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diff --git a/57304-8.txt b/57304-0.txt index 0ca31a1..8fcff0a 100644 --- a/57304-8.txt +++ b/57304-0.txt @@ -1,42 +1,7 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume -51, 1801-1840, by Various +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57304 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 51, 1801-1840 - Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the - islands and their peoples, their history and records of - the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books - and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial - and religious conditions of those islands from their - earliest relations with European nations to the close of - the nineteenth century -Author: Various - -Editor: Emma Helen Blair - James Alexander Robertson - Edward Gaylord Bourne - -Release Date: June 10, 2018 [EBook #57304] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME 51 *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. @@ -126,7 +91,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS facsimile from original MS. map (in colors), in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 161 Plan showing outer works of Manila, drawn by the engineer - Tomás Sanz; photographic facsimile from original MS. map + Tomás Sanz; photographic facsimile from original MS. map (in colors), in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 193 @@ -165,10 +130,10 @@ news of the war between England and Spain, and the consequent danger to Manila. At his death (August 8, 1806) an officer named Folgueras becomes governor ad interim; he strengthens the fortifications of Manila, and quells a revolt in Ilocos. He is succeeded (March 4, -1810) by the new proprietary governor, González Aguilar, who promotes +1810) by the new proprietary governor, González Aguilar, who promotes cattle-raising in the provinces, quells another insurrection in Ilocos, publishes the first newspaper in Filipinas, and proclaims the Spanish -constitution of 1812. In 1813 arrives his successor, José de Gardoqui, +constitution of 1812. In 1813 arrives his successor, José de Gardoqui, whose rule is by no means easy; for he is opposed by corrupt royal officials, and has to encounter revolts among the Indians caused by the publication of the new Spanish constitution--disturbances which @@ -182,17 +147,17 @@ occurs the first epidemic of cholera morbus, which is unfortunately accompanied by a massacre of the foreigners in Manila, executed by the credulous Indians who have been persuaded by malicious persons that the pest was caused by the foreigners having poisoned the -waters. Martínez, who becomes governor on October 30, 1822, brings +waters. MartÃnez, who becomes governor on October 30, 1822, brings over a number of Spanish officers for the Filipinas regiments; this creates jealousy among the officers who had come from America, which results in a mutiny among them and part of the troops in Manila (June, 1823); this is put down, and the leaders are shot. An expedition is sent against the Moros (1824), which lays waste their shores. -On October 14, 1825, Martínez is replaced by Mariano Ricafort as +On October 14, 1825, MartÃnez is replaced by Mariano Ricafort as governor; the latter is also made chief of the treasury. The parish curacies are, by a royal decree in 1826, restored to the regular -orders. In 1827 the naval bureau is reëstablished at Manila, under +orders. In 1827 the naval bureau is reëstablished at Manila, under Pascual Enrile, who succeeds Ricafort as governor in 1830. (Both these men were among the most illustrious rulers of Filipinas, on account of their ability, uprightness, and zeal for the public welfare.) In 1828 @@ -215,12 +180,12 @@ parish priests. The political disturbances in Spain at this time are reflected in Filipinas, and a strong Carlist faction oppose Governor Camba (who assumes that office in August, 1837), and finally procure his recall to Spain, little more than a year afterward. Under his -successor, Lardizábal, the status of the Chinese in the islands is +successor, Lardizábal, the status of the Chinese in the islands is determined, provision is made for the official censorship of books brought to Filipinas, a school of commerce is established at Manila and various important changes are made in financial and municipal -administration. In February, 1841, Lardizábal is succeeded by Marcelino -de Oráa. +administration. In February, 1841, Lardizábal is succeeded by Marcelino +de Oráa. In 1828 was published at Calcutta an interesting book entitled, Remarks on the Phillippine Islands, 1819 to 1822, "by an Englishman"--as @@ -266,7 +231,7 @@ describes the condition of Philippine commerce, with statistics of 1818; and the difficulties under which it labors--especially the insecurity of property and contracts, the fraudulent dealings of the Chinese merchants; and the neglect of government to prevent smuggling -or to make suitable provision for reëxportation of goods--which have +or to make suitable provision for reëxportation of goods--which have prevented Manila from being one of the great centers of Oriental trade. The second part of these "Remarks" is devoted to Manila; a description @@ -309,7 +274,7 @@ in which the government and the Spanish population of Manila might be safe in any revolution or other dangerous emergency; Manila is not sufficiently fortified for such a purpose. The piracies of the Moros are ruining the islands; the only way to check them is to -conquer Joló and Mindanao with a powerful expedition, and colonize +conquer Joló and Mindanao with a powerful expedition, and colonize them from the Visayas. The Indian villages are often much too large to be properly directed in either spiritual or civil matters, and should be made smaller, with stricter police patrol. Measures should @@ -335,7 +300,7 @@ is pressing necessity for better means of communication with the mother-country, which can best be promoted by encouraging her commerce with Filipinas. The governors and intendants should be obliged to furnish the reports and information about the country which the laws -require; and there should be more coöperation between the governor +require; and there should be more coöperation between the governor and the Audiencia. Private