diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/60008-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/60008-0.txt | 9657 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 9657 deletions
diff --git a/old/60008-0.txt b/old/60008-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5b09153..0000000 --- a/old/60008-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9657 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of London and its Environs Described, v. 5 (of -6), by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: London and its Environs Described, v. 5 (of 6) - Containing an Account of whatever is most Remarkable for - Grandeur, Elegance, Curiosity or Use - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: July 29, 2019 [EBook #60008] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - LONDON - - AND ITS - - ENVIRONS - - DESCRIBED. - - VOL. V. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - LONDON - - AND ITS - - ENVIRONS - - DESCRIBED. - - - CONTAINING - -An Account of whatever is most remarkable for GRANDEUR, ELEGANCE, -CURIOSITY or USE, - - - In the CITY and in the COUNTRY - Twenty Miles round it. - - COMPREHENDING ALSO - Whatever is most material in the History and Antiquities - of this great Metropolis. - - -Decorated and illustrated with a great Number of Views in Perspective, -engraved from original Drawings, taken on purpose for this Work. - - - Together with a PLAN of LONDON, - A Map of the ENVIRONS, and several other - useful CUTS. - - - VOL. V. - - - LONDON: - Printed for R. and J. DODSLEY in Pall Mall. - - ---------- - - M DCC LXI. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -[Illustration: - - _Monument._ - _S. Wale delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._ -] - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - LONDON - - AND ITS - - ENVIRONS - - DESCRIBED, &c. - - - - - MON - - -MONUMENT, a noble fluted column, erected by order of parliament, in -commemoration of the burning and rebuilding of the city, on the east -side of Fish street hill, in a square open to the street. - -This stately column, which is of the Doric order, was begun by Sir -Christopher Wren, in the year 1671, and completed by that great -architect in 1677. It much exceeds, in height, the pillars at Rome of -the Emperors Trajan and Antoninus, the stately remains of Roman -grandeur; or that of Theodosius at Constantinople; for the largest of -the Roman columns, which was that of Antoninus, was only 172 feet and a -half in height, and 12 feet 3 inches, English measure, in diameter. But -the diameter of this column at the base, is 15 feet, and consequently it -is 120 feet high; the height of the pedestal is 40, and the cippus or -meta with the urn on the top 42, making 202 feet in the whole. On the -cap of the pedestal, at the angles, are four dragons (the supporters of -the city arms) and between them trophies, with symbols of regality, -arts, sciences, commerce, &c. - -Within is a large staircase of black marble, containing 345 steps, 10 -inches and a half broad, and 6 inches in thickness, and by these there -is an ascent to the iron balcony (which is the abacus of the column). -Over the capital is an iron balcony, encompassing a cone 32 feet high, -supporting a blazing urn of brass, gilt. - -In the place of this urn, which was set up contrary to Sir Christopher’s -opinion, was originally intended a colossal statue, in brass, gilt, of -King Charles II. as founder of the new city, after the manner of the -Roman pillars, which terminated with the statues of their Cæsars; or -else a figure erect of a woman crowned with turrets, holding a sword and -cap of maintenance, with other ensigns of the city’s grandeur and -re-erection. - -Prior to this, the same gentleman made a design of a pillar of somewhat -less proportion, viz. 14 feet in diameter, and after a peculiar device: -for as the Romans expressed by _relievo_ on the pedestals, and round the -shafts of their columns, the history of such actions and incidents as -were intended to be thereby commemorated; so this monument of the -conflagration and resurrection of the city of London was represented by -a pillar in flames; the flames, blazing from the loop-holes of the -shaft, intended to give light to the stairs within, were in brass work -gilt, and on the top was a phœnix rising from her ashes, also of brass -gilt. _Parentalia._ - -The west side of the pedestal is adorned with curious emblems, by the -masterly hand of Mr. Cibber, father to the late Poet Laureat, in which -the eleven principal figures are done in _alto_, and the rest in _basso -relievo_. The principal figure, to which the eye is particularly -directed, is a female, representing the city of London, sitting in a -languishing posture on a heap of ruins: her head droops, her hair is -dishevelled, and her hand, with an air of languor, lies carelessly on -her sword. Behind is Time, gradually raising her up: at her side, a -woman, representing Providence, gently touches her with one hand, while -with a winged scepter in the other, she directs her to regard two -Goddesses in the clouds, one with a cornucopia, denoting Plenty, the -other with a palm branch, the emblem of Peace. At her feet is a -bee-hive, to shew that by industry and application the greatest -misfortunes may be overcome. Behind Time, are citizens exulting at his -endeavours to restore her; and, beneath, in the midst of the ruins, is a -dragon, the supporter of the city arms, who endeavours to preserve them -with his paw. Still farther, at the north end, is a view of the city in -flames; the inhabitants in consternation, with their arms extended -upward, and crying out for succour. - -On the other side, on an elevated pavement, stands King Charles II. in a -Roman habit, with his temples incircled by a wreath of laurel, and -approaching the figure representing the city, with a truncheon in his -hand, seems to command three of his attendants to descend to her relief: -the first represents the Sciences, with wings on her head, and a circle -of naked boys dancing upon it, holding in her hand Nature, with her -numerous breasts ready to give assistance to all: the second is, -Architecture, with a plan in one hand, and a square and pair of -compasses in the other: and the third is, Liberty, waving a hat in the -air, shewing her joy at the pleasing prospect of the city’s speedy -recovery. Behind the King, stands his brother the Duke of York, with a -garland in one hand to crown the rising city, and a sword in the other -for her defence. Behind him are Justice and Fortitude, the former with a -coronet, and the latter with a reined lion. In the pavement, under the -Sovereign’s feet, appears Envy peeping from her cell, and gnawing a -heart; and in the upper part of the back ground the re-construction of -the city is represented by scaffolds, erected by the sides of unfinished -houses, with builders and labourers at work upon them. - -The other sides of the pedestal have, each, a Latin inscription. That on -the north side may be thus rendered. - - ‘In the year of Christ 1666, the second day of September, - eastward from hence, at the distance of 202 feet, (the height of - this column) about midnight, a most terrible fire broke out, - which, driven by a high wind, not only laid waste the adjacent - parts, but also places very remote, with incredible noise and - fury: it consumed 89 churches, the city gates, Guildhall, many - public structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, a vast number - of stately edifices, 13,200 dwelling houses, 400 streets: of - twenty-six wards it utterly destroyed fifteen, and left eight - others shattered and half burnt. The ruins of the city were 436 - acres, from the Tower by the Thames side to the Temple church, - and from the north east, along the city wall, to Holborn bridge. - To the estates and fortunes of the citizens it was merciless, - but to their lives very favourable. That it might, in all - things, resemble the last conflagration of the world, the - destruction was sudden; for in a small space of time, the same - city was seen most flourishing, and reduced to nothing. Three - days after, when this fatal fire had, in the opinion of all, - baffled all human counsels and endeavours, it stopped, as it - were, by a command from heaven, and was on every side - extinguished.’ - -The inscription on the south side is translated thus: - - ‘Charles the Second, son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great - Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, a most - gracious Prince, commiserating the deplorable state of things, - whilst the ruins were yet smoaking, provided for the comfort of - his citizens, and ornament of his city, remitted their taxes, - and referred the petition of the magistrates and inhabitants to - parliament; who immediately passed an act, that public works - should be restored to greater beauty, with public money, to be - raised by an impost on coals; that the churches, and the - cathedral of St. Paul’s, should be rebuilt from their - foundations, with the utmost magnificence: that bridges, gates, - and prisons should be new erected, the sewers cleansed, the - streets made straight and regular, such as were steep levelled, - and those too narrow to be made wider. Markets and shambles - removed to separate places. They also enabled, that every house - should be built with party walls, and all in front raised of - equal height; that those walls should be of square stone or - brick; and that no man should delay building beyond the space of - seven years. Moreover, care was taken by law to prevent all - suits about their bounds. Anniversary prayers were also - enjoined; and to perpetuate the memory thereof to posterity, - they caused this column to be erected. The work was carried on - with diligence, and London is restored; but whether with greater - speed or beauty, may be made a question. In three years time the - world saw that finished, which was supposed to be the work of an - age.’ - -The inscription on the east side contains the names of the Lord Mayors -from the time of its being begun, till its being compleated; and round -the upper part of the pedestal is the following inscription in English. - - ‘This pillar was set up in perpetual remembrance of the most - dreadful burning of this protestant city, begun and carried on - by the treachery and malice of the popish faction in the - beginning of September, in the year of our Lord 1666, in order - to the carrying on their horrid plot for extirpating the - protestant religion, and Old English Liberty, and introducing - popery and slavery.’ - -This inscription, upon the Duke of York’s accession to the crown, was -immediately erased; but soon after the revolution it was restored again. - -This monument, says the author of _The Review of our public buildings_, -“is undoubtedly the noblest modern column in the world; nay, in some -respects, it may justly vie with those celebrated ones of antiquity, -which are consecrated to the names of Trajan and Antonine. Nothing can -be more bold and surprizing, nothing more beautiful and harmonious: the -bas relief at the base, allowing for some few defects, is finely -imagined, and executed as well: and nothing material can be cavilled -with but the inscriptions round about it.” These, however, Sir -Christopher Wren had prepared in a more elegant and masculine style, as -appears by the _Parentalia_; but he was over-ruled. - -MONUMENT _yard_, New Fish street hill, so called from the Monument placed -in it. - -MOOR _court_, 1. Fore street, Cripplegate, so called from its vicinity to -Moorfields. 2. Miles lane, near Crooked lane. - -MOORFIELDS, a large piece of ground to the north of London wall, lying -between the east end of Fore street, and the west end of New Broad -street, and extending as far as Hoxton. These fields originally took -their name from their being one continued marsh or moor; so that Roger -Achiley, Lord Mayor, in 1521, caused the ground to be levelled, and -bridges and causeways to be erected over these fields, in order to -render them passable: but since that time the ground has been raised and -drained, and the whole encompassed with houses. - -Moorfields being a very extensive piece of ground, is now divided into -Lower Moorfields, Middle Moorfields, and Upper Moorfields. The first of -these divisions has the hospital of Bethlem, a noble building, extending -along the whole south side: and here the fields are divided into four -different squares, by very strong, but clumsey, wooden rails, each -containing a large grass plat, surrounded on each side by a row of -trees. Between these squares, which are generally denominated the -quarters, are gravel walks; and one extending from east to west, with a -row of trees on each side, forming a tolerable vista, is usually -denominated the City Mall; a great concourse of well-dressed citizens of -both sexes walking there, particularly every Sunday noon in fine -weather, and on evenings. - -The east side of this part of Moorfields is taken up by shops, where old -books are sold at the south east corner, and second-hand goods of all -sorts along that side. - -The rest of Moorfields, containing the two other divisions, still lie -waste, though they might be converted into gardens or public walks, and -thus be rendered one of the principal ornaments of this metropolis. - -MOORGATE, situated near the north end of Coleman street, and 1664 feet to -the west of Bishopsgate, was first erected in the year 1415, and -received its name from its opening into Moorfields. - -The present edifice, which is one of the most magnificent gates of the -city, was erected in the year 1674, and consists of a lofty arch, and -two posterns for foot passengers. The arch is built higher than the -common rules of proportion, for the sake of the city trained bands -marching through it with their pikes erected; a weapon now laid aside. -Others, however, are of opinion, that its height was intended for the -better convenience of bringing carts or waggons loaded with hay into the -city, it having been intended to make a market for hay in Little -Moorfields; a design which did not take effect. The upper part is -ornamented with Corinthian pilasters, supporting their proper -entablature, and with a round pediment, in which is the city arms. The -apartments over the gate are appropriated to the use of one of the Lord -Mayor’s carvers. - -MOOR’S _alley_, 1. King’s street, Westminster.† 2. Norton Falgate, near -Shoreditch.† - -MOOR PARK, near Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire, is at present the seat of -Lord Anson. The park is not large, but is very beautiful, whether we -consider it within itself or with regard to the fine and extensive -prospects from it. The house was originally built by Cardinal Wolsey, -and, passing through many hands, was afterwards in possession of the -Duke of Monmouth. Then it came into the hands of Mr. Stiles, who -enlarged, repaired, and beautified it, under the direction of Sir James -Thornhill. It stands on a hill, not quite on the summit. It is of stone -of the Corinthian order; and, if not in the highest stile of -architecture, is yet very noble. The south, or principal front, has a -portico and pediment of four columns. The offices are joined to the -house by a beautiful circular colonade of the Ionic order, which -terminates very elegantly with domes on each side their entrance. One -cannot help wishing the house on the top of the hill, or that part of -the hill were removed, for you can’t now see the principal front till -you are upon it. Even in the view given in the print, part of one of the -wings is hid by the rising ground. - -MOOR _street_, Hog lane, Soho.† - -MOOR _yard_, 1. Fashion street, Spitalfields.† 2. St. Martin’s lane, -Charing Cross.† 3. Old Fish street.† - -MORAVIANS, a set of dissenters lately established in England. They have -the following places of worship. 1. Lindsey House, Chelsea. 2. -Monastery, Hatton Garden. 3. Nevill’s alley, Fetter lane. - -MORDEN COLLEGE, on the east side of Blackheath, for the support of poor -decayed and honest merchants, was erected by Sir John Morden, Bart. a -Turky merchant, several years before his death, which happened in the -year 1708. It consists of a large brick building, with two small wings, -strengthened at the corners with stone rustic. The principal entrance, -which is in the center, is decorated with Doric columns, festoons, and a -pediment on the top, over which rises a turret, with a dial; and from -the dome, which is supported by scrolls, rises a ball and fane. To this -entrance there is an ascent by a flight of circular steps; and having -ascended them, and passed through this part of the building, we enter an -inner square, surrounded with piazzas. The chapel is neatly wainscoted, -and has a costly altar-piece. - -This structure Sir John erected at a small distance from his own -habitation, in a place called Great Stone Field, and endowed it, after -his Lady’s decease, with his whole real, copyhold, and personal estate, -to the value of about 1300_l._ _per annum_. - -The founder of this noble charity placed in this hospital twelve decayed -Turky merchants in his life time; but after his decease, the Lady -Morden, finding that the share allotted her by Sir John’s last will was -insufficient for her decent support, some parts of the estate not -answering so well as was expected, she was obliged to reduce the number -to four. - -But upon her death the whole estate coming to the college, the number -was increased, and there are at this time thirty-five poor gentlemen; -and, the number not being limited, it is to be increased as the estate -will afford; for the building will conveniently hold forty. - -The Treasurer, who receives the rents and revenues, and keeps the books -of the accounts and disbursements of the college, has 40_l._ a year; and -the Chaplain, who reads prayers twice a day, and preaches twice every -Sunday, had at first a salary of 30_l._ _per annum_, which the Lady -Morden doubled at her death. She was, in other respects, a benefactress -of the college, and, as she put up her husband’s statue in a niche, over -the gate, the trustees put up her’s in another niche, adjoining to that -of her husband. The pensioners have each 20_l._ a year, and at first -wore gowns, with the founder’s badge; but this badge has not been worn -for some years. They have a common table in the hall to eat and drink -together at meals; and each has a convenient apartment, with a cellar. - -The Treasurer, Chaplain, and Pensioners, are obliged to reside in the -college; and, except in case of sickness, no other persons are to -reside, live, or lodge there; but no person can be admitted as a -pensioner, who cannot bring a certificate to prove his being upwards of -sixty years of age. - -Seven Turky merchants have the direction of this hospital, and the -nomination of the persons to be admitted into it; to them the Treasurer -is accountable; and whenever any of these die, the surviving trustees -chuse others in their room. _Stow’s Survey._ _Tour through Great -Britain._ - -MORGAN’S _alley_, Greenwalk, Southwark.† - -MORGAN’S _ground_, Chelsea.† - -MORGAN’S _lane_, 1. Old Horselydown lane.† 2. St. Olave street, Tooley -street.† - -MORGAN’S _rents_, Greenwalk, Southwark.† - -MORGAN’S _yard_, by Morgan’s rents.† - -MORRELL’S _Almshouse_, near the Nag’s head in Hackney road, was erected by -the Goldsmiths company, in the year 1705, pursuant to the will of Mr. -Richard Morrel, for the reception of six poor members of that company, -each of whom has two neat rooms, 2_s._ per week, half a chaldron of -coals, a quarter of a hundred of faggots, and a gown every year. -_Maitland._ - -MORRICE’S _Almshouse_, in the Old Jewry, was erected by the company of -Armourers, in the year 1551, pursuant to the will of the Lady Elizabeth -Morrice, for the reception of nine poor widows, who, according to the -discretion of the company, are allowed from six to twenty shillings per -quarter, and nine bushels of coals each yearly. _Maitland._ - -MORRISON’S _court_, New lane, Shad Thames.† - -MORRIS’S _alley_, New lane, Shad Thames.† - -MORRIS’S _causeway stairs_, Southwark, opposite Somerset House.† - -MORRIS’S _wharf_, near Thames street.† - -MORSE’S _alley_, Marshal street, Southwark.† - -MORTAR _alley_, Shoreditch. - -MORTIMER _street_, Cavendish square. - -MORTIMER _yard_, Tower Hill.† - -MORTLACK, in Surry, is situated on the Thames, between Putney and -Richmond, about one mile west of Barnes. Here are two charity schools, -and a famous manufacture for weaving tapestry hangings. - -MOSES _alley_, 1. Willow street, Bank side, Southwark.* 2. Smock alley, -Spitalfields.* - -MOSES AND AARON _alley_, Whitechapel.* - -MOSES _court_, Nightingale lane.* 2. Moses alley, Willow street.* - -MOSLEY’S _court_, Philpot lane.† - -MOULDMAKERS _row_, St. Martin’s le Grand. - -MOULSEY, two towns, thus denominated from the river Mole, which runs -between them into the Thames; _East Moulsey_ is situated opposite to -Hampton Court, and was granted by King Charles II. to Sir James Clarke, -grandfather to the present lord of the manor, who had the ferry from -thence to Hampton Court, in the room of which he has lately erected a -handsome bridge, where a very high toll is taken of all passengers, -carriages, &c. - -_West Moulsey_ is situated about a mile and a half west from Kingston, and -here is a ferry to Hampton town, which likewise belongs to the same -gentleman. - -MOUNT _court_, Gravel lane, Houndsditch. - -MOUNTFORD’S _court_, Fenchurch street. - -MOUNTMILL, at the upper end of Goswell street. Here was situated one of -the forts erected by order of parliament in the year 1643; but that -becoming useless at the end of the civil war, a windmill was erected -upon it, from which it received its present name, which is also given to -the street. - -MOUNT _passage_, Mount street, near Grosvenor square. - -MOUNT PLEASANT, Little Gray’s Inn lane. - -MOUNT _row_, David street, Grosvenor square. - -MOUNT _street_, By Mount row. - -MOURNING _lane_, Hackney. - -MOUSE _alley_, East Smithfield. - -MUDD’S _court_, Broad street, Ratcliff.† - -MULBERRY _court_, 1. Bermondsey.‡ 2. White’s alley.‡ - -MULLIN’S _rents_, Shoe lane.† - -MUMFORD’S _court_. Milk street.† - -MUSCOVY _court_, Tower hill. - -MUSEUM. See the article BRITISH MUSEUM. - -MUSICIANS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by King James -I. in the year 1604. - -They are governed by a Master, two Wardens, and twenty Assistants, and -have a livery of thirty-one members, who on their admission pay a fine -of 40_s._ but have no hall. - -MUSICK HOUSE _court_, Upper Shadwell. - -MUSICK HOUSE _yard_, Upper Shadwell. - -MUSTARD _alley_, Castle alley. - -MUSWELL HILL, in Middlesex, on the east side of Highgate, took its name -from a spring or well on the hill, by a house built by Alderman Roe, -which afterwards came to the present Earl of Bath. By this well, which -was esteemed holy, was a chapel with an image of our Lady of Muswell, to -which great numbers went in pilgrimage. Both the manor and chapel were -sold in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, to Mr. William Roe, in whose -family they continued, till Sir Thomas Roe, the Ambassador, sold them in -the last century. Some time ago the manor house was converted into a -place of public entertainment. - -MUTTON _court_, Maiden lane, Wood street, Cheapside. - -MUTTON _lane_, Clerkenwell. - -MY LADY’S _yard_, Harrow alley, Whitechapel. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - N. - - -NAG’S HEAD _alley_, 1. Bridge yard passage.* 2. Fenchurch street.* 3. St. -Margaret’s hill, Southwark.* 4. In the Minories.* - -NAG’S HEAD _buildings_, Hackney road.* - -NAG’S HEAD _court_, 1. Golden lane, Redcross street.* 2. Gracechurch -street.* 3. Great Tower hill.* 4. Leather lane, Holborn. 5. Snow hill.* -6. Three Colt street.* 7. Wentworth street.* - -NAG’S HEAD _yard_, 1. Golden lane.* 2. Great Swallow street.* 3. Norton -Falgate.* - -NAILER’S _yard_, 1. Queen street, in the Mint, Southwark. 2. Silver -street, Golden square. - -NAKED BOY _alley_, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.* 2. Piccadilly.* - -NAKED BOY _court_, 1. Little Elbow lane, Great Elbow lane, Thames street.* -2. Ludgate hill.* 3. In the Strand. - -NAKED BOY _yard_, 1. Back street, Lambeth.* 2. Deadman’s Place.* - -NAN’S _hole_ or _yard_, Angel street, St. Martin’s le Grand.‖ - -NARROW _alley_, Stony lane. - -NARROW _street_, 1. Limehouse. 2. Ratcliff. - -NARROW _wall_, Lambeth. - -NASING, a village in Essex, between Epping and Harlow. - -NASSAU _street_, Gerrard street, by Prince’s street, Soho; probably thus -named in honour of King William III. - -NAVESTOCK, a village near Brentwood in Essex. - -NAVY OFFICE, in Crutched Friars. Here all affairs relating to the royal -navy are managed by the Commissioners under the Lords of the Admiralty. -It is a very plain building, that by its appearance gives us no idea of -its importance; but it must be allowed the merit of being extremely -convenient. The office where the Commissioners meet, and the clerks keep -their books, is detached from the rest, as a precaution against -accidents by fire, the papers here being of the utmost importance; and -in the other buildings some of the Commissioners and other officers -reside. - -The Treasurer of the navy is an officer of prodigious trust, as he -receives and pays all sums for the use of the navy: his salary is -therefore 2000_l._ _per annum_, and 800_l._ for his instruments. - -The seven Commissioners have all their different departments in the -management of the business of this office; and each has a salary of -500_l._ a year. - -One is Comptroller of the navy: he attends and comptrols all payments of -wages; is obliged to know the market price of all stores belonging to -shipping, and to examine and audit all the treasurers, victuallers, and -storekeepers accounts. This Commissioner has two clerks who have 100_l._ -a year each: one of 60_l._ a year, and nine of 50_l._ each. Besides in -his office for seamen’s wages he has a chief clerk who has 200_l._ a -year, and also nine others of 50_l._ each. - -Two others are Joint-surveyors of the navy, and besides the salary of -500_l._ a year each, one of them has 80_l._ _per annum_ for house rent. -They are in general to know the state of all stores, and to see the -wants supplied; to survey the hulls, masts, and yards, and to estimate -the value of repairs by indenture; to charge all boatswains and -carpenters of the navy with what stores they have received; and at the -end of each voyage to state and audit their accounts. They have a chief -clerk, who has 100_l._ a year, and six others of 50_l._ - -The fourth is Clerk of the acts. It is his office to record all orders, -contracts, bills, warrants, and other business transacted by the -principal officers and commissioners of the navy. He has an assistant, -who has a salary of 300_l._ a year, and 50_l._ for house rent; a chief -clerk, who has 100_l._ a year; another has 70_l._ another 60_l._ and -nine others have 50_l._ _per annum_ each. - -The fifth is Comptroller of the Treasurer’s accounts, and has a clerk of -100_l._ a year; another of 60_l._ another of 50_l._ and another of -40_l._ a year. The ticket office is under his inspection, and there he -has two chief clerks of 200_l._ a year each; another of 80_l._ six of -50_l._ a year each, and one of 40_l._ In this office there are also six -extra clerks who have 50_l._ a year each, and one who has 2_s._ 6_d._ a -day. - -The sixth is the Comptroller of the victualling accounts, who has a -clerk of 100_l._ a year; one of 50_l._ and one of 40_l._ _per annum_. - -The seventh is Comptroller of the store-keeper’s accounts, who has also -a chief clerk, that has a salary of 100_l._ a year; six clerks of 50_l._ -a year each; and another of 40_l._ _per annum_. - -Besides these there are three Extra Commissioners of the navy, who have -500_l._ a year, and 80_l._ each for house rent; and under these are -several clerks, and other officers. - -There is also a Commissioner residing at Gibraltar, who has 1000_l._ a -year, and several officers who have considerable salaries under him: a -Commissioner resident at Chatham yard, at Portsmouth yard, and at -Plymouth yard, who have 500_l._ a year each; but Deptford and Woolwich -yards are under the immediate inspection of the navy board; as Sheerness -yard is under the inspection of the Commissioner at Chatham. - -The number of these Officers and Commissioners have been increased on -account of the exigence of affairs; but the principal of them hold their -offices by patent under the great seal. - -NEAL’S _yard_, Great St. Andrew street, Seven Dials.† - -NEAT HOUSE _lane_, Upper Millbank. - -NEAT HOUSES, Near Chelsea Bridge. - -NECKINGER _lane_, Rotherhith wall. - -NECKINGER _road_, Neckinger lane. - -NEEDLEMAKERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by Oliver -Cromwell, in 1656, consisting of a Master, two Wardens, eighteen -Assistants, and forty-eight Liverymen, who upon their admission pay a -fine of 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ but having no hall they transact their -business in Guildhall. - -It is remarkable that by an act of Common Council in 1658, it was -ordered that every needlemaker free of the city, of whatever company -they be, should from thenceforward be subject to the search and survey -of this company; that no needlemaker of any other company should bind an -apprentice to himself, till he had first bound him to the Master or one -of the Wardens or Assistants of the Needlemakers company, who should -turn over such an apprentice to him, before the Chamberlain of London, -in order that all such apprentices might be made free of the -Needlemakers company; and that any such master, not being free of that -company, who should take an apprentice in any other manner, should -forfeit the sum of 20_l._ - -NELL’S _wharf_, St. Catharine’s. - -NELMES, a village in Essex, on the east side of Rumford. - -NELSON’S _court_, 1. Drury lane.† 2. Rosemary lane, Tower hill.† - -NEPTUNE _street_, Wellclose square. - -NETHERHALL, a village in Essex, on the north side of Chipping Ongar. - -NETHERHALL, a village in Essex, near Great and Little Parndon, and at the -conflux of the Lee and the Stort. - -NETTLETON’S _court_, Aldersgate street.† - -NETTLEWELL, a village on the south west side of Harlow. - -NEVILL’S _alley_, Fetter lane.† - -NEVILL’S _yard_, Church street, Lambeth.† - -NEVIS _court_, Near the Upper Ground, Southwark.† - -NEW _alley_, In Hoxton. - -NEW BEDFORD _court_, Eagle court, Strand. - -NEW BELTON _street_, Long Acre. - -NEW BLACK RAVEN _court_, Near Chiswell street, Moorfields.* - -NEW BOND _street_, a street which consists of handsome new buildings, near -Oxford street. - -NEW BOSVILE _court_, Carey street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.† - -NEW BROAD _street_, 1. A handsome street inhabited by merchants and other -gentlemen; extending from the end of Broad street to Moorfields. 2. -Marshal street, Carnaby street. - -NEW BUILDINGS, 1. Coleman street. 2. Dunning’s alley, Bishopsgate street -without. 3. Feathers alley, in the Maze, Southwark. - -NEW BURLINGTON _street_, Swallow street. - -NEWBURY’S _Almshouse_, on the north side of Mile-end green, also called -the Skinners Almshouses, was erected by that company in the year 1688, -pursuant to the will of Lewis Newbury, for twelve poor widows of the -Skinners company, who have an allowance of 5_l._ 10_s._ a year, and half -a chaldron of coals each. - -NEWCASTLE _court_, 1. Butcher Row, by Temple Bar. 2. Newcastle street, by -Chick lane. - -NEWCASTLE _street_, 1. Chick lane, Smithfield. 2. From Seacoal lane to -Fleet market. 3. Whitechapel. - -NEW COCK _lane_, 1. Brick lane, Spitalfields.* 2. Swan fields, -Shoreditch.* - -NEW _court_, 1. Angel alley. 2. Blackman street, Southwark. 3. Bow lane, -Cheapside. 4. Bowling alley, Dean’s yard, Westminster. 5. Brown’s -street. 6. Canon row, Westminster. 7. Carey street, Lincoln’s Inn -Fields. 8. St. Catharine’s court, near the Tower. 9. Fore street, -Cripplegate. 10. George yard, Whitechapel. 11. Goswell street, -Aldersgate street. 12. New Gravel lane, Shadwell. 13. Old Gravel lane, -Ratcliff Highway. 14. Great St. Anne’s lane, by Orchard street, -Westminster. 15. Hand alley. 16. Harrow alley, Petticoat lane. 17. Hart -street, Crutched Friars. 18. High Holborn. 19. Hog lane. 20. Kent -street. 21. Knightsbridge. 22. Lamb alley. 23. Little Broad street. 24. -Little Newport street. 25. St. Margaret’s hill. 26. Middle Temple. 27. -Moor lane. 28. Narrow street, Ratcliff. 29. Newington Butts. 30. New -street. 31. Nightingale lane. 32. Peter street, Westminster. 33. -Petticoat lane, Whitechapel. 34. Pig street, Threadneedle street. 35. -Quaker street, Spitalfields. 36. Rosemary lane, Tower hill. 37. St. -Swithin’s lane, Canon street. 38. Throgmorton street. 39. Wentworth -street. 40. White Horse yard. 41. White street. 42. York street. - -NEW CRANE, Wapping Wall. - -NEW CRANE _stairs_, Wapping. - -NEW FISH _street_, By Great Eastcheap. - -NEW FISH STREET _hill_, New Fish street. - -NEWGATE, is situated 1037 feet south west from Aldersgate, and is thought -by most Antiquarians, to be so denominated from its being first erected -in the reign of Henry I. several ages after the four original gates of -the city: Howel is however of a contrary opinion, and asserts that it -was only repaired in the above reign, and that it was anciently -denominated Chamberlain gate; tho’ it is very extraordinary, that this -gate is not once mentioned before the conquest. But be this as it will, -it appears from ancient records, that it was called Newgate, and was a -common jail for felons taken in the city of London, or the county of -Middlesex, so early as the year 1218; and that so lately as the year -1457, Newgate, and not the Tower, was a prison for the nobility and -great officers of state. - -At length Newgate being much damaged by the fire of London in 1666, the -present beautiful structure was erected. The west side is adorned with -three ranges of Tuscan pilasters, with their entablatures, and in the -inter-columniations are four niches, in one of which is a figure -representing Liberty; the word _Libertas_ is inscribed on her cap, and -at her feet lies a cat, in allusion to Sir Richard Whittington, a -benefactor to the prison, who is said to have made the first step to his -good fortune by a cat. - -The inside of the gate is also adorned with a range of pilasters, with -their entablatures, and in three niches are the figures of Justice, -Mercy and Truth. - -The author of _The Review_ observes, - - “That Newgate considered as a prison, is a structure of more - cost and beauty than was necessary, because the sumptuousness of - the outside but aggravates the misery of the wretches within: - but as a gate to such a city as London, it might have received - considerable additions both of design and execution, and - abundantly answered the cost in the reputation of building. The - gate of a city erected rather for ornament than use, ought to be - in the style of the ancient triumphal arches; and it must be - allowed, that hardly any kind of building, admits of more beauty - or perfection.” - -If Newgate be considered as a prison, it is indeed a very dismal one. It -is the county jail for Middlesex, both for debtors and malefactors, as -well as the city prison for criminals. The debtor rendered unfortunate -by the vicissitudes of trade, or unforeseen losses, has the reproach of -being confined in the same prison with the greatest villains; and too -often his being in Newgate is imputed by the ignorant to crimes which he -abhors. On the other hand, those confined as criminals, are, even before -they are found guilty by the laws of their country, packed so close -together, that the air being corrupted by their stench and nastiness, -occasions a dismal contagious disease, called the Jail distemper, which -has frequently carried off great numbers, and even spread its contagion -to the Court of Justice, where they take their trials. But to prevent -these dreadful effects the city has introduced a ventilator on the top -of Newgate, to expel the foul air, and make way for the admission of -such as is fresh; and during the sessions herbs are also strewed in the -Justice Hall, and the passages to it, to prevent infection. - -In this prison there are however commodious and airy apartments for the -use of such as are able to pay for them; and the advantage of a private -passage behind the houses to Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, where they -are in no danger of being rescued, while going to, or coming back from -their trials. It is to be wished that this prison was made still more -commodious; that the little cells of the malefactors were enlarged and -rendered more airy, and that the proposal so often talked of, of -building another prison for the debtors, was carried into execution. - -NEWGATE MARKET, before the dreadful fire of London, was kept in Newgate -street, where there was a market house for meal, and a middle row of -sheds, which Maitland says, were afterwards converted into houses, -inhabited by butchers, tripesellers, &c. while the country people, who -brought provisions to the city, were forced to stand with their stalls -in the open street, where their persons and goods were exposed to danger -by the passage of coaches, carts, and cattle that passed through the -streets. This must be allowed to have been a very inconvenient market, -and the houses or sheds in the middle of the street, must almost have -choaked up the passage, or at least have rendered it liable to frequent -obstructions. At that time Butcher hall lane was filled with slaughter -houses for the use of this market, and Blowbladder street was rendered -remarkable by blown bladders hanging in the windows of the shops, where -bladders were sold. - -After the fire of London, which afforded an opportunity of rendering the -new streets more commodious than the old ones had been, it was ordered -by act of parliament that Newgate market should be removed from the -street, and a square was formed on the south side for that purpose, -surrounded by decent houses. This square is 194 feet long from east to -west, and 148 feet broad from north to south. In the middle is a market -house, under which are vaults or cellars, and the upper part of the -building is employed as a kind of warehouse for the fruiterers, and the -keepers of green stalls by night. In the shops under this building tripe -and other things are sold, and in the middle near the market house are -sold fruit and greens. At a convenient distance are shops for butchers, -the sellers of butter, &c. and the houses beyond these, which extend -along the sides of the market, are also taken up by butchers. It may be -proper to observe with respect to the butter shops, that some of these -contract for the produce of several dairies, and that it is not uncommon -for one of these shops to take 30 or 40_l._ for butter alone, in a -morning, even before eight or nine o’clock. The passages to the market -from Paternoster row and Newgate street, are taken up with poulterers, -bacon shops, fishmongers, and cheesemongers. - -NEWGATE _street_, is a street of considerable trade, and extends from -Blowbladder street, to Newgate. - -NEW GEORGE _street_, 1. Near Bethnal green. 2. St. John’s street, -Spitalfields. - -NEW GRAVEL _lane_, Shadwell. Thus named from the carts loaded with gravel -passing through it to the Thames, where the gravel was employed in -ballasting of ships, before ballasting was taken out of the river. It -obtained the epithet of New, to distinguish it from the Old Gravel lane, -which was used for the same purpose long before. - -NEWELL _street_, Berwick street, Old Soho.† - -NEW JAIL, in Southwark, a prison lately erected near Bridewell alley, in -the Borough, for felons in the county of Surry. - -NEWINGTON BUTTS, a village in Surry, extending from the end of Blackman -street, to Kennington common, is said to receive the name of Butts, from -the exercise of shooting at Butts, much practised, both here and in the -other towns of England, in the reign of King Henry VIII. &c. to fit men -to serve in the regiment of archers. But Mr. Aubrey thinks it received -this name from the Butts of Norfolk, who had an estate here. The Drapers -and Fishmongers company have almshouses here: and Mr. Whatley observes, -that here were planted the first peaches so much esteemed, distinguished -by the name of Newington peaches. The church here, which is dedicated to -St. Mary, is a rectory in the gift of the Bishop of Winchester, and the -profits arising to the Incumbent amount to about 140_l._ _per annum_. -_Maitland._ See STOKE NEWINGTON. - -NEWINGTON _causeway row_, Blackman street. - -NEWINGTON GREEN, a pleasant village between Islington and Stoke Newington, -chiefly consisting of a handsome square of a considerable extent -surrounded by houses which are in general well built; before each side -is a row of trees, and an extensive grass plat in the middle. It is in -the parish of Stoke Newington; on one side of the ground is a meeting -house. See STOKE NEWINGTON. - -NEW INN, contiguous to St. Clement’s Inn, in Wych street, is one of the -Inns of Chancery, and was founded about the year 1485, for the reception -of the students of an Inn of Chancery, at the south east corner of -Seacoal lane. - -New Inn is an appendage to the Middle Temple, and is governed by a -Treasurer and twelve Ancients, who, with the other members, are to be in -commons a week every term, or to compound for the same. _Maitland._ - -NEW INN _court_, Wych street. - -NEW INN _passage_, Houghton street, Clare market. - -NEW INN _yard_, Holiwell street, Shoreditch. - -NEW _lane_, Shad Thames. - -NEWMAN’S _court_, 1. In Cornhill.† 2. Farmer’s street, Shadwell.† - -NEWMARKET _street_, Wapping. - -NEW MARTEN _street_, Near East Smithfield.† - -NEW NICOL _street_, Swanfields, Shoreditch.† - -NEW NORTH _street_, Theobald’s row, Red Lion street, Holborn. - -NEW PACKTHREAD _alley_, Grange road, Bermondsey. - -NEW PACKTHREAD _yard_, Westminster. - -NEW PALACE _yard_, by Union street, Westminster. When King Richard II. -rebuilt Westminster Hall in the year 1397, that part was called the New -Palace, and being inclosed with a wall, it had four gates, of which that -leading to Westminster stairs is the only one now standing. The three -others that have been demolished were, one on the north, which led to -the Woolstaple; another to the west, a beautiful and stately edifice -called High Gate, at the east end of Union street; and another at the -north end of St. Margaret’s lane. _Maitland._ - -NEW PARK, in Surry. See RICHMOND. - -NEW PARADISE _street_, Rotherhith. - -NEW PASSAGE, 1. Bull and Mouth street, St. Martin’s le Grand. 2. Newgate -market. - -NEW PETER _street_, Peter street. - -NEWPORT _alley_, Newport street, near Newport market. - -NEWPORT _court_, Little Newport street, near Long Acre. - -NEWPORT MARKET, Litchfield street, a square with shops round it, with a -market house in the middle, in which are shops for butchers, &c. - -NEWPORT _street_, Castle street, near Newport market. - -NEW PRISON, near the east end of Clerkenwell green, is a house of -correction for the county of Middlesex, in which rogues and vagabonds -are kept to hard labour. It was erected in the year 1615. - -NEW PRISON _walk_, a passage leading to the New Prison, Clerkenwell. - -NEW PUMP _court_, Moor lane, Cripplegate. - -NEW PYE _street_, by Orchard street, Westminster. - -NEW QUEEN _street_, Oxford street. - -NEW RAG FAIR, Rosemary lane, Little Tower hill. - -NEW RENTS, 1. Compter lane, St. Margaret’s hill. 2. St. Martin’s le Grand. - -NEW RIVER. Various were the projects in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, and -King James I. for supplying the city of London with a sufficient -quantity of water, for domestic uses: the former granted an act of -parliament, which gave the citizens liberty to cut and convey a river -from any part of Middlesex or Hertfordshire to the city of London, -within the limited time of ten years; and the latter granted another -act, in which they obtained the same power, but without being confined -to any limited time: nobody however began this great and important work, -till at last Sir Hugh Middleton undertook to bring a river from Amwell -in Hertfordshire to the north side of London near Islington. - -The work began on the 20th of September 1608, and was attended with -innumerable difficulties. The distance from London is twenty miles, and -he was obliged, in order to avoid the eminences and vallies in the way, -to make it run a course of thirty-eight miles three quarters and sixteen -poles, and to carry it over two vallies in long wooden frames or troughs -lined with lead; that at Buthill, being six hundred and sixty feet in -length, and thirty in height; under which, for the passage of the land -waters is an arch capacious enough to admit under it the largest waggon -laden with hay, or straw: the other near Highbury is four hundred and -sixty-two feet long, and seventeen in height, where it is raised along -the top of high artificial banks, and at the bottom of the hollow -supported by poles, so that any person may walk under it. In short over -and under this river, which sometimes rises thus high, and at others is -conveyed under ground, runs several considerable currents of land -waters, and both above and below it a great number of brooks, rills, and -water courses have their passage. - -This river, which is of inestimable benefit to London, was by this truly -great man brought to the city within the space of five years, and was -admitted into the reservoir near Islington on Michaelmas day 1613; on -which day Sir Thomas Middleton, brother to the great Sir Hugh, was -elected Lord Mayor for the ensuing year, who accompanying Sir John -Swinerton, then Lord Mayor, attended by many of the Aldermen, the -Recorder, and other gentlemen, repaired to the bason, now called New -River Head, when about sixty labourers, handsomely dressed, and wearing -green caps, carrying spades, shovels, and pickaxes, marched, preceded by -drums and trumpets, thrice round the bason, when stopping before the -Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and other gentlemen, who were seated upon an -eminence, one of the labourers addressed himself to them in a long copy -of verses, which being ended, the sluices were opened, and the stream -ran plentifully into the reservoir, under the sound of drums and -trumpets, the discharge of several pieces of ordnance, and the loud -acclamations of the people. - -Sir Hugh Middleton, to enable himself to complete this grand work, had -at last, after spending his own fortune, been obliged to apply to King -James I. who advancing a sum of money became entitled to a moiety of the -profits; he was also obliged to sell many other shares, and in short, -was in a manner entirely ruined by a project, that has been attended -with unspeakable benefit to this city: since by the water of this river, -a speedy stop has been put to a great number of dreadful fires, and the -health of the city has been remarkably preserved by the cleanliness it -has introduced among us. Yet so little was the great advantages that -might then, and are now derived from this river, at that time -understood, that for above thirty years there were not divided above -5_l._ odd money, to each of the shares, which are seventy-two in number. - -This river now draws most of its water from the Lee, which being the -property of the city of London, that corporation, contrary to the -interest of the city in general, opposed a bill brought into parliament -for giving farther powers to the New River company, to take the -advantage that might be obtained by the river Lee: but the opposition -was without effect, and in 1738–9 the bill passed into a law. - -The Governors of the New River company then agreed with the proprietors -of the lands on the river Lee for a cut of two cubic feet of water from -that river, at a certain rate; and after the agreement, told them they -would double the price for a four foot cut, which the proprietors agreed -to, not considering the great disproportion between the two cuts; and -this cut of the river Lee now supplies the largest share of the New -River water. - -In this river there are forty three sluices, and over it two hundred and -fifteen bridges. On its approaching the reservoir, called New River -Head, there are several small houses erected at a considerable distance -from each other on its banks, into which the water runs and is conveyed -by pipes to the nearer and more easterly parts of this metropolis. On -its entering the above reservoir, it is there ingulphed by fifty-eight -main pipes, each of seven inches bore; and here also an engine worked by -horses, throws a great quantity of water up to another reservoir, -situated on much higher ground, from which the water runs in pipes to -supply the highest ground in the city, and its liberties. Many years ago -30,000 houses were thus supplied by this water, and since that time -several main pipes have been laid to carry it into the liberties of -Westminster. - -This corporation consists of a Governor, Deputy Governor, Treasurer, and -twenty-six Directors, these twenty-nine are the proprietors of the first -thirty-six shares: for though the Crown’s moiety is in private hands, -yet they have no share in the management. The above Governor and -Directors keep their office at a coffee-house in Ludgate street where -every Thursday they hold a board for appointing of officers, granting of -leases, and redressing of grievances. - -The officers and servants belonging to the company are, a clerk and his -assistant; a surveyor and his deputy; fourteen collectors, who, after -deducting 5_l._ _per cent._ for collecting the company’s rents, pay -their money every Thursday to the treasurer; fourteen walksmen, who have -their several walks along the river, to prevent throwing into it filth, -or infectious matter; sixteen turncocks; twelve paviours; twenty borers -of pipes; besides horse engines for boring of others, together with a -great number of inferior servants and labourers. - -NEW ROUND _court_, In the Strand. - -NEW _square_, 1. Lincoln’s Inn. 2. In the Minories. 