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diff --git a/59485-8.txt b/59485-0.txt index 32888e6..86c6c0e 100644 --- a/59485-8.txt +++ b/59485-0.txt @@ -1,31 +1,7 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1014: Wintering -Bees in Cellars, by E. F. Phillips and George S. Demuth +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59485 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1014: Wintering Bees in Cellars -Author: E. F. Phillips - George S. Demuth - -Release Date: May 12, 2019 [EBook #59485] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1014 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available -by The Internet Archive. @@ -77,14 +53,14 @@ WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1918 RESULTS from wintering bees in a cellar are excellent when conditions in the cellar are such as to keep the bees from wearing themselves out by excessive activity. Cellar wintering is practicable where the -average outdoor temperature during the winter months is as low as 25° +average outdoor temperature during the winter months is as low as 25° F. A map is given (p. 3) so that the beekeeper may know whether this method is advisable in his locality. The cellar should be arranged so that the ceiling is below the frost line, and so that the ceiling and side walls are thoroughly protected at all points. The cellar should be kept so that the lowest temperature -within the hives is at least 52° F. At this temperature there will be +within the hives is at least 52° F. At this temperature there will be little need of special ventilating arrangements. There should be no condensation of moisture within the hives, and the cellar should be well drained. @@ -191,9 +167,9 @@ the apiary as regards wind protection. WINTER CLIMATE. In any locality where the average temperature of the winter months -falls below 25° F. (zone 1) cellar wintering may be practiced with +falls below 25° F. (zone 1) cellar wintering may be practiced with profit, and in localities where the average temperature of these -months falls as low as 15° F. (zone 2) cellar wintering is much to +months falls as low as 15° F. (zone 2) cellar wintering is much to be preferred. Figure 1 shows the boundaries of these zones for the United States for the month of January, which may be taken as typical of the winter months. It will be noted that these zones do not follow @@ -207,7 +183,7 @@ may be obtained from cellar wintering. [2] Farmers' Bulletin 1012, Preparation of Bees for Outdoor Wintering. In zone 1 the average temperature of the outside air during the mouth -of January is 25° F., or lower in the more northern parts of the zone. +of January is 25° F., or lower in the more northern parts of the zone. This means that in colonies wintered outdoors the bees are compelled to overcome this degree of cold at all times during the coldest part of the winter. If they are so well packed that the heat which they @@ -413,7 +389,7 @@ obtained in cellars under residences which are heated by furnaces, thus having a higher cellar temperature. In such a cellar provision must be made for partitioning off a space where the bees will be located so that there is no light or other disturbing factor during the time -of their confinement. Since a cellar temperature about 50° F. is +of their confinement. Since a cellar temperature about 50° F. is desirable, it is well to choose a part of the cellar through which some of the furnace pipes run, and if this results in too high a temperature these pipes may be insulated somewhat. It is best to choose a part of @@ -564,7 +540,7 @@ VENTILATION. One of the most serious faults of bee cellars is in providing for too much ventilation, resulting in great fluctuations in temperature. In a -cellar which maintains a temperature of 50° F. or more there is little +cellar which maintains a temperature of 50° F. or more there is little need for ventilation, for the Was then need little oxygen and only a small amount of carbon dioxide is given off. Other things being equal, the colder the cellar, the greater the need of ventilation. If poor @@ -618,7 +594,7 @@ well to subscribe for them. They are valuable not only at the time of putting the bees into the cellar but at many other times of the year. Soon after a period when the barometric pressure has been low, bringing -high temperatures suitable for flights (at least 60° F.), there usually +high temperatures suitable for flights (at least 60° F.), there usually will be a period when the barometric pressure is high, bringing lower, temperatures. At the shifting from low to high barometric pressure there is frequently a time when it is cloudy. This is a fine time to @@ -684,23 +660,23 @@ temperature. TEMPERATURE OF THE CELLAR. There has been much discussion as to the best temperature of the cellar -during the winter. Commonly it is stated that a temperature of 40° to -45° F. is best, but this is colder than usually is best for the finest -results. A temperature below 40° F. is invariably bad for the bees, and +during the winter. Commonly it