persons of means should be encouraged and aided to undertake the enterprises which the country needs. Various specified abuses in the administration of justice should be corrected; @@ -354,7 +319,7 @@ schedule, carefully classified. The inter-island trade is exclusively in the hands of the alcaldes-mayor and the rich Chinese and mestizos, who should therefore pay a moderate tax on that lucrative commerce. A colonial currency is urgently needed. An account of the management -of the obras pías should be demanded by the government, and those +of the obras pÃas should be demanded by the government, and those funds should be employed in promoting agriculture and industry in the islands. The shipbuilding and mining carried on by the government ought to be furnished by private persons under contract. Agriculture is the @@ -390,7 +355,7 @@ these sessions occurred in the early part of the nineteenth century, one of the most disturbed and critical periods of Spain's national existence. The most important measures of these Cortes concerning the Philippines were, the suppression of the Acapulco-Manila galleon and -the abolition of the privileges formerly granted to the Compañia de +the abolition of the privileges formerly granted to the Compañia de Filipinas. In each of these assemblies efficient representation of the islands was barred by their distance from Spain and the difficulty of communication with that country, while, in general, political @@ -398,7 +363,7 @@ development was very backward. The final ruling, in the Constitution of 1837, by which special laws were devised for the government of Ultramar, appears to have been the only possible solution of the difficulty (at least for the Philippines). Finally, we furnish a list -of the archbishops of Manila during the Spanish régime. +of the archbishops of Manila during the Spanish régime. The Editors. @@ -450,7 +415,7 @@ Under Governor Aguilar the "Ordinances of good government," as revised by Governor Raon in 1768 (for which see VOL. L, pp. 191-264), were reprinted in the year 1801. "On September 8, 1804, Don Fray Juan Antonio Zulaibar, a Dominican, and formerly a professor in -the university of Alcalá, took possession of the archbishopric of +the university of Alcalá, took possession of the archbishopric of Manila." In November following, the governor sent despatches to the king explaining his action in appointing to certain curacies regular instead of secular priests, saying that the latter were seldom @@ -485,7 +450,7 @@ for so long a time noticed in these islanders does not permit in them that steadfastness which is so proper for the priestly character and the difficult office of the care of souls." -"In June, 1805, the Frenchman Félix Renouard de Sainte-Croix was +"In June, 1805, the Frenchman Félix Renouard de Sainte-Croix was commissioned to examine the gold mines in Mambulao (in Camarines); and in his report he explained that various gold mines existed there, with very rich veins, but some were difficult to develop and others @@ -503,7 +468,7 @@ built, and made the police system more efficient; he also did much to promote domestic industries. Aguilar endeavored, throughout his term of office, to check the -incursions of the Moros. The pirates attacked even the coasts of Luzón +incursions of the Moros. The pirates attacked even the coasts of Luzón in 1793, and an expedition sent out against them in December of that year accomplished almost nothing, being too late and ineffective. In the following year the governor called a council of the leading @@ -525,26 +490,26 @@ with extra pay and honors to the crews; and to repair and strengthen all the forts on the coasts liable to attack. Aguilar attempted to open negotiations for peace with the Moro sultans; but these had no effect, the piracies still continuing. In the summer of 1794, a Portuguese -trader of Manila who had carried goods to Joló was treacherously +trader of Manila who had carried goods to Joló was treacherously attacked on his return, when near Iloilo, by the same Moros with -whom he had traded at Joló; but he defended his vessel bravely, and -one of the leading dattos of Joló was killed in the fray. In August, +whom he had traded at Joló; but he defended his vessel bravely, and +one of the leading dattos of Joló was killed in the fray. In August, 1795, two vessels of the Spanish royal navy arrived at Manila, with tidings that the English, again at war with Spain, were planning to occupy the Filipinas Islands; this compelled Aguilar to desist from further proceedings against the Moros, for the time. It was hoped -that Álava and his powerful squadron (who remained at Manila during +that Ãlava and his powerful squadron (who remained at Manila during 1797-1802) might chastise the Moros, but nothing was accomplished in this direction--either through fear of another English invasion, or -because of the disagreements between Aguilar and Álava. [3] On January +because of the disagreements between Aguilar and Ãlava. [3] On January 21, 1798, two English ships attacked the Spanish post at Zamboanga, but were bravely repulsed with much damage to the invaders. In that year a strong force of Moros attacked the village of Baler and others -inland from the eastern coast of Luzón [where now is the province of +inland from the eastern coast of Luzón [where now is the province of Principe], constituting the oldtime missions of Ituy; they devastated these towns, and seized four hundred and fifty captives, among them three parish curas, one of whom was sold by them for 2,500 pesos. These -pirates were established in Burías Island for four years, from which +pirates were established in BurÃas Island for four years, from which center they harried the neighboring coasts. In 1799, the authorities decided that it was more expedient that the warfare with the Moros be carried on by the provincial authorities, with the direction and @@ -552,7 +517,7 @@ aid of the central government; and instructions to this effect were sent to all the alcaldes-mayor. In 1800 Aguilar established friendly and commercial relations with Bandajar, sultan of Borneo; and on November 4, 1805, his governor at Zamboanga, Francisco Bayot, made -a treaty of peace with Mahamad Ali Mudin, sultan of Joló, in which +a treaty of peace with Mahamad Ali Mudin, sultan