3. New street, St. -Thomas’s, Southwark. - -NEW _street_, 1. Bishopsgate street. 2. Cambridge street. 3. Cloth Fair, -Smithfield. 4. Dyot street, St. Giles’s. 5. Horselydown. 6. Fore street, -Lambeth. 7. Fox’s lane, Shadwell. 8. Lower Shadwell. 9. St. Martin’s -lane, Charing Cross. 10. Old street. 11. Queen street, in the Mint. 12. -Shoe lane, Fleet street. 13. Shoemaker row, Black Friars. 14. Spring -Gardens, Charing Cross. 15. St. Thomas’s Southwark. 16. Threadneedle -street. 17. Upper Shadwell. - -NEW STREET _hill_, Shoe lane, Fleet street. - -NEW STREET _square_, near Shoe lane. - -NEW STREET SQUARE _lane_, Shoe lane. - -NEW SWAN _yard_, Rag street. - -NEW THAMES _street_, Bank side, Southwark. - -NEW THAMES STREET _stairs_, Bank side. - -NEWTON’S _court_, Vine street.† - -NEWTON _street_, High Holborn.† - -NEW TOTHILL _street_, Near Westminster Abbey. - -NEW TURNSTILE _alley_, Holborn. - -NEW TURVILLE _street_, Virginia row, Shoreditch.† - -NEW TYLER _street_, Carnaby street.† - -NEW _way_, 1. In the Maze, Tooley street. 2. Orchard street. - -NEW _well_, Shad Thames, Horselydown. - -NEW _yard_, Fenchurch street. - -NEW YORK _street_, Skinners street, Shoreditch. - -_St._ NICHOLAS ACONS, a church which stood on the west side of Nicholas -lane, in Langbourn ward, owed its name to its dedication to St. -Nicholas, a citizen of Lycia in Asia Minor, who, though only a private -housekeeper, was, from the caprice of the electors, chosen Bishop of -Myræa; for the Bishops and Priests interested in the election not -agreeing about the choice, came to an unanimous resolution that whatever -person should first enter the church the next day, should be elected -Bishop: when Nicholas repairing early next morning, to perform his -devotions, being the first that entered, was chosen Bishop, pursuant to -the above resolution; in which office his deportment was such, as to -procure him a place among the class of saints. - -The church being destroyed with most of the other public buildings by -the fire of London, and not rebuilt, the parish was annexed to the -church of St. Edmund the King. _Newc. Repert. Eccles._ - -_St._ NICHOLAS _alley_, St. Nicholas lane, Lombard street. - -_St._ NICHOLAS COLE ABBEY, on the south side of Old Fish street, in -Queenhithe ward, is thus denominated from its dedication to the -above-mentioned saint, but the reason of the additional epithet is not -known, some conjecturing that it is a corruption of Golden Abbey, and -others that it is derived from Cold Abbey, or Coldbey, from its cold or -bleak situation. It is known that there was a church in the same place -before the year 1383: but the last structure being consumed in the great -conflagration in 1666, the present church was built in its place, and -the parish of St. Nicholas Olave united to it. - -This edifice consists of a plain body well enlightened by a single range -of windows decently ornamented. It is sixty-three feet long, and -forty-three broad; thirty-six feet high to the roof, and an hundred -thirty-five to the top of the spire. The tower is plain, but -strengthened with rustic at the corners; and the spire, which is of the -massy kind, has a gallery, and many openings. - -The advowson of this church, which was anciently in the Dean and Chapter -of St. Martin’s le Grand, is now in the Crown. The Rector, besides his -other profits, receives 130_l._ a year in lieu of tithes. _Maitland._ - -_St._ NICHOLAS _lane_, extends from Lombard street to Canon street. - -_St._ NICHOLAS SHAMBLES, a church formerly situated at the corner of -Butcher hall lane, took its additional epithet from the flesh market, -which before the fire of London extended along Newgate street. This -church with its ornaments was given by King Henry VIII. to the Mayor and -Commonalty of the city, towards the maintenance of the new parish church -then to be erected in the Grey Friars. _Maitland._ - -NICHOLAS’S ALMSHOUSE, in Monkwell street, was founded in the year 1575, by -Sir Ambrose Nicholas, citizen and salter, for the accommodation of -twelve widows of his company, to each of whom he allowed 1_s._ _per_ -week, and twenty-four bushels of coals a year. This charity he committed -in trust to the company of Salters; the house was however destroyed in -the great conflagration in 1666; but was soon after rebuilt, and each -widow allowed two neat rooms and a garret. _Maitland._ - -NICOLL’S _alley_, Cable street, Rag Fair, Rosemary lane.† - -NICOLL’S _court_, 1. Rosemary lane, Little Tower hill.† 2. Sharp’s alley.† - -NICOLL’S _street_, Shoreditch.† - -NIGHTINGALE _lane_, 1. East Smithfield.† 2. Fore street, Limehouse.† - -NIGHTINGALE _turning_, at the Hermitage, Wapping.† - -NIPPARD’S _court_, Baldwin’s Gardens.† - -NIXON’S _court_, Barnaby street, Southwark.† - -NIXON’S _square_, a very mean little square, by Jewin street.† - -NOAH’S ARK _alley_, Narrow street, Ratcliff.* Noble street, 1. Foster -lane, Cheapside.† 2. Goswell street, by Aldersgate bars.† - -NOEL _street_, Burlington Gardens.† - -NONESUCH, in Surry, is situated near Sutton and Epsom, and was formerly -called Cuddington, till a most magnificent palace was erected there, by -Henry VIII. which obtained the name of Nonesuch from its unparallelled -beauty. The learned Hentzner, in his _Itinerarium_, speaking of this -palace, says, that it was chosen for his pleasure and retirement, and -built by him with an excess of magnificence and elegance even to -ostentation: one would imagine every thing that architecture can perform -to have been employed in this one work: there are every where so many -statues that seem to breathe, so many miracles of consummate art, so -many casts that rival even the perfection of Roman antiquity, that it -may well claim and justify its name of Nonesuch. - -The palace itself is so encompassed with parks full of deer, delightful -gardens, groves ornamented with trellis work, cabinets of verdure, and -walks so embrowned by trees, that it seems to be a place pitched upon by -Pleasure herself, to dwell in along with Health. - -In the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and pyramids of -marble, two fountains that spout water one round the other, like a -pyramid, upon which are perched small birds that stream water out of -their bills: in the grove of Diana is a very agreeable fountain, with -Actæon turned into a stag, as he was sprinkled by the goddess and her -nymphs, with inscriptions. - -There is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed pipes, -which spirt upon all who come within their reach. - -Such was this palace and gardens when Hentzner wrote, but King Charles -II. gave it to the Duchess of Cleveland, who pulled it down and sold the -materials; wherewith a new house was built by the Earl of Berkley, which -was the seat of the late Earl of Guildford, and is now called Durdans; -and Nonesuch, though it gives the title of Baron to the Duke of -Cleveland, is now only a farm house. - -NORFOLK _street_, in the Strand. The bishop of Bath’s palace in the -Strand, was afterwards, says Maitland, the Earl of Arundel’s, whence -Arundel and Norfolk streets had their names. - -NORMAN’S _court_, Cable street.† - -NORRIS’S _street_, 1. In the Haymarket.† 2. Spitalfields.† - -NORRIS’S _wharf_, Millbank, Westminster Horse ferry. - -NORRISON’S _court_, near Stangate.† - -NORTH AUDLEY _street_, Grosvenor square. - -NORTH END, a pleasant village near Hammersmith, where are the handsome -house and finely disposed gardens of the Earl of Tilney, and of the late -Sir John Stanley. - -NORTH _court_, South street. - -NORTHALL, a village on the north side of Enfield Chace, three miles north -of High Barnet, is said to be corruptly so called from Northaw, or the -North Grove, here being a wood that belonged to the monastery of St. -Alban’s. A noble house was built here in the reign of Queen Elizabeth by -Henry Dudley Earl of Warwick; after whose death it came to several -possessors, and being sold to William Leman, descended to Sir William -Leman his grandson, who has given the rent of the wells to the poor of -the parish. King James I. also gave 40_l._ a year to the town in lieu of -the ground he laid into his park, at Theobald’s out of the common. - -NORTH _passage_, Wellclose square. - -NORTH PRESCOT _alley_, St. John’s street, Smithfield. - -NORTH _row_, North Audley street. - -NORTH _street_, 1. Lamb street, Spitalfields. 2. Poplar. 3. Smith Square, -Westminster. - -NORTHAMPTON _street_, Wood’s close, St. John street. - -NORTHUMBERLAND _alley_, Fenchurch street. - -NORTHUMBERLAND _court_, 1. Southampton buildings, Chancery lane. 2. In the -strand. - - -[Illustration: - - _Northumberland House & Charing Cross._ - _S. Wale delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._ -] - - -NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE, derives its name from the title of the ancient and -noble family, in whose possession it has been above 100 years. It is the -town residence of the Right Honourable the Earl and Countess of -Northumberland, and one of the largest and most magnificent houses in -London. It was originally built very early in the reign of James I. by -Henry Howard Earl of Northampton; and it is reasonable to infer from -some letters discovered in the front when it was lately rebuilt, that -one Miles Glover was the architect. - -At first it consisted only of three sides of a square; one of which -faced the street near Charing Cross, and the other two extended towards -the Thames. The entrance was then, as it is now, thro’ a spacious arched -gateway for coaches in the middle of the street front; and, what is -remarkable, the principal apartments were in the third or highest story. -During the life of the aforesaid Lord, it was called Northampton House, -after his death it became the property of his near relation the Earl of -Suffolk; in whose time it does not appear to have undergone any change -except in name; for it was thereupon called Suffolk House. - -In the reign of Charles I. Algernon Earl Of Northumberland, the Lord -High Admiral of England, married Lord Suffolk’s daughter, and about the -year 1642, became the proprietor of this house; from which time it has -been well known by the name it now bears. To prevent mistakes, we beg -leave to observe, that the Northumberland House, which is often -mentioned in history before this period, stood in Aldersgate ward in the -city, and was formerly, what this house is at present, the town seat of -the Earls of Northumberland. But to return. - -When London became more populous, and the buildings about Charing Cross -daily increased, ‘twas found inconvenient to live in the apartments, -which had been built by Lord Northampton; because they were greatly -disturbed by the hurry and noise of passengers and coaches in the -street. To avoid therefore that inconvenience, the aforesaid Earl of -Northumberland compleated the square by building the fourth side; which -being parallel and opposite to that next the street, is placed at a -sufficient distance from the aforesaid disturbances, and almost enjoys -all the advantages of retirement and a country seat. Inigo Jones appears -to have been the architect employed for that purpose, and the front of -the new side, which he built facing the garden, is very grand and -stately, as the reader may see from the perspective view of it, annexed -to this account. - -Perhaps it will please some of our readers to be informed, that Lord -Northumberland received General Monk, and had a conference with him and -several of the leading men in the nation in one of these apartments. At -which meeting the King’s restoration was for the first time proposed in -direct terms, as a measure absolutely necessary to the peace of the -kingdom. - -In the year 1682, Charles Duke of Somerset married the Lady Elizabeth -Percy, the daughter and heiress of Josceline Earl of Northumberland, and -by that means became possessed of this house. Upon his death it -descended to his son Algernon, by the aforesaid Lady, who succeeded to -the title and a very large estate in 1748. His Grace immediately began -to make alterations in some of the apartments, and to rebuild the front -next the street; but, dying the year after, he did not live sufficient -time to finish either. - -The house in that condition, descended to his son-in-law and daughter, -the present Earl and Countess of Northumberland; and it is in a great -measure owing to the improvements, made by them at a very great expence -and in a very fine taste, that Northumberland House is become a building -so complete and stately, as to be generally admired for its elegance and -grandeur. - -The street was immediately made wider, and the front next to it -compleated, as it appears in the print prefixed to this description. The -four sides of the court were new faced with Portland stone, and finished -in the Roman stile of architecture, so as to form as it were four -stately fronts. Two new wings were also added, being above 100 feet in -length, and extending from the garden front, towards the Thames. By -means of these additions Northumberland House is more than twice as -large as it was, when first built by Lord Northampton. - -The entrance into it is on the side of the court opposite to the great -gateway; the vestibule is about 82 feet long, and more than 12 feet -broad, being properly ornamented with columns of the Doric order. Each -end of it communicates with a stair case, leading to the principal -apartments, which face the garden and the Thames. They consist of -several spacious rooms, fitted up in the most elegant manner. The -ceilings are embellished with copies of antique paintings, or fine -ornaments of stucco, richly gilt. The chimney pieces consist of statuary -and other curious marble, carved and finished in the most correct taste. -The rooms are hung either with beautiful tapestry or the richest -damasks, and magnificently furnished with large glasses, chairs, -settees, marble tables, &c. with frames of the most exquisite -workmanship, and richly gilt. They also contain a great variety of -landscapes, history pieces, and portraits, painted by Titian and the -most eminent masters. In some of the rooms may be seen large chests, -embellished with old genuine japan; which being great rarities, are -almost invaluable. - -The company passes thro’ many of these apartments to the left wing, -which forms a state gallery or ball room, admirable in every respect, -whether we consider the dimensions, the taste, and masterly manner in -which it is finished, or the elegant magnificence of the furniture. - -It is 106 feet long, the breadth being a fourth part of the length, and -the height equal to the diagonal of the square of the breadth; which -proportions are esteemed to be the most proper for a gallery. The -ceiling is coved and ornamented with figures and festoons richly gilt. -To avoid repetitions, we beg leave once for all to say the same of the -other decorations and frames of the furniture; for there is such a -variety of gilding in the different parts of the gallery, that it would -be endless to mention it in every particular description. But to -proceed, the flat part of the ceiling is divided into five compartments, -ornamented with fine imitations of some antique figures, as, a flying -Fame blowing a trumpet; a Diana; a triumphal car drawn by two horses; a -Flora; and a Victory holding out a laurel wreath. The entablature is -Corinthian, and of most exquisite workmanship. The light is admitted -thro’ nine windows in the side next the garden, being equidistant from -one another, and in the same horizontal direction. Above these is -another row of windows, which, tho’ not visible in the room, are so -artfully placed as to throw a proper quantity of light over the cornice, -so that the highest parts of the room are as much enlightened as the -lowest, and the pictures on the opposite side are free from that -confused glare, which would arise from a less judicious disposition. In -the spaces between the windows, there are tables of antique marble, and -stools covered with crimson damask, placed alternately. The piers are -also ornamented with large square and oval glasses, arranged in the -aforesaid order; the frames of which form a beautiful variety of foliage -to adorn the higher parts quite up to the entablature. - -Let us now pass over to the opposite side, which is divided into three -large spaces by two chimney pieces made of statuary marble, with -cornices supported by figures of Phrygian captives, copied from those in -the Capitol at Rome, and executed in a very masterly manner. The -finishing above the chimney pieces consists of terms, sphinxes, -festoons, &c. and within the spaces formed by these ornaments are placed -whole length portraits of the Earl and Countess of Northumberland in -their robes. - -That the three grand divisions of this side might be furnished in an -elegant manner, his Lordship employed the most eminent masters to copy -five of the most admired paintings in Italy, which are placed as -follows: in the middle and largest division is Raphael’s celebrated -school of Athens, copied from the original in the Vatican by Raphael -Mengs. In the two other divisions on the right and left hand side of the -former are placed the feast and council of the Gods, which were also -painted by Raphael, and copied by Pompeio Battoni from the originals in -the Little Farnese. The two ends of the gallery are ornamented with the -triumphal procession of Bacchus and Ariadne (originally painted by -Annibal Caracci in the Farnese palace) and Guido’s Aurora. The former -was copied by Felice Costansi, and the latter by Masuccio, a scholar of -Carlo Maratti, from the original in the Villa Rospigliosi. All these -pictures are very large, being exactly of the same dimensions with the -originals, and are copied in a very masterly manner. We heartily wish -his Lordship’s taste in procuring them may incite those, who can afford -it, to follow the example, and purchase copies of such paintings as are -universally admired; for by these means not only private curiosity would -be gratified, but the public taste also greatly improved. - -Under the aforesaid pictures are placed large sophas, covered with -crimson damask and richly ornamented. This gallery is lighted up for the -reception of company in the evenings, by means of four glass lustres, -consisting in all of as many branches as will receive 100 large wax -candles, and suspended from the ceiling by long chains, magnificently -gilt. We shall close our imperfect account of this stately gallery, by -wishing that it was in the power of words to describe the fine effects, -which arise from a view of its numberless beauties. - -Besides the apartments already mentioned, there are above 140 rooms more -in this house; which, being so numerous, and chiefly appropriated to the -private uses of the family, cannot be particularly described in a work -of this nature; however, we must add, that Lord and Lady -Northumberland’s apartments are very commodious and elegantly furnished; -her Ladyship’s closet is even a repository of curiosities, and, amongst -other valuable things, contains so fine a collection of pictures, as to -afford a most pleasing and almost endless entertainment to a -connoisseur. The two libraries also consist of a great variety of books -on the most useful and curious subjects, collected with judgement. - - -[Illustration: - - _South View of Northumberland House._ - _S. Wale delin._ _C. Grignion sculp._ -] - - -We have hitherto endeavoured to give some idea of the gradual -improvements, by which Northumberland House acquired its present -grandeur and magnificence; but we cannot take our leave of it without -conducting, as it were, the reader into the garden, where he may enjoy -the quiet and tranquility of the country amidst the noise and -distraction of the town, and contrast the simple beauties of nature, -with the stately productions of art. - -It lies between the house and the Thames, and forms a pleasing piece of -scenery before the principal apartments; for it consists of a fine lawn -surrounded with a neat gravel walk, and bounded next the walls by a -border of curious flowers, shrubs and ever-greens. At the end of the -garden beyond the wall, were a few buildings which his Lordship ordered -to be taken down, to open a larger prospect across the Thames to -Southwark, and into the country behind it. And, as the horizon is finely -diversified with hills, which when every thing is compleated, will -appear as it were in the back scene, the view will command a very -beautiful landscape. - -NORTHUMBERLAND _place_, Fenchurch street. - -NORTHUMBERLAND _street_, a handsome street now building in the Strand, by -Northumberland House, down to the Thames, the houses in Hartshorn alley -being pulled down for that purpose. - -NORTON FALGATE, a street which extends from the end of Bishopsgate without -to Shoreditch. - -NORWICH _court_, East Smithfield. - -NOTTINGHAM _court_, Castle street, Long Acre. - -NOTTINGHAM _street_, Plumtree street. - -NUN’S _court_, 1. Coleman street. 2. New Gravel lane. - -NUTKIN’S _corner_, Rotherhith wall.† - -NUTMAKER’S _rents_, New Gravel lane, Shadwell.† - - -[Illustration] - - - - - O. - - -OAKEY _street_, Thames street.† - -OAKEY’S _court_, Hare street, Brick lane, Spitalfields.† - -OAKLEY’S _yard_, Town ditch, by Christ’s hospital.† - -OAR _street_, Gravel lane, near Falcon stairs. - -OAT _lane_, Noble street, Foster lane, Cheapside. - - -[Illustration: - - _View from the Terrace at Oatland._ - _S. Wale delin._ _F. Vivares sculp._ -] - - -OATLANDS, adjoining to Weybridge in Surry, is the seat of the Earl of -Lincoln. The park is about four miles round. The house is situated about -the middle of the terrace, whose majestic grandeur, and the beautiful -landscape which it commands, words cannot describe, nor the pencil -delineate so as to give an adequate idea of this fine scene. - -The serpentine river which you look down upon from the terrace, though -artificial, appears as beautiful as it could do were it natural; and a -stranger who did not know the place would conclude it to be the Thames, -in which opinion he would be confirmed by the view of Walton bridge over -that river, which by a happy contrivance is made to look like a bridge -over it, and closes the prospect that way finely. - -OATMEAL _yard_, Barnaby street, Southwark. - -OCEAN _street_, Stepney. - -OF _alley_, York buildings. See the article YORK _buildings_. - -OGDEN’S _court_, Wych street, Drury lane.† - -OGLE _street_, Margaret’s street, Cavendish square.† - -OGILBY’S _court_, Long ditch.† - -OLD ARTILLERY _ground_, Steward street. - -_St._ OLAVE’S _Hart street_, situated at the south side of Hart street in -Tower street ward, is thus denominated from its dedication to St. Olave, -or Olaus, King of Norway, who from his strong attachment to the -Christian religion, took part in the disputes with the English and -Danes; for this, together with his supporting Christianity in his own -dominions, and his sufferings on that account, he stands sainted in the -Roman calendar. - -A church stood in the same place, dedicated to the same royal patron, -before the year 1319. The present structure is of considerable -antiquity, for it escaped the flames in 1666, and since that time has -had several repairs and additions, among which last is the portico; this -is no small ornament, though it is not well adapted to the edifice. This -portico was added in the year 1674. - -This is a mixed building, with respect to its materials, as well as its -form, part being of square stone, part of irregular stone, and part of -brick. The body, which is square, is fifty-four feet in length, and the -same in breadth; the height of the roof is thirty feet, and that of the -steeple sixty. The windows are large and gothic, and every thing plain -except the portico, which is formed of Corinthian pilasters, with an -arched pediment. The tower, which consists of a single stage above the -roof, is also extremely plain, and the turret wherewith it is crowned is -well proportioned. - -The patronage of this rectory has all along been in private hands. The -Incumbent, besides several annual donations, and other profits, receives -120_l._ a year in tithes. - -Mr. Weaver in his funeral monuments, mentions the following very -whimsical one in this church, for Dame Anne, the wife of Sir John -Ratcliff, Knt. which is to be read both downwards and upwards, - - Qu A D T D P - os nguis irus risti ulcedine avit. - H Sa M Ch M L - -Mr. Munday, in his edition of Stow’s survey, mentions another here, -which though of a different kind, appears equally extraordinary. - - As I was, so be ye; as I am, you shall be. - What I gave, that I have; what I spent, that I had. - Thus I count all my cost; what I left that I lost. - John Organ, obiit An. Dom. 1591. - -_St._ OLAVE’S JEWRY, situated on the west side of the Old Jewry, in -Coleman street ward, was anciently denominated St. Olave’s Upwell, from -its dedication to the saint of that name, and probably from a well under -the east end, wherein a pump is now placed; but that gave way to the -name of Jewry, owing to this neighbourhood’s becoming the principal -residence of the Jews in this city. - -Here was a parish church so early as the year 1181; the last sacred -edifice was destroyed by the fire of London, and the present finished in -1673. It consists of a well enlightened body, seventy-eight feet in -length, and twenty-four in breadth; the height to the roof is thirty-six -feet, and that of the tower and pinacles eighty-eight. The door is well -proportioned, and of the Doric order, covered with an arched pediment. -On the upper part of the tower, which is very plain, rises a cornice -supported by scrolls; and upon this plain attic course, on the pillars -at the corners, are placed the pinacles, standing on balls, and each -terminated on the top by a ball. - -This church, tho’ anciently a rectory, is now a vicarage in the gift of -the Crown; and the parish of St. Martin, Ironmonger lane, is now united -to it, by which the Incumbent’s profits are considerably increased; he -receives besides other profits, 120_l._ a year in lieu of tithes. - -_St._ OLAVE’S _Silver street_, stood at the south west corner of Silver -street, in Aldersgate ward; but being consumed by the fire of London, -and not rebuilt, the parish is annexed to the neighbouring church of St. -Alban’s Wood street. - -_St._ OLAVE’S _Southwark_, is situated in Tooley street, near the south -end of London bridge. Tho’ the time when a church was first erected in -this place cannot be discovered, yet it appears to be of considerable -antiquity, since it is mentioned so early as the year 1281. However, -part of the old church falling down in 1736, and the rest being in a -ruinous condition, the parishioners applied to parliament for a power to -rebuild it, which being granted, they were thereby enabled to raise the -sum of 5000_l._ by a rate of 6_d._ in the pound, to be levied out of the -rents of all lands and tenements within the parish; accordingly the -church was taken down in the summer of the year 1737, and the present -structure finished in 1739. - -It consists of a plain body strengthened with rustic quoins at the -corners; the door is well proportioned without ornament, and the windows -are placed in three series; the lowest is upright, but considerably -broad; those above them circular, and others on the roof are large and -semicircular. The tower consists of three stages; the uppermost of which -is considerably diminished; in this is the clock, and in the stages -below are large windows. The top of the tower is surrounded by a plain -substantial balustrade, and the whole has an air of plainness and -simplicity. - -It is a rectory in the gift of the Crown, and the Incumbent’s profits -are said to amount to about 400_l._ _per annum_. - -_St._ OLAVE’S _School_. See the article QUEEN ELIZABETH’S _School_. - -OLD ARTILLERY GROUND, Artillery lane, Spitalfields. See the article -ARTILLERY GROUND. - -OLD BAILEY, a street which extends from Ludgate hill to the top of Snow -hill, by Newgate. On the upper part near Fleet lane, the street is -divided into two by a middle row of buildings, whence that towards the -west is called Little Old Bailey, and the other to the eastward, is -called Great Old Bailey. This street from Ludgate hill to Fleet lane, is -in the liberties of the Fleet. In the upper part is Justice Hall -commonly called the Sessions house, and in the lower part Surgeons Hall. -Maitland observes, that the Old Bailey took its name from the Bale or -Bailiff’s house, formerly standing there. - -OLD BARGE HOUSE _stairs_, Glasshouse yard, near Angel street, Southwark. - -OLD BARGE HOUSE _stairs lane_, near Angel street, and almost opposite the -Temple. - -OLD BEAR GARDEN, Maid lane, Southwark; thus named from a bear garden -formerly there. - -OLD BEDLAM, or OLD BETHLEM, Bishopsgate street. See the article BETHLEM -HOSPITAL. - -OLD BEDLAM _court_, Old Bedlam. - -OLD BEDLAM _lane_, Bishopsgate street, near Moorfields, where Bethlem -hospital formerly stood. - -OLD BELTON _street_, Brownlow street.† - -OLD BOND _street_, Piccadilly. - -OLD BOSVILLE _court_, Clement’s lane, Temple bar.† - -OLD BREWHOUSE _yard_, Chick lane, Smithfield. - -OLD BUILDINGS, Lincoln’s Inn. - -OLD BURLINGTON _mews_, Old Bond street. - -OLD CASTLE _street_, Wentworth street. - -OLD CHANGE, extends from Cheapside to Old Fish street. Here was formerly -kept the King’s exchange for the receipt of bullion to be coined. -_Maitland._ - -OLD COMBER’S _court_, Blackman street, Southwark.† - -OLD FISH _street_, Knightrider’s street; so called from a fish market -being formerly kept there. _Maitland._ - -OLD FISH STREET _hill_, Thames street, obtained its name also from a -market. - -OLD FORD, in Stepney parish, near Stratford le Bow. - -OLD GEORGE _street_, Wentworth street. - -OLD GRAVEL _lane_, Ratcliff highway; so called from its being anciently a -way through which carts laden with gravel from the neighbouring fields, -used to pass to the river Thames, where it was employed in ballasting of -ships, before ballast was taken out of the river. - -OLD GRAVEL _walk_, Bunhill fields. - -OLD HOG _yard_, Peter lane, St. John’s street, Smithfield. - -OLD HORSELYDOWN _lane_, Horselydown, Tooley street. - -OLD HORSESHOE _wharf_, Thames street. - -OLD JEWRY in the Poultry. This street was originally called the Jewry, -from its being the residence of the Jews in this city; but the Jews -being banished by Edward I. they upon their readmission into England, -settled in this city near Aldgate, in a place from them called Poor -Jewry lane, on which occasion this, their ancient place of abode, was -called the Old Jewry. _Maitland._ - -OLD MARKET _lane_. Brook’s street, Ratcliff.† - -OLD MONTAGUE _street_, Spitalfields.† - -OLD NICOLL’S _street_, Spitalfields.† - -OLD NORTH _street_, Red Lion square. - -OLD PACKTHREAD _ground_, Grange lane. - -OLD PALACE _yard_, by St. Margaret’s lane, Westminster, was built by -Edward the Confessor, or, as others say, by William Rufus, and received -the name of Old on the building of New Palace yard. See NEW PALACE -_yard_. - -OLD PARADISE _street_, Rotherhith. - -OLD PARK _yard_, Queen street, Southwark. - -OLD PAV’D _alley_, Pallmall. - -OLD PIPE _yard_, Puddle dock. - -OLD PYE _street_, by New Pye street, Westminster. - -OLD ROUND _court_, in the Strand. - -OLD SHOE _alley_, Hoxton. - -OLD SOHO _street_, near Leicester fields. - -OLD SQUARE, Lincoln’s Inn. - -OLD STARCH _yard_, Old Gravel lane. - -OLD _street_, a street of great length, beginning at Goswell street, and -extending east towards Shoreditch. It received its ancient name of _Eald -street_, or _Old street_, from the Saxons, as being situated along the -Roman Military Way, at a considerable distance north of London, though -it is now joined to this metropolis. _Maitland._ - -OLD STREET _square_, Old street. - -OLD SWAN _lane_, Thames street.* - -OLD SWAN _stairs_, Ebbgate lane, Thames street.* - -OLD SWAN _yard_, Rag street.* - -OLD TAILOR _street_, King street, Golden square. - -OLIPHANT’S _lane_, Rotherhith.† - -OLIVE _court_, 1. Gravel lane. 2. St.Catharine’s lane, East Smithfield. - -OLIVER’S _alley_, in the Strand.† - -OLIVER’S _court_, Bowling alley, Westminster.† - -OLIVER’S _mount_, David street, Grosvenor square. - -ONE GUN _alley_, Wapping.* - -ONE SWAN _yard_, 1. Bishopsgate street.* 2. Rag street, Hockley in the -Hole.* - -ONE TUN _alley_, Hungerford Market.* - -ONE TUN _yard_, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.* - -ONSLOW _street_, Vine street, Hatton wall.† - -ORAM’S _court_, Water lane, Tower street.† - -ORANGE _court_, 1. Castle street, Leicester fields, 2. King’s street, -Soho, 3. Wapping. - -ORANGE _street_, 1. Castle street, Leicester fields, 2. Lowman’s street, -Gravel lane. 3. Red Lion square, Holborn. 4. Swallow street. 5. Sun -Tavern fields. - -_The_ ORCHARD, 1. Bread street, Ratcliff. 2. Butcher row. 3. Limehouse -causeway. 4. New street, Shadwell. 5. In Wapping. 6. Near Wapping. - -ORCHARD _street_, 1. Near the Stable yard, Westminster, from the royal -orchard formerly there. 2. Windmill street. - -_Office of_ ORDNANCE, in the Tower. This office is a modern building, a -little to the north east of the white tower; and to the officers -belonging to it, all other offices for supplying artillery, arms, -ammunition, or other warlike stores to any part of the British -dominions, are accountable; and from this office all orders for the -disposition of warlike materials are issued. It is therefore of very -great importance, as it has under its care the ammunition necessary for -the defence of the kingdom, and the protection of our allies. - -In ancient times before the invention of guns, this office was supplied -by officers under the following names; the Bowyer, the Cross Bowyer, the -Galeator, or Purveyor of helmets, the Armourer, and the Keeper of the -tents; and in this state it continued till King Henry VIII. placed it -under the management of a Master, a Lieutenant, a Surveyor, &c. as it -still continues with some improvements. - -The office of ordnance is now divided into two branches, the civil and -the military; the latter being subordinate and under the authority of -the former. - -The principal officer in the civil branch of the office of ordnance is -the Master General, who has a salary of 1500_l._ _per annum_, and is -invested with a peculiar jurisdiction over all his Majesty’s engineers -employed in the several fortifications of this kingdom, to whom they are -all accountable, and from whom they receive their particular orders and -instructions, according to the directions and commands given by his -Majesty and council. - -The Lieutenant General, who receives all orders and warrants signed by -the Master General, and from the other principal officers, and sees them -duly executed; issues orders, as the occasions of the state may require; -and gives directions for discharging the great guns, when required at -coronations, on birth days, festivals, signal victories, and other -solemn occasions. It is also his peculiar office to see the train of -artillery, and all its equipage fitted for motion, when ordered to be -drawn into the field. He has a salary of 1100_l._ _per annum_; and under -him is a clerk in ordinary, who has 150_l._ a year; an inferior clerk, -and a clerk extraordinary, who have each 40_l._ a year. - -The Surveyor inspects the stores and provisions of war in the custody of -the Storekeeper, and sees that they are ranged and placed in such order -as is most proper for their preservation. He allows all bills of debt, -and keeps a check upon all artificers and labourers work; sees that the -stores received be good and serviceable, duly proved, and marked, if -they ought to be so, with the King’s mark, taking to his assistance the -rest of the officers and Proof Masters. His salary is 700_l._ _per -annum_. - -As his post necessarily makes some assistance necessary, he has under -him the Proof Master of England, who has 150_l._ a year. Two clerks of -the fortifications, who have 60_l._ a year each, and another of 40_l._ -Besides, in this time of war he has under him six extra clerks, who have -each 40_l._ a year; and another who has 4_s._ 6_d._ a day. - -The Clerk of the ordnance records all orders and instructions given for -the government of the office; all patents and grants; the names of all -officers, clerks, artificers, attendants, gunners, labourers, &c. who -enjoy those grants, or any other fee for the same; draws all estimates -for provisions and supplies to be made, and all letters, instructions, -commissions, deputations, and contracts for his Majesty’s service; makes -all bills of imprest, and debentures, for the payment and satisfaction -for work done, and provisions received in the said office; all quarter -books for the salaries and allowances of all officers, clerks, &c. -belonging to the office; and keeps journals and ledgers of the receipts -and returns of his Majesty’s stores, to serve as a check between the two -accomptants of the office, the one for money, and the other for stores. -His salary is 500_l._ _per annum_, and 100_l._ a year for being a check -on the Storekeeper. - -The great business of this officer is managed, under him, by six clerks -in ordinary, one of whom has 180_l._ a year, another 150_l._ two 60_l._ -a year, one 50_l._ and one 4_s._ a day: and he has at present thirteen -clerks extraordinary, who have 40_l._ a year each. There are besides -under him a ledger keeper to the out ports, and a home ledger keeper, -who have 60_l._ a year. - -The Storekeeper takes into his custody all his Majesty’s ordnance, -munitions and stores belonging thereto, and indents and puts them in -legal security, after they have been surveyed of by the Surveyor: any -part of which he must not deliver, without a warrant signed by the -proper officers; nor must he receive back any stores formerly issued, -till they have been reviewed by the Surveyor, and registered by the -Clerk of the ordnance in the book of remains: and he must take care that -whatever is under his custody be kept safe, and in such readiness as to -be fit for service upon the most peremptory command. His salary is -400_l._ _per annum_. - -The Storekeeper has under his command three clerks in ordinary, one of -whom has 150_l._ and another 60_l._ _per annum_, and also three extra -clerks, each at 40_l._ a year. - -The Clerk of the deliveries draws all orders for delivery of any stores, -and sees them duly executed: he also charges by indenture the particular -receiver of the stores delivered; and, in order to discharge the -Storekeeper, he registers the copies of all warrants for the deliveries, -as well as the proportions delivered. His salary is 400_l._ a year. - -The above officer has under him two clerks in ordinary, one who has -150_l._ and another who has 70_l._ _per annum_, and also four clerks -extraordinary who have each 40_l._ a year. - -The Treasurer and Paymaster receives and pays all monies, both salaries -and debentures in and belonging to this office. His salary is 500_l._ a -year. - -The above officer is assisted in his double employment of receiving and -paying by three clerks in ordinary, one of whom has 150_l._ another -60_l._ and another 50_l._ _per annum_, and by three clerks -extraordinary, each of whom has 40_l._ a year. - -In this office there are likewise two Proof Masters, who have 20_l._ a -year each; a Clerk of the works, who has 120_l._ a year; a Purveyor for -the land, who has 100_l._ a year; a Purveyor for the sea, who has 40_l._ -a year; an Architect, who has 120_l._ a year; an Astronomical -Observator, who has 100_l._ a year, and some other officers. - -In the other part of this office termed the _Military Branch of the -Ordnance_, is a Chief Engineer, who has 501_l._ 17_s._ 4_d._ a year; a -Director, who has 365_l._ _per annum_; eight engineers in ordinary, who -have 10_s._ a day; eight engineers extraordinary at 6_s._ a day; eleven -sub-engineers, at 73_l._ a year each; and sixteen pract. engineers, at -3_s._ a day.——See an account of the arms belonging to this office under -the article TOWER. - -ORMOND’S _mews_, 1. Duke street, Piccadilly. 2. Great Ormond street, Red -Lion street, Holborn. - -ORMOND _street_, Red Lion street, Holborn. - -A catalogue of the pictures of Charles Jennens, Esq; in Ormond street. - -The nativity, after Pietro di Cortona. - -The Magi offering, Carlo Maratti. - -A holy family, after Raphael. - -A holy family, by Fr. Mazzuoli Parmegiano. - -A piece of fruit, &c. by De Heem. - -A landscape, by Cl. Lorraine, allowed capital. - -A landscape, with St. Jerom and the lion, by Nic. Poussin. - -Cattle and fowls, by Bened. Castiglione. - -The finding of Moses, by Lucatelli. - -A land storm, by Gasp. Poussin. - -A bagpiper, by Spagnolet. - -A landscape, by Nic. Poussin. - -A view of the Rhine, by Sachtleven. - -Ruins, by Harvey, with Christ and the woman of Canaan, by J. Vanderbank, -sky and trees by Wotton. - -A man with a straw hat eating porridge, by Annibal Caracci. - -A view of the castle of St. Angelo, by Marco Ricci. - -A miracle, by Seb. Concha. - -A boy’s or girl’s head, by Guido. - -The crucifixion, by Vandyke. - -St. John the Baptist baptizing Christ, by Rottenhammer. - -Three boys, viz. Christ, John the Baptist, and an angel, of the school of -Rubens or Vandyke. - -A holy family. - -St. Paul and King Agrippa, after Le Sueur. - -A philosopher mending a pen, A. le Pape. - -St. Cecilia in a circle of flowers, by Philippo Laura, in the manner of -Domenichino, the flowers by Mario di Fiori. - -A landscape, by Both. - -Butler the poet, by Zoust. - -A holy family (small) by Seb. Bourdon. - -A storm, by Vandervelde. - -A oval of flowers, with the wise men offering, by father Seegers. - -A piece of architecture, with the landing of Æsculapius at Rome, by P. -Panini. - -A madona, &c. by Carlo Maratti. - -A landscape, by Moucheron, with figures by Berchem. - -The two Maries at the sepulchre, by Pietro di Cortona. - -Bishop Ken, by Riley. - -David and Saul, by Jordans of Antwerp, or Van Harp. - -A sun-set, by Vanderneer. - -Abraham and Melchisedech, by Castiglione. - -A nativity, after Giuseppe Chiari. - -A landscape, by Vandiest. - -A carpet, &c. by Malteese. - -A landscape, by Claude, first manner. - -A landscape, by Rowland Savory, with Cain and Abel. - -Two pieces of fish and fowl, by Rysbrack. - - Nativity, by Albani. - -An old man’s head, by Rembrandt. - -A landscape, by Retork, in the manner of Elsheimer. - -Christ going to be crucified, a sketch, by Annibal Caracci. - -Tobias and the angel, by Mich. Angelo de Caravaggio. - -Celebration of Twelfth-night, by David Rykart. - -Moon-light, by Vandiest. - -Figures and cattle, by Van Bloom. - -A landscape and a sea view, by Vandiest. - -A sleeping boy, by Simon Vouet. - -The wise men offering, by Aug. Caracci. - -A nativity, by Le Sueur. - -A landscape with the flight into Egypt, by Antonio (called Gobbo) Caracci, -figures by Domenichino. - -A conversation, by Teniers. - -A sea piece, by Vandervelde. - -The inside of a church, by De Neef. - -A landscape with Balaam and the angel. - -A landscape and ruins, by Gasp. Poussin. - -Shakespear, in crayons, by Vandergucht, from the only original picture, -which is in the possession of Lady Carnarvon. - -Christ praying in the garden, by Ludovico Caracci, a capital piece. - -Abraham and Melchisedech, after Raphael, by Nic. Poussin. - -Dead game, by De Koning, with a man, by Luca Jordano; but some are of -opinion the whole piece is by L. Jordano. - -Two door pieces, by Tempesta and Crescentio. - -A landscape with cattle and figures, by Berchem. - -The raising of Lazarus, by Paulo Lozza. - -A Magdalen, by Giuseppe Cari. - -A small picture of P. Charles and his brother. - -King James II. when Duke of York, after Sir Peter Lely. - -Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. - -The head of a female saint. - -A head, after Titian. - -Christ preaching on the mount, by Van Rhyschoot. - -David playing on the harp to cure Saul, by Hayman. - -A landscape with a view of Hampstead and Highgate, by Lambert. - -The resurrection of Christ, by Hayman. - -A landscape, by Gainsborough. - -Sir John Falstaff, &c. by Hayman. - -An angel sleeping, after Guido. - -A small head, by Frank Hals. - -Two sea pieces, by Vandervelde. - -A flower piece, by O. Baptist. - -Moses striking the rock, by Le Brun. - -King Charles I. after Vandyke. - -King Charles II. and his Queen, by Sir P. Lely. - -Duke of Ormond, by Dahl. - -A statuary, by Spagnolet. - -An old man reading, by Guercino. - -A landscape and figures, by Paul Brill. - -Ruins and figures, by Viviano and J. Miel. - -A landscape and figures, by Fr. Bolognese. - -Titian and Aretine, after Titian. - -A view of Pliny’s villa, by Lucatelli. - -Pr. Rupert, half length, by Greenhill. - -A sea piece, by Vandiest. - -A flower piece, by O. Baptist. - -Gustavus Adolphus, by Mirevelt. - -A conversation, by Bamboccio. - -Temptation of St. Anthony, by Brower, the landscape, Paul Brill. - -A landscape, Gasp. Poussin, the figures by Philippo Laura. - -A dead Christ, &c. of the school of Caracci. - -A landscape and figures, Fr. Miel. - -Gen. Monk, when young, 3 qrs. - -A man singing, by Brower. - -A landscape, by Claude Lorraine. - -A landscape with high rocks, by Salvator Rosa. - -A view of St. Mark’s Place at Venice in carnival time, Canaletti. - -A view of the great canal at Venice, by Canaletti. - -A landscape, by Rembrandt. - -A lutanist, by Fr. Hals. - -A moon-light, by Vanderneer. - -The Chevalier de St. George in miniature. - -A musician’s head, by Rembrandt. - -A circle of flowers, by Baptist; with Christ and the woman of Samaria, by -Cheron. - -A madona, of the school of Carlo Maratti. - -A half length of General Monk, copied from Sir Peter Lely. - -A landscape, by Tillemans. - -A sea piece, a squall, by Vandervelde. - -A night storm, by De Vlieger. - -The virgin, with the child asleep. - -A view of a water mill. - -A cobler. - -An ascension, by Gius. Chiari. - -Two landscapes, by Houseman. - -Two pictures of the Chevalier and the Princess Louisa his sister. - -King James the 2d’s Queen, by Sir Godfrey Kneller. - -The burning of Troy, by Van Hiel. - -A view in Holland, by Van Goen. - -A landscape, in Van Goen’s manner. - -A landscape and figure, by Van Goen. - -The Marquis of Hamilton, after Vandyke. - -A small round landscape. - -A large landscape, by Lucas Van Uden. - -Salvator Mundi, by Vandyke. - -A sea piece and landscape, by Vander Cabel. - -Lord Clarendon, by Dobson. - -A small round landscape, in the manner of Bourgognone. - -A sea piece, by De Man. - -King James I. half length, by Mytons. - -Two landscapes, by Ruysdale. - -The conversion of St. Paul, by P. Snayer. - -A small head on silver, supposed the Marq. of Montrose, by Ferd. Laithe. - -J. Miel, the painter, by himself. - -Two small pictures, by Horizonti. - -Two ditto, by Lucatelli. - -Prince Henry, by P. Oliver. - -Ruins of the Temple of Minerva, by Viviano, or Salvius. - -A landscape, by Rubens. - -A landscape, by Fauquier. - -A frost piece, by Ostade. - -A landscape, by Gasp. de Wit, figures by Ferg. - -Ruins and figures, by Marco and Seb. Ricci. - -A sea view, by Vandervelde. - -A landscape, in the manner of Van Uden. - -Philippo Laura, by himself. - -Two small views, by Cocoranti. - -A sea calm, by Woodcock. - -David and Abigail, by Brughel. - -A sea view, by Bonaventure Peters. - -A landscape, by Martin Rykaert. - -Two small landscapes, by Artois. - -The finding of Moses, by Romanelli. - -Dead birds, by Ferguson. - -Two landscapes, by Ruysdale. - -St. John led by his disciples, by Blanchet. - -A landscape, by Rembrandt. - -A landscape, by Ruysdale, the figures by Wovermans. - -A lady’s head, by Cornelius Johnson. - -Lord Carnarvon, by Sir P. Lely. - -A Dutch watchmaker, by Fr. Hals. - -A landscape, by Van Huysum. - -A landscape, by J. Asselyn. - -A landscape, by Swanevelt. - -A landscape, by Francisco Mille. - -The marriage of St. Catharine, after Giorgione. - -A landscape, by Swanevelt. - -A landscape, with Argus and Hermes. - -The last supper, by Vandyke or Dieperbeck. - -The flight into Egypt, by Polembergh. - -L. D’Honat’s Eden. - -A calm, by Vandervelde, best manner. - -The good Samaritan. - -A landscape, by Tempesta. - -St. Peter walking on the sea, by Paul Brill. - -Fowls, by Cradock. - -A storm (small) by Vandervelde. - -Ruins, by Viviano. - -The transfiguration, after Raphael. - -A landscape and figures, by Bourgognone. - -A winter piece, by Molinaer. - -St. Jerom, by Teniers. - -A landscape, by Rousseau. - -Ruins, by Panini. - -A sun-rising, by Courtois. - -A landscape, by Old Patell. - -A church, by De Neef, the priest carrying the host; the figures by -Teniers. - -St. Sebastian, after Domenichino. - -St. Peter delivered out of prison, by De Neef, the figures by O. Teniers. - -A head (supposed of an apostle) by Vandyke. - -The flight into Egypt, a sketch, by Gius. Passeri. - -Part of Titian’s Comari, copied by Dahl. - -A head of Christ crowned with thorns, by Guido. - -Christ crowned with thorns, with the reed in his hand, of the school of -Caracci. - -Lot going out of Sodom, and Abraham with three Angels, two drawings, by -Cheron. - -St. Jerom in a cave, by Teniers. - -The murder of the innocents, a drawing after Raphael. - -A drawing after Nic. Poussin, by Cheron, of the passage thro’ the red sea. - -A Roman sacrifice, a drawing from the antique, by Cheron. - -A land storm, by Peters, or Teniers. - -Christ driving the buyers and sellers out of the temple, by Jac. Bassano. - -Two conversations in water colours, by Fergue. - -A boy and girl, heads. - -A landscape and sea piece in water colours, by Tillemans. - -Two landscapes in the manner of Brughel, by Old Grissier. - -A landscape, by Fergue. - -A view of Scheveling, by De Vleiger. - -A sea piece, by Vandervelde. - -A front piece, by Bonaventure Peters. - -Two landscapes, by Polembergh. - -A landscape, by Sachtleven. - -A landscape, by Van Maas. - -A gale and view, by Backhuysen. - -Two sea pieces, by Vandervelde. - -A landscape, by Hobbima. - -A head of Seb. Bourdon, by Netschar. - -Eliezer and Rebecca, by Vander Cabel. - -Christ sleeping, of the school of Carlo Maratti. - -A view