotspur. Hotspur was -killed, and Douglas and Worcester -taken prisoners. The -battle was the baptism of fire -of Henry, Prince of Wales -(Henry V), who displayed great -bravery, and was severely -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sidassir (Third Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 6, 1799, between -the advance guard of -General Stuart's force, composed -of three regiments, under -Colonel Montresor, and 12,000 -Mysoris, under Tippu Sahib. -Montresor's small force withstood -the attack of Tippu's -troops for over six hours, and -their ammunition was all but -exhausted when Stuart came up, -and drove back the enemy with -a loss of 2,000 men. The British -lost 143 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sievershausen.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 9, 1553, between -the Germans, under Maurice, -Elector of Saxony, and the -Brandenburgers, under the -Margrave Albert. The Brandenburgers -were defeated, but -Maurice was wounded in the -action, and died two days later.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Siffin.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A series of actions extending -over a hundred days, in 656, -between the Moslems, under -the Caliph Ali, and the adherents -Moawiyeh, the son of Abu Sophian, -a pretender to the Caliphate. -In the course of these -engagements Ali lost 25,000, -and Moawiyeh 45,000 men, but -the latter was undefeated, and -the sanguinary conflict was -ended by an unsatisfactory -compromise.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sikajoki (Finland War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 18, 1808, between -the Swedes, under General -Klingspor, and the Russians, -under General Bouxhoevden. -The Russians endeavoured to -outflank the Swedes by moving -out on to the ice at the mouth -of the Sikajoki river, at the -same time assailing them in -front. Both attacks were repulsed, -and after eight hours -fighting, Klingspor took the -offensive, and drove the Russians -from the field, with heavy -loss. The Swedes lost 1,000 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Silistria (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged by -the Russians in 1854, and was -defended by a Turkish garrison, -who received valuable assistance -from two English officers, -Captain Buller and Lieutenant -Nasmyth. Many attempts to -storm the place were repulsed, -and though no efforts were made -to relieve them, the garrison held -out until June 22, when the Russians -raised the siege, having -suffered a loss of over 12,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Silpia.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#ELINGA'>Elinga</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Simnitza (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 26, 1877, between -the Russians, under the -Grand Duke Nicholas, and the -Turkish garrison of Sistova. -On the night of the 26th, the -Russian advance-guard, 15,000 -strong, under Dragomiroff, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>crossed the Danube in boats, -and then, under Skobeleff, drove -the Turks headlong from their -entrenchments. On the morning -of the 27th, Sistova was -occupied, the Russians having -lost 820 only in the operations.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Singara (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 348, between the -Romans, under Constantius, and -the Persians, in largely superior -force, under Sapor II. The -Persian king, having posted the -major part of his army on the -heights overlooking Singara, engaged -the Romans with a comparatively -small force of light-armed -troops, who were easily -routed by the legionaries. The -pursuit, however, was carried -too far, and when night fell, the -Romans, exhausted by their -efforts, bivouacked under the -heights. During the night, -Sapor led his best troops to the -attack, and routed the weary -Romans, with terrible slaughter.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Singara (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a Roman -garrison, was captured, after a -brief siege, by the Persians, -under Sapor II, in 360. The -garrison was sent into captivity -and the fortress dismantled.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sinnaca (Parthian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>At this place the remnants of -the army of Crassus, after the -battle of Carrhæ, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 53, surrendered -to the Parthians. Only -5,000 men were with the eagles.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sinope (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1853, when the Russian -fleet attacked the Turkish -fleet of 9 sail, lying in the harbour -of Sinope. No quarter -was given, and the Turkish -fleet was totally destroyed. -Over 4,000 Turks were killed, -and it is said that only 400, -almost all wounded, escaped the -massacre.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='SINZHEIM'></a>Sinzheim (Wars of Louis XIV).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 4, 1674, between -the French, under Turenne, -and the Imperialists, under -General Caprara and the Duke -of Lorraine. The French gained -a signal victory. This action -is also known as the Battle of -Entzheim.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sitabaldi (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 24, 1817, -between a small force of Madras -native troops, and some Bengal -cavalry, in all about 1,300 men, -under Colonel Scott, and the -army of Nappa Sahib, Rajah of -Nagpur, 18,000 strong, with 36 -guns. The Sepoys held their -ground for 18 hours, and eventually -beat off their assailants, -at a cost to themselves of about -300 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Skalitz (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 28, 1866, between -the 5th Prussian Army -Corps, under General Steinmetz, -and the 6th and 8th Austrian -Corps, under General Ramming. -The Austrians were defeated, -and Skalitz occupied by the -Prussians, who captured 4,000 -prisoners and 8 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Slivnitza (Servo-Bulgarian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 17, 18 and -19, 1885, between the Servians, -28,000 strong, under King Milan, -and Bulgarians, at first 10,000 -in number, but reinforced on -the night of the 17th and during -the 18th, by a further 5,000, -under Prince Alexander. On -the 17th, Prince Alexander, who -occupied a position strong against -<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>a frontal attack, but very -vulnerable on his left, made a -strong attack on the Servian -left, to distract attention from -his weak flank. This attack -was repulsed, and on the following -day the Servians attacked -Alexander's left. Having been -reinforced, however, he was able -to beat them off, while a frontal -attack was also repulsed with -loss. On the 19th the Servian -attacks were again unsuccessful, -and by 3 p.m. they were in full -retreat, pursued by the Bulgarians. -The Servians lost about -2,000, the victors 3,000 in killed -and wounded, in the three days.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sluys (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 24, 1340, when -the English fleet of 250 sail, -under Sir Robert Morley and -Richard Fitzalan, attacked the -French fleet of about 200 sail, -under Hugues Quiéret, lying in -Sluys Harbour. Practically the -whole of the French fleet was -captured or destroyed, and -Quiéret was killed. The French -lost 25,000 men, the English -4,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Smolensko (Russo-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 22, 1708, -when Charles XII of Sweden, -with 4,000 infantry and 6 regiments -of cavalry, attacked a -force of 16,000 Cossacks and -Tartars. The king with one -regiment was in the course of -the action cut off from the rest -of his troops by a body of Tartars, -and had a narrow escape. -His immediate following was -reduced to 5 men, when he was -rescued by a cavalry charge. -In the end the Swedes routed -the Cossacks with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Smolensko (Campaign of Moscow).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 17, 1812, between -175,000 French, under -Napoleon, and 130,000 Russians, -under Bagration, of whom about -50,000 and 60,000 respectively -were actually engaged. Bagration's -corps occupied the town -of Smolensko, which Napoleon -attacked, carrying two of the -suburbs. During the night the -Russians set fire to the place, and -evacuated it, having lost in the -action about 10,000 killed and -wounded. The French lost 9,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sobraon (First Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 10, 1846, -between the British, about -15,000 strong, and 25,000 Sikhs, -under Runjur Singh. The -Sikhs were strongly entrenched -on the Sutlej, and Sir Hugh -Gough, with feigned attacks on -their centre and right, succeeded -in pushing home his assault on -their left, and after hard fighting -drove the defenders to the river, -where many perished. The -British lost 2,383, the Sikhs -about 8,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Soczawa (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1676, between the -Poles, under John Sobieski -and the Turks, under Mohammed -IV. The Poles, who had -been reinforced by the Lithuanians, -under Paz, totally routed -the Turks, who were greatly -superior in numbers, and drove -them in confusion into Kaminiec, -with the exception of which -fortress, the whole of Poland -was thus freed from the Ottoman -invaders.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sohr (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 30, 1745, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>between 18,000 Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and 35,000 -Austrians, under Prince Charles -of Lorraine. The Prussians attacked -the Austrian position -and the Austrians, failing to -display their usual courage -made no stand against the steady -advance of the Prussian infantry, -and were driven back in confusion, -with a loss of 6,000 killed, -wounded and prisoners, and 22 -guns. The Prussians lost between -three and four thousand -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Soissons.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 486, and notable as -the first military exploit of -Clovis, the founder of the Merovingian -dynasty, who here defeated -Syagrius, Count of Soissons, -and annexed his dominions.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Solebay (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 28, 1672, when -the French and English fleets, -together about 140 sail, under -the Comte d'Estrées and the -Duke of York, were surprised at -anchor, by a Dutch fleet of 115 -ships, under de Ruyter. The -French were first attacked, but -soon edged out of the fight, and -the bulk of the work fell to the -English. The battle was indecisive, -for though the Dutch -lost five or more ships, and the -English one only, the allied -fleet was too crippled to take -the offensive for over a month -after the action.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Solferino (Franco-Austrian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 24, 1859, between -150,000 Austrians, under -the Emperor Francis Joseph, -with Generals Wimpffen and -Scholick in actual command, -and the French and Piedmontese, -under Napoleon III and -Victor Emmanuel. The French -attacked the Austrian position -on the heights round Solferino, -which were held by Scholick, -and after very hard fighting, -they were captured by the corps -of Macmahon and Baraguay -d'Hilliers. Meanwhile Wimpffen, -with three Army Corps, -attacked the French left, but -was held at bay throughout the -day by Marshal Niel's corps, -and when night fell, the Austrian -centre being broken, -Francis Joseph had no option -but to retreat, and consequently -recrossed the Mincio. The Austrians -lost 22,000 killed, wounded -and missing. The allies' -losses were 18,000, of which -number the Piedmontese corps -of 25,000 lost 4,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Solway Moss (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 14, 1542, -between the Scottish invading -army, under Oliver Sinclair, -and a band of 500 English -borderers, under Thomas Dacre -and John Musgrave. The Scots -were totally defeated, and many -important nobles captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Somnauth (Mahmud's Twelfth Invasion of India).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, one of the holy -places of India, was captured -by the Afghans, under Sultan -Mahmud of Ghuzni, in 1024. -According to tradition, he carried -off the great gates of the -city to Ghuzni; and certain gates -purporting to be the same, but -which afterwards proved to be -of later date, were brought back -to India with a flourish of -trumpets, after the capture of -Ghuzni by the British in 1842.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Son-Tai (Tongking War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, defended by a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>garrison of 25,000 Chinese, including -10,000 "Black Flags," -under Lin Yung Ku, was attacked -by the French, under Admiral -Courbet, with 7 river gun-boats -and force of 7,000 men, December -14, 1883. On this day the -outer defences were carried, and -the garrison driven into the -citadel. During the night the -French were surprised by a -sortie, which however they repulsed, -after severe fighting. On -the 16th they stormed the citadel, -losing in the three days 92 -officers and 318 men killed and -wounded. The Chinese lost -about 1,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sorata (Inca Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged, 1780, -by the revolted Peruvians, under -Andrés, the last of the Incas. -The fortifications, well provided -with artillery, proved impregnable, -but Andrés diverted -certain mountain torrents against -the walls, and thus opened -a large breach, through which -the Peruvians entered the city, -and massacred the whole of the -garrison and inhabitants. Of -20,000 souls, it is said that only -one priest escaped.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>South Mountain (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 14, 1862, -between the Federals, under -General M’Clellan, and the Confederates, -under General Lee. -Lee's object was to hold M’Clellan -in check while Jackson captured -Harper's Ferry, and to -this end he posted General D. Hill -with 15,000 on South Mountain. -Here Hill was attacked, and -driven to the upper slopes, but -being reinforced by a portion of -Longstreet's command, he maintained -his position there, withdrawing -on the morning of the -15th. Each side lost about -2,500 men, but Lee had gained -his object, as the delay to -M’Clellan ensured the capture -of Harper's Ferry.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Southwark (Cade's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 5, 1450, between -the rebels, under Cade, and the -citizens of London, under -Matthew Gough. The Londoners -endeavoured to hold -London Bridge, to prevent the -plundering expeditions of Cade's -followers into the city, but were -driven back, and the central -drawbridge set on fire. The -Londoners lost heavily, among -the killed being Gough.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Southwold Bay (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1665, between the -English fleet, under the Duke of -York, and the Dutch fleet, under -Admiral Opdam. The English -were completely victorious, the -Dutch losing 18 ships and 7,000 -men. The English lost one -ship only, and 700 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Spanish Galleons.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#VIGOBAY'>Vigo Bay</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sphacteria.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#PYLOS'>Pylos</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Spicheren (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 6, 1870, between -the Germans, under Von -Alvensleben, and a superior -French force, under General -Frossard. After an obstinate -encounter, the French were -driven from all their positions -with heavy loss, and compelled -to retreat on Metz. The Germans -lost 223 officers and 4,648 -men. The battle is remarkable -for the storming of the Rote Berg -by 1 company of the 39th -Regiment and 4 companies of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>the 74th Regiment, under -General von François, who was -killed. These 5 companies maintained -their position throughout -the afternoon, in face of a -vastly superior force. This -action is also known as the -Battle of Forbach.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Spion Kop (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>General Buller's second attempt -to break through the -Boer lines on the Tugela, and -relieve Ladysmith, is known by -this name. The operations -commenced on the 19th, 24,000 -men being employed. On that -day Sir Charles Warren's division -commenced to turn the -Boer right, and gradually drove -them from ridge to ridge till -the evening of the 22nd, when -by a night surprise, Spion Kop, -the centre of the position, was -seized. It was, however, found -impossible to get artillery up -the steep slopes, and the brigade -holding the hill lost about a -third of their strength in the -course of the 23rd, including -the Brigadier, General Woodgate. -At nightfall, Colonel -Thorneycroft, who had been -appointed to the command, -abandoned the hill, and on the -following day General Buller -decided to recross the Tugela. -The British losses during the -operations amounted to 87 -officers and 1,647 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Spira (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 15, 1703, -between the French, under -Marshal Tallard, and the Imperialists, -under the Prince of -Hesse, each side being about -20,000 strong. After a severe -engagement, the Imperialists -were overpowered by the French -cavalry, and totally defeated -with a loss of 6,000 killed, -wounded and missing. Among -the prisoners was the Prince of -Hesse.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Splitter (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1679, between -16,000 Swedes, under -Field-Marshal Horn, and 10,000 -Brandenburgers, under the -Elector Frederick William. The -Swedes were utterly routed, -Horn being taken prisoner, and -not more than 1,500 succeeded -in making their way to Riga.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Spottsylvania (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A continuation of the Battle -of the Wilderness, fought May -10 to 12, 1864, between the -Confederates, under General Lee, -and the Federals, under General -Grant. Lee's position covering -Richmond was attacked on the -10th by Grant, and the day -ended with both armies in their -original positions, while the -losses, especially on the side of -the assailants, were very heavy. -On the 12th Grant renewed the -attack, and General Hancock, -on the right surprised the first -line of the Confederate defences, -and compelled General Johnson -and his division to surrender. -With this exception, entailing -the loss of about a mile of ground -Lee held his own throughout -the day, and Grant had suffered -too severely to renew the attack. -The losses from the 5th, the date -of the first Battle of the Wilderness, -to the 12th inclusive, were: -Federals, about 50,000 killed -and wounded, Confederates, -about 12,000.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Spurs.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#COURTRAI'>Courtrai</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Spurs.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#GUINEGATE'>Guinegate</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stadtlohn (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 9, 1623, between -the army of the Protestant -Princes of Germany, about -22,000 strong, under Duke Christian -of Brunswick and the Imperialists, -under Tilly. The -Protestants were utterly routed -and dispersed, Christian fleeing -to Holland.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Staffarda (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1690, between the -French, under Marshal Catinat, -and the Imperialists, under -Victor Amadeus of Savoy. The -Imperialists met with a crushing -defeat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stamford Bridge.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 25, 1066, -between the English, under -Harold, and the Norse invaders, -under Harold Hardrada and -Tostig. The Norsemen were -surprised by Harold in their -camp, and totally defeated, both -Hardrada and Tostig being -killed, and the survivors driven -to their ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stamford Bridge (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>An encounter between the -retainers of Sir Thomas Neville, -and those of Lord Egremont, -which developed into a pitched -battle, in August, 1453. It is -considered to be the beginning -of the Wars of the Roses.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='STANDARD'></a>Standard, The (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought at Luton Moor, near -Northallerton, in 1138, between -the Scots, under David, and the -English, under Thurstan, Archbishop -of York, and Raoul, -Bishop of Durham. The Scots -were routed, and fled in disorder. -The battle derives its name -from the fact that the banner of -St. Cuthbert of Durham, which -was held to ensure victory, that -of St. Peter of York, and those -of other saints, were carried in -a waggon in the midst of the -English army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stavrichani (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 28, 1739, between -30,000 Russians, under -General Münnich, and the -Turkish army, under Veli Pasha. -The Russians stormed the -Turkish entrenched camp, driving -the Turks headlong into the -Danube, where thousands perished, -and capturing all their guns -and baggage. Münnich followed -up this success by the capture -of Choczin.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Steinkirk (War of the Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 8, 1692, between -the English, under William -III, and the French, under -Marshal Luxembourg. The English -attacked the French camp -at daybreak, and broke and -dispersed a brigade. Luxembourg, -however, rallied his -troops, and after a severe engagement, -repulsed the English -attack, though William was -able to withdraw his forces in -good order.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='STILLWATER'></a>Stillwater (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 7, 1777, between -the British, 6,000 strong, -under General Burgoyne, and -the Americans, under General -Gates. The Americans occupied -a strongly entrenched position, -which was attacked by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>Burgoyne. After a severe encounter, -the attack was repulsed -at all points, and the British -driven back upon their camp -at Saratoga, with heavy loss, -including General Fraser, mortally -wounded. The Americans -followed up their success by an -assault upon the British camp, -in which they succeeded in -effecting a lodgement, and on -the following day, Burgoyne -withdrew, and took up a fresh -position on the heights near -the Hudson. On October 15, -Burgoyne, surrounded by the -Americans, and finding that -no aid could reach him, surrendered -with 5,790 men, his -total losses during the campaign -having amounted to 4,689.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='STIRLING'></a>Stirling (Scottish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 11, 1297, -between the Scots, under Sir -William Wallace, and the English, -50,000 strong, under the -Earl of Surrey. Wallace fell -upon the English army as it -was crossing a narrow bridge -over the Forth, and practically -annihilated it. This battle is -also called the Battle of <a id='corr238L.32'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cambuskenneth'>Cambuskenneth.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_238L.32'><ins class='correction' title='Cambuskenneth'>Cambuskenneth.</ins></a></span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stockack (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1799, between the -French, under Jourdan, and the -Austrians, 60,000 strong, under -the Archduke Charles. The -French were defeated and driven -back upon the Rhine.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stoke (Lambert Simnel's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 16, 1487, between -the royal troops, under -Henry VII, and the rebels, under -John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, -who was aided by 2,000 German -mercenaries, under Martin -Schwarz. The King, whose -force was superior in numbers, -completely defeated the rebels, -Simnel and all the rebel leaders -being taken prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stolhoffen (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 22, 1707, when -Marshal Villars, with 45 French -battalions, stormed and captured -the lines of Stolhoffen, -which were held by the Imperialists, -under the Marquis of -Baireuth. The French took 50 -guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stone Creek.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#MURFREESBORO'>Murfreesboro</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stormberg (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 10, 1899, -when General Gatacre, with -about 3,000 men, made a night -march to attack the Boer position -at Stormberg. He was -misled by his guides, and came -unexpectedly under a heavy -Boer fire. The position was -too strong to carry, and Gatacre -was forced to retire, with a loss -of 89 killed and wounded, and -633 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stralsund (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged, July -5, 1628, by the Imperialists, -under Wallenstein, who had -sworn to take it in three days. -It was defended mainly by the -inhabitants, aided by a small -garrison of Swedes and Scots. -An assault on the 8th was repulsed, -and though on the 9th -some of the outworks were gained, -the town still held out, and -finally, after a siege of 11 weeks, -Wallenstein was compelled to -withdraw his troops, having -suffered a loss of over 12,000 men.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Stralsund (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>The town was again besieged, -October 19, 1715, by an army -of Prussians and Danes, 36,000 -strong, under Frederick William -III of Prussia and Frederick IV -of Denmark, and was defended -by a Swedish garrison, under -Charles XII. At the end of -three months, the besiegers -succeeded in seizing the island -of Rugen, which commanded -the town, and an attempt by -Charles to retake it ended disastrously, -the king escaping with -difficulty, and severely wounded, -while the whole of his force was -killed or captured. On October -10, the allies captured the hornwork, -and on the 20th, the place -being no longer defensible, -Charles left the town and embarked -for Sweden on the only -ship remaining in the harbour. -The garrison immediately afterwards -surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Stratton (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 16, 1643, between -the Parliamentary troops, under -General Chudleigh, and the -Cornish Royalists, under Sir -Ralph Hopton. The Royalists -attacked the Parliamentarian -position on Stratton Hill, and -after severe fighting defeated -them, capturing 1,700 prisoners, -including Chudleigh, 13 guns -and all their baggage and munitions -of war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Suero, The (Civil War of Sertorius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 75, between the -rebels, under Sertorius, and the -Roman army, under Pompey. -The Roman right, under Pompey, -was broken and defeated, -but Afranius turned defeat into -victory, capturing the Sertorian -camp, and routing and dispersing -the rebel army.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Suddusain (Second Sikh War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 1, 1848, when a -force of Bhawalpuris and British -18,000 strong, under Lieutenant -Edwardes, encountered 12,000 -Sikhs, under Malraj. The Sikhs -attacked, but were beaten off, -largely owing to the superiority -of the British artillery, and -defeated with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sudley Springs (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 29, 1862, between -the Federals, under -General Pope, and the Confederates, -under Jackson. Jackson, -by a forced march, had -succeeded in taking up a strong -position in Pope's rear, and -defied all attempts to dislodge -him, repulsing the Federal -attacks with a loss of over 8,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sugar-loaf Rock (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 20, 1753, -between the British, about 3,000 -strong, under Major Laurence, -and the French army which was -besieging Trichinopoly, under -M. Astruc. Laurence attacked -before daybreak, and the native -auxiliaries with the French -army were seized with a panic -and fled, leaving the Europeans -unsupported. In the end the -French were defeated, with a -loss of 100 killed and 200 prisoners, -including Astruc. The -British lost 40 killed and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Surinam (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a Dutch -garrison, was captured, May 5, -1804, by a British squadron, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>under Commander Hood, together -with 2,000 troops, under -Sir Charles Green.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori's Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1191, between the -<a id='corr240L.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Aghans'>Afghans</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_240L.7'><ins class='correction' title='Aghans'>Afghans</ins></a></span>, under Mohammed -Ghori, and the Hindus, under -the King of Delhi, with 200,000 -horse and 300 elephants. The -Afghans, who were greatly outnumbered, -were surrounded, and -utterly routed, Mohammed -Ghori escaping with difficulty -from the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori's Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1192, when Mohammed -Ghori, on the field where -he had suffered defeat in the -previous year, encountered the -Rajputs and Delhi men, under -the Rajah of Ajmir. The -Afghans, numbering 120,000, -completely routed the Rajputs, -and captured the Rajah.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sveaborg (Finland War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged by -the Russians, under General -Suchtelen, in February, 1808, -and was defended by a garrison -of 7,000 Swedes and Finns, under -Admiral Cronstedt. The siege -was conducted under considerable -difficulties, the transport -of breaching guns being almost -impossible. However, lack of -supplies compelled the Admiral -to sign an armistice, on April 3, -by which he agreed to surrender -if not relieved by at least five -ships of war on May 3. This -being still unbroken at that -date, he handed over the town -to the Russians, with 200 guns, -and 2 frigates and 19 transports, -which were ice-bound in the -harbour.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sveaborg (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The town, which had become -an important Russian arsenal, -was bombarded by a British -fleet, under Admiral Dundas, -August 9 to 11, 1854. By the -latter date, the arsenal and -storehouses had been destroyed, -and Dundas withdrew, making -no further attempt to destroy -the fortifications.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Sybota.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 433 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between a -Corinthian fleet of 150 sail, and -a Corcyrean fleet of 110 sail, -aided by 10 Athenian triremes. -The Corcyrean right wing was -defeated, and would have been -destroyed, but for the assistance -of the Athenians, and the -arrival of a reinforcement of 20 -Athenian ships caused the -Corinthians to retire. The -Corcyreans offered battle on -the following day, but the -Corinthians declined. Both -sides claimed the victory, but -the advantage lay with the -Corinthians, who captured -several ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Syracuse (Athenian Expedition to Sicily).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this city by -the Athenians, under Alcibiades, -Lamachus and Nicias, who with -a fleet of 134 galleys, took possession -of the harbour and -effected a landing in the autumn -of 415 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Alcibiades was -soon recalled, and <a id='corr240R.40'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Lamachas'>Lamachus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_240R.40'><ins class='correction' title='Lamachas'>Lamachus</ins></a></span> -killed in a skirmish, while Nicias -proved weak and incompetent. -The siege works were not pressed -and in the following year, Gylippus -of Sparta succeeded in getting -through the Athenian lines, -and bringing a considerable -force to the aid of the Syracusans, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>capturing at the same time the -advanced positions of the besiegers. -Early in 413, Demosthenes -arrived from Athens, -with a fleet of 73 triremes, and -made a desperate attempt to -recover the lost ground. He -was, however, totally defeated, -and in a series of sea-fights -which followed, the Athenian -fleet was completely destroyed. -This disaster forced the Athenians -to raise the siege, and was, -in addition, a death-blow to the -naval supremacy of Athens.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Syracuse (Second Carthaginian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Syracuse was again besieged, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 387, by about 80,000 Carthaginians, -under Himilco, aided -by a powerful fleet, and defended -by Dionysius, with about -an equal number of troops. A -fleet of 30 Lacedæmonian triremes -arrived to the succour of -the Syracusans, and meanwhile -a pestilence had carried off -thousands in the besiegers' -camp. At this juncture Dionysius -decided on a joint sea and -land attack upon the Carthaginians, -which was completely -successful. Leptinus, with 80 -galleys, surprised the Carthaginian -fleet while the crews were -ashore, and completely destroyed -it, while Dionysius stormed -Himilco's defences, and utterly -routed the besiegers, Himilco -and his principal officers escaping -from Sicily, and leaving the -army to its fate.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Syracuse (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 213 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Syracuse, then in -the hands of the pro-Carthaginian -faction, was besieged by -the Romans, 25,000 strong, -under M. Marcellus, and a fleet -under Appius Claudius. The -city was defended by a garrison -under Hippocrates. The siege -is specially notable for the presence -in the city of Archimedes, -whose military engines played -an important part in the defence, -especially against the fleet. -During the winter, the revolt -of other Sicilian towns drew off -a portion of the besiegers, and -during the spring and early -summer of 212, only a partial -blockade could be maintained. -Then however, taking advantage -of a festival in the city, -Marcellus stormed and captured -the upper portion of the -town. An attempt to force -the Roman lines by a Carthaginian -relieving force, under -Himilco, was repulsed, and -shortly afterwards the rest of -the city was captured by -assault.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Szigeth (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This small place, held by -a Hungarian garrison, under -Count Zrinyi, was besieged by -the Turks, under Solyman the -Magnificent, in 1566. The siege -was prosecuted with vigour but -was fatal to the great Sultan, -who died on the night of September -4. On the following day, -however, the Turks stormed -and sacked the town, and Count -Zrinyi and his little garrison -perished in the flames.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>T</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c015'>Tabraca (Revolt of Gildo).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 398, between 5,000 -picked Roman legionaries, under -Mascazel, and the revolted -Africans, 70,000 strong, under -<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>Gildo. At the first onslaught -of the legionaries, all the Roman -soldiers serving under Gildo -deserted, and the Africans taking -to flight, Mascazel gained an -almost bloodless victory. Gildo -was captured and committed -suicide in prison.</p> - -<h3 class='c015'>Taçna (Peruvio-Chilian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 26, 1880, between -the Chilians, under General -Baquedano, and the Peruvians, -the Chilians gaining a signal -victory. The Peruvian losses -were very heavy, including 197 -officers. Following up their -victory, the Chilians captured -the fortress of Ariça.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tacubaya (Mexican Liberal Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 11, 1859, between -the Mexican Government -troops, under Marquez, and the -Liberals, under Degollado. The -Liberals were completely routed, -with the loss of all their artillery -and munitions of war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tagina (Second Gothic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 552, between -the Goths, under Totila, King of -Italy, and 30,000 Imperial troops, -under Narses. The Romans -withstood the charge of the -Goths, broke their cavalry, and -then drove their infantry from -the field, with a loss of about -6,000. Totila was overtaken -and slain in the pursuit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tagliacozzo (Guelfs and Ghibellines).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1268, between the -Guelf party, under Charles of -Anjou, the usurper of the throne -of Naples, and the Ghibellines, -under Conradin, the rightful -heir, and Frederick, Duke of -Austria. The Ghibellines were -utterly routed, and their leaders, -including Conradin and the -Duke, captured and beheaded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Taiken Gate (Hogen Insurrection).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1157, between the -Japanese rebels, under Shitoku, -and the Imperial troops, under -Bifukumonia and Tadamichi. -The rebels were utterly routed. -This battle is remarkable for the -fratricidal nature of the conflict, -many of the greatest families of -Japan having representatives in -both armies.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Taillebourg.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1242, between the -French, under Louis IX, and -the English, under Henry III, -with whom were allied the -rebellious vassals of the French -crown, the Comtes de Marche -and de Foix. The allies were -defeated, and Henry withdrew -his forces from France.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Takashima (Chinese Invasion of Japan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>After the wreck of the Chinese -fleet, in 1281, the survivors, -under Chang Pak, took refuge -on the island of Takashima. -Here they were attacked by the -troops of Kiushiu, under Shoni -Kagesuke. They were almost -without exception killed or -captured, only three out of the -vast host returning to China.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Taku Forts (Second China War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 25, 1859, when -an attempt was made by the -British to carry the forts at the -mouth of the Peiho River. -Eleven light-draught gunboats -crossed the bar, and tried to -silence the batteries, but without -<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>success, and at 5 p.m. an -attempt was made to carry the -defences by a land attack. A -force of 600 marines and blue-jackets, -under Captain Vansittart, -was landed, but after -severe fighting was driven back -to the boats, with a loss of 68 -killed, and nearly 300 wounded. -Six of the gunboats were sunk -or disabled, and their crews also -suffered heavily.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On August 21, 1860, a second -and successful assault was made -on the forts by a force of 11,000 -British and 7,000 French troops, -under Sir Hope Grant. After -a brief bombardment, the small -north fort, garrisoned by 500 -Chinese, was stormed by 2,500 -British, and 400 French, 400 of -the garrison falling, while the -British lost 21 killed and 184 -wounded. In the course of the -day the remaining forts surrendered -without further fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='TALANA'></a>Talana Hill (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 20, 1899, -between 4,000 Boers, under -General Lucas Meyer, and a -British force of equal strength, -under General Symons. The -Boers occupied a strong position -on the heights of Dundee, from -which they were dislodged by -the British infantry, with a loss -of about 300. The British lost -19 officers, 142 men killed and -wounded, and 331 prisoners, -the latter a detachment of -cavalry and mounted infantry, -who were surrounded by a -superior force of Boers, and -surrendered. General Symons -was mortally wounded. The -action is also called the battle of -Dundee.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Talavera (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 28, 1809, between -19,000 British and 34,000 -Spaniards, under Sir Arthur -Wellesley, and 50,000 French, -under Marshals Jourdan and -Victor, with Joseph Buonaparte -in nominal command. The -British repulsed all the attacks -on their position, at a cost of -6,200 killed and wounded. The -Spanish losses were returned at -1,200, but the figures are doubtful, -as they took practically no -part in the fighting. The French -lost 7,389 killed, wounded and -missing, and 17 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Talkhan (Tartar Invasion of Khorassan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was captured, -1221, by the Tartars, under -Genghiz Khan, after an obstinate -defence of seven months, in -which thousands perished on -both sides.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Talneer (Third Mahratta War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>By the treaty of January 6, -1818, this fortress was surrendered -by Holkar to the -British, but on Sir Thomas -Hislop, with a British force, -arriving to take possession, on -February 17, the commandant -refused to hand it over. Though -warned of the consequences, he -fired upon the British, whereupon -Hislop opened fire, and in -the afternoon of the same day -the place surrendered. By -some misunderstanding, however, -the Arab garrison of 300, -were drawn up at one of the -gates, and on the approach of -two British officers and some -Sepoys, cut them down. No -quarter was then given, the -garrison being killed to a man, -and the commandant hanged.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Tamai (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 13, 1884, when -4,000 British, under General -Graham, attacked and defeated -the Mahdists, under Osman -Digna, destroying their camp. -The British fought in two -squares, one of which was momentarily -broken by the Mahdists, -who captured the naval -guns. The second square, however, -moved up in support, and -the Mahdists were repulsed and -the guns recovered. The British -lost 10 officers and 204 men -killed and wounded; the Dervishes -over 2,000 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tanagra.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 457 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between the -Spartans, and their Peloponnesian -allies, and about 14,000 -Athenians and others, including -a body of Thessalian cavalry. -The battle was stubbornly contested, -both sides losing heavily, -but the desertion during the -action of the Thessalians turned -the scale, and the Spartans -were victorious, though at a cost -which deterred them from their -intended attack upon Athens.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tanjore (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged, -August, 1758, by the French, -under Lally-Tollendal, and was -defended by a garrison, under -Monacji. After five days' bombardment, -the walls were still -insufficiently breached, and owing -to lack of ammunition, Lally -determined to retire. Hearing -this, Monacji made a sortie, and -nearly succeeded in surprising -the French camp. He was with -difficulty beaten off, and the -French withdrew, with the loss -of all their siege guns and heavy -baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tanjore.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The fortress was besieged, -August 20, 1773, by a British -force, under General Joseph -Smith, and defended by a garrison -of 20,000 men, under the -Rajah, Laljaji, and his Vizier -Monacji. On September 16, a -breach having been effected, the -besiegers delivered an assault -at midday, when their garrison -were taking their usual noonday -rest, and meeting with little -opposition, made themselves -masters of the place.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tansara Saka (Satsuma Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1876, when the rebels -in a very strong position were -attacked by the Imperial troops, -under Prince Taruhito, and -after very severe fighting, driven -out with enormous loss. The -Imperialists also suffered severely.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tarapaca (Peruvio-Chilian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 17, 1879, -and resulted in the defeat of -the Peruvians with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tarento (Italian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a Neapolitan -garrison, under the -Conde di Potenza, was besieged -by about 5,000 Spaniards, under -Consalvo de Cordova, in August, -1501. Gonsalvo endeavoured to -reduce the place by blockade, -but found his forces melting -away by desertion, and was forced -to have recourse to more active -measures. The north front of -Tarento being bounded by a -lake, was unfortified, and Gonsalvo, -with incredible labour, -transported overland some of -the smaller vessels of the Spanish -fleet lying in the Bay of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>Tarento, and launched them on -the lake. The town was then -at his mercy, and surrendered, -being entered by the Spaniards, -March 1, 1502.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tarragona (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -French, 40,000 strong, under -General Suchet, in May, 1811, -and defended by a garrison but -little inferior in numbers. The -outer defences were stormed -one by one, and by June 21, -the besiegers had effected a -lodgement in the lower town. -On the 28th, the upper town -was taken by storm, and the -survivors of the garrison, 8,000 -in number, laid down their arms. -The French lost about 6,000 -during the siege.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tashkessen (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 28, 1877, -between 2,000 Turks, under -Valentine Baker Pasha, and a -Russian division, under General -Kourloff. In order to cover -Shakir Pasha's retirement from -the Shandurnik heights, Baker's -greatly inferior force withstood -throughout the day, the determined -onslaughts of the Russians, -when Baker finally withdrew, -having effected his object. -He had lost 800 men, and had -inflicted a loss on his assailants -of 32 officers and over 1,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tauris (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 47, between the -Pompeian fleet, under Marcus -Octavius, and the Cæsareans, -under Publius Vatinius. The -Cæsarean fleet consisted of -merchant vessels, temporarily -equipped with beaks, but Vatinius, -though his ships were -inferior both in number and -quality, boldly attacked the -Pompeians, and after severe -fighting, completely defeated -them, compelling Octavius to -abandon the Adriatic.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Taus (Hussite Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 14, 1431, between -the Hussites, under John -Ziska, and the Imperialists, -under the Emperor Sigismund. -The Hussites gained a signal -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tayeizan (Japanese Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1868, when the adherents -of the Shogun made their -last stand in Tokyo at the Tayeizan -temple in the Park of -Uyeno. They were defeated -after a sharp conflict, leaving -the Imperialists in undisputed -possession of the Shogun's -capital.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tchernaya (Crimean War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 16, 1855, between -three Russian divisions, -under General Gortschakoff, and -three French and one Sardinian -division, under General Marmora. -The Russians attacked the allies' -position on the Tchernaya, and -after severe fighting, were repulsed -with a loss of 5,000 killed -and wounded. The allies lost -1,200.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tchesme (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 7, 1770, between -the Russian fleet of 50 sail, under -Count Alexis Orloff, and the -Turkish fleet of nearly 100 sail -of the line, under Hassan Bey. -With the exception of one ship, -which was captured, the whole -of the Turkish fleet was destroyed.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Tearless Battle.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 368, when a force -of Arcadians endeavoured to -cut off a Spartan army, under -Archidamus, in a narrow defile -in Laconia. They were repulsed -with heavy loss, and not a single -Spartan was killed, whence the -engagement came to be called -the Tearless Battle.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tegea.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 473, when the -Spartans defeated the combined -forces of the Arcadian League -and the Argives, under the walls -of Tegea. Though victorious, -the Spartans were too much -reduced in numbers to venture -upon the attack of Tegea, which -had been the object of the expedition.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tegyra (Bœotian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 373, when Pelopidas, -with the Sacred Band of -300 Thebans, routed a large -force of Spartans in a narrow -pass near Orchomenus, slaying -600, including their two <a id='corr246L.28'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='generals'>generals.