is stated that a temperature of 40° to +45° F. is best, but this is colder than usually is best for the finest +results. A temperature below 40° F. is invariably bad for the bees, and a cellar in which the temperature goes as low as freezing is not a fit place for bees. It has been found by the authors that bees do the least amount of work when the temperature of the air immediately surrounding them (inside -the hive) stands at 57° F. This is, therefore, the temperature which +the hive) stands at 57° F. This is, therefore, the temperature which the beekeeper should bear in mind, rather than to lay too much stress on the temperature of the cellar itself. The place for a thermometer in the bee cellar is inside the entrance of a good colony where it may be read easily by simply pulling it out. A chemical thermometer is -best for this purpose, and it should register 52° F. or more inside +best for this purpose, and it should register 52° F. or more inside the hive entrance. In order to have the right temperature within the hive it usually will be best to have the temperature of the cellar at -about 50° F. or slightly higher. As will be shown later, however, it is +about 50° F. or slightly higher. As will be shown later, however, it is quite possible to have the right temperature within the hive when the temperature of the cellar is a few degrees lower than that stated. @@ -709,11 +685,11 @@ of the hive he will find that in colder cellars it is desirable to give the hives some insulation to conserve the heat generated by the bees in much the same way that this heat is conserved when bees are packed outdoors, although the amount of protection will be much less. In a -cellar where the temperature falls to 45° F. it will be found best +cellar where the temperature falls to 45° F. it will be found best to have the covers of the hives sealed on tightly and the entrances -reduced to 3/8 inch by 2 inches. In a cellar with a temperature of 50° +reduced to 3/8 inch by 2 inches. In a cellar with a temperature of 50° F. or more the entrances may be left open the full width of the hive. -If there is a tendency for the temperature to fall to 45° F. or less, +If there is a tendency for the temperature to fall to 45° F. or less, the tops of the hives may be protected by cushions of chaff or other materials placed at least on the top of the uppermost hives, for each of the lower three hives is protected somewhat by the one above it. @@ -730,7 +706,7 @@ VENTILATION OF THE CELLAR. If the proper temperature is maintained in the cellar there will be little need of ventilation, for in almost all cases there will be sufficient interchange of air to keep the bees in good condition. -If the temperature is as low as 45° F., a little ventilation will be +If the temperature is as low as 45° F., a little ventilation will be needed, although most of the bee cellars that have been built have had too much ventilation, and as a result it has been impossible to maintain a correct temperature within them. In cold weather the @@ -866,7 +842,7 @@ so that they can have a good flight before night. Bees should not be taken from the cellar at a time when they can fly only a little, but they should either be taken out when they can not fly at all or at a time when they can fly freely almost at once. Bees in good condition -rarely fly freely unless the outside temperature is as high as 60° F. +rarely fly freely unless the outside temperature is as high as 60° F. PREVENTION OF DRIFTING. @@ -1035,7 +1011,7 @@ cellar, so that he may be able to decide whether his methods of cellar wintering should be improved. (1) During the winter a thermometer inserted in the entrance of the -hive should show a temperature of at least 52° F. +hive should show a temperature of at least 52° F. (2) There should never be any condensed moisture on the covers of the hives, and certainly never any on the bottoms. @@ -1249,365 +1225,4 @@ Transcriber Note End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1014: Wintering Bees in Cellars, by E. F. Phillips and George S. 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Demuth - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1014: Wintering Bees in Cellars - -Author: E. F. Phillips - George S. Demuth - -Release Date: May 12, 2019 [EBook #59485] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1014 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available -by The Internet Archive. - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59485 ***</div> @@ -1427,380 +1391,7 @@ The image is placed in the Public Domain.</p> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1014: -Wintering Bees in Cellars, by E. F. Phillips and George S. Demuth - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1014 *** - -***** This file should be named 59485-h.htm or 59485-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/4/8/59485/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available -by The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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