in Rome, by Gaspar D’Ochiale. - -A landscape and cattle, by Cuyp. - -A brisk gale, by Vandervelde. - -A boy’s head, by Dubois. - -Christ and the two Disciples at Emmaus, by Teniers. - -A head of Richard Penderith. - -A landscape, by Molyn. - -A sea piece, by Vandervelde. - -A landscape, by Vanderheyden. - -A landscape, by Van Balen, with a holy family. - -A sea piece, by Backhuysen. - -A sea piece, by De Vlieger. - -Two landscapes, by Both. - -Chickens, a study, by Hondicooter. - -A sea piece, by Vangoen. - -A sea piece, by Ruysdale. - -A frost piece, by Adr. Vandevelde. - -A landscape, by Wovermans. - -An inn yard, copy from Wovermans. - -A moon-light, by Vanderneer. - -A frost piece, by Molenaer. - -A landscape, by Housemans. - -Two Dutch views, Flemish. - -Judith with Holofernes’s head, by Bronzino. - -Jerome Cardan. - -A hermit contemplating eternity, by Salvator Rosa. - -St. Jerome, by Guido. - -A landscape, with the flight into Egypt, by Domenichino. - -A landscape, by Courtois. - -Two landscapes, by Godfrey. - -Tobias curing his father’s eyes, by Rembrandt. - -Morning and Evening, by Berghem. - -A landscape, by Old Patelle. - -The wise men offering, by Rotenhamer. - -A landscape, by Wovermans. - -Ruins, by Viviano. - -View of the Colisæum, by Paulo Panini. - -Dead game, by Baltazar Caro. - -Architecture, by Ghisolfi. - -A landscape, by Swanevelt. - -A landscape with rocks, by Teniers, or P. Snayer. - -A landscape, by Van Zwierin. - -A landscape with others, by Teniers. - -Two landscapes, by Vincaboon. - -A landscape, by Fr. Miel. - -A view of Willybos, by T. Molinaer. - -A landscape, by Both and Bodwyn. - -Iphigenia, after Bourdon. - -A landscape, by P. Brill, or Vincaboon. - -A white fox or racoon, by Hondicooter. - -A small gale, by Vandervelde. - -A landscape, by Both. - -A landscape, by De Vries. - -The fable of the Satyr and clown, by Sorgue. - -A landscape, by Ruysdale. - -Ditto, by Both. - -A philosopher’s head, by Pietro da Pietri. - -A battle, by Tillemans. - -Ruins, by Ghisolfi. - -A landscape, by Fauquier. - -Ditto, perhaps Artois. - -A sketch of a sea fight, by Vandervelde. - -A landscape, with Elijah and the ravens, by R. Savory. - -Two pictures of lions and tygers, by J. Vanderbank. - -Christ and the Samaritan woman, and Mary Magdalen in the garden, by -Columbell. - -Head of Annibal Caracci, by himself. - -A view of the Rhine, by Vosterman. - -The nativity, a sketch, by Rubens. - -A sea piece, by Monamy. - -Two landscapes, by Vandiest. - -An emblematical picture of Justice, by Solimeni. - -Virgin and child, and St. Francis with angels, by Seb. Concha. - -St. Francis asleep, an angel fiddling, after Philippo Laura. - -A storm, by Vandervelde. - -A landscape, by Kierings. - -A landscape, by De la Hire. - -A copy, from Claude. - -A view, with ruins and figures, by Marco and Sebastian Ricci. - -A fresh gale, by Vandervelde. - -Hagar and Ishmael, by Val. Castelli. - -St. Jerome, by Guido. - -Riposo, by L. Caracci, or Carlo Cignani. - -Two landscapes, by Vorsterman. - -Peter in prison, by Stenwick. - -Destruction of Sodom, by ditto. - -The deluge, by Polemburgh. - -Corps de Guard and its companion, by Bamboccio. - -A landscape, by Mat. Brill. - -A landscape, in imitation of Ruysdale. - -A landscape, with a Magdalen, by Teniers. - -A landscape, by Ruysdale. - -The head of Isaiah, on paper, by Raphael. - -A conversation, by Ostade. - -A battle, by Bourgognone. - -Soldier and boors fighting, Molinaer. - -A landscape, Swanevelt. - -Belshazzar’s feast, after Rembrandt, by Tillemans. - -Still life, Edema. - -A hen and chickens, Cradock. - -A battle, by Vander Mulen. - -The mocking of Christ, by Cheron. - -Incendio del Borgo, after Raphael. - -Christ and St. Thomas, Cavedone. - -Two portraits of P. Cha. and his mother. - -A fruit piece, by Mich. Angelo Campidoglio, o da Pace. - -David and Solomon, Rubens. - -Two landscapes, Annib. Caracci. - -A conversation, Seb. Bourdon. - -A conversation, with dancing, Annib. Caracci. - -A masquerade, Gobbo Caracci. - -Benjamin accused of stealing the cup, by J. De Wit. - -Two landscapes, by Mola. - -The battle of Amazons, after Jul. Romano. - -Two landscapes, Vincaboon. - -Mr. Handel’s picture, by Hudson. - -Fowls, &c. Y. Wenix. - -The passage of the red sea, by De Wit. - -A concert of music, by Pasqualini. - -Hero and Leander, by Elsheimer. - -Two heads of Lodov. and Aug. Caracci. - -A sea port, by Storck. - -A pieta, Trevisani. - -Christ, Simon the Pharisee, and M. Magdalen, by Lappi. - -A view of Scheveling, a storm coming on, by Ruysdale. - -A battle, by Mich. Angelo delle Battaglie. - -St. Sebastian, by Guercino. - -Bened. Castiglione, by himself. - -A landscape, with cattle, by Cuyp. - -The inside of the Jesuits church at Antwerp, by De Neef. - -A landscape with cattle, by Rosa of Tivoli. - -Æolus and the four winds, by Carlo Maratti. - -Two heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, by Guercino. - -Christ asleep, with two angels looking on, by Murillo. - -A wounded stag swimming across a brook. - -St. Jerome and the Angel with a trumpet, by Guercino. - -A view of Sulftara, by Berchem and Both. - -A battle of the bridge, by Bourgognone. - -A landscape, with a Magdalen in it, by Albani, or Bartolom. Breenberg in -imitation of him. - -A sketch of martyrdom, by Vandyke. - -A horse watering, by Wovermans. - -A landscape, by Adr. Vandervelde. - -A copy of Raphael’s Heliodorus. - -A sketch, by Rubens, of binding of Samson. - -A sea port, by J. Miel. - -A landscape, by Paul Brill. - -A landscape, by Tillemans, or Houseman. - -A sea piece, by Dubbels. - -A chalk kiln, by Ruysdale. - -A landscape, by Hobbima. - -A moon-light, by Vanderneer. - -A landscape, by Wynantz. - -Hector and Achilles, by Nic. Poussin, or Pietro Testa. - -Two landscapes, by Claude Lorraine. - -St. Peter dictating the gospel to St. Mark, by Pietro di Cortona. - -A landscape, by Verboom, the figures, &c. by Adr. Vandervelde. - -Decollation of St. John the Baptist, by Mich. Angelo da Carravagio, or -Valentini. - -A man’s head, by Ant. Moore. - -A view of the Doge’s palace, after Canaletti. - -A landscape, by F. Miel. - -A calm, by Vandiest. - -A battle, by Tillemans. - -A Court de Guard, by Le Duc. - -The holy child Jesus in the arms of Joseph, by Giuseppe del Solo, a -disciple of Carlo Cignani. - -A landscape, by Solomon Ruysdale. - -An ascension, the finished sketch for the King’s chapel at Versailles, by -Jouvenet. - -A holy family, by Erasm. Quiline. - -A landscape, by Croose. - -A bag piper, by Albert Durer. - -Two sketches, after Tintoret, one the trial of Christ, the other leading -him away. - -A sea piece, by Van Cappel. - -A landscape, by Sol. Ruysdale. - -Dead game, with a dog and cat, by Fyte. - -Two landscapes, by Mola. - -A landscape, by Pynas. - -A landscape and architecture, by Le Maire, with figures, by Phil. Laura. - -A landscape, by Fauquier. - -A village carnival, by P. Wovermans. - -A holy family, by Carlo Maratti. - -Two landscapes, by Bellin. - -Christ healing the sick, a sketch, by Tintoret. - -Fowls, by Cradock. - -A landscape, by Nic. Poussin. - -Riposo, F. Vanni. - -A cartoon head, by Raphael. - -Christ disputing with the doctors, a sketch, by Titian. - -A holy family, by Schidoni. - -A battle, by Salvator Rosa. - -Two views of the Clitumnus and Avernus, by Wilson. - -A storm, by Annib. Caracci. - -A landscape, with the baptism of Christ, by Nic. Poussin. - -Samson slaying the Philistines with the jaw bone of an ass, Val. Castelli. - -Fred. Zuccaro’s picture, by himself. - -Hercules and Antæus, by Rubens. - -Hagar and Ishmael, by Le Sueur. - -A woman making lace, by Scalken. - -The fall of Simon Magus, a sketch, by Pompeio. - -A shepherd and shepherdess with cattle, by C. du Jardin. - -A landscape, by Dekker. - -A girl sewing, by Ostade. - -An ox, by Potter, the landscape by Vanderhyde. - -The flight into Egypt, by Dominic. Antolini. - -Hercules and Cerberus, a sketch, by Rubens. - -A landscape and cattle, by Carree. - -A landscape, by Brughel, the figures Rotenhamer. - -Moses on the mount, by Jac. Bassan. - -A landscape, by Dekker. - -A copy of Guido’s Aurora, by Carlo Maratti, or Gius. Cari. - -A landscape, by Mr. Wotton. - -Lot and his daughters, by Elsheimer. - -Christ in the garden, by P. Veronese. - -A moon-light, by O. Giffier. - -A landscape, by Berkheyde. - -A landscape, by De Heusch. - -A landscape, by Wynantz, the figures by Wovermans. - -Christ’s agony in the garden, by Ant. Balestra. - -John Baptist pointing him out to two disciples, ditto. - -A landscape, by Vanderneer. - -A landscape, by Fauquier, with figures, by Teniers. - -A witch and devils, by Hellish Brughel. - -A battle, by Wotton. - -An old man’s head, by Rembrandt. - -A landscape, by Borsam. - -Venus coming to Vulcan to beg armour for Æneas, by Goltzius. - -A landscape, by Gaspar Poussin. - -A landscape, by Nicola Poussin. - -Two heads, of an old man and an old woman, by Denier. - -King Ahasuerus and Q. Esther, by Gabiani. - -The sick man healed at the pool of Bethesda, by Erasmus Quillinius. - -The last supper, by Jouvenet. - -Head of a madona, with a book, by Elisabetti Sirani. - -A landscape, by Studio. - - - Bustos, Statues, Bas Reliefs, &c. - - -A girl’s head, marble, after the antique, by Scheemaker. - -A model of St. John Baptist in the wilderness, by Bernini, in terra cotta. - -The judgment of Midas, an ivory Bas Rel. - -Orpheus playing to the beasts, Bas Rel. Bronze. - -Erato, Bronze, antique. - -The statue of Fides Christiana, by Roubiliac, marble. - -A model of St. Andrew, by Fiamingo, terra cotta. - -A madona and child, in imitation of Rubens’s manner of painting, terra -cotta. - -Ceres, after that in the Capitol, by Scheemaker, terra cotta. - -St. Jerome, by Mich. Angelo, terra cotta. - -A Bacchanalian boy, after Camillo Ruscoin, by Hayward. - -A bust of Aratus, after the antique, by ditto, marble. - -A model of Mr. Roubiliac’s statue of Fides Christiana, in terra cotta. - -A model of Moses, by Mich. Angelo, terra cotta. - -A model of Flora, by Roubiliac. ter. cotta. - -A vestal, after the antique, by Hayward, marble. - -A small antique bust of Æsclepiades, the Greek physician, marble. - -ORMOND _yard_, Great Ormond street. - -_Court of_ ORPHANS. This court is occasionally held at Guildhall, by the -Lord Mayor and Aldermen, who are guardians to the children of freemen -under the age of twenty-one years at the decease of their fathers, and -take upon them not only the management of their goods and chattels, but -likewise that of their persons, by placing them under the care of -tutors, to prevent disposing of themselves during their minority, -without their approbation. - -By this court the common serjeant is authorised to take exact accounts -and inventories of all the deceased freemen’s estates; and the youngest -attorney of the Lord Mayor’s court being clerk to that of the orphans, -is appointed to take securities for their several portions, in the name -of the Chamberlain of London, who is a corporation of himself, for the -service of the said orphans; and to whom a recognizance or bond, made -upon the account of an orphan, shall by the custom of London, descend to -his successor. - -It may not be improper to add, that when a freeman dies and leaves -children in their minority, the clerks of the several parishes are -according to a law of the city, to give in their names to the common -crier, who is immediately to summon the widow, or executor, to appear -before the court of Lord Mayor and Aldermen, to bring an inventory of, -and security for the testator’s estate; for which two months time is -commonly allowed: and, in case of non-appearance, or refusal of -security, the Lord Mayor may commit the contumacious executor to -Newgate. _Lex Lond._ - -OVERMAN’S _court_, Pepper alley.† - -OWEN’S _Almshouse_, near the south end of Islington, was erected by the -company of Brewers, in the year 1610, for ten poor widows of the parish -of St. Mary’s Islington, pursuant to the will of the Lady Alice Owen, -who allowed each widow 3_l._ 16_s._ _per annum_, three yards of cloth -for a gown every other year, and 6_l._ to be laid out annually in coals -for the use of the whole. - -OXENDON _street_, Coventry street. - -OXFORD ARMS _Inn lane_, Warwick lane, near Newgate market.* - -OXFORD ARMS _passage_, Warwick lane.* - -OXFORD ARMS _yard_, in the Haymarket.* - -OXFORD _court_, 1. Camomile street. 2. Salter’s Hall court, Swithin’s -lane. Here was anciently the house of the Prior of Torrington in -Suffolk, which afterwards fell to the Earls of Oxford; but that edifice -being at length demolished, and this court built in its room, it -retained the name of the former possessor. 3. Oxford street. - -OXFORD _market_, Oxford street, so called from its being on the estate of -the late Earl of Oxford. - -OXFORD _street_, St. Giles’s pound. This street, the market, and court of -the same name, are all on the estate of the late Earl of Oxford. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - P. - - -PACKER’S _court_, Coleman street. - -PACKINGTON’S _Almshouse_, in White Friars, Fleet street, commonly called -Clothworkers almshouses, was founded by the Lady Anne Packington, relict -of Sir John Packington, Chirographer of the court of Common Pleas, about -the year 1560, for the accommodation of eight poor women, each of whom -receives annually of the Clothworkers company, who have the trust of -this charity, the sum of 4_l._ nine bushels of coals, and new apparel -every third year. _Maitland._ - -PACKSON’S _rents_, Jamaica street. - -PACKTHREAD _ground_, 1. Bandy Leg walk. 2. End of Barnaby street. 3. -Coleman street. 4. Gravel lane. 5. Near Maiden lane. - -PADDINGTON, a village in Middlesex, situated on the north side of Hyde -Park. - -PAGE (Sir Gregory) for an account of his house and pictures. See -BLACKHEATH. - -PAGEANT’S _stairs_, Rotherhith. - -PAGE’S _walk_, King’s Road.† - -PAGE’S _yard_, Brewhouse lane, Wapping.† - -PAIN’S _alley_, Wapping Wall.† - -PAIN’S _yard_, Swan alley, East Smithfield.† - - -[Illustration: - - _A Scene in the Gardens of Pain’s Hill._ - _S. Wale delin._ _F. Vivares sculp._ -] - - -PAIN’S _hill_, near Cobham, in Surry, is the seat of the Honourable -Charles Hamilton, who has made great improvements, by inclosing a large -tract of barren land, which though so poor as to produce nothing but -heath and broom, he has so well cultivated and adorned, that few places -are equal to it. The whole place is about five miles round; it is laid -out in the modern taste, and planted with a beautiful variety of trees, -plants, and flowers. The fine inequalities of the ground give a -perpetual variety to the prospects, especially on that side next the -river Mole, which river, though it lies lower than the level of the -gardens by twenty feet, is brought into them by means of a wheel -curiously contrived, which is turned by the river. Every time it turns -round it takes up the water and conveys it through a spiral pipe from -the circumference of the wheel to the center of it, from whence it is -discharged into a trough, and from thence through pipes into the -gardens, where by the joint assistance of nature and art, it is formed -into a fine winding lake or piece of water, with an island in it, -planted and laid out in walks, with bridges over to it of the most -simple contrivance, and the whole surrounded with rising grounds, clumps -of trees, and hanging woods, in as romantic and picturesque a manner as -imagination can conceive. These gardens are but lately laid out, and -consequently some of the plantations will appear to more advantage as -they advance in growth. But the place upon the whole is very beautiful, -and extremely well worth seeing. - -PAINTER’S _court_, Berry street. - -PAINTER’S _rents_, Ratcliff highway. - -PAINTER STAINERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by -Queen Elizabeth in the year 1582; by the name of _The Master, Wardens -and Commonalty of the freemen of the art and mystery of painting, called -Painter Stainers, within the city of London_. - -This fraternity is governed by a Master, two Wardens, and nine -Assistants, to which belongs a livery of 124 members, who upon their -admission pay a fine of 14_l._ - -PAINTER STAINERS _Hall_, in Little Trinity lane, is adorned with a -handsome screen, arches, and pilasters of the Corinthian order, painted -in imitation of porphyry, with gilt capitals. The pannels are of -wainscot, and on the ceiling is finely painted by Fuller, Pallas -triumphant, while Art and Fame, attended by Mercury, suppress their -enemies, Sloth, Envy, Pride, &c. the other paintings are Endymion and -Luna, by Palmatier; Orpheus slaying Pan, by Brull; Art and Envy, by -Hungis; the portraits of King Charles II. and his Queen Catharine, by -Houseman; a portrait of Camden; the fire of London; a piece of -architecture of the Corinthian order, by Trevit; another of the Ionic -order, given by Mr. Thompson, the city painter; Heraclitus and -Democritus, by Penn; a landscape, by Aggas; fish and fowl, by Robinson; -a piece of birds, by Barlow; a piece of fruit and flowers, by Everbrook; -a ruin, by Griffier; and a fine piece of shipping, by Peter Monumea. -There are several other pieces in the parlour. - -In the court room are some fine pictures, most of which are portraits of -the members of the company; and in the front of the room is a fine bust -of Mr. Thomas Evans, who left five houses in Basinghall street to the -company. - -Mr. Camden, the famous antiquarian, whose father was a painter in the -Old Bailey, gave the Painter Stainers company a silver cup and cover, -which they use every St. Luke’s day at their election; the old Master -drinking to the one then elected, out of it. Upon this cup is the -following inscription: - - GUL. CAMDENUS CLARENCEUX FILIUS SAMPSONIS PICTORIS LONDINENSIS DONO - DEDIT. _Maitland._ - -PALLMALL, a very handsome street, inhabited by several persons of the -first quality, extending from the end of the Haymarket to St. James’s -palace. - -PALLMALL _court_, Pallmall. - -PALMER’S _Almshouse_, at Tothill-side, Westminster, was founded by James -Palmer, B. D. in the year 1654, for the reception of twelve poor men and -women, to each of whom he gave a perpetual annuity of 6_l._ and a -chaldron of coals. - -To this building also belongs a school, in which twenty boys are taught -reading, writing, and arithmetic; for which the master has an annual -salary of 12_l._ and a chaldron of coals, with a convenient house, and a -gown every other year. - -Here also is a chapel for the use of the pensioners and scholars, in -which the founder himself for some time preached and prayed twice a day -to them. _Maitland._ - -PALSGRAVE’S HEAD _court_, in the Strand.* - -PALYN’S _Almshouse_, in Pesthouse row, near Old street, was founded by -George Palyn, citizen and girdler, for six poor members of his company; -he also endowed it with an estate of 40_l._ a year, and committed it to -the trust of that company. _Maitland._ - -PANCRAS, a small hamlet in Middlesex, on the north west side of London, in -the road to Kentish town. It has a church dedicated to St. Pancras, and -called St. Pancras in the Fields, an old plain Gothic structure, with a -square tower without a spire. It is a vulgar tradition that this church -is of greater antiquity than that of St. Paul’s cathedral, of which it -is only a prebend; but this arises from a mistake; for the church of St. -Pancras, termed the mother of St. Paul’s, was situated in the city of -Canterbury, and was changed from a Pagan temple to a Christian church by -St. Austin the monk, in the year 598, when he dedicated it to St. -Pancras. - -The church yard, is a general burying place for persons of the Romish -religion. At a public house on the south side of the church is a -medicinal spring. - -_St._ PANCRAS, a church which stood on the north side of St. Pancras lane, -near Queen street, in Cheap ward, owed its name, as did the church -mentioned in the above article, to St. Pancras a young Phrygian -nobleman, who suffered martyrdom under the Emperor Dioclesian, for his -strict adherence to the Christian religion. This church, which was a -rectory, and one of the peculiars in this city belonging to the -Archbishop of Canterbury, was destroyed by the fire of London, and not -being rebuilt, the parish was, by act of parliament, annexed to the -church of St. Mary le Bow in Cheapside. - -PANCRAS _lane_, Queen street, Bucklersbury. - -PANKETHMAN’S _buildings_, Golden lane. - -PANNIER _alley_, near Cheapside, leads from Blowbladder street into Pater -noster row, and is said to be the highest ground within the city walls. -About the middle of the alley, a stone is fixed in the wall in the form -of a pedestal, on the side of which is cut in relief a boy riding -astride upon a pannier, and this inscription. - - When you have sought the city round, - Yet still this is the highest ground. - -PANTON _square_, 1. Coventry street. 2. Oxendon street. - -PANTON _street_, Haymarket. - -PANTON’S _rents_, Chiswell street.† - -PAPER _buildings_, a range of buildings in the Temple, originally built in -the year 1607; but being consumed by fire, were rebuilt; in a very -handsome manner in 1685. At the north end are painted the figures of the -four cardinal virtues. - -PAPER _office_, Whitehall. An ancient office under the Secretaries of -state, the keeper of which has under his charge all the public papers, -writings, matters of state and council; all letters, intelligences, -negotiations of the King’s public ministers abroad, and in general all -the papers and dispatches that pass through the offices of the two -Secretaries of state, which are, or ought to be, from time to time -transmitted to this office, and remain here, disposed by way of library. -_Chamberlain’s Present State._ - -PAPEY, an hospital which stood at the north end of St. Mary Ax, and was -founded by three priests in the year 1430, for a Master, two Wardens, -and several Chaplains, Chauntry Priests, &c. It belonged to the -brotherhood of St. John the Evangelist and St. Charity. Such priests as -were become lame, or in great poverty, were here relieved, and had -chambers with a certain allowance of bread, drink, and coals; and one -old man, with his wife, was to see them constantly served, and to keep -the house clean. This hospital was suppressed in the reign of Edward VI. - -PARADISE _court_, 1. Lady Clark’s yard, Gravel lane. 2. Peter street. - -PARADISE _row_, 1. Brook’s street, Bond street. 2. Near St. George’s -fields. 3. Lambeth. 4. Tottenham Court Road. - -PARDON _church_, a chapel formerly situated to the east of the Bishop of -London’s palace, in St. Paul’s church yard, in a place at that time -known by the name of Pardon Church Haugh. This chapel was erected by -Gilbert Becket, sheriff of London, in the reign of King Stephen, and -rebuilt in the reign of Henry V. by Thomas More, Dean of St. Paul’s, who -also encompassed it with a cloister. On the east side was a handsome -library founded by Walter Shiryngton, Chancellor of the duchy of -Lancaster. In this chapel were interred several persons, whose -monuments, according to Mr. Stow, excelled in curious workmanship those -in the neighbouring cathedral, and on the walls were painted the Dance -of Death, in imitation of a painting in the cloister of St. Innocent’s -church at Paris, with English verses translated out of French by John -Lydgate, a famous old poet, by way of explanation. - -PARISH CLERKS. See CLERKS. - -PARISH GARDEN _lane_, Upper Ground, Southwark. - -PARISH GARDEN _stairs_, Upper Ground. - -PARISH _street_, Horselydown. - -PARK, in Southwark; several streets built upon the spot where the Bishop -of Winchester had formerly a park, which joined to his palace. - -PARK GATE, Redcross street, Southwark. - -PARK PLACE, St. James’s street, St. James’s. - -PARK PROSPECT, Knightsbridge. - -PARK PROSPECT _court_, Manchester street. - -PARK _street_, 1. Little Grosvenor street. 2. Tothill street, -Westminster.☐ - -PARKER’S _alley_. 1. Near Cherry Garden stairs.† 2. Turnmill street.† - -PARKER’S _court_, Coleman street.† - -PARKER’S _gardens_, Heydon yard, in the Minories.† - -PARKER’S _lane_, Drury lane.† - -PARKER’S _rents_, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.† - -PARKER’S LANE _School_, situated in Parker’s lane, Drury lane, was founded -about the year 1663, by Mr. William Skelton of St. Giles’s in the -Fields, for the education of fifty poor boys, thirty-five of whom to be -of the parish of St. Giles in the Fields, ten of that of St. Martin in -the Fields, and five of St. Paul’s Covent Garden. The Master has a -salary of 20_l._ two chaldrons of coals, and a gown every year, for -teaching the children reading, writing, and arithmetic, each of whom has -a coat of 6_s._ price every year; and the surplus arising from the -estate is employed in putting them out apprentices. _Maitland._ - -PARLIAMENT. This great council, which is the highest and most ancient -court of the kingdom, was indifferently denominated by the Saxons, -_Michel Gemote_, and _Witen Gemote_, that is, the great court and -council of wise men. _Coke’s Institutes._ - -The first mention we find of this court, is on its being held in this -city by Egbert and Withlaf, Kings of Wessex, and Mercia, in the year -833, for deliberating on ways and means to oppose the piratical -invasions, and destructive depredations of the Danes. _Spelman’s -Concilia._ - -This great council, which was held twice a year before the conquest, -consists of the King, the Lords spiritual and temporal, and the Commons: -the Lords spiritual, consisting of the two Archbishops, and twenty-four -Bishops, sit by virtue of their respective baronies, which they hold in -a political capacity: the Lords temporal, who are created by the King’s -patent, and therefore cannot be reduced to any certain number, sit by -descent, or creation: and the Commons, who amount to 558, consist of -Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses, the representatives of the commonalty -of Great Britain; who, by virtue of the King’s writs, are elected by the -several counties, cities, and boroughs. - -The power of parliament is so great and extensive, that it makes, -amends, reduces, revives, and abrogates laws, statutes, and ordinances, -concerning matters ecclesiastical, civil, and military. None can begin, -continue, or dissolve this council, but by the King’s authority. - -All the members of parliament sat together till the fiftieth of Edward -III. in the year 1377, when the Commons removed to the Chapter-house of -Westminster, in the cloister of the Abbey. - -For the distinct privileges, and the manner of proceeding in the houses -of Lords and Commons, see the articles LORDS, and COMMONS. - -PARLIAMENT _alley_, Artillery lane. - -PARLIAMENT _stairs_, Old Palace yard.☐ - -PARLIAMENT _stairs alley_, Old Palace yard. - -PARLIAMENT _street_, a very handsome and spacious new built street, -adorned with very handsome buildings. It extends from New Palace yard to -the Cockpit. - -PARMER’S _yard_, Stony lane.† - -PARREY’S _rents_, Portpool lane, Leather lane.† - -PARROT _alley_, 1. East Smithfield.* 2. Whitecross street, Old street.* - -PARROT’S _rents_, Chequer alley, Whitecross street, Old street.† - -PARROT _yard_, Parrot alley, East Smithfield.* - -PARSON’S _court_, 1. Bride lane, Fleet street.† 2. White street.† - -PARSON’S _rents_, Cow lane, Smithfield.† - -PARSON’S _yard_, 1. Fore street, Lambeth.† 2. Shoreditch. - -PASSAGE, Lambeth. - -PATENT _Office_, Palsgrave Head court, near Temple Bar. - -PATER NOSTER _alley_, Pater noster row. - -PATER NOSTER _row_, extends from Cheapside to Amen corner. This street was -anciently so called on account of the number of stationers, or writers -who lived there before the invention of the noble art of printing; who -wrote and sold the little books most in use in those times of ignorance, -as alphabets with the Pater noster, the Ave Maria, the Creed and Graces. -In the same place also dwelt the turners of beads for rosaries, who were -also called Pater noster makers. At the end of Pater noster row near -Amen corner is Ave Mary lane, which was also so called from the writers -and beadmakers, who resided there. Pater noster row is still inhabited -by many eminent wholesale booksellers and publishers. _Maitland._ 2. -Dorset street, Spitalfields. - -PATIENCE _street_, Anchor street. - -PATRICK’S _court_, Houndsditch.† - -PATTENMAKERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by King -Charles II. in the year 1670; consisting of a Master, two Wardens, -twenty-four Assistants, and forty-six Liverymen, who at their admission -pay a fine of 6_l._ but have no hall. - -PATTEN RING _alley_, Maze Pond, near Snow fields. - -PAV’D _alley_, 1. Charles’s street, St. James’s. 2. Lime street, by -Leadenhall street. 3. London House yard. 4. Water lane, Black Friars. 5. -White Friars. - -PAV’D _court_, 1. Bell Inn yard. 2. Five Feet lane. 3. Fleetwood’s rents. -4. George yard. 5. Green Bank. - -PAV’D _entry_, London Wall. - -PAVEMENT _row_, Moorfields. - -PAVIOURS, a fellowship by prescription, and not by charter. - -This company is governed by three Wardens and twenty-five Assistants; -but though they have a coat of arms, they have neither hall nor livery. - -PAVIOURS _alley_, Drury lane. - -PAVIOURS _court_, Grub street, by Fore street, Moorgate. - -PAULIN’S _street_, Hanover street.† - -PAULIN’S _wharf_, Durham yard, in the Strand. - -PAUL’S _alley_, 1. Fenchurch street. 2. St Paul’s Church yard. 3. Redcross -street. 4. Wood street, Cheapside. - -_St._ PAUL’S _Cathedral_, the most magnificent Protestant church in the -world. This edifice has been generally supposed to have been founded in -the place where anciently stood a temple dedicated by the Romans to the -goddess Diana; an opinion derived from the tradition, of the heads of -oxen, the horns of deer, and the tusks of boars having been commonly dug -up there; but as Sir Christopher Wren in clearing the foundations of -this ancient structure, found none of these, he justly discredited the -opinion, and his son, in his _Parentalia_, has given a different account -of the origin of the ancient edifice. - - -[Illustration: - - _S^t. Paul’s_ - _S. Wale delin._ _E. Rooker sculp._ -] - - -This gentleman observes, that the first cathedral of the episcopal see -of London was built in the area, where had been the Roman Prætorian -camp, and in the situation on which all the succeeding fabrics stood: -but that this structure was demolished during the great and general -persecution under the Emperor Dioclesian. This persecution was however -short, the church is supposed to have been re-edified under Constantine; -but it was afterwards destroyed by the Pagan Saxons, and restored again -upon the old foundations, when they embraced Christianity in the seventh -century, when Sebert, King of Essex, advanced Mellitus to the bishopric -of London. - -In 675, we find Erkenwald the fourth Bishop of London from Mellitus, -expending great sums of money in repairing and beautifying the ancient -edifice, augmenting its revenues, and procuring for it the most -considerable privileges from the Pope and the Saxon princes then -reigning: for these works the Bishop was canonized at his death, and his -body placed in a glorious shrine above the high altar in the east part -of the church, where this shrine remained the admiration of succeeding -ages, till the fatal destruction of the whole fabric by fire. - -This catastrophe happened in the year 961; and as it was rebuilt the -same year, it is highly probable, that these early structures, how -magnificent soever they might then be thought, were only small wooden -buildings. - -During the Saxon heptarchy, this church flourished extremely; Kenrad -King of Mercia declared it as free in all its rights, as he himself -desired to be at the day of judgment; Athelstan endowed it with fifteen -lordships; Edgar, with two; and Egleflede his wife with two more; all -which were confirmed by the charters of Ethelred and Canute, which -solemnly imprecate curses on all who dare to violate it. - -The next benefactor to this church was Edward the Confessor; but at the -Norman invasion, which soon followed, some of its revenues were seized -by the Conqueror; but he was no sooner seated on the throne, than he -caused full restitution to be made; and even confirmed all its rights, -privileges and immunities, in the amplest manner; with benedictions upon -those who should augment its possessions, and solemn imprecations upon -all who should violate any of the charters made in its favour. - -In that reign, however, a dreadful fire consumed it a second time, and -by this conflagration, which happened in 1086, the greatest part of this -city was also laid in ashes: but this destruction served to make way for -a more magnificent building, than had ever yet been applied to the -purposes of devotion in this kingdom. Maurice, then Bishop of London, -having undertaken this great work, obtained of the King the old stones -of a spacious castle in the neighbourhood called the Palatine Tower, -situated near the river Fleet; but though he lived twenty years, and -prosecuted the work with uncommon earnestness, yet he left the -completion of what he had begun to succeeding generations. - -The successor of this Bishop followed his example, and even applied the -whole revenue of his see towards the advancement of this great work; but -like the former left it unfinished; after which it is supposed to have -been compleated by lay persons; but at what time, or in what manner, is -no where mentioned. Indeed William Rufus, who succeeded the Conqueror, -is said to have exempted all ships entering the river Fleet with stone -or other materials for the new cathedral, from toll and custom; and it -is not improbable that he might take this structure under his own -particular direction. - -But notwithstanding the length of time, and the great expence bestowed -upon this church, it had not long been compleated, when it was thought -not sufficiently magnificent; the steeple was therefore rebuilt and -finished about the year 1221; and then Roger Niger being promoted to the -see of London in 1229, proceeding with the choir compleated it in 1240, -and solemnly consecrated it afresh the same year, in the presence of the -King, the Pope’s Legate, and many Lords both spiritual and temporal. - -The spacious and magnificent edifice of St. Paul’s cathedral, being thus -finished, a survey was taken of it, by which its dimensions appear to -have been as follows. The length of the body of the church was 690 feet; -the breadth 130; the height of the roof of the west part within 102 -feet; that of the east 88; and that of the body 150; the height of the -tower from the ground was 260 feet; from whence rose a wooden spire -covered with lead 274 feet in length; on the top of which was a ball -nine feet one inch in circumference. This was crowned with a cross that -was fifteen feet in length, and the traverse six feet. - -The ornaments of this cathedral exceeded those of every other church in -the kingdom. The high altar stood between two columns, adorned with -precious stones, and surrounded with images most beautifully wrought, -and covered with a canopy of wood curiously painted with the -representation of Saints and Angels. - -The new shrine of St. Erkenwald stood on the east side of the wall above -the high altar, and was adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones; -but not being thought sufficiently rich, in 1339 three goldsmiths of -London were retained by the Dean and Chapter to work upon it a whole -year, at the end of which its lustre was so great, that Princes, Nobles, -Ambassadors, and other foreigners of rank flocked from all parts to -visit it, and to offer their oblations before it: among these we find -all the rings and jewels of Walter de Thorp, and the best saphire stone -of Richard de Preston; which last was applied to the curing of -infirmities of the eyes, and proclamation of its virtues was made by the -express will of the donor. - -The picture of St. Paul finely painted, was placed in a wooden -tabernacle on the right side of the high altar, and was esteemed a -masterly performance. - -Against a pillar in the body of the church, stood a beautiful image of -the Virgin Mary; and that a lamp might be continually kept burning -before it, and an anthem sung every day, John Burnet, Bishop of Bath and -Wells, bequeathed a handsome estate. - -In the center stood a large cross, and towards the north door a crucifix -at which offerings were made, that greatly increased the revenue of the -Dean and Canons. - -The last piece of ornament we shall mention, was the fine dial belonging -to the great clock, which being visible to all who passed by, care was -taken that it should appear with the utmost splendor, and in particular -an angel pointed to the hour. - -Under this cathedral was a parish church called St. Faith’s, in which -several persons of distinction were formerly interred: but no records -remain that mention the time when divine worship was performed in it. - -St. Paul’s cathedral was encompassed with a wall about the year 1109, -which extended from the north east corner of Ave Mary lane, eastward -along Pater noster row, to the north end of the Old Change in Cheapside; -whence it ran southward to Carter lane, and passing on the north side of -it to Creed lane, turned up to Ludgate street. To this wall there were -six gates, the principal of which was situated near the end of Creed -lane in Ludgate street. The second was at St. Paul’s alley in Pater -noster row, the third at Canon alley; the fourth, called the Little -gate, was situated at the entrance into Cheapside; the fifth, called St. -Austin’s, led to Watling street; and the sixth fronted the south gate of -the church near St. Paul’s chain. - -Within the north side of this enclosure was situated in the middle of -the church yard, a pulpit cross, at which sermons were preached weekly; -and here was held the folkmote, or general convention of the citizens. - -Facing this cross stood the charnel, in which the bones of the dead were -decently piled up together, a thousand loads whereof were removed to -Finsbury fields in the reign of Edward VI. and there laid in a moorish -place, with so much earth to cover them, as raised a considerable mount, -on which was erected three windmills to stand upon. - -On the north west corner of the church yard, was the episcopal palace, -contiguous to which on the east was a cemetery denominated Pardon Church -Haw, where Gilbert Becket erected a chapel in the reign of King Stephen. -See PARDON CHURCH. - -On the east of the church yard was a clochier or bell tower by St. -Paul’s school; wherein were four great bells, called Jesus bells, from -their belonging to Jesus chapel in St. Faith’s church; but these, -together with a fine image of St. Paul on the top of the spire, being -won by Sir Miles Partridge, Knt. of Henry VIII. at one cast of the dice, -were by that gentleman taken down and sold. - -It may not be improper here to take notice of the celebration of divine -service, the obsequies, anniversaries and chauntries particularly -belonging to this cathedral: as to the first, Richard Clifford, Bishop -of London, in 1414, with the consent of the Dean and Chapter, ordained -that from thence forward it should be altered from the old form, and -made conformable to the church of Salisbury, and other cathedrals within -this kingdom. - -The performance of obsequies for great persons deceased, was however -retained as a peculiar privilege of this cathedral, from whence great -profits arose. Indeed “the state and order observed on these occasions,” -says Sir William Dugdale, “was little inferior to that used at the -funerals of those great personages; the church and choir being hung with -black, and escutcheons of their arms; their herses set up in wonderful -magnificence, adorned with rich banner rolls, &c. and environed with -barriers; having chief mourners and assistants, accompanied by several -Bishops and Abbots in their proper habits; the Ambassadors of foreign -Princes, many of our Nobility, the Knights of the Garter, the Lord -Mayor, and the several Companies of London, who all attended with great -devotion at these ceremonies.” This author adds a list of Emperors, -Empresses, and Kings performed in this cathedral. - -As to anniversaries, those of the conversion and commemoration of St. -Paul, the consecration of the church, and the canonization of St. -Erkenwald, were the principal. It is very remarkable, with respect to -the first of these anniversaries, that Sir William le Baud, Knt. in the -third year of Edward I. granted a good fat doe annually on the day of -the conversion of St. Paul, and a good fat buck upon the day of -commemoration, which till the reign of Queen Elizabeth were received -with great formality at the steps of the choir, by the Canons cloathed -in their sacred vestments, with garlands of flowers on their heads. -Camden, who was an eye witness of this solemnity, says, that the horns -of the buck were carried on a spear in procession round the inside of -the church, the men blowing horns, &c. and then the buck being offered -at the high altar, a shilling was ordered by the Dean and Chapter for -the entertainment of the servants who brought it, and this concluded the -ceremony. - -The anniversaries of the consecration and canonization, were celebrated -at the public expence: but there were other anniversaries of a private -nature, provided for by particular endowments, as that of Sir John -Poultney, Knt. who had been four times Lord Mayor of London, and -assigned annual salaries to all who bore office about the church, -together with an allowance of 6_s._ 8_d._ to the Lord Mayor, 5_s._ to -the Recorder; 6_s._ 8_d._ to the two Sheriffs; 3_s._ 4_d._ to the Common -Crier; 6_s._ 8_d._ to the Lord Mayor’s serjeants, and 6_s._ 8_d._ to the -Master of the college of St. Laurence Poultney, provided they were -present at his anniversary; but if any were absent, their share were to -be distributed to the poor. There were many other anniversaries of the -same kind. - -The chauntries founded by men of condition for the maintenance of one or -two priests, to celebrate divine service daily, for the release from -purgatory of their souls, the souls of their dearest friends and -relations, and of all the faithful deceased; but these were in a short -time increased to such a degree, and the endowments were so slender, -that so early as the reign of Richard II. Bishop Baybroke caused -forty-four of them to be united into one solemn service. - -Having thus taken a transient survey of this magnificent edifice, in its -flourishing state, with all its appendages, we shall now view its -decline, and trace this venerable Gothic structure to its final -destruction. - -The first remarkable misfortune that befel it was in 1444, when about -two o’clock in the afternoon, its lofty wooden spire was fired by -lightning; but by the assiduity of the citizens, it was soon seemingly -extinguished: however to their great surprise and terror it broke out -again with redoubled fury at about nine o’clock at night; but by the -indefatigable pains of the Lord Mayor and citizens, it was at last -effectually extinguished. The damage was not however fully repaired till -the year 1462, when the spire was compleated, and a beautiful fane of -gilt copper in the form of an eagle was placed upon it. - -About an hundred years after this accident, another of the same kind -happened to it, generally attributed to the same cause, but much more -fatal in its consequences; the fire consuming not only the fine spire, -but the upper roof of the church, and that of the aisles for in the -space of four hours it burnt all the rafters, and every thing else that -was combustible: but though it was universally believed that this fire -was occasioned by lightning, yet, Dr. Heylin says, that an ancient -plumber confessed at his death, that it was occasioned through his -negligence in carelessly leaving a pan of coals in the steeple, while he -went to dinner, which taking hold of the dry timber in the spire, was -got to such a height at his return, that he judged it impossible to -quench it, and therefore concluded it would be more consistent with his -safety, not to contradict the common report. - -This calamity was followed by a general contribution among the clergy, -nobility, great officers of state, the city of London, and the Queen -herself, who gave a thousand marks in gold towards its speedy repair, -with a warrant for a thousand loads of timber to be cut in any of her -woods, wherever it should be found most convenient; so that in five -years time, the timber roofs were entirely finished, and covered with -lead, the two largest being framed in Yorkshire, and brought by sea; but -some difference in opinion arising about the model of the steeple, that -part of the work was left unattempted; and it was never after rebuilt; -for upon raising the roofs the walls were found to be so much damaged by -the fire, that it was judged necessary to make a general repair of the -whole building; but this was deferred for a long time. - -At length Mr. Henry Farley, after above eight years earnest solicitation -of King James I. prevailed on his Majesty to interpose in order to -prevent the ruin of this venerable fabric, when that Prince, considering -of what importance appearances are in the promotion of public zeal, -caused it to be rumoured abroad, that on Sunday the 26th of March 1620, -he would be present at divine service in St. Paul’s cathedral. - -Accordingly at the day appointed, his Majesty came thither on horseback -in all the pomp of royalty, attended by the principal nobility and great -officers of his court, and was met by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and -Livery in their formalities, who, upon the King’s alighting at the great -west door, joined in the procession. When his Majesty entered the -church, he kneeled near the brazen pillar, where he prayed for success; -and then was received under a canopy, supported by the Dean and -Residentiaries, the rest of the Prebends and Dignitaries, with the whole -company of singing men advancing before him to the choir, which, on this -occasion, was richly adorned with hangings. Here he heard an anthem, and -then proceeded to the cross, where Dr. King, Bishop of London, preached -a sermon suitable to the occasion, from a text given him by his Majesty, -in Psalm cii. 13, 14. and this sermon was afterwards circulated with -considerable effect through the whole kingdom. After divine service was -ended, his Majesty and the whole court were splendidly entertained at -the Bishop’s palace, where a consultation was held, in which it was -agreed to issue a commission under the great seal, directed to the -principal personages in the kingdom, empowering them to consider of the -necessary repairs, and to raise money for carrying them into execution. -But tho’ the commissioners afterwards met to prosecute this enquiry, -yet, as it was found that the ruin of the Bishop and principal -Dignitaries of the cathedral was chiefly aimed at, the whole affair came -to nothing. - -However, in the succeeding reign another commission was obtained for the -same purpose, by the assiduity of Archbishop Laud, which was attended -with better success; so that in 1632, Inigo Jones, his Majesty’s -Surveyor-general, was ordered to begin there pairs at the south east -end, and to bring them along by the south to the west end. - -That celebrated architect prosecuted the work with such diligence, that -in nine years time, the whole was finished both within and without, -except the steeple, which was intended to be entirely taken down, and a -magnificent portico of the Corinthian order, was also erected at the -west end, at the sole expence of King Charles I. ornamented with the -statues of his royal father and himself. - -Every thing being now in readiness for erecting the steeple and spire, -which were to be of stone, an estimate was made of the money -contributed, and that already expended in repairs; whereby it appeared -that 101,330_l._ 4_s._ 8_d._ had been received into the chamber of -London on this account, and but 35,551_l._ 2_s._ 4_d._ paid out, so that -there appeared to be a fund in hand sufficient to erect it in the most -magnificent manner: but the flames of civil war soon after breaking out, -a period was put to this great design. - -The revenues were now seized, the famous Pulpit Cross in the church yard -was pulled down; the scaffolding of the steeple was assigned by -parliament for the payment of arrears due to the army; the body of the -church was converted into saw pits; part of the south cross was suffered -to tumble down; the west part of the church was converted into a stable; -and the stately new portico into shops for milliners and others, with -lodging rooms over them, at the erecting of which, Dr. Heylin observes, -the magnificent columns were piteously mangled, being obliged to make -way for the ends of beams, which penetrated their centers. - -However, at the restoration, a new commission was procured for its -immediate reparation, and great sums of money raised by a voluntary -contribution; but before any thing material could be accomplished, the -dreadful fire of London reduced the whole edifice to little better than -a heap of ruins. - -After two years fruitless labour in endeavouring to fit up some part of -the old fabric for divine worship, it was found to be incapable of any -substantial repair. It was therefore resolved to raze the foundations of -the old building, and to erect on the same spot a new cathedral that -should equal, if not exceed the splendor of the old; for this end -letters patent were granted to several Lords spiritual and temporal, -authorising them to proceed in the work, and appointing Dr. Christopher -Wren, Surveyor-general of all his Majesty’s works, to prepare a model. -Contributions came in so extremely fast, that in the first ten years -above 126,000_l._ was paid into the chamber of London; a new duty for -the carrying on of this work was laid on coals, which at a medium -produced 5000_l._ _per annum_, and his Majesty generously contributed -1000_l._ a year, towards carrying on the work. - -Dr. Wren, afterwards Sir Christopher, was now called