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_246L.28'><ins class='correction' title='generals'>generals.</ins></a></span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Telamon (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 225, when the -Gauls, marching upon Rome, -found themselves caught between -two Roman consular -armies, and though fighting -desperately, were cut to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tel-el-Kebir (Arabi's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 13, 1882, -when the British, 17,000 strong, -under Lord Wolseley, after a -night march across the desert, -attacked and stormed Arabi's -entrenchments, which were defended -by 22,000 Egyptians. -The British lost 339 killed and -wounded, the Egyptian loss -was very heavy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tel-el-Mahuta (Arabi's Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 24, 1882, when -the Egyptians attempted to -oppose the march of the British -advance guard, under General -Graham, to Kassassin. They -made, however, but a feeble -resistance, and were driven off -with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Te-li-ssu (Russo-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14 and 15, 1904, -between 35,000 Russians, under -Baron de Stakelberg, and about -40,000 Japanese, under General -Oku. The Japanese attacked -the Russian position, but the -Russians held their ground -throughout the 14th, at a cost -of about 350 killed and wounded. -On the 15th, however, their -flank was turned, and after hard -fighting in which they suffered -heavily, two batteries of artillery -being absolutely cut to -pieces, they retreated in some -disorder, leaving over 1,500 -dead on the field. The Japanese, -who lost 1,163 in the two -days, captured 300 prisoners -and 14 guns. The total Russian -losses were about 10,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tellicherry (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a small -British garrison, and very imperfectly -fortified, was besieged -June, 1780, by a Mysore force, -under Sirdar Ali Khan. Aid was -sent to the garrison from Bombay, -and a most gallant defence -was made till January 18, 1782, -when reinforcements arrived, -under Major Abington, who, -aided by the garrison, stormed -the Mysori entrenchments, capturing -all their guns, 60 in -number, and 1,200 prisoners, -among whom was Sirdar Ali.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Temesvar (Hungarian Rising).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 9, 1849, between -the Austrians, under -Haynau, and the Hungarians, -under Dembinski. The latter -was totally routed, and his army -dispersed, this being the last -stand made by the Hungarians -in the war. On the 13th, Görgey -and his army surrendered to -the Russians at Villágos.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tenchebrai.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 28, 1106, -between the English, under -Henry I, and the Normans, -under Robert of Normandy, -Henry's brother. Robert was -totally defeated and made prisoner, -and Henry annexed Normandy -to the crown of England.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tergoes (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress was besieged, -August 16, 1572, by the Dutch -Patriots, 7,000 strong, under -Jerome de ’t Zeraerts, and was -defended by a small Spanish -garrison. On October 20, a -force of 3,000 Spanish veterans, -under Colonel Mondragon, succeeded -in crossing the "Drowned -Land," with a loss of only 9 -men drowned, and relieved the -town, ’t Zeraert's troops refusing -to face this unexpected -attack.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Testry.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 687, between the -Neustrians, under Thierry III, -and the Austrasians, under -Pepin d'Héristal, the Maire du -Palais. The Neustrians were -routed, and Thierry captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tettenhall (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 910, between the -Danish invaders, and the West -Saxons, under Edward the -Elder. The Danes were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tetuan (Morocco War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 4, 1860, -when 30,000 Spaniards, under -Marshal O'Donnell, stormed the -Moorish entrenchments outside -Tetuan, held by about 40,000 -Moors. Three days later Tetuan -was entered by the Spaniards.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Teuttingen (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 1643, between -the French, under the -Maréchal de Rantzau, and the -Imperialists, under the Count -de Merci. The Imperialists surprised -the French camp, and -totally routed them, Rantzau, -being captured with most of his -superior officers, and all his -artillery and baggage.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tewkesbury (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 4, 1471, when -the Yorkists, under Edward IV, -defeated the Lancastrians, under -Prince Edward, Somerset and -others, with heavy loss. Prince -Edward and other leading Lancastrians -were killed, and Margaret -of Anjou promptly surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Texel (Dutch Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 2, 1653, between -a British fleet, under Monk, and -a Dutch fleet, under Van Tromp. -The action was undecided, but -on the following day, Monk -having been reinforced by 18 -ships, under Admiral Blake, -renewed the attack, and signally -defeated Van Tromp, with a loss -of 11 ships and 1,300 prisoners -taken, and 6 ships sunk. The -British lost 20 ships and 363 -killed and wounded.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Thala (Numidian Revolt).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>In the year 22, this fortress, -defended by no more than 500 -Roman veterans, was attacked -by a large force of nomads, under -Tacfarinas. The Romans sallied -out, and inflicted so severe -a defeat upon Tacfarinas that -his army was dispersed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thapsus (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 6, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 46, between -the Cæsareans, consisting -of 10 legions, under Julius -Cæsar, and the Pompeians, 14 -legions, in addition to cavalry, -light troops, and 100 elephants, -under Metellus Scipio and Juba.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thebes.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was captured by the -Macedonians, under Alexander -the Great, in September, 335 -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> The Thebans were blockading -the Macedonian garrison, -which held the citadel, and -the Cadmea; Perdiccas, one of -Alexander's captains, without -orders, broke through the earthworks -outside the city. Before -the Thebans could shut the -gates, Perdiccas effected an entrance -into the city, and being -joined by the garrison of the -Cadmea, soon overcame the -resistance of the Thebans. Six -thousand of the inhabitants -were massacred, and the city -was razed to the ground.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thermopylæ (Third Persian Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 480 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, when 300 -Spartans and 700 Thespians, -under Leonidas, defended the -pass of Thermopylæ, leading -southwards out of Thessaly, -against the Persian host, under -Xerxes. They kept the Persians -at bay until a considerable -force having passed the mountains -by another part, they were -attacked in the rear. They then -retired to a hillock, and fought -till the last man fell.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thermopylæ (War with Antiochus).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 191, between -40,000 Romans, under Glabrio, -and the army of Antiochus the -Great, King of <a id='corr248R.14'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Asia,'>Asia.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_248R.14'><ins class='correction' title='Asia,'>Asia.</ins></a></span> Antiochus -was entrenched at Thermopylæ, -where he was attacked by -the Romans, and a post held -by 2,000 Ætolians being surprised, -his flank was turned, and -he was disastrously defeated. -Antiochus escaped from the -field with barely 500 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thetford (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 870, between the -Danish invaders, and the East -Anglians, under Edward. The -latter were defeated and Edward -killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thorn (Russo-Swedish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this place by -the Swedes, under Charles XII, -September 22, 1702. It was -defended by a garrison of 5,000 -Poles, under General Robel, who -made a gallant defence, but -after a month's siege, he was -compelled by famine to surrender.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Thurii.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 282, when a Roman -consular army, under Caius -Fabricius, routed the Lucanians -and Bruttians, who were besieging -Thurii. The siege was -raised, and the Tarentine coalition -temporarily broken up.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Tiberias.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1187, between -the Saracens, under Saladin, and -the Christians of Jerusalem, -under Guy de Lusignan. Saladin -gained a signal victory, -capturing the King, the Grand -Master of the Templars, and the -Marquis de Montferrat. Following -up his success, Saladin -recovered in succession, Acre, -Jaffa, and other important -places, and in the month of -October of the same year, recaptured -Jerusalem.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ticinus (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 218, between -26,000 Carthaginians, under -Hannibal, and 25,000 Romans, -under P. Cornelius Scipio (the -Elder). The Romans were defeated -with heavy loss, Scipio -being severely wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ticonderoga (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 8, 1758, between -Montcalm, with 3,600 French -and Canadians, and the British, -15,000 strong, including 6,000 regulars, -under General James Abercromby. -Montcalm was strongly -intrenched on a ridge in front -of Fort Ticonderoga, his position -being furthered strengthened -by an abatis. Abercromby -made no attempt to -turn the position, but without -waiting for his guns, ordered -the regulars to take the lines by -storm. Notwithstanding the -gallantry of the troops, who -advanced six times to the -assault, the position proved -impregnable, and Abercromby -was forced to withdraw, with a -loss of <a id='corr249L.44'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='19,44'>1,944</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_249L.44'><ins class='correction' title='19,44'>1,944</ins></a></span> killed and wounded, -the French losing 377 only. The -42nd Regiment (Black Watch) -showed conspicuous bravery, -losing half the rank and file, and -25 officers killed and wounded.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On July 22, 1759, a British -force of 11,000 men under -General Amherst, arrived before -Ticonderoga, which was held by -about 3,500 French and Canadians, -under <a id='corr249R.8'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bourlamaque'>Bourlemaque</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_249R.8'><ins class='correction' title='Bourlamaque'>Bourlemaque</ins></a></span>. On -the 23rd, Bourlemaque withdrew -to the Isle-aux-Noix, on -Lake Champlain, leaving only -400 men, under Hébécourt, -with instructions to hold Amherst -before the place as long as -possible. On the 26th, however, -Hébécourt set fire to the -magazine and retired.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ticonderoga (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was invested, -June 22, 1777, by the British, -under General Burgoyne, and -was defended by 5,000 Americans, -under General St. Clair. -After a brief siege, the Americans -evacuated the Fort, July 5.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tiflis (Tartar Invasion of the Caucasus).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1386, between the -Tartars, under Tamerlane, and -the troops of the Caucasian -tribes, under the Queen of -Georgia. The Queen issued -from Tiflis to offer battle to the -Tartars, but her forces could -not stand against them, and -were cut to pieces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tigranocerta (Third Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 69, when the -Romans, 10,000 strong, under -Lucullus, who was besieging the -city, were attacked by 200,000 -Pontic and Armenian troops, -under Tigranes. Tigranes had -failed to occupy some high -ground which commanded the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>position of his cavalry. This -Lucullus seized, and attacking -the Pontic cavalry in rear, -broke <a id='corr250L.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='it,'>it.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_250L.4'><ins class='correction' title='it,'>it.</ins></a></span> He then attacked and -routed the infantry, with a loss -according to the Roman account -of 100,000. The Romans lost -5 men only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tigris (Persian Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 363, when the Romans -under Julian, crossed the Tigris -in the face of a large Persian -army, strongly entrenched on -the opposite bank. At the first -assault, though an attempt at -a surprise failed, the Romans -stormed the Persian lines, and -after 12 hours' fighting, drove -them from the field. The Romans -only admitted a loss of 75 -men, while they claimed that -the Persians lost 6,000 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tippermuir (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 1, 1644, -between the Covenanters, 6,700 -strong, under Lord Elcho, and -about 3,000 Scottish Royalists, -under Montrose. The Covenanters -were totally defeated, -with a loss variously estimated -at from 1,300 to 2,000 killed, -and 800 prisoners, while the -Royalist loss was trifling. Following -up his victory Montrose -occupied Perth.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Toba (Japanese Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1868, between the -troops of Aiza and Kuwana, -under the Shogun Yoshinobu, -and the army of Satsuma and -Choshu. The Shogun was totally -defeated, and abandoned -his invasion of Satsuma, returning -with his troops to Yedo by -sea, surrendering shortly afterwards -to the Imperial forces.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tofrek (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 22, 1885, when -General McNeill, with 3 battalions -of Indian, and 1½ of British -troops, was surprised in his -zariba, by about 5,000 Mahdists. -One of the native regiments -broke and fled, but the Berkshires -and Marines, made a -gallant defence, though the -zariba was forced, as did the -other native regiments. After -twenty minutes' fighting the -attack was beaten off, the Mahdists -leaving 1,500 dead on the -field. The British lost 294 -combatants and 176 camp-followers, -killed, wounded and -missing.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tolbiac.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 496, between the -Franks, under Clovis, and the -Alemanni. The Franks, after -a desperate conflict, began to -give way, but were rallied by -Clovis, who leading a charge in -person, utterly routed the Alemanni. -This victory gave the -Franks undisputed possession -of the territory west of the -Rhine.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tolentino (Hundred Days).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 2, 1815, between -50,000 Italians, under Murat, -and 60,000 Austrians, under -General Bianchi. The Italians -were routed and dispersed, and -Murat compelled to flee from -Italy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tolenus (Social War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 90, between the -Romans, under Lupus, and the -revolted Marsians. Lupus was -attacked while crossing the -Tolenus, and totally routed -with a loss of 8,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tondeman's Woods (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 14, 1754, -when a convoy to revictual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>Trichinopoly, escorted by 180 -British and 800 native troops, -was attacked by 12,000 Mysore -and Mahratta horse, under -Hyder Ali and Morari Rao, -supported by a small French -force. The Sepoys at once laid -down their arms, but the Europeans -made a gallant defence, -until the arrival of the French -force, when, hopelessly outnumbered, -they also surrendered. -The convoy and the whole -detachment were captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Torgau (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 3, 1760, -between the Prussians, under -Frederick the Great, and the -Austrians, under Count Daun. -The Austrians, besides being -numerically superior, occupied -a strong position at Torgau. -Frederick divided his forces, and -while one portion, under Ziethen, -attacked in front, he himself led -the rest of his army round the -position, and fell upon the Austrian -rear. Both attacks were -repulsed, but during the night, -Ziethen, finding the heights -badly guarded, gained them, -and seized the batteries, turning -a defeat into a signal victory. -The Austrians lost 20,000, the -Prussians, 13,000, and the victory -gave Frederick possession -of the whole of Saxony.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Toro (War of the Castilian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 1, 1476, between -the Portuguese, and the -Spanish supporters of Joanna -for the throne of Castile, 8,500 -strong, under Alfonso of Portugal, -and the adherents of Isabella, -about equal in numbers, -under Ferdinand the Catholic. -Ferdinand, after a long march, -attacked the Portuguese at 4 -p.m., and at the end of two -hours' fighting, signally defeated -them with heavy loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Toulon (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>An attack was made upon -the fortress by a combined -Dutch and British fleet, under -Sir Cloudesley Shovel, July 17, -1707. The allies failed to gain -a footing in the town, but 8 -French ships lying in the harbour -and 130 houses were -destroyed by fire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Toulon (War of the Austrian Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 11, 1744, -between a British fleet of 27 sail -of the line, and 8 frigates, under -Admiral Matthews, and a combined -French and Spanish fleet -of 28 line-of-battle ships. The -British fleet suffered a serious -reverse, in consequence of which -the Admiral and four captains -were tried by court-martial and -cashiered. The British lost 274 -killed and wounded, the allies -about 1,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Toulon (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On August 29, 1793, Toulon, -which had opened its gates to -the British, and was held by a -small garrison, under Lord -Mulgrave, was besieged by the -French, under Dugommier. By -December 18, most of the landward -defences had been carried, -and the place having become -untenable, Lord Mulgrave carried -off his troops by sea. -This siege is chiefly memorable -as being the first important -appearance of Napoleon, who -commanded the artillery.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Toulouse (Peninsular War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 10, 1814, between -38,000 French, under -Soult, and 24,000 British and -Spaniards, under Wellington. -The French entrenchments in -front of Toulouse were attacked -by the British, who after severe -fighting captured some of the -outworks. The victory, however, -was incomplete, and was -in effect of no value, as Napoleon -had on this date already surrendered -to the allies in Paris. -The French lost about 3,000 -killed and wounded, the allies, -4,659, of whom 2,000 were -Spaniards.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tournay (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged, October -1, 1581, by the Royal -troops, under Alexander of -Parma, and in the absence of -the Governor, Prince Espinay, -was gallantly defended by the -Princess, who held out until -November 30, when, by an -honourable capitulation, she -was allowed to march out at the -head of the garrison, with all -the honours of war.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tournay (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The town was besieged by the -British, under the Duke of Marlborough, -July 8, 1709, and was -defended by a French garrison -under M. de Surville. After 56 -days of open trenches, the garrison -surrendered, having suffered -a loss of 3,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tours (Moslem Invasion of France).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 732, between the -Franks, under Charles Martel, -and the Saracens, under Abderrahman -Ibu Abdillah. The -battle lasted several days--according -to the Arab chroniclers, -two, while the Christian -accounts say seven--and ended -in the fall of Abderrahman, -when the Saracens, discouraged -by the death of their leader, -owned defeat, and fled, losing -heavily in the pursuit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Towton (Wars of the Roses).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 1461, when -Edward IV, immediately after -his proclamation, marched against -the Lancastrians, under -Henry VI, and vigorously attacked -their entrenched position -at Towton. Aided by a heavy -snowstorm, blowing in the faces -of the defenders, Edward defeated -them all along the line, -with heavy loss, among the -killed being Northumberland, -Dacre and de Mauley. Henry -and Margaret escaped from the -field, and fled northward.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trafalgar (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 21, 1805, between -the British fleet of 27 -sail of the line and 4 frigates, -under Nelson, with Collingwood -second in command, and the -combined French and Spanish -fleets, numbering 33 sail of the -line and 7 frigates, under Admiral -Villeneuve. Nelson attacked -in two lines, and destroying -the enemy's formation, -completely defeated them, 20 -ships striking their colours. -Nelson fell in the moment of -victory, while the Spanish Admiral -was killed, and Villeneuve -captured. Most of the prizes -were lost in a heavy gale which -sprang up after the battle, but -the destruction of Villeneuve's -fleet put an end to Napoleon's -<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>scheme for an invasion of England. -The British lost 1,587 -killed and wounded, the losses -of the allies being far heavier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trautenau (Seven Weeks' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 27, 1866, between -the First Prussian Army -Corps, under General von Bonin, -and the 10th Austrian corps, -under General Gablenz. The -Prussians at first drove back the -Austrians, but General Gablenz -advancing in force, fell upon -the Prussians, wearied with a -long march, and compelled them -to retreat, with a loss of 1,277 -killed and wounded. Owing -to the superiority of the needle-gun, -the Austrians, though victorious, -suffered a loss of 5,732.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Travancore (Second Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 28, 1789, -when Tippu Sahib, with about -15,000 Mysoris, made a night -attack upon the British lines. -Having thrown down a portion -of the rampart, a small advance -party were hastening to open -the gate, when they were assailed -by a detachment of the -garrison, and hurled back into -the trench. This repulse threw -the advancing troops into confusion, -and they were routed -with a loss of over 2,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trebbia (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 218, -between 26,000 <a id='corr253L.38'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cathaginians'>Carthaginians</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_253L.38'><ins class='correction' title='Cathaginians'>Carthaginians</ins></a></span>, -6,000 being cavalry, under -Hannibal, and 40,000 Romans -under the Consul Sempronius. -Sempronius' colleague, Scipio, -had been wounded a few days -before in a skirmish, and Sempronius, -contrary to his advice, -being in sole command, crossed -the Trebbia to attack the Carthaginians. -The Romans fought -with determination, and the -issue was for some time in -doubt, but finally a charge of -the Carthaginian horse, under -Mago, against their left flank, -threw the legionaries into confusion, -and they were routed -with enormous loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trebbia (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 19 to 21, 1799, -between the French, under Macdonald, -and the Russians, under -Suwaroff. After a severe conflict -the French were totally -defeated and driven beyond the -Apennines, being obliged shortly -afterwards to evacuate Italy.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trebizond (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, where the last representative -of the family of -Comnenus had taken refuge -after the fall of Constantinople, -was besieged by the Turks, -under Mohammed II, in 1461. -After a brief resistance the city -surrendered, and the last vestige -of the Empire of the East was -swept away.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Treveri (Gallic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 55, between the -Romans, 50,000 strong, under -Julius Cæsar, and 300,000 Asipetes, -a German tribe, who had -made a raid into Gaul. The -Germans were routed with -enormous loss; indeed, the -action was less a battle than -a massacre, and very few succeeded -in recrossing the Rhine.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tricameron (Invasion of the Vandals).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 533, between -the Romans, under Belisarius, -and the Vandals, under -<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>Gelimer and Zano. The Romans -were drawn up behind a stream, -and were attacked by the Vandals, -though only the wing under -Zano displayed any vigour in -the assault. In the end the -Vandals were defeated with a -loss of 800, the Romans losing -50 only. This defeat put an -end to the Vandal domination in -Africa.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trichinopoly.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was captured, after -a three months' siege, by the -Mahrattas, March 26, 1741. It -had been provisioned for a long -siege by Chunda Sahib, but the -Mahrattas retired to a distance -of 250 miles, whereupon the -avarice of Chunda Sahib impelled -him to sell the grain -which he had in store. The -Mahrattas, who had been counting -upon this, retraced their -steps, and the garrison were in -a very short time starved into -submission.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trincomalee (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 10, 1759, between -a British <a id='corr254L.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='squardon'>squadron</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_254L.30'><ins class='correction' title='squardon'>squadron</ins></a></span> of 12 -sail, under Admiral Pococke, -and a French fleet of 14 sail, -under the Comte d'Aché. After -an engagement lasting two hours, -the French were worsted, but -sailing better than the British, -as usual at this period, eluded -pursuit and lost no ships.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trincomalee (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 3, 1767, -between the British, under -Colonel Smith, and the Mysore -army, under Hyder Ali. Hyder -attacked the British camp, but -was beaten off with a loss of -2,000 men while the British -lost 170 only.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On September 26 of the same -year, a second engagement took -place near Trincomalee, when -Colonel Smith, with 12,000 -British and native troops, came -unexpectedly upon the united -armies of Hyderabad and Mysore, -60,000 strong, under Hyder -Ali, while rounding a hill which -separated them. The superior -discipline of the British enabled -them to take full advantage of -the surprise, and they inflicted -an overwhelming defeat upon -their opponents' disordered -masses. Hyder Ali lost over -4,000 men and 64 guns, the -British loss being 150 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trincomalee.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A naval action was fought off -this place April 12, 1782, between -11 British ships, under -Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 -French vessels, under Suffren. -After a sanguinary action with -no decisive result, the two -fleets, both too seriously damaged -to renew the conflict, separated, -the British making for -Trincomalee, and the French -for their base to repair damages.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On September 3, 1782, another -indecisive fight took place between -the same Admirals off -Trincomalee, the British having -12 and the French 15 sail. Both -squadrons were compelled after -the action to return to their -respective bases to refit.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trinidad (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This island was captured from -the French, without resistance, -by a naval and military expedition -under Admiral John Harvey -and Sir Ralph Abercrombie, -February 17, 1797.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span> - <h3 class='c013'><a id='TRINKITAT'></a>Trinkitat (Soudan Campaigns).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought March 29, 1884, when -the British, 4,000 strong, under -General Graham, totally defeated -6,000 Mahdists, under -Osman Digna, after five hours' -severe fighting. The British -casualties amounted to 189 -killed and wounded; the Mahdists -lost about 2,000. This -action is also known as the -Battle of El Teb.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tripoli (Moslem Conquest of Africa).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 647, between the invading -Moslems, under Abdallah, -and 120,000 Imperial troops -and African levies, under the -Prefect, Gregory. The Moslems -gained a signal victory, Gregory -being among the slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trivadi (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1760, between 5,000 -Mysoris, under Hyder Ali, and -a British force of 230 European -and 2,700 native troops, under -Major Moore. Notwithstanding -his inferior numbers, Moore -attempted to prevent the junction -of Hyder Ali with the -French, and was totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Trout Brook (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A small skirmish, in which -the advance guard of Abercromby's -army, marching on -Ticonderoga, fell in with a -French scouting column, 350 -strong, under Langy, July 6, -1758. The French lost 150 -killed and wounded and 148 -prisoners, and the affair would -be without importance but for -the fact that Lord Howe, who -was the brain of Abercromby's -staff, was killed in the fight. -His death was followed by the -disaster of Ticonderoga, and as -Parkman says (<i>Montcalm and -Wolfe</i>, chap. xx.): "The death -of one man was the ruin of -fifteen thousand."</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Troy.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The siege and destruction of -this city by the Hellenes, though -all the details are legendary, -may be accepted as a historical -fact, and the date may be put -approximately at 1100 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Truceia.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 593, between the -Neustrians, under Queen Fredegond, -and the Austrasians, -under Childebert II. The Austrasian -army was totally routed -and fled from the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tsushima (Mongol Invasion of Japan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1419 between the -Chinese and Koreans, and the -ships of the Barons of Kiushiu. -The Japanese gained a signal -victory, and from that time -were no more troubled by -foreign invasion.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tudela (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 23, 1808, -between 30,000 French, under -Lannes, and 45,000 Spaniards, -under Castaños and Palafox. -The Spaniards were totally defeated, -with a loss of about 9,000 -killed and wounded, 3,000 prisoners -and 30 guns. The French -losses were small.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tunis (First Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 255 between -15,000 Romans, under Regulus, -and 16,000 Carthaginians, of -whom 4,000 were cavalry, with -100 elephants, under Xanthippus, -the Spartan. The Romans -were broken by a cavalry charge, -and their rout was completed by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>the elephants, and all but 2,500 -fell on the field. Regulus was -captured, and Tunis at once -occupied by the Carthaginians.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tunis (Ninth Crusade).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged by the -French Crusaders, under Louis -IX in 1270. While before the -walls of the place, which offered -an obstinate resistance, Louis -died of a fever, and the crusaders -at once raised the siege and -retired.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Turbigo (Franco-Austrian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 3, 1859, when -the advance guard of Marshal -Macmahon's corps, under the -Marshal in person, was attacked -by a portion of the Austrian -division of Clam-Gallas, while -simultaneously 4,000 Austrians -assailed the bridge over the -canal near the Ticino, which the -French main body was crossing. -After severe fighting both attacks -were repulsed with considerable -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Turcoing (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1794 between the -French, under Souham, and the -British, under the Duke of York. -The British were defeated and -driven back upon Tournay.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Turin (Revolt of Maxentius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 312, between the -legions of Gaul, 40,000 strong, -under Constantine, and the -troops of Maxentius, considerably -superior in number. The -charge of Maxentius' heavy -cavalry failed, and he was driven -back into Turin with enormous -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Turin (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by an Imperialist -garrison, 10,000 strong, -under the Duke of Savoy, was -besieged by a French army of -68 battalions and 80 squadrons, -with artillery and engineers, -under the Duc de la Feuillade, -May 26, 1706. On -June 17 the Duke of Savoy -left the city to <a id='corr256R.9'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='orgainse'>organise</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_256R.9'><ins class='correction' title='orgainse'>organise</ins></a></span> a relief -force, Count Daun taking the -command. The garrison held -out stoutly till September 7, -when the approach of a large -relieving force under Prince -Eugene compelled the French -to raise the siege. About 5,000 -of the garrison perished either -in action or by disease. In the -action which preceded the retirement -of the French, the Imperialists -lost 1,500, the French -2,000 killed and wounded and -6,000 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Turnhout (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 22, 1597, between -the Dutch, under Prince -Maurice of Nassau, and the -Spaniards under the Archduke -Albert. The Spaniards were -totally defeated, and this victory -may be said to have set -the seal of the Independence of -the Netherlands.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Tyre (Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This strongly fortified city, -built on an island separated -from the mainland by a channel -1,000 yards wide, was besieged -by the Macedonians under Alexander -the Great, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, 332. Alexander -at once commenced the -construction of a mole across -the channel but was much -hampered by the Phœnician -galleys, which issued from the -two fortified harbours, and destroyed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>his military engines. -He therefore collected in Sidon -a fleet of 250 ships from the -captured Phœnician cities, and -holding the Tyrian galleys in -check, completed his mole. It -was some time, however, before -a breach could be effected, but -in August, 332, an assault was -delivered, headed by Alexander -in person, and the city was -stormed and taken. Eight -thousand Tyrians fell in the -storm, and about 30,000 were -sold into slavery.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>U</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ucles (Mohammedan Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1109, between the -Spaniards, under Don Sancho -of Castile, and the Moors, under -Ali. The Spaniards were defeated, -with a heavy loss of the -Christian chivalry, among the -killed being Don Sancho.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Uji (Taira War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1180 between the -adherents of the Taira clan, -under Shigehira, and the Japanese, -who had risen against the -domination of the Taira at the -Court of the Emperor Antoku, -under Prince Yukiiye and Yorimasa. -The Taira gained a complete -victory, Yukiiye being -killed, while Yorimasa committed -suicide in the field.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ulundi (Zulu War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The last battle of the war, -fought August, 1879, between -5,000 British, under Lord -Chelmsford, and about 20,000 -Zulus. The Zulus were routed -with a loss of over 1,500, the -British losing only 15 killed -and 78 wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1520, between the -Danes, under Otho of Krumpen, -and the Swedes, under Christina -Gyllenstierna, widow of the -Administrator, Sten Sture. The -Danes, in superior force, were -strongly entrenched at Upsala. -They were vigorously attacked, -but the advantage of position -and numbers enabled them to -beat off their assailants with -heavy loss, though only after -severe fighting.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1521, when 3,000 -Swedes, under Gustavus Vasa, -defeated the troops of the -Bishop of Upsala, who was -holding the city in the Danish -interest. After his victory Gustavus -occupied the city.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Urosan (Invasion of Korea).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place, held by a Japanese -garrison under Kiyomasa, was -besieged 1595 by the Chinese -and Koreans, under Tik Ho. -The garrison had been reduced -to such straits that they had -eaten their horses, when the -approach of a relieving force, -under Toyotomo Hideaki and -Mori Hidemoto, forced Tik Ho -to withdraw. While retreating, -however, he was attacked -by the Japanese and totally -routed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ushant (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This action, generally known -as the "Glorious First of June," -was fought June 1, 1794, between -a British fleet of 25 sail -of the line, under Lord Howe, -and 26 French ships, under -Villaret. After four hours' -fighting the French were defeated, -with a loss of 6 ships -<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>captured, and one, the <i>Vengeur</i>, -sunk. The sinking of this ship -was elaborated by the French -into a fable, to the effect that -she refused to surrender, and -went down with all hands and -colours flying. She had, however, -undoubtedly struck her colours, -and her captain and over 200 -of her crew were rescued by the -boats of the British fleet. The -French admitted a loss of 3,000 -men, besides prisoners, while the -British lost 922 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Utica (Civil War of Cæsar and Pompey).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 49 between the -Pompeians, under Varus, and -the Cæsarians, under Curio. -Varus sallied from his entrenchments -to attack the Cæsarians, -but was signally defeated, his -troops fleeing in disorder, and -opening the way for the occupation -of Utica by Varus.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Utica (Moslem Conquest of Africa).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 694 between 40,000 -Moslems, under Hassan, and -a large force of Greeks and -Goths in the Imperial service. -The Imperialists were defeated -and driven out of Africa, and -Hassan followed up his victory -by the destruction of Carthage, -which thenceforth ceased to -exist, except as an obscure -village.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Utsonomiya (Japanese Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1868, between the -forces of the Shogun, under -Otori Keisuke, and the Imperial -troops, under Saigo Takamori. -The Imperialists were completely -victorious.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>V</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vaalkranz (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>General Buller's third attempt -to pierce the Boer lines on the -Tugela. On February 5, 1900, -he seized Vaalkranz, under -cover of a feint attack at Brakfontein -towards the Boer right. -The hill was held by a brigade -during the 6th and 7th, but -finding further progress impossible, -Buller again recrossed -the Tugela. The British losses -amounted to 374 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Valenciennes (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Siege was laid to this place in -December, 1566, by a force of -Spaniards and Germans, mercenaries, -under Noircarmes. The -operations were somewhat indolently -conducted, insomuch -that he and his six lieutenants -were derided as the "Seven -Sleepers," but towards the end -of February Noircarmes began -to press on his siege works, and -on March 23 his batteries opened -fire, the city surrendering on -the following day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Valenciennes.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Defended by a Spanish garrison -under Francisco de Manesses, -Valenciennes was besieged -June, 1566, by the French, -under Turenne and La Ferté. -The French encamped in two -divisions on the opposite side -of the Scheldt, and when the -city was on the point of surrendering, -La Ferté's division -was attacked by 20,000 Spaniards, -under Condé, and totally -routed with a loss of 400 officers -and 4,000 men, before Turenne -could come to his assistance. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>In consequence of this defeat, -Turenne was forced to abandon -the siege and retire.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Val-ès-Dunes.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1047, between the -Normans, under William of -Normandy, with aid from -Henri I of France, and the -rebel Norman Barons. The -rebels were totally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Valetta (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The capital of Malta, held by -a French garrison, 60,000 strong, -under General Vaubois, was -besieged September, 1798, by a -force of British and Maltese, -under Sir Alexander Ball. Vaubois -held out for two years, but -on September 5, 1800, was compelled -by famine to surrender. -The Maltese lost during the -siege 20,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Valmy (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 20, 1792, -between the French, 70,000 -strong, under Dumouriez, and -the Prussians, under the Duke -of Brunswick. The battle consisted -in the main of an artillery -duel, in which the French had -the upper hand, and after nightfall -the Prussians retired, recrossing -the frontier two days -later.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Valparaiso.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, entirely open and -undefended, was bombarded -March 31, 1866, by the Spanish -fleet under Mendez Nuñez. By -this disgraceful action Valparaiso -was reduced to ashes.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Valutinagora (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 19, 1812, between -Ney's corps, about 30,000 -strong, and a strong rear-guard -of Barclay de Tolly's army, -about 40,000 strong, under Barclay -de Tolly in person. The -Russians were strongly posted -in marshy ground, protected by -a small stream. The French, -attacking resolutely, carried the -Russian position in the face of -enormous natural difficulties. -Each side lost about 7,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Varaville.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1058, between the -Normans, under William of -Normandy, and the French and -Angevins, under Henri I of -France. The Normans gained -a complete victory, and the -French king shortly afterwards -made peace.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='VARESE'></a>Varese (Italian Rising of 1858).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 25, 1859, between -3,000 Garibaldians, under -Garibaldi, and 5,000 Austrians, -under General Urban. The -Austrians were repulsed after -hard fighting, and suffered considerable -loss. This action is -also known as the Battle of -Malnate.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Varmas (South-American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1813 between the -Colombian Patriots, under Bolivar, -and the Spanish Royalists. -The latter were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Varna (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 10, 1444, -between the Turks, under -Amurath II, and the Hungarians, -under King Ladislaus. -The Hungarians attacked the -Turkish camp, but were beaten -off with heavy loss, the King -being killed. On the following -day Amurath stormed the Hungarian -entrenchments, practically -<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>the whole of the defenders -being put to the sword.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Varna (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fortress, held by a -Turkish garrison of 20,000 men, -was besieged July, 1828, by -the Russians, under Prince -Mentschikoff, and though a -feeble attempt to relieve it was -made by Omar Vrione Pasha, -the place was taken by storm -on October 11.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Varus. Defeat of (Germanic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The site of this famous battle -is supposed to be between the -rivers Ems and Lippe, not far -from the modern Detmoldt. In -<span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 9 the Roman army, under -Quintilius Varus, was attacked -while on the march and encumbered -by a heavy baggage-train, -by the Germans, under -Arminius or Hermann. The -country was thickly wooded -and marshy, and the Romans -could make but little defence, with -the result that they were almost -annihilated. Varus committed -suicide on the field to avoid -falling into the hands of the -victors.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vasaq (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1442, between 80,000 -Turks, under Shiabeddin Pasha, -and 15,000 Hungarians, under -John Huniades. The Turks -were utterly routed, with a loss -of 20,000 killed and wounded, -and 5,000 prisoners, including -the Pasha.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vauchamps.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#CHAMP-AUBERT'>Champ-Aubert</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Veii.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city was besieged <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> -400 by the Romans, the siege -being carried on in a desultory -fashion for seven years. At the -end of this period the citizens -of Capua and Valerii made an -attack upon the Roman camp, -and inflicted a signal defeat -upon the besiegers. M. Furius -Camillus was then appointed -dictator, and a determined attempt -was made to end the -siege, with the result that Veii -fell <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 393. Rome's greatest -rival in Italy was thus destroyed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Veleneze (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 29, 1848, -between the Hungarians, under -General Móga, and the Croats, -under the Ban, Jellachich. -The battle was indecisive, and -was followed by a three days' -armistice.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Velestinos (Greco-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5, 1897, between -a Turkish division under Hakki -Pasha, and the Greeks, 9,000, -under Colonel Smolenski. The -Greeks occupied a strong position -at Velestinos, where they -were attacked by the Turks, but -held their own throughout the -day. After nightfall, however -his line of retreat being threatened, -Colonel Smolenski withdrew -to Volo, where he embarked -his troops on the 7th.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Velletri (Italian Rising of 1848).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 19, 1849, between -10,000 Garibaldians, -under Roselli, and the Neapolitans, -10,000 strong, under -Ferdinand, King of Naples. -The advance guard, under Garibaldi, -attacked the town of -Velletri, which made a poor -defence, and was evacuated -during the night. The losses -of the Garibaldians were small.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Vercellæ (Cimbric War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 30, 101 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, between -50,000 Romans, under -Marius, and the Cimbri, under -Boiorix. The Cimbri were almost -annihilated, and their -king slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Verneuil (Hundred Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 18, 1424, between -3,000 English, under the -Duke of Bedford, and 18,000 -French and Scots, under the -Constable Buchan and the Earl -of Douglas. The men-at-arms -on both sides fought dismounted, -but the French could -make no impression upon the -English archers, who were protected -by a barricade of stakes, -and in the end were utterly -routed, leaving over 4,000 dead -on the field, among them -Buchan and Douglas. The Duc -d'Alencon was taken prisoner.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Verona (Revolt of Maxentius).