of Joló, in which the latter agreed to forbid any foreigners to reside in his dominions without the consent of the Spanish government, and in case of war to close his ports to enemies of Spain. In 1804-05 English cruisers were @@ -560,7 +525,7 @@ frequently seen off the coasts of Filipinas, and they even attempted to capture several villages on the Mindanao coast, but were repulsed. On Aguilar's death (August 8, 1806), the rule of the islands was -assumed by the king's lieutenant at Manila, Mariano Fernández de +assumed by the king's lieutenant at Manila, Mariano Fernández de Folgueras; and his first measures were for the defense of Manila, as there were rumors of another attack by the English. In the summer of 1807, there arose a rebellion in the mountains of Ilocos Norte, @@ -581,7 +546,7 @@ ought to support the French interests. Folgueras answered, refusing to accept any such propositions, and would do no more than to return the French prisoners from the captured vessel. -On March 4, 1810, the new proprietary governor Manuel González Aguilar, +On March 4, 1810, the new proprietary governor Manuel González Aguilar, assumed his office. On February 14 preceding, a decree had been issued by the Spanish government granting to all the colonies in America and to Filipinas representation in the Spanish Cortes by deputies @@ -608,7 +573,7 @@ whose chiefs attempted to found a new religion, in behalf of a deity whom they called Lungao; [5] they endeavored to persuade the heathen mountain-dwellers of Cagayan to join them, but the insurrection was quelled promptly by the Spaniards, and the ringleaders put to death. It -was in González Aguilar's time that the Indians were allowed to render +was in González Aguilar's time that the Indians were allowed to render the services required from them for public works on those in their neighborhood. In order to relieve the public anxiety and impatience caused by the dearth of news from the mother-country, the authorities @@ -618,12 +583,12 @@ English publications that came from Bengal. Accordingly, "the first newspaper in Filipinas made its appearance on August 8, 1811," [6] the second number appearing three days later; it was published during the rest of 1811 and part of 1812, and must have ceased for lack of -material. [7] "On account of the war which España was sustaining +material. [7] "On account of the war which España was sustaining against the French invaders, the religious corporations agreed to contribute with their donations toward the expenses of so great an undertaking; the Order of Dominicans gave with that object, in August, 1812, the sum of 36,000 pesos. On March 19 the Constitution of 1812 -was promulgated at Cádiz, and orders were issued that allegiance to +was promulgated at Cádiz, and orders were issued that allegiance to it should be sworn in all the towns of the monarchy. The deputies signed it on the eighteenth, and among the signatures appears that of Don Ventura de los Reyes." The Constitution was solemnly proclaimed @@ -636,7 +601,7 @@ to add to its revenues by pushing in the colonies the sale of bulls of the Crusade. [8] A new governor arrived at Manila assuming command on September 4, -1813; this was José de Gardoqui Jaraveitia, who also had appointment as +1813; this was José de Gardoqui Jaraveitia, who also had appointment as chief of the naval station. This exasperated the treasury officials, for thus the entire naval force was under one head, that sent against the pirates [which Aguilar had stubbornly kept separate from the @@ -644,7 +609,7 @@ naval bureau--see "Events in Filipinas," VOL. L, pp. 23-74] being now taken from their control, with all its opportunities for their personal profit; and they opposed Gardoqui in whatever he proposed or undertook. [9] On February 1, 1814, a fearful eruption occurred in the -volcano Mayón, which partially or wholly destroyed many villages in +volcano Mayón, which partially or wholly destroyed many villages in Albay and Camarines; hot stones, sand, and ashes were poured forth from the crater, and villages were thus set on fire, and their inhabitants killed. The slain numbered 12,000, besides many more seriously injured; @@ -674,14 +639,14 @@ of the renewal of absolutism in Spain, on the return of Fernando VII from his captivity in France; for on May 4, 1814, he issued a decree abolishing the Cortes, and nullifying its acts, and immediately began a course of persecution and condemnation, even to death, of all the -prominent Liberals in the country. He also reëstablished in Spain the +prominent Liberals in the country. He also reëstablished in Spain the Inquisition [10] (which had been abolished by the Cortes on February 22, 1813), and the Society of Jesus. When the royal decrees were received in Filipinas, the Indians believed that they were false, and concocted in Manila; one thousand five hundred Ilocanos seized their arms, and began plundering, killing, and destroying throughout the province. This was mainly, however, a rebellion of the common -people (Tagal, cailianes) against the ruling class, the principalía +people (Tagal, cailianes) against the ruling class, the principalÃa or notables; and the latter finally took arms against the rebels, aiding the Spaniards to suppress the insurrection. On July 20, 1814, a treaty of peace was made between Spain and France. "Gardoqui, by an @@ -698,7 +663,7 @@ year of 1814, there was built in the environs of the town of Laoag parish priest there, Fray Vicente Febras, an Augustinian; and this act is worthy of note, since this was the first establishment of the kind in the provinces of the Archipelago." A royal decree of August -22, 1815, reëstablished the Jesuit order in the Indias and Filipinas; +22, 1815, reëstablished the Jesuit order in the Indias and Filipinas; and another, dated December 11, commanded the seizure in the colonies of various political books and pamphlets, with penalties for their use in schools. After the death of Governor Aguilar, the Moro pirates @@ -707,7 +672,7 @@ attacks on the Spanish territories, and during several years they harassed the latter, taking many captives, and even seizing several vessels, both Spanish and English, on the seas. Governor Raffles, of Java, after the restoration of that island by England to Holland, -proposed to