upon to produce his -designs; he had before drawn several, in order to discover what would be -most acceptable to the general taste; and finding that persons of all -degrees declared for magnificence and grandeur, he formed a very noble -one, conformable to the best style of the Greek and Roman architecture, -and having caused a large model to be made of it in wood, with all its -ornaments, he presented it to his Majesty; but the Bishops not approving -of it, as not enough of a cathedral fashion, the Surveyor was ordered to -amend it, upon which he produced the scheme of the present structure, -which was honoured with his Majesty’s approbation. The first design, -however, which was only of the Corinthian order, like St. Peter’s at -Rome, the Surveyor set a higher value upon than on any other he ever -drew, and as the author of his life observes, would have put it in -execution with more cheerfulness, than that which we now see erected. -This curious model is still preserved in the cathedral, and may be seen -at a small expence. - -In the year 1675, Dr. Wren began to prosecute the work; the pulling down -the old walls, which were eighty feet high, and clearing the rubbish, -had cost many of the labourers their lives; and this put him upon -contriving to facilitate its execution by art. The first project he -tried was with gunpowder; for on their coming to the tower of the -steeple, the men absolutely refused to work upon it; for its height -struck the most hardy of them with terror. He therefore caused a hole of -about four feet wide to be dug in the foundation of the north west -pillar, it being supported by four pillars each fourteen feet diameter, -and then with tools made on purpose, wrought a hole two feet square into -the center of the pillar, in which he placed a little deal box, -containing only eighteen pounds of powder. A cane was fixed to the box -with a match, and the hole closed up again with as much strength as -possible. - -Nothing now remained but to set fire to the train, and the Surveyor was -exceeding curious to observe the effect of the explosion, which indeed -was wonderful; for this small quantity of powder not only lifted up the -whole angle of the tower, with two arches that rested upon it; but also -the two adjoining arches of the isles, and all above them; and this it -seemed to do somewhat leisurely, cracking the walls to the top, and -lifting up visibly the whole weight about nine inches, which suddenly -tumbling to its center, again caused an enormous heap of ruin, without -scattering, and it was half a minute before this huge mountain opened in -two or three places and emitted smoke. The shock of so great a weight -from a height of two hundred feet, alarmed the inhabitants round about -with the terrible apprehensions of an earthquake. - -A second trial of the same kind, was made by a person appointed by Dr. -Wren, who being too wise in his own conceit, disobeyed the orders he had -received, put in a greater quantity of powder, and omitted to take the -same care in closing up the hole, or digging to the foundation; but -though this second trial had the desired effect, yet one stone was shot -as from the mouth of a cannon to the opposite side of the church yard, -and entered a private room where some women were at work; but no other -damage was done, besides spreading a panic among the neighbours, who -instantly made application above against the farther use of gunpowder, -and orders were issued from the council board accordingly. - -The Surveyor being now reduced to the necessity of making new -experiments, resolved to try the battering ram of the ancients, and -therefore caused a strong mast forty feet long to be shod with iron at -the biggest end, and fortified every way with bars and ferrels, and -having caused it to be suspended set it to work. Thirty men were -employed in vibrating this machine, who beat in one place against the -wall a whole day without any visible effect. He however bid them not -despair, but try what another day would produce; and on the second day -the wall was perceived to tremble at the top, and in a few hours it fell -to the ground. - -In clearing the foundation, he found that the north side had been -anciently a great burying place; for under the graves of these latter -ages, he found in a row the graves of the Saxons, who cased their dead -in chalk stones; tho’ persons of great eminence were buried in stone -coffins: below these were the graves of the ancient Britons, as was -manifest from the great number of ivory and wooden pins found among the -mouldered dust; for it was their method only to pin the corpse in -woollen shrouds, and lay them in the ground, and this covering being -consumed, the ivory and wooden pins remained entire. - -At a still greater depth he discovered a great number of Roman -potsheards, urns, and dishes, sound, and of a beautiful red like our -sealing wax; on the bottoms of some of them were inscriptions, which -denoted their having been drinking vessels; and on others, which -resembled our modern sallad dishes, beautifully made and curiously -wrought, was the inscription DZ. PRIMANI. and on others, those of -PATRICI. QUINTIMANI. VICTOR. IANUS. RECINIO, &c. The pots and several -glass vessels were of a murrey colour; and others resembling urns, were -beautifully embellished on the outsides with raised work, representing -grey hounds, stags, hares, and rose trees. Others were of a cinnamon -colour, in the form of an urn, and tho’ a little faded, appeared as if -they had been gilt. Some resembling juggs formed an hexagon, and were -curiously indented and adorned with a variety of figures in basso -relievo. - -The red vessels appeared to have been the most honourable; for on them -were inscribed the names of their deities, heroes, and judges; and the -matter of which these vessels were made, was of such an excellent -composition, as to vie with polished metal in beauty. - -There were also discovered several brass coins, which by their long -continuance in the earth were become a prey to time; but some of them -that were in a more favourable soil, were so well preserved as to -discover in whose reign they were coined: on one of them was Adrian’s -head, with a galley under oars on the reverse; and on others, the heads -of Romulus and Remus, Claudius and Constantine. - -At a somewhat smaller depth were discovered a number of _lapilli_ or -_tesselæ_, of various sorts of marble, viz. Egyptian, Porphyry, Jasper, -&c. in the form of dice, which were used by the Romans in paving the -_prætorium_, or General’s tent. _Conyers M. S. in the Sloanian library, -in the Museum._ - -On searching for the natural ground, Dr. Wren perceived that the -foundation of the old church stood upon a layer of very close and hard -pot earth, on the north side about six feet deep, but gradually thinning -towards the south, till on the declivity of the hill, it was scarce four -feet; yet he concluded that the same ground which had borne so weighty a -building before, might reasonably be trusted again. However, boring -beneath this, he found a stratum of loose sand; and lower still, at low -water mark, water and sand mixed with periwinkles and other sea shells; -under this, a hard beach; and below all the natural bed of clay that -extends far and wide, under the city, country, and river. - -The foundations appeared to be those originally laid, consisting of -Kentish rubble stone, artfully worked and consolidated with exceeding -hard mortar, after the Roman manner, much excelling what he found in the -superstructure. What induced him to change the scite of the church, and -eraze the old foundations which were so firm, was the desire of giving -the new structure a more free and graceful aspect; yet after all, he -found himself too much confined; and unable to bring his front to lie -exactly from Ludgate. However, in his progress he met with one -misfortune that made him almost repent of the alteration he had made; he -began the foundation from the west to the east, and then extending his -line to the north east, where he expected no interruption, he fell upon -a pit, where the hard crust of pot earth, already mentioned, had been -taken away, and to his unspeakable mortification, filled up with -rubbish: he wanted but six or seven feet to complete his design, yet -there was no other remedy but digging thro’ the sand, and building from -the solid earth, that was at least forty feet deep. He therefore sunk a -pit eighteen feet wide, tho’ he wanted at most but seven, thro’ all the -strata, that has been already mentioned, and laid the foundations of a -square pier of solid good masonry, which he carried up till he came -within fifteen feet of the present surface; and then turned a short arch -under ground to the level of the stratum of hard pot-earth, upon which -arch the north east coin of the choir now stands. - -This difficulty being surmounted, and the foundations laid, he for -several reasons made choice of Portland stone for the superstructure; -but chiefly as the largest scantlings were to be procured from thence: -however, as these could not be depended upon for columns exceeding four -feet in diameter, this determined this great architect to make choice of -two orders instead of one, and an Attic story, as at St. Peter’s at -Rome, in order to preserve the just proportions of his cornice, -otherwise the edifice must have fallen short of its intended height. -Bramante in building St. Peter’s, though he had the quarries of Tivoli -at hand, where he could have blocks large enough for his columns of nine -feet diameter, yet for want of stones of suitable dimensions, was -obliged to diminish the proportions of the proper members of his -cornice; a fault against which Dr. Wren resolved to guard. On these -principles he therefore proceeded, in raising the present magnificent -edifice. - -The general form of St. Paul’s cathedral is a long cross: the walls are -wrought in rustic, and strengthened as well as adorned by two rows of -coupled pilasters, one over the other; the lower Corinthian, and the -upper Composite. The spaces between the arches of the windows, and the -architrave of the lower order, are filled with a great variety of -curious enrichments, as are those above. - -The west front is graced with a most magnificent portico, a noble -pediment, and two stately turrets, and when one advances towards the -church from Ludgate, the elegant construction of this front, the fine -turrets over each corner, and the vast dome behind, fill the mind with a -pleasing astonishment. - -At this end, there is a noble flight of steps of black marble, that -extend the whole length of the portico, which consists of twelve lofty -Corinthian columns below, and eight of the Composite order above; these -are all coupled and fluted. The upper series supports a noble pediment -crowned with its acroteria. In this pediment is a very elegant -representation in bas relief, of the conversion of St. Paul, which was -executed by Mr. Bird, an artist, who, by this piece, has deserved to -have his name transmitted to posterity. Nothing could have been -conceived more difficult to represent in bas relief than this -conversion; the most striking object being naturally the irradiation of -light, but even this is well expressed, and the figures are excellently -performed. The magnificent figure of St. Paul, also on the apex of the -pediment, with St. Peter on his right and St. James on his left, have a -fine effect. The four Evangelists with their proper emblems on the front -of the towers, are also very judiciously disposed, and well executed: -St. Matthew is distinguished by an angel: St. Mark, by a lion; St. Luke, -by an ox; and St. John, by an eagle. - -To the north portico, there is an ascent by twelve circular steps of -black marble; and its dome is supported by six large Corinthian columns, -forty-eight inches in diameter. Upon the dome is a large and well -proportioned urn, finely ornamented with festoons; and over this is a -pediment supported by pilasters in the wall, in the face of which is the -royal arms, with the regalia, supported by angels. And lest this view of -the cathedral should appear void of sufficient ornament, the statues of -five of the Apostles are placed on the top at proper distances. - -The south portico answers to the north, and is placed directly opposite -to it. This, like the other, is a dome supported by six noble Corinthian -columns: but, as the ground is considerably lower on this, than on the -other side of the church, the ascent is by a flight of twenty-five -steps. This portico has also a pediment above, in which is a phœnix -rising out of the flames with the motto RESURGAM underneath it, as an -emblem of the rebuilding the church after the fire. This device had -perhaps its origin from an incident, which happened at the beginning of -the work, and was particularly remarked by the architect as a favourable -omen. When Dr. Wren himself had set out upon the place the dimensions of -the building, and fixed upon the center of the great dome, a common -labourer was ordered to bring him a flat stone, the first he found among -the rubbish, to leave as a mark of direction to the masons; the stone -which the fellow brought for this purpose, happened to be a piece of a -grave stone with nothing remaining of the inscription but this single -word in large capitals, RESURGAM; a circumstance which Dr. Wren never -forgot. On this side of the building are likewise five statues, which -take their situation from that of St. Andrew on the apex of the last -mentioned pediment. - -At the cast end of the church is a sweep or circular projection for the -altar, finely ornamented with the orders, and with sculpture, -particularly a noble piece in honour of his Majesty King William III. - -The dome which rises in the center of the whole, appears extremely -grand. Twenty feet above the roof of the church is a circular range of -thirty-two columns, with niches placed exactly against others within. -These are terminated by their entablature, which supports a handsome -gallery adorned with a balustrade. Above these columns is a range of -pilasters, with windows between; and from the entablature of these the -diameter decreases very considerably; and two feet above that it is -again contracted. From this part the external sweep of the dome begins, -and the arches meet at fifty-two feet above. On the summit of the dome -is an elegant balcony; and from its center rises the lanthorn adorned -with Corinthian columns; and the whole is terminated by a ball, from -which rises a cross, both elegantly gilt. These parts, which appear from -below of a very moderate size, are extremely large. - -This vast and noble fabric, which is 2292 feet in circumference, and 340 -feet in height to the top of the cross, is surrounded at a proper -distance by a dwarf stone wall, on which is placed the most magnificent -balustrade of cast iron perhaps in the universe, of about five feet six -inches in height, exclusive of the wall. In this stately enclosure are -seven beautiful iron gates, which, together with the banisters, in -number about 2500, weigh two hundred tons and eighty-one pounds, which -having cost 6_d._ per pound, the whole, with other charges, amounted to -11,202_l._ and 6_d._ - -In the area of the grand west front, on a pedestal of excellent -workmanship, stands a statue of Queen Anne, formed of white marble with -proper decorations. The figures on the base represent Britannia with her -spear; Gallia, with a crown in her lap; Hibernia, with her harp; and -America with her bow. These, and the colossal statues with which the -church is adorned, were all done by the ingenious Mr. Hill, who was -chiefly employed in the decorations. - -The north east part of the church yard is conferred by the Dean and -Chapter upon the inhabitants of St. Faith’s parish, which is united to -St. Austin’s, for the interment of their dead; as is also the south east -part of the cemetery, with a vault therein, granted to St. Gregory’s -parish for the same use. - -On ascending the steps at the west end, we find three doors ornamented -on the top with bas relief; the middle door, which is by far the -largest, is cased with white marble, and over it is a fine piece of -basso relievo, in which St. Paul is represented preaching to the -Bereans. On entering this door, on the inside of which hang the colours -taken from the French at Louisbourg in 1758, the mind is struck by the -nobleness of the vista; an arcade supported by lofty and massy pillars -on each hand, divide the church into the body and two isles, and the -view is terminated by the altar at the extremity of the choir. The above -pillars are adorned with columns and pilasters of the Corinthian and -Composite orders, and the arches of the roof enriched with shields, -festoons, chaplets and other ornaments. - -In the isle on one hand is the consistory, and opposite to it on the -other is the morning prayer chapel, where divine service is performed -every morning early, Sunday excepted: each of these have a very -beautiful screen of carved wainscot, that is admired by the best judges, -and each are adorned with twelve columns, arched pediments and the royal -arms, finely decorated. - -On proceeding forward, you come to the large cross isle between the -north and south porticos; over which is the cupola. Here you have a view -of the whispering gallery, of the paintings above it, and the concave, -which fills the mind with surprise and pleasure. Under its center is -fixed in the floor a brass plate, round which the pavement is -beautifully variegated; but the figures into which it is formed can no -where be so well seen as from the whispering gallery. - -You have now a full view of the organ, richly ornamented with carved -work, with the entrance to the choir directly under it. The two isles on -the sides of the choir, as well as the choir itself, are here enclosed -with very fine iron rails and gates. - -The organ gallery is supported by eight Corinthian columns of blue and -white marble, and the choir has on each side thirty stalls, besides the -Bishop’s throne on the south side, and the Lord Mayor’s on the north. -The carving of the beautiful range of stalls as well as that of the -organ, is much admired. - -Here the reader’s desk, which is at some distance from the pulpit, is an -enclosure of very fine brass rails gilt, in which is a gilt brass pillar -supporting an eagle of brass gilt, which holds the book on his back and -expanded wings. - -The altar piece is adorned with four noble fluted pilasters painted and -veined with gold in imitation of lapis lazuli, and their capitals are -double gilt. In the intercolumniations are twenty-one pannels of figured -crimson velvet, and above them six windows, in two series. - -The floor of the choir, and indeed of the whole church, is paved with -marble: but within the rails of the altar with porphyry, polished and -laid in several geometrical figures. - -But to be more particular: as the disposition of the vaultings within is -an essential beauty, without which many other ornaments would lose their -effect, so the architect was particularly careful in this respect. “The -Romans,” says the author of the _Parentalia_, “used hemispherical -vaultings, and Sir Christopher chose those as being demonstrably lighter -than the diagonal cross vaults: so the whole vault of St. Paul’s -consists of twenty-four cupolas cut off semicircular, with segments to -join to the great arches one way, and which are cut across the other, -with eliptical cylinders to let in the upper lights of the nave; but in -the isles the lesser cupolas are both ways cut in semicircular sections, -and altogether make a graceful geometrical form, distinguished with -circular wreaths which is the horizontal section of the cupola; for the -hemisphere may be cut all manner of ways into circular sections; and the -arches and wreaths being of stone carved, the spandrels between are of -sound brick, invested with stucco of cockle-shell lime, which becomes as -hard as Portland stone; and which having large planes between the stone -ribs, are capable of the farther ornaments of painting, if required. - -“Besides these twenty-four cupolas, there is a half cupola at the east, -and the great cupola of 108 feet in diameter at the middle of the -crossing of the great isles. In this the architect imitated the Pantheon -at Rome, excepting that the upper order is there only umbratile, and -distinguished by different coloured marbles; in St. Paul’s it is extant -out of the wall. The Pantheon is no higher within than its diameter; St. -Peter’s is two diameters; this shews too high, the other too low; St. -Paul’s is a mean proportion between both, which shews its concave every -way, and is very lightsome by the windows of the upper order, which -strike down the light thro’ the great colonade that encircles the dome -without, and serves for the abutment of the dome, which is brick of two -bricks thick; but as it rises every way five feet high, has a course of -excellent brick of eighteen inches long banding thro’ the whole -thickness; and moreover, to make it still more secure, it is surrounded -with a vast chain of iron strongly linked together at every ten feet. -This chain is let into a channel cut into the bandage of Portland stone, -and defended from the weather by filling the groove with lead. - -“The concave was turned upon a center; which was judged necessary to -keep the work even and true, though a cupola might be built without a -center; but it is observable that the center was laid without any -standards from below to support; and as it was both centering and -scaffolding, it remained for the use of the painter. Every story of this -scaffolding being circular, and the ends of all the ledgers meeting as -so many rings, and truly wrought, it supported itself. This machine was -an original of the kind, and will be an useful project for the like -work, to an architect hereafter. - -“It was necessary to give a greater height than the cupola would -gracefully allow within, tho’ it is considerably above the roof of the -church; yet the old church having before had a very lofty spire of -timber and lead, the world expected that the new work should not, in -this respect, fall short of the old; the architect was therefore obliged -to comply with the humour of the age, and to raise another structure -over the first cupola; and this was a cone of brick, so built as to -support a stone lanthorn of an elegant figure, and ending in ornaments -of copper gilt. - -“As the whole church above the vaulting is covered with a substantial -oaken roof, and lead, the most durable covering in our climate, so he -covered and hid out of sight the brick cone, with another cupola of -timber and lead; and between this and the cone, are easy stairs that -ascend to the lanthorn. Here the spectator may have a view of such -amazing contrivances as are indeed astonishing. He forbore to make -little luthern windows in the leaden cupola, as are done out of St. -Peter’s, because he had otherwise provided for light enough to the -stairs from the lanthorn above, and round the pedestal of the same, -which are now seen below; so that he only ribbed the outward cupola, -which he thought less Gothic than to stick it full of such little lights -in three stories one above another, as is the cupola of St. Peter’s, -which could not without difficulty be mended, and, if neglected, would -soon damage the timbers.” - -As Sir Christopher was sensible, that paintings, tho’ ever so excellent, -are liable to decay, he intended to have beautified the inside of the -cupola with mosaic work, which strikes the eye of the beholder with -amazing lustre, and without the least decay of colours, is as durable as -the building itself; but in this he was unhappily over-ruled, tho’ he -had undertaken to procure four of the most eminent artists in that -profession from Italy; this part is however richly decorated and painted -by Sir James Thornhill, who has represented the principal passages of -St. Paul’s life in eight compartments, viz. his conversion; his -punishing Elymas, the sorcerer, with blindness; his preaching at Athens; -his curing the poor cripple at Lystra, and the reverence paid him there -by the priests of Jupiter as a God; his conversion of the jailer; his -preaching at Ephesus, and the burning of the magic books in consequence -of the miracles he wrought there; his trial before Agrippa; his -shipwreck on the island of Melita, or Malta, with the miracle of the -viper. These paintings are all seen to advantage by means of a circular -opening, through which the light is transmitted with admirable effect -from the lanthorn above. - -The highest or last stone on the top of the lanthorn, was laid by Mr. -Christopher Wren, the son of this great architect, in the year 1710; and -thus was this noble fabric, lofty enough to be discerned at sea -eastward, and at Windsor to the west, begun and compleated in the space -of thirty-five years, by one architect, the great Sir Christopher Wren; -one principal mason, Mr. Strong; and under one Bishop of London, Dr. -Henry Compton: whereas St. Peter’s at Rome, the only structure that can -come in competition with it, continued an hundred and fifty five years -in building, under twelve successive architects; assisted by the police -and interests of the Roman see; attended by the best artists of the -world in sculpture, statuary, painting and mosaic work; and facilitated -by the ready acquisition of marble from the neighbouring quarries of -Tivoli. - -_The curiosities in this cathedral which strangers pay for seeing._ On -entering the south door, there is a pair of stairs within a small door -on the right, leading to the cupola, and the stranger by paying two -pence may gratify his curiosity with a prospect from the iron gallery at -the foot of the lanthorn, which in a clear day affords a fine view of -the river, of this whole metropolis and all the adjacent country, -interspersed with pleasant villages. - -The ascent to this gallery is by 534 steps, 260 of which are so easy -that a child may without difficulty ascend them; but those above are -unpleasant, and in some places very dark; but the little light that is -afforded is sufficient to shew amazing proofs of the wonderful -contrivances of the architect. But as the first gallery, surrounded by a -stone balustrade, affords a very fine prospect, many are satisfied, and -unwilling to undergo the fatigue of mounting higher. - -On the stranger’s descent he is invited to see the whispering gallery, -which will likewise cost two pence; he here beholds to advantage the -beautiful pavement of the church, and from hence he has the most -advantageous view of the fine paintings in the cupola. Here sounds are -magnified to an astonishing degree; the least whisper is heard round the -whole circumference; the voice of one person softly speaking against the -wall on the other side, seems as if he stood at our ear on this, though -the distance between them is no less than an hundred and forty feet: and -the shutting of the door resounds through the place like thunder, or as -if the whole fabric was falling asunder. To this gallery there is an -easy ascent for persons of distinction, by a most beautiful flight of -stairs. - -The stranger is next invited to see the library, the books of which are -neither numerous nor valuable; but the floor is artfully inlaid without -either nails or pegs, and the wainscoting and book cases are not -inelegant. - -The next curiosity is the fine model Sir Christopher first caused to be -made for building the new cathedral. It was not taken from St. Peter’s -at Rome, as is pretended; but was Sir Christopher’s own invention, and -the model on which he set the highest value; and it is a great pity, -that what was performed as the utmost exertion of the abilities of this -great architect, should be suffered to run to decay. - -He is next shewn the great bell in the south tower, which weighs 84 c. -weight. On this bell the hammer of the great clock strikes the hour, and -on a smaller bell are struck the quarters. - -The last thing shewn, are what are vulgarly called the geometry stairs, -which are so artfully contrived as to hang together without visible -support; but this kind of stairs, however curious in themselves, are -neither new nor uncommon. _Parentalia. Historical account of the -curiosities of London_, &c. - -The cathedral church of St. Paul’s is deservedly esteemed the second in -Europe, not for magnitude only but for beauty and grandeur. St. Peter’s -at Rome is undoubtedly the first, but at the same time it is generally -acknowledged by all travellers of taste, that the outside, and -particularly the front of St. Paul’s, is much superior to St. Peter’s. -The two towers at the west end, though faulty in some respects, are yet -elegant, and the portico finely marks the principal entrance. The -loggia, crowned with a pediment, with its alto relievo and statues, make -in the whole a fine shape, whereas St. Peter’s is a straight line -without any break. The dome is extremely magnificent, and by rising -higher than that at Rome, is seen to more advantage on a near approach. -The inside, though noble, falls short of St. Peter’s. The discontinuing -the architrave of the great entablature over the arches in the middle of -the isle, is a fault the architects can never forgive. Notwithstanding, -without a critical examination, it appears very striking, especially on -entering the north or south door. The side isles though small are very -elegant, and if it does not equal St. Peter’s, there is much to be said -in defence both of it and the architect, who was not permitted to -decorate it as he intended, through a want of taste in the managers, who -seemed to have forgot that it was intended a national ornament. St. -Peter’s has all the advantages of painting and sculpture of the greatest -masters, and is encrusted with a variety of the finest marbles, no cost -being spared to make it exceed every thing of its kind. The great -geometrical knowledge of the architect can never be sufficiently -admired, but this can be come at only by a thorough inspection of the -several parts. - -For the farther satisfaction of the curious reader, we shall conclude -this article with an account of the dimensions of St. Paul’s cathedral -compared with those of St. Peter’s at Rome, from an account published -some years ago: the measures of the latter being taken from the -authentic dimensions of the best architects of Rome, reduced to English -measure. - - │ FEET.│ FEET. - - The PLAN, or Length and Breadth. │ St.│ St. - │ Peter.│ Paul. - - ──────────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────┬──────── - The whole length of the church and porch │ 729│ 500 - The breadth within the doors of the porticos │ 510│ 250 - The breadth of the front with the turrets │ 364│ 180 - The breadth of the front without the turrets │ 318│ 110 - The breadth of the church and three naves │ 255│ 130 - The breadth of the church and widest chapels │ 364│ 180 - The length of the porch within │ 218│ 50 - The breadth of the porch within │ 40│ 20 - The length of the platea at the upper steps │ 291│ 100 - The breadth of the nave at the door │ 67│ 40 - The breadth of the nave at the third pillar and │ 73│ 40 - tribuna │ │ - The breadth of the side isles │ 29│ 17 - The distance between the pillars of the nave │ 44│ 25 - The breadth of the same double pillars at St. │ 29│ - Peter’s │ │ - The breadth of the same single pillars at St. │ │ 10 - Paul’s │ │ - The two right sides of the great pilasters of the │ 65:7½│ 25:35 - cupola │ │ - The distance between the same pilasters │ 72│ 40 - The outward diameter of the cupola │ 189│ 145 - The inward diameter of the same │ 138│ 100 - The breadth of the square by the cupola │ 43│ - The length of the same │ 328│ - From the door within the cupola │ 313│ 190 - From the cupola to the end of the tribuna │ 167│ 170 - The breadth of each of the turrets │ 77│ 35 - The outward diameter of the lantern │ 36│ 18 - The whole space, upon which one pillar stands │ 5906│ 875 - The whole space, upon which all the pillars stand │ 23625│ 7000 - - - │ FEET.│ FEET. - - The HEIGHT. │ St.│ St. - │ Peter.│ Paul. - - ──────────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────┬──────── - From the ground without to the top of the cross │ 437½│ 340 - The turrets as they were at St. Peter’s and are at│ 289½│ 222 - St. Paul’s │ │ - To the top of the highest statues on the front │ 175│ 135 - The first pillars of the Corinthian order │ 74│ 33 - The breadth of the same │ 9│ 4 - Their basis and pedestals │ 19│ 13 - Their capital │ 10│ 5 - The architrave, frize, and cornice │ 19│ 10 - The Composite pillars at St. Paul’s and Tuscan at │ 25½│ 25 - St. Peter’s │ │ - The ornaments of the same pillars above, and below│ 14½│ 16 - The triangle of the mezzo relievo, with its │ 22½│ 18 - cornice │ │ - Wide │ 92│ 74 - The basis of the cupola to the pedestals of the │ 36½│ 38 - pillars │ │ - The pillars of the cupola │ 32│ 28 - Their basis and pedestals │ 4│ 5 - Their capitals, architrave, frize, and cornice │ 12│ 12 - From the cornice to the outward slope of the │ 25½│ 40 - cupola │ │ - The lantern from the cupola to the ball │ 63│ 50 - The ball in diameter │ 9│ 6 - The cross with its ornaments below │ 14│ 6 - The statues upon the front with their pedestals │ 25½│ 15 - The outward slope of the cupola │ 89│ 50 - Cupola and lantern from the cornice of the front │ 280│ 240 - to the top of the cross │ │ - The height of the niches in the front │ 20│ 14 - Wide │ 9│ 5 - The first windows in the front │ 20│ 13 - Wide │ 10│ 7 - - -The whole expence of erecting this edifice, on deducting the sums -expended in fruitless attempts to repair the old cathedral, amounted to -736,752_l._ 2_s._ 3_d._ - -_St._ PAUL’S _Bakehouse court_, Godliman’s street. - -_St._ PAUL’S _chain_, a lane on the south of St. Paul’s Church yard. - -_St._ PAUL’S _Church yard_, 1. The area round St. Paul’s cathedral, -surrounded on the north and west chiefly by booksellers and toy-shops, -and on the south side by the makers of chairs, screens and cabinets. 2. -Behind Covent Garden church. - -_St._ PAUL’S _College court_, St. Paul’s Church yard. - -_St._ PAUL’S _Covent Garden_, a very noble edifice built by Inigo Jones -for a chapel, but now a parish church. See COVENT GARDEN. - -PAUL’S _court_, 1. Huggen lane, Thames street. 2. Wood street, Cheapside. - -PAUL’S HEAD _court_, Fenchurch street. - -_St._ PAUL’S _School_, at the east end of St. Paul’s Church yard, was -founded by Dr. John Collet Dean of St. Paul’s in the year 1509, for a -Master, an Usher and Chaplain, and an hundred and fifty-three scholars; -for the teaching of whom the founder appointed a salary of 34_l._ 13_s._ -4_d._ for the upper Master; for the under Master 17_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ and -for the Chaplain or third Master, 8_l._ _per annum_. He appointed the -company of Mercers trustees of this school, and by the improvement of -the estate since that time, the good management of the company, and some -additional sums left to this foundation, the salaries of the Masters are -become considerable; the upper Master having 300_l._ a year, besides the -advantage of additional scholars and boarders, by which he generally -makes about 200_l._ a year more; the second Master has 250_l._ a year, -and the third 90_l._ a year. - -The original building was consumed by the fire of London, and soon after -the present structure was raised in its place. It is a very singular, -and at the same time a very handsome edifice. The central building in -which is the school, is of stone; it is much lower than the ends, and -has only one series of windows, which are large, and raised a -considerable height from the ground. The center is adorned with rustic, -and on the top is a handsome pediment, in which are the founder’s arms -placed in a shield; upon the apex stands a figure representing Learning. -Under this pediment are two windows which are square, and on each side -are two circular windows crowned with busts, and the spaces between them -are handsomely ornamented by work in relievo. Upon a level with the foot -of the pediment runs on either side a handsome balustrade, on which is -placed on each side a large bust with a radiant crown, between two -flaming vases. - -The buildings at the ends of this elegant structure are narrow, and rise -to a great height. They are of brick ornamented with stone, and have -each a small door, and are crowned at the top with a small balustrade. - -_St._ PAUL’S _Shadwell_, owes its existence to the increase of buildings. -Shadwell, though now joined to London, was anciently a hamlet belonging -to Stepney; but being greatly increased in the number of its -inhabitants, Thomas Neale, Esq; erected the present church in the year -1656 for their accommodation; and in 1669, this district was by act of -parliament constituted a distinct parish from that of Stepney, and -120_l._ _per annum_ was granted for the maintenance of the Rector in -lieu of tithes, besides a considerable glebe, oblations and church dues, -so that the living is worth about 324_l._ a year. _Maitland._ - -This church, which is but a mean edifice built with brick, is -eighty-seven feet long, and sixty-three broad; the height to the roof is -twenty-eight feet, and that of the steeple sixty. The body has a few -windows with rustic arches, and some very mean ones in the roof. At the -corners of the building are balls placed on a kind of small pedestals. -The tower is carried up without ornament, and is terminated with balls -at the corners in the same manner as the body of the church, and is -crowned with a plain low turret. - -PAUL’S _wharf_, near Bennet’s Hill.☐ - -PAUL’S _wharf stairs_, Paul’s wharf.☐ - -PAY OFFICE _of the Navy_, a plain building in Broad street near London -wall, under the direction of the Treasurer and Paymaster, who pay for -all the stores for the use of the royal navy, and the wages of the -sailors in his Majesty’s service. - -The Treasurer, who is the principal officer, has a salary of 2000_l._ -_per annum_, and the Paymaster, who is also accomptant, has 500_l._ a -year; under this last are eight clerks who attend the payment of wages; -three, who have 80_l._ a year; and five who have 40_l._ a year each: -besides two extra-clerks, who have each 50_l._ a year. There are also -five clerks for paying bills in course, and writing ledgers, viz. three -who have 80_l._ a year; and two who have only 40_l._ a year each; -besides an extra-clerk who has 50_l._ a year. - -In this office there is likewise a Cashier of the victualling, who has a -salary of 150_l._ _per annum_, and has three clerks under him, one of -70_l._ one of 50_l._ and one of 40_l._ a year. - -PEACHTREE _court_, Butcher row, without Temple Bar.‡ - -PEACHY _court_, Sheer lane, within Temple bar. - -PEACOCK _alley_, Milford lane, in the Strand.* - -PEACOCK _court_, 1. Fleet market.* 2. Giltspur street, without Newgate.* -3. Whitechapel.* - -PEACOCK _lane_, Newington butts.* - -PEACOCK _yard_, 1. Islington.* 2. Porter’s street.* 3. Whitecross street, -Cripplegate.* 4. Whitehorse alley, Cowcross, Smithfield.* - -PEAD’S _yard_, Bankside, Southwark.† - -PEAK _street_, Swallow street.† - -PEAL _alley_, Upper Shadwell.† - -PEAL _yard_, Mint street.† - -PEARL _court_, Little Pearl street, Spitalfields.* 2. White Friars.* - -PEARL _street_, 1. Grey Eagle street, Spitalfields.* 2. Silver street, -Bloomsbury.* - -PEARTREE _alley_, 1. Cinnamon street.‡ 2. Shoreditch.‡ 3. Wapping.‡ - -PEARTREE _court_, 1. Aldersgate street.‡ 2. Clerkenwell close.‡ 3. Hockley -in the Hole.‡ - -PEARTREE _street_, Brick lane, Old street.‡ - -PEASCOD _court_, St. John’s street, Smithfield. - -PEAS PORRIGE _alley_, Gravel lane.‖ - -PEAS _yard_, Nightingale lane. - -PECKHAM, a pleasant village in Surry, in the parish of Camberwell. Here is -the seat of the late Lord Trevor, built in the reign of King James II. -by Sir Thomas Bond, who being deeply engaged in the pernicious schemes -of that imprudent Prince, was obliged to leave the kingdom with him, -when the house was plundered by the populace, and became forfeited to -the crown. The front of the house stands to the north, with a spacious -garden before it, from which extends two rows of large elms, of -considerable length, through which the Tower of London terminates the -prospect. But on each side of this avenue you have a view of London; and -the masts of vessels appearing at high water over the trees and houses -up to Greenwich, greatly improve the prospect. _Peckham_, which lies on -the back side of the gardens, is shut out from the view by plantations. -The kitchen garden and the walls were planted with the choicest fruit -trees from France, and an experienced gardener was sent for from Paris -to have the management of them; so that the collection of fruit trees in -this garden has been accounted one of the best in England. - -After the death of the late Lord Trevor, this seat was purchased by a -private gentleman, who began to make very considerable improvements, and -had he lived a few years longer, would have rendered it a very -delightful retreat. - -There are also at Peckham several other villas, and neat houses of -retirement, inhabited by the tradesmen of London, and those who have -retired from business. - -PECKHAM RYE, a village in Surry, on the south side of Peckham. - -PEDLARS _street_, New Bond street. - -PEEL _court_, Glasshouse yard, Goswell street. - -PEEL _yard_, near Peel court, Glasshouse yard. - -PEERLESS POOL, near Old street road, was formerly a spring that -overflowing its banks, caused a very dangerous pond, which from the -number of persons who lost their lives there, obtained the name of -Perilous Pool. To prevent these accidents it was in a manner filled up, -till in the year 1743, Mr. Kemp converted it into what may perhaps be -esteemed one of the compleatest swimming baths in the world; and as it -is the only one of the kind in Christendom, it may deserve a particular -notice. - -You enter from a bowling-green on the south side, by a neat arcade -thirty-feet long, furnished with a small collection of modern books for -the entertainment of those subscribers who delight in reading. -Contiguous are many dressing apartments; some of which are open, and -others rendered private, all paved with purbeck stone; and on each side -of the bath is a bower divided into apartments for dressing. At the -other end is placed a circular bench, capable of accommodating forty -gentlemen at a sitting, under the shelter of a wall. One side is -inclosed by a mount 150 feet long, planted with a great variety of -shrubs, and on the top is an agreeable terrace walk planted with limes. -The pleasure bath is 170 feet long, and above 100 broad; it is five feet -deep at the bottom in the middle, and under four feet at the sides, and -the descent into it is by four pair of marble steps to a fine gravel -bottom. Here is also a cold bath, generally allowed to be the largest in -England, it being forty feet long, and twenty feet broad, with two -flights of marble steps, and a dressing room at each end; at four feet -deep is a bottom of lettice work, under which the water is five feet -deep. To these the ingenious projector has added a well stocked fish -pond 320 feet long, for the diversion of those subscribers who are fond -of angling, and adorned on each side with arbours, and with a terrace, -the slopes of which are planted with many thousand shrubs, and the walks -one of gravel, and the other of grass, are bordered with stately limes. -The east end the garden extends to a genteel public house, and the -westward is terminated by another garden, and a well-built private house -inhabited by Mr. Kemp, the son of the ingenious projector, who after -having made these improvements, changed the name from _Perilous_ to -_Peerless Pool_. - -PEGHT’S _yard_, Castle lane.† - -PELHAM _street_, Brick lane, Spitalfields.† - -PELICAN _court_, Little Britain.* - -PELICAN _stairs_, Wapping.* - -PELICAN _yard_, Butcher row, East Smithfield.* - -PEMBERTON’S _rents_, 1. Hand alley.† 2. New street.† - -PEMBERTON _row_, Fetter lane.† - -PEMELL’S _Almshouse_, at Mile-end, was founded by Mr. John Pemell, citizen -and draper, in the year 1698, for four poor drapers widows, and the same -number of seamen’s widows, to be presented by the Churchwardens of Old -Stepney parish. Each of these almswomen have an allowance of 1_s._ 8_d._ -per week, half a chaldron of coals every year, and a gown every other -year. _Maitland._ - -PEMLICO, near Buckingham House, St. James’s Park. - -PENNINGTON _street_, Old Gravel lane.† - -PENNYBARBER’S _alley_, Stony lane.‖ - -PENNYFIELD _street_, Poplar. - -PENNY POST OFFICE, an office unknown in other countries, was projected by -Mr. David Murray, an upholder in Pater noster row in the year 1683, who -by this admirable and useful project, deserves to be considered as a -benefactor to the city, and to have his name transmitted down to -posterity. He communicated the scheme to Mr. William Dockwra, who -carried it on for some time with great success, till the government laid -claim to it as a royal prerogative; Dockwra was obliged to submit, and -in return had a pension of 200_l._ _per annum_ allowed him by the King -during life. - -It was erected for carrying letters not only of one sheet but of -several, to any part of this great metropolis, or the adjacent villages, -on paying only one penny on delivering the letter to be thus carried: -but at some of the more distant villages, an additional penny is -demanded of the person to whom the letter is delivered. - -This office is under the direction of the Postmaster-general; who -appoints, as managers, a Comptroller, an Accomptant, a Receiver and -Comptroller’s clerk; who have under their management six sorters, and -eight subsorters of letters, seventy-four messengers, or -letter-carriers, and 334 houses within the bills of mortality, for -receiving or taking in letters, which are divided among the six offices -following; the general office in St. Christopher’s Church yard, and the -five offices called the sorting houses, one at Westminster, one at -Lincoln’s Inn, St. Paul’s office, in Pater noster row, St. Mary Overy’s -in Southwark, and the Tower hill office: besides these there are 500 -shops and coffee-houses, from whence the messengers collect and carry -the letters to their proper offices every hour, where being sorted, they -are sent out again to be delivered. But as each of the six offices has a -number of villages under its peculiar direction, those letters that -require great speed should be sent to that office, whose peculiar -province it is to forward them to the village to which you would have -them sent. This renders it necessary to give a list of these villages -and places, peculiarly under the care of each office: but we shall not -attempt to follow the other writers, who have prefixed to the names of -these villages the number of times to which letters are carried to, and -returned from each; because that is entirely uncertain, and it is -sufficient that letters are carried and returned from each at least once -a day; since this is all that can be depended upon. - -In the map we have given of the environs round London, the extent and -limits of the Penny Post are shewn by a circular coloured line drawn -round the city. - -The chief office in St. Christopher’s alley, Threadneedle street, to -which belong, one sorter, two subsorters, twenty messengers, and -seventy-three receiving houses. This office collects, receives, conveys, -and delivers letters to and from the following places, besides what it -delivers in its own proper district in London. - - Aldersbrook - Avery-hatch - Barking - Bednal green - Bishops-hall - Bow - Bromley in Middlesex - Bush-hall - Cambridge heath - Chigwel - Chigwel row - Dalston - Edmonton - Green-man - Green-street - Hackney - Hagerstone - Ham East and West - Hoxton - Jenkins - Ilford - Kingsland - Layton-stone - Loughton-hall - Low-layton - Locksford - Mile-end - Newington green - Newington stoke - Oldford - Palmer’s green - Plaistow in Essex - Rippleside - Ruckfolds - Southgate - Stepney - Stratford - Tottenham - Tottenham High cross - Valentines - Upton - Walthamstow - Wansted - Winchmore hill - Woodford - Woodford row, and bridge - -St. Paul’s office is kept in Queen’s head alley, in Pater noster row, -which collects, receives, conveys and delivers letters to and from the -following and adjacent places, besides what it delivers within its -proper district in London. - - Black-mary’s hole - Boarded river - Cambray house - Cold bath - Copenhagen - Frog lane - Holloway, Upper and Lower - Islington - Mountmill - Sir John Oldcastle’s - Torrington lane - Wood’s close - -The Temple office is kept in Chichester’s rents in Chancery lane, which -collects, receives, conveys and delivers letters and parcels to and from -the following and adjacent places, besides what it delivers within its -own proper district in town. - - Battle bridge - Bone gate - Brill - Cole harbour - Coney hatch - East Barnet - Finchley - Frog lane - Hampstead - Highgate - Hornsey - Kentish town - Mussel hill - Pancras - Pinder of Wakefield - South green - Totteridge - Whetstone - Wood green - -Westminster office is kept in Pump court near Charing cross, which -collects, receives, conveys and delivers letters and parcels to and from -the following and adjacent places, besides what it delivers within its -own proper district in town. - - Abery farm - Acton, East and West - Acton wells - Barry’s walk - Base watering - Black lands - Bloody bridge - Bluncoat lane - Bollow lane - Boston house - Brentford Old & New - Brentford end - Brent’s cow house - Bride lane house - Brook green - Broom houses - Brompton park - Burrows - Castle-bear - Chelsea, Great and Little - Chelsea college - —— common - —— fields - Child’s hill - Chiswick - Corney house - Counters bridge - Cow house farm - Crab tree house - Dowel street - Daws lane - Dollars hill - Ealing, Great & Little - Ealing lane - Earl’s court - Foordhook - Frog lane - Fryars place - Fulham - Fulham fields - Gaggle goose green - Great and Little Holland house - Gibb’s green - Grain house - Green man, in Uxbridge road - Gunnersbury - Gutters hedge - Hammersmith - Hanger end - Hanger lane - Haven - Hendon - Hide - Hog lane - Holsdon green - Hoywood hill - Hudicon fields - Kensington - Kensington gravel pits - Kilborn - Knightsbridge - Laurence street - Leasing green - Lime kilns - London stile - Lord Mayor’s Banqueting house - Maddox lane - Mary bone, and Park - Masha Mapes, and Masha Brands - Mill hill - Neathouses - Neesdon - Noman’s lands - North end - North highway - Notting hills - Paddington - Paddington green - Paddingwick green - Page’s street - Parson’s green - Pimlico - Purser’s cross - Sandy end - Shepherd’s bush - Shevrick green - Shoot-up hill - Sion hill - Sion house - Sion lane - St. John’s wood - Stanford brook - Starch green - Strand on the green - Sutton court, and Little Sutton - Tottenham court - Turnham green - Tyburn road, and house - Waltham green - Wemley - Wemley green - Westburn green - Westfield - West end - Wilsdon green - Windmill lane - -Southwark office is kept in Green dragon court, near St. Mary Overy’s -church, which collects, receives, conveys and delivers letters and -parcels to and from the following and adjacent places, besides what it -delivers within its own proper district in Southwark and London. - - Balam - Barn-elms - Barnstown - Battersea - Battersea reys - Blackheath - Bristow causeway - Brockly, Upper and Lower - Burntash - Camberwell - Charlton - Clapham, and Common - Coleharbour - Deptford, Upper and Lower - Dulwich, and common - East and West Sheen - Eltham - Gammon hill - Garret’s green - Greenwich - Grove street - Ireland green - Kennington - Kew - Kew green - Knights hill - Lambeth - Lambeth marsh - Lee - Lewisham - Limekilns - Longbarn - Longhedge - Loughberry house - Martin abbey and mills - March gate - Mitcham - Mortlack - Morder - Mottingham - New cross - Newington butts - Nine elms - Norwood - Peckham town, and Rye - Pigs march - Plumstead - Putney green - Putney heath - Red-house - Rickle-marsh - Roehampton - Rotherhithe - Sidnam - South Lambeth - Stockwell - Stretham - Tooting, Upper and Lower - Vauxhall - Walworth - Wandsworth, and Common - Wimbleton - Woolwich - -Hermitage office is kept in Queen street on Little Tower hill, which -collects, receives, conveys and delivers letters and parcels to and from -the following and adjacent places, besides what it delivers within its -own proper district in town. - - Blackwall - Isle of Dogs - King David’s fort - Lime hole - Limehouse - Poplar - Ratcliff - Stepney causeway - -Several of the country messengers, and others for remote places, going -on their walks by six o’clock in the morning, letters and parcels ought -to be put in at the receiving houses before six o’clock over-night; -otherwise a whole day may be lost in the delivery: but letters for -places that are nearer, are generally collected and delivered two or -three times a day. - -All general post letters, both foreign and domestic, directed to the -places above mentioned, not being post towns, are conveyed from the -aforesaid offices every day at twelve o’clock; and answers being put -into the receiving houses in the country towns, will next night be -safely carried to the General Post office, by the officers appointed for -that purpose. - -PENSIONERS _alley_, King street, Westminster. - -PEPPER _alley_, 1. by the Bridge Foot, in the Borough. 