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was besieged 312 -by Constantine, with the legions -of Gaul, and was defended by a -body of rebels, under Pompeianus. -After a sortie had been -repulsed, Pompeianus escaped -through Constantine's lines, -and raised a force for the relief -of the city. He was, however, -met and defeated by Constantine, -many thousands of the -Italians, including their leader, -falling, and Verona at once surrendered.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Veseris (Latin War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought near Mount Vesuvius, -<span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 339, between the Romans, -under Manlius Torquatus and -Decius Mus, and the Latin army. -The Roman left was repulsed, -but Decius Mus, sacrificing himself -for the army, sprang into -the midst of the enemy and -was slain, and his soldiers following -him, renewed the conflict. -Manlius now brought up -his veteran reserve, and the -Romans breaking the Latin -line, slew or captured nearly -three-fourths of their opponents. -The Roman loss, however, -was so heavy, that they -were unable to pursue.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Viborg.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1157, between the -adherents of Sweyn III of Denmark, -and those of his successor -Waldemar. Sweyn was -totally defeated and fled, but -falling into a morass in his -flight was overtaken and slain.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vicksburg (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, held by a Confederate -garrison, was invested June -24, 1862, by a fleet of 13 Federal -gunboats, under Admiral Farragut, -aided by a land force of -4,000 men, under General Williams. -After a bombardment -which made no impression on -the defences, Farragut reimbarked -the troops, and withdrew, -July 24. In the course -of the siege Captain Brown -with the <i>Arkansas</i>, a small river -steamer, coated with iron, and -carrying eight guns, attacked -the Federal flotilla, which -mounted 200 guns, and ran the -gauntlet successfully, losing 14 -men killed and wounded. -The Federals lost 82.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On January 9, 1863, the city -was again invested by two -Federal corps, under General -M’Clernand, aided by a flotilla -of gunboats, under Admiral -Porter. It was defended by a -garrison of 3,000 Confederates, -under General Churchill. On -the 11th an attack by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>combined forces overpowered -the garrison of the fort, but the -town defences still held out, and -the siege was not pressed. On -May 18, the siege was renewed -by three army corps of General -Grant's army, the garrison being -now commanded by General -Pemberton. On the 22nd an -unsuccessful assault cost the -Federals 2,500, and a regular -siege commenced, with the result -that on July 4, Pemberton surrendered -with 25,000 men -and 90 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vienna (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, held by a garrison -of 16,000 men, under Count de -Salm, was besieged by Solyman -the Magnificent, at the head of -120,000 Turks, in September, -1529. From the 27th of that -month till October 14, the garrison -withstood a series of assaults, -culminating in an attempt -to storm the breach, which were -repulsed with heavy loss. Solyman -thereupon raised the siege -and withdrew.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vienna (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 12, 1683, -between 300,000 Turks, under -Kara Mustapha Pasha, and -70,000 Christians, under John -Sobieski. The Turks were besieging -Vienna, and Sobieski -marched to its relief, with -30,000, bringing up the available -forces to 70,000, of which -he was given the command. -With this army he attacked -the Turkish lines, and after a -sanguinary engagement, lasting -throughout the day, routed the -Turks with enormous loss. Six -Pashas were killed, and Mustapha -only escaped capture by -a precipitate flight.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'><a id='VIGOBAY'></a>Vigo Bay (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 12, 1702, -when the combined fleet of 30 -British and 20 Dutch ships, -under Sir George Rooke, forced -the boom at the entrance to -Vigo Harbour and destroyed -the French and Spanish fleet -anchored therein. Of the men-of-war, -11 were burnt and 10 -captured, while 11 Spanish -galleons, with treasure, were -taken. This action is generally -called the affair of the Spanish -Galleons.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Villach (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1492, between the -Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a -Christian army, under Rudolph -de Khevenhuller. During the -battle 15,000 Christian prisoners -in the Turkish camp broke out, -and fell upon the rear of the -Turks, who were in consequence -totally defeated. The Christians -lost 7,000 killed, the Turks -10,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners, -including Ali.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Villa Viciosa (War of the Spanish Succession).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 10, 1710, -when 13,000 Imperialists, under -Staremberg, retreating into Catalonia, -after the defeat of Stanhope -at Brihnega, were attacked -by 20,000 French, under Philip -of Anjou and Marshal Vendôme. -Staremberg's left wing was cut -to pieces, but his right and -centre more than held their own, -driving back the French with -considerable loss, and capturing -some guns. Staremberg was, -however, too weak to take -advantage of this partial success, -and continued his retreat -after the action.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Villeta (Paraguayan War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 11, 1868, -between the Paraguayans, under -Lopez, and the armies of Brazil, -Uruguay and Argentina. Overwhelmed -by vastly superior -numbers, Lopez was forced -to withdraw his forces to the -entrenched camp at Angostura.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Villiers (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A determined sortie from -Paris, under General Ducrot, -on November 30, 1870, directed -against the Wurtembergers. -The operations lasted till December -3. The French, who -had at first gained some successes, -were finally repulsed, -with a loss of 424 officers and -9,053 men. The Germans lost -156 officers and 3,373 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vindalium.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 121, between the -Romans, under Q. Fabius Maximus, -and the Arverni. The -Arverni were completely defeated, -and compelled to sue -for peace.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vinegar Hill (Irish Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 20, 1798, when -the British regulars, under -General Lake, attacked the -camp of the Irish rebels, 16,000 -strong, under Father Murphy. -Little resistance was made, and -the rebels were driven out of -their camp with a loss of 4,000 -killed and wounded, and 13 -guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vimiera (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 21, 1808, between -18,000 British and Portuguese, -under Sir Arthur Wellesley, -and 14,000 French, under -Junot. The French were signally -defeated, losing 2,000 men -and 13 guns, but the victory -was not followed up by Sir -Harry Burrard, who was in -supreme command, and the -French were allowed to evacuate -Portugal unmolested, under the -Convention of Cintra. The -British lost 720 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Viney.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 717, between the -Austrasians, under Charles -Martel and the Neustrians, under -Chilperic II. The Neustrians -were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vionville.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#MARS'>Mars La Tour</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vittoria (Peninsular War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 21, 1813, between -80,000 British, Portuguese -and Spanish troops, under -Wellington, and about 70,000 -French, under Joseph Buonaparte. -After severe fighting the -French were defeated at all -points and made a somewhat -disorderly retreat, losing 6,000 -killed, wounded, and prisoners, -143 guns, and almost all -their baggage and treasure. The -allies lost 5,000. This battle -finally closed the era of French -domination in Spain, and opened -to Wellington the road to the -Pyrenees.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vögelinseck (Appenzel Rebellion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 15, 1402, between -5,000 troops, of the Swiss -Imperial towns, and 900 rebels -of Appenzel and Schwyz. After -a brief engagement, the rebels -were driven from the field, with -a loss of 250 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Volconda.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April, 1751, between -Mohammed Ali's army, 5,600 -strong, under Abdul Wahab -Khan, aided by 1,600 British, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>under Captain Gingen, and -Chunda Sahib's troops, 17,000 -strong, together with a battalion -of Frenchmen. Captain Gingen, -though greatly outnumbered, -insisted on attacking, but was -repulsed, his Europeans not -showing their usual steadiness, -and forced to retreat with considerable -loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Volturno (Unification of Italy).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 1, 1860, between -20,000 Italians, under -Garibaldi, and 40,000 Neapolitans, -under Afan de Riva. -Garibaldi's position in front of -Capua was attacked by the -Neapolitans, who, after hard -fighting, were repulsed all along -the line, with heavy loss. The -Garibaldian casualties were -2,023 killed and wounded. The -Neapolitans lost 2,070 prisoners, -but their losses in killed and -wounded are unknown. In -consequence of this victory, -Garibaldi almost immediately -captured Capua.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Vouillé.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 507, between the -Franks, under Clovis, and the -Visigoths, under Alaric II. -Alaric was endeavouring to effect -a junction with Theodoric, King -of the Ostrogoths, when he was -attacked by Clovis, and totally -defeated. Alaric fell in the -battle.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>W</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wagram (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 6, 1809, between -150,000 French, under Napoleon, -and 140,000 Austrians, under -the Archduke Charles. Napoleon -crossed the lesser arm of -the Danube from the Island of -Lobau, on the night of the 4th -and 5th July, and driving the -Austrian advanced posts before -him, prepared to attack their -main position. An attack upon -them on the evening of the 5th -was repulsed. On the 6th the -Austrians attacked the French -right, under Davoust, but were -unsuccessful; later, however, -the French centre and left were -compelled to give ground, but -Napoleon bringing up the artillery -of the Guard and Macdonald's -corps, checked the -Austrian advance, while Davoust -carried the heights on the Austrian -left, outflanking them, and -rendering their position untenable. -By three o'clock they -were in full retreat, having lost -about 24,000 killed and wounded, -9,000 prisoners, including 12 -generals, and 20 guns. The -French lost 18,000 killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Waizan (Hungarian Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 10, 1849, between -the 3rd Hungarian corps, -under Damjanics, about 7,000 -strong, and two Austrian brigades, -under Götz and Jablonowski. -Damjanics attacked the -Austrians and drove them out -of Waizan with heavy loss, -among those who fell being -General Götz.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wakamatsu (Japanese <a id='corr264R.40'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Revolulution'>Revolution</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_264R.40'><ins class='correction' title='Revolulution'>Revolution</ins></a></span>).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The last stand of the Shogun's -followers was made at the Castle -of Wakamatsu, which was -stormed by the Imperialists, -September 22, 1868, The resistance -to the new régime was thus -completely broken.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Wakefield (Wars of the Roses).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought December 30, 1460, -between the Lancastrians, under -Somerset, and the Yorkists, -under Richard, Duke of York. -The Lancastrians advanced -from Pontefract and offered -battle to Richard, who, though -weakened by the absence of -foraging parties, accepted the -challenge. Somerset prepared -an ambush, into which the Duke -fell as he marched out of Wakefield, -and the Yorkists were -defeated with heavy loss. The -Duke and many other nobles -were killed, and Salisbury captured -and beheaded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Waltersdorf (Campaign of Friedland).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought February 5, 1807, between -the French, under Ney, -and the Prussian corps of Lestocq. -The Prussians were defeated -with a loss of about 3,000 -killed, wounded and missing.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wandewash (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 22, 1760, -between the British, with 1,900 -European and 3,350 native -troops, under Colonel Coote, -and the French, 2,250 Europeans -and 1,300 natives, under Lally-Tollendal. -The French army -was accompanied by 3,000 -Mahratta horse, who took no -part in the action. After severe -fighting Lally was defeated, with -a loss of 600 Europeans, besides -natives, the British losing 190 -only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wandewash (First Mysore War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This fort, defended by a small -native garrison, under Lieutenant -Flint, who had only one -other European with him, was -besieged, December, 1780, by -the Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. -Flint held out with the utmost -gallantry till January 22, 1781, -when the approach of Sir Eyre -Coote forced Hyder Ali to raise -the siege. The garrison had -then only one day's ammunition -left.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Warburg (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 31, 1759, between -the French, 35,000 strong, -under the Chevalier de May, -and a largely superior force of -Prussians and British, under -Prince Ferdinand. The French -were in danger of their flanks -being turned, and after a brief -engagement, retired, having lost -1,500 killed and wounded and -1,500 prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Warsaw (Second Polish Rising).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This city, which was held by -a garrison of 30,000 Poles, under -General Dembinski, was attacked -by the Russians, 60,000 -strong, under General Paskiewitsch. -The first onslaught on -the Polish entrenchments was -made on the 6th September, -1831, and the <a id='corr265R.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Poles,'>Poles</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_265R.29'><ins class='correction' title='Poles,'>Poles</ins></a></span> were driven -from their first line. On the -7th a further assault was -made, notable for the defence -of the Wola redoubt, where, -when it was finally captured by -the Russians, only eleven men -remained alive out of a garrison -of 3,000. On the 8th the last -defences were overcome, and the -city capitulated. The Poles had -9,000 killed in the defence. -The Russians admitted a loss -of 63 officers and 3,000 men -killed, and 445 officers and 7,000 -men wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wartemberg (Campaign of Leipsic).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 3, 1813, when -Blucher, with 60,000 Prussians, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>defeated 16,000 French, under -Bertrand, posted in a very -strong position, protected by a -dyke and a swamp. Aided by -the ground, the French withstood -the Prussian attack for -over four hours, but finally -Blucher turned their right flank -and drove them from their position. -The Prussians lost about -5,000. The French admit a -loss of 500 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wartzburg (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1796, between the -French, under Jourdan, and the -Austrians, under the Archduke -Charles. The Archduke interposed -between the armies of -Jourdan and Moreau, who were -endeavouring to effect a junction, -and inflicted a severe defeat -upon Jourdan, forcing him to -retire to the Rhine.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Waterloo (Hundred Days).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1815, between -24,000 British, and 43,500 -Dutch, Belgians and Nassauers, -in all 67,655 men, with 156 guns, -under the Duke of Wellington, -and the French, 71,947 strong, -with 246 guns, under Napoleon. -Wellington posted his troops -along the line of heights covering -the road to Brussels, with -advanced posts at the farms of -Hougoumont and La Haye -Sainte. Napoleon attacked -this position with the utmost -resolution, but the British -squares held their ground against -the French cavalry and artillery -throughout the day, and though -the French captured La Haye -Sainte, and obtained a footing -in Hougoumont, the arrival of -Blucher, with the Prussian -army, on the French right, -enabled Wellington at last to -assume the offensive, and drive -the enemy headlong from the -field, utterly routed. The British -lost about 15,000, the Prussians -7,000 in the battle. The -losses of the Dutch and Belgians -were very small, as they left -the field early in the day. The -French loss was never officially -stated, but it was doubtless -enormous, and the army practically -ceased to exist as an organized -force.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Watigaon (First Burmah War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 15, 1825, -when Brigadier-General M’Donell, -with four native regiments, -advanced in three columns, -against a large force of -Burmans, under Maha Nemyo. -The columns failed to keep -touch, and were repulsed in -detail, with a loss of 200 men, -including the Brigadier.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Watrelots (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1567, between -1,200 Flemish Protestants, -under Teriel, and 600 -Spaniards, under the Seigneur -de Rassinghem. The Protestants -were defeated and 600 -took refuge in an old graveyard, -where they held out till the last -man had fallen.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wattignies (Wars of the French Revolution).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October, 1793, when -the French, under Jourdan, attacked -the Austrians, under -the Duke of Coburg, and drove -him from his position, forcing -him to raise the siege of Manbeuge.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wavre (Hundred Days).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 18, 1815, between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>the French, under Grouchy, -and the Prussians, 27,000 strong, -under Thielmann, who had been -entrusted by Blucher with the -task of containing Grouchy, -while the main Prussian army -marched on Waterloo. Grouchy, -who was anxiously expected at -Waterloo, mistook his instructions, -and wasted the day in -attacking Thielmann, whom he -defeated, but uselessly.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wednesfield (Danish Invasion).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought in 911, between the -Danes and the West Saxons, -under Edward the Elder. The -Danes were defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wei-hai-Wei (Chino-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>On February 4, 1895, the -boom protecting Wei-hai-Wei -harbour was cut, and the Chinese -fleet attacked by 10 Japanese -torpedo-boats, who succeeded -in sinking one battleship, at -the cost of two torpedo-boats. -On the following night the attack -was renewed by four boats, -and three Chinese ships were -sunk. On the 9th another -battleship was sunk by the -Japanese land batteries, whereupon -Admiral Ting, the Chinese -commander, surrendered, and -he and his principal officers -committed suicide.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Weissenburg (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The opening engagement of -the campaign, fought August 4, -1870, between the advance-guard -of the Third German Army, -under the Crown Prince of -Prussia, and a portion of Marshal -Macmahon's army, under -General Abel Donay, who fell -in the battle. The Germans -carried the French position, and -captured the town of Weissenburg, -at a cost of 91 officers and -1,460 men. The French lost -2,300 killed, wounded and prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wepener (Second Boer War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This place was invested by a -strong force of Boers, under De -Wet, April 9, 1900, and was -defended by 1,700 men of the -Colonial Division, under Colonel -Dalgety. Notwithstanding the -Boer's great preponderance in -artillery, and a succession of -bold assaults on the trenches, -the garrison held out gallantly -till April 25, when they were -relieved by General Rundle, -having lost 300 killed and -wounded in the course of the -operations.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Werben (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 22, 1631, between -the Swedes, 16,000 -strong, under Gustavus Adolphus, -and 26,000 Imperialists, -under Count Tilly. Tilly attacked -Gustavus' entrenchments -in front of Werben, but his -troops could not face the fire of -the Swedish batteries, and being -thrown into disorder, were then -charged by the cavalry, under -Baudissen, and repulsed. The -attack was renewed a few days -later with a similar result, and -Tilly then drew off his forces, -having suffered a loss of 6,000 -men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wertingen (Campaign of Austerlitz).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October, 1805, between -the cavalry of Murat's -corps, and nine Austrian battalions, -strongly posted in and -round Wertingen. The Austrians -<span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>were defeated, losing 2,000 -prisoners and several guns, and -had the French infantry been -nearer at hand, it is probable -that the whole force would have -been captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>White Oak Swamp.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#SEVENDAYS'>Seven Days' Battles</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wiazma (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November 3, 1812, -when the corps of Eugène Beauharnais -and Davoust were attacked -during the retreat from -Moscow, by the Russians, under -Kutusoff, and suffered a loss of -4,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c015'>Wilderness, The (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5 to 8, 1864, between -the Army of the Potomac, -150,000 strong, under General -Grant, and 53,000 Confederates, -under General Lee. Lee's object -was to intercept Grant's -advance on Richmond, and -early on the morning of the 5th -he attacked the approaching -Federal columns, and after a -hard-fought day, succeeded in -arresting the progress of Grant's -right wing. On the 6th, Lee -almost succeeded in breaking -Grant's centre, but at the critical -moment, Longstreet, who was -to lead the attack, was fired -upon and dangerously wounded -by his own troops. The Federal -right wing, however, was driven -back in confusion, and Lee on -his side lost no ground. The -two following days minor skirmishes -took place, leading up to -the great battle of Spottsylvania. -The Confederates lost about -8,000 in the two days' fighting. -The Federal losses were far -heavier, amounting to 15,000 in -the second day alone.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Williamsburg (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought May 5, 1862, between -the Confederates, under General -Magruder, and the Federals, -under General M’Clellan. Magruder -occupied a very strong -position and held the Federals -at bay throughout the day, but -being greatly outnumbered, -withdrew during the night. -The Federals lost 2,228 killed, -wounded and missing, the Confederate -loss being much smaller.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wilson's Creek (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 6, 1861, between -6,000 Federals, under -General Lyon, and 16,000 Confederates, -under General M’Culloch. -General Lyon divided -his force into two columns, for -the attack on M’Culloch's position, -and that led by himself -surprised the Southerners, and -gained a partial success. They -rallied, however, and beat him -off, Lyon falling, the other -column being also repulsed. The -Federals lost 1,236, and the Confederates -1,095 killed, wounded -and missing.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wimpfen (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 26, 1622, between -14,000 Palatinate troops, -under the Margrave of Baden, -and the Imperialists, under -Count Tilly and Gonsalvo de -Cordova. Tilly attacked the -Margrave's camp, which was -not entrenched, and though a -brilliant cavalry charge captured -his guns, it was not supported -by the Palatine infantry, -and the Imperialists rallying, -drove off the cavalry in disorder, -recovered the guns, and then -routed the infantry, with a loss -<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>of 2,000 killed and wounded, -and all their artillery, baggage -and camp equipment.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Winchester (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought June 14, 1863, when -7,000 Federals, under General -Milroy, were defeated by three -Confederate divisions, under -General Ewell, and forced to -retreat with heavy loss, including -3,700 prisoners and 30 guns.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Winkovo (Moscow Campaign).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 18, 1812, -when Murat, with 30,000 men, -forming the advance-guard of -the retiring French army, was -attacked by the Russians, under -Count Orloff Dennizoff, and -driven from his position, with -a loss of 2,000 killed, 1,500 -prisoners, and all his baggage -and artillery.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wisby (Dano-Swedish Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A three days' battle, fought -1613, between the fleet of Gustavus -Adolphus of Sweden, and -that of Christian IV, of Denmark. -The action was very -obstinately contested, and finally -the fleets separated without -any decisive result.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wisloch (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 16, 1622, between -the troops of the Count -Palatine, under the Count von -Mansfeldt, and the Imperialists, -under Count Tilly. Tilly attacked -and drove in the Palatinate -rearguard, but failing to -check the pursuit, was confronted -by the main body, and -defeated with a loss of 3,000 -killed and wounded, and all his -guns. This victory enabled -Mansfeldt to effect a junction -with the army of the Margrave -of Baden.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Worcester (Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 3, 1651, -between 12,000 Royalists, under -Charles II, and about 30,000 -Parliamentarians, under Cromwell. -Charles attacked Cromwell's -wing, and was repulsed -and driven into Worcester, -where he was met by the other -wing of the Parliamentary army, -under Fleetwood. The Royalists -were utterly routed and -dispersed, losing 3,000 killed, -among whom was the Duke of -Hamilton, and a large number -of prisoners, including Lords -Derby, Lauderdale and Kenmure, -and five generals. Charles -himself escaped with difficulty. -This was the last pitched battle -of the Civil War.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Worth (Franco-German War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 6, 1870, between -the Third German Army, -under the Crown Prince of -Prussia, and the French, under -Marshal Macmahon. After a -closely contested engagement, -the French were driven from all -their positions, and made a hasty -retreat beyond the Vosges. The -Cuirassier division of General -Bonnemain was completely cut -to pieces in charging the German -infantry, near Elsasshausen. -The German losses amounted to -489 officers, and 10,153 men, -while the French lost 10,000 -killed and wounded, 6,000 -prisoners, 28 guns and 5 mitrailleuses.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wrotham Heath (Wyatt's Insurrection).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1554, when -the Kentish insurgents, under -Sir Henry Isley, were totally -defeated by the Royal troops, -under Lord Abergavenny.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Wargaom (First Mahratta War).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January 12, 1779, -when a British force, 2,600 -strong, under Colonel Cockburn, -retreating from Poonah, -was attacked by the Mahratta -army, under Mahadaji Sindhia, -and Hari Pant. The British -succeeded in beating off the -attack, and making good their -position in the village of Wargaom, -but at a loss of 352, including -15 officers, and ultimately -a convention was signed -by Sindhia, under which the -British retired unmolested.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Wynandael (Napoleonic Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 28, 1808, -between the British, under -General Webb, and the French -under the Comte de la Motte. -The French, with 40 battalions -and 40 squadrons, attempted to -intercept a convoy of supplies -for the army besieging Lille, -and were totally defeated, by a -far inferior force, with a loss of -7,000 men.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>$1h2 nobreak</h3> -<p class='c014'>X</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Xeres (Moslem Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 19 to 26, 711, -between 90,000 Spaniards, under -Roderic, and 12,000 Moslems, -with a numerous force of African -auxiliaries, under Tarik. On the -fourth day the Moslems suffered -a severe repulse, leaving 16,000 -dead on the field, but the defection -of Count Julian, with a -large part of the King's forces, -revived their courage, and finally -the Christians were routed and -dispersed. Roderic fled from -the field, but was drowned in -crossing the Guadalquivir. This -victory marks the fall of the -Gothic monarchy, and the beginning -of the Moorish domination -in Spain.</p> - -<div> - <h2 class='c009'>Y</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yalu (Chino-Japanese War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 17, 1894, -between the Chinese fleet of -2 battleships and 8 cruisers, -under Admiral Ting, and the -Japanese fleet of 10 cruisers, and -2 gunboats, under Admiral Ito. -The two fleets met at the mouth -of the Yalu, the Chinese steaming -out in line abreast. Ito -attacked in line ahead, using his -superior speed to circle round -the enemy's ships. Two of the -Chinese vessels hauled out of the -line and fled without coming -into action, while two more were -set on fire, and made for the -shore. The remaining 6 ships -fought well, and a little before -sundown Ito retired, leaving -the crippled Chinese fleet to -make its way to Port Arthur. -The Japanese lost 294 killed -and wounded, of whom 107 fell -on the flagship, the <i>Matsushima</i>, -while the <i>Chiyada</i>, which was -the next ship in the line, had -not a man touched. The -Chinese losses are unknown.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yalu.</h3> - -<p class='c014'><i>See</i> <a href='#KIULIENCHENG'>Kiu-lien-cheng</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yamazaki.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1582, between the -adherents of the Ota family, -then predominant in Japan, -and the followers of the rebel -Mitsuhide. Mitsuhide sustained -a crushing defeat.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yashima (Taira War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1184, between the -adherents of the Taira family, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>and the rebels, under Yoshitsune. -The Taira forces were -defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yawata (War of the Northern and Southern Empires).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought January, 1353, between -the armies of the Northern -and Southern Emperors of Japan. -The army of the latter, -led by Moroushi, gained a signal -victory.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yenikale, Gulf of (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July, 1790, between -the Turkish fleet, and the Russians, -under Admiral Onschakoff. -The battle was fiercely -contested, but eventually both -fleets drew off without any -decisive result.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yermuk (Moslem Invasion of Syria).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought November, 636, between -140,000 Imperial troops, -under Manuel, the General of -Heraclius, and 50,000 Moslems, -under Khaled. The Moslem -attack was thrice repulsed, but -they returned to the charge, -and after a long and sanguinary -engagement, drove their opponents -from the field with -enormous loss. The Moslems -lost 4,030 killed.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yorktown (American War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>The entrenched position of -Lord Cornwallis, with 6,000 -British troops at this place, -was invested by Washington, -with 7,000 French and 12,000 -Americans, in September, 1781. -The British held out until October -19, when, surrounded and -outnumbered, Cornwallis surrendered, -having lost during -the operations, 12 officers and -469 rank and file, killed and -wounded.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Yorktown (American Civil War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>This small village gives its -name to the entrenched position -occupied by General Magruder -with 11,000 Confederates, which -was invested by 105,000 Federal -troops, with 103 siege guns, -April 5, 1862. On the 16th, an -unsuccessful attack was made -upon Magruder's lines, and both -sides having been reinforced, -M’Clellan set about the erection -of batteries. On May 4, the -Federals were about to open -fire, when it was found that the -Confederates had abandoned -the position and retired.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Youghiogany (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>A skirmish of no importance -in itself, but notable as being -"the shot fired in America -which gave the signal that set -Europe in a blaze" (<i>Voltaire</i>, -<i>Louis XV</i>), and was in a sense -the cause of the Seven Years' -War. On May 27, 1754, Washington, -with 40 Virginians, surprised -a small French detachment, -under Coulon de Jumonville, -despatched probably as a -reconnaissance by Contrecœur -from Fort Duquesne. The detachment, -with one exception, -was killed or captured.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Z</h3> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zab, The (Bahram's Revolt).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 590, between the -troops of the Persian usurper -Bahram, and the army of the -Emperor Maurice, under Narses. -The usurper's forces were totally -routed, and Chosroes II restored -to the throne of Persia.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span> - <h3 class='c013'>Zalaka (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 26, 1086, -between 40,000 Moors, under -Almoravid, and 300,000 Christians, -under Alfonso VI of -Castile. The Spaniards were -utterly routed, with enormous -loss. Alfonso, at the head of -500 horse, cut his way out, and -with difficulty escaped.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zama (Second Punic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 202, between -the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, -and the Romans, under -Scipio Africanus. The Carthaginians -began to attack with -their elephants, 80 in number, -but some of these became unmanageable, -and fell back upon -the cavalry, throwing them -into disorder, while the legionaries -opened out and allowed -the others to pass down the -lanes between their ranks. The -infantry then closed, and after -severe fighting, the Romans -gained a complete victory, -20,000 Carthaginians falling, -while as many more were made -prisoners. Hannibal escaped -from the field at the end of the -day.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zamora (Moorish Empire in Spain).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 901, between the -Spaniards, under Alfonso the -Great, King of the Asturias, -and the Moors, under Abdallah, -King of Cordova. The Moors -were utterly routed, with heavy -loss, Alfonso thereby extending -his dominions as far as the -Guadiana.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zeim (Russo-Turkish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought April 20, 1877, between -the Russians, under Loris -Melikoff, and the Turks, under -Mukhtar Pasha. Melikoff attacked -the Turks in a strongly -entrenched position, but was -repulsed with considerable loss.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zendecan (Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1039, between the -Seljuks, under <a id='corr272R.6'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic: Toghrul'>Moghrul</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_272R.6'><ins class='correction' title='sic: Toghrul'>Moghrul</ins></a></span> Beg, -and the Afghans, under Musrud, -Sultan of Ghuzni. The Afghans -were defeated, and Musrud -compelled to retire on his -capital.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zeugminum (Hungarian War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1168, between the -Greeks, under Manuel I, Emperor -of Constantinople, and the -Hungarian invaders. The Hungarians -were signally defeated, -and the war, which had lasted -for five years, came to an end.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zeuta (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 11, 1679, -between the Austrians, under -Prince Eugene, and the Turks, -under Elwas Mohammed, the -Grand Vizier. Eugene attacked -the Turkish army as it was -crossing a temporary bridge -over the Theiss, and the cavalry -being already across, cut it in -two, and completely routed the -infantry, driving them into the -river. The Turks lost 29,000 -men. The Austrians 500 only.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ziela (Third Mithridatic War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 67, between the -Romans, under Triarius, and -the Pontic army, under Mithridates. -The King attacked the -Roman camp, and practically -annihilated them, though himself -dangerously wounded in -the assault.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ziela.</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 2, <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 47, -between 7 Roman legions, with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>some Asiatic auxiliaries, under -Julius Cæsar, and the Bosporans, -under Pharnaces. Pharnaces -attacked the Romans -while they were pitching camp, -but the legionaries quickly -formed up, and utterly routed -their assailants. This is the -occasion of Cæsar's famous -despatch, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">"Veni, vidi, vici."</span></p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Ziezicksee (Flemish War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1302, when the -Genoese galleys, in the service -of Philip IV of France, under -Grimaldi and Filipo di Rieti, -utterly destroyed the Flemish -fleet.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zlotsow (Ottoman Wars).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1676, between the -Poles, under John Sobieski, -and 20,000 Turks and Tartars, -under Mohammed IV. The -Turks were signally defeated.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Znaim (Campaign of Wagram).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought July 14, 1809, when -Masséna, with 8,000 French, -attacked 30,000 Austrians, -under the Prince of Reuss, and -drove them into Znaim with -considerable loss, including 800 -prisoners.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zorndorf (Seven Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought August 25, 1758, between -the Prussians, 25,000 -strong, under Frederick the -Great, and a Russian army, -under Fermor, which was besieging -Custria. Frederick attacked -the Russian entrenchments, and -drove them out, with a loss of -19,000 forcing them to relinquish -the siege. The Prussians -lost about 11,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zummerhausen (Thirty Years' War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought 1647, when the French -and Swedes, under Turenne and -Wrangel, inflicted a decisive -defeat upon the Imperialists.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zurakow (Ottoman War).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>In 1676, John Sobieski, with -10,000 Poles, was besieged by -200,000 Turks and Tartars, -under Ibrahim Pasha (Shaitan). -Having 63 guns, Sobieski made -a sturdy defence, and by constant -sorties inflicted enormous -loss on the besiegers. At last, -being unable to make any impression -on the defence, and -finding his army wasting away, -Ibrahim consented to treat, -and withdrew his forces from -Polish territory. The Turks -lost enormous numbers during -the siege; the Poles lost 3,000.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zutphen (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought September 22, 1586, -between the Spaniards, under -Prince Alexander of Parma, -and the English, under the Earl -of Leicester. The Spaniards -endeavoured to throw a convoy -of provisions into Zutphen, which -Leicester was besieging. He -attempted to intercept it, but -without success, and was forced -to retire after suffering <a id='corr273R.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='conderable'>considerable</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_273R.33'><ins class='correction' title='conderable'>considerable</ins></a></span> -loss. Among those -who fell on the English side was -Sir Philip Sydney.</p> - -<h3 class='c013'>Zuyder Zee (Netherlands War of Independence).</h3> - -<p class='c014'>Fought October 11, 1573, -between 30 Spanish ships, under -Bossu, and 25 Dutch ships, -under Admiral Dirkzoon. The -Spanish fleet fled, after losing -5 ships, only Bossu standing -his ground. His ship, however, -was eventually captured, after -losing three-fourths of her crew.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span> - <h2 class='c009'>INDEX</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>A</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Abbas II, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abbé, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abdallah, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Cordova, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abd-el-Kader, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Rahman, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abderrahman Ibn Abdillah, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abdul Wahab Khan, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abercromby, Gen. James, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aberdeen, Provost of, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abergavenny, Lord, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abington, Major, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aboukir Bay, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aboyne, Lord, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Abu Hamed, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- 'l Hasan, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Obeidah, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sophian, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr275L.