Gardoqui that they coöperate in occupying Joló and +proposed to Gardoqui that they coöperate in occupying Joló and Mindanao; but the Spaniard declined this, protesting against any operations by the English in Spanish territory. "Gardoqui, during his term of office, caused the fortifications of Cavite to be repaired, @@ -729,12 +694,12 @@ disappointment and wounded honor so grieved him that his death soon resulted (December 9, 1816). The command ad interim was again assumed by Folgueras, who held it -during nearly six years. On December 17, 1819, he reëstablished the +during nearly six years. On December 17, 1819, he reëstablished the "Royal Economic Society of Filipinas," as a result of royal orders to that effect issued in 1811 and 1813; and five days later its first session was held, the governor presiding, only two members of the original society being still alive. [11] A month later, it -met again, with sixty new members, and Manuel Bernáldez was chosen +met again, with sixty new members, and Manuel Bernáldez was chosen director of the association; and its new ordinances were approved by the governor on July 24 following. Folgueras, learning that certain immunities and advantages had been granted to Cuba and Puerto Rico for @@ -743,7 +708,7 @@ similar help for Filipinas; the crown decreed an investigation of the subject, but the fulfilment of this was delayed from time to time, so that not until 1848 was even a definite statement and proposal for action in this direction made. [12] (This was done by Rafael -Díaz Arenas, one of the four members of the Economic Society--to +DÃaz Arenas, one of the four members of the Economic Society--to which the investigation had been referred--who had been appointed to prepare the data for a report to the crown; "but we do not know whether the Society accepted his proposal, or whether it reached any @@ -779,7 +744,7 @@ and for this purpose he appointed a commission. [14] In October, 1820, was created the office of general intendant of army and treasury, separate from the superior government; and it was -conferred upon Colonel Luis Urréjola, with a salary of 5,000 pesos. In +conferred upon Colonel Luis Urréjola, with a salary of 5,000 pesos. In May, 1821, the Constitution of 1812 was again proclaimed in Filipinas, only to be again abrogated in 1824, as a result of Fernando VII's triumph (with French aid) over the Liberal party in Spain. "Folgueras @@ -793,8 +758,8 @@ compensation, the creation of the nautical academy was an excellent idea, for its practical results are of great value." "In 1821 appeared the second periodical which was published in the country, entitled El Noticiero Filipino; [15] [i.e., "The Philippine Intelligencer"]; and -in the same year were published two others, El Ramillete Patriótico -["The Patriotic Bouquet"] and La Filantropía ["Philanthropy"]. The +in the same year were published two others, El Ramillete Patriótico +["The Patriotic Bouquet"] and La FilantropÃa ["Philanthropy"]. The life of all was of short duration." Folgueras was replaced by a proprietary governor, Juan Antonio @@ -814,13 +779,13 @@ that the governor became distrustful, and finally discovered that the American officers were plotting and conspiring against authority; he consequently arrested the persons suspected of this intrigue, and sent them to Spain (February 18, 1823)--among them being Luis -Rodríguez Varela, styled El Conde Filipino ["The Filipino Count"]; [16] -and the factor of the Company of Filipinas, José Ortega. Nevertheless, +RodrÃguez Varela, styled El Conde Filipino ["The Filipino Count"]; [16] +and the factor of the Company of Filipinas, José Ortega. Nevertheless, the plots continued, and the authorities sent him who appeared to be -the leader in these, Captain Andrés Novales, to fight the pirates in +the leader in these, Captain Andrés Novales, to fight the pirates in northern Mindanao; he embarked (June 1, 1823), but was driven back by a storm, and immediately he and his accomplices determined to -"declare themselves openly against the authority of España," and set +"declare themselves openly against the authority of España," and set up a government of their own. The insurgents (some eight hundred in number) seized the cabildo house, and incarcerated therein the leading military chiefs and some magistrates; then they murdered Folgueras, @@ -845,20 +810,20 @@ founded a monthly periodical entitled Registro Mercantil [17] ["The Mercantile Register"]. The ravages of the Moro pirates continuing, and becoming each year more -menacing, [18] Martínez sent out an expedition against them (February -29, 1824), which laid waste the shores of Joló and southern Mindanao, +menacing, [18] MartÃnez sent out an expedition against them (February +29, 1824), which laid waste the shores of Joló and southern Mindanao, and killing a considerable number of Moros, among whom were three of -their fiercest and most treacherous dattos. Martínez advocated such +their fiercest and most treacherous dattos. MartÃnez advocated such operations as this, as the only means of stopping the piracies of the Moros. During the period of 1823-29, the Augustinian missionary Fray Bernardo Lago succeeded in reducing to village life and converting more than eight thousand Tinguianes and Igorrots in the province of -Abra, forming the mission of Pidigan. In 1825 Martínez was replaced -by Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca, and departed for Spain; a few +Abra, forming the mission of Pidigan. In 1825 MartÃnez was replaced +by Mariano Ricafort PalacÃn y Abarca, and departed for Spain; a few days after leaving Manila he died, and was buried in Cochinchina. Ricafort assumed office on October 14, 1825, and by royal orders also -took possession of the intendancy of exchequer, although Urréjola +took possession of the intendancy of exchequer, although Urréjola was continued in its charge; but in the following January Ricafort concluded that "this dual command was impossible," and restricted the intendant to certain routine functions, at the same time asking the @@ -875,7 +840,7 @@ municipal funds, and regulating, for the future, expenditures of this sort.) A royal decree of June 8, 1826, ordained that the secularization of parish curacies should cease, and that those ministries should be restored