2. Down’s street, -Hyde Park road. 3. Goswell street. - -PEPPER _alley stairs_, the next stairs above the bridge, in Southwark. - -PEPPER _street_, Duke street, in the Mint. - -PERKIN’S _rents_, Peter street, Soho.† - -PERKIN’S _yard_, Blackman street.† - -PERRIWINKLE _street_, Ratcliff cross. - -PERSTON’S _yard_, in the Minories.† - -PESTHOUSE _fields_, by Pesthouse row, Old street. - -PESTHOUSE _row_, adjoining to the French hospital in Old street. Here -stood, till the year 1737, the city Pesthouse, which consisted of -several tenements, and was erected as a Lazaretto for the reception of -distressed and miserable objects, infected by the dreadful plague in the -year 1665. _Maitland._ - -PETER AND KEYS _court_, Peter lane, Cow cross, Smithfield.* - -PETERBOROUGH _court_, Fleet street. - -_St._ PETER AD VINCULA, situated to the north west corner of -Northumberland walk, at the end of the new armoury, in the Tower; was -founded by King Edward III. and dedicated by the name of _St. Peter in -Chains_, or St. Peter ad Vincula. This is a plain Gothic building void -of all ornament, sixty-six feet in length, fifty-four in breadth, and -twenty-four feet high from the floor to the roof. The walls, which have -Gothic windows, are strengthened at the corners with rustic, and crowned -with a plain blocking course. The tower is plain, and is crowned with a -turret. - -The living is a rectory in the gift of the King, valued at about 60_l._ -a year. The Rector, as Minister of the Tower garrison, is paid by his -Majesty; and the living is exempt from archiepiscopal jurisdiction. - -Among the several monuments in this church is a grave stone, under which -lies buried Mr. James Whittaker, his wife and children; and upon that -stone are the following lines. - - See how the just, the virtuous, and the strong, - The beautiful, the innocent, the young, - Here in promiscuous dust, together lie. - Reflect on this, depart, and learn to die. - -In this church lie the ashes of many noble, and some royal personages, -executed either in the Tower, or on the hill, and deposited here in -obscurity; particularly, - -George Bullen, Lord Rochford, who was beheaded on Tower hill on the 17th -of May, 1536. - -Anne Bullen, wife to King Henry VIII. beheaded two days after, on a -scaffold erected on the green, within the Tower. - -Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, who from a blacksmith’s son at Putney, -became the favourite of Henry VIII. and one of the most zealous -promoters of the reformation from popery; but was beheaded on Tower hill -in the year 1540. - -Catharine Howard, the fifth wife of King Henry VIII. beheaded on Tower -hill on the 13th of February, 1541. - -Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, beheaded on Tower hill, on the 24th of -June, 1552. - -John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, who lost his head at the same -place, on the 22d of Aug. 1553. - -Under the communion table, lies the body of James Duke of Monmouth, the -natural son of King Charles II. beheaded for asserting his right to the -crown, in opposition to James II. on the 15th of July, 1683. - -_St._ PETER’S _alley_, by St. Peter’s church, Cornhill. - -_St._ PETER’S _Cheap_, a church, which stood at the corner of Wood street -Cheapside, in Faringdon ward within, but being destroyed by the fire of -London in 1666, the parish was united to St. Matthew, Friday street. - -_St._ PETER’S _Cornhill_, a plain neat church, near the south east corner -of Cornhill, in the ward of that name. There has been many ages a church -in the same place, under the patronage of the same apostle: but the last -edifice was destroyed by the fire of London, and this substantial -structure rose in its place. The body is eighty feet long, and -forty-seven broad; it is forty feet high to the roof, and the height of -the steeple is an hundred and forty feet. The body is plain, and -enlightened by a single series of windows. The tower, which is also -plain, has a small window in each stage, and the dome which supports the -spire is of the lantern kind; this spire, which is well proportioned, is -crowned by a ball, whence rises the fane, in the form of a key. - -The patronage of this rectory is in the Lord Mayor and Commonalty of -this city. The Rector receives, besides other profits, 120_l._ a year by -glebe, and 110_l._ a year in lieu of tithes. - -_St._ PETER LE POOR, on the west side of Broad street, in the ward of that -name, is supposed by Maitland, to have received its additional epithet -_le Poor_, from the mean condition of the parish in ancient times: tho’ -it is now extremely wealthy, it being inhabited by a great number of -merchants, and other persons of distinction. - -Others imagine that it was called le Poor, from the neighbouring friary -of St. Austin, where reigned an affected poverty. A church stood upon -the same spot before the year 1181, and the present edifice which -escaped the fire in 1666, is supposed to have been built about the year -1540. - -This Gothic structure, instead of being an ornament to the street in -which it is placed, as all public buildings ought to be, is a very great -deformity; the building itself is mean, one of its corners being thrust -as it were into the street, renders it narrow, obstructs the passage, -and destroys the vista. This structure is of very considerable breadth -in proportion to its length; it being fifty-four feet long, and -fifty-one broad: the height to the roof is twenty-three feet, and that -of the tower and turret seventy-five. The body is plain and -unornamented; the windows are very large; and the dial is fixed to a -beam that is joined on one end to a kind of turret, and extends like a -country sign post, across the street; a very rude and aukward -contrivance. The tower, which rises square, without diminution, is -strengthened at the corners with rustic; upon this is placed a turret, -which consists of strong piers at the corners arched over, and covered -with an open dome, whence rises a ball and fane. - -The advowson of this church appears to have been all along in the Dean -and Chapter of St. Paul’s. The tithes at present amount to 130_l._ a -year; and the other profits by annual donations settled upon the Rector, -amount to about as much more. - -PETER’S _court_, 1. Ironmonger row. 2. St. Martin’s lane, Charing cross. -3. Peter lane. 4. Rosemary lane. - -PETER’S _hill_, 1. Knightrider street. 2. Saffron hill. - -_St._ PETER’S _hill_, Thames street, so called from the following church. - -PETER’S KEY _alley_, Cow cross, Smithfield. - -PETER’S _lane_, St. John street, Smithfield. - -_St._ PETER’S _Paul’s wharf_, stood at the south east corner of St. -Peter’s hill, in Thames street, in Queenhithe ward, and was anciently -denominated St. _Peter’s Parva_, or _the Little_, from its small -dimensions. This church being destroyed with most of the others, by the -fire of London, and not rebuilt, its parish is annexed to the church of -St. Bennet Paul’s wharf. - -PETER’S _street_, 1. Bandy leg walk, Deadman’s place. 2. Bloomsbury. 3. -Halfmoon alley, Bishopsgate street. 4. In the Mint. 5. Stratton’s -ground, Westminster. 6. Turnmill street, Cow cross. 7. Vere street, -Claremarket. 8. Soho. 9. Westminster. - -_St._ PETER’S _Westminster_. See the article ABBEY _Church of -Westminster_. - -_St._ PETER’S _yard_, 1. Deadman’s place, Southwark. 2. In the Minories. - -PETERSHAM, a small village in Surry, near the New Park, and a little to -the south of Richmond hill. Here stood a delightful seat built by the -late Earl of Rochester, Lord High Treasurer in the reign of King James -II. This fine house was burnt down in the year 1720, so suddenly that -the family, who were all at home, had scarcely time to save their lives. -Nor was the house, tho’ exquisitely finished both within and without, -the greatest loss sustained; the noble furniture, the curious collection -of paintings, and the inestimable library of the first Earl of -Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England, and author of the History of -the Rebellion, were wholly consumed; and among other valuable pieces, -several manuscripts relating to those times, and to the transactions in -which the King his Master, and himself were engaged both at home and -abroad; besides other curious collections made by that noble Author in -foreign countries. - -On the ground where his house stood, the Earl of Harrington erected -another, after one of the Earl of Burlington’s designs. The front next -the court is very plain, and the entrance to the house not very -extraordinary: but the south front next the garden, is bold and regular, -and the apartments on that side, chiefly designed for state, are -extremely elegant. - -The gardens were before crowded with plantations near the house; but -they are now laid open in lawns of grass: the kitchen garden, before -situated on the east side of the house, is removed out of sight, and the -ground converted to an open slope of grass, leading up to a terrace of -great length; from which is a prospect of the river Thames, the town of -Twickenham, and of all the fine seats round that part of the country. On -the other side of the terrace, is a plantation on a rising ground; and -on the summit of the hill is a fine pleasure house, which on every side -commands a prospect of the country for many miles. - -PETTICOAT _lane_, extends from Whitechapel into Spitalfields. On both -sides of this lane were anciently hedges, and rows of elm trees, and the -pleasantness of the neighbouring fields induced several gentlemen to -build their houses here, among whom was the Spanish ambassador, whom -Strype supposes to be Gondomar: but at length many French refugees -settling in that part of the lane near Spitalfields in order to follow -their trades, which in general was weaving of silk, it soon became a row -of contiguous buildings. This lane is very long and very disagreeable, -both on account of its nastiness and offensive smells, it being the -chief residence of the horners, who prepare horns for other petty -manufacturers. - -PETTICOAT _square_, Petticoat lane. - -PETTY BAG OFFICE, next the Rolls chapel, Chancery lane. The clerks in this -office, who are three in number, are under the Master of the Rolls, and -make all patents for customers, comptrollers, and _congé d’elires_: they -also summon the Nobility, Clergy, Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses to -parliament, &c. This office takes its name from each record being there -put into a little bag. - -PETTY CANONS _of St. Paul’s_. See the article Canons. - -PETTY CANONS _alley_, St. Paul’s Church yard. - -PETTY FRANCE, Tothill street, Westminster; thus named from its being at -first inhabited by the people of that nation. - -PETTY FRANCE _alley_, Old Bethlem; so called from Petty France there, now -called New Broad street, which was originally inhabited chiefly by the -French. - -PETTY WALES _yard_, Halfmoon alley. - -PETTY’S _court_, Hanoway street, Tottenham court road.† - -PEWTERERS, a company incorporated by letters patent, granted by King -Edward IV. in 1474. - -In the year 1534, the Wardens of the Pewterers company, or their -deputies, were impowered by act of parliament to have the inspection of -pewter in all parts of the kingdom, in order to prevent the sale of the -base pewter, and the importation of pewter vessels from abroad. As a -farther encouragement, all Englishmen are by that act strictly enjoined, -not to repair to any foreign country to teach the art or mystery of -pewterers, on pain of disfranchisement: and for the more effectually -preventing the art being carried abroad, no Pewterer is to take the son -of an alien as an apprentice. - -This corporation has a Master, two Wardens, twenty-eight Assistants, and -seventy-eight Liverymen, who on their admission pay 20_l._ - -Their hall is in Lime street, almost facing the west end of Cullum -street. - -PEWTER PLATTER _alley_, Grace church street.* - -PHEASANT _court_, Cow lane, Snow hill.* - -PHEASANT COCK _court_, Angel alley, Houndsditch.* - -PHENIX _alley_, Long Acre.* - -PHENIX _court_, 1. Butcher row.* 2. High Holborn.* 3. Newgate street.* 4. -Old Change, Cheapside.* - -PHENIX _street_, 1. Dyot street, St. Giles’s.* 2. Hog lane, St. Giles’s.* -3. Monmouth street, Spitalfields.* - -PHENIX _yard_, Oxford street.* - -PHILIP _lane_, London wall.* - -PHILIP’S _court_, Grub street.† - -PHILIP’S _rents_, 1. Lincoln’s Inn Fields.† 2. Maze pond street, -Southwark.† - -PHILIP’S _yard_, Still alley, Houndsditch.† - -PHILPOT _lane_, Fenchurch street.† - -PHIPS’S _alley_, Shoreditch.† - -PHYSICIANS. There was no legal restraint on the practice of physic, till -the third year of King Henry VIII. when it was enacted that none should -practise physic or surgery within the city of London, of seven miles -round, unless he were first examined, and approved by the Bishop of -London, or the Dean of St. Paul’s, (who should call to his assistance -four Doctors of physic, and for surgery, other expert persons in that -faculty) upon pain of forfeiting 5_l._ for every month such persons -should practise physic or surgery, without being thus admitted. - -Seven years after this law, the Physicians were incorporated into a -college or society; allowed a common seal, and the power of annually -chusing a President, to govern all of that faculty: they were permitted -to purchase lands and tenements, and to make statutes and ordinances for -the government and correction of the college, and of all persons -practising physic within seven miles of the city: it was also enacted -that none, either within the city, or that compass, should practise, -unless first allowed by the President and the Fellows, upon pain of -forfeiting 5_l._ for every month: that four persons be chosen annually -for the examination and government of all the Physicians of the city, -and suburbs within seven miles round, and to punish them for their -offences in not performing, making, and neglecting their medicines and -receipts, by fines and imprisonments: and that neither the President, -nor any of the members of the college, should be summoned upon juries, -&c. - -At their first institution there were but thirty Fellows belonging to -the college; but at their request, King Charles II. augmented their -number to forty; and King James II. considering the great increase of -this city in its buildings and inhabitants, was pleased to increase the -number to eighty, which they were not to exceed. Before this last -charter, none could be admitted a Fellow of the college, if he had not -taken his degree of Doctor in one of the universities; but now all who -have taken their degree in any foreign university, are qualified to -become Fellows. - -The college has still great power in obstructing the practise of those -who are not of their body; yet by connivance or favour, others practise -physic; tho’ by law, if any one not so qualified, undertakes a cure, and -his patient dies under his hand, he is deemed guilty of felony. - -To this college belong a President, four Censors, and twelve Electors. -The President is the principal member, and is annually chosen out of the -society. - -The four Censors have, by charter, authority to survey, correct and -govern all Physicians, or others, that shall practise within their -jurisdiction, and to fine and imprison for offences as they shall see -cause. They may convene any Physician or practitioner before them, and -examine him concerning his skill in physic, and if he does not appear to -their summons, or upon his appearance refuses to answer, he may be fined -for every default, any sum not exceeding forty shillings; or if any -administer unwholsome and noxious medicines, he may be fined according -to discretion, net exceeding 10_l._ or imprisoned, not exceeding -fourteen days, unless for nonpayment of the fine, when it shall be -lawful to detain him in prison until it be paid. - -_College of_ PHYSICIANS. This society had their first college in -Knightrider street, which was the gift of Dr. Linacre, Physician to King -Henry VIII. from whence they afterwards removed to Amen Corner, where -they had purchased an house. Here the great Dr. Harvey, who immortalized -his name by discovering the circulation of the blood, built them a -library and public hall in the year 1652, which he granted for ever to -the college, with his library, and endowed it with his estate, which he -resigned to them while living, assigning a part of it for an anniversary -oration, in commemoration of their benefactors, and to promote a spirit -of emulation in succeeding generations. However, this edifice being -consumed by the fire of London, and the ground being only upon lease, -the Fellows erected the present structure. - - -[Illustration: - - _College of Physicians._ - _S. Wale delin._ _J. Taylor sc._ -] - - -The College of Physicians is a very noble edifice, situated near the -north west corner of Warwick lane. It is built with brick and stone. - -The entrance, which is grand, is under an octangular theatre, finishing -in a dome, with a cone on the top, making a lantern to it. The inside is -elegant, finely enlightened and very capacious. This was built by Sir -Christopher Wren. The arches represented in the print are under the -theatre thro’ which you enter the area. The central building, which is -well worthy of observation, is the design of Inigo Jones, and contains -the library and other rooms of state and convenience. The ascent to the -door is by a flight of steps, and in the under part is a basement story. -The whole front is decorated with pilasters of the Ionic and Corinthian -orders; and on one side over the door case, is the statue of King -Charles II. placed in a niche, and in the other side that of Sir John -Cutler. The buildings at the two sides of the court are uniform, and -have the window cases handsomely ornamented. The orders are well -executed, and the whole edifice both beautiful and commodious. - -The College of Physicians is a building of great delicacy, and eminently -deserves to be considered among the noblest ornaments of this city, is -yet so unlucky in its situation, in a narrow and dirty part of the lane, -that it can never be seen to advantage. - -There is here a hall, in which the Physicians sit to give advice to the -poor gratis; a committee room; a library, furnished with books by Sir -Theodore Mayerne and the Marquis of Dorchester, who was one of the -Fellows; a great hall for the quarterly meetings of the Doctors, adorned -with pictures and sculpture; a theatre for anatomical dissection; a -preparing room, where there are thirteen tables, containing all the -muscles in the human body; and over all garrets to dry the herbs for the -use of the dispensatory. - -PICCADILLY, Haymarket. There were formerly no houses in this street, and -only one shop for Spanish ruffs, which was called the Piccadilly or Ruff -shop. At present there are several noble houses in it. See DEVONSHIRE -HOUSE, BURLINGTON HOUSE. The last house built in Piccadilly is the Earl -of Egremont’s. It is of stone, and tho’ not much adorned, is elegant and -well situated for a town house, having a fine view over the Green Park, -which would be still more extended if the houses on each side were set -farther back. - -PICKAX _street_, Aldersgate street. - -PICKERING’S _court_, St. James’s street.† - -PICKLEHERRING _stairs_, Pickleherring street, Southwark. - -PICKLEHERRING _street_, near Horselydown, Southwark. - -PICTURE _yard_, Back lane, near Rag Fair. - -PIE-CORNER, Giltspur street, Smithfield. - -PIEPOWDER _court_, a court of record incident to a fair, as a court baron -is to a manor; it is derived from the French _pié poudre_, and is said -to be so called from its expeditious proceedings in the decision of all -controversies that happen in fairs; since for the encouragement of all -traders, justice is supposed to be as quickly administered as _dust_ can -fall from the feet. _Coke’s Institutes._ - -During the time of Bartholomew fair, this court is held in Cloth fair by -the city of London and Mr. Edwards, for hearing and determining all -differences committed against the tenor of the proclamation made by the -Lord Mayor, on the eve of old St. Bartholomew, for the better regulation -of that fair. - -PIERPOINT’S _rents_, Islington.† - -PIERPOINT’S _row_, Islington.† - -PIG _court_, St. Catharine’s lane.* - -PIG _street_, extends from Threadneedle street to Broad street. - -PILLORY _lane_, 1. Butcher row. 2. Fenchurch street. - -PIN _alley_, near Rosemary lane. - -PINDER’S _alley_, Shoreditch.† - -PINDER’S _court_, Gray’s Inn lane.† - -PINEAPPLE _court_, Woolpack alley, Houndsditch.* - -PINNERS, or PINMAKERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by -King Charles I. in the year 1636. - -They consist of a Master, two Wardens, and eighteen Assistants; but have -no livery. - -Their hall is situated near the southeast corner of Great Winchester -street, Broad street: and is most noted for being let out for a meeting -of Independents, who meet there every Sunday morning. This is the only -Independent meeting in London, where the audience are not Calvinists. In -the afternoon it is a meeting for a congregation of general Baptists. - -PINNER’S _alley_, Shoreditch. - -PINNERS _court_, Broad street, leading to Pinners hall. - -PIPE _alley_, Broad way, Westminster. - -PIPEMAKERS _alley_, 1. Great St. Anne’s lane. 2. Whitecross street, -Cripplegate. - -PIPE OFFICE, in Gray’s Inn lane, an office of the Treasury, in which all -accounts and debts due to the King are drawn out of the Remembrancer’s -office, and charged in a great roll made up like a pipe. - -The chief officers are, the Clerk of the Pipe, and the Comptroller of -the Pipe. The former makes leases of the King’s lands, on his being -warranted so to do by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, or the -Chancellor of the Exchequer: and these leases are sometimes directed to -be made under the Great Seal, but for the most part pass the Exchequer: -he has under him a Deputy, and eight Attornies, the two first of whom -are Secondaries. - -All accounts that pass the Remembrancer’s office, are brought to the -office of the Clerk of the Pipe, and remain there, to the end if there -be any determined debt due by any accomptant or other person, in any -such account, it may be inserted in the great roll or the pipes thereof, -and taken verbatim by the Comptroller of the Pipe into his roll, and -process may be made by him for the recovery thereof by a writ called the -_Summons of the Pipe_, which is in the nature of a _levari facias_. - -All tallies that vouch the payments contained in such accounts, are -examined and allowed by the Chief Secondary in the Pipe, and remain for -ever after in this office. - -The Comptroller of the Pipe writes in his roll all that is in the great -roll; and nothing entered in the great roll can be discharged without -his privity. He also writes out the summons twice every year to the -sheriffs, to levy the debts charged in the great roll of the pipe. -_Chamberlain’s Present State_. He has under him a Deputy Comptroller, -and a Clerk. - -PIPE _yard_, Bristol street, Puddle dock. - -PIPER’S _ground_, College street. - -PISSING _alley_, St. John’s street, Smithfield.‖ - -PITCHER’S _court_, White’s alley, Coleman street.† - -PITFIELD _street_, Hoxton.† - -PITMAN’S _alley_, Gardener’s lane, Westminster.† - -PLAISTERERS, a company incorporated by letters patent, granted by King -Henry VIII. in the year 1501, and confirmed by a charter granted by -Charles II. in 1667, by the name of _The Master, and Wardens of the -guild or fraternity of the blessed Mary, of Plaisterers, London_. - -This company is governed by a Master, two Wardens, and thirty-two -Assistants, and has seventy-seven Liverymen, who upon their admission -pay a fine of 8_l._ They have a neat hall on the north west side of -Addle street. - -PLAISTOW, a village in Essex, in the parish of West Ham. - -PLAISTOW, a village near Bromley in Kent. - -PLANTATION OFFICE in the treasury. See the article TRADE and PLANTATION -OFFICE. - -PLAYHOUSE _passage_, 1. Bow street; leading to Covent Garden playhouse. 2. -Drury lane, leading to the playhouse there. - -PLAYHOUSE _yard_, 1. Black Friars, where a playhouse was formerly -situated. 2. Whitecross street, Old street, where, according to -Maitland, the first playhouse in London was erected; on the east side of -that yard are still to be seen the ruins of the theatre. - -_Clerk of the_ PLEAS OFFICE, in Lincoln’s Inn. In this office all the -officers of the Exchequer, and other privileged persons, as debtors to -the King, &c. are to have their privilege to plead, and be impleaded as -to all matters at the common law: and the proceedings are accordingly by -declarations, pleas, and trials as at the common law; because they -should not be drawn out of their own court, where their attendance is -required. In this office are four sworn Attornies. _Chamberlain’s -Present State._ - -_Common_ PLEAS. See _Court of_ COMMON PLEAS. - -PLOUGH _alley_, 1. Bankside, Southwark.* 2. Barbican.* 3. Carey street, -Lincoln’s Inn Fields.* 4. Wapping. - -PLOUGH _court_, 1. Fetter lane. 2. Gray’s Inn lane.* 3. Lombard street.* - -PLOUGH AND HARROW _walk_, Nag’s Head Buildings, Hackney road.* - -PLOUGHMAN’S _rents_, 1. Cow cross, near Smithfield.† 2. Turnmill street.† - -PLOUGH _street_, Whitechapel.* - -PLOUGH _yard_, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.* 2. Brown’s gardens, St. -Giles’s.* 3. Holborn hill.* 4. Harrow yard, Green bank.* 5. Seething -lane, Tower street.* 6. Tower ditch.* - -PLOUGH YARD _School_, in Plough yard, Seething lane, was founded by James -Hickson, Esq; about the year 1689, for the education of twenty boys; for -the instruction of whom he allowed the head Master 20_l._ _per annum_, a -dwelling house, and two chaldrons of coals yearly; and to a Writing -Master 8_l._ a year. Fourteen of the children are to be of the parish of -Allhallows, Barking, and six of the hamlet of Wapping. _Maitland._ - -PLUMBERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by King James -I. in the year 1611. This corporation is governed by a Master, two -Wardens, and twenty-four Assistants; with a livery of fifty-seven -members, who upon their admission pay a fine of 10_l._ They have a small -hall in Chequer yard, Dowgate hill. _Maitland._ - -PLUMBER’S _court_, High Holborn.† - -PLUMTREE _court_, Plumtree street, Shoe lane.† - -PLUMTREE _square_, Plumtree street, St. Giles’s. - -PLUMTREE _street_, 1. St. Giles’s. 2. Shoe lane.† - -POLAND _court_, Poland street. - -POLAND _street_, Oxford street. - -POLAND _yard_, Oxford street. - -POLLIN’S _street_, Hanover street. - -_The_ POND _yard_, Bankside, Southwark. - -POOR JEWRY _lane_, Aldgate; so called from its being inhabited by the -Jews, on their return to England, after being expelled the kingdom by -Edward I. See OLD JEWRY. - -POPE’S HEAD _alley_, 1. Broad street.* 2. A neat passage from Cornhill -into Lombard street, next to ‘Change alley.* - -POPE’S HEAD _court_, in the Minories.* - -POPISH CHAPELS, of these there are but few in the city of London; for as -Popery is esteemed inconsistent with the liberties of a free people, -they are therefore in a manner confined to the ambassadors, who keep -them open for those of their own religion. These are, - - 1. In Butler’s alley meeting house, Grub street. - 2. Imperial ambassador’s, Hanover square. - 3. Portuguese ambassador’s chapel. - 4. Sardinian ambassador’s chapel, by Lincoln’s Inn Fields. - 5. Venetian ambassador’s chapel, Suffolk street. - -POPLAR, a hamlet of Stepney, is situated on the Thames to the east of -Limehouse, and obtained its name from the great number of poplar trees -that anciently grew there. The chapel of Poplar was erected in the year -1654, when the ground upon which it was built, together with the church -yard, were given by the East India company, and the edifice erected by -the voluntary contributions of the inhabitants and others; since which -time that Company has not only allowed the Minister a convenient -dwelling house, with a garden and field containing about three acres, -but has allowed him 20_l._ _per annum_ during pleasure; wherefore this -chapel for want of an endowment continues unconsecrated. - -Poplar Marsh, called the Isle of Dogs, from the great noise made by the -King’s hounds that were kept there during the residence of the royal -family at Greenwich, is rather an isthmus than an island, and is -reckoned one of the richest spots of ground in England; for it not only -raises the largest cattle, but the grass it bears is esteemed a great -restorative of all distempered cattle. - -Here are two almshouses besides an hospital belonging to the East India -company. - -POPLER’S _alley_, Greenbank.† - -POPPET _court_, Shoe lane, Fleet street. - -POPPING’S _alley_, Fleet street.† - -POPPING’S _court_, Popping’s alley, Fleet street.† - -PORRIDGE POT _alley_, Aldersgate street.* - -PORTERS. The London porters are divided into brotherhoods, and consist of -four sorts, viz. Companies porters, Fellowship porters, Ticket porters, -and Tackle porters. - -I. The companies porters land and ship off all goods and merchandizes -exported and imported to and from all parts near the west side of the -Sound, in the Baltic sea, Germany, Holland, France, Spain, Italy, -Turkey, and towards or beyond the Cape of Good Hope. - -II. Fellowship porters, whose business is to land, ship off, carry or -house, all merchandize, as corn, salt, coals, and other commodities, -measurable by dry measure. They are upward of 700 in number, and their -chief governor is the Alderman of Billingsgate ward. Their quarterage is -12_d._ whereas the Ticket porters pay but 4_d._ each. - -There is a very remarkable custom among the Fellowship porters, which is -as follows, viz. - -By an act of Common Council, a sermon is preached to them, in the parish -church of St. Mary at Hill, the next Sunday after every Midsummer day; -when overnight they furnish the merchants and families about -Billingsgate with nosegays, and in the morning they proceed from their -place of meeting in good order, each having a nosegay in his hand: -walking through the middle isle to the communion table, every one offers -something into the two basons, for the relief of the poor, and towards -the charges of the day; and after they have passed, the deputy, the -merchants, their wives, children, and servants walk in order from their -seats, and bestow their offerings also; which is a ceremony of much -variety. The charges of their nosegays have amounted sometimes to near -20_l._ in one year. - -III. The Ticket porters land and ship off goods imported or exported to -all parts of America, &c. and house all merchants goods, metals, &c. -They give ample security for their fidelity and honesty, and such as -employ them need only take notice of their names stamped on a ticket -that hangs at their girdles; that upon complaint being made to their -Governor, satisfaction may be given to such as have been injured by -them. - -IV. Tackle porters are such of the Ticket porters as are furnished with -weights, scales, &c. and their business is to weigh goods. - -_Rates taken by_ PORTERS _for shipping, landing, houseing and weighing_. - -Sugar the hogshead, 3_d._—For weighing 4_d._ - -Sugar the tierce or barrel, 2_d._—For weighing 3_d._ - -Sugar the butt, 6_d._—For weighing 8_d._ - -Cotton, wool, the bag, 3_d._—The same for weighing. - -Ginger, the bag, 1_d._—The same for weighing. - -Melasses, the hogshead, 3_d._—For weighing 4_d._ - -Logwood, the ton, 1_s._—The same for weighing. - -Fustick, the ton, 1_s._—The same for weighing. - -Young fustick, the ton, 1_s._ 6_d._—The same for weighing. - -Lignum rhodium, the ton, 1_s._ 6_d._—The same for weighing. - -Lignum vitæ, the ton, 1_s._—The same for weighing. - -Tobacco, the hogshead, 2_d._—The same for weighing. - -Tobacco, the bundle, 1_d._—The same for weighing. - -Danish, or Swedish iron, the ton, 1_s._—The same for weighing. - -Narva and Riga hemp, the bundle, 6_d._—The same for weighing. - -Any porter has the liberty of bringing goods into London; but may not -carry any out of the city, or from one part of it to another, unless he -be a freeman; otherwise he is liable to be arrested. - -PORTERS _alley_, Basinghall street. - -PORTERS _block_, Smithfield bars. - -PORTER’S _court_, Basinghall street.† - -PORTER’S _field_, Porter’s street.† - -PORTERS _key_, Thames street. - -PORTER’S _street_, 1. Blossom’s street.† 2. Newport market.† - -PORTER’S _yard_, 1. Holiwell lane, Shoreditch.† 2. Whitecross street, -Cripplegate.† - -PORTLAND _street_, Oxford street. - -PORTPOOL _lane_, extends from Gray’s Inn lane to Leather lane. - -PORTSMOUTH _corner_, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. - -PORTSOKEN WARD. The word Portsoken, according to Maitland, signifies a -franchise at the gate: this ward is therefore situated entirely without -Aldgate, and contains all Whitechapel as far as the bars; Petticoat -lane, Houndsditch and the Minories. It is bounded on the east, by the -parishes of Spitalfields, Stepney, and St. George’s in the east; on the -south by Tower hill; on the west by Aldgate ward, from which it is -separated by the city wall; and on the north by Bishopsgate ward. - -Its principal streets are, Whitechapel up to the bars, the Minories, and -Houndsditch; and its most remarkable buildings, the parish churches of -St. Botolph’s Aldgate, and Trinity Minories, - -This ward is governed by an Alderman and five Common Council men, -including the Alderman’s Deputy; twenty-two inquest men, five -scavengers, five constables, and a beadle. The jurors returned by the -wardmote inquest serve in the several courts of Guildhall in the month -of January. _Maitland._ - -PORTUGAL _row_, 1. St James’s street. 2. Lincoln’s Inn Fields. - -PORTUGAL _street_, 1. Piccadilly. 2. Searle’s street, Carey street. - -_General_ POST OFFICE, a handsome and commodious building near the south -west extremity of Lombard street, facing Pope’s Head alley. - -Of what antiquity the post is in this kingdom, is not easy to determine. -Anciently the management of the foreign mails was under the direction of -a stranger, who by the permission of the government was chosen by the -foreigners dwelling in this city, who even pretended to have a right by -prescription of chusing their own post master. However, in the year 1568 -a difference arising between the Spaniards and Flemings in London, each -chose their separate post master; and this contest occasioned a -representation from the citizens to the Privy Council, to beseech her -Majesty Queen Elizabeth, to fill that important post with one of her -English subjects. - -By the first accounts we find of the posts established for the -convenience of this kingdom, it appears to have been managed by several -private officers, who had their respective districts. But great -inconveniences arising from their different methods of proceeding, they -were suppressed, and a certain number of public officers erected in -their room: but these also not answering the end proposed, a General -Post Office was erected by act of parliament in the 12th of King Charles -II. in the year 1660, to be kept within the city of London, under the -direction of a Post Master appointed by the King. - -By this act the General Post Master was impowered to appoint post houses -in the several parts of the country hitherto unprovided, both in post -and by-roads: the postage of letters to and from all places therein -mentioned was not only ascertained, but likewise the rates of post -horses to be paid by all such as should ride post. - -At length, upon the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, a -General Post Office was established by act of parliament in the year -1710, not only for the united kingdom of Great Britain, but likewise for -that of Ireland, and her Majesty’s plantations in North America and the -West Indies. - -The office of Post Master is at present under the direction of two -Commissioners who have 2000_l._ _per annum_, and are assisted by a -Secretary of 200_l._ a year, who has four Clerks, two of 60_l._ a year, -one of 50_l._ and one of 30_l._ - -The other officers under the direction of the Post Master General are, a -Receiver General, who has 300_l._ _per annum_, under whom are two -clerks, who have 50_l._ a year each. - -An Accomptant General who has 300_l._ _per annum_, and has a Deputy of -90_l._ a year, and three Clerks who have 50_l._ a year each. - -A Comptroller of the inland office who has 200_l._ a year, and has a -Deputy of 90_l._ a year. A Solicitor to the post office who has 200_l._ -a year; a Resident Surveyor, who has 300_l._ a year; and two Inspectors -of the mis-sent letters who have 100_l._ a year each. - -Six Clerks of the roads, viz. Chester, 100_l._ _per annum_; Assistant, -60_l._ West, 60_l._ and Assistant, 60_l._ North, 60_l._ a year, and -Assistant, 60_l._ Bristol, 60_l._ a year, and Assistant 60_l._ Yarmouth, -60_l._ a year, and Assistant, 60_l._ Kent, 60_l._ a year, and Assistant, -50_l._ Notwithstanding the smallness of these salaries; the perquisite -of franking news papers, &c. into the country renders the profits of the -Clerks of the roads very considerable. - -A Court Post who has 2_l._ a day; and a deliverer of the letters to the -House of Commons, who has 6_s._ 8_d._ a day. - -There is also a Clerk of the by-nights, who has 60_l._ a year, and his -Assistant, 60_l._ Ten sorters, seven of whom have 50_l._ a year, and -three 40_l._ a year each, seven, supernumerary sorters, three at 30_l._ -and four at 25_l._ each. A window man and alphabet keeper, who has -60_l._ a year; and several other officers and servants, among whom are -sixty-seven letter carriers at 11_s._ a week. - -In the foreign office is a Comptroller, who has 150_l._ a year; an -alphabet keeper, who has 100_l._ _per annum_, a Secretary who has 50_l._ -a year; and six Clerks, five of whom have 50_l._ a year each, and one -40_l._ a year. - - -Rates for carrying Letters by the Post, to any part of Great Britain and - Ireland. - - -_Double letters to be paid twice as much as single, treble letters three - times as much, and the ounce four times as much as single letters._ - - -Every single letter not exceeding one sheet, to or from any place not -exceeding eighty miles, 3_d._ - -Every single letter above eighty miles, 4_d._ - -Every single letter from London to Berwick, or from Berwick to London, -4_d._ - -Every single letter from Berwick to any place within forty miles -distance, 3_d._ - -Carriage of every single letter a greater distance than one hundred and -forty miles 6_d._ - -The port of every single letter to or from Edinburgh, and to and from -Dumfries or Cockburnsperth, and between either of those places and -Edinburgh, not coming from on ship-board, 6_d._ - -The port of every single letter from Edinburgh to or from any place -within fifty miles distance in Scotland, 2_d._ - -The port of every single letter a farther distance, and not exceeding -eighty miles within Scotland, 3_d._ - -The port of every single letter above eighty miles within Scotland, -4_d._ - -Between Donachaddee in Ireland and Port-Patrick in Scotland for port of -letters and packets (over and above the inland rates) to be paid at the -place where delivered; single letter, 2_d._ - -The carriage of every single letter from England to Dublin, in Ireland, -or from Dublin into England, 6_d._ - -The carriage of every single letter from Dublin to any place within -forty miles distance, or from any place within the like distance to -Dublin, 2_d._ - -The carriage of every letter a farther distance than forty miles, 4_d._ - -And for the port of all and every the letters and packets directed or -brought from on ship-board, over and above the said rates, 1_d._ - - -The several rates for the carriage of Letters, Packets, and Parcels; to - or from any parts or places beyond the seas, are as follow; viz. - - -_Double letters to be paid for twice as much as single, treble letters - three times as much, the ounce four times as much as the single - letters._ - - -All letters and packets coming from any part of France to London. Single -10_d._ - -All letters or packets passing from London through France, to any part -of Spain or Portugal (port paid to Bayonne) and from Spain and Portugal -through France to London, 1_s._ 6_d._ single, double 3_s._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through France, to any part -of Italy or Sicily by the way of Lyons, or to any part of Turky, by the -way of Marseilles, and from any of those parts thro’ France to London. -Single 1_s._ 3_d._ - -All letters and packets coming from any part of the Spanish Netherlands -to London. Single 10_d._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the Spanish -Netherlands to any part of Italy or Sicily (port paid to Antwerp), and -from any port of Italy or Sicily, through the Spanish Netherlands unto -London. Single 1_s._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the Spanish -Netherlands to any part of Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, and -all parts of the North, and from any of those parts through the Spanish -Netherlands unto London. Single 1_s._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the Spanish -Netherlands to any part of Spain or Portugal; and from any part of Spain -or Portugal, through the Spanish Netherlands to London. Single 1_s._ -6_d._ - -All letters and packets passing from any part of the United Provinces to -London. Single 10_d._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the United -Provinces, for any part of Italy or Sicily, and from any part of Italy -or Sicily, through the United Provinces, to London. Single 1_s._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the United -Provinces, to any part of Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, and all -parts of the North; and from any of those parts and places, through the -United Provinces, to London. Single 1_s._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the United -Provinces, to any part of Spain or Portugal; and from any part of Spain -or Portugal, through the United Provinces, to London. Single 1_s._ 6_d._ - -All letters and packets passing from London through the Spanish -Netherlands or the United Provinces, to Hamburgh (port paid to Antwerp -or Amsterdam) and from Hamburgh through the Spanish Netherlands, or the -United Provinces, to London. Single 10_d._ - -All letters and packets passing between London, Spain, or Portugal, by -packet boats. Single 1_s._ 6_d._ - -All letters and packets passing from London to Jamaica, Barbadoes, -Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, and St. Christopher’s, in America, and from -any of those parts to London. Single 1_s._ 6_d._ - -All letters and packets from London to New York, in North America, and -from thence to London. Single 1_s._ - -All letters and packets from any part of the West Indies, to New York -aforesaid. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York to any place within sixty English -miles thereof, and thence back to New York. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York to Perth Amboy, the chief town in -East New Jersey, and to Bridlington, the chief town in West New Jersey, -and from each of those places back to New York, and from New York to any -place not exceeding one hundred English miles, and from each of those -places to New York. Single 6_d._ - -All letters and packets from Perth Amboy and Bridlington, to any place -not exceeding sixty English miles, and thence back again. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from Perth Amboy and Bridlington, to any place -not exceeding one hundred English miles, and thence back again. Single -6_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York to New London, the chief town in -Connecticut in New England, and to Philadelphia, the chief town in -Pensilvania, and from those places back to New York. Single 9_d._ - -All letters and packets from New London and Philadelphia, to any place -not exceeding sixty English miles, and thence back again. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York and Philadelphia, to any place not -exceeding one hundred English miles, and so back again. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York aforesaid, to Newport the chief -town in Rhode Island, and Providence Plantation in New England, and to -Boston, the chief town in Massachusett’s bay, in New England aforesaid; -and to Portsmouth, the chief town in New Hampshire, in New England -aforesaid; and to Annapolis, the chief town in Maryland, and from every -of those places to New York. Single 1_s._ - -All letters and packets from Newport, Boston, Portsmouth, and Annapolis -aforesaid, to any place not exceeding sixty English miles, and thence -back again. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from Newport, Boston, Portsmouth, and Annapolis -aforesaid, to any place not exceeding one hundred English miles, and -thence back again. Single 6_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York aforesaid, to the chief offices in -Salem and Ipswich, and to the chief office in Piscataway, and to -Williamsburgh, the chief office in Virginia, and from every of those -places to New York. Single 1_s._ 3_d._ - -All letters and packets from the chief offices in Salem, Ipswich, and -Piscataway, and Williamsburgh aforesaid, to any place not exceeding -sixty English miles, and thence back again. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from the chief offices in Salem, Ipswich, -Piscataway, and Williamsburgh aforesaid, not exceeding one hundred -English miles, and thence back again. Single 6_d._ - -All letters and packets from New York aforesaid, to Charles Town, the -chief town in North and South Carolina, and from Charles Town aforesaid -to New York. Single 1_s._ 6_d._ - -All letters and packets from Charles Town aforesaid, to any place not -exceeding sixty English miles, and thence back again. Single 4_d._ - -All letters and packets from Charles Town aforesaid, to any place not -exceeding one hundred English miles, and thence back again. Single 6_d._ - - - _Post letters may be sent from London every night to_ - - - Abingdon - Ampthill - Ashburton - Attleborough - Bath - Beccles - Beconsfield - Birmingham - Bridgewater - Bristol - Bromsgrove - Burntwood - Bury St. Edmunds - Cambridge - Campden - Canterbury - Chatham - Chelmsford - Chertsey - Chester - Chipping Norton - Cirencester - Claremont - Cobham - Colchester - Croydon - Darking - Dartford - Deal - Derby - Dover - Enfield - Epsom - Esher in Surry - Evesham - Exeter - Faringdon - Feversham - Gerard’s Cross - Gloucester - Gravesend - Grays - Guildford - Ham in Surry - Hampton Court - Hampton Town - Hamwick in Surry - Hanworth - Harborough - Hertford - High Wickham - Ingateston - Ipswich - Isleworth - Kelvedon - Kingston - Kingston Wick - Lalam - Leatherhead - Leicester - Littleton - Liverpool - Loughborough - Lowstoff - Lynn - Maidstone - Manchester - Middlewich - Moulsey in Surry - Namptwich - Newmarket - Newport Pagnell - Northampton - Northwich - Norwich - Nottingham - Oxford - Petersham - Plymouth - Portsmouth - Prescot - Queenborough - Richmond - Ripley - Rochester - Royston - Rumford - Sandwich - Saxmundham - Shepperton - Shiffnal - Shrewsbury - Sittingbourn - Southall - Stafford - Stoke in Norfolk - Stone - Sunbury - Taunton - Teddington - Thame - Thames Ditton - Thanet - Thetford - Tiverton - Twickenham - Uxbridge - Walsall - Walton - Warrington - Wellington - Wells - Weybridge - Windham in Norfolk - Windsor - Wingham in Kent - Witham - Witton - Wolverhampton - Woodburn - Worcester - Yarmouth - Tunbridge bag every night from Midsummer to Michaelmas only - - -Bags for the following towns are dispatched Mondays, Tuesdays, -Thursdays, and Saturdays; and the returns are delivered Mondays, -Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays; Arundel, Brighthelmston, -Chichester, East Grinstead, Godalmin, Haslemere, Lewes, Midhurst, -Petworth, Ryegate, Steyning, Shoreham. - -On Mondays.] To France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Flanders, Sweden, -Denmark. - -On Tuesdays.] To Holland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, -and all parts of England and Wales. - -N.B. One Tuesday the packet goes to Lisbon, and the next Tuesday to the -Groyn, and so on. - -On Thursdays.] To France, Spain, Italy, and all parts of England and -Scotland. - -On Fridays.] To Flanders, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Holland. - -On Saturdays.] To all parts of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. - -Letters are returned from all parts of England and Scotland certainly, -every Monday, Wednesday and Friday; and from Wales every Monday and -Friday. But their coming from foreign parts is more uncertain on account -of the seas. - -POST OFFICE _court_, a small but neat court in Lombard street, in which is -the post office. - -POSTERN _passage_, Shoemaker row. - -POSTERN, Bakers row. - -POSTERN GATE, an ancient gate which stood at the east end of Postern row -on Tower hill. It was erected soon after the Conquest in a beautiful -manner with stones brought from Kent and Normandy, for the convenience -of the neighbouring inhabitants, both within and without the walls; but -in the second year of the reign of Richard I. William Longchamp, Bishop -of Ely, and Chancellor of England, having resolved to enlarge and -strengthen the Tower of London with an additional fortification, he -caused a part of the city wall, which extended about 300 feet from the -Tower to this gate, to be taken down, in order to make way for a strong -wall and a spacious ditch: by which means the postern being deprived of -its support on that side, fell down in the year 1440. It was afterwards -replaced by a mean building of timber, laths and loam, with a narrow -passage; but this also decayed, and has been many years removed quite -away; nothing remaining at present to preserve the name, but a few posts -to guard a narrow foot way from the encroachments of horses and -carriages. - -A little to the south of the place where the gate stood, is a descent by -several stone steps to an excellent spring, much admired, which is still -called the Postern Spring. - -POSTERN _row_, a row of houses on Tower hill, leading from the place where -the postern gate formerly stood. - -POTTERS _fields_, 1. Back lane, Southwark. 2. Pickleherring lane. - -POTTLEPOT _alley_, St. Catharine’s by the Tower.* - -POVERTY _lane_, Brook street.‖ - -POULTNEY _court_, Cambridge street. - -POULTON’S _court_, near Broad street.† - -POULTERERS, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by Henry VII. -in the year 1504. - -They have a Master, two Wardens, twenty-three Assistants, and a livery -of an hundred and six members, who on their admission pay a fine of -20_l._ but they have no hall. - -POULTRY, a street which extends from the Mansion house to Cheapside, and -was so denominated from the Poulterers stalls which anciently extended -along that street from Stocks market. _Maitland._ See SCALDING _alley_. - -POULTRY COMPTER, one of the city prisons, so denominated from its use and -situation: for this prison belonging to one of the Sheriffs, Maitland -supposes, might possibly be named the Compter, from the prisoners being -obliged to account for the cause of their commitment before their -discharge: and the addition of Poultry is added from its situation in -that street, to distinguish it from the Compter in Wood street. - -For an account of the several officers belonging to the two Compters, -see the article COMPTER. - -POWDERED BEEF _court_, Cabbage lane. - -POWELL’S _alley_, Chiswell street, Moorfields.† - -POWELL’S _court_, Queen street.† - -POWELL’S _yard_, Upper Ground street, Southwark.† - -PRAT’S _wharf_, Millbank, Westminster Horseferry.† - -PREBENDS _of St. Paul’s_. See the article CANONS. - -PRECENTOR or CHANTER OF ST. PAUL’S, an officer who superintends the church -music, and has a sub-chanter to officiate in his absence. To him belongs -the second stall on the north side of the choir: he is perpetual Rector -of the church of Stortford, proprietor of the same, and patron of the -vicarage. _Newc. Repert._ - -PREROGATIVE COURT in Doctors Commons; this court is thus denominated from -the prerogative of the Archbishop of Canterbury; who by a special -privilege beyond those of his suffragans, can here try all disputes that -happen to arise concerning the last wills of persons within his -province, who have left goods to the value of 5_l._ and upwards, unless -such things are settled by composition between the metropolitan and his -suffragans; as in the diocese of London, where it is 10_l._ - -This court, which was formerly held in the consistory of St. Paul’s, is -kept in Doctors Commons in the afternoon, the next day after the court -of Arches. The Judge is attended by the Register and his Deputy, who -sets down the decrees and acts of the court, and keeps the records. - -PREROGATIVE OFFICE in Doctors Commons, an office belonging to the above -court, in which copies of all wills deposited in the office are wrote in -large folio volumes, and any person may have the privilege of searching -a particular will for a shilling, and of having a copy of the whole, or -of any part of it, for a moderate fee. - -The places belonging to this court are in the gift of the Archbishop of -Canterbury. - -PRESBYTERIANS, a considerable body of Protestant dissenters; their -religious sentiments are in general pretty far from Calvinism, they have -now scarcely any resemblance to the church of Scotland; and every -congregation in this city, is in a manner as independent of each other -as the independents themselves. The meeting houses within the bills of -mortality are as follows: - -1. Bethnal green. 2. Broad street, Wapping. 3. Brook house, Clapton. 4. -Church street, Hoxton. 5. Crosby square, Bishopsgate street. 6. Crown -court, Russel street. 7. Founders hall, Lothbury. 8. Grafton street, -Seven dials. 9. Gravel lane, Houndsditch. 10. Great St. Thomas -Apostle’s. 11. Hanover street, Long Acre. 12. King John’s court, -Bermondsey. 13. King’s Weigh-house, Little Eastcheap. 14. Leather lane, -Holborn. 15. Little Carter lane. 16. Little Eastcheap, near Tower -street. 17. Little St. Helen’s Bishopsgate street. 18. Long ditch, -Westminster. 19. Maiden lane, Deadman’s place. 20. Middlesex court, -Bartholomew close. 21. Mourning lane, Hackney. 22. New Broad street, -London wall. 23. Near Nightingale lane. 24. Old Jewry, Poultry. 25. -Parish street, Horselydown. 26. Poor Jewry lane, near Aldgate. 27. Queen -street, near Cuckolds point. 28. Rampant lion yard, Nightingale lane. -29. Ryder’s court, near Leicester fields. 30. Salisbury street, -Rotherhithe. 31. St. Thomas, Southwark. 32. Salters hall, Swithin’s -lane. 33. Shakespear’s walk, Upper Shadwell. 34. Silver street, Wood -street. 35. Spitalfields. 36. Swallow street, Piccadilly. 37. Windsor -court, Monkwell street. - -PRESCOT _court_, St. John’s street, Smithfield.† - -PRESCOT _street_, Goodman’s fields.† - -PRESTON’S _yard_, in the Minories.† - -PRICE’S _alley_, 1. Brewer’s street. 2. Knave’s Acre, Wardour street.† 3. -Queen street, in the Park, Southwark.† - -PRICE’S _buildings_, Gravel lane.† - -PRICE’S _court_, Gravel lane.† - -PRICE’S _yard_, Long lane.† - -PRIEST’S _alley_, 1. Foster lane, Cheapside.† 2. Tower hill.† - -PRIEST’S _yard_, Dancing lane, Southwark.† - -PRIMROSE _alley_, 1. Bishopsgate street. 2. Long alley, Moorfields. 3. St. -Mary Overies dock, Southwark. - -PRIMROSE HILL, a very pleasant hill between Kilburn and Hampstead; also -called Green Berry Hill, from the names of the three assassins of Sir -Edmundbury Godfrey, who brought him hither after they had murdered him -at Somerset house. - -PRIMROSE _row_, Primrose alley. - -PRIMROSE _street_, Bishopsgate street. - -PRINCE’S _court_. Several of these courts and streets received their name, -as well as those of King street and Queen street, after the restoration, -in honour of the return of the royal family. 1. Duke street, St. -James’s. 2. Drury lane. 3. Gravel lane, Southwark. 4. Hedge lane, -Charing Cross. 5. Long Ditch, Westminster. 6. Lothbury. 7. Newport -market. 8. Old Gravel lane, Ratcliff highway. 9. Tower hill. 10. -Wentworth street. - -PRINCE’S _square_, Ratcliff highway, is a neat square, principally -inhabited by the families of gentlemen who belong to the sea. Its chief -ornament is the church and church yard belonging to the Swedes, -surrounded with iron rails and well planted with trees. The front of the -church is carried up flat with niches and ornaments, and on the summit -is a pediment. The body is divided into a central part projecting -forwarder than the rest, and two sides. The central part has two tall -windows, terminated by a pediment, and in the midst of that is an oval -window; but in the sides there is only a compartment below with a -circular window above. The corners of the building are wrought in a -bold, plain rustic. The tower rises square from the roof, and at the -corners are placed urns with flames: from thence rises a turret in the -lanthorn form with flaming urns at the corners: this turret is covered -with a dome, from which rises a ball, supporting the fane, in the form -of a rampant lion. - -PRINCE’S _stairs_, Rotherhith. - -PRINCE’S _street_, 1. St. Anne’s street, Soho. 2. Barbican. 3. Brick lane, -Spitalfields. 4. Charles street, Old Gravel lane, Ratcliff. 5. Drury -lane. 6. Duke street, St. James’s. 7. Duke street, Southwark. 8. Hanover -square. 9. Little Queen street. 10. Oxford street. 11. Queen street. 12. -Ratcliff Highway. 13. Red Lion square, Holborn. 14. Rotherhith Wall. 15. -Sun Tavern fields, Shadwell. 16. The west end of Threadneedle street; -first built by act of Parliament after the fire of London, in which it -was called by this name before it was erected. 17. Upper Moorfields. 18. -Whitcomb street, Hedge lane. 19. Wood street, Spitalfields. - -PRINTING HOUSE _lane_, leading to the King’s printing house in Black -friars. - -PRINTING HOUSE _street_, Water lane. - -PRINTING HOUSE _yard_, 1. Water lane. 2. By White’s alley, Coleman street; -thus named from a large printing house there for woollens. - -PRITCHARD’S _alley_, Fair street, Horselydown.† - -PRIVY COUNCIL, held at the Cockpit. This great and honourable assembly -meet in order to consult upon those measures that are most likely to -contribute to the honour, defence, safety and benefit of his Majesty’s -dominions. - -The members of this body are chosen by the King, and are, or ought to be -distinguished by their wisdom, courage, integrity, and political -knowledge. A Privy Counsellor, though but a Gentleman, has precedence of -all Knights, Baronets, and the younger sons of all Barons and Viscounts. -They sit at the council board bareheaded, when his Majesty presides; at -all debates the lowest delivers his opinion first; and the King last of -all declares his judgment, and thereby determines the matter in debate. - -PRIVY GARDEN, Whitehall, was formerly used as a private garden, though it -extended almost to the Cockpit. The wall joined the arch still standing -by the Cockpit, and ran on in a line to King street. _Plan of London -drawn in Queen Elizabeth’s time._ - -PRIVY GARDEN _stairs_, Privy Garden. - -PRIVY SEAL OFFICE, Whitehall. An office under the government of the Lord -Privy Seal, a great officer, next in dignity to the Lord President of -the Council, who keeps the King’s privy seal, which is set to such -grants as pass the great seal of England. The Lord Privy Seal has a -salary of 3000_l._ _per annum_. Under him are three Deputies, a -Secretary, and three Clerks; but these Clerks have no salaries; they -have however considerable fees, and 30_l._ a year board wages. - -PROBIN’S _yard_, Blackman street, Southwark.† - -PROTONOTARIES, or PROTHONOTARIES, in the court of Common Pleas. The word -is derived from _Protonotarius_, a chief Notary or Clerk; and they are -accordingly the chief Clerks of this court. They enter and enrol all -declarations, pleadings, assizes, judgments, and actions; and make out -judicial writs, &c. for all English counties, except Monmouth. They are -three in number, and have each separate offices, one in the Middle -Temple, another in King’s Bench Walks, and the other in Searle’s court, -Lincoln’s Inn. In these offices all the Attorneys of the court of Common -Pleas enter their causes. - -Each of these Protonotaries has a Secondary, whose office is, to draw up -the rules of court, and these were formerly the ancientest and ablest -Clerks or Attorneys of the court. - -PROTONOTARY’S, or PROTHONOTARY’S _Office in Chancery_, is kept in Middle -Temple lane, and is chiefly to expedite commissions for embassies. - -PROVIDENCE _court_, North Audley street. - -PROVIDENCE _yard_, Peter street, Westminster. - -PRUJEAN’S _court_, in the Old Bailey.† - -PRUSON’S _island_, Near New Gravel lane.† - -PUDDING _lane_, Thames street. In this lane the fire of London broke out, -at a house situated exactly at the same distance from the Monument as -that is high. Upon this house, which is rebuilt in a very handsome -manner, was set up by authority the following inscription: - -‘Here by the permission of Heaven, Hell broke loose upon this protestant -city, from the malicious hearts of barbarous papists, by the hand of -their agent HUBERT: who confessed, and on the ruins of this place -declared his fact, for which he was hanged, viz. That here began the -dreadful fire, which is described and perpetuated, on and by the -neighbouring pillar, erected 1681—in the mayoralty of Sir Patience Ward, -Knt.’ - -But the inhabitants being incommoded by the many people who came to look -at the house, and read this board, it was taken down a few years ago. - -PUDDLE _dock_, Thames street. There was anciently a descent into the -Thames in this place, where horses used to be watered; who raising the -mud with their feet, made the place like a puddle; from this -circumstance, and from a person named Puddle dwelling there, this dock, -according to Maitland, obtained its present name. - -PUDDLE DOCK _hill_, Great Carter lane. - -PUDDLE DOCK _stairs_, Puddle dock. - -PULTNEY _court_, Little Windmill street. - -PULTNEY _street_, 1. Brewer’s street.† 2. Knave’s Acre.† - -PUMP _alley_, 1. Brown’s street.☐ 2. Gardener’s lane, Petty France, -Westminster.☐ 3. Green bank, Wapping.☐ 4. Perkins’s rents, Peter street, -Soho.☐ 5. Quaker street, Spitalfields.☐ 6. Queen street in the Park, -Southwark.☐ 7. Red lion street, Wapping dock.☐ 8. Near Whitecross -street, Cripplegate.☐ - -PUMP _court_, 1. Bridgewater gardens.☐ 2. Charing Cross.☐ 3. Crutched -Friars.☐ 4. Glasshouse yard.☐ 5. Holland street.† 6. Jacob’s street, -Mill street.☐ 7. Inner Temple.☐ 8. Long alley, Shoreditch.☐ 9. The -Minories.☐ 10. Noble street, Foster lane.☐ 11. Rose and Crown court.☐ -12. Portpool lane.☐ 13. Queenhithe.☐ 14. Three Foxes court, Longlane, -Smithfield.☐ 15. White Hart yard, Drury lane.☐ 16. White’s alley.☐ - -PUMP _yard_, 1. Near Aldersgate Bars.☐ 2. Church lane.☐ 3. Golden lane.☐ -4. Gravel lane.☐ 5. King John’s court, Southwark.☐ 6. Newington Butts.☐ -7. In the Orchard, Ratcliff.☐ 8. Pump alley, Chequer alley.☐ 9. Three -Colts street.† 10. Whitehorse alley, Cow Cross.☐ - -PUNCH BOWL _alley_, Moorfields Quarters.* - -PUNCH _court_, Thrall street, Spitalfields. - -PURFORD. See PYRFORD. - -PURSE _court_, 1. Fore street, Cripplegate.* 2. Old Change, Cheapside.* - -PUTNEY, a village in Surry, situated on the Thames, five miles south west -of London, famous for being the birth place of Thomas Cromwell Earl of -Essex, whose father was a blacksmith here. About this village the -citizens of London have many pretty seats; and on Putney Heath is a -public house, noted for polite assemblies, and in the summer season for -breakfasting and dancing, and for one of the pleasantest bowling greens -in England. Here is an old church erected after the same model with that -of Fulham, on the opposite shore, and they are both said to have been -built by two sisters. - -That part of Putney which joins to the Heath, commands a fine view both -up and down the river Thames. - -PYE _corner_, Smithfield. - -PYE _garden_, near Willow street, Bank side, Southwark. - -PYE _street_, Westminster. - -PYRFORD, or PURFORD, in Surry, the fine seat of the late Denzil Onslow, -Esq; situated two miles from Guilford, on the banks of the Wey. It is -rendered extremely pleasant, by the beautiful intermixture of wood and -water, in the park, gardens, and grounds adjoining. By the park is a -decoy, the first of the kind in this part of England. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - Q. - - -QUAKERS, a body of dissenters who have the following places of worship in -this metropolis: - -1. Devonshire street, Bishopsgate street. 2. Ewer’s street, Southwark. -3. Fair street, Horselydown. 4. Little Almonry, Westminster. 5. St. -John’s lane. 6. Sandy’s court, Houndsditch. 7. School house lane, -Ratcliff. 8. Savoy in the Strand. 9. Wapping. 10. White hart yard, -Gracechurch street. 11. Workhouse, Clerkenwell. - -QUAKERS _street_, Spitalfields. - -QUAKERS WORKHOUSE, in Bridewell Walk, Clerkenwell, contains about eighteen -or twenty old men and women; but they are not confined to any number. -These are provided with all the necessaries of life in a very decent -manner: as are also forty boys and twenty girls; who are not only taught -reading, writing and arithmetic; but to spin, sew, knit, and make -thrum-mops, &c. in order to inure them to early labour: the boys, when -put out apprentice, have 5_l._ given with each. These children are -cloathed in very good cloth and callimancoes, and supported at the -expence of about 600_l._ _per annum_. - -QUALITY _court_, Chancery lane. - -QUART POT _alley_, George street, Petty France, Westminster.* - -QUEEN ANNE’S _street_, a very handsome regular street, building north of -Cavendish square, and parallel to that and Wigmore street. It being -built on the estate of the late Lord Harley, Earl of Oxford, it received -its name in honour of his Royal Mistress. - -QUEEN ELIZABETH’S _School_, in School house lane, Tooley street, -Southwark, was founded by that Princess, for instructing the boys of St. -Olave’s parish in English, grammar and writing. - -This school generally consists of near three hundred boys, for the -teaching of whom the master of the grammar school has a salary of 61_l._ -_per annum_; his usher 41_l._ 10_s._ the writing-master has 60_l._ out -of which he is obliged to supply the school with pens and ink; the -English master has 37_l._ 10_s._ and his usher 20_l._ These sums, -together amounting to 220_l. per annum_, are chiefly raised from an -estate in Horselydown, which, pursuant to the letters of incorporation, -is, with the school, under the management of sixteen of the -parishioners. _Maitland._ - -QUEENHITHE, in Thames street, a hithe or harbour for large boats, -lighters, barges, and even ships, which anciently anchored at that -place, as they do now at Billingsgate, the draw-bridge being drawn up -for their passage through; Queenhithe being then the principal key for -lading and unlading in the heart of the city. Hither vast numbers of -these vessels came laden with corn, as the barges do now with malt and -meal, this being the great meal market of the city. - -QUEENHITHE _alley_, near Thames street. - -QUEENHITHE _stairs_, Queenhithe. - -QUEENHITHE _little stairs_, Queenhithe. - -QUEENHITHE WARD, is bounded on the north by Bread street ward, and -Cordwainers ward; on the east by Dowgate ward; on the south by the -Thames, and on the west by Baynard’s castle ward. The principal streets -and lanes in this ward, are, next to Queenhithe, a part of Thames -street, from St. Bennet’s hill to Townsend lane; Lambert hill, Fish -street hill, Five foot lane, Bread street hill, Huggen lane, Little -Trinity, with the south side of Great Trinity lane, and Old Fish street. - -The most remarkable buildings, are the parish churches of St. Nicholas -Cole Abbey, St. Mary Somerset, and St. Michael’s Queenhithe; -Painterstainers hall, and Blacksmiths hall. - -This ward is governed by an Alderman and six Common Council men, -including the Alderman’s Deputy; thirteen inquest men, eight scavengers, -nine constables, and a beadle. The jury-men returned by the Wardmote -inquest, serve in the several courts of Guildhall in the month of -October. _Maitland._ - -QUEEN’S ARMS _alley_, 1. Shoe lane.* 2. Shoreditch.* - -QUEEN’S ARMS _court_, Upper Ground.* - -QUEEN’S _court_, 1. St. Catharine’s lane, East Smithfield.* 2. Great Queen -street.* 3. High Holborn.* 4. King street, Covent Garden.* - -QUEEN’S HEAD _alley_, 1. Hoxton.* 2. Newgate street.* 3. Shadwell.* 4. -Wapping.* 5. Whitechapel.* - -QUEEN’S HEAD _court_, 1. Fleet street.* 2. Giltspur street.* 3. Gray’s Inn -lane.* 4. Great Windmill street.* 5. High Holborn.* 6. King street, -Covent Garden.* 7. Pye corner.* 8. In the Strand.* 9. Turn again lane.* - -QUEEN’S HEAD _yard_, 1. Gray’s Inn lane, Holborn.* 2. White Horse street.* - -QUEEN’S LIBRARY, a handsome building erected by that learned Princess her -late Majesty Queen Caroline, into which books were put in the month of -October 1737. This is a very noble room, furnished with a choice -collection of modern books in several languages, consisting of about -4500, finely bound, and placed in great order, with brass net-work -before them. _Maitland._ - -QUEEN’S _square_, 1. St. James’s Park. 2. Little Bartholomew close. 3. -Ormond street, by Red Lion street, Holborn. This, as a late writer -justly observes, is an area of a peculiar kind, it being left open on -one side for the sake of the beautiful landscape formed by the hills of -Highgate and Hampstead, together with the adjacent fields. A delicacy -worthy, as it is an advantage to the inhabitants, and a beauty even with -regard to the square itself. - -QUEEN’S SQUARE _street_, Long Ditch, Westminster. - -QUEEN _street_. Many of these streets were thus named after the -restoration, in honour of the royal family. 1. Bloomsbury. 2. Opposite -King street in Cheapside; this street was widened, and had its name -changed to Queen street, by act of Parliament, after the fire of London. -3. Great Russel street, Bloomsbury. 4. Great Windmill street. 5. Hog -lane, St. Giles’s. 6. Hoxton. 7. Long Ditch, Westminster. 8. In the -Mint, Southwark. 9. Moorfields. 10. Near New Gravel lane, Shadwell. 11. -Old Paradise street, Rotherhith. 12. Oxford street. 13. In the Park, -Southwark. 14. Ratcliff. 15. Redcross street, Southwark. 16. Rosemary -lane. 17. Rotherhith. 18. Seven Dials. 19. Soho square. 20. Tower hill. -21. Mews, Great Queen street. - -QUICKAPPLE’S _alley_, Bishopsgate street without.† - -QUIET _row_, Red Lion street. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - R. - - -RACKET _court_, Fleet street. - -RAG _alley_, Golden lane, Redcross street. - -RAG FAIR, 1. East Smithfield. 2. Rosemary lane. Here old cloaths are sold -every day, by multitudes of people standing in the streets; there is -here a place called the ‘Change, where all the shops sell old cloaths: -it is remarkable that many of the old cloaths shops in Rosemary lane, -where this daily market is kept, deal for several thousand pounds a -year. - -RAG _street_, Hockley in the hole. - -RAGDALE _court_, Millman street, near Red Lion street, Holborn. - -RAGGED _row_, Goswell street.‖ - -RAGGED STAFF _alley_, Fleet street.* - -RAGGED STAFF _court_, Drury lane.* - -RAINDEER _court_, in the Strand.* - -RAINE’S _Hospital_, in Fowden Fields in the parish of St. George, Ratcliff -Highway, a handsome building erected by Mr. Henry Raine, brewer, in the -year 1737, who endowed it by a deed of gift with a perpetual annuity of -240_l._ _per annum_, and added the sum of 4000_l._ in South sea -annuities, amounting to about 4400_l._ to be laid out in a purchase. - -The children of this hospital, which contains forty-eight girls, are -taken out of a parish school almost contiguous to it, erected in the -year 1719, by the above Mr. Raine, at the expence of about 2000_l._ and -he likewise endowed it with a perpetual annuity of 60_l._ - -The children are supplied with all the necessaries of life, and taught -to read, write, sew, and household work, to qualify them for service, to -which they are put, after having been three years upon the foundation. -_Maitland._ - -RALPH’S _key_, Thames street. - -RAM _alley_, 1. Cock lane.* 2. Cow Cross, Smithfield.* 3. St. John’s -street, Spitalfields.* 4. Rotherhith Wall.* 5. Wright street, -Rotherhith.* - -RAM’S HEAD _court_, Moor lane, Fore street, Moorgate.* - -RAMSAY’S _Almshouse_, in Horns yard, Cloth Fair, was founded by Dame Mary -Ramsey, relict of Mr. Thomas Ramsey, some time Lord Mayor, about the -year 1596, for three poor women, who formerly received coals and -cloaths; but at present only 2_s._ _per_ week each. _Maitland._ - -RAMPANT LION _yard_, Nightingale lane.* - -RANDAL _alley_, Rotherhith Wall.† - - -[Illustration: - - _View of Ranelagh._ - _S. Wale delin._ _B. Green sc. Oxon._ -] - - -RANELAGH GARDENS, at Chelsea; so called from their formerly belonging to -the Earl of Ranelagh. This is one of those public places of pleasure -which is not to be equalled in Europe, and is the resort of people of -the first quality. Though its gardens are beautiful, it is more to be -admired for the amphitheatre. This is a circular building, the external -diameter is 185 feet, round the whole is an arcade, and over that a -gallery with a balustrade (to admit the company into the upper boxes) -except where the entrances break the continuity. Over this are the -windows (as may be seen in the print) and it terminates with the roof. -The internal diameter is 150 feet, and the architecture of the inside -corresponds with the outside, except that over every column, between the -windows, termini support the roof. In the middle of the area, where the -orchestra was at first designed, is a chimney having four faces. This -makes it warm and comfortable in bad weather. The orchestra fills up the -place of one of the entrances. The entertainment consists of a fine band -of music with an organ, accompanied by the best voices. The regale is -tea and coffee. - -RANGER’S _yard_, York street, Jermain street.† - -RAT _alley_, Great Eastcheap.* - -RATCLIFF, by Upper Shadwell. - -RATCLIFF SCHOOL, was founded by Nicholas Gibson, Sheriff of this city, in -the year 1537, for the education of sixty poor children; the master had -a salary of 10_l._ and the usher 6_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._ _per annum_, at that -time very considerable sums: at present the master has 23_l._ 6_s._ -8_d._ and the usher 9_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._ a year. This house belonging to -the adjoining almshouses, is under the management of the Coopers -company. _Maitland._ - -RATCLIFF _cross_, Ratcliff. - -RATCLIFF _highway_, near Upper Shadwell. - -RATCLIFF HIGHWAY _street_, Shadwell. - -RATCLIFF _row_, near Old Street.† - -RATCLIFF _square_, Ratcliff.† - -RATHBONE _place_, Oxford street. - -RAY’S _court_, Cross lane, Lukener’s lane.† - -READ’S _rents_, Long lane, Smithfield.† - -REBECCA’S _yard_, East Smithfield. - -REBEL’S _row_, near St. George’s church, Southwark. - -RECKMAN’S _rents_, Limehouse bridge.† - -RECORD OFFICE, in the Tower, is kept in Wakefield’s Tower, which joins to -the Bloody Tower, near Traitor’s Gate; and consists of three rooms one -above another, and a large round room where the rolls are kept. These -are all handsomely wainscoted, the wainscot being framed into presses -round each room, within which are shelves, and repositories for the -records; and for the easier finding of them, the year of each reign is -inscribed on the inside of these presses, and the records placed -accordingly. - -Within these presses, which amount to fifty-six in number, are deposited -all the rolls from the first year of the reign of King John, to the -beginning of the reign of Richard III. but those after this last period -are kept in the Rolls chapel. See ROLLS _Office_. - -The records in the Tower, among other things, contain, the foundation of -abbies, and other religious houses; the ancient tenures of all the lands -in England, with a survey of the manors; the original of our laws and -statutes; proceedings of the courts of common law and equity; the rights -of England to the dominion of the British seas; leagues and treaties -with foreign Princes; the achievements of England in foreign wars; the -settlement of Ireland, as to law and dominion; the forms of submission -of the Scottish Kings; ancient grants of our Kings to their subjects; -privileges and immunities granted to cities and corporations during the -period abovementioned; enrollments of charters and deeds made before the -conquest; the bounds of all the forests in England, with the several -respective rights of the inhabitants to common of pasture, and many -other important records, all regularly disposed, and referred to in near -a thousand folio indexes. _Chamberlain’s Present State._ _Strype’s -Stowe._ - -This office is kept open, and attendance constantly given, from seven -o’clock till one, except in the months of December, January, and -February, when it is open only from eight to one, except on Sundays and -holidays. A search here is half a guinea, for which you may peruse any -one subject a year. - -RECORDER _of London_. This officer ought always to be a learned Lawyer, -well versed in the customs of the city. He is not only the chief -Assistant to the Lord Mayor in matters of law and justice; but takes -place in councils and in courts before any man that hath not been Lord -Mayor: he speaks in the name of the City upon extraordinary occasions; -usually reads and presents their addresses to the King; and when seated -upon the bench delivers the sentence of the court. _Maitland._ - -RED BULL _alley_, 1. Kent street, Southwark.* 2. St. Olave’s street, -Southwark.* 3. Thames street.* - -RED BULL _court_, 1. Fore street, Cripplegate.* 2. Red Bull alley.* - -RED BULL _yard_, 1. Ailesbury street, St. John’s street, Clerkenwell.* 2. -Islington.* - -RED COW _alley_, 1. Church lane, Rag Fair.* 2. Old street.* - -RED COW _court_, 1. Church lane, Caple street.* 2. Rotherhithe Wall.* - -RED COW _lane_, Mile-end turnpike.* - -REDCROSS _alley_, 1. Jewin street, Redcross street. 2. By London Bridge. -3. Long Ditch, Westminster. 4. St. Margaret’s hill, Southwark. 5. Old -street. 6. Redcross street, in the Mint. - -REDCROSS _court_, 1. Cow lane. 2. In the Minories. 3. Old Bailey. 4. Tower -street. - -REDCROSS STREET LIBRARY. See _Dr._ WILLIAMS’S LIBRARY. - -REDCROSS _square_, Jewin street. - -REDCROSS _street_, 1. Extends from Cripplegate to Barbican: at the upper -end of this street, opposite the west end of Beach lane, stood a red -cross, which gave name to this street. _Maitland._ 2. Nightingale lane, -East Smithfield. 3. In the Park, Southwark. - -REDCROSS STREET SCHOOL, was founded in the year 1709, by Dame Eleanor -Hollis, who endowed it with 62_l._ 3_s._ _per annum_, in ground rents; -for the education of fifty poor girls; but by additional benefactions -the revenue is increased to 80_l._ 2_s._ 8_d._ a year. - -This school being kept in the same house with that of the parish boys of -St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, it is generally taken for the parish girls -charity school. - -RED GATE _court_, in the Minories. - -RED HART _court_, Fore street, Cripplegate.* - -REDHILL’S _rents_, Vine street.† - -RED HORSE _yard_, Glasshouse yard.* - -RED LION _alley_, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.* 2. St. Catharine’s, Tower -hill.* 3. Cow Cross, Smithfield.* 4. St. John’s street, Smithfield.* 5. -St. Margaret’s hill, Southwark.* 6. In the Minories.* 7. Peter’s street, -St. John’s street, Westminster.* 8. Thames street.* 9. Tower Ditch.* 10. -Whitechapel.* - -RED LION _back court_, Charterhouse lane.* - -RED LION _court_, 1. Addle hill, by Thames street.* 2. Barnaby street, -Southwark.* 3. Bennet’s hill, Thames street.* 4. Bennet’s street, -Southwark.* 5. Brick lane.* 6. St. Catharine’s lane.* 7. Castle yard, -Holborn.* 8. Charterhouse lane, by Charterhouse square.* 9. Cock lane, -Snow hill.* 10. Drury lane.* 11. Fleet street.* 12. Grub street.* 13. -Holiwell lane.* 14. Kingsland road.* 15. London Wall.* 16. Long Acre.* -17. Red Lion alley, St. Margaret’s hill.* 18. Red Lion street, -Spitalfields.* 19. Long alley, Moor fields.* 20. Silver street, -Cripplegate.* 21. Watling street, St. Paul’s church yard.* 22. Wheeler -street, Spitalfields.* 23. White Hart yard.* 24. Windmill hill.* - -RED LION _inn yard_, Bishopsgate street.* - -RED LION _market_, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.* - -RED LION MARKET _passage_, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.* - -RED LION _mews_, Cavendish street.* - -RED LION _passage_, Fetter lane.* - -RED LION _square_, by Red Lion street, Holborn. A handsome square, adorned -with a lofty obelisk placed upon a pedestal in the center. - -RED LION _street_, 1. In the Borough.* 2. A very neat well-built street, -leading to Clerkenwell.* 3. St. George’s Fields.* 4. High Holborn.* 5. -Spitalfields market.* 6. Wapping.* 7. Whitechapel.* - -RED LION _yard_, 1. Cavendish street.* 2. Church street, Lambeth.* 3. -Great Warner’s street.* 4. Houndsditch.* 5. Long lane, Smithfield.* 6. -Long Acre.* 7. Lower Shadwell.* 8. Red Lion street.* 9. Star street, -Clerkenwell.* - -RED MAID _lane_, near the Hermitage.* - -RED ROSE _alley_, Whitecross street, Old street.* - -RED WOOD _alley_, near Skinner’s street, Bishopsgate street without. - -REDDISH _row_, Red Maid lane, Wapping. - -REEVE’S _mews_, Audley street.† - -REGISTER’S OFFICE _in Chancery_, Symond’s Inn, Chancery lane. - -REGISTER OFFICE _of Deeds_, for the county of Middlesex, Bell yard, Fleet -street. - -_City_ REMEMBRANCER, an officer who on certain days attends the Lord -Mayor. His business is to put his Lordship in mind of the select days -when he is to go abroad with the Aldermen, &c. and to attend the -parliament house during the sessions, in order to make a report to the -Lord Mayor of what passes there. - -_The King’s_ REMEMBRANCER’S OFFICE, in the Inner Temple. An office -belonging to the court of Exchequer, in which there are eight sworn -Clerks, two of whom are Secondaries. - -Here are entered the state of all the accounts relating to the King’s -revenue, for customs, excise, subsidies: all aids granted to the King in -Parliament; and every thing relating to his Majesty’s revenue, whether -certain or casual: all securities, either by bonds or recognizances, -given to the King by accountants and officers: all proceedings upon any -statute by information for customs, excise, or any other penal law: all -proceedings upon the said bonds or recognizances, or any other bonds -taken in the King’s name, by officers appointed for that purpose under -the great seal of England, and transmitted hither for recovery thereof, -are properly in this office, from whence issue forth process to cause -all accountants to come in and account; For there being a court of -equity in the court of Exchequer, all proceedings relating to it are in -this office. _Chamberlain’s Present State._ - -_The Lord Treasurers_ REMEMBRANCER’S OFFICE, also belongs to the court of -Exchequer. In this office process is made against all Sheriffs, -Receivers, Bailiffs, &c. for their accounts, and many other things of -moment, as estreats, rules, &c. All charters and letters patent, upon -which any rents are referred to the King, are transcribed, and sent into -this office by the Clerk of the petty bag, in order to be transmitted to -the Clerk of the pipe, that process may be made to recover the money by -the Comptroller of the pipe. Out of this office process is likewise made -to levy the King’s fee farm rents, &c. - -In short, when the Auditors of the revenue have made schedules of such -arrears, and transmitted them to the Remembrancer, the state of all -imprest accounts, and all other accounts whatsoever, are entered in this -office, as well as in that of the King’s Remembrancer. Both this and the -other office are in the King’s gift. _Chamberlain’s Present State._ - -_Court of_ REQUESTS. See _Court of_ CONSCIENCE. - -REYGATE, a large market town in Surry, situated in the valley of -Holmsdale, twenty-four miles from London, and surrounded on each side -with hills. It is an ancient borough, and had a castle, built by the -Saxons, on the east side of the town, some ruins of which are still to -be seen, particularly a long vault with a room at the end, large enough -to hold 500 persons, where the Barons who took up arms against King John -are said to have had their private meetings. Its market house was once a -chapel dedicated to Thomas Becket. The neighbourhood abounds with -fullers earth and medicinal plants. - -On the south side of the town is a large house, formerly a priory: it -belongs to the late Mr. Parsons’s family, and is beautified with -plantations, and a large piece of water. It has two rooms, each fifty -feet long, and of a proportionable breadth; but the ceilings are much -too low. The house and gardens are on every side surrounded with hills, -so as to render the prospect very romantic. - -In this town the late celebrated Lord Shaftesbury had an house, to which -he retired to seclude himself from company. It is now in the possession -of a private gentleman, who has laid out and planted a small spot of -ground, in so many parts, as to comprise whatever can be supposed in the -most noble seats. It may properly be called a model, and is called by -the inhabitants of Reygate, _The world in one acre_. - -RHODES _yard_, Bishopsgate street.† - -RICHARD’S _court_, Lime street, Leadenhall street.† - -RICHBELL _court_, Red Lion street, Holborn.† - -RICHMOND, a village in Surry, twelve miles from London. This is reckoned -the finest village in the British dominions, and has therefore been -termed the _Frescati_ of England. It was anciently the seat of our -Monarchs, and the palace from its splendor was called _Shene_, which in -the Saxon tongue signifies bright or shining; Here King Edward III. died -of grief for the loss of his heroic son Edward the Black Prince; and -here died Anne the wife of Richard II. who first taught the English -women the use of the side saddle; for before her time they were used to -ride astride; Richard, however, was so afflicted at her death, that it -gave him such a dislike to the place where it happened, that he defaced -the fine palace; but it was repaired and beautified afresh by King Henry -V. who also founded near it three religious houses. In the year 1497, -this palace was destroyed by fire, when King Henry VII. was there; but -in 1501 that Prince caused it to be new built, and commanded that the -village should be called Richmond; he having borne the title of Earl of -Richmond, before he obtained the crown by the defeat and death of -Richard III. Henry VII. died here; and here also his grand-daughter -Queen Elizabeth breathed her last. On the ground where formerly stood a -part of the old palace, the Earl of Cholmondeley has a seat, as has also -Mr. Wray. - -The present palace, which is finely situated, is a very plain edifice -built by the Duke of Ormond, who received a grant of a considerable -space of land about Richmond, from King William III. as a reward for his -military services; but it devolved to the Crown on that Duke’s -attainder, in the beginning of the reign of King George I. and this -house was by his present Majesty confirmed to the late Queen Caroline, -in case she became Queen Dowager of England. - -His Majesty took great delight here, and made several improvements in -the palace, while her Majesty amused herself at her royal dairy house, -Merlin’s cave, the Hermitage, and the other improvements which she made -in the park and gardens of this delightful retreat. - -Though the palace is unsuitable to the dignity of a King of England, the -gardens are extremely fine, without offering a violence to nature; and -Pope’s advice with respect to planting, may be considered as a very -accurate description of the beauties to be found here. - - - To build, to plant, whatever you intend, - To rear the column, or the arch to bend; - To swell the terrace, or to sink the grot, - In all let Nature never be forgot: - Consult the genius of the place in all, - That tells the waters or to rise or fall; - Or helps th’ ambitious hill the heav’ns to scale, - Or scoops in circling theatres the vale; - Calls in the country, catches op’ning glades, - Joins willing woods, and varies shades from shades; - Now breaks, or now directs th’intending lines; - Paints as you plant, and as you work, designs. - - -In short, almost every thing here has an agreeable wildness, and a -pleasing irregularity, that cannot fail to charm all who are in love -with nature, and afford a much higher and more lasting satisfaction than -the stiff decorations of art, where the artist loses sight of nature -which alone ought to direct his hand. - -On entering these rural walks, you are conducted to the dairy, a neat -but low brick building, to which there is an ascent by a flight of -steps; in the front is a handsome angular pediment. The walls on the -inside are covered with stucco, and the house is furnished suitably to a -royal dairy, the utensils for the milk being of the most beautiful -china. - -Passing by the side of a canal, and thro’ a grove of trees, the temple -presents itself to view, situated on a mount. It is a circular dome -crowned with a ball, and supported by Tuscan columns, with a circular -altar in the middle, and to this temple there is an ascent by very steep -slopes. - -Returning by the dairy, and crossing the gravel walk, which leads from -the palace to the river, you come to a wood, which you enter by a walk -terminated by the Queen’s pavilion, a neat elegant structure, wherein is -seen a beautiful chimney-piece, taken from a design in the addition to -Palladio, and a model of a palace intended to be built in this place. - -In another part of the wood is the Duke’s summer house, which has a -lofty arched entrance, and the roof rising to a point is terminated by a -ball. - -On leaving the wood you come to the summer house on the terrace, a light -small building with very large and lofty windows, to give a better view -of the country, and particularly of that noble seat called Sion house. -In this edifice are two good pictures, representing the taking of Vigo -by the Duke of Ormond. - -Passing through a labyrinth, you see, near a pond, Merlin’s cave, a -Gothic building thatched; within which are the following figures in wax, -Merlin, an ancient British enchanter; the excellent and learned Queen -Elizabeth, and a Queen of the Amazons; here is also a library consisting -of a well chosen collection of the works of modern authors neatly bound -in vellum. - -On leaving this edifice, which has an antique and venerable appearance, -you come to a large oval of above 500 feet in diameter, called the -Forest oval, and turning from hence you have a view of the Hermitage, a -grotesque building, which seems as if it had stood many hundred years, -though it was built by order of her late Majesty. It has three arched -doors, and the middle part which projects forward, is adorned with a -kind of ruinous angular pediment; the stones of the whole edifice appear -as if rudely laid together, and the venerable look of the whole is -improved by the thickness of the solemn grove behind, and the little -turret on the top with a bell, to which you may ascend by a winding -walk. The inside is in the form of an octagon with niches, in which are -the busts of the following truly great men, who by their writings were -an honour not only to their country, but to human nature. The first on -the right hand is the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton, and next to him the -justly celebrated Mr. John Locke. The first on the left hand is Mr. -Woolaston, the author of The Religion of Nature displayed; next to him -is the reverend and learned Dr. Samuel Clarke, and in a kind of alcove -is the truly honourable Mr. Robert Boyle. - -Leaving this seat of contemplation, you pass through fields cloathed -with grass; through corn fields, and a wild ground interspersed with -broom and furze, which afford excellent shelter for hares and pheasants, -and here there are great numbers of the latter very tame. From this -pleasing variety, in which nature appears in all her forms of -cultivation and barren wildness, you come to an amphitheatre formed by -young elms, and a diagonal wilderness, through which you pass to the -forest walk, which extends about half a mile, and then passing through a -small wilderness, you leave the gardens. - -At the extremity of the garden on the north east, is another house that -belonged to her Majesty, and near it the house of his late Royal -Highness Frederic Prince of Wales, which is on the inside adorned with -stucco. Opposite the Prince’s house is the Princess Amelia’s, built by a -Dutch architect, the outside of which is painted. - -To the west of the gardens are seen the fine houses of several of the -nobility and gentry, particularly the Lady Buckworth’s, and Mr. -Geoffrey’s, and extending the view across the Thames, there appears -Isleworth. - -But to return to the village of Richmond. The Green is extremely -pleasant, it being levelled and enclosed in a handsome manner; it is -also surrounded with lofty elms, and adorned on each side with the -houses of persons of distinction. A sun dial is here affixed in a pretty -taste, encompassed with seats: this, and the railing in of the Green, -were at the sole charge of her late Majesty. - -Among the pretty seats on this spacious Green, is a handsome edifice -that formerly belonged to Sir Charles Hedges, and since to Sir Matthew -Decker, in the gardens of which is said to be the longest and highest -hedge of holly that was ever seen, with several other hedges of -evergreens; there are here also vistas cut through woods, grottos, -fountains, a fine canal, a decoy, summer house and stove houses, in -which the anana, or pine-apple, was first brought to maturity in this -kingdom. - -On the north east side of the Green is a fine house, which belonged to -the late Mr. Heydigger, and a little beyond it that of the Duke of -Cumberland; passing by which, you come to a small park belonging to his -Majesty, well stocked with deer, and opposite to it is the entrance into -the gardens. - -The town runs up the hill above a mile from the village of East Shene, -to the New Park, with the royal gardens sloping all the way towards the -Thames; whose tide reaches to this village, though it is sixty miles -from the sea; which is a greater distance than the tide is carried by -any other river in Europe. - -On the ascent of the hill are wells of a purging mineral water, -frequented during the summer by a great deal of good company. On the top -there is a most extensive and beautiful prospect of the country, -interspersed with villages and inclosures; the Thames is seen running -beneath, and the landscape is improved by the many fine seats that are -scattered along its banks. - -There is here an almshouse built by Dr. Duppa, Bishop of Winchester in -the reign of King Charles II. for the support of ten poor widows, -pursuant to a vow made by that Prelate during that Prince’s exile. There -is another almshouse endowed with above 100_l._ a year, which, since its -foundation, has been considerably increased by John Mitchell, Esq; Here -are also two charity schools, one for fifty boys, and the other for -fifty girls. - -New Park, in Surry, is situated between Kingston and Richmond. This is -one of the best parks in England; it was made in the reign of King -Charles I. and inclosed with a brick wall, said to be eleven miles in -compass. In this park there is a little hill cast up, called King -Henry’s Mount, from which is a prospect of six counties, with a distant -view of the city of London, and of Windsor Castle. - -The new lodge in this park, built by the late Sir Robert Walpole Earl of -Orford, is a very elegant edifice. It is built of stone in a square -form, with wings on each side of brick. It stands on a rising ground, -and commands a very good prospect of the park, especially of that fine -piece of water which is in it, and which might be enlarged and brought -across the vista which is in the front of the house, through a wood. -This park is the largest of any within the environs of London, except -that of Windsor, and the finest too; for though it has little more than -a wild variety of natural beauties to shew, yet these are such as cannot -fail to please those who are as much delighted with views in their -rudest appearance, as in all the elegance of art and design. The -Princess Amelia resides in the old lodge; the new lodge is not -inhabited. - -RICHMOND _buildings_, Dean street, Soho.† - -RICHMOND’S _Almshouse_, in Goose alley, Sea coal lane, was erected by the -company of Armourers, in the year 1559, pursuant to the will of Mr. John -Richmond, for eight poor old men and women, who, according to the -discretion of the company, receive from five to fifteen shillings _per -annum_ each. _Maitland._ - -RICHMOND _street_, 1. Old Soho.† 2. Prince’s street, Soho.