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Abysinnia'>Abyssinia</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_275L.22'><ins class='correction' title='Abysinnia'>Abyssinia</ins></a></span>, Italian Invasion of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Acha, Gen., <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Achmet Hefzi Pasha, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Koprili Pasha, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Acre, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Adams, Major, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Adda, The, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Adherbal, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Adil Pasha, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Adour, The, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Æmilius, Consul, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Paulus, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Æthelfrith, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Æthelred, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Æthelstan, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aetius, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Afan de Riva, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Afghan Wars, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Afranius, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Africa, Count of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agesilaus, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agis, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agnes, Countess of March, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agostina, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agra, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agricola, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Agrippa, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ahmed Ali, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bey, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pasha, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aidan, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aiza, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ajmir, Rajah of, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Akbar, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Khan, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alaf Khan, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alaric, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ala-ud-Din, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Albemarle, Duke of, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sound, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Albert, Archduke, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Margrave, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Albigenses, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Albinus, Clodius, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alboin, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Albuquerque, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alcibiades, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alcidas, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alemanni, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alexander of Bulgaria, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Despot of Pheræ, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Epirus, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Parma, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Great, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alexius the Usurper, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alfonso IV, of Portugal, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VI, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VIII, of Castile, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- XI, of Castile, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Great, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Infante, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alfred the Great, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Algeciras, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Algiers, Dey of, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ali, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Adil Shah, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Atar, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Khan, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Hussein, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Moldovani Pasha, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pasha, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alle, River, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>Allemande, Adm., <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Allersheim, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Allied Invasion of France, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Almady, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Almagro, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Almohacen, Heights of, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Almoravid, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alonzo-di-Aguila, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alub Khan, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alumbagh, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alsusieff, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alvarez Mariano, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alviani, Gen., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Alvinzi, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amandus, 108</li> - <li class='c018'>Amanien, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr276L.17'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Amboiorix'>Ambiorix</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_276L.17'><ins class='correction' title='Amboiorix'>Ambiorix</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ambrosio Bercenegra, Don, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>American Civil War, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Spanish War, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- War of Independence, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Americo-Mexican War, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amherst, Gen., <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amiens, Peace of, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aminias, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amir Daood, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ammatas, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amphictyonic War, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amron, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Amurath II, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Andrés, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Andronicus the Younger, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Angelus, Isaac, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Angostura, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Angus, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Anjou, Duc d', <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Anlaf the Dane, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Anson, Adm., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Anstruther, Col., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antigonus, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antigonus Soter, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antiochus the Great, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antipater, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antoku, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antonius, Caius, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Primus, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Antony, Mark, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Anwar-ud-Din, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Appenzel Rebellion, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Appius Claudius, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Appleton, Commodore, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Apraxine, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arabi Pasha, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arabi's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aratus, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arbogastes, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arbuthnot, Adm., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Archelaus, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Archidamus, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Archimedes, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ardoch, Moor of, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aredondo, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aremberg, Count, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Argive War, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Argyle, Duke of, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr276R.11'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Arica'>Ariça</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_276R.11'><ins class='correction' title='Arica'>Ariça</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ariovistus, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ashanti Wars, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arista, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aristœus, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aristagorus, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aristomenes, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Arkansas," The, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Armagnac War, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arminius, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arnulph of Germany, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arona, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr276R.23'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Arsaus'>Arsaces</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_276R.23'><ins class='correction' title='Arsaus'>Arsaces</ins></a></span> III, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Artaphernes, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Artaxerxes, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arundel's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Arverni, The, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Asipetes, The, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aston, Sir Arthur, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Astruc, Mons., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Atahualpa, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Athens, Duke of, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Athol, Earl of, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Athole, Marquis of, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Atlanta, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Attalus, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Attila, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Attilius, C., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Attilius Regulus, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Audley, Lord, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Auerstadt, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Augereau, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aulus Postumius, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aurelian, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aurelian's Expedition to Palmyra, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aurep, Gen., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Aurungzebe, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Austrasians, The, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ayesha, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ayub Khan, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>B</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Baber, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baden, Margrave of, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baden-Powell, Gen., <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bagenal, Harvey, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bagnall, Sir Henry, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bagration, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baghasian, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr276R.59'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Secq'>Secg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_276R.59'><ins class='correction' title='Secq'>Secg</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bahadur Shah, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>Bahram's Revolt, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baillie, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Col., <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baird, Gen., <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baireuth, Marquis of, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bajazet I, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baji Rao, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baj Singh, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baker, Major Henry, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Valentine, Pasha, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baldwin I, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Balfour of Burleigh, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ball, Sir Alex., <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Balliol, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ballivian, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Balmaceda, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Balmacedists, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Banks, Gen., <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baquedano, Gen., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bar, Duke of, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baraguay d'Hilliers, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baratieri, Gen., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Barbarossa, Fredk., <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Barbosa, Gen., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Barnard, Sir Henry, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Barons, Wars, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Barreiro, Col., <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Barrington, Adm., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Basin Rao, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Basques, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bassano, Don Alfonso, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bassas, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bastard of Orleans, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bates, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Battle of Giants," 153</li> - <li class='c018'>"Battle of the Spurs," 103</li> - <li class='c018'>Baudissen, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Baum, Col., <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bavaria, Elector of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bayard, Chevalier de, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bazaine, Marshal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bazalitch, Gen., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beatrix of Castile, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beauharnais, Eugene <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beaulieu, Gen., <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beauregard, Gen., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beavers Dam Creek, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beckwith, Gen., <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bedford, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Beggars," The, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Belgium, Liberation of, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Belisarius, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bellasis, Col. John, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bellecombe, Mons., <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bellegarde, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Belleville, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Bell-the-Cat," 223</li> - <li class='c018'>Belza, Gen., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bem, Gen., <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Benedek, Marshal, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Benham, Gen., <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bennigsen, Gen., <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beorwulf, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bercenegra, Don Ambrosio, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Beresford, Lord Charles, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Berkshire Regt., <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bermuda Hundred, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bernadotte, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Berthier, Gen., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bertie, Adm., <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bertrand, Gen., <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Berwick, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Berwick, Duke of, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bessières, Marshal, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Betuitdus, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bevern, Prince of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bezetha, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bianchi, Gen., <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Biddulphsberg, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr277R.21'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bifukomonia'>Bifukumonia</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_277R.21'><ins class='correction' title='Bifukomonia'>Bifukumonia</ins></a></span> | <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bijapore, Rajah of, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bizet, Gen., <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Black Agnes of Dunbar, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Black Prince, The, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Black Watch," The, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Blake, Adm., <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Blakeney, Gen., <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Blasco Nunez, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Blois, Comte de, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Bloody Battery," 196</li> - <li class='c018'>Blucher, Marshal, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boadicea, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bœotian War, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boer Wars, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr277R.37'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bogdon'>Bogdan</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_277R.37'><ins class='correction' title='Bogdon'>Bogdan</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bohemond, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boiorix, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boisot, Adm., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bolivar, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boniface, Count of Africa, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bonnemain, Gen., <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bonnet, Gen., <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bonnivet, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Borysthenes, The, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boscawen, Adm., <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bosco, Gen., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bossu, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Botha, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Botta, Gen., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bover, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr277R.53'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Boucicault'>Boucicaut</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_277R.53'><ins class='correction' title='Boucicault'>Boucicaut</ins></a></span>, Marshal, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bouillon, Duc de, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boulatoff, Gen., <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bourbon, Constable of, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Francisco de, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bourlamaque, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bourquin, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bouxhoevden, Gen., <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bowyer, Gen., <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>Boyd, Gen., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Boyle, Mr., <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brabant, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Braddock, Gen., <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bradstreet, Col., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bragg, Gen., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Braithwaite, Col., <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brakfontein, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brand, Martin, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Braun, Marshal, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Breckenridge, Gen., <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brennus, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brentford, Earl of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brian Boru 62</li> - <li class='c018'>Bridgwater, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bridport, Lord, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brihtnoth, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>British Invasion of Egypt, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Britt, Don Jorge, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Broadwood, Col., <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brock, Gen., <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Broglie, Duc de, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Broke, Capt., <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bromhead, Lieut., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brown, Capt., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen. Jacob, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bruce, Capt., <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Robert, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brude, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brueys, Adm., <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brune, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brunehilde, Queen, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brunswick, Christian, of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ferdinand of, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince of, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brutus, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Brydon, Dr., <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buccaneers, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buccelin, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buchan, Constable, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl of, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buchanan, Capt., <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buckingham, Duke of, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buda-Pesth, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buell, Gen., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buenzas, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buerens, Gen., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buffalo, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bugeaud, Marshal, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bugha, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bukht-Khan, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bulbuddur, Singh, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Bulgaria, Prince of, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Buller, Capt., <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Redvers, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burgoyne, Gen., <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burgundian Wars, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burgundy, Duke of, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burleigh, Lord, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burmah, Wars, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burnaby, Col. Fred., <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burnside, Gen., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burr, Col., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burrard, Sir Harry, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Burrows, Gen., <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Butler, Gen., <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Byng, Adm., <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Geo., <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Byron, Adm., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>C</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Cabra, Comte de, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cabrera, Gen., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Caceres, Gen., <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cade, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cadiz, Marquis of, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cadmea, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cadwallon, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cæcilius Metellus, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cæcina, <a id='corr278R.18'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='transferred from Cacina'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_278R.18'><ins class='correction' title='transferred from Cacina'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cæsar, Julius, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cæsar's Camp, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cairo, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Caius Mœnius, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Calabria, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Calder, Sir Robert, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Caliph Omar, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr278R.26'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Callicratides'>Callicratidas</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_278R.26'><ins class='correction' title='Callicratides'>Callicratidas</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Callinicus, Seleucus, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Calo-John, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Calvert, Capt., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr278R.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Calvinas'>Calvinus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_278R.30'><ins class='correction' title='Calvinas'>Calvinus</ins></a></span>, Domitius, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Calvinus, T. Veturius, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Camalogenus, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cambray, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cambuskenneth, Battle of, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cambyses, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Camera, Gen., <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cameron, Gen., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Camillus, M. Furius, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Campaign of Austerlitz, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Friedland, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Jena, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Leipsic, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Moscow, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Danube, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Wagram, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Campbell, Capt., <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Col., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Auchinbrech, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Archibald, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Colin, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cananore, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Candorcanqui, Battle of, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Canmore, Malcolm, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cannon, Col., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Canto d'Irles, Gen., <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Caplan, Pasha, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Caprara, Gen., <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Capua, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Caractacus, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>Cardigan, Lord, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carew, Sir Peter, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carigat, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carinus, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carlist Wars, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carmagnola, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carrington, Gen., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Carthaginian Invasions, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279L.9'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cascias'>Caxias</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.9'><ins class='correction' title='Cascias'>Caxias</ins></a></span>, Gen., #220_21#</li> - <li class='c018'>Cassius, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Castañeta, Don Antonio, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Castaños, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279L.13'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Castigon'>Castijon</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.13'><ins class='correction' title='Castigon'>Castijon</ins></a></span>, Don Petro de, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Castor, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Castruccio Castracane, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cathcart, Gen., <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Catinat, Marshal, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Catulus, C. <a id='corr279L.20'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Latatius'>Lutatius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.20'><ins class='correction' title='Latatius'>Lutatius</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cauterac, Gen., <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cawnpore, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ceawlin, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279L.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cefuentes'>Cifuentes</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.24'><ins class='correction' title='Cefuentes'>Cifuentes</ins></a></span>, Count di, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279L.25'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Censosiaus'>Censorinus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.25'><ins class='correction' title='Censosiaus'>Censorinus</ins></a></span>, L., <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cephalonia, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cerialis, Petilius, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cerro de <a id='corr279L.28'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Guadaloupe'>Guadalupe</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.28'><ins class='correction' title='Guadaloupe'>Guadalupe</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cervera, Adm., <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cervoni, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cetawayo'>Cetewayo</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Cetawayo'>Cetewayo</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chabrias, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chagre, The, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Champagne, Comte Thibaut de, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chandos, Sir John, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chang Pak, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chanzy, Gen., <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chard, Lieut., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chares, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Charlemagne, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Charles I, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- V, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VI, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VIII, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- XI, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- XII, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Albert of Savoy, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Archduke, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- James, the Young Pretender, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Martel, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Anjou, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Athens, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Blois, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Lorraine, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Bold, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Regent, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chasseurs d'Afrique, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chatham, Lord, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279L.64'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Chaud'>Chand</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279L.64'><ins class='correction' title='Chaud'>Chand</ins></a></span> Bibi, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chelmsford, Lord, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chenab, River, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cherusii, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Chesapeake," The, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chevy Chace, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chickahominy, River, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Childebert II, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chilian Civil War, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chilian Revolution, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chilperic II, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>China Wars, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chinese Invasion of Japan, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chino-Japanese War, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chippewa, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279R.11'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Chitchakoff'>Chitchagoff</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279R.11'><ins class='correction' title='Chitchakoff'>Chitchagoff</ins></a></span>, Adm., <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chitral Campaign, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Chiyada," The, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Choczin, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chodkiewicz, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Choniski, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279R.17'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Choshia'>Choshiu</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279R.17'><ins class='correction' title='Choshia'>Choshiu</ins></a></span>, Daimyo of, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Choshu, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chosroes, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chotzewitz, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Christian IV, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- V, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of Brunswick, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Christina Gyllenstierna, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279R.26'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Christomenes'>Cristomenes</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279R.26'><ins class='correction' title='Christomenes'>Cristomenes</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279R.27'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Chryanowski'>Chrzanowski</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279R.27'><ins class='correction' title='Chryanowski'>Chrzanowski</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chudleigh, Gen., <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Chunda Sahib, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279R.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Chuodomar'>Chnodomar</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279R.30'><ins class='correction' title='Chuodomar'>Chnodomar</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Churchill, Gen., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cialdini, Gen., <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cimbric War, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cimon, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cintra, Convention of, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Civil War, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Cæsar and Pompey, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Marius and Sulla, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Sertorius, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clam-Gallas, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clanwilliam, Earl of, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clarence, Duke of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clarifait, Gen., <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Claudius, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Appius, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gothicus, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Nero, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Publius, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr279R.49'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Claulen'>Clauleu</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_279R.49'><ins class='correction' title='Claulen'>Clauleu</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clausel, Marshal, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clauset, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Claverhouse, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cleland, Col., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clement III, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cleombrotus, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cleomenes, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cleon, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cleopatra, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clermont, Comte de, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clifford, Lord, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clive, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Closter-Seven, Convention of, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>Clothaire II, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clovis, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Clytus, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cnœus Domitius, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Fulvius, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pompeius, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cnemas, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cniva, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Coa, River, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr280L.10'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cobourg'>Coburg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_280L.10'><ins class='correction' title='Cobourg'>Coburg</ins></a></span>, Duke of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince of, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cochrane, Sir A. J., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cockburn, Col., <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Codrington, Adm., <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cœpio, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Colborne, Sir John, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Coligny, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Colley, Sir Geo., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Colli, Gen., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Collier, Sir George, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Collingwood, Adm., <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Colorados, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Columbine, Capt., <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Colville, Gen., <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Combermere, Lord, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Comnenus, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Alexius, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Comonfort, Gen., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conan the Athenian, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Condé, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conflans, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Congeen, Commodore, <a href='#CONGEEN'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Congressists, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conon, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conquest of Algeria, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Dacia, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Ireland, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Mexico, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of Peru, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conradin, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Constantine, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Alban, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Palæologus, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Constantius, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Contades, Marquis de, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conti, Prince Louis de, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Contrecœur, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Convent of Santa Cruz, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Conway, Lord, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cooke, Gen., <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Coote, Sir Eyre, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cope, Sir John, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Copratus, The, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Corinthian War, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cornaille, Pierre, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cornwallis, Lord, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cortes, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cossack Rising, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cotton, Gen., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Coulon de <a id='corr280L.62'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Jumnville'>Jumonville</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_280L.62'><ins class='correction' title='Jumnville'>Jumonville</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- de Villiers, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Courbet, Adm., <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Covenanters' Rising, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Coxon, John, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cragova, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crassus, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- P. Licinius, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Publius, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr280R.6'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Crauford'>Craufurd</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_280R.6'><ins class='correction' title='Crauford'>Craufurd</ins></a></span>, Earl of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crimean War, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crispus, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Critolaus, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crittenden, Gen., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cromwell, Oliver, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cronje, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cronstedt, Adm., <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cronstrun, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crouzat, Gen., <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crown Prince of Prussia, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Crusaders, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ctesiphon, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cuddalore, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cuesta, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cumberland, Duke of, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Cumberland," The, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cureton, Gen., <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Curio, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Curry, Sir Pierce, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Curtis, Gen., <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Custer, Gen., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Custria, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cutha, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cyprus War, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Cyrus the, Younger, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr280R.32'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Czarniecki'>Czarnieçki</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_280R.32'><ins class='correction' title='Czarniecki'>Czarnieçki</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr280R.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Czernitchieff'>Czernitcheff</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_280R.33'><ins class='correction' title='Czernitchieff'>Czernitcheff</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>D</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr280R.35'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='d’Abergotti'>d’Albergotti</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_280R.35'><ins class='correction' title='d’Abergotti'>d’Albergotti</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Aché, Comte, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dacia, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dacre, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Thomas, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dagisteus, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Aguila, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Albret, Constable, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Alençon, Duc, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dalgety, Col., <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dalziel, Gen., <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dalmatia, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Damietta, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Damjanics, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Damrémont, Gen., <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Danish Invasions, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dano-Spanish Wars, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Swedish Wars, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Danube, The, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dara, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Darando, Gen., <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>d'Argentian, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Darius, Codomannus, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- King of Persia, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- <a id='corr281L.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Hytaspes'>Hystaspes</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281L.4'><ins class='correction' title='Hytaspes'>Hystaspes</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Armagnac, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Darnad Ali Pasha, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Darozhinsky, Gen., <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Artois, Robert, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Aspré, Gen., <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Datis, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>D'Aubigny, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Aubusson, Pierre, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Daun, Marshal, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Aurelle de Paladines, Gen., <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Auteil, Mons., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>David II, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Scotland, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Davidowich, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Avila, Don Sancho, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Davis, Capt., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Commodore, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Davoust, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Aguila, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Deane, Adm., <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Ataida, Luis, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Beaumont, Robert, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bermingham, Richard, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- -- John, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Burgh, William, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bouillon, Godefroi, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- <a id='corr281L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Bonflers'>Bouflers</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Bonflers'>Bouflers</ins></a></span>, Mons., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Castries, Gen., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Castro, Juan, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Catinat, Marshal, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Decebalus, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Charolais, Comte, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Conflans, Adm., <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Decius, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mus., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Publius, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Coigny, Marshal, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Coligny, Marshal, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Drucour, Chevalier, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Failly, Gen., <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Defenders, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Fersen, Baron, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Degollado, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Gonzaga, Francisco, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Grasse, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Kalb, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Kray, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la <a id='corr281L.52'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic:'>Barre?</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281L.52'><ins class='correction' title='sic:'>Barre?</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Feuillade, Duc, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Gardie, James, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Marck, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la <a id='corr281L.56'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Meillerac'>Meilleraic</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281L.56'><ins class='correction' title='Meillerac'>Meilleraic</ins></a></span>, Marshal, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Motte Count, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Noue, François, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- la Rochefoucauld, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lauria, Roger, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Del Canto, Gen., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Levis, Chevalier, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Delhi, King of, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Ligneris, Mons., <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lorraine, Chevalier, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Lucy, Richard, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lusignan, Guy, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Delzons, Gen., <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Marche, Count, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mauley, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dembinski, Gen., <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de <a id='corr281R.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Medari'>Medari</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281R.7'><ins class='correction' title='Medari'>Medari</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Melac, Mons., <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mercy, Gen., <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Demetrius, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Poliorcetes, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Montfort, John, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Simon, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Demosthenes, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de <a id='corr281R.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Namar'>Namur</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281R.15'><ins class='correction' title='Namar'>Namur</ins></a></span>, Guy, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dentatus, M. Carius, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Derby, Lord, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Rantzau, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- <a id='corr281R.