to the religious orders, which was accordingly done. On -September 15 of that year Fray Hilarión Diez, an Augustinian, took +September 15 of that year Fray Hilarión Diez, an Augustinian, took possession of the archbishopric of Manila, replacing Zulaibar, who had died on March 4, 1824. In June a circular letter was sent by Ricafort to the provincial governors, reminding them of the law @@ -884,10 +849,10 @@ to hinder in any way the trade in the products of the provinces, whether by Spaniards, natives, or mestizos, and whether in kind or with money, ordering them to permit trade freely everywhere, without any delays or exactions against those doing business. In 1827 Ricafort -sent an expedition against Joló, which was kept off by the valor of +sent an expedition against Joló, which was kept off by the valor of the Joloans; but the Spaniards burned and ravaged the settlements on the shores of Illana Bay, doing the Moros much damage. In that -same year the Spanish government reëstablished the naval bureau at +same year the Spanish government reëstablished the naval bureau at Manila, independent of the captain-general, and Pascual Enrile was appointed as its chief; he proceeded to reorganize all branches of the service, including that intended to serve against the pirates, @@ -895,7 +860,7 @@ whom he was able to restrain to a great extent; and he constructed several cruisers and other vessels, one of which remained in active service for forty years. He established the jurisdiction of the bureau throughout the archipelago, creating port-captains for Iloilo, Capiz, -Cebú, and Pangasinán. Ever since the insurrection of 1744 in Bohol, +Cebú, and Pangasinán. Ever since the insurrection of 1744 in Bohol, caused by the imprudence of the Jesuit Morales, the insurgents had (under their chief Dagohoy) maintained hostilities, not only against the Spaniards, but even harassing their own countrymen who occupied @@ -920,7 +885,7 @@ be settled by the magistrates as promptly and simply as possible, are not unjust," and that no Indian laborer should be imprisoned for a purely civil debt (save those to the royal exchequer), nor should his animals, tools, lands, or house be seized therefor. The -Spanish minister of the exchequer, Luis López Ballesteros, also took +Spanish minister of the exchequer, Luis López Ballesteros, also took a paternal interest in the islands, and secured royal decrees for the benefit of their industries. One of these (dated April 6, 1828) encouraged the importation into Filipinas of all machinery suitable for @@ -934,7 +899,7 @@ agricultural machinery and implements into Filipinas; and authorized premiums and rewards from the public funds to Filipino farmers who should first make large plantations of coffee, cacao, cinnamon, and cloves, as also to those who should make most progress in the -plantations of Chinese cinnamon [canelón], tea, and mulberry-trees, +plantations of Chinese cinnamon [canelón], tea, and mulberry-trees, and in raising silk, etc. Those who kept in cultivation a certain area of land, and day-laborers who continued to work for a certain number of years, were exempted from paying tributes; and the native @@ -974,8 +939,8 @@ of October 27, 1829, it was provided that the post of superintendent of the exchequer should be filled by the intendant of the army and treasury; accordingly this charge was assumed (September 9, 1830) by Francisco Enriquez, who for two years had been intendant succeeding -Urréjola. In January, 1829, an officer named Guillermo Galvey (whose -duty it was to follow up smugglers in Pangasinán and Ilocos) conducted +Urréjola. In January, 1829, an officer named Guillermo Galvey (whose +duty it was to follow up smugglers in Pangasinán and Ilocos) conducted an expedition into the district of Benguet; an interesting account of this is found in the diary left by him. By royal decree of April 5, 1820 Spanish vessels were permitted to enter British ports just as @@ -995,19 +960,19 @@ the object of its creation." Ricafort was succeeded (December 23, 1830) by Pascual Enrile y Alcedo, a most zealous and able governor. He personally visited the northern -provinces of Luzón, accompanied by his relative and adjutant, José -María Peñaranda (afterward the governor of Albay), a military engineer, +provinces of Luzón, accompanied by his relative and adjutant, José +MarÃa Peñaranda (afterward the governor of Albay), a military engineer, who afterward made journeys and surveys in a large part of the rest of that island; this resulted in carefully prepared itineraries, plans, and maps, which were utilized in the construction of highways and bridges, and the establishment of postal routes, which opened up communication between regions before destitute of such facilities, and sometimes in places heretofore deemed impassable. The navigable -rivers and bayous of Pangasinán were explored and mapped; a highway +rivers and bayous of Pangasinán were explored and mapped; a highway was made in Pampanga which should be safe from the overflow of Lake -Canarem; and explorations were made from east to west in Luzón for +Canarem; and explorations were made from east to west in Luzón for the sake of bringing the shores of the island into communication -with the fertile plains of the interior. On May 14, 1834, Peñaranda +with the fertile plains of the interior. On May 14, 1834, Peñaranda was made corregidor or governor of the province of Albay, "which experienced a complete transformation during his just and beneficent rule. To him it owed its most important roads, bridges, and public @@ -1022,14 +987,14 @@ that in 1833 this Society, in an opinion requested from it by the home government, opposed the establishment of a mint at Manila, and informed Enrile that such institution was at that time unnecessary. In March, 1831, Galvey made an expedition into the country of the Igorrots; -and in the following December, to the district of Bacún. A decree +and in the following December, to the district of Bacún. A decree of May 9, 1831, established a custom-house in Zamboanga, "in order -to prevent the frauds committed by foreigners in the port of Joló, +to prevent the frauds committed by foreigners in the port of Joló, and to facilitate and promote expeditions to that point." A royal decree of April 24, 1832, substituted the garrote for the gallows in capital punishments. Another, dated February 16, 1833, provided for the adjustment and management of the funds belonging to the obras -pías, which charge was entrusted later to a committee composed +pÃas, which charge was entrusted later to a committee composed of the governor of the islands, some of the treasury officials, and the archbishop. [21] The treasury officials, by a decree of July 3, 1833, accepted the proposal of certain persons to establish @@ -1039,7 +1004,7 @@ cent of the value of the tickets which composed each drawing, after furnishing adequate security as a guarantee for the fulfilment of their promise." The exclusive privilege of this lottery was granted to these persons for a period of five years. Enrile created the -Guía de forasteros ["Guide for Strangers"] of Filipinas; it first +GuÃa de forasteros ["Guide for Strangers"] of Filipinas; it first appeared in 1834. Our author reproduces (t. ii, pp. 539, 540) the table of contents of this annual. Fernando VII died on September 29, 1833, and was succeeded by his daughter Isabel II, to be until her @@ -1048,7 +1013,7 @@ quickly followed by the Carlist insurrection, the reactionary party being headed by the young prince Carlos, who was proclaimed king as Carlos V, and civil war ensued, which for seven years stained the soil of Spain with the blood of her own sons. By royal order of -August 10, 1834, the Chinese traders were restricted to the Parián, +August 10, 1834, the Chinese traders were restricted to the Parián, and those Chinese who were allowed to reside in the provinces must devote themselves to agricultural pursuits. Enrile issued an edict on October 1, 1834, removing the special duties imposed on the @@ -1065,7 +1030,7 @@ a light-house to be erected on Corregidor Island. Our writer commends this governor as being "one of the most intelligent and industrious who have ever ruled Filipinas." "To him the country owes material improvements of the utmost value, of so much importance as the great -highways of Luzón, which have facilitated the intercourse between +highways of Luzón, which have facilitated the intercourse between the provinces, bringing them into postal communication, one after another, by means of the mail-routes established by him; and the administration of the colony is indebted to him for regulations and @@ -1086,15 +1051,15 @@ military officer, he immediately proposed plans for the improvement of the military service; but these were checked by his premature death, [22] less than two months after entering on his office. In his place, the command was assumed (April 23) by the officer next -him in rank, Juan Crámer; but he surrendered this office on September +him in rank, Juan Crámer; but he surrendered this office on September 9 following to the new segundo cabo, Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona. The latter, on April 25, 1836, issued an edict that "the plain [sencillas] pesetas coined in the Peninsula should be accepted -[in the islands] at their lawful value of four reals vellón instead +[in the islands] at their lawful value of four reals vellón instead of five, as if they were pillar coins [columnarias]; [23] accordingly they began to circulate, having been recently introduced into the islands." On June 11, 1836, the superintendency of treasury affairs -was assumed by Urréjola in place of Enríquez. [24] On July 28, +was assumed by Urréjola in place of EnrÃquez. [24] On July 28, Salazar found it necessary to issue an edict for the enforcement of the laws which prohibited carrying gunpowder and firearms to the Indias, and selling them in countries hostile to Spain; this @@ -1102,11 +1067,11 @@ referred especially to Moroland, where evidently the pirates had been thus aided by unscrupulous traders to make their raids against the northern islands. Salazar thought that he could restrain those piracies by carrying on commerce with the Moros, and therefore made a -treaty with the sultan of Joló, Mahamad Diamalud Quiram (September 22, +treaty with the sultan of Joló, Mahamad Diamalud Quiram (September 22, 1836), which stipulated "that every three-masted ship which made port -at Joló with Chinese passengers from Manila should pay 2,000 pesos +at Joló with Chinese passengers from Manila should pay 2,000 pesos fuertes, and smaller vessels in proportion to their size;" but "the -most important cargo which went from Manila to Joló never exceeded +most important cargo which went from Manila to Joló never exceeded 2,500 pesos. The Joloan barks which should go to Zamboanga were to pay a duty of one per cent, and those which entered at Manila two per cent; but no Joloan bark was accustomed to go to Manila." The @@ -1120,7 +1085,7 @@ rainy season; they reached that region, and built some forts, but so many of the soldiers were attacked by sickness that the expedition was forced to give up the undertaking and retire, "without any other result than the expenditure of several thousand dollars." [25] -In that same year, Peñaranda conducted with brilliant success an +In that same year, Peñaranda conducted with brilliant success an expedition to dislodge the pirates from Masbate Island, where they had fortified themselves. "Afterward, he established a system of signals in the provinces of the south, to watch the movements of those @@ -1187,7 +1152,7 @@ a provision reiterated by succeeding constitutions. "From that time Filipinas lost its representation in the Cortes." On August 4, 1837, arrived at Manila the new governor of the islands, -Andrés García Camba, a knight of the Order of Santiago. He had already +Andrés GarcÃa Camba, a knight of the Order of Santiago. He had already spent ten years in Filipinas (April, 1825, to March, 1835), and had gone to Spain as the deputy of Manila to the Cortes, an honor twice again conferred upon him. He was received with the utmost enthusiasm, @@ -1208,7 +1173,7 @@ but had gone to Manila instead, and were not only unmolested there, but visited and entertained by many of the most prominent people of the city, and especially by the ecclesiastical element. Camba found that Carlist reunions were being held in the convents of San Juan -de Dios and Santo Domingo, and that even the archbishop, [Fray José +de Dios and Santo Domingo, and that even the archbishop, [Fray José Segui] was an avowed adherent of the Pretender; the governor tried to conciliate the disaffected, but with little success, since the clergy, the Audiencia, and many influential persons, both citizens and @@ -1222,7 +1187,7 @@ the interests of the islands, and his patience with his opponents, they exerted so much influence and carried on so many intrigues against him, not only in Manila but at Madrid, that they procured his recall to Spain; [29] and on December 29, 1838, he surrendered the governorship -to his successor, Luis Lardizábal y Montoya. Notwithstanding the +to his successor, Luis Lardizábal y Montoya. Notwithstanding the obstacles and difficulties which Camba continually encountered, he accomplished some important improvements in the administration, [30] the chief of these being the reorganization of the postal service, @@ -1230,7 +1195,7 @@ which from 1838 was conducted under one bureau and on modern lines; he improved the means of communication between the provinces, and pushed forward the reduction of the heathen tribes. He informed the Spanish government that the attempts to make treaties and alliances -with the sultans of Joló were of no use in bringing any permanent or +with the sultans of Joló were of no use in bringing any permanent or substantial advantage to Spanish navigation and commerce. In 1837 was published the Flora de Filipinas of the Augustinian Fray Manuel Blanco, the first attempt to form a compendium of Philippine botany. [31] @@ -1242,7 +1207,7 @@ Ricafort and Enrile." A royal order of November 16, 1838, had prohibited the holding of provincial chapter-sessions in Filipinas; the Recollect procurator at Madrid remonstrated with the government against this, and the matter -was referred to the governor and archbishop of Manila. Lardizábal +was referred to the governor and archbishop of Manila. Lardizábal decided that the chapters should meet, and that the senior auditor of the Audiencia should attend those sessions, as the representative of the vice-regal patron. By a decree of August 31, the governor @@ -1251,7 +1216,7 @@ regulated the status of the Chinese in the islands. They were and permanent residents. They were allowed to choose the occupation which best suited them, without any restriction. The resident Chinese who should be arrested [as being] without official permit -[cédula] or passport were condemned to labor on the public works; +[cédula] or passport were condemned to labor on the public works; and deportation to Zamboanga, Misamis, Paragua, and Calamianes was decreed for all those who were serving a prison term for failure to pay their capitation-tax, in both Manila and Cavite, with the object @@ -1269,7 +1234,7 @@ contain principles, opinions, or doctrines opposed to the rights of the legitimate government or to the religion of the State, it shall be not only seized but reshipped." [33] On July 15, 1840, was opened the School of Commerce, established at the request of the Board [Junta] -of Commerce. "On November 11 Lardizábal repeated Ricafort's edict of +of Commerce. "On November 11 Lardizábal repeated Ricafort's edict of 1828, prohibiting foreigners from selling merchandise at retail and entering the provinces to trade." At the end of this year important changes were made in the administration of financial affairs, all @@ -1281,13 +1246,13 @@ supervision was introduced the system of bookkeeping by double entry, which had been established in the royal accountancy of the exchequer in 1839. The governor also issued instructions for more careful and accurate accounting being made of municipal property and local imposts, -in order to prevent abuses and waste of funds. Lardizábal was soon +in order to prevent abuses and waste of funds. Lardizábal was soon weary of his command, although faithful to his duties while governor, and so earnestly entreated the home government to allow him to return to Spain that finally he gained this permission; and he departed on that voyage (February, 1841), only to die a few days after leaving Manila; he was buried on an islet near Java. He was succeeded by -Marcelino de Oráa Lecumberri. +Marcelino de Oráa Lecumberri. @@ -1363,9 +1328,9 @@ examine them, having from various causes failed, or only extended to a short distance round the capital. [37] The climate of these islands is remarkably temperate and -salubrious. The thermometer in Manila is sometimes as low as 70°, -and rarely exceeds 90° in the house during the N. E. monsoon. In -the interior it is sometimes as low as 68° in the mornings, which +salubrious. The thermometer in Manila is sometimes as low as 70°, +and rarely exceeds 90° in the house during the N. E. monsoon. In +the interior it is sometimes as low as 68° in the mornings, which are remarkably cool, so much so as to require at time$ woolen clothing. None of the mountains are within the limits of perpetual congelation; but I think some cannot be far from it, as I have seen @@ -1375,7 +1340,7 @@ be higher ones in the interior of Magindanao. [38] Both natives and Spaniards live to a tolerable age, in spite of the indolent habits of the latter, and the debauches of both. The Spaniards are most commonly carried off by chronic dysentery, which is -called by them "la enfermedád del pays" (the illness of the country): +called by them "la enfermedád del pays" (the illness of the country): from its very frequent occurrence, at least 7 out of 10 of those who exceed the age of 40, fall victims to this disorder. [39] Acute liver complaints are very rare, as is also the chronic affection of that @@ -1877,7 +1842,7 @@ impose small contributions of money or labour for local objects, such as repairs of roads, &c. &c. They also have the power of inflicting slight punishments on the refractory. To them is also confided the collection of the capitation or poll-tax, which is done by dividing the -population of the town or village into tens, each of which has a Cabeça +population of the town or village into tens, each of which has a Cabeça (or head), who is exempt from tribute himself, but answerable for the amount of the ten under him. This tax is then paid to the Alcalde or Corregidor, and from him to the treasury. The Mestizos and Chinese @@ -2682,7 +2647,7 @@ there is no certainty. Sulphur is found in the neighbourhood of