† - -RICKINGTON’S _court_, Coleman street.† - -RICKMAN’S _rents_, Narrow street, Limehouse.† - -RICKMANSWORTH, a town in Hertfordshire, 22 miles from London, is situated -in a low moorish soil on the borders of Buckinghamshire, near the river -Coln. It has a market on Saturday, and is governed by a Constable and -two Headboroughs. The several mills on the streams near this town cause -a great quantity of wheat to be brought to it. Here is a charity school -for twenty boys and ten girls, with an almshouse for five widows, and -another for four. In the neighbourhood is a warren hill, where the sound -of the trumpet is repeated twelve times by the echo. - -RIDER’S _court_, 1. Little Newport street.† 2. Rider’s street.† - -RIDER’S _street_, St. James’s street, Westminster.† - -RIDER’S _yard_, Kent street, Southwark.† - -RISEBY’S _walk_, Limehouse.† - -RISING SUN _alley_, St. John’s street, Smithfield.* - -RISING SUN _court_, St. John’s street, Smithfield.* - -RISING SUN _passage_, Clement’s lane.* - -RIVERS _street_, Savage Gardens; so called from the Lord Savage, Earl -Rivers. - -ROBERT’S _dock_, Rotherhith Wall.† - -ROBERT’S _rents_, Brick lane.† - -ROBIN HOOD _alley_, Blackman street, Southwark.* - -ROBIN HOOD _court_, 1. Bell alley.* 2. Bow lane, Cheapside.* 3. Grub -street, Fore street* 4. Near Morgan’s lane.* 5. Shoe lane.* 6. In the -Strand.* 7. Thames street.* 8. Tooley street, Southwark.* - -ROBIN HOOD _lane_, Poplar.* - -ROBIN HOOD _yard_, 1. Charles street.* 2. Leather lane.* - -ROBINSON’S _yard_, Friday street, Cheapside.† - -ROCHESTER _row_, Tothill fields. - -ROCHESTER _yard_, 1. Dirty lane. 2. Stony street. - -ROEBUCK _alley_, Turnmill street.* - -ROEHAMPTON, in Surry, is situated between Putney Heath and East Shene, and -is one of the pleasantest villages near London, having many fine houses -of merchants scattered about, so as not to resemble a street or regular -town. - -ROGERS’S _Almshouse_, in Hart street, near Cripplegate, was erected by the -Lord Mayor and citizens of London, in the year 1612, pursuant to the -will of Mr. Robert Rogers, citizen and leatherseller, for six poor men -and their wives, who have an annual allowance of 4_l._ each couple. -_Maitland._ - -ROGUES WELL, Stepney fields. - -ROLLS OFFICE AND CHAPEL, in Chancery lane, a house founded by King Henry -III. in the place where stood a Jew’s house forfeited to that Prince in -the year 1233. In this chapel all such Jews and infidels as were -converted to the Christian faith, were ordained, and in the buildings -belonging to it, were appointed a sufficient maintenance: by which means -a great number of converts were baptized, instructed in the doctrines of -Christianity, and lived under a learned Christian appointed to govern -them: but in the year 1290, all the Jews being banished, the number of -converts decreased, and in the year 1377, the house with its chapel was -annexed by patent to the Keeper of the Rolls of Chancery. - -The chapel, which is of brick, pebbles and some freestone, is sixty feet -long, and thirty-three in breadth; the doors and windows are Gothic, and -the roof covered with slate. In this chapel the rolls are kept in -presses fixed to the sides, and ornamented with columns and pilasters of -the Ionic and Composite orders. - -These rolls contain all the records, as charters, patents, &c. since the -beginning of the reign of Richard III. those before that time being -deposited in the Record Office in the Tower: and these being made up in -rolls of parchment gave occasion to the name. - -At the north west angle of this chapel is a bench, where the Master of -the Rolls hears causes in Chancery. And attendance is daily given in -this chapel from ten o’clock till twelve, for taking in and paying out -money, according to order of court, and for giving an opportunity to -those who come for that purpose to search the rolls. - -The Minister of the chapel is appointed by the Master of the Rolls, and -divine service is performed there on Sundays and holidays at about -eleven and three. - -On the walls are several old monuments, particularly at the East end is -that of Dr. Young Master of the Rolls, who died in the year 1516. In a -well wrought stone coffin lies the effigies of Dr. Young, in a scarlet -gown; his hands lie across upon his breast, and a cap with corners -covers his ears. On the wall just above him, our Saviour is looking down -upon him, his head and shoulders appearing out of the clouds, -accompanied by two angels. - -The office of the Rolls is under the government of the Master of the -Rolls, whose house is by the chapel, and has been lately rebuilt in a -handsome manner at the public expence. - -The place of Master of the Rolls is an office of great dignity, and is -in the gift of the King, either for life, or during pleasure. He is -always the principal Master in Chancery, and has in his gift the offices -of the Six Clerks in Chancery; of the Two Examiners of the same court, -and of the Clerk of the Chapel of the Rolls, who acts immediately under -him in that office. He has several revenues belonging to the office of -the Rolls, and by act of Parliament receives a salary of 1200_l._ _per -annum_ out of the hanaper. _Stowe._ _Maitland._ _Chamberlain’s Present -State._ - -ROLLS _buildings_, Fetter lane; so called from their belonging to the -Rolls office. - -ROLLS LIBERTY, a small district out of the government of the city. It -begins at the corner of Cursitor’s alley, next to Chancery lane, taking -in the south side to the Rose tavern, where it crosses into White’s -alley, which it takes all in except two or three houses on each side, -next to Fetter lane; and there it crosses into the Rolls garden, which -it likewise takes in; and from thence running into Chancery lane, by -Serjeant’s Inn, extends into Jack-a-napes lane, about the middle of -which it crosses into Pope’s Head court, which it takes all in, as it -does the east side of Bell yard, almost to the end next Temple Bar, -except a few houses on the back side of Crown court, which is in the -city liberty; and then crossing Bell yard, near Temple Bar, runs cross -the houses into Sheer lane, taking in all the east side; and again -crossing over to Lincoln’s Inn New Court, runs up to the pump by the -iron rails, where it crosses over into Chancery lane, and thence to the -corner of Cursitor’s alley. _Stowe._ - -ROOD _lane_, Fenchurch street; thus named from a holy rood or cross there. - -ROOMLAND _lane_, Thames street. - -ROPEMAKERS _alley_, Little Moorfields. - -ROPEMAKERS _field_, Limehouse. - -ROPER _lane_, Crucifix lane, Barnaby street, Southwark. - -ROPE _walk_, 1. Near Cut throat lane, Upper Shadwell. 2. Near Elm row, Sun -tavern fields. 3. Goswell street. 4. St. John street, Smithfield. 5. -King David’s lane. 6. Knockfergus, near Rosemary lane. 7. Near -Nightingale lane. 8. Petticoat lane. 9. Rotherhith. 10. Near Shad -Thames. 11. Sun tavern fields. 12. Near Whitechapel. - -ROSE _alley_, 1. Bank side, Southwark.* 2. Bishopsgate street without.* 3. -East Smithfield.* 4. Fleet lane, Fleet market.* 5. Golden lane, -Barbican.* 6. High Holborn.* 7. St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.* 8. -Rose street, Long Acre.* 9. Saffron hill.* 10. Shoreditch.* 11. -Sugarbaker’s lane, Duke’s Place.* 12. Tooley street, Southwark.* 13. -Turnmill street.* 14. Widegate alley, Bishopsgate street without.* - -ROSE AND BALL _court_, Addle hill, by Great Carter lane.* - -ROSE AND CROWN _alley_, near Whitechapel.* - -ROSE AND CROWN _court_, 1. Church lane.* 2. St. Catharine’s lane.* 3. Cock -lane, Shoreditch.* 4. Fashion street, Artillery lane, Spitalfields.* 5. -Foster lane, Cheapside.* 6. Gray’s Inn lane.* 7. Holiwell street.* 8. -Houndsditch.* 9. Moorfields.* 10. Rosemary lane.* 11. Shoe lane, Fleet -street.* 12. Sutton street.* 13. Whitechapel.* - -ROSE AND CROWN _yard_, 1. St. Giles’s street.* 2. King street, St. James’s -square.* 3. Long alley, Moorfields.* 4. Rotherhith.* - -ROSE AND RAINBOW _court_, Aldersgate street.* - -ROSE _court_, 1. Aldermanbury.* 2. Beer lane, Tower street.* 3. -Bishopsgate street.* 4. Goddard’s rents.* 5. Rochester street.* 6. -Thieving lane.* 7. Tower street.* 8. Bow lane.* 9. Wheeler street.* - -ROSE _lane_, 1. Spitalfields.* 2. Whitehorse street.* - -ROSE _street_, 1. Brick lane.* 2. Gravel lane.* 3. Hog lane, Shoreditch.* -4. Long Acre.* 5. St. Martin’s lane.* 6. Newgate street.* 7. Newport -market.* 8. Spitalfields.* - -ROSE _yard_, 1. Catharine wheel alley.* 2. Newington Butts.* 3. Whitehorse -street.* - -ROSEMARY BRANCH _alley_, Rosemary lane.* - -ROSEMARY _lane_, extends from the bottom of the Minories to Wellclose -square, and is chiefly taken up with old cloaths shops. - -ROSEWELL’S _court_, Great White Lion street, Seven Dials.† - -ROSEWELL’S _yard_, Barnaby street, Southwark.† - -ROTHERHITH, vulgarly called Rederiff, was anciently a village on the south -east of London, though it is now joined to Southwark, and as it is -situated along the south bank of the Thames, is chiefly inhabited by -masters of ships, and other seafaring people. - -ROTHERHITH _School_ was founded in the year 1612, by Mr. Peter Hills and -Mr. Robert Bell, who endowed it with 3_l._ a year, for the education of -eight poor seamens children. _Maitland._ - -ROTHERHITH _wall_, Jacob street, Rotherhith. - -ROTHERHITH WATER WORKS, situated at the upper end of Rotherhith Wall, and -the lower end of Mill street, where the engine is wrought by water from -the river Thames, which being brought in by the tide is contained in the -canals in the neighbouring streets. By this engine a sufficient quantity -of water is raised to supply two main pipes of a six inch bore, whereby -the neighbourhood is plentifully supplied with Thames water. - -ROTTEN _row_, Goswell street. - -ROUND _court_, 1. Black Friars. 2. Black Lion yard. 3. Blue Boar’s Head -court, Barbican. 4. Butler’s alley. 5. Jewin street. 6. St. Martin’s le -Grand. 7. Moses and Aaron alley, Whitechapel. 8. Old Bethlem. 9. Onslow -street, Vine street, Hatton Wall. 10. Sharp’s alley, Cow Cross. 11. In -the Strand. - -ROUND ABOUT _alley_, Wapping dock. - -ROUND HOOP _court_, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.* - -ROYAL EXCHANGE, Cornhill. This edifice, which is dedicated to the service -of commerce, was founded by Sir Thomas Gresham, a merchant distinguished -by his abilities and great success in trade, who proposed, that if the -city would prepare a proper spot, he would erect the building at his own -expence. This proposal was accepted by the Lord Mayor and citizens, who -purchased some houses between Cornhill and Threadneedle street, and -having caused them to be pulled down and cleared away, the foundation of -the new building was laid on the 7th of June 1566, and carried on with -such expedition, that it was finished in November 1567. - -This edifice was called the Bourse, but it soon after changed its name; -for on the 23d of January 1570, Queen Elizabeth, attended by a great -number of the nobility, came from Somerset house, her palace in the -Strand, and passing through Threadneedle street, dined with Sir Thomas -Gresham at his house in Bishopsgate street, and after dinner returning -through Cornhill, entered the Bourse on the south side, where having -viewed every part except the vaults, especially the gallery above -stairs, which extended round the whole building, and was furnished with -shops, in which were sold all sorts of the finest wares in the city, her -Majesty caused this edifice to be proclaimed in her presence, by a -herald and trumpet, _The Royal Exchange_. - -Sir Thomas Gresham, at his death, left the building to his Lady, and -after her decease to the Lord Mayor and citizens, and to the Mercers -company, directing the rents to support, under their inspection, -lectures on the sciences, at his dwelling house, now Gresham College, -and some charities to the prisons. - -The original building stood till the fire of London in 1666, when it -perished amidst the general havoc: but it soon arose with greater -splendor than before. The model of the present structure was first shewn -to King Charles II. who was well pleased with it, it was however debated -whether they should build after that model or not; for fear of launching -out into too great an expence: but the majority desiring to have it a -magnificent structure, and imagining, that the shops above and below -stairs would in time reimburse them, had the present edifice erected at -the expence of 80,000_l._ - -The ground plat of this building is 203 feet in length; 171 feet in -breadth, and the area in the middle is 61 square perches. This area is -surrounded with a substantial and regular stone building, wrought in -rustic. In each of the principal fronts is a piazza, and in the center -are the grand entrances into the area, under an arch which is extremely -lofty and noble; on each side that of the principal front which is in -Cornhill, are Corinthian demi-columns supporting a compass pediment; and -in the intercolumniation on each side, in the front next the street, is -a niche with the figures of King Charles I. and his son Charles II. in -Roman habits, and well executed. Over the aperture on the cornice -between the two pediments are the King’s arms in relievo. On each side -of this entrance is a range of windows placed between demi-columns and -pilasters of the Composite order, above which runs a balustrade. The -height of the building is fifty-six feet, and from the center of this -side rises a lantern and turret, 178 feet high, on the top of which is a -fane in the form of a grasshopper of polished brass, esteemed a very -fine piece of workmanship: a grasshopper being the crest of Sir Thomas -Gresham’s arms. - -The north front of the Royal Exchange is adorned with pilasters of the -Composite order, but has neither columns nor statues on the outside, and -instead of the two compass pediments has a triangular one. - -Within the piazzas of these two fronts are two spacious stair cases with -iron rails, and black marble steps; these lead into a kind of gallery -that extends round the four sides of the building, and in which were -about two hundred shops, that have been let from 20_l._ to 60_l._ a year -each; and a very considerable trade was carried on here; but it has long -declined, and all the shops are deserted. - -One side of this gallery is employed as auction rooms for furniture, and -in other apartments above stairs are the Royal Exchange Assurance -office, &c. and in the vaults are the pepper warehouse of the East India -company. - -The inside of the area is surrounded with piazzas like those of the -south and north fronts; forming ambulatories for the merchants to -shelter themselves from the weather. Above the arches of these piazzas -is an entablature with curious enrichments; and on the cornice a range -of pilasters with an entablature extending round, and a compass pediment -in the middle of the cornice of each of the four sides. Under that on -the north are the King’s arms; on the south those of the city; on the -east those of Sir Thomas Gresham; and under the pediment on the west -side the arms of the company of Mercers, with their respective -enrichments. - -In these intercolumns are twenty-four niches, nineteen of which are -filled with the statues of the Kings and Queens of England, standing -erect, drafted in their robes and with their regalia, except the statues -of Charles II. and George II. which are dressed like the Cæsars. - -These statues are, on the south side; Edward I. Edward III. Henry V. -Henry VI. On the west side, Edward IV. Edward V. with the crown hanging -over his head; Henry VII. and Henry VIII. On the north side, Edward VI. -Mary, Elizabeth, James I. Charles I. Charles II. and James II. And on -the east side are William and Mary in one niche, Queen Anne, George I. -and George II. All these statues were painted and gilt, by a voluntary -subscription, in the year 1754. - -The four niches that are vacant, are those where Edward II. Richard II. -Henry IV. and Richard III. should have been: upon which Maitland says, -that hence it seems that the city had no mind to shew any respect to the -said Kings, two of whom took away their charters, and the other two were -usurpers. But why Henry IV. should be excluded as an usurper, and his -brave son Henry V. and Henry VI. be placed there, who only enjoyed the -crown in consequence of his usurpation, is not easily accounted for. -Richard III. was indeed a monster of cruelty: but Mary was no less -cruel, and yet a statue is here erected to her honour. Though Edward II. -and Richard II. took away the charter of the city, King Charles II. did -so too, and yet has three statues at the Royal Exchange; and his brother -James II. who has also a statue, followed his brother’s steps, and not -only humbled the city, but caused an Alderman to be hanged at his own -door, without being allowed on his trial the time necessary to send for -his witnesses. - -Under the piazzas within the Exchange are twenty-eight niches, all -vacant except two; one in the north west angle, where is the statue of -Sir Thomas Gresham, and another at the south west, of Sir John Barnard, -who is perhaps the only citizen of London, that has had the honour of -having his statue erected in his life-time merely on account of his -merit. - -In short, in the center of the area is erected, on a marble pedestal -about eight feet high, another statue of King Charles II. in a Roman -habit, executed by Mr. Gibbon, and encompassed with iron rails. On the -south side of the pedestal, under an imperial crown, a scepter, sword, -palm branches, and other decorations, is the following inscription: - - - Carolo II. Cæsari Britannico, - Patriæ Patri, - Regum Optimo, Clementissimo, Augustissimo, - Generis Humani Deliciis, - Utriusque Fortunæ Victori, - Pacis Europæ Arbitro, - Marium Domino ac Vindici, - Societas Mercatorum Adventur. Angliæ, - Quæ per CCCC jam prope Annos - Regia benignitate floret, - Fidei intemeratæ & Gratitudinis æternæ, - Hoc Testimonium - Venerabunda posuit, - Anno Salutis Humanæ M. DC. LXXXIV. - - -On the west side of this pedestal, is cut in relievo, a Cupid resting -his right hand on a shield, containing the arms of France and England -quartered, and holding in his left a rose. - -On the north side are the arms of Ireland on a shield, supported by a -Cupid. - -On the south side is the following inscription on the base of the -pedestal: - - - ‘This statue was repaired and beautified by the company of Merchant - Adventurers of England, _anno_ 1730; John Hanbury, Esq; Governor.’ - - -On the east side are the arms of Scotland, with a Cupid holding a -thistle. All done in relievo. - -In the area on the inside of the Royal Exchange, merchants meet every -day at twelve at noon, and a prodigious concourse of those of all -nations continue there till two, in order to transact business; but soon -after that hour the gates are shut up, and not opened again till four. -For the readier dispatch of business, and that every particular merchant -may be easily found, they are disposed in separated classes, each of -which have their particular station, called their walk, as may be seen -at one view by the following plan, by attending to which any merchant -may easily be found. - - -[Illustration: - - NORTH. - Threadneedle Street. - - _East Country Walk_ - - _Hamburgh Walk_ - - _Irish Walk_ - - _Scotch Walk_ - - _Dutch & Jewellers_ - - _Silkmans Walk_ - - _Norway Walk_ - - _Clothiers Walk_ - - _Salters Walk_ - - _Walk_ - - _Grocers & Druggists Walk_ - - _Turkey Walk_ - - _Brokers of Stock & Walk_ - - WEST. Castle Alley. - - _Italian Walk_ - - EAST. - Sweetings Alley. - - _Canary Walk_ - - _East Indies Walk_ - - _Barbadoes Walk_ - - _French Walk_ - - _Portugal_ - - _Jamaica Walk_ - - _Armenian_ - - _Virginia Walk_ - - _Spanish Walk_ - - _Jews Walk_ - - Cornhill. - SOUTH. -] - - -[Illustration: - - _Front of the Royal Exchange._ - _S. Wale delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._ -] - - -The Royal Exchange, without critical examination, has something grand in -it, and the entrance would certainly appear to more advantage if it were -not incumbered with a parcel of little shops. The arcade or walks within -the quadrangle have something noble, but the upper part is in a very bad -taste. The statue of King Charles II. in the middle of the area is a -good one. The other statues in the several niches have been lately new -painted and gilt in parts. The painting is no doubt very necessary for -their preservation, but it were to be wished the gilding of them had -been omitted, as it must give foreigners of judgment (and such sometimes -frequent this place) a contemptible opinion of our taste. The two -statues, one on each side the gate, of King Charles I. and II. are -particularly good. The clock tower or steeple with Gothic windows is -unpardonable, and the cornices at their angles are so broke, as to -appear very disgustful to an architect. - -ROYAL EXCHANGE ASSURANCE OFFICE, for assuring houses and other buildings, -goods, wares and merchandize from fire. This corporation was established -by act of Parliament, at the same time with that of the London -Assurance, when it was enacted, that such as should be admitted members -of these corporations, should be each a distinct and separate body -politic, for the assurance of goods, ships and merchandize at sea, or -for lending money upon bottomry. - -That no other society should insure ships, or lend money on bottomry for -the future; though any private person might do it as usual. - -And that each of these corporations, in consideration of the many -benefits that might accrue to them by their charters, should pay the sum -of 300,000_l._ into his Majesty’s Exchequer, for discharging the debts -of the civil list. - -These corporations however met with so little encouragement at first, -that Maitland says, the crown was obliged to remit most part of the -money. - -By a second charter granted to this corporation, they are impowered not -only to insure ships, but houses, goods and lives. _Maitland._ - -This society therefore, by this last mentioned charter, assure all -buildings, household furniture, wearing apparel by special agreement, -and goods, wares, and merchandize, the property of the assured, except -glass and china ware not in trade, and all manner of writings, books of -accompts, notes, bills, bonds, tallies, ready money, jewels, plate, -pictures, gunpowder, hay, straw, and corn unthreshed, from loss or -damage by fire, upon the following conditions. - -I. All manner of stone and brick buildings, covered with slate, tile, or -lead, wherein no hazardous trades are carried on, nor any hazardous -goods deposited, are considered as Common Assurances, and are assured -upon these terms: any sum above 100_l._ and not exceeding 1000_l._ at -2_s._ _per cent. per annum_; any sum above 1000_l._ and not exceeding -3000_l._ at 2_s._ 6_d._ _per cent. per annum_. - -II. To accommodate those who are desirous of being assured for a term of -years, this corporation will assure on such buildings or goods, any sum -not exceeding 1000_l._ at the rate of 12_s._ _per cent._ for seven -years, and as far as 2000_l._ at the rate of 14_s._ _per cent._ without -subjecting the assured to any calls or contributions to make good -losses. - -III. Assurances on buildings and goods, are deemed distinct and separate -adventures; so that the premium on goods is not advanced by reason of -any assurance on the building wherein the goods are kept, nor the -premium on the building by reason of any assurance on the goods. - -IV. Plaister or timber buildings covered with lead, tile, or slate, -wherein no hazardous trades are carried on, nor any hazardous goods -deposited; and goods or merchandize not hazardous in such buildings, are -termed Hazardous Assurances, and insured upon the following terms: any -sum above 100_l._ and not exceeding 1000_l._ at 3_s._ _per cent. per -annum_: any sum above 1000_l._ and not exceeding 2000_l._ at 4_s._ _per -cent. per annum_: and any sum above 2000_l._ and not exceeding 3000_l._ -at 5_s._ _per cent. per annum_. - -V. Hazardous trades, such as apothecaries, colourmen, bread and bisket -bakers, ship and tallow chandlers, innholders and stable-keepers, -carried on in brick or stone buildings, covered with slate, tile, or -lead; and hazardous goods, such as hemp, flax, pitch, tar, tallow, and -turpentine, deposited in such buildings, may be assured at the annual -premiums, set down under the head of Hazardous Assurances, in the above -article. - -VI. Any of the above hazardous trades carried on, or hazardous goods -deposited in timber or plaister buildings; earthen, glass, or china ware -in trade, and thatched buildings, or goods therein, are termed Doubly -Hazardous Assurances, and may be assured on the following premiums: any -sum above 100_l._ and not exceeding 1000_l._ at 5_s._ _per cent. per -annum_: and any sum above 1000_l._ and not exceeding 3000_l._ at 7_s._ -6_d._ _per cent. per annum_. - -VII. Assurances of mills, wearing apparel, and assurances to chemists, -distillers, and sugar-bakers, or any other assurances more than -ordinarily hazardous, by reason of the trade, nature of the goods, -narrowness of the place, or other dangerous circumstances, may be made -by special agreement. - -VIII. Two dwelling houses, or any one dwelling house, and the out-houses -thereunto belonging, or any one dwelling house, and goods therein, may -be included in the sum of 100_l._ But when several buildings, or -buildings and goods are assured in the same policy, the sum assured on -each is to be particularly mentioned. - -IX. To prevent frauds, if any buildings or goods assured by this -corporation, are, or shall be assured with any other corporation or -society, the policy granted by this corporation is to be null and void, -unless such other assurance is allowed by endorsement on the policy. - -X. Every person upon application to be assured with this company, is to -deposite 8_s._ 6_d._ for the policy and mark, which 8_s._ 6_d._ is to be -returned, if the assurance proposed is not agreed to. No policy is to be -of any force, till the premium for one year is paid. And for all -subsequent annual payments made at the office, the assured are to take -receipts, stamped with the seal of the corporation, no other being -allowed of. - -XI. No policy is to be extended, or construed to extend to the assurance -of any hazardous buildings or goods, unless they are expressly mentioned -in the policy, and the respective premium for such assurances be paid -for the same. - -XII. No loss or damage by fire happening by any invasion, foreign enemy, -or any military or usurped power whatsoever, is to be made good. - -XIII. All persons assured by this corporation, are, upon any loss or -damage by fire, forthwith to give notice thereof by letter or otherwise, -to the Directors or Secretary, at their office in the Royal Exchange, -London; and within fifteen days after such fire, deliver in as -particular an account of their loss or damage, as the nature of the case -will admit of, and make proof of the same, by the oath or affirmation of -themselves, and their domestics, or servants, and by their books of -accompts, or other proper vouchers, as shall be required; and also to -procure a certificate under the hands of the Minister and -Church-wardens, together with some other reputable inhabitants of the -parish, not concerned in such loss, importing, that they are well -acquainted with the character and circumstances of the sufferer or -sufferers; and do know, or verily believe, that he, she, or they, have -really and by misfortune, sustained by such fire, the loss and damage -therein mentioned. And in case any difference shall arise between the -corporation and the assured, touching any loss or damage, such -difference shall be submitted to the judgment and determination of -arbitrators indifferently chosen, whose award in writing shall be -conclusive and binding to all parties. And when any loss or damage is -settled and adjusted, the sufferer or sufferers are to receive immediate -satisfaction for the same. - -In adjusting losses on houses, no wainscot, painting, sculpture, or -carved work, is to be valued at more than three shillings _per_ yard. - -Any larger sum, and some of the goods excepted in the preamble, may be -assured by special agreement. - -For the timely assistance of such as are assured, this corporation has -several engines and men, with proper instruments to extinguish fires, -and also porters for removing goods, each of whom has a badge, upon -which is the figure of the Royal Exchange, and the badges are all -numbered; of which all persons are desired to take notice who intrust -them with goods, or have any complaint to make. The same figure is fixed -on buildings assured by this corporation. - -The Royal Exchange Assurance office is under the management of a -Governor, Sub-Governor, Deputy-Governor, and twenty-four Directors; -besides whom there are a Treasurer, a Secretary, an Accomptant, and -several Clerks. - -ROYAL MEWS. See the article MEWS. - -ROYAL OAK _alley_, 1. Barnaby street. 2. Ratcliff. - -ROYAL OAK _court_, 1. Kent street, Southwark.* 2. Parker’s lane, Drury -lane.* 3. Peak street, Swallow street.* - -ROYAL OAK _yard_, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.* 2. Hockley in the Hole.* -3. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.* - -ROYAL _row_, 1. Lambeth marsh. 2. Near Windmill hill. - -ROYAL’S _court_, Horselydown lane, Southwark. - -ROYAL SOCIETY, in Crane court, Fleet street. This society, which took its -rise from a private society of learned and ingenious men, was founded -for the improvement of natural knowledge. The honourable Robert Boyle, -Sir William Petty, Dr. Seth Ward, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Wallis, Dr. Goddard, -Dr. Willis, Dr. Bathurst, and Dr. Wren, together with Mr. Matthew Wren -and Mr. Rook, frequently met in the apartments of Dr. Wilkins, in Wadham -College, at Oxford, to discourse on philosophical subjects; and there -the learned productions of these gentlemen, not only eminently -distinguished that society at home, but also rendered it highly revered -by the _literati_ abroad. - -The meetings of these _literati_, which began about the year 1650, -continued at Oxford till 1658, when the members being called to -different parts of the kingdom, on account of their respective -functions; and the majority coming to this city, they constantly -attended the astronomical and geometrical lectures at Gresham college, -where, being joined by several persons of the greatest learning and -distinction, they continued to meet there once or twice a week, till the -death of Oliver Cromwell: when anarchy succeeding, they were obliged to -quit their place of meeting, on account of its being converted into -military quarters for the reception of soldiers. - -However, the storm being soon after allayed by the restoration of King -Charles II. the society began to resume their meetings, and for the more -effectually carrying them on, entered into an obligation to pay each one -shilling a week, towards the defraying of occasional charges. - -From these small beginnings, this society soon arose to be one of the -most celebrated in all Europe: for their design being favoured by some -ingenious men who had followed the King in his exile, his Majesty -granted them a charter, dated the 15th of July 1662, and then a second -charter, dated the 22d of April 1663, whereby they were denominated, -_The Royal Society_, and made a corporation, to consist of a President, -Council, and Fellows, for promoting natural knowledge and useful arts, -by experiments; in this charter his Majesty declared himself their -founder and patron, giving them power to make laws for the government of -themselves; to purchase lands and houses; to have a common seal, and a -coat of arms. - -No sooner was this Royal Society thus incorporated by King Charles II. -than that Prince made them a present of a fine silver mace gilt, to be -carried before the President; and as a farther mark of favour, their -royal patron, by his letters patent of the 8th of April 1667, gave them -Chelsea college with its appurtenances, and twenty-six or twenty-seven -acres of land surrounding it. But afterwards the society neglecting to -convert a part of it into a physic garden, as was intended, and the King -being resolved to erect an hospital for old and maimed soldiers, thought -no place more proper for such a design than this college; he therefore -purchased it again of them for a considerable sum. - -A little before the society received these letters patent from his -Majesty, the honourable Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, made -them a present of a very valuable library, on the 2d of January 1666. - -This collection was part of the royal library belonging to the Kings of -Hungary, originally kept at the city of Buda. Upon the decease of -Matthias Corvinus, the last King of the Hungarian race, it was disposed -of, and about two thirds of the books were bought by the Emperor, and -are now in the imperial library at Vienna: the remaining part coming to -Bilibaldus Perkeymherus of Nuremberg, it was purchased of him by the -Earl of Arundel, on his return from his embassy to the imperial court. - -This fine collection consists of 3287 printed books in most languages -and faculties; chiefly the first editions soon after the invention of -printing; and a valuable collection of manuscripts in Hebrew, Greek, -Latin, and Turkish, amounting to 554 volumes, which, together with the -former, are thought to be of such value as not to be parallelled, for -the smallness of their number. - -The noble benefactor, at the time of his donation, desired that the -inscription of, _Ex dono Henrici Howard Norfolkciensis_, might be put in -each book: and that in case the society should happen to fail, the -library should revert to his family. This the society not only readily -complied with, but some years after caused the following inscription to -be set up in the library: - - - Bibliotheca Norfolciana. - - - Excellentissimus Princeps Henricus Howard, - Angliæ, Comes Arundeliæ, Suriæ, - Norfolciæ, & Norwici, &c. Heros, - propter familiæ antiquitatem, animi dotes, - corporis dignitatem, pene incomparabilis, - bibliothecam hanc instructissimam - (quæ hactenus Arundeliana appellabatur) - Regiæ Societati dono dedit, - & perpetuo sacram esse voluit. - Huic, - Pro eximia erga se liberalitate, Societas - Regia tabulam hanc, devotæ - Mentis testem, fixit; - Præside Josepho Williamson, - Equite Aurato. - A. D. M.DC.LXXIX. - - -Besides this Arundelian or Norfolk library, which takes up a large room, -another curious and valuable collection was left the society in the year -1715, by their Secretary Francis Aston, Esq; which together with the -numerous benefactions of the works of the learned members, in all -faculties, but more especially in natural and experimental philosophy, -amount to above 3600, and are placed in glass cases in another room. - -The museum belonging to the society, was founded by Daniel Colwall, Esq; -in the year 1677, who gave his excellent collection of natural and -artificial curiosities, which compose the greatest part of the catalogue -published in the year 1681, by Dr. Grew, under the title of _Museum -Regalis Societatis_. But these curiosities, by the generous benefactions -of other curious persons, are now increased to above six times the -number of those mentioned in the catalogue. - -Upon the society’s removal from Gresham college to their house in Crane -court, Richard Waller, Esq; one of the Secretaries, erected in the year -1711, at his own expence, the repository in the garden for the reception -of the above curiosities, which consist of the following species, viz. -human, quadrupedes, birds, eggs, nests, fishes, insects, reptiles, -woods, stalks and roots; fruits of all sorts; mosses, mushrooms, plants, -spunges, &c. animal and vegetable bodies petrified; corals, and other -marine productions; fossils, gems, stones, metals, antimony, mercury, -and other metallic bodies, salts, sulphurs, oils, and earths; -philosophical and mathematical instruments; Indian, American, and other -weapons, with a variety of apparel, &c. - -In short, by the above Royal and other benefactions, the admission -money, and annual contributions of the members, this society was at -length in so flourishing a condition, that they applied to his late -Majesty King George I. for an additional privilege to purchase in -mortmain 1000_l._ instead of 200_l._ _per annum_, which he was pleased -to grant by his letters patent, in 1725. Among the Fellows of this -society are his Majesty King George II. and many of the greatest Princes -in Europe. - -This learned body is governed by a President and Council, consisting of -twenty-one Fellows, distinguished by their rank and learning. - -The officers chosen from among the members, are, the President, who -calls and dissolves the meetings, proposes the subjects of consultation, -puts questions, calls for experiments, and admits the members that are -from time to time received into the society. - -The Treasurer, who receives and disburses all the money. - -The two Secretaries, who read all letters and informations; reply to all -addresses or letters from foreign parts, or at home; register all -experiments and conclusions, and publish what is ordered by the society. - -The Curators, who have the charge of making experiments, receive the -directions of the society, and at another meeting bring all to the test. - -Every person to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, must be -propounded and recommended at a meeting of the society, by three or more -members; who must then deliver to one of the Secretaries a paper signed -by themselves with their own names, specifying the name, addition, -profession, occupation, and chief qualifications; the inventions, -discoveries, works, writings, or other productions of the candidate for -election; as also notifying the usual place of his abode, and -recommending him on their own personal knowledge. A fair copy of which -paper, with the date of the day when delivered, shall be fixed up in the -common meeting room of the society, at ten several ordinary meetings, -before the said candidate shall be put to the ballot: but it shall be -free for every one of his Majesty’s subjects, who is a Peer, or the son -of a Peer, of Great Britain or Ireland, and for every one of his -Majesty’s Privy Council of either of the said kingdoms, and for every -foreign Prince or Ambassador, to be propounded by any single person, and -to be put to the ballot for election on the same day, there being -present a competent number for making elections. And at every such -ballot, unless two thirds at least of the members present give their -bills in favour of the candidate, he cannot be elected a Fellow of the -Royal Society; nor can any candidate be balloted for, unless twenty-one -members at the least be present. - -After a candidate has been elected, he may at that, or the next meeting -of the society, be introduced, and solemnly admitted by the President, -after having previously subscribed the obligation, whereby he promises, -“That he will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of -London, for the improvement of natural knowledge.” - -When any one is admitted, he pays a fee of five guineas, and afterwards -13_s._ a quarter, as long as he continues a member, towards defraying -the expences of the society; and for the payment thereof he gives a -bond; but most of the members on their first admittance chuse to pay -down twenty guineas, which discharges them from any future payments. - -Any Fellow may however free himself from these obligations, by only -writing to the President, that he desires to withdraw from the society. - -When the President takes the chair, the rest of the Fellows take their -seats, and those who are not of the society withdraw: except any Baron -of England, Scotland, and Ireland, any person of a higher title, or any -of his Majesty’s Privy Council of any of his three kingdoms, and any -foreigner of eminent repute, may stay, with the allowance of the -President, for that time; and upon leave obtained of the President and -Fellows present, or the major part of them, any other person may be -permitted to stay for that time: but the name of every person thus -permitted to stay, that of the person who moved for him, and the -allowance, are to be entered in the journal book. - -The business of the society in their ordinary meetings, is, to order, -take account, consider and discourse of philosophical experiments and -observations; to read, hear, and discourse upon letters, reports, and -other papers, containing philosophical matters; as also to view and -discourse upon the rarities of nature and art, and to consider what may -be deduced from them, and how far they may be improved for use or -discovery. - -No experiment can be made at the charge of the society, but by order of -the society or council. And in order to the propounding and making -experiments for the society, the importance of such experiment is to be -considered with respect to the discovery of any truth, or to the use and -benefit of mankind. - -The Philosophical Transactions are printed at the charge of the society, -and the Clerk delivers _gratis_ one of the copies to every Fellow of the -Society who shall demand it, either in person, or by letter under the -hand of such Fellow, within one year after the Clerk has begun to -deliver such copies. - -If any Fellow of the society shall contemptuously or contumaciously -disobey the statutes or orders of the society; or shall by speaking, -writing, or printing, publicly defame the society, or maliciously do any -thing to the detriment thereof, he shall be ejected. - -The meetings of the Royal Society are on Thursdays, at five o’clock in -the afternoon. - -The members of the Council are elected out of the Fellows, upon the -feast of St. Andrew in the morning; when after the election they all -dine together. - -Eleven of the old council are chosen for the ensuing year; and ten are -elected out of the other members. Then the President, Treasurer, and -Secretary are elected out of these. But the same persons are usually -rechosen into these offices. - -ROYAL _vineyard_, St. James’s Park. - -RUG _row_, Cloth fair, Smithfield. - -RUMFORD, a town in Essex, 12 miles from London, and 5 from Burntwood, is a -very great thoroughfare, and is governed by a Bailiff and Wardens, who -are by patent impowered to hold a weekly court for the trial of -treasons, felonies, debts, &c. and to execute offenders. It has a market -on Mondays and Tuesdays for hogs and calves, and on Wednesday for corn, -all of which are chiefly bought up for the use of London. - -RUMMER _court_, Charing Cross. - -RUN-HORSE _yard_, David street, Grosvenor square.* - -RUPERT _street_, 1. Coventry street. 2. Goodman’s fields. - -RUSSEL _court_, 1. Blue Anchor alley, Rosemary lane.† 2. Cleveland row, -St. James’s.† 3. Drury lane.† 4. Ratcliff highway.† - -RUSSEL’S MILL _stairs_, Rotherhith.† - -RUSSEL _street_, Covent Garden; so called from the Duke of Bedford, upon -whose estate it is built. - -RUSSIA COMPANY, a body of merchants incorporated by letters patent, -granted by Queen Mary on the 6th of February 1555, by which they were -not only impowered to carry on an exclusive trade to all parts of the -Russian empire, but to all such countries as they should discover in -those northern parts. In consequence of this charter, they soon after -discovered the Cherry Islands, Greenland, Nova Zembla, Newfoundland, -Davis’s Streights, and Hudson’s Bay; and their first Governor was that -celebrated mariner Sebastian Cabot. - -In consideration of these valuable discoveries, their privileges were -confirmed by Parliament; and in the year 1614 enlarged by King James I. - -In the year 1742, the Russia company obtained leave of the present -Czarina Elizabeth, to trade with Persia thro’ Russia, and between the -years 1743 and 1749, Mr. Hanway observes, they imported raw silk to the -amount of 93,375_l._ value in Persia: but Mr. Elton, one of the -company’s agents, being employed by Kouli Khan, who then sat on the -Persian throne, to build some ships of force on the Caspian sea, the -Russians apprehended they should be disturbed by the Persians in their -navigation over that sea, and therefore put an end to the traffic of the -British Russia company through Russia to Persia. - -This company exports cloth of all sorts, both dressed and dyed; kersies, -baize, cottons, fustians, perpetuanoes, Norwich stuffs, lace, thread, -lead, tin, pewter, allum, copper, and most other sorts of English -commodities: and we import from thence, cordage, tar, tallow, potashes, -cable yarn, bees wax, linen cloth, isinglass, hides of several sorts, -both tanned and raw; hogs bristles, linseed, several sorts of rich -furrs, train oil, flax, hemp, caviare, stock fish, cod fish, salmon, &c. - -This company is under the management of a Governor, four Consuls, and -twenty-four Assistants, annually chosen on the 1st of March, who keep -their courts monthly, or as occasion requires, in a large room in the -Old East India house in Leadenhall street: but considered as a company, -their trade at present is not very considerable; it being carried on -chiefly by private merchants, who are admitted to reap the profit of -trading to Russia, on paying 5_l._ each. - -RUTLAND _court_, 1. Charterhouse square. 2. Glasshouse yard, Goswell -street. 3. Near Puddle dock, Thames street. - -RYCAUT’S _court_, Morgan’s lane.† - - -[Illustration] - - - - - S. - - -SACRIST of St. Paul’s cathedral, an officer who is assistant to the -Treasurer. He is to keep every thing in order belonging to the altar, -and to open the church doors at the first ringing of the bell for -morning and evening prayers. This officer when chosen by the Treasurer, -must be presented to the Dean for his approbation, by whom he is -admitted upon taking an oath to discharge his office with fidelity. - -The Sacrist has three servants under him, called Vergers, who also keep -servants for cleaning the church, tolling the bell, blowing the organ -bellows, and other servile business. _Newc. Rep._ - -SADLERS, a very ancient company, though it was not incorporated by letters -patent till the reign of Edward I. They are governed by a Prime and -three other Wardens, with eighteen Assistants, and have a livery of -seventy members, whose fine on their admission is 10_l._ They have a -very handsome hall in Cheapside. _Maitland._ - -SADLERS _alley_, Dorset street. - -SADLERS _court_, Milford lane. - -SAFFRON _hill_, 1. Field lane, at the bottom of Snow hill. 2. Hockley in -the Hole. - -SALISBURY _alley_, Chiswell street. - -SALISBURY _court_, Dorset street, Fleet street; so called from the Bishop -of Salisbury’s city mansion there; afterwards the Earl of Dorset’s. - -SALISBURY _lane_, Rotherhith Wall. - -SALISBURY _stairs_, Salisbury street, in the Strand. - -SALISBURY _street_, 1. Marigold street, Rotherhith Wall. 2. In the Strand; -so called from the Earl of Salisbury’s house, which formerly stood -there. - -SALISBURY _walk_, Chelsea road. - -SALMON’S _lane_, Ratcliff.† - -SALT OFFICE, in York Buildings, is under the government of five -Commissioners, each of whom has a salary of 500_l._ _per annum_. Under -these Commissioners are the following officers: a Treasurer, who has -430_l._ a year, for himself and three Clerks; he has also a Deputy: two -Billmen: a Comptroller, who has 350_l._ a year, with a Deputy and two -Clerks: the Comptroller’s Secretary has 200_l._ a year, and an -Assistant: an Accomptant General, who has 200_l._ _per annum_, and his -Clerk 40_l._ a year: a Correspondent, who has 100_l._ a year, and his -Clerk 60_l._ a Chief Accomptant and Clerk of Securities, who has 180_l._ -_per annum_: two Accomptants, who have 70_l._ a year each, a Clerk, who -has 60_l._ and another 40_l._ _per annum_: a Storekeeper and Clerk of -the charities and diaries, who has 60_l._ a year; a Collector of the -port of London, who has 60_l._ an Assistant Searcher 60_l._ and two -Surveyors who have 40_l._ a year each. - -Besides these, there are in this office an housekeeper who has 100_l._ a -year, and several other servants. - -SALTERS, one of the twelve principal companies, and the ninth in order of -precedency, is of considerable antiquity, since they had the grant of a -livery from Richard II. in the year 1394; but it does not appear that -they were incorporated before the first year of the reign of Queen -Elizabeth, in 1558. - -This company has a Master, two Wardens, twenty-seven Assistants, and a -livery of 190 members, who upon their being admitted, pay a fine of -20_l._ They have a very considerable estate, out of which they pay -500_l._ _per annum_ to charitable uses. Their hall, which is a plain -brick building, is situated in a neat court in Swithin’s lane. - -SALTERS _alley_, 1. Green bank, Wapping. 2. Nightingale lane. - -SALTERS _court_, Piccadilly. - -SALTERS HALL _court_, in Swithin’s lane, where is Salters hall, in which -is a handsome presbyterian meeting-house. - -SALTPETRE BANK, 1. East Smithfield, by Little Tower hill. 2. By Rosemary -lane. - -SALUTATION _court_, St. Giles’s Broadway.* - -SAMBROOK’S _court_, Old Broad street.† - -SAMBRUGH’S _court_, Basinghall street.† - -SAMSON’S _rents_, Green Walk.† - -SANDWICH _court_, Houndsditch.† - -SANDY’S _rents_, Coverley’s fields.† - -SANDY’S _street_, Widegate alley, Bishopsgate street without.† - -SARAH’S _street_, New Gravel lane. - -SARN _alley_, Rotherhith Wall.† - -SATCHELL’S _rents_, 1. Shoreditch.† 2. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.† - -SAVAGE _gardens_, Tower hill.† - -SAVAGE’S _court_, Widegate alley, Bishopsgate street.† - -SAVAGE’S _rents_, Black Friars.† - -SAVERY’S _alley_, Farmer’s street, Shadwell.† - -SAVILE _row_, near New Bond street.