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rassingham'>Rassinghem</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281R.19'><ins class='correction' title='Rassingham'>Rassinghem</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Rieux, Marshal, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Rigny, Adm., <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ros, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ruyter, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Desaix, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Estaing, Count, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Destigerd, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Estrées, Count, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Suffren, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Tavannes, Marshal, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Thermes, Marshal, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Tourville, Adm., <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Trastamare, Henry, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'Eu, Comte, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Winter, Adm., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- <a id='corr281R.35'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Vandemont'>Vandemont</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281R.35'><ins class='correction' title='Vandemont'>Vandemont</ins></a></span>, Prince, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Vere, Duke of Ireland, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Villiers, Commandant, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Coulon, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Devizes, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>De Wert, Jean, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wet, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dewey, Adm., <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de Witt, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dexippus, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c018'>de <a id='corr281R.45'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Zetenden'>Letendeur</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281R.45'><ins class='correction' title='Zetenden'>Letendeur</ins></a></span>, Adm., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Diacus, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Diebitsch, Gen., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dieskau, Baron, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>di Lezze, Antonio, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dingaan, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Diocles, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Diocletian, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dionysius, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Diophantus, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>di Potenza, Condé, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dirkzoon, Adm., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Djezzar, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Doblado, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Doctoroff, Gen., <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dolabella, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr281R.61'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Dollabella'>Dolabella</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_281R.61'><ins class='correction' title='Dollabella'>Dolabella</ins></a></span>, P. Cornelius, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dolgorouky, Gen., <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Domitius, Cnæus, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dom Miguel's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Donald, Bree, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord of the Isles, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Don Carlos, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>Don Francisco de Toledo, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- John of Austria, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sancho of Castile, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sebastian, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Doria, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dost Mohammed, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Douay, Gen. Abel, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Douglas, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Archibald, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Arch., Earl of, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl of, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- James, Earl of, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Rebellion, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Doveton, Gen., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dragomiroff, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Drake, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mr., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Drepanum, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dresden, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Drummond, Sir Geo., <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Drusus, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dublin, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Duchambon de Vergor, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ducrot, Gen., <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Duff, Sir James, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dufour Gen., <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>du Gast, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dugommier, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>du Guesclin, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Duilius, Caius, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>du Lude, Seigneur, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dumouriez, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Duncan, Adm., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dundas, Adm., <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dundee, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Battle of, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dunkeld, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bishop of, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dunkirk, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dunois, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dupleix, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dupont, Adm., <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Durand, Col., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Durham, Bishop of, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Durnford, Col., <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Dutch Wars, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>d'York, Gen., <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>E</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Earle, Gen., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Early, Gen., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ecgfrith, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Edhem Pasha, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Edmund Ironsides, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Edward, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- I, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Elder, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Black Prince, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Edwardes, Lieut., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Edwin, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Egbert, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Egerton, Sir Charles, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Egmont, Count, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Philip, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Egremont, Lord, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ehrenskiöld, Adm., <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eighty-Seventh, Regt., <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Elbe, River, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Elcho, Lord, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>El Hadj Mohammed Pasha, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Elias Khan, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eliot, Gen., <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eloff, Sarel, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Elphinstone, Gen., <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Keith, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Elsasshausen, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>El Teb, Battle of, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Elwas Mohammed, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Emin, Malek, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Emir Hamada, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Enniskillen, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Enotake, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Enslin, Battle of, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Entzheim, Battle of, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Epaminondas, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Epidamnus, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eporedorix, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Equatius Gellius, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Erinschild, Adm., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ernest of Styria, Duke, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Errol, Earl of, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Esk, River, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Escobedo, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Espartero, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Espinay, Prince, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Essex, Earl of, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Etampes, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ethelwulf, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Etruscan War, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eudamus, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eudes, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eugene, Prince, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of Wurtemberg, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eugenius, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eumenes, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr282R.48'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Euryolocus'>Eurylocus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_282R.48'><ins class='correction' title='Euryolocus'>Eurylocus</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eurymedon, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Euthydemus, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Evans, Gen., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- (Am.), <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Ralph, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Evetzen, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ewell, Gen., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Exeter, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl of, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Exmouth, Lord, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Eyre, Major Vincent, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>F</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Fabricius, Caius, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>Fabius Maximus, Q., <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Faidherbe, Gen., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fairfax, <a id='corr283L.3'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Sir.'>Sir</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_283L.3'><ins class='correction' title='Sir.'>Sir</ins></a></span> Thos., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Falkenberg, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Falkenstein, Gen., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Farokshin, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Farragut, Adm., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fastolfe, Sir John, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Faure, Gen., <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Faversham, Earl of, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Feidlim, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Feliciano, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ferdinand, Archduke, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- King of Naples, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Brunswick, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Hungary, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Catholic, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fermor, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr283L.23'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Ferrars'>Ferrars</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_283L.23'><ins class='correction' title='Ferrars'>Ferrars</ins></a></span>, Lord, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fersen, Baron de, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fife, Earl of, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Filipo de Rieti, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Finck, Gen., <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Finland War, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Finnegan, Gen., <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Firth, Lord, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr283L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Fischbach'>Fischbuch</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_283L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Fischbach'>Fischbuch</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fitzalan, Richard, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fitzwalter, Lord, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flaminius, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flammock's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flavius Fimbria, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Cnæus, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fleetwood, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flemish War, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flics, Gen., <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flint, Lieut., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Floing, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Flores, Gen., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Floyd, Gen., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Foix, Comte de, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fontana, Benedict, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Forbach, Battle of, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Forde, Col., <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Forey, Gen., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Forgacz, Count, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Forster, Gen., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lyman, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Necessity, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fournier, Gen., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fraga, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Francis I, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II of Naples, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Joseph, Emperor, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Francisco de Manesses, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Melo, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Toledo, Don, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pizarro, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Franco-Austrian War, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- German War, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mexican War, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fraser, Gen., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Frauenberg, The, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fredegond, Queen, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Frederic II, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, of Denmark, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Augustus, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Barbarossa, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Charles, Prince, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of Austria, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Elector of Saxony, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Bohemia, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Great, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- William III, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>----Elector, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>French, Gen., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Canadian Rising, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Civil Wars, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasion of Egypt, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fresnel, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Freyre, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Freytag, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fritigern, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Frossard, Gen., <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fullali, The, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Fulvius, Cn., <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Q., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Futteh Mohammed Khan, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>G</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Gablenz, Gen., <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gage, Gen., <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gaines' Mill, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Galba, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Galgacus, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gallic Invasion of the East, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Revolt, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Tribal Wars, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gallitzin, Prince, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gallus, <a id='corr283R.39'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cestus'>Cestius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_283R.39'><ins class='correction' title='Cestus'>Cestius</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Galway, Lord, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gamarra, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ganetzki, Gen., <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Garcilasso de la Vega, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gardiner, Col., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gardner, Gen., <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Garibaldi, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Garnett, Gen., <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gaston de Foix, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gatacre, Gen. Sir W., <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gate Pah, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gates, Gen., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gauchos, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gazer Khan, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gek Horn, Battle of, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gelimer, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gellius <a id='corr283R.56'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Statias'>Statius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_283R.56'><ins class='correction' title='Statias'>Statius</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gelon, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Genghiz Khan, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>Genseric, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>George II, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- King of Hanover, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Georgia, Queen of, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gergue, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>German Invasion of Italy, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Germanic Wars, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Getes, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ghuzni, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gildo, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gillespie, Gen., <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gingen, Capt., <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ginkel, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Girard, Col., <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Girod, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Giulay, Marshal, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Glabrio, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Glarus, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Goddard, Gen., <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Godefroi de Bouillon, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr284L.21'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Goigues'>Goignies</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_284L.21'><ins class='correction' title='Goigues'>Goignies</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gokameyama, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gokla, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Göldli, Geo., <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Golitshin, Adm., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gomurakami, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gonsalvo de Cordova, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gonzaga, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gonzalo Pizarro, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gore, Col., <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gordon, Gen., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Gordon Highlanders," 74</li> - <li class='c018'>Görgey, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Goring, Lord, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gortschakoff, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gothic Invasion of France, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Italy, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Thrace, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gothicus, Claudius, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Götz, Gen., <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gough, Lord, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Matthew, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gourko, Gen., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gracchus, Tiberius, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Graham, Gen., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen. Sir G., <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grammont, Duc de, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gran, The, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Granson, Sir Thomas, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grant, Gen., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Hope, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Major, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gratiani, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Graves, Adm., <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gravitza Redoubt, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Greece, Crown Prince of, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Greek War of Independence, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Green, Sir Chas., <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Greene, Gen., <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gregory, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grenville, Sir Richard, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grey, Adm., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grey Gen., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Geo., <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- de <a id='corr284R.3'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Ruthin'>Ruthyn</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_284R.3'><ins class='correction' title='Ruthin'>Ruthyn</ins></a></span>, Lord, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- de Wilton, Lord, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grimaldi, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Grouchy, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Græco-Turkish War, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr284R.8'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Guelphs'>Guelfs</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_284R.8'><ins class='correction' title='Guelphs'>Guelfs</ins></a></span> and Ghibellines, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Guglers," 92</li> - <li class='c018'>Guilleminot, Gen., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Guiscard, Robert, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Guise, Duc de, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Guiton, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gurkha War, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gustavus Adolphus, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Vasa, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Guthmund, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr284R.18'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Guthrun'>Guthrum</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_284R.18'><ins class='correction' title='Guthrun'>Guthrum</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Guy de Lusignan, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Guyeaux, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gwalior Campaign, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Gylippus of Sparta, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>H</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Haco, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hadji, Ahmed, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hadrianus, Fabius, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Haidar Khan, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hakki Pasha, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Halfdene, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Halil Pasha, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr284R.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Hamayun'>Humayun</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_284R.31'><ins class='correction' title='Hamayun'>Humayun</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hamet Zeli, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hamilcar, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hampden, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hampton, Gen, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Thos., <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hancock, Gen., <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hannibal, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hanno, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hanover, King of, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hans <a id='corr284R.41'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Waldman'>Waldmann</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_284R.41'><ins class='correction' title='Waldman'>Waldmann</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harclay, Sir Andrew, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harcourt, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hari Pant, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harman, Sir John, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harold, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Hardrada, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Haroun-al-Raschid, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harper's Ferry, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harris, Gen., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hart, Gen., <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hartley, Col., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Harvey, Adm. John, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bagenal, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hasdrubal, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hassan, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bey, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hasselaer, Kenau, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>Hauben, Marshal, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Havelock, Sir Henry, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hawke, Adm. Sir E., <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hawkins, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hawley, Gen., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Haynau, Gen., <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- The, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hazlerigg, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hébécourt, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Heiden, Adm., <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hellenes, The, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Heloris, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hemu, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hengist, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Henri I, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- le Béarnais, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Henry I, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- V, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VI, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VII, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VIII, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Castile, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, of Germany, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Nassau, Count, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Fowler, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hentzi, Gen., <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Heraclides, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Heraclius, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hereford, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hermann, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Herron, Gen., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hesse, Landgrave of, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince of, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hicks Pasha, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hideyori, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hideyoshi, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hierax, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hiero, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hiketas, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hill, Gen., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen. A. P., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hillinger, Gen., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Himartekin, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Himilco, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Himilcon, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hindman, Gen., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hippocrates, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hirotsuke, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hirschberg, Gen., <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hirtius, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hislop, Sir Thos., <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hlangwane Hill, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hoche, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hodgson, Gen., <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hogen Insurrection, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hohenlo, Count Philip, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hohenlohe, Prince of, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hojo Rebellion, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Holkar, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Holles, Denzil, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Holmes, Adm., <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Holstein, Duke of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Honorius, Emperor, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hood, Adm., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Commander, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hooker, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hopton, Sir Ralph, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hore, Gen., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Horn, Adm., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Field Marshal, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Horsa, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hotham, Adm., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hotspur, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Houchard, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hougoumont, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Houston, Gen., <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Howard, Lord Edward, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord Thomas, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Effingham, Lord, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Howe, Gen., <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir William, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr285R.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Huasca'>Huascar</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_285R.22'><ins class='correction' title='Huasca'>Huascar</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hudson River, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hughes, Sir Ed., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hugues, Quiéret, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hundred Days' War, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Years' War, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hungarian Rising, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- War, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Huguenot Rebellion, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Huniades, John, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr285R.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Hunsden'>Hunsdon</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_285R.33'><ins class='correction' title='Hunsden'>Hunsdon</ins></a></span>, Lord, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Huntley, Earl of, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Huntly's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hunyady, John, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hurry, Sir John,23</li> - <li class='c018'>Hussein Pasha, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hussites, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Huzrat Mahal, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hwan Buako, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hyde, Adm., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Parker, Adm., <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hyderabad, Nizam of, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Hyder Ali, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>I</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Ibrahim, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bey, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pasha, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Idzumi, Daimio of, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ikkelman Pugatcheff, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Imeretinsky, Prince, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Inaros, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Inca Rising, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Indian Mutiny, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Indulph, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ingelram von <a id='corr285R.56'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Concy'>Coucy</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_285R.56'><ins class='correction' title='Concy'>Coucy</ins></a></span>, Baron, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>Invasion of Britain, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Korea, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Alemanni, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Huns, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Vandals, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Invasions of the Gauls, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ionian War, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Iphicrates, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Irish Rebellions, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Ironsides," 154</li> - <li class='c018'>Irribarreu, Gen., <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Isabella, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Isley, Sir Henry, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Isle-aux-Noix, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Isle of Wight, Action off, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ismael, Shah, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Italian Invasion of Abyssinia, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Risings, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ivan the Terrible, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>J</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Jaafar, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jablonowski, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jackson, Gen., <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr286L.28'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic: ---- Fort?'>----</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_286L.28'><ins class='correction' title='sic: ---- Fort?'>----</ins></a></span> <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jacobite Rising, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jaffa, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jagmal, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jaipal, Rajah of Lahore, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>James II, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, of Scotland, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, of Scotland, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VI, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- River, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jan Koch, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Janssens, Col., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Japanese Revolution, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jaxartes, The, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jean, Joel, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jehandar Shah, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jellachich, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jellalabad, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr286L.46'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Jellaladin'>Jellalladin</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_286L.46'><ins class='correction' title='Jellaladin'>Jellalladin</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jennings, Sir John, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jervis, Sir John, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jerome de 't Zeraerts, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jerusalem, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jeswunt Rao, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jewish War, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jhansi, Ranee of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Joan of Arc, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Joanna, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>John I, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Archduke, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of Normandy, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Castile, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Denmark, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- King of France, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Regent, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Johnson, Gen., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir W., <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Johnston, Gen., <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Johnstone, Col., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Comm., <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jones, Col., <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Col. Michael, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jonquière, Adm. de la, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Joseph Buonaparte, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Josephus, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Joubert, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jourdan, Marshal, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jovian, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jovinus, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Joyeuse, Duc de, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Juan d'Aguila, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Juan Pizarro, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Juarez, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Juba, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Judacilius I, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Juel, Adm., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jugurtha, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Julian, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Count, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Junot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jussuf, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Justinian, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jutes, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Jutish Invasion, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>K</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Kabul, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kaffir Wars, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kalkreuth, Marshal, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kaminiec, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kambaksh, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr286R.38'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kanhadar'>Kandahar</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_286R.38'><ins class='correction' title='Kanhadar'>Kandahar</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kanzler, Gen., <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kat, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Katuku, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Keane, Gen., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Keatinge, Col., <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Keith, Lord, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kekewich, Col., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kelly, Col., <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kemal Reis, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kenau Hasselaer, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kenmure, Lord, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kenneth III, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Keppel, Adm., <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Khaled, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Khalifa, The, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Khan, Elias, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Khojah Zofar, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Khoord Kabul Pass, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Khyber Pass, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kiburg, Count of, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr286R.60'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kihdj'>Kilidj</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_286R.60'><ins class='correction' title='Kihdj'>Kilidj</ins></a></span> Arslan, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kirboga, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kirby Smith, Gen., <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kirke, Col., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>Kirkjean, Mons., <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.2'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kismegeyer'>Kismegyer</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.2'><ins class='correction' title='Kismegeyer'>Kismegyer</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kiushiu, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kitchener, Lord, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kiyomasa, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Klapka, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kleber'>Kléber</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.7'><ins class='correction' title='Kleber'>Kléber</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kleist, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Klingspoor, Gen., <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Knowles, Adm., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Knut, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kobad, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kobayagawa Takakage, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Koch, Gen., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Jan, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kohandil Khan, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kolocz, Bishop of, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.18'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Konningsegg'>Köningsegg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.18'><ins class='correction' title='Konningsegg'>Köningsegg</ins></a></span>, Count, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Konoshi'>Konishi</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.19'><ins class='correction' title='Konoshi'>Konishi</ins></a></span> Yakinaga, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.20'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Konownitzu'>Konownitzyn</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.20'><ins class='correction' title='Konownitzu'>Konownitzyn</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kosciusko, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kotah, Rajah of, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kourloff, Gen., <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Krüdener, Gen., <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.25'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kruge'>Kruze</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.25'><ins class='correction' title='Kruge'>Kruze</ins></a></span>, Adm., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kublai Khan, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kumal Khan, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kuroda, Gen., <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kuroki, Marshal, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kur Singh, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Kusinoki'>Matsasura</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Kusinoki'>Matsasura</ins></a></span>' 'Kusunoki Masatsura'>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kuttugh Khan, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kutusoff, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kuwana, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Kyrielle, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>L</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>La Belle Alliance, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Labienus, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Labomirski, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Laborde, Gen., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Labourdonnais, Adm., <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Laches, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ladislaus, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ladysmith, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lævinus, P. Laverius, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>La Ferté, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Harpe, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Haye Sainte, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lake Ascanius, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Champlain, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- City, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Zug, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lakhsman Singh, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Laljaji, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lally Tollendal, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lal Singh, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lamachus, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lamar, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>La Marmora, Gen., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lambert Simnel, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lambton, Capt. Hedworth, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c018'>La Moricière, Gen., <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lamothe-Houdancourt, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lancaster, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Landen, Battle of, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Landi, Gen., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Landon, Gen., <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Langy, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lannes, Marshall, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a> 203, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lannoy, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lanza, Gen., <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>La Peña, Gen., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287R.14'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Laptines'>Leptines</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287R.14'><ins class='correction' title='Laptines'>Leptines</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Laserna, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Latin War, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>La Torre, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Tremouille, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lauderdale, Lord, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Laurel Hill, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr287R.21'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Lavallette'>Lavalette</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_287R.21'><ins class='correction' title='Lavallette'>Lavalette</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lavater, Rudolph, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lawrence, Capt. John, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Major, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Layard, Sir Ed., <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lazar, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lazareff, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leake, Sir John, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lee, Gen., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lecourbe, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lefebvre, Marshal, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leganez, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lehwaldt, Marshall, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leicester, Earl of, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leo IX, Pope, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Iconoclast, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leonidas, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leontini, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leopold, Archduke, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leotychides, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leptinus, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Le Quesnay, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leslie, David, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lestocq, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Letzi, The, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leval, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Leven, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Levenhaupt, Gen., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lewis, King, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lexington Military School, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Liberation of Belgium, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Li Chin, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lichtenstein, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Licinius, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Crassus, P., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ligneris, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Ligue du bien public," 164</li> - <li class='c018'>Ligonier, Sir John, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lille, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lima, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lincoln, Earl of, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Liniers, Gen., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>Lin Fok Heng, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Linnels, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Linois, Adm., <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lin Yung Ku, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Livius, Caius, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marcus, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Loch <a id='corr288L.7'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Linnhé'>Linnhe</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_288L.7'><ins class='correction' title='Linnhé'>Linnhe</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lomakine, Gen., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lombard League, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>London Bridge, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Longstreet, Gen., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Loose-coat-field," Battle of, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lopez, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lorencez, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"L'Orient," The, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lorraine, Duke of, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lorrices, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Louis III, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- VI, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IX, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- XI, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- XII, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- XIII, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Dauphin, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- di Conti, Prince, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Nassau, Count, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince of Prussia, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Bavarian, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Loup II, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Low, Gen., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr288L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Lowendal'>Lowendahl</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_288L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Lowendal'>Lowendahl</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lucca, Castruccio Castracane of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lucilianus, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lucius Mummius, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lucknow, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lucullus, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lüders, Gen., <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lupicinus, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lupus, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lusitanian War, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Luton Moor, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lutter, Castle of, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Luxembourg, Marshal, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Luy de Béarn, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lynch, Eliza, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lyon, Gen., <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lyons, Sir Edmund, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lysander, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Lysimachus, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>M</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Macbeth, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maccarthy, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Macdonald, Gen. Sir, H., <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Macedonia, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Macedonian Wars, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr288L.57'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Macgruder'>Magruder</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_288L.57'><ins class='correction' title='Macgruder'>Magruder</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Machanidas, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mack, Gen., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mackay, Gen., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mackinnon, Gen., <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Macleod, Col., <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Macmahon, Marshal, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Macrinus, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Madhao Rao II, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Magnentius, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mago, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maha Bandoola, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maha Nemyo, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahadaji Sindhia, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahmud, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahmud's Invasions of India, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahmud Tughlak, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahomed IV, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahomet Koprili, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahon, Col., <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mahratta Wars, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maillebois, Marshal, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Main, The, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mainfroy, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Makaroff, Adm., <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malakoff, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malatesta, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malcolm II, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir John, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Male Journée," The, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li> - <li class='c018'>Malek-al-<a id='corr288R.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Aschref'>Aschraf</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_288R.24'><ins class='correction' title='Aschref'>Aschraf</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr288R.25'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Malmoë'>Malmoe</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_288R.25'><ins class='correction' title='Malmoë'>Malmoe</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malnate, Battle of, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malraj, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malvern Hill, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Malwar, Rajah of, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mamilius, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manchester, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mancius, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manco Capac, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manfred of Sicily, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manius <a id='corr288R.35'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Manililius'>Manilius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_288R.35'><ins class='correction' title='Manililius'>Manilius</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manlius, L., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Torquatus, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manny, Sir Walter, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mansfeldt, Count von, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mansur, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mantua, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manson, Gen, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manteuffel, Gen., <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Manuel I, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maori War, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mar, Earl of, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marad, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maransin, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marcantonio Bragadino, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marcellus, M., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marcus Livius, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mardonius, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Margaret of Anjou, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Margueritte, Gen., 225</li> - <li class='c018'>Marhof, Gen., <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mariano, Alvarez, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marines, The, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marius, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mark Antony, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Antony's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marlborough, Duke of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marmora, Gen., <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marmont, Marshal, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>Marquez, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marsin, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Marston, Capt., <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Martin, Capt., R.N., <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mary Queen of Scots, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mascarenhas, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mascazel, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Massena, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mathias, Col., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Matsudaira Nobutsuna, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Matsushima," The, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Matthews, Adm., <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Matyana, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289L.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mauberge'>Maubeuge</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289L.15'><ins class='correction' title='Mauberge'>Maubeuge</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maurice, Elector of Saxony, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Emperor, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince of Nassau, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Prince of Orange, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mavrocordatos, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maxentius, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maximilian I, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Archduke, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Emperor, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Bavaria, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maximinus, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maxwell, Col., <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Maya, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mayenne, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duc de, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McCarthy, Sir Charles, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McCall, Gen., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McCaskill, Gen., <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McClellan, Gen., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McClernand, Gen., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McCulloch, Gen., <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McDonnell, Brig.-Gen., <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McDowell, Gen., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McNeil, Gen., <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>McPherson, Gen., <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Meade, Gen., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Meadows, Gen., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289L.44'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mecklenburgh'>Mecklenburg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289L.44'><ins class='correction' title='Mecklenburgh'>Mecklenburg</ins></a></span>, Grand Duke of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Medina, Gen., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Medway, The, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Megabyzus, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Megaravicus, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mehemet Ali, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ali's Rising, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mehrab Khan, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mejid Bey, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Melas, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289L.55'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mechior'>Melchior</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289L.55'><ins class='correction' title='Mechior'>Melchior</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Melgarejo, Col., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Melikoff, Gen., Loris, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Memnon of Rhodes, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Menaldo Guerri, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mendez Nunez, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mendizabal, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289L.62'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Menon'>Menou</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289L.62'><ins class='correction' title='Menon'>Menou</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mentschikoff, Prince, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mercer, Col., <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Merci, Comte de, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mercy, Count, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Merrimac," The, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Meshid, Pasha, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Messenian Wars, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>. 53, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Metaurus, The, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Metellus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- L. Cæcilius, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Numidicus, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Methuen, Lord, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Metz, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mexican Liberal Rising, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Meyer, Gen. Lucas, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Meyerfeld, Gen., <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Michael, Grand Duke, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Michelberg, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Michelson, Gen., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Middleton, Gen., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Milan, King, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289R.20'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Militus'>Miletus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289R.20'><ins class='correction' title='Militus'>Miletus</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Milroy, Gen., <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Minas, Marques das, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Minchin, Capt., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mindarus, Adm., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289R.26'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Minocius'>Minucius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289R.26'><ins class='correction' title='Minocius'>Minucius</ins></a></span>, Titus, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Miramon, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Miranda, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mir Cossim, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mirsky, Gen., <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mirza Khan, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mise of Lewes, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mischtchenko, Gen., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mithridates, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mithridatic Wars, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mitre, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mitre's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mitsuhide, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mitsunari, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289R.40'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mitsuyuki'>Mitsuyaki</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289R.40'><ins class='correction' title='Mitsuyuki'>Mitsuyaki</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moawiyeh, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moga, Gen., <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr289R.43'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic: Toghrul'>Mogrul</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_289R.43'><ins class='correction' title='sic: Toghrul'>Mogrul</ins></a></span> Bey, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mogul, The Great, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mohammed, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ali, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- al Nasin, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Emin Pasha, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ghori, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Shah, Emperor, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Shah of Persia, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sultan of Morocco, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Zain I, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mohammed's Wars, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moldau, The, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monakji, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moncenigo, Luigi, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moncey, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monckton, Col., <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mondragon, Col., <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mongol Invasions, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasion of the Deccan, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of India, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of Japan, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>"Monitor," The, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monk, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monmouth, Duke of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- James, Duke of, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monro, Gen., <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Hector, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mons, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monson, Col., <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montague, Lord, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montecucculi, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Monte-Lezino, Battle of, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montcalm, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montferrat, Marquis de, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montgomery, Commodore, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montmartre, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montmorenci, Constable, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duc de, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montreal, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montresor, Col., <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Montrose, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moore, Sir John, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Major, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moorish Insurrection, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morari Rao, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morcar, Earl, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moreau, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morgan, Capt., R.N., <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mori Hidemoto, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morillo, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moriones, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morley, Sir Robert, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moro, Castle, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morocco Wars, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morosini, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moroushi, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Morrison, Col., <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mortemar, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mortier, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moscow Campaign, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moshesh, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moskowa, Battle of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moslem Conquest of Africa, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Empire in Spain, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasion of Asia Minor, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Egypt, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Europe, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- France, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Persia, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Syria, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Moslemeh, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mosquera, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Motassem, Caliph, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mountjoy, Earl of, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr290L.56'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mourson'>Mousson</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_290L.56'><ins class='correction' title='Mourson'>Mousson</ins></a></span> Oglou, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr290L.57'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Mourzouple'>Mourzoufle</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_290L.57'><ins class='correction' title='Mourzouple'>Mourzoufle</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mowbray, Sir John, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mukhlis Khan, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mukhtar Pasha, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mulgrave, Lord, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mummius, Lucius, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Munemori, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Münnich, Gen., <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Münzer, Thomas, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murad I, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murad II, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bey, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murat, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murdach Stewart, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murphy, Father, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murray, Earl, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir John, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Regent, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Murviedro, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Musa, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Musgrave, John, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Musrud, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mustapha Pasha, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr290R.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Muzuffa'>Muzuffer</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_290R.15'><ins class='correction' title='Muzuffa'>Muzuffer</ins></a></span> Jung, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mygdonius, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Myronides, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Mysore Wars, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>N</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Nabis, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nadasdy, Thos., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nadir Shah, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nagpur, Rajah of, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr290R.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Nairn'>Nairne</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_290R.24'><ins class='correction' title='Nairn'>Nairne</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Najara, Battle of, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nana Sahib, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Napier, Sir Charles, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Napoleon, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Napoleon III, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Napoleonic Wars, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nappa Sahib, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Narses, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nasmyth, Lieut., <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nassau, Prince of, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Navarro, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Neapolitan Rising, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- War, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Negreti, Gen., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Neipperg, Count, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nelson, Lord, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nemours, Duc de, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nero, Claudius, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Netherlands War of Independence, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Neuperg, Marshal, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Neustrians, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nevers, Duc de, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Neville of Lancaster, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ralph, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Thomas, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Newcastle, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>Ney, Marshal, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicephorus I, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicholas, Grand Duke, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicholas, Trevisani, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicholson, John, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicias, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicolls, Col., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nicostratus, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nidau, Count, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Niel, Marshal, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nile, The, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nine Years' War, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr291L.13'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Niuchiau'>Kiuchau</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_291L.13'><ins class='correction' title='Niuchiau'>Kiuchau</ins></a></span> Bay, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nizam-ul-Mulk, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Noailles, Duc de, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Noche Triste," 159</li> - <li class='c018'>Nodzu, Gen., <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nogi, Gen., <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Noircarmes, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Norbanus, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Norfolk, Duke of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Norigoris, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Noriyori, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Norman Conquest, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasion of Italy, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Norse Invasion, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of France, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of Ireland, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- of Scotland, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Northallerton, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Northumberland, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl of, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Northumberland's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nott, Gen., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Noyau, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Nudo, Rutilius, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Numidian Revolt, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>O</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>O'Connors, The, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Octavius, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marcus, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>O'Donnell, Marshal, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oktai, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oku, Gen., <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Olaf Triggvason, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Olaneta, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr290L.47'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Olearchus'>Clearchus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_290L.47'><ins class='correction' title='Olearchus'>Clearchus</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ollo, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Olney, Peace of, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Omar Brionis Pasha, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Caliph, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pasha, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Tabrija Redoubt, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Vrione Pasha, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>O'Neil, Owen Roe, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Hugh, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Onomarchus, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ono-no-Atsuma, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Onschakoff, Adm., <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Opdam, Adm., <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Orange, Prince of, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Orchomenus, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>O'Reilly, Count, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr291R.2'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Oreizaga'>Areizaga</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_291R.2'><ins class='correction' title='Oreizaga'>Areizaga</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oribe, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Orkhan, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Orleans, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bastard of, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Orloff, Count Alexis, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ormonde, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Orsova, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ortega, Gen., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ortiga, Juan de, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oshikatsa, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Osman II, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Digna, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pasha, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a> 195</li> - <li class='c018'>Osorio, Gen., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Osterman, Count, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ostorius Scapula, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oswald, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Northumbria, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Otho, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Krumpen, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Otori Keisuke, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ott, Gen., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasion of Europe, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr291R.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Ouchterlony'>Ochterlony</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_291R.31'><ins class='correction' title='Ouchterlony'>Ochterlony</ins></a></span>, Sir David, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oudinot, Gen., <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Outram, Sir James, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Owen of Cumberland, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Oxford, Earl of, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>P</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Paches, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pagondas, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pahlen, Count de, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pakenham, Sir Ed., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Palœologus, Constantine, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- George, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Michael, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Palafox, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pallavicini, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr291R.46'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Panim'>Panin</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_291R.46'><ins class='correction' title='Panim'>Panin</ins></a></span>, Count, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pannonia, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pansa, Vibius, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Papal Zouaves, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pappenberg, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pappenheim, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Paraguayan War, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Parana, River, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Parchwitz, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr291R.55'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Pareirus'>Pareiras</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_291R.55'><ins class='correction' title='Pareirus'>Pareiras</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Park of Uyeno, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>Parker, Adm., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Parthian War, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Paskiewitsch, Gen., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Paulinus Suetonius, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pausanias, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Paz, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peasants' War, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pedro II, of Aragon, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Regent, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Peep o' Day Boys," <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peiho, River, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pelissier, Marshal, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pelopidas, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peloponnesian War, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pelucones, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pemberton, Gen., <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pembroke, Earl of, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Regent, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Penda, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peninsular War, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Penn, Adm., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pepe, Gen., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pepin <a id='corr292L.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='d’Heristal'>d’Héristal</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292L.24'><ins class='correction' title='d’Heristal'>d’Héristal</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pepperel, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perche, Count de la, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Percy, Henry, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Ralph, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Percy's Rebellion, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perczel, Gen., <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perdiccas, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perez, Gen., <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pergamus, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perpignan, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perry, Commodore, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Persano, Adm., <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perseus, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Persian Conquest of Egypt, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasion of India, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Invasions, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Perso-Afghan Wars, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pertab Singh, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pertinax, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peruvio-Chilian War, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peter the Great, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peterborough, Earl of, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Petropavlovsk," The, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peyri, Gen., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Peyton, Capt., <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pharnabazus, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pharnaces, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Philip I, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- IV, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Philip V, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Augustus, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Don, of Spain, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Anjou, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Macedon, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Phillipon, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Philomelus, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Philopœmen, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Phormio, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Piale, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Picciotti," 185</li> - <li class='c018'>Piccolomini, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr292R.6'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Piggott'>Pigott</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.6'><ins class='correction' title='Piggott'>Pigott</ins></a></span>, Maj.-Gen., <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Piloni, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pinarus, The, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pirna, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pirot, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pisander, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pisani, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Vittorio, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr292R.14'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Pizala,'>Piycála</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.14'><ins class='correction' title='Pizala,'>Piycála</ins></a></span> Pasha, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pizarro, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pizarro Francesco, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gonzalo, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Juan, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Placentia, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Pobieda," The, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pococke, Adm., <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Poland, King of, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr292R.23'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Poliorcertes'>Poliorcetes</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.23'><ins class='correction' title='Poliorcertes'>Poliorcetes</ins></a></span>, Demetrius, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Polish Risings, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pollio, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pollux, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pollock, Gen., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Polyxenides, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pompeianus, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr292R.30'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Pompeias'>Pompeius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.30'><ins class='correction' title='Pompeias'>Pompeius</ins></a></span>, Cnæus, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pompey, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Poniatowski, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pontius, <a id='corr292R.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='62,'></ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.33'><ins class='correction' title='62,'></ins></a></span> <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr292R.34'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Pontras'>Pontius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.34'><ins class='correction' title='Pontras'>Pontius</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pope, Gen., <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Popham, Capt., <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Home, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Popilius Lænas, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Poradim, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Porta <a id='corr292R.40'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='san'>San</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.40'><ins class='correction' title='san'>San</ins></a></span> Pancrazio, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Porto Alegre, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Porus, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Postumus, Spurius, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Postumius, Aulus, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Potemkin, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pouchot, Capt., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Poyntz, Col., <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pretender, The Young, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Priarius, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Price, Gen., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Prideaux, Gen., <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Prieto, Gen., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Prim, Gen., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pritzen, Gen., <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Probus, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Proctor, Gen., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Provera, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Prussia, Crown Prince of, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- King of, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- King William of, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Psammeticus, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ptolemy, <a id='corr292R.62'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Euergetes'>Energetes</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.62'><ins class='correction' title='Euergetes'>Energetes</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c018'>— <a id='corr292R.63'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Logus'>Lagus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_292R.63'><ins class='correction' title='Logus'>Lagus</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>— Philopator, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>— Soter, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Publius Claudius, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pugatcheff, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>Punic Wars, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Purdon, Col., <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pyrrhus, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Pyrrhus' Invasion of Italy, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>Q</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Quadrilateral Alliance, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Q" Battery, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Quetta, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Quintanella, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Quintilius Varus, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c020'>R</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Raab, The, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Radagaisus, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Radetski, Gen., <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Radziwill, Prince Michael, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Raghunath Rao, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Raglan, Lord, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ragotski, II, George, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rainier, Adm. Peter, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rajah Ram, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sahib, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ramiro II, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr293L.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rammi'>Ramming</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_293L.24'><ins class='correction' title='Rammi'>Ramming</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rami Khan, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ramming, Gen., <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Raoul, Bishop of Durham, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rapp, Gen., <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr293L.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rassingham'>Rassinghem</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_293L.29'><ins class='correction' title='Rassingham'>Rassinghem</ins></a></span>, Seigneur de, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rauhberg, The, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ravenna, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Raymond of Toulouse, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rebellion of Aurungzebe, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Brutus, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Fifteen, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Forty-five, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Hideyori, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Ricimer, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Riel, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Marches, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Reding, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Red Shirts," 22</li> - <li class='c018'>Regulus, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Reinschild, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Renaud de <a id='corr293L.46'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Chatillon'>Châtillon</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_293L.46'><ins class='correction' title='Chatillon'>Châtillon</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Repnin, Prince, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Reschid Pasha, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Reuss, Prince of, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Revolt of Maxentius, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Christians, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Legions of Aquitaine, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Vitellius, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rey, Gen., <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Reynier, Gen., <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr293L.55'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rhagates'>Rhazates</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_293L.55'><ins class='correction' title='Rhagates'>Rhazates</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rhodes, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Riall, Gen., <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ribas, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ribera, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Richard Cœur de Lion, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Duke of York, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Richelieu, Duc de, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Richmond, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rich Mountain, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ricimer, Count, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Riel, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Rifle Brigade," 163</li> - <li class='c018'>Rio Grande Rising, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ripperda, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Robel, Gen., <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Robert of Normandy, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roberts, Gen., <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roche, Father, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roderic, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rodney, Adm., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rohan, Duc de, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rokeby, Sir Thomas, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roland, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roman Invasion of Scotland, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Occupation of Britain, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Romanus, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Romanzoff, Gen., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Romero, Julian, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roncesvalles, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roncray St. Denis, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rooke, Sir Geo., <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rosas, President, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rose, Sir Hugh, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rosecrans, Gen., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr293R.32'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rosetti'>Roselli</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_293R.32'><ins class='correction' title='Rosetti'>Roselli</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ross, Gen., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rote Berg, Storming of the, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rotterdam, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roumiantsoff, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rousillon, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Roveredo, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rowley, Commodore, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rudolph de Khevenhuller, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- von Erlach, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rundle, Gen., Sir L., <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rung Ram, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Runjur Singh, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rupert, Prince, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Russell, Adm., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Col., <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Russia, Emperor of, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Russian Conquest of Central Asia, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Russo-Japanese War, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Polish Wars, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Swedish Wars, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Turkish Wars, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr293R.55'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rustan'>Rustam</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_293R.55'><ins class='correction' title='Rustan'>Rustam</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ruthven, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Rymna, The, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>S</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Sabinius Titurius, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saburra, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>Sachen, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sacred War, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sadatoki, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Said, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Othman, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ullah, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saigo, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Takamori, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saiki-no-Sanya, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sainte Suzanne, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saint Priest, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saladin, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sale, Sir Robert, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Salinas, Marquis de, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Salis-Soglio, Col., <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Salisbury, Earl of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Salm, Count de, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saluzzo, Marquis of, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Samarcand, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Samnite Wars, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sampson, Adm., <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sanchez, Vice-President, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sancho, Count of Castile, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr294L.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Sandili'>Sandilli</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_294L.24'><ins class='correction' title='Sandili'>Sandilli</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sandbag Battery, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr294L.26'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Sankum'>Sankun</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_294L.26'><ins class='correction' title='Sankum'>Sankun</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>San Lorenzo, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Martin, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Xavier, Fort of, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Santa Anna, Gen., <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Santarem, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr294L.32'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Säpor'>Sapor</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_294L.32'><ins class='correction' title='Säpor'>Sapor</ins></a></span> I, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saracens, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saragossa, Maid of, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saratoga, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sardinia, King of, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sarmiento, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sassulitch, Gen., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Satsuma, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Rebellion, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saumarez, Sir James, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Savage's Station, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Savoy, Duke of, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saxe, Marshal, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Coburg, Prince of, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Saxony, Crown Prince of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr294L.48'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Schakovsky'>Schakofsky</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_294L.48'><ins class='correction' title='Schakovsky'>Schakofsky</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schalemberg, 53</li> - <li class='c018'>Schaumberg, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schleswig-Holstein War, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schenck, Martin, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schiedam, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schilder-Schuldener, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schlick, Marshal, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schofield, Gen., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Scholick, Gen., <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schomberg, Duke of, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schomberg the Younger, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr294L.60'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Schulemberg'>Schulemberg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_294L.60'><ins class='correction' title='Schulemberg'>Schulemberg</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schwartz, Martin, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schwartzemberg, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schwerin, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Schwyz, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Scinde Campaign, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Conquest of, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Scipio Æmilianus, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Africanus, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lucius, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Metellus, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- P. Cornelius, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Scopas, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Scottish Invasion of Ireland, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Wars, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Scott, Gen., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sedashao Rao Bhao, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Seidlitz, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Seleucus, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Selim I, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Semendaia, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sempronius, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Senlac, Battle of, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Serjabil, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sertorius, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Servo-Bulgarian War, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Seven Pines, Battle of, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Weeks' War, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Year's War, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sextus, Pompeius, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Seymour, Adm., Sir Beauchamp, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shafter, Gen., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shah <a id='corr294R.27'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Alluen'>Allum</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_294R.27'><ins class='correction' title='Alluen'>Allum</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Jehan, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mansur, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sujah, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shakir Pasha, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Shannon," The, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shelton, Brig.-Gen., <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shems-ud-Din, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shere Afzal, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shere Singh, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sheridan, Gen., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sherman, Gen., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shiabeddin Pasha, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shidasker, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shields, Gen., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shigehira, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shir-Khan-Sur, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Mohammed, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Singh, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shirogama, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shitoku, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shogun, The, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shommu, Emperor, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shoni Kagesuke, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shrewsbury, Earl of, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Shuja, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sigel, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sigismund I, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Emperor, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>Sigismund Prince of Transylvania, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sikh Wars, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sillaces, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Silpia, Battle of, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Simon de Montfort, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sinclair, Col., Geo., <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Oliver, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- William, Bishop of Dunkeld, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sindhia, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sioux Rising, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sistova, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sitting Bull, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Siward, Earl of Northumberland, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Skobeleff, Gen., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Slade, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Smith, Col., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., Joseph, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Harry, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Sydney, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Snyman, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sobieski, John, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Social War, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Soissons, Count de, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Soliman, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Soltykoff, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Solyman I, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Caliph, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pasha of Egypt, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- the Magnificent, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Somali Expedition, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Somerset, Col., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl of, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Protector, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sophian, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sophronius, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Soubise, Marshal, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Soudan Campaigns, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Souham, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Soult, Marshal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>South American War of Independence, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Spanish-American War, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Spinola, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Spiritoff, Adm., <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Spragge, Col., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Spurs, Battle of, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Strachan, Col., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c018'>St. Angelo, Castle of, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Arnaud, Marshal, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Augustine, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Clair, Gen., <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Cuthbert, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Cyr, Gen., <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Elmo, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Heliers, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Hilaire, Gen., <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Martin, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Paul, Gate of, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Peter, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Pierre, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Privat, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Ruth, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stadion, Gen., <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stafford, Sir Humphrey, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stakelberg, Baron, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stanhope, Gen., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stanley, Lord, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Staremberg, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stark, Adm., <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Staunton, Capt., <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Steinbock, Gen., <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Steinmetz, Gen., <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stephen of Moldavia, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stewart, Gen., <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Murdach, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Herbert, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- John, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stilicho, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr295R.17'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Stjernskold'>Stjernsköld</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_295R.17'><ins class='correction' title='Stjernskold'>Stjernsköld</ins></a></span>, Adm., <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stoessel, Gen., <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stopford, Sir R., <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stone, Gen., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Strabo, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Strategopulus, Alexius, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr295R.23'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Strigan'>Strigau</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_295R.23'><ins class='correction' title='Strigan'>Strigau</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Stuart, Col., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Gen., <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir John, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Suabian Wars, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Suchet, Gen., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Suchtelen, Gen., <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sucre, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sudermanland, Duke of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Suetonius, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Suffren, Adm., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sulaiman, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Suleiman Pasha, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sulla, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sultan Soliman, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sulpicius Saverrio, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Surabjah <a id='corr295R.41'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Dowlah'>Daulah</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_295R.41'><ins class='correction' title='Dowlah'>Daulah</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Surrey, Earl of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr295R.43'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Suwarroff'>Suwaroff</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_295R.43'><ins class='correction' title='Suwarroff'>Suwaroff</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sveaborg, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Swatoslaus, Duke, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sweden, Crown Prince of, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Swedo-Polish War, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sweyn, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- II, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- III, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Denmark, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Swiss-Austrian War, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Sydney, Sir Philip, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Symons, Gen., <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr295R.57'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Syragius'>Syagrius</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_295R.57'><ins class='correction' title='Syragius'>Syagrius</ins></a></span>, Count of Soissons, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Szabadhegy, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c021'>T</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Taborites, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tacfarinas, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tadamichi, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tadayoshi, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tagina, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>Taira-no-Kiyomori, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Kore, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- War, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Taj Singh, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296L.5'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Takangi'>Takaugi</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296L.5'><ins class='correction' title='Takangi'>Takaugi</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Talbot, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Earl of Shrewsbury, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tallard, Marshal, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tamerlane, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tampon, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tani Tateki, Gen., <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tantia Topi, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tarik, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tarnowski, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tarquinius, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tartar Invasion of China, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Japan, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Kharismia, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Khorassan, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Russia, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- Syria, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- the Caucasus, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Taruhito, Prince, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tayeizan Temple, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Taylor, Gen., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Taxiles, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tchesme, Bay of, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tebienari, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tegethoff, Adm., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Teias, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Telha, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Teriel, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296L.33'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Terouenne'>Terouënne</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296L.33'><ins class='correction' title='Terouenne'>Terouënne</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Teutobod, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tetricus, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Texan Rising, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thackwell, Sir Joseph, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Theagenes, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296L.39'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Thenouenel'>Thenouënel</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296L.39'><ins class='correction' title='Thenouenel'>Thenouënel</ins></a></span>, Jean de, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Theodobert, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Theodoric, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Theodosius, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296L.43'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Theophiliseus'>Theophiliscus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296L.43'><ins class='correction' title='Theophiliseus'>Theophiliscus</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Theophilus, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thielmann, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thierry, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thirty Years' War, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thomas, Gen., <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thomond, Earl of, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thorneycroft, Col., <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thornton, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thorstem, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thoulouse, Count of, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Thousand Volunteers," 185</li> - <li class='c018'>Thrasyllus, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thrasymelidas, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Thurstan, Archbp., of York, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tiberius, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tichborne, Sir Henry, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tiflis, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tigranes, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tik-Ho, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tilly, Count, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tilsit, Treaty of, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Timar Malek, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Timoleon, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ting, Adm., <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tippu Sahib, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tirah Campaign, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296R.8'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic ??'>Tishe</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296R.8'><ins class='correction' title='sic ??'>Tishe</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Titus, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296R.10'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Tockenberg'>Tockenburg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296R.10'><ins class='correction' title='Tockenberg'>Tockenburg</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Todleben, Gen., <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Togo, Adm., <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tokatmich, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tokiushi, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296R.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Tokugawu'>Tokugawa</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296R.15'><ins class='correction' title='Tokugawu'>Tokugawa</ins></a></span> Tyeyasa, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tokyo, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Toledo, Archbp. of, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Don Francesco de, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tolenus, The, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tolmides, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tolstoy, Count, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tomore, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tongking War, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tooman Beg, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tormazoff, Gen., <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Torrington, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Torstenson, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tostig, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Totila, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tournay, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296R.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Toyotomi'>Toyotomo</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296R.31'><ins class='correction' title='Toyotomi'>Toyotomo</ins></a></span> Hideaki, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Trajan, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Traum, Count, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Travis, Col., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tremont, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Treslong, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Trent, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Triarius, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Trivulzio, Marshal, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Trochu, Gen., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tronjolly, Mons., <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tuamba Wangyee, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tuchi Khan, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tucker, Gen., <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tuli Khan, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Turenne, Marshal, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Tutor, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Twenty-second Regt., <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr296R.50'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Tytacus'>Tyrtacus</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_296R.50'><ins class='correction' title='Tytacus'>Tyrtacus</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>U</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Udai, Singh, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ulm, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Umrar, Khan, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ung Khan, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Unification of Italy, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Urban, Gen., <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Uriu, Adm., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>Urquiza, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Urquiza's Rising, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Uruguayan War of Independence, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>V</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Vadomair, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Valdemar II, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Valens, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Valerian, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Valerius Corvus, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr297L.10'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Vallé'>Valée</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_297L.10'><ins class='correction' title='Vallé'>Valée</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Van Arteveldt, Philip, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Capellan, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vandamme, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a> 129</li> - <li class='c018'>Van der Does, Jan, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Dorn, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Van Gelen, Adm., <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Reusselaer, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vansittart, Capt., <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Van Tromp, Adm., <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Varro, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Varus, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Quintilius, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vatinius, Publius, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vauban, Mons. du Puy, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vaubois, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vaudreuil, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Veli Pasha, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Venables, Gen., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vendôme, Duc de, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>"Vengeur," The, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vercingetorix, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Verdier, Gen., <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vernon, Sir Ed., <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vespasian, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vessil Pasha, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Victor Amadeus, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Emanuel, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Marshal, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vid, The, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Villaret, Adm., <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Villars, Marshal, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Villeneuve, Adm., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Villeroy, Marshal, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vincennes, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vinoy, Gen., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Visconti, Gen., <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vitiges, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vladislas IV, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Von Alvensleben, Gen., <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bonin, Gen., <a href='#Page_253'>253</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Bredow, Gen., <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- der Tann, Gen., <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Francois, Gen., <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Goeben, Gen., <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Meerfeld, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Moltke, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Steinmetz, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Stenau, Marshal, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Tümpling, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Vortigern, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class='c019'>W</p> - -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Waggon Hill, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wakamatsu, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Walcheren Expedition, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Waldeck, Prince of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Waldemar, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wallace, Col., <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir William, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wallenstein, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Waller, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wallis, Count, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Walpole, Col., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c018'>War of Chiozza, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Granada, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Kiburg, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Austrian Succession, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Holy League, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the League Above the Lake, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Polish Succession, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Quadruple Alliance, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Revolution, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Sonderbund, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Spanish Succession, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Two Empires, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Warren, Commodore, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Charles, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wars of Alexander's Successors, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Charles V, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Louis XIV, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Philip Augustus, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Achæan League, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the French Revolution, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Fronde, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of the Roses, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Warwick, Earl of, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Warzburg, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Washington, George, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Watson, Adm., <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wauchope, Gen., <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Webb, Gen., <a href='#Page_270'>270</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Weimar, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wellington, Duke of, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wells' Rebellion, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wells, Sir Robert, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Werdan, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Werneck, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wessels, Commandant, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Weser, The, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>Wetherall, Col., <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Whish, Gen., <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - <li class='c018'>White, Sir Geo., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298L.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Whitelock'>Whitelocke</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298L.4'><ins class='correction' title='Whitelock'>Whitelocke</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c018'>White Oak Swamp, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>William III, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- of Normandy, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Williams, Gen., <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wills, Gen., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Willshire, Gen., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wilson, Commodore, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wimpffen, Gen., <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Winder, Gen., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Windham, Gen., <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298L.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Windishgratz'>Windischgrätz</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298L.15'><ins class='correction' title='Windishgratz'>Windischgrätz</ins></a></span>, Prince, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Winkelried, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Winter, Sir William, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wise, Gen., <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wittgenstein, Count, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298L.20'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Woleb'>Wolleb</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298L.20'><ins class='correction' title='Woleb'>Wolleb</ins></a></span>, Heinrich, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wolfe, Gen., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wolseley, Col., <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Lord, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wood, Gen., <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c018'>-- Sir Evelyn, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Woodgate, Gen., <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Worcester, Earl of, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wrangel, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wrede, Gen., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wurmser, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298L.31'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Wurtemberg'>Würtemberg</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298L.31'><ins class='correction' title='Wurtemberg'>Würtemberg</ins></a></span>, Prince of, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wyatt's Insurrection, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wyld, Col., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Wylde, Col., <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>X</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Xanthippus, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Xenil, The, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Xerxes, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ximenes, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> -</ul> -<p class='c019'>Y</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Yar Mohammed, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yeatman Biggs, Gen., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yezdegerd, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yorimasa, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoritomo, <a id='corr298R.6'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='transferred from Yositomo'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a>,</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298R.6'><ins class='correction' title='transferred from Yositomo'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a>,</ins></a></span> <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoriyoshi, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c018'>York, Duke of, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li class='c018'>---- <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoshinaka, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoshino, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoshinobu, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoshinori, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yoshitsune, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Youkinna, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298R.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Yuküye'>Yukiiye</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298R.19'><ins class='correction' title='Yuküye'>Yukiiye</ins></a></span>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yule, Col., <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yussuf Pasha, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Yssel, The, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class='c019'>Z</p> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c018'>Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zagatai, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zaid, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zano, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zaragoça, Gen., <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298R.29'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Zastern'>Zastera</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298R.29'><ins class='correction' title='Zastern'>Zastera</ins></a></span>, Gen., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zay-ya-Thayan, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zenobia, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Ziethen, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zisca, John, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zobin, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zoller, Gen., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zotoff, Gen., <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zoutman, Adm., <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zrinyi, Count, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c018'><a id='corr298R.39'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Zulfiker'>Zulfikar</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_298R.39'><ins class='correction' title='Zulfiker'>Zulfikar</ins></a></span> Khan, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - <li class='c018'>Zulu War, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a></li> -</ul> - -<hr class='c022' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome and London.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c008'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span><span class='xlarge'>Sonnenschein's Standard Books of Reference</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='large'>ENGLISH QUOTATIONS</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='large'>COLONEL PHILIP HUGH DALBIAC</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'><b>Third Edition. Small Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</b></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c001'>"The most extensive Dictionary of Quotations yet supplied, and, thanks to its -arrangement and its Indexes to Authors and Words, it simplifies greatly the task of -reference."--<i>Notes and Queries.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"No book of English Quotations can be at all compared to the present, either in -fulness or in accuracy.... If the succeeding volumes in any degree reach the high -level of excellence and of accuracy to be found in the present work, Colonel Dalbiac -and his fellow-writer will have accomplished an invaluable work."--<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"A mine of curious inquiry.... A very industrious and entertaining companion."--<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"Up to date and admirably explicit in the matter of references."--<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The quotations have been selected with excellent judgment, and they are given -with remarkable accuracy; indeed, in all respects the book is the best of the kind that -I have seen."--<i>Truth.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"Decidedly a work to possess."--<i>Publishers' Circular.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"As near an approach to the ideal work as one might wish for."--<i>Nottingham Express.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"Remarkably comprehensive."--<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"An improvement upon Bartlett's and other well-known works."--<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"A very useful book, which will furnish valuable services to every teacher and -friend of English."--<i>Anglia</i> (<i>translated</i>).</p> - -<p class='c001'>"The fulness and accuracy of its references make it worthy of a place in every library -where scholarship is valued."--<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"A work which must have entailed a vast amount of patient and intelligent labour, -and which, in addition to the intrinsic interest which it possesses, cannot fail to be of -service to a very wide section of the cultured public."--<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"This Dictionary of Quotations is a distinct advance on all its predecessors in that -it gives the fullest possible reference to chapter and verse for each quotation."--<i>Journal -of Education.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"An excellent collection in prose and verse. There is nothing superfluous in the -quotations; there are few quotations unworthy of their place, and really obvious -omissions are few in number."--<i>Yorkshire Post.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The result is a handsome volume of 528 pages, which will probably displace many -other and older compilations."--<i>Educational Review.</i></p> - -<hr class='c022' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='large'>CLASSICAL QUOTATIONS</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='large'>T. B. HARBOTTLE</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'><b>Second Edition. Small Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</b></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c001'>"In point of execution and general get-up the volume leaves little to be desired."--<i>Bristol -Times.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The work is far and away the very best of its kind for two reasons. It is the most -comprehensive and the most accurate of all such works, and, what is more, it often -brings the reader back from a stereotyped, erroneous form of the quotation to its correct -and original form."--<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The work appears to us altogether admirable in method and execution."--<i>University -Correspondent.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"A perusal of Mr Harbottle's book has afforded us unwonted pleasure, and we shall -give it a place at our elbow for future use."--<i>Literary World.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"Invaluable to authors and readers."--<i>Educational Review.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"A more comprehensive collection than any we have seen."--<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The book is well done."--<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"Is marked by praiseworthy fulness of material and neatness of arrangement."--<i>World.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The scholar is to be congratulated upon the appearance of this second volume. -It will greatly facilitate the task of research, and forms an indispensable portion of the -student's library. He that hath but few books is bound to have this."--<i>Notes and -Queries.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The most complete, the most handy, and the most correctly-printed book of its -kind."--<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"Remarkably complete, accuracy has been well studied."--<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class='c001'>"The most complete book of its kind yet published."--<i>Alma Mater.</i></p> - -<hr class='c022' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='large'>FRENCH AND ITALIAN QUOTATIONS</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c000'>COLONEL PHILIP HUGH DALBIAC AND T. B. HARBOTTLE</div> - <div class='c008'><span class='small'><b>Small Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</b></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c001'>"A very interesting and valuable book. 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B. HARBOTTLE</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'><b>Small Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</b></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c001'>"This volume should be of very great service to all classes of readers.... 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The references are to the page, and line in the original. -The following issues should be noted, along with the resolutions.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The phrase 'line-of-battle ships' is sometimes printed without hyphenation, -and occasionally as 'line-of-battleships'. Where 'line-of' is not employed, -the word is always 'battleships. To assist searches, the hyphenated version -'line-of-battle ships' is applied here.</p> - -<p class='c001'>End-of-line hyphens are sometimes missing. It is presumed they have not -survived in the text, and were handled as though present.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Proper place names are sometimes consistently misspelled and were left as -printed: 'Guil[d]ford Court House', 'Spot[t]sylvania'.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The entry for the 1039 battle of Zendecan contains references to 'Moghrul Beg' -of the Seljuks, and 'Masrud', sultan of Ghuzni. The index refers to the former -as 'Mogrul Bey', 'Bey' being a variant of 'Beg'. However, separate historical -texts consistently have the Seljuk ruler as 'Toghrul'. The text has been -retained, but the issue noted.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On p. 143, the title of the article for 'Lunceña' is an obvious error for -'Lucena', which is supported by other sources and also falls correctly -in the alphabetic order of the Dictionary.</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='12%' /> -<col width='69%' /> -<col width='18%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_3L.22'></a><a href='#corr3L.22'>3L.22</a></td> - <td class='c024'>sallies of the bes[ei/ie]ged</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_6L.9'></a><a href='#corr6L.9'>6L.9</a></td> - <td class='c024'>on the 18th the garrison surrendered[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_20L.40'></a><a href='#corr20L.40'>20L.40</a></td> - <td class='c024'>into the beleagu[e]red city.</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_24R.17'></a><a href='#corr24R.17'>24R.17</a></td> - <td class='c024'>which is also know[n] as</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_27R.31'></a><a href='#corr27R.31'>27R.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>the Colombian patr[i]ots></td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_32L.37'></a><a href='#corr32L.37'>32L.37</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under General Bizo[u/n]et</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_33R.35'></a><a href='#corr33R.35'>33R.35</a></td> - <td class='c024'>the bridge of B[u/e]rgfried</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_36L.20'></a><a href='#corr36L.20'>36L.20</a></td> - <td class='c024'>had taken up a posit[i]on</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_39L.22'></a><a href='#corr39L.22'>39L.22</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Bovianum (S[ce/ec]ond Samnite War).</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_40R.24'></a><a href='#corr40R.24'>40R.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>by assault by Genera[l] Haynau</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_45L.2'></a><a href='#corr45L.2'>45L.2</a></td> - <td class='c024'>inhabitants being mass[e/a]cred</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_46R.4'></a><a href='#corr46R.4'>46R.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under Colonel Hartl[e]y</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_47L.5'></a><a href='#corr47L.5'>47L.5</a></td> - <td class='c024'>16 line[-]of[-]battle ships</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_56L.1'></a><a href='#corr56L.1'>56L.1</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under Cla[u/n]leu.</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_59R.12'></a><a href='#corr59R.12'>59R.12</a></td> - <td class='c024'>was surrounded and overpowered, Chabrias falling[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_62L.34'></a><a href='#corr62L.34'>62L.34</a></td> - <td class='c024'>(Norman Invasion of Italy[)].</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_65L.4'></a><a href='#corr65L.4'>65L.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>sallies [Amurath,/, Amurath] was called away</td> - <td class='c006'>Comma moved.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_65L.30'></a><a href='#corr65L.30'>65L.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Danish fleet of 10 line[-]of[-]battle[ ]ships</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_67L.15'></a><a href='#corr67L.15'>67L.15</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Seleuc[n/u]s, though 81 years of age, defeated</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_67R.28'></a><a href='#corr67R.28'>67R.28</a></td> - <td class='c024'>(Seven Years' War)[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_71R.22'></a><a href='#corr71R.22'>71R.22</a></td> - <td class='c024'>The Macedonians lost 13,000 killed and wounded[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_74L.32'></a><a href='#corr74L.32'>74L.32</a></td> - <td class='c024'>endeavoured to effect a landing at Dazaifu[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_75L.10'></a><a href='#corr75L.10'>75L.10</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Scindiah's army under Bour[g/q]uin</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_80L.21'></a><a href='#corr80L.21'>80L.21</a></td> - <td class='c024'>10,000 killed and wounded[./,]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_80L.22'></a><a href='#corr80L.22'>80L.22</a></td> - <td class='c024'>15,000 prisoners, and 40 guns[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_81R.11'></a><a href='#corr81R.11'>81R.11</a></td> - <td class='c024'>30 of his k[in/ni]ghts,</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_83L.10'></a><a href='#corr83L.10'>83L.10</a></td> - <td class='c024'>(Civil War of [Car an d/Cæsar and] Pompey).</td> - <td class='c006'>Corrupted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_83L.31'></a><a href='#corr83L.31'>83L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>when Mass[e/é]na’s] corps</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_86L.10'></a><a href='#corr86L.10'>86L.10</a></td> - <td class='c024'>E[n/u]taw Springs (American War of Independence).</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_89R.29'></a><a href='#corr89R.29'>89R.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>near Fish Creek[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_92L.5'></a><a href='#corr92L.5'>92L.5</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and the Goths under C[u/n]iva</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_93R.39'></a><a href='#corr93R.39'>93R.39</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fuentes d’O[n/ñ]oro</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_95R.29'></a><a href='#corr95R.29'>95R.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>the royal troops under Lord Hunsdon[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_97R.1'></a><a href='#corr97R.1'>97R.1</a></td> - <td class='c024'>though at a heavy cost[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_99R.4'></a><a href='#corr99R.4'>99R.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and de Ruyter[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_102L.30'></a><a href='#corr102L.30'>102L.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>but was unsucce[fss/ssf]ul</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_104R.47'></a><a href='#corr104R.47'>104R.47</a></td> - <td class='c024'>he was totally defeated[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_104R.30'></a><a href='#corr104R.30'>104R.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and totally routed[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_106L.39'></a><a href='#corr106L.39'>106L.39</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under Martin Schenck[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_108R.21'></a><a href='#corr108R.21'>108R.21</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and the Syracusans[,\.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_108R.26'></a><a href='#corr108R.26'>108R.26</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Helsingborg (Dano-[Spanish/Swedish] Wars).</td> - <td class='c006'>Corrected.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_112R.35'></a><a href='#corr112R.35'>112R.35</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and with heavy loss[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_114R.11'></a><a href='#corr114R.11'>114R.11</a></td> - <td class='c024'><span class='fss'>[B.C./A.D.]</span> 1221,</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_115L.33'></a><a href='#corr115L.33'>115L.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>[I]nverkeithing</td> - <td class='c006'>Restored.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_116L.31'></a><a href='#corr116L.31'>116L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>The British lost 167 killed[,] wounded</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_116R.44'></a><a href='#corr116R.44'>116R.44</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fought October, 740, between[,] the Japanese rebels</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_121R.12'></a><a href='#corr121R.12'>121R.12</a></td> - <td class='c024'>only 248 killed and wounded[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_124L.14'></a><a href='#corr124L.14'>124L.14</a></td> - <td class='c024'>compelled to retire to Quetta[h].</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_128L.36'></a><a href='#corr128L.36'>128L.36</a></td> - <td class='c024'>in the K[a/u]levtcha defile</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_132L.23'></a><a href='#corr132L.23'>132L.23</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fought [<span class='fss'>B.C.</span>] 497, the first authentic date</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_135L.41'></a><a href='#corr135L.41'>135L.41</a></td> - <td class='c024'>100,000 Prussians[sians], Russians,</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_135L.46'></a><a href='#corr135L.46'>135L.46</a></td> - <td class='c024'>when B[l]ucher captured the village</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_138L.29'></a><a href='#corr138L.29'>138L.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fought October 17, 1571, betwe[e]n</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_138L.42'></a><a href='#corr138L.42'>138L.42</a></td> - <td class='c024'>The Dey of Algiers succeeded [i]n extricating</td> - <td class='c006'>Restored.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_143L.6'></a><a href='#corr143L.6'>143L.6</a></td> - <td class='c024'>a fleet of[ of] 41 ships of war</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_143R.7'></a><a href='#corr143R.7'>143R.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Lu[nceñ[/cen]a (War of Granada).</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_144L.42'></a><a href='#corr144L.42'>144L.42</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Drummo[u]nd occupied high ground</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_145L.33'></a><a href='#corr145L.33'>145L.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>The Imperialists lost [27,000] killed and wounded.</td> - <td class='c006'><i>sic</i>: 2,700?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_149R.29'></a><a href='#corr149R.29'>149R.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and Bri[th/ht]noth slain.</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_151L.40'></a><a href='#corr151L.40'>151L.40</a></td> - <td class='c024'>La[r]ches and Nicostratus both fell</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_156L.32'></a><a href='#corr156L.32'>156L.32</a></td> - <td class='c024'>when a Persian army, under Megabyzus[,] defeated</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_158R.7'></a><a href='#corr158R.7'>158R.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Metaur[a/u]s (Second Punic War).</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_160R.18'></a><a href='#corr160R.18'>160R.18</a></td> - <td class='c024'>The Per[vu/uv]ians were totally defeated</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_161R.34'></a><a href='#corr161R.34'>161R.34</a></td> - <td class='c024'>by the discontented sold[i]ery</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_163L.7'></a><a href='#corr163L.7'>163L.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>being ignoran[t] of the fall of Genoa</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_163L.46'></a><a href='#corr163L.46'>163L.46</a></td> - <td class='c024'>(Napoleon's Italian Campa[i]gns>).</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_164L.28'></a><a href='#corr164L.28'>164L.28</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and forced to capitu[al/la]te.</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_164L.33'></a><a href='#corr164L.33'>164L.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and the[,] Blancos,</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_165R.16'></a><a href='#corr165R.16'>165R.16</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under General d'Aspr[e/é]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_165R.19'></a><a href='#corr165R.19'>165R.19</a></td> - <td class='c024'>with[rd/dr]ew his force from the town</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_165R.41'></a><a href='#corr165R.41'>165R.41</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fought November 16, 1315[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_167R.19'></a><a href='#corr167R.19'>167R.19</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kl[e/é]ber’s division</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_169R.4'></a><a href='#corr169R.4'>169R.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Huzrat Mah[u/a]l, Begum of Oude</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_172L.39'></a><a href='#corr172L.39'>172L.39</a></td> - <td class='c024'>from the field in confu[fu]sion</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_174R.3'></a><a href='#corr174R.3'>174R.3</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fa[r]ragut forced the passage</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_176L.36'></a><a href='#corr176L.36'>176L.36</a></td> - <td class='c024'>fought by Mith[d]ridates</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_179L.27'></a><a href='#corr179L.27'>179L.27</a></td> - <td class='c024'>with a loss of 15 ships[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_180L.18'></a><a href='#corr180L.18'>180L.18</a></td> - <td class='c024'>combined French and British squa[rd/dr]ons</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_190L.25'></a><a href='#corr190L.25'>190L.25</a></td> - <td class='c024'>after a long and obs[int/tin]ate defence</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_202R.45'></a><a href='#corr202R.45'>202R.45</a></td> - <td class='c024'>a[u/n]d the Spanish Royalists</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_203L.38'></a><a href='#corr203L.38'>203L.38</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pultusk [(]Campaign of Friedland).</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_205L.35'></a><a href='#corr205L.35'>205L.35</a></td> - <td class='c024'>about 5,000 Americans, under Van Re[u/n]sselaer</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_208L.14'></a><a href='#corr208L.14'>208L.14</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under General Bo[n/u]latoff</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_208L.19'></a><a href='#corr208L.19'>208L.19</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Bo[n/u]latoff fell fighting</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_215R.26'></a><a href='#corr215R.26'>215R.26</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under the walls of Saalf[i]eld</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_223R.7'></a><a href='#corr223R.7'>223R.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>about 4,000 strong[,].</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_223R.37'></a><a href='#corr223R.37'>223R.37</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under M[a/e]tellus</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_223R.29'></a><a href='#corr223R.29'>223R.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>but cros[s]ing the Tiber into Rome</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_229L.5'></a><a href='#corr229L.5'>229L.5</a></td> - <td class='c024'>the further advance of the Confederates[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_229L.43'></a><a href='#corr229L.43'>229L.43</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and opened the gates[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_238L.32'></a><a href='#corr238L.32'>238L.32</a></td> - <td class='c024'>the Battle of Cambuskenneth[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_240L.7'></a><a href='#corr240L.7'>240L.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>between the A[f]ghans</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_240R.40'></a><a href='#corr240R.40'>240R.40</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and Lamach[a/u]s killed</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_246L.28'></a><a href='#corr246L.28'>246L.28</a></td> - <td class='c024'>including their two generals[.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_248R.14'></a><a href='#corr248R.14'>248R.14</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Antiochus the Great, King of Asia[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_249R.8'></a><a href='#corr249R.8'>249R.8</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under Bourl[a]maque</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_249L.44'></a><a href='#corr249L.44'>249L.44</a></td> - <td class='c024'>with a loss of [19,44/1,944] killed and wounded</td> - <td class='c006'>Comma moved.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_250L.4'></a><a href='#corr250L.4'>250L.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>attacking the Pontic cavalry in rear, broke it[,/.]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_253L.38'></a><a href='#corr253L.38'>253L.38</a></td> - <td class='c024'>between 26,000 Ca[r]thaginians,</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_254L.30'></a><a href='#corr254L.30'>254L.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>a British squa[rd/dr]on of 12 sail</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_256R.9'></a><a href='#corr256R.9'>256R.9</a></td> - <td class='c024'>left the city to orga[in/ni]se a relief force</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_264R.40'></a><a href='#corr264R.40'>264R.40</a></td> - <td class='c024'>(Japanese Revolu[lu]tion</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_265R.29'></a><a href='#corr265R.29'>265R.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>and the Poles[,] were driven</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_272R.6'></a><a href='#corr272R.6'>272R.6</a></td> - <td class='c024'>under [Moghrul] Beg</td> - <td class='c006'><i>Sic</i> Toghrul</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_273R.33'></a><a href='#corr273R.33'>273R.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>after suffering con[si]derable loss</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c014'>The Index was prepared by Harbottle's editorial successor, -P.H. Dalbiac. The poor quality of the result is acknowledged in -Mr Dalbiac's <a href='#PREFACE'>preface</a>. We can assume that he was forced -to send his work to the printers as-is.</p> - -<p class='c001'>More often than not, Harbottle's spelling of names and places agrees -with other sources. Therefore, the benefit of the doubt, when resolving -discrepancies, has been ceded to Mr. Harbottle.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The usefulness of the Index, especially in the text-only version of -this volume, is severely compromised. Where the Index disagrees with -the text, it is assumed to have been an editorial error, and -corrections have been made.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Where corrections disturb the alphabetic order, the items have not -been repositioned, with a few exceptions noted below.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Several index entries ('Sandbag Battery', 'Stopford', 'Hans -Waldmann'), violated the alphabetic order or were otherwise misplaced. -They were retained as printed. Other entries were corrected (e.g. -Olearchus/Clearchus, Oreizaga/Areizaga, Ouchterlony/Ochterlony) in such -a way as to place them out of order. The original position is retained.</p> - -<p class='c001'>More strangely, on p. 287, there are entries for 'Ley' and 'Licias', -both of which seem to be intended as references to 'Ney' and 'Nicias'. -The entry for 'Licias' on p. 240 is duplicated later for 'Nicias' and -was removed. The page reference (p. 68) for 'Ley' has been transferred to the -list for Marshall Ney, and the entry for 'Ley' deleted as well.</p> - -<p class='c001'>No attempt was made to test each page reference for accuracy, but -the entry for David II of Scotland was incorrectly given as page 274 -(which does not exist). He is mentioned on p. <a href='#Page_174'>174</a> and the index was -corrected. The last page reference for Prince Mentschikoff was also -given as p. 274, and was removed.</p> - -<p class='c001'><a id='CACINA'></a>The index item for 'Cacina' refers the reader to p. 47, -where a mention of 'Cæcina' occurs. There is a separate item for 'Cæcina', -referring to a different article on p. 68. The two items have been -combined.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The index entry for 'Claulen' is doubly problematic. The name appears -in the text as 'Clauleu'. The n/u misprint is a common one. In this case, -however, there seem to be two. Neither the index or the text agrees with -the historical 'marquis de Clanleu'. Both have been amended.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On p. 290, the entry for Muzuffa Jung refers to 'Muzuffer Jung' in the -text. Other sources have 'Muzuffar' or 'Muzuffer' Jung, no doubt -a transliteration issue. Following the text seemed the preferrable -correction.</p> - -<p class='c001'><a id='PONTIUS'></a>In the text, there are four references to a Samnite commander 'Pontius'. -The index has two items 'Pontius, 62, 63' and 'Pontras, 53'. -The name in the second item is an error. These refer to three battles: -Caudine Forks <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 321 (p. 53), Ciuna <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 315 (p. 63), and -Colline Gate <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 82 (p. 63). Gaius Pontius was the commander -for the earlier battles, and the later battle involved a -different commander, Pontius Telesinus. These errors were resolved by -transferring the reference to p.63 to the earlier Pontius (and correcting his -name). A fourth battle, also fought by Gaius Pontius at Lautulæ <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> 316 -(p. <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>) was missed.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On p. 294, the reference to 'Schalemberg' on p. 53 cannot be found. The -later item for 'Schulemberg' refers to 'Schulemburg' on p. 92. Schulemburg -is also mentioned on p. <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, but is not indexed. It is possible that the -Schalemberg reference is a corrupted attempt at that.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On p. 296, the reference to 'Tishe' on p. 174 cannot be found. It may be -a corruption of 'Hoche'.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Also on p. 296, 'Tytacus' is an error for 'Tyrtacus' on p.49. The Spartan -commander, from other sources was 'Tyrtaeus'. Harbottle's version was -retained.</p> - -<p class='c001'><a id='YOSITOMO'></a>On p. 298, the item for 'Yositomo' referring to p. 73, -is a misspelling of 'Yoritomo' (p. 228). There is a separate item -for 'Minamoto-no-Yoritomo' (p. 114). The item 'Yositomo' was eliminated -and the page reference transferred to 'Yoritomo'.</p> - -<p class='c001'><a id='CONGEEN'></a>The reference to Commodore Congeen in the Index seems spurious. There is -no mention of him on the referenced page (p. 218), or anywhere else. Nor -are there any approximations (or Commodores).</p> - -<p class='c001'>The author inconsistently used the apostrophe in names beginning with 'Mc', -e.g. McClelland or M’Clelland. The Index consistently employs the former. -No changes were made to the Index.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The following are corrections were made to the Index:</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='12%' /> -<col width='69%' /> -<col width='18%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_275L.22'></a><a href='#corr275L.22'>275L.22</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Aby[sinn/ssin]ia, Italian Invasion of, 4</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_276L.17'></a><a href='#corr276L.17'>276L.17</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Amb[o]iorix, 4</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_276R.11'></a><a href='#corr276R.11'>276R.11</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ari[c/ç]a, 242</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_276R.23'></a><a href='#corr276R.23'>276R.23</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ars[au/ace]s III, 19</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_276R.59'></a><a href='#corr276R.59'>276R.59</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Bag Sec[q/g], 21</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_277R.21'></a><a href='#corr277R.21'>277R.21</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Bifuk[o/u]monia, 242</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_277R.37'></a><a href='#corr277R.37'>277R.37</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Bogd[o/a]n, 28, 180</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_277R.53'></a><a href='#corr277R.53'>277R.53</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Boucicau[l]t, Marshal, 5</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a href='#CACINA'>278R.12</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Cacina, 47</td> - <td class='c006'>Item removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_278R.18'></a><a href='#corr278R.18'>278R.18</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Cæcina, [47 ,] 68</td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#CACINA'>Transferred</a>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_278R.26'></a><a href='#corr278R.26'>278R.26</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Callicratid[e/a]s, 18, 170</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_278R.30'></a><a href='#corr278R.30'>278R.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Calvin[a/u]s, Domitius, 176</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.9'></a><a href='#corr279L.9'>279L.9</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ca[sc/x]ias, Gen., 22[0/1]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.13'></a><a href='#corr279L.13'>279L.13</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Casti[g/j]on, Don Petro de, 10</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.20'></a><a href='#corr279L.20'>279L.20</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Catulus, C. L[a/u]tatius, 4</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.24'></a><a href='#corr279L.24'>279L.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>C[e/i]fuentes, Count di, 162</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.25'></a><a href='#corr279L.25'>279L.25</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Censo[siau/rinu]s Censorinus>, L., 51</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.28'></a><a href='#corr279L.28'>279L.28</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Cerro de Guadal[o]upe, 134</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.31'></a><a href='#corr279L.31'>279L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Cet[a/e]wayo, 120</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279L.64'></a><a href='#corr279L.64'>279L.64</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Cha[u/n]d Bibi, 6</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279R.11'></a><a href='#corr279R.11'>279R.11</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Chitcha[k/g]off, Adm., 208</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279R.17'></a><a href='#corr279R.17'>279R.17</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Choshi[a/u], Daimyo of, 74</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279R.26'></a><a href='#corr279R.26'>279R.26</a></td> - <td class='c024'>C[h]ristomenes, 49</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279R.27'></a><a href='#corr279R.27'>279R.27</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Chr[y/z]anowski, 179</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279R.30'></a><a href='#corr279R.30'>279R.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ch[u/n]odomar, 18</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_279R.49'></a><a href='#corr279R.49'>279R.49</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Claule[n/u], 57</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_280L.10'></a><a href='#corr280L.10'>280L.10</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Cob[o]urg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_280L.62'></a><a href='#corr280L.62'>280L.62</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Coulon de Jum[o]nville, 271</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_280R.6'></a><a href='#corr280R.6'>280R.6</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Crauf[o/u]rd, Earl of, 40, 62</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_280R.32'></a><a href='#corr280R.32'>280R.32</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Czarnie[c/ç]ki, 197</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_280R.33'></a><a href='#corr280R.33'>280R.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Czernitch[i]eff, 137</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_280R.35'></a><a href='#corr280R.35'>280R.35</a></td> - <td class='c024'>d’A[l]bergotti, Gen, 79</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281L.4'></a><a href='#corr281L.4'>281L.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- Hy[s]taspes, 152</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281L.31'></a><a href='#corr281L.31'>281L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- Bo[n/u]flers, Mons., 140</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281L.52'></a><a href='#corr281L.52'>281L.52</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- la [Bresse] , 218</td> - <td class='c006'><i>sic</i> Barre?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281L.56'></a><a href='#corr281L.56'>281L.56</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- la Meillera[i]c, Marshal, 185</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281R.7'></a><a href='#corr281R.7'>281R.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>de Meda[r/v]i , Gen., 52</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281R.15'></a><a href='#corr281R.15'>281R.15</a></td> - <td class='c024'>de Nam[a/u]r, Guy, 67</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281R.19'></a><a href='#corr281R.19'>281R.19</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- Rassingh[a/e]m, 266</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281R.35'></a><a href='#corr281R.35'>281R.35</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- Va[n/u]demont, Prince, 68</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281R.45'></a><a href='#corr281R.45'>281R.45</a></td> - <td class='c024'>[Z/L]etende[n/ur], Adm., 49</td> - <td class='c006'>Probably.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_281R.61'></a><a href='#corr281R.61'>281R.61</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Dol[l]abella, P. Cornelius, 132</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_282R.48'></a><a href='#corr282R.48'>282R.48</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Eury[o]loc[h]us, 181</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed. Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_283L.23'></a><a href='#corr283L.23'>283L.23</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ferr[a/e]rs, Lord, 38</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_283L.3'></a><a href='#corr283L.3'>283L.3</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fairfax, Sir[.] Thos.,</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_283L.31'></a><a href='#corr283L.31'>283L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Fischb[a/u]ch, Gen., 58</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_283R.39'></a><a href='#corr283R.39'>283R.39</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Gallus, Cest[i]us, 34</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_283R.56'></a><a href='#corr283R.56'>283R.56</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Gellius Stati[a/u]s, 39</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_284L.21'></a><a href='#corr284L.21'>284L.21</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Goig[u/ni]s Goignies>, Gen., 95</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_284R.3'></a><a href='#corr284R.3'>284R.3</a></td> - <td class='c024'>-- de Ruth[i/y]n, Lord, 178</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_284R.8'></a><a href='#corr284R.8'>284R.8</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Guel[ph/f]s and Ghibellines</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_284R.18'></a><a href='#corr284R.18'>284R.18</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Guthru[n/m], 87</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_284R.31'></a><a href='#corr284R.31'>284R.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ham[a/u]yun, 61, 121</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_284R.41'></a><a href='#corr284R.41'>284R.41</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Hans Waldman[n], 165</td> - <td class='c006'>Added. (Entry also misplaced.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_285R.22'></a><a href='#corr285R.22'>285R.22</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Huasca[r], 13, 205</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_285R.33'></a><a href='#corr285R.33'>285R.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Hunsd[e/o]n, Lord, 95</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_285R.56'></a><a href='#corr285R.56'>285R.56</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ingelram von Co[n/u]cy, Baron, 92</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_286L.28'></a><a href='#corr286L.28'>286L.28</a></td> - <td class='c024'>---- 175</td> - <td class='c006'><i>sic</i>:---- Fort?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_286L.46'></a><a href='#corr286L.46'>286L.46</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Jellal[l]adin> 35, 114, 121</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_286R.38'></a><a href='#corr286R.38'>286R.38</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kan[had/dah]ar, 124, 148</td> - <td class='c006'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_286R.60'></a><a href='#corr286R.60'>286R.60</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kihd[i]j Arslan, 21</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.2'></a><a href='#corr287L.2'>287L.2</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kismeg[e]yer, 205</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.7'></a><a href='#corr287L.7'>287L.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kl[e/é]ber, 108, 167</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.19'></a><a href='#corr287L.19'>287L.19</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kon[o/i]shi Y[a/u]kinaga, 108</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.20'></a><a href='#corr287L.20'>287L.20</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Konownitz[u/yn], Gen., 184</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.18'></a><a href='#corr287L.18'>287L.18</a></td> - <td class='c024'>K[on/ö]ningsegg, Count, 225</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.25'></a><a href='#corr287L.25'>287L.25</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kru[g/z]e, Adm., 228</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287L.31'></a><a href='#corr287L.31'>287L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Kus[i/u]noki, Ma[tsa/sat]sura, 230</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced. Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287R.14'></a><a href='#corr287R.14'>287R.14</a></td> - <td class='c024'>L[a/e]ptines, 53</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_287R.21'></a><a href='#corr287R.21'>287R.21</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Lava[l]lette, 150</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_288L.7'></a><a href='#corr288L.7'>288L.7</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Loch Linnh[é/e], 115</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_288L.31'></a><a href='#corr288L.31'>288L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Lowenda[h]l, 33</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_288L.57'></a><a href='#corr288L.57'>288L.57</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ma[c]gruder, Gen., 268, 271</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_288R.24'></a><a href='#corr288R.24'>288R.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Malek-al-Aschr[e/a]f, 3</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_288R.25'></a><a href='#corr288R.25'>288R.25</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Malmo[ë/e], 144</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_288R.35'></a><a href='#corr288R.35'>288R.35</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Manius Manil[il]ius, 51</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289L.15'></a><a href='#corr289L.15'>289L.15</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Maube[r/u]ge, 266</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289L.44'></a><a href='#corr289L.44'>289L.44</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Mecklenburg[h], Grand Duke of, 29, 142</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289L.55'></a><a href='#corr289L.55'>289L.55</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Me[l]chior, 146</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289L.62'></a><a href='#corr289L.62'>289L.62</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Meno[n/u], Gen., 9</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289R.20'></a><a href='#corr289R.20'>289R.20</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Mil[i/e]tus, 130</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289R.26'></a><a href='#corr289R.26'>289R.26</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Min[o/u]cius, 39</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289R.40'></a><a href='#corr289R.40'>289R.40</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Mitsuy[u/a]ki, 161</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_289R.43'></a><a href='#corr289R.43'>289R.43</a></td> - <td class='c024'>[Mogrul] Bey, 272</td> - <td class='c006'><i>sic</i> Toghrul</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_290L.56'></a><a href='#corr290L.56'>290L.56</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Mou[r/s]son Oglou, 42</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_290L.57'></a><a href='#corr290L.57'>290L.57</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Mourzou[p/f]le, 64</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_290R.15'></a><a href='#corr290R.15'>290R.15</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Muzuff[a/er] Jung, 13</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_290R.24'></a><a href='#corr290R.24'>290R.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Nairn[e], 124</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_291L.13'></a><a href='#corr291L.13'>291L.13</a></td> - <td class='c024'>[N/K]iuch[i]au Bay, 171</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced. Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_290L.47'></a><a href='#corr290L.47'>290L.47</a></td> - <td class='c024'>[O/C]learchus, 70</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_291R.2'></a><a href='#corr291R.2'>291R.2</a></td> - <td class='c024'>[O/A]reizaga, 180</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_291R.31'></a><a href='#corr291R.31'>291R.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>O[u]chterlony, Sir David, 168</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_291R.46'></a><a href='#corr291R.46'>291R.46</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pani[m/n], Count, 31</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_291R.55'></a><a href='#corr291R.55'>291R.55</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pareir[u/a]s, 182</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292L.24'></a><a href='#corr292L.24'>292L.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pepin d’H[e/é]ristal, 247</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.6'></a><a href='#corr292R.6'>292R.6</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pig[g]ott, Maj.-Gen., 150</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.14'></a><a href='#corr292R.14'>292R.14</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pi[zala,/ycála] Pasha, 77</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.23'></a><a href='#corr292R.23'>292R.23</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Poliorce[r]tes, Demetrius, 95</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.30'></a><a href='#corr292R.30'>292R.30</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pompei[a/u]s, Cnæus, 168</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.33'></a><a href='#corr292R.33'>292R.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pontius, [62,] 63</td> - <td class='c006'>Transferred.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.34'></a><a href='#corr292R.34'>292R.34</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Pont[ra/iu]s, 53 [,62]</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced. <a href='#PONTIUS'>Transferred</a>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.40'></a><a href='#corr292R.40'>292R.40</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Porta [s/S] Pancrazio, 212</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.62'></a><a href='#corr292R.62'>292R.62</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ptolemy, E[u/n]ergetes>, 15</td> - <td class='c006'>Inverted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_292R.63'></a><a href='#corr292R.63'>292R.63</a></td> - <td class='c024'>— L[o/a]gus, 190</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_293L.24'></a><a href='#corr293L.24'>293L.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Rammi[ng], Gen., 170</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_293L.29'></a><a href='#corr293L.29'>293L.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Rassingh[a/e]m, Seigneur de, 266</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_293L.46'></a><a href='#corr293L.46'>293L.46</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Renaud de Ch[a/â]tillon, 206</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_293L.55'></a><a href='#corr293L.55'>293L.55</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Rha[g/z]ates, 177</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_293R.32'></a><a href='#corr293R.32'>293R.32</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Rose[tt/ll]i, 260</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_293R.55'></a><a href='#corr293R.55'>293R.55</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Rusta[n/m], 44</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_294L.24'></a><a href='#corr294L.24'>294L.24</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Sandil[l]i, 13, 43</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_294L.26'></a><a href='#corr294L.26'>294L.26</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Sanku[m/n], 97</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_294L.32'></a><a href='#corr294L.32'>294L.32</a></td> - <td class='c024'>S[ä/a]por I, 83</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_294L.48'></a><a href='#corr294L.48'>294L.48</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Schako[v/f]sky, 196</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_294L.60'></a><a href='#corr294L.60'>294L.60</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Schulemb[e/u]rg, 92</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_294R.27'></a><a href='#corr294R.27'>294R.27</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Shah All[uen/um], 43</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_295R.17'></a><a href='#corr295R.17'>295R.17</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Stjernsk[o/ö]ld, Adm., 73</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_295R.23'></a><a href='#corr295R.23'>295R.23</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Striga[n/u], 112</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_295R.41'></a><a href='#corr295R.41'>295R.41</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Surabjah D[ow/au]lah, 3, ...</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_295R.43'></a><a href='#corr295R.43'>295R.43</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Suwar[r]off, 90, ...</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_295R.57'></a><a href='#corr295R.57'>295R.57</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Sy[r]agius, Count of Soissons, 234</td> - <td class='c006'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296L.5'></a><a href='#corr296L.5'>296L.5</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Taka[n/u]gi, 230</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296L.33'></a><a href='#corr296L.33'>296L.33</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Terou[e/ë]nne, 103</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296L.39'></a><a href='#corr296L.39'>296L.39</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Thenou[e/ë]nel, Jean de, 41</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296L.43'></a><a href='#corr296L.43'>296L.43</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Theophilis[e/c]us, 59</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296R.8'></a><a href='#corr296R.8'>296R.8</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Tishe, 174</td> - <td class='c006'><i>sic</i> no referrent</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296R.10'></a><a href='#corr296R.10'>296R.10</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Tockenb[e/u]rg, 171</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296R.15'></a><a href='#corr296R.15'>296R.15</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Tokugaw[u/a] Tyeyasa, 226</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296R.31'></a><a href='#corr296R.31'>296R.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Toyotom[i/o] Hideaki, 257</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_296R.50'></a><a href='#corr296R.50'>296R.50</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Ty[r]tacus, 49</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_297L.10'></a><a href='#corr297L.10'>297L.10</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Val[lé/ée], Gen., 64</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298L.4'></a><a href='#corr298L.4'>298L.4</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Whitelock[e], Gen., 42</td> - <td class='c006'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298L.15'></a><a href='#corr298L.15'>298L.15</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Windis[c]hgr[a/ä]tz, Prince, 3, ...</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted. Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298L.20'></a><a href='#corr298L.20'>298L.20</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Wol[l]eb, Heinrich, 92</td> - <td class='c006'>Inserted.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298L.31'></a><a href='#corr298L.31'>298L.31</a></td> - <td class='c024'>W[u/ü]rtemberg>, Prince of, 73, 103</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298R.6'></a><a href='#corr298R.6'>298R.6</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Yoritomo, [73,] 228]</td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#YOSITOMO'>Transferred</a>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a href='#YOSITOMO'>298R.17</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Yositomo, 73</td> - <td class='c006'>Item removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298R.19'></a><a href='#corr298R.19'>298R.19</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Yuk[ü/ii]ye, 257</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298R.29'></a><a href='#corr298R.29'>298R.29</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Zaster[n/a], Gen., 134</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c024'><a id='c_298R.39'></a><a href='#corr298R.39'>298R.39</a></td> - <td class='c024'>Zulfik[e/a]r Khan, 5, 98</td> - <td class='c006'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Dictionary of Battles, by Thomas Benfield Harbottle - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICTIONARY OF BATTLES *** - -***** This file should be named 60156-h.htm or 60156-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/1/5/60156/ - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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