the volcanoes in considerable quantities, and is an article of export to Bengal and other places: -the principal part of it is collected on the island of Leyté, which is +the principal part of it is collected on the island of Leyté, which is next to Samar on the south side of the strait of St. Bernardino. It is collected on the edges of numerous small apertures, which emit at times flames and smoke. These are situated in an extensive plain @@ -2993,7 +2958,7 @@ MANILA Manila, [122] the capital of the "kingdom of the Phillippines," [123] -in lat. 14° 26' N. and long. 121° 3' East of Greenwich, is situated +in lat. 14° 26' N. and long. 121° 3' East of Greenwich, is situated on the eastern side of an extensive bay in the western coast of the island Luzon, or Luconia, as it is sometimes called. It is a captain general-ship (not a viceroyalty), and archbishopric, and the seat of @@ -3031,7 +2996,7 @@ on this side is the river, [124] the current of which is always rapid. Over it is a neat but narrow stone bridge of ten arches, which joins the city at its northern angle to the suburbs. On the city side of the bridge is a square tower, with an archway pierced through it, -and with embrasures on the top. This is intended as a "tête de pont;" +and with embrasures on the top. This is intended as a "tête de pont;" but it is too small for any effective purpose, and, like the bastions on this face, resembles a military plaything; and this defect is the more striking, as the fortifications, from this angle on the land @@ -3523,7 +3488,7 @@ peremptory necessity of completing the military corps and protecting the service than on account of their fitness, military spirit, or appreciation of the confidence and honor which the king bestows on them. Such sentiments they can never possess until they undergo a -rigid training moral and political, in the colleges of España. This +rigid training moral and political, in the colleges of España. This mental divergence, and the natural contrariety of their temperaments, so mischievous in the ordinary service of military bodies, are much more lamentable in the crisis of a revolution. The officers of the @@ -3551,7 +3516,7 @@ Indian. [The writer states that even these non-commissioned officers were formerly always Spaniards; [141]] the appointment of Indians to these posts has been only in these last years, in which a system of commerce which entirely separated those islands from their center of -government has rendered impossible the despatch of reënforcements, +government has rendered impossible the despatch of reënforcements, so necessary to those islands. From that very time may be noted much laxity in the military service and discipline; and I have witnessed the insurrections and disorders which never were known in former days. In @@ -3622,11 +3587,11 @@ of the Filipino Indian is the most efficacious for disconcerting, in its origin or progress, any plan for conspiring or taking by surprise. [In such a point of vantage, the government can use measures of policy,] which in revolutions are more effective than arms for -reëstablishing order, without leaving in the minds of the people, +reëstablishing order, without leaving in the minds of the people, as war does, deep feelings of resentment at being repressed; and the partial revolutions in the provinces will be always broken--as thus -far have been those of Ilocos, Cebú, Bataan, and others--by the zeal -and sagacity of the European religious and coöperation of the civil +far have been those of Ilocos, Cebú, Bataan, and others--by the zeal +and sagacity of the European religious and coöperation of the civil employees of the king. In such a crisis, the principle is, to disunite sagaciously the opinions and feelings of the people; and repression by force only unites them. [If the military forces, the forts, and the @@ -3817,7 +3782,7 @@ troops, and cannon supported by the Spaniards make a heavy burden of expense on the treasury and on the people; and the amount thus spent in half a dozen years is enough to equip a strong naval expedition which could humble the insolence of the pirates. In view of this, -and of the importance of Joló--which is the headquarters of the +and of the importance of Joló--which is the headquarters of the Moro pirates and of their government, and the general market for the Christian slaves and property which they carry away--Bernaldez advocates the immediate conquest of that island, and its repopulation @@ -4186,7 +4151,7 @@ boletas of that vessel, their only means of making a living. [Bernaldez declares that these European Spaniards, "there abandoned, as it were, to the mercy of charity, or to vices," are not only useless but dangerous to the country; that among them revolutions -are born; that it is for the best interests of España to retain +are born; that it is for the best interests of España to retain her population at home, and, while furnishing means for Spaniards to enrich themselves in the colonies or their trade, to attract to the mother country all possible wealth and capital, not allowing her @@ -4215,10 +4180,10 @@ condition of leaving the country with his wife. No European adventurer or idler should be allowed to remain in the islands unless he proffer sufficient security for his good conduct and occupation; he may then remain not longer than ten years; otherwise, he should be at once sent -back whence he came. Every ship should carry back to España as many +back whence he came. Every ship should carry back to España as many Spaniards as it brought to the islands; and European Spaniards should not be allowed to remain in Filipinas more than ten years, after which -they should be compelled to return with their families to España.] +they should be compelled to return with their families to España.] @@ -4273,7 +4238,7 @@ best order and discipline until, in the year '23, those officers were added to them who accompanied General Martinez--of some of whom, according to the documents which were executed for my court, their appointment to the Indias, with their scandalous conduct, looks -like a proof that in España there was neither religion, morality, +like a proof that in España there was neither religion, morality, nor subordination. [Bernaldez urges that certain qualifications be required for office in