† - -_St._ SAVIOUR’S _Bermondsey_, a priory, and afterwards an abbey, founded -by Alwin Child, a citizen of London, in the year 1082, in the place now -denominated St. John’s court Bermondsey. - -This priory was not only confirmed by the charter of William Rufus, -together with all the benefactions belonging to it; but that Prince also -conferred upon the Prior and Monks the manor of Bermondsey, and erected -a handsome and spacious conventual church for their accommodation. This -priory, however, being an alien and a cell to one in France, it was -among other foreign foundations sequestered by Edward III. in the year -1371, who constituted Richard Denton, an Englishman, Prior thereof. - -This priory was in 1391 converted into an abbey; and at the general -suppression of monasteries in the year 1539 was surrendered to Henry -VIII. when being granted to Sir John Pope, he demolished the old abbey, -and erected in its room a stately edifice, which some time after came to -the Earls of Sussex. _Stow’s Survey._ - -_St._ SAVIOUR’S _dock_, vulgarly called _Savory dock_, in Rotherhith, took -its name from the above abbey, dedicated to the holy Saviour. -_Maitland._ - -_St._ SAVIOUR’S _Mill_, vulgarly called _Savory mill_, also belonged to -the above abbey, and was in the year 1536 let by the Abbot and Monks to -John Curlew, at the yearly rent of 6_l._ which was then the value of -eighteen quarters of good wheat; and he was also bound to grind all the -corn used in the abbey. - -In the place where this mill stood, is now an engine for raising water -to supply the neighbourhood. _Maitland._ - -_St._ SAVIOUR’S _School_, in St. Saviour’s church yard, Southwark, was -founded by the parish, for the education of boys in grammatical -learning, and confirmed by letters patent granted by Queen Elizabeth, so -early as the year 1562, and the fourth of her reign; by which six of the -vestry are for ever appointed Governors. - -To this school belong a Master and Usher, the former of whom has a -salary of 30_l._ and the latter 20_l._ _per annum_. - -_St._ SAVIOUR’S _Southwark_, or _St._ MARY OVERIES, a church of great -antiquity, situated to the south west of the bridge foot. In the place -where it stands, is said to have been anciently a priory of nuns founded -by one Mary a Virgin, the owner of a ferry over the river Thames, before -the building of London bridge. Some time after the priory was converted -into a college of Priests; but that establishment, as well as the -former, proving of no long duration, it was in the year 1106 founded by -two Norman Knights, and the Bishop of Winchester, for Canons regular, -and from its dedication to the Virgin Mary, and its situation, was -called St. Mary Overie, that is, St. Mary over the river. - -This edifice was destroyed by fire about the year 1207; but it being -soon after rebuilt, Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester, added to it -a spacious chapel, which he dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen; and this -being afterwards appointed for the use of the inhabitants, it at last -became their parish church. - -The monastery and church were rebuilt in the reigns of Richard II. and -Henry IV. but at the general suppression of religious houses were -surrendered to Henry VIII. in the year 1539; upon which the parishes of -St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Margaret, purchased the conventual church of -King Henry; and were the next year united by act of Parliament, and the -church being then repaired, was called by the new name of St. Saviour’s. -_Stowe._ - -Both the construction and extent of this Gothic structure resemble a -cathedral more than a parish church. The length is 260 feet, and that of -the cross isle 109: the breadth of the body is 54 feet, and the height -of the tower, including the pinacles, is 150 feet. The construction of -the windows, entrances, and every other part, is purely in the Gothic -style, except a modern door, which is neither Gothic, nor agreeable to -the rules of any other architecture. The tower, which is square, and -well proportioned, is supported by massy pillars over the meeting of the -middle and cross isles; it is crowned with battlements, and has a -pinacle at each corner. - -In a chapel at the east end of the church is the monument of Bishop -Andrews, who was interred there; and in another part of the church is -that of the Bishop of Winchester; but the most singular monument is that -of the family of the Austins, erected in the last century, and repaired, -new painted, and gilt by the relations in 1706. - -The first figure is a rock, upon which is written, _Petra erat_ XTS. -that is, The rock was Christ. Down this rock runs a stream of water; and -out of it glides a serpent, his old skin being stript off by the rock, -which is seen hanging on that part of his back that is not yet got -thro’. At the foot of the rock there grows standing corn, on which is a -label with these words, _Si non moriatur, non reviviscit_, that is, If -it dieth not, it liveth not again. Underneath the corn is this motto, -_Nos sevit, fovit, lavit, coget, renovabit_, _i.e._ He hath sown, -cherished, washed us, and shall gather us together and renew us. - -Upon the top of the rock stands an angel, holding a sickle in his left -hand, and with his right pointing to the sun, which shines, and on its -lower rays is a label, upon which is, _Sol justitiæ_, _i.e._ The Sun of -righteousness. - -On the sides of the monument are scythes, flails, shepherds crooks, -rakes, ploughs, harrows, and other instruments of husbandry hanging by a -ribband out of a Death’s head; and above them, _Vos estis agricultura_, -_i.e._ Ye are God’s husbandry. - -On the outside of these a harvest man with wings is seated on each side, -one with a fork behind him, and the other with a rake. They have straw -hats, and lean their heads upon their hands, the elbows resting upon -their knees, as if fatigued with labour, and under them are these words, -_Messores congregabunt_, _i.e._ The reapers shall gather. Under all is a -winnowing fan, upon which is stretched a sheet of parchment bearing a -long inscription in Latin. - -Though the name of this church has been changed from St. Mary Overies to -that of St. Saviour, yet the former still prevails. It is a rectory in -the gift of the parish, and the profits arising to the two Chaplains, -are said to amount to above 300_l._ _per annum_. - -SAVORY _dock_. See _St._ SAVIOUR’S _dock_. - -SAVORY MILL. See _St._ SAVIOUR’S _mill_. - -SAVORY _mill stairs_, corruptly so called, Rotherhith. See _St._ SAVIOUR’S -_mill stairs_. - -SAVOY, or _Lancaster Palace_, is situated to the westward of Somerset -house, between the Strand and the Thames. This place obtained the name -of the Savoy, from Peter Earl of Savoy and Richmond, who built it about -the year 1245, and afterwards transferred it to the friars of Montjoy, -of whom Queen Eleanor, the wife of King Henry III. purchased it for her -son Henry Duke of Lancaster. The Duke afterwards enlarged and beautified -it, at the expence of 52,000 marks, at that time an immense sum. Here -John King of France resided, when a prisoner in England in the year -1357, and upon his return hither in 1363, when it was esteemed one of -the finest palaces in England. - -This edifice was burnt in 1381 by the Kentish rebels, on account of some -pique they had conceived against John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who -was then the proprietor. But the ground afterwards devolving to the -Crown, King Henry VII. began to rebuild it as it at present appears, for -an hospital, for the reception of an hundred distressed objects; but -that Prince not living to see it compleated, Henry VIII. his son, not -only granted his manor of the Savoy to the Bishop of Winchester and -others, the executors of his father’s will, towards finishing the -hospital; but by his charter of the 5th of July 1513, constituted them a -body politic and corporate, to consist of a Master, five secular -Chaplains, and four Regulars, in honour of Jesus Christ, his Mother, and -St. John Baptist; the foundation to be denominated _The hospital of King -Henry VII. late King of England, of the Savoy_. - -This hospital was suppressed in the reign of Edward VI. when the -revenues were found to amount to 530_l._ _per annum_, which that Prince -gave to the city of London towards making a provision for the hospitals -of Bridewell, Christ-church, and St. Thomas: but Queen Mary converted it -into an hospital again, and having endowed it anew, her Ladies and Maids -of honour completely furnished it, at their own expence, with all -necessaries. However the hospital was again suppressed upon the -accession of Queen Elizabeth to the throne, and the revenues applied to -the uses intended by her brother. - -Nothing here is now to be seen, but the ruins of the ancient edifice -built with free-stone and flints, among which is still remaining part of -a great building, in which detachments of the King’s guards lie, and -where they have their Marshalsea prison for the confinement of deserters -and other offenders, and to lodge their recruits. - -A part of the Savoy was assigned by King William III. for the residence -of the French refugees, who have still a chapel here, in which they -conform to the church of England. _Stowe._ _Dugdale’s Mon. Ang._ - -SAW _court_, Fore street, Cripplegate. - -SAWYER’S _court_, Houndsditch.† - -SAWYER’S _yard_, 1. Hosier lane. 2. Tower street, Soho. - -SCALDING _alley_, in the Poultry. In this alley was formerly a large -house, known by the name of the Scalding-house; for the street called -the Poultry containing a number of Poulterers stalls, the fowls they -sold there were first scalded in this house. _Maitland._ - -SCALLOP _court_, Creed lane, Ludgate street. - -SCHOOL _alley_, East Smithfield.☐ - -SCHOOL _lane_, Jamaica street, Rotherhith.☐ - -SCHOOL _yard_, Ailesbury street, Clerkenwell.☐ - -SCHOOLHOUSE _alley_, Swan alley.☐ - -SCHOOLHOUSE _lane_, 1. Ailesbury street.☐ 2. Brooke street, Ratcliff.☐ - -SCHOOLHOUSE _yard_, 1. Rose street, Shoreditch.☐ 2. Schoolhouse lane, -Ratcliff.☐ 3. Sutton street, St. John’s street, Clerkenwell.☐ - -SCHOOLS. Of these we have given an account under the names of their -particular foundations; the most famous and noble of these, are, the -Charterhouse, Mercers school, Merchant Taylors school, St. Paul’s -school, and Westminster school; and among those for the instruction of -the lower class, is Christ-church school, a noble foundation for the -education and support of the children of deceased citizens, and a great -number of smaller foundations, as, St. Olave’s school, Ratcliff school, -Tothill fields school, and several others; all of which the reader may -find under their respective articles. - -In these schools, exclusive of Christ-church hospital, are educated 2888 -boys, and 285 girls; the charge of whose education, &c. exclusive of -those which belong to hospitals and almshouses, amounts, according to -Maitland, to the annual sum of 1990_l._ - -Besides these, which are supported by regular funds, there are a great -number denominated CHARITY SCHOOLS, that have no other foundation and -support, than generous benefactions, annual subscriptions, and the -charitable collections made in the several churches in this city and -suburbs. Of these we shall give a list, with the number of the boys and -girls in each. - - - _Schools._ _Boys._ _Girls._ - Allhallows, Lombard street 40 00 - St. Andrew’s, Holborn 80 70 - St. Anne’s, Aldersgate 30 20 - St. Anne’s, Westminster 52 52 - St. Bartholomew the Great 35 16 - Bartholomew Close, _Presbyterian_ 50 25 - Bethnal Green 00 30 - Bevis Marks, _Portuguese Jews_ 12 00 - Billingsgate Ward 40 00 - St. Botolph’s, Aldersgate 50 50 - St. Botolph’s, Aldgate 50 40 - St. Botolph’s, Bishopsgate 30 20 - Bridge and Candlewick Wards 60 40 - Bridewell Walk, Clerkenwell, _Quakers_ 40 20 - St. Bride’s 50 50 - Broad street Ward 50 30 - Castle Baynard Ward 30 20 - St. Catherine Creechurch 40 00 - St. Catherine’s, Tower 35 15 - Christ-church, Spitalfields 30 30 - Christ-church, Surry 30 10 - St. Clement’s Danes 85 55 - Corbet’s court, Spitalfields, _French_ 50 50 - Cordwainer and Bread street Wards 50 30 - Cornhill and Lime street Wards 50 30 - Cripplegate Ward within 50 20 - Dowgate Ward 30 20 - St. Dunstan’s in the West 50 20 - East Smithfield Liberty 40 30 - St. Ethelburg’s 20 00 - Faringdon Ward within 60 40 - Fry’s court, Tower hill, _Presbyterian_ 30 10 - St. George’s, Hanover square 50 40 - St. George’s, Queen square 50 50 - St. George’s, Ratcliff Highway 50 50 - St. George’s, Southwark 50 00 - St. Giles’s, Cripplegate 130 00 - St. Giles’s in the Fields 101 101 - Grey Eagle street, Spitalfields, _French_ 50 50 - St. James’s, Clerkenwell 60 40 - St. James’s, Westminster 102 80 - St. John’s, Hackney 30 20 - St. John’s, Wapping 38 23 - Keat’s street, Spitalfields, _Independent_ 30 00 - King’s head court, Spitalfields, _Independent_ 00 30 - Knightsbridge chapel 6 6 - St. Laurence, Poultney 16 00 - St. Leonard’s, Shoreditch 50 50 - St. Luke’s, Old street 40 00 - St. Margaret’s, Westminster 52 34 - St. Martin’s in the Fields 101 51 - St. Mary’s, Islington 26 18 - St. Mary’s, Lambeth 28 00 - St. Mary la Bonne 12 00 - St. Mary le Strand 16 00 - St. Mary Magdalen’s, Bermondsey 50 20 - St. Mary’s, Newington Butts 32 00 - St. Mary’s Rotherhith 45 00 - Mile-end, Old Town 22 10 - Nortonfalgate 60 00 - St. Olave’s, Jewry 30 00 - St. Olave’s, Southwark 00 60 - St. Paul’s, Covent Garden 30 20 - St. Paul’s, Shadwell 50 50 - Poplar Hamlet 30 20 - Portpool lane, _Welch_ 50 00 - Queenhithe Ward 36 24 - Ratcliff Hamlet 35 25 - Ratcliff Highway, _Presbyterian_ 30 00 - St. Saviour’s, Southwark 80 50 - St. Sepulchre’s 84 76 - Shakespear’s walk, Shadwell, _Presbyterian_ 30 00 - St. Stephen’s, Wallbrook 30 00 - St. Thomas’s, Southwark 30 00 - Tower street Ward 60 60 - Vintry Ward 50 00 - Unicorn yard, Horselydown, _Independent_ 50 00 - Zoar street, Southwark, _Presbyterian_ 137 00 - - -Thus in these charity schools are educated 3458 boys, and 1901 girls, in -all 5359. Mr. Maitland has been at some pains in endeavouring to learn -the respective charges of the above schools; but not being able to -obtain an account of each, he has endeavoured to settle as near as -possible the expence of maintaining the whole, and that by a method -equally plain and satisfactory: for having found that the parish school -of St. Andrew’s, Holborn, which contains eighty boys, cost in one year -272_l._ 2_s._ 9_d._ and seventy girls in the same school 139_l._ 14_s._ -6_d._ he computed, that as the charge of eighty boys amounts to 272_l._ -2_s._ 9_d._ so that of 3458 boys must amount to 11,763_l._ 2_s._ 10¼_d._ -and so, by the same method of calculation, as the expence of seventy -girls amounts to 139_l._ 14_s._ 6_d._ that of 1901 girls must amount to -3794_l._ 10_s._ 7½_d. per annum_; whence it appears, that the whole -expence of all the said charity children amounts to 15,557_l._ 13_s._ -5¾_d._ _per annum_. - -The same author adds, that the annual expence of the above free-schools, -exclusive of those belonging to the hospitals and almshouses, amounting -to 1990_l._ it appears that the expence of these schools, added to that -of the charity schools, amount in all to 17,547_l._ 13_s._ 3¾_d._ - -As to the number of private schools in this metropolis and its suburbs, -for educating youth in all kinds of literature, they are supposed to -amount to above three thousand. _Maitland._ - -SCORE’S _alley_, East Smithfield.† - -SCOTLAND _yard_, Whitehall; so named from a palace which formerly stood -there for the reception of the Kings of Scotland, when they came to do -homage for the county of Cumberland, and other fiefs held by them of the -Crown of England. _Stow’s Survey._ - -SCOTS CORPORATION, for the relief of poor and necessitous people of that -country. This corporation owes its origin to James Kinnier, a Scotsman, -and merchant of this city; who on his recovery from a long and dangerous -illness, resolved to give part of his estate towards the relief of the -aged and necessitous of his country, within the cities of London and -Westminster: and having prevailed with a society of his countrymen, who -composed a box club, to join their stock, applied for a charter, by -which he and his co-adjutors were, in the year 1665, constituted a body -politic and corporate, with several privileges, which King Charles II. -confirmed the following year by letters patent, wherein are recited the -privileges granted in the former charter, with the addition of several -new ones, viz. - -That they might erect an hospital within the city or liberties of London -and Westminster, to be called, _The Scots hospital of King Charles II._ -to be governed by eight Scotsmen, who were to chuse from among -themselves a Master, who, together with these Governors, were declared -to be a body politic and corporate, and to have a common seal. They were -also impowered to elect thirty-three Assistants, and to purchase in -mortmain 400_l._ _per annum_, over and above an annual sum mentioned in -the first charter; the profits arising from these purchases to be -employed in relieving poor old Scots men and women, and instructing and -employing poor Scottish orphans, the descendants of Scotsmen within this -city. - -This humane foundation had however like to have been crushed in its bud -by two very dreadful events, the plague, and the fire of London; which -happened in the very years when the charters were granted. However, -those who had the direction of the work began in the year 1670 to -prosecute it with vigour; and found themselves not only in a condition -to provide for their poor, but took a lease of a piece of ground in -Black Friars, to build upon, for the term of a thousand years, at a -ground-rent of 40_l._ and by charitable contributions were enabled to -erect their hall, with two houses at Fleetditch, and four in Black -Friars, which were soon after finished at the expence of 4450_l._ - -All matters relating to the corporation are managed by the Governors -without fee or reward; for they not only, upon all such occasions, spend -their own money, but contribute quarterly for the support of the -society, and the relief of the poor; they provide for the sick; to the -reduced and aged they grant pensions; they bury the dead, and give money -to such as are disposed to return to Scotland. The sums disbursed by the -society amount to about 600_l._ _per annum_. - -The officers belonging to this corporation are, a Treasurer, a Register, -two Stewards, and a Beadle. - -SCOT’S _wharf_, White Friars, Fleet street.† - -SCOT’S _yard_, 1. Bush lane.† 2. Mill bank, Westminster.† 3. Montague -street, Spitalfields.† 4. Stony lane, Southwark.† 5. Whitecross street.† - -SCRIVENERS, a fraternity anciently denominated The Writers of the court -letter of the city of London, was incorporated by letters patent granted -by King James I. in the year 1616, by the name of _The Master, Wardens, -and Assistants of the Society of Writers of the city of London_. - -This company is governed by a Master, two Wardens, and twenty-four -Assistants, with fifty-three livery-men, who upon their admission pay a -fine of 5_l._ - -The company of Scriveners being reduced to low circumstances, thought -proper to sell their hall in Noble street to the Coachmakers company. - -SCROOP’S _court_, Holborn. In this court anciently stood one of the Inns -of court called Scroop’s Inn. - -SCRUB’S _square_, Upper Ground, Southwark. - -SEA _alley_, King street, Westminster. - -_The Office for the relief of_ SEA OFFICERS WIDOWS. The Lords of the -Admiralty having taken into consideration, the unhappy condition to -which the widows of many of the officers of the navy were reduced by the -death of their husbands, proposed both to the commissioned and half-pay -officers of the navy, to enter into a voluntary agreement, to grant -three pence in the pound out of their pay, towards establishing a fund -for allowing pensions to such of their widows as are left in mean -circumstances. - -To this the officers readily consenting, the Lords Commissioners laid -the affair before his present Majesty, who, to promote so good a work, -granted his letters patent in the year 1732, directing that three pence -in the pound be deducted from the pay and half-pay of all commission and -warrant officers of the navy; and to appoint the Lords Commissioners of -the Admiralty, the Treasurer, Commissioners, Paymaster, and Cashier of -the navy, for the time being, twenty Captains, ten Lieutenants, five -Masters, five Boatswains, five Gunners, five Carpenters, five Pursers, -and five Surgeons of the navy, the eldest of their respective stations, -to be Governors of this corporation: out of whom are appointed a -President, two Vice Presidents, a Treasurer, and fifteen Assistants, as -a committee for the management of all the affairs belonging to this -charity. - -The first Commissioner of the Admiralty is to be always President; and -the Treasurer of the navy to be always the Treasurer; but the two Vice -Presidents, and fifteen Assistants, are to be elected annually. - -By the orders of this generous corporation, no officer or servant -employed therein, is to receive any salary, reward, or gratuity; the -whole business being transacted _gratis_. - -The first step taken by the Governors was providing for the widows whose -husbands died after the date of the above letters patent; who, in the -first year amounted to twenty-four, to whom pensions were allowed, -according to the following regulations, viz. To the widow of a Captain, -45_l._ _per annum_; to the widow of a Lieutenant or Master, 30_l._ and -to the widow of a Boatswain, Gunner, Carpenter, Purser, Surgeon, second -Master of a yacht, or Master of a naval vessel appointed by the navy -board, 20_l._ _per annum_. - -The Lords Commissioners afterwards commiserating the unhappy -circumstances of many poor widows, whose husbands died before this -corporation was established, and therefore could receive no benefit from -the fund which was justly appropriated to the relief of the widows of -those officers who had paid to its support, renewed their application to -his Majesty, who recommended their case to the Parliament; upon which it -was enacted, that one seaman should be allowed upon the books of every -ship of war, in the sea-pay in every hundred men that its complement -should consist of, and that the produce of the wages of such seamen, and -the value of their victuals should be given and applied towards the -relief of poor widows of commission and warrant officers of the royal -navy. - -SEACOAL _lane_, extends from Snow hill to Fleet lane. Stowe thinks it was -originally called Limeburners lane, and that it took its present name -from the burning of lime there with sea coal. - -SEAHORSE _alley_, Durham yard, in the Strand.* - -SEARLE’S _square_, Lincoln’s Inn.† - -SEARLE’S _street_, Carey street, Lincoln’s Inn.† - -SEARLE’S _wharf_, near White Friars.† - -_Office of sick and hurt_ SEAMEN, _and for taking care of_ PRISONERS OF -WAR, on Tower hill, is under the government of four Commissioners, the -first of whom has 400_l._ _per annum_, and 65_l._ for house rent; and -the other three 300_l._ a year. The officers under these Commissioners -are, a Secretary, who has 200_l._ _per annum_; a first Clerk, who has -100_l._ a year; and three inferior Clerks, who have 60_l._ a year. - -_Office for sick and maimed_ SEAMEN IN THE MERCHANTS SERVICE, in the Royal -Exchange. The corporation who provide for these objects of distress, -consists of a number of merchants, who were incorporated on the 24th of -June 1747, and are governed by a President, and a Council of twenty-one. - -SECRETARY OF STATE’S OFFICE, Whitehall. The Kings of England had anciently -no more than one Secretary of state, till about the end of the reign of -Henry VIII. when it was thought proper that this important office should -be discharged by two persons of equal authority, both stiled _Principal -Secretaries of state_. - -At that time they did not sit at the council board; but having prepared -their business in a room adjoining to the council chamber, they came in, -and stood on either hand of the King; when nothing was done till they -had gone through with their proposals. But Queen Elizabeth seldom coming -to council, that method was laid aside, and the Secretaries took their -places as Privy Counsellors, which dignity they have enjoyed ever since, -and a Council is seldom, or never, held without the presence of, at -least, one of them. - -Their employment rendering their office a place of extraordinary trust, -this, together with the multiplicity of their business, places them in a -distinguished light, both in respect to the King and the people: for -they attend almost every day upon his Majesty, as occasion requires; the -petitions of the people are for the most part lodged in their hands, to -be presented to the King; and, in return, they make the dispatches, -according to his Majesty’s answers and determinations. - -The correspondence to all parts of Great Britain without distinction, -relating to the church, the army, the militia, grants, pardons, -dispensations, &c. is managed by either of the Secretaries. But as to -foreign affairs, all the nations that have any intercourse with Great -Britain, are divided by them into two provinces, the northern and -southern, each being under one of the Secretaries, as his separate -department. They have this special honour, that if either of them be a -Baron, he takes place, and has the precedence of all other persons of -the same degree, tho’ by creation they might have a right to precede -him: but if he is above the degree of a Baron, he then takes place only -according to the seniority of his creation. - -Each of the Secretaries have lodgings appointed for them in all the -King’s houses; both for their own accommodation, for their office, and -for those that attend upon it. They have each a salary of 3000_l._ a -year; which, added to their lawful perquisites, is said to make their -places worth 8000_l._ _per annum_ each. - -The Secretaries and Clerks they employ under them are wholly at their -own choice, and have no dependence upon any other person. These are, - -In the northern department, two Under Secretaries and Keepers of state -papers, a first Clerk, and ten other Clerks, a Gazette writer, who has -300_l._ _per annum_; and a Secretary for the Latin tongue, whose salary -is 200_l._ a year. - -In the southern department are, two Under Secretaries, a first Clerk, -seven other Clerks; and a Law Clerk to both, who has a salary of 400_l._ -_per annum_. - -The Secretaries of state have also the custody of the King’s seal, -called the signet; the use and application of which gives denomination -to another office, called the Signet office. See the article SIGNET -OFFICE. - -There is also another office depending on the Secretaries of state, -called the Paper office; for which see that article. - -SEDGWICK’S _rents_, London Wall.† - -SEDGWICK’S _yard_, London Wall.† - -SEETHING _lane_, Tower street. - -_St._ SEPULCHRE’S, on the north side of the top of Snow hill near Newgate, -and in the ward of Faringdon without, owes its name to its being -dedicated in commemoration of Christ’s sepulchre at Jerusalem. It is of -great antiquity, and was probably founded during the time, when all -Europe were employed in crusades to the holy land; however, about the -beginning of the twelfth century, it was given by the Bishop of -Salisbury to the Prior and Canons of St. Bartholomew in Smithfield, who, -in virtue of that grant, had the right of advowson till the dissolution -of their monastery, when coming to the Crown, it continued therein till -King James I. in the year 1610, granted the rectory and its -appurtenances, with the advowson of the vicarage, to Francis Philips and -others; after which the rectory with its appurtenances were purchased by -the parishioners, to be held in fee-farm of the Crown, while the -advowson was obtained by the President and Fellows of St. John Baptist’s -college in Oxford, in whom the patronage still continues. _Dugd. Mon. -Ang._ - -The present structure was much damaged, though not destroyed by the fire -of London; after which it was thoroughly repaired in 1670, when nothing -of the old building, except the walls, was suffered to remain, and not -those entirely. - -This is a very spacious church, it being 126 feet long, besides a broad -passage through at the west end; the breadth is fifty-eight feet, -exclusive of the north chapel; the height of the roof in the middle isle -is thirty-five feet, and the height of the steeple to the top of the -pinacles, is 146 feet. The whole length of the side is in a manner taken -up by a row of very large Gothic windows, with buttresses between, over -which runs a slight cornice, and on the top a plain and substantial -battlement work. The steeple is a plain square tower crowned with four -pinacles. - -The wall of this church yard, till very lately, extended so far into the -street all along the south side of the church, as to render the passage -narrow and dangerous; but after the church yard on that side had been -shut up about fourteen years, it was levelled, and laid open to the -street in the beginning of the present year 1760. - -The Vicar of this church, besides other advantages, receives 200_l._ in -money in lieu of tithes. - -Munday, in his edition of Stow’s Survey, mentions the following -monumental inscription in this church. - - - Qualis vita, finis ita. - Here under lyes the wonder of her kinde, - The quintessence of nature and of grace, - Wit, beauty, bounty, and (in noble race - The rarest jewel) a right humble minde, - Here lyes her body, but her soule refin’d - Above th’empyreall, hath imperial place, - In bliss so boundlesse, as no words embrace, - Nor art can feigne, nor mortal heart can finde. - Her fame remaines a monument of honour, - Built by her virtue, gilt with purest gold, - With lilly flowers and roses strewed upon her. - Her epitaph. - Urania thus enrol’d: - Milde childe, chaste mayden, and religious wife: - The even crownes the day, Joane Essex’ death her life. - - -Before we conclude this article, it may be proper to observe, that in -the year 1605, Mr. Robert Dew gave by deed of gift, fifty pounds to this -parish, on condition that for ever after, a person should go to Newgate, -in the still of the night before every execution day, and standing as -near the cells of the condemned prisoners as possible, should, with a -hand bell, (which he also gave for that purpose) give twelve solemn -tolls with double strokes, and then after a proper pause, deliver with -an audible voice the following words: - - “You prisoners that are within, - Who for wickedness and sin, - - After many mercies shewn you, are now appointed to die to-morrow - in the forenoon, give ear and understand, that to-morrow morning - the greatest bell of St. Sepulchre’s shall toll for you in form - and manner of a passing bell, as used to be tolled for those at - the point of death: to the end that all godly people hearing - that bell, and knowing it is for your going to your deaths, may - be stirred up heartily to pray to God to bestow his grace and - mercy upon you whilst you live. - - “I beseech you, for Jesus Christ’s sake, to keep this night in - watching and prayer, for the salvation of your own souls, while - there is yet time and place for mercy; as knowing to-morrow you - must appear before the judgment seat of your Creator, there to - give an account of all things done in this life, and to suffer - eternal torments for your sins committed against him, unless - upon your hearty and unfeigned repentance, you find mercy - through the merits, death, and passion of your only mediator and - advocate Jesus Christ, who now sits at the right hand of God to - make intercession for as many of you as penitently return to - him.” - -He likewise ordered that St. Sepulchre’s great bell should toll, till it -was supposed these unhappy prisoners were executed; and that as the -criminals passed by the wall of St. Sepulchre’s church yard, to -execution, the same bellman should look over it, and say: - - “All good people, pray heartily unto God for these poor sinners, - who are now going to their death, for whom this great bell doth - toll. - - “You that are condemned to die, repent with lamentable tears: - ask mercy of the Lord for the salvation of your own souls, - through the merits, death, and passion of Jesus Christ, who now - sits at the right hand of God, to make intercession for as many - of you as penitently return unto him.” - - “Lord, have mercy upon you, - Christ, have mercy upon you, - Lord, have mercy upon you, - Christ, have mercy upon you.” - -For this service the bellman or sexton receives 1_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ a -year; but upon these occasions there is generally so much noise, that -nobody can hear one word that the bellman says. - -_St._ SEPULCHRE’S _alley_, a passage by the east end of St. Sepulchre’s -church. SERGEANTS AT LAW. The highest degree of lawyers under a Judge. -The young student in the common law, when admitted to be of one of the -inns of court, is called a _Moot-man_, and after about seven years -study, is chosen an Utter Barrister, and is then capable of being made a -Sergeant at law. - -When the number of Sergeants is small, the Lord Chief Justice of the -Common Pleas, by the advice and consent of the other Judges, chuses -about six or eight of the most learned persons of the Inns of court, and -presents their names to the Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper, who sends -to each of them the King’s writ to appear on a particular day before the -King, to receive the degree of a Sergeant at law. - -At the time appointed, they being dressed in robes of two colours, brown -and blue, they go, attended by the students of the Inns of court, with a -train of servants and retainers, dressed in peculiar liveries, to -Westminster hall, where they publicly take a solemn oath, and are -cloathed with robes and coifs, without which they are from thenceforward -never to appear in public. After this they give a great entertainment to -the principal persons of the nation; and present gold rings to the -Princes of the blood, the Archbishops, the Lord Chancellor, and the -Treasurer, to the value of forty shillings each ring; to the Earls and -Bishops rings of 20_s._ and to other great officers, Barons, &c. rings -of less value, besides a great number of rings to their private friends. - -Out of these Sergeants are chosen the Judges of the King’s Bench and -Common Pleas. - -SERGEANTS INN, on the south side of Fleet street, almost opposite to the -end of Fetter lane. It consists of a court surrounded with handsome new -buildings, among which are the Society’s chapel and hall; and a very -handsome edifice belonging to the Amicable Society. - -The officers belonging to this Inn, are, a Steward, a Master Cook, and a -Chief Butler. - -SERGEANTS INN, Chancery lane, near the end next Fleet street, consists of -two courts, a small hall, and a convenient kitchen; but the buildings -are low and mean. - -The officers of this Inn are, also, a Steward, a Master Cook, and a -Chief Butler. - -SERGEANTS INN _court_, 1. Chancery lane. 2. Fleet street. - -SERMON _lane_, 1. Limehouse. 2. Little Carter lane. - -SERSNET _alley_, Narrow Wall, Limehouse. - -SETTER’S _yard_, Deadman’s fields. - -SEVEN DIALS, near Monmouth street; so called from a handsome pillar, upon -which are seven sun-dials, fronting the same number of streets, which -radiate upon it. - -SEVENOAK, a market town in Kent, near the river Dart or Darent, 23 miles -from London, in the road to Rye. It obtained its name from seven very -large oaks which grew near it, when it was first built; and is governed -by a Warden and Assistants. Here is an hospital and school, for the -maintenance of people in years, and the instruction of youth, first -erected by Sir William Sevenoak, Lord Mayor of London in the year 1418, -who is said to have been a foundling supported and educated at the -expence of a charitable person of this town, whence he took his name. -The school afterwards met with other benefactors, and among the rest, -Queen Elizabeth having greatly augmented its revenue, it was thence -called Queen Elizabeth’s free school. It was rebuilt in 1727. Sir Henry -Fermor, Bart. has a seat here; as has also Dr. Thomas Fuller. About a -mile from Sevenoak, to the south, is Knowl Place, the seat of the Duke -of Dorset, situated in the middle of a park; and towards the east is the -seat of —— Pratt, Esq; which is also seated in the midst of a park. - -SEVEN STARS _alley_, 1. Cable street, Rag fair.* 2. Ratcliff highway.* 3. -Rosemary lane.* 4. Whitecross street.* - -SEVEN STARS _court_, 1. Great Garden, St. Catharine’s lane.* 2. Moor -lane.* 3. Seven Stars alley, Ratcliff highway.* - -SEVEN STEPS _alley_, 1. Old Montague street. 2. Petticoat lane, -Whitechapel. 3. Rotherhith Wall. - -SEVEN STEPS _yard_, Houndsditch. - -SEYMOUR’S _court_, Little Chandois street. - -SHAD THAMES _street_, Horselydown. - -SHADWELL, formerly a hamlet in the parish of Stepney, is now a distinct -parish, and by the great increase of buildings is united to this -metropolis. This parish, which is one of the Tower hamlets, is situated -on the north bank of the Thames, and received its name from a fine -spring which issues from the south wall of the church yard. The parish -is, from its situation, divided into Upper and Lower Shadwell, Lower -Shadwell being anciently a part of Wapping marsh. - -In the north east of this parish is Sun tavern fields, where a Roman -cemetery, or burying place, was discovered about the year 1615, wherein -were found two coffins, one of which being of stone, contained the bones -of a man; and the other of lead, finely embellished with scallop shells, -and a crotister border, contained those of a woman, at whose head and -feet were two urns, each three feet high; and at the sides several -beautiful red earthen bottles, with a number of lachrymatories of -hexagon and octagon forms. On each side of the inhumed bones were two -ivory scepters of the length of eighteen inches each, and upon the -breast the figure of a small Cupid, curiously wrought; as were likewise -two pieces of jet resembling nails, three inches in length. According to -the opinion of that judicious antiquary Sir Robert Cotton, who made this -discovery, the person here interred must have been the wife of some -Prince, or Roman Prætor, by the decorations of the coffin and the things -contained in it. - -In this place were likewise discovered several urns, with Roman coins, -which had on one side this Inscription, _Imp. Pupienus Maximus P. F._ -and on the reverse, with hands joined, _Patrus Senatus_. - -A few years ago was also discovered in this place a mineral spring, said -to be impregnated with sulphur, vitriol, steel, and antimony. It is -esteemed a great anti-scorbutic, and is said to have performed many -remarkable cures in the leprosy, scurvy, scald heads, and other -cutaneous diseases. - -For Shadwell church, see the article _St._ PAUL’S _Shadwell_. - -SHADWELL _dock_, Shadwell. - -SHADWELL _market_, Upper Shadwell. - -SHADWELL WATERWORKS are placed in Shadwell, and wrought by two fire -engines, that fill two main pipes of six or seven inches bore with -Thames water; by which means that neighbourhood is well supplied. -_Maitland._ - -SHAFTESBURY HOUSE, in Aldersgate street. See the article LONDON LYING-IN -HOSPITAL. - -SHAFT’S _court_, Leadenhall street. - -SHAKESPEAR’S _walk_, Upper Shadwell.† - -SHARP’S _alley_, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.† 2. Cow Cross, Smithfield.† -3. Leadenhall street.† 4. Nortonfalgate.† - -SHARP’S _buildings_, Duke’s Place, near Aldgate.† - -SHAW’S _alley_, Kent street, Tooley street.† - -SHAW’S _court_, St. Margaret’s hill.† - -SHEEN, or EAST SHEEN, a pleasant village, situated a little to the south -of Mortlake, where is the fine seat of the Lord Viscount Palmerston, the -successor of Sir William Temple. The gardens were laid out and completed -by the great genius of Sir William, who here spent the latter part of -his life. - -SHEEP’S HEAD _alley_, Shoreditch. - -SHEER _lane_, Temple Bar. - -SHEERS _alley_, 1. East Smithfield.* 2. Shoreditch.* 3. White street.* 4. -Wentworth street.* 5. Wood street, Cheapside.* - -SHEFFIELD _street_, Clare market. - -SHELDON’S _court_, Bedfordbury.† - -SHEPHERD’S _alley_, near Vintner’s hall, Thames street.† - -SHEPHERD’S _court_, 1. Hockley in the hole.† 2. Upper Brook street.† - -SHEPHERD’S _gardens_, in the Minories.† - -SHEPHERD’S _market_, near Curzon street.† - -SHEPHERD’S _mews_, Park street, Southwark.† - -SHEPHERD’S _street_, Oxford street.† - -SHEPHERD’S _yard_, Shoreditch.† - -SHERBURN _lane_, Lombard street; thus named from the brook Langbourn, -which anciently ran out of Fenchurch street, and here turning south, -divided into several shares, rills, or streams. This lane was also -anciently called Southbourn lane, because these rills here ran south to -the Thames. _Maitland._ - -SHERIFFS, two very ancient officers of the city, established in the time -of the Saxons: but Richard I. changed the name of these officers to the -Norman appellation of Bailiff, which signifies an Intendant, Collector, -or petty Magistrate; as the Saxon Sciregrave implies a Judge, Overseer, -or Collector. However, the appellation of Bailiff proving of no long -duration, the more ancient one of Sheriff was restored to that office. - -The Sheriffs are chosen by the Liverymen of the several companies on -Midsummer day, the Lord Mayor drinking to those whom he nominates for -their approbation: but any person who can swear that he is not worth -15000_l._ may be excused from serving the office; however, if he is -qualified with respect to fortune, he is obliged to serve, or to pay a -fine of about 500_l._ or otherwise to engage in a law suit with the -city. This last is particularly the case of the dissenters, who look -upon themselves as disqualified by law; since by act of Parliament, -every person who serves the office of Sheriff ought to have received the -sacrament in the church of England, twelve months before he enters upon -his office. - -Any gentleman of the city may be chosen an Alderman, without his serving -the office of Sheriff; but he is obliged to be a Sheriff before he can -be Lord Mayor. - -The office of Sheriff, according to our great antiquary Mr. Camden, is -to collect the public revenues within his jurisdiction, to gather into -the Exchequer all fines, to serve the King’s writs of process, and by -the _posse comitatus_ to compel headstrong and obstinate men to submit -to the decisions of the law; to attend the Judges, and execute their -orders, to impanel juries, and to take care that all condemned criminals -be duly executed. - -All actions for debt in the city are entered at the two compters -belonging to the Sheriffs, where the prisoners either give bail, or are -confined in prison, unless being freemen, they chuse to be carried to -Ludgate. See the article COMPTER. - -SHERIFFS COURTS, are courts of record held in Guildhall every Wednesday -and Friday, for actions entered in Wood street Compter, and on Thursdays -and Saturdays for those entered at the Poultry Compter, of which the -Sheriffs being Judges, each has his Assistant or Deputy, who are -commonly called Judges of these courts, before whom are tried actions of -debt, trespass, covenant, &c. where the testimony of an absent witness -in writing is allowed to be good evidence. _Maitland._ - -To each of these courts belong four Attorneys, a Secondary, a Clerk of -the papers, a Prothonotary, and four Clerks sitters. See the article -COMPTER. - -SHERWOOD _street_, near Golden square. - -SHIP _alley_, 1. Broad street, Ratcliff.* 2. Fore street, Limehouse.* 3. -Phœnix street, Spitalfields.* 4. Ratcliff highway.* 5. Wellclose -square.* - -SHIP _court_, in the Old Bailey.* - -SHIP _street_, near New Gravel lane, Shadwell.* - -SHIP _yard_, 1. Bishopsgate street without.* 2. In the Borough.* 3. Golden -lane, Barbican.* 4. Green bank, Wapping.* 5. King street, New Gravel -lane.* 6. Monkwell street.* 7. Petty France, Westminster.* 8. Phœnix -street.* 9, Redcross street, Cripplegate.* 10. Without Temple Bar.* - -SHIP _back yard_, in the Minories.* - -SHIPPEY’S _yard_, in the Minories.† - -SHIPPING _stairs_, Limehouse. - -SHIPWRIGHTS, a company by prescription for several ages, were incorporated -by letters patent granted by King James I. in the year 1605. - -This corporation consists of a Master, two Wardens, and sixteen -Assistants; but have neither livery nor hall: for though they had -formerly a hall near Ratcliff cross, yet that being demolished they -occasionally meet at different places to transact their affairs. - -SHIPWRIGHTS _street_, Rotherhith. - -SHITTEN _alley_, Chamber street, Shadwell.‖ - -SHOE _lane_, extends from Fleet street to Holborn. - -SHOEMAKER _row_, 1. By Aldgate. 2. Black friars. - -SHOEMAKERS. See the article CORDWAINERS. - -SHOEMAKERS _yard_, Deadman’s place. - -SHOOTER’S _court_, Basinghall street. - -SHOREDITCH, extends from Nortonfalgate to the end of Old street. -Shoreditch was anciently a village situated along the Roman highway, by -the Saxons denominated Eald street, or Old street, and according to -Maitland, owes its name to one of the predecessors of Sir John Sordig, -or Sordich, who was Lord thereof in the year 1339, and not, as vulgarly -supposed, to Jane Shore, concubine to Edward IV. This village was at a -considerable distance north of the city of London, though it is now -joined to it. - -SHOREDITCH _alley_, Shoreditch. - -SHOREDITCH _church_, at the north end of Shoreditch. See the article _St._ -LEONARD _Shoreditch_. - -SHOREY’S _alley_, King’s alley, Rotherhith† - -SHORTER’S _court_, Throgmorton street.† - -SHORTER’S _street_, Cable street, Rag fair.† - -SHORT’S _buildings_, Clerkenwell.† - -SHORT’S _gardens_, Drury lane.† - -SHOVEL _alley_, 1. Back lane, Rag fair.* 2. Cable street.* 3. St. -Catharine’s.* 4. East Smithfield.* 5. Great Gardens, St. Catharine’s -lane.* 6. Wood street, Cheapside.* - -SHOULDER OF MUTTON _alley_, Limehouse.* - -SHOULDER OF MUTTON _walk_, Hackney.* - -SHOULDER OF MUTTON _yard_, Butcher row, without Temple Bar.* - -SHREEVE’S _rents_, Duke street, Bloomsbury.† - -SHREWSBURY _court_, 1. Stony lane.† 2. Whitecross street, Fore street.† - -SHUG _lane_, near Piccadilly. - -SHUTTER’S _alley_, Whitechapel.† - -SIDNEY’S _alley_, Leicester fields.† - -SIDNEY’S _street_, Leicester fields; so named from Sidney Earl of -Leicester. - -SIGNET OFFICE, Whitehall; an office under the Principal Secretaries of -state, who have the custody of the King’s seal, called the signet; the -use and application whereof gives name to this office, which constantly -attends the court. - -In this office there are four chief Clerks, and two Deputies. These -chief Clerks wait alternately by months, and prepare such writings as -are to pass the signet. They have no fee from the King, but only 200_l._ -a year board wages. One of them always attends the court wheresoever it -removes, and, by warrant from his Majesty, prepares such bills or -letters for the King to sign, as not being matter of law, they are -directed by warrant to prepare. - -In their office all grants, either prepared by the King’s Counsel at -law, or by themselves, for the King’s hand, when signed, are returned, -and there transcribed again; and that transcript is carried to one of -the Principal Secretaries of state, and sealed; and then it is called a -signet. This being directed to the Lord Privy Seal, is his warrant for -issuing out a privy seal upon it. Privy seals for money, however, now -always begin in the Treasury, from whence the first warrant issues, -counter-signed by the Lord Treasurer: but when the nature of the grant -requires the passing of the great seal, then the privy seal is an -authority to the Lord Chancellor, to pass the great seal; as the signet -was to the Lord Privy Seal to affix that seal to the grant. But in all -these three offices, the signet, privy seal, and great seal, the grant -is transcribed; and therefore every thing which passes from the King has -these several ways of being considered before it is perfected. -_Chamberlain’s Present State._ - -SILKMEN, a company incorporated by letters patent granted by King Charles -I. in the year 1631. They have a Governor and twenty Assistants; but -neither hall nor livery. _Maitland._ - -SILK THROWERS. This trade was first practised in London in the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, by foreigners, whose dependents, and those to whom they -had taught the art of silk throwing, were constituted a fellowship of -the city in 1622, and were afterwards incorporated by letters patent -granted by King Charles I. in the year 1630. - -They are governed by a Master, two Wardens, and twenty Assistants; but -have neither hall nor livery. _Maitland._ - -_Office of Clerk of the King’s_ SILVER, in the Inner Temple. To this Clerk -every fine or final agreement upon the sale of land, is brought, after -it has been with the Custos Brevium, when he makes an entry of what -money is to be paid to the King’s use. This office belongs to the court -of Common Pleas, and is executed by a Deputy. _Chamberlain’s Present -State._ - -SILVER _court_, 1. Oxford street, 2. Woodstock street, Oxford street. - -SILVER _street_, 1. Bloomsbury. 2. Bridgewater square. 3. Near Golden -square. 4. Green alley, Tooley street. 5. Hare street, Spitalfields. 6. -Near New Gravel lane, Shadwell. 7. Pelham street, Spitalfields. 8. Soho -square. 9. White Friars, Fleet street. 10. Wood street, Cheapside. - -SIMMOND’S INN. See SYMOND’S INN. - -SING’S _court_, Little Mitchell street, Old street.† - - - _The End of the_ FIFTH VOLUME. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ● Transcriber’s Notes: - ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. - ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. - ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only - when a predominant form was found in this book. - ○ The use of a carat (^) before one or more letters shows they were - intended to be superscripts, as in S^t Bartholomew or L^{d.} - Egemont. - ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of London and its Environs Described, v. -5 (of 6), by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS *** - -***** This file should be named 60008-0.txt or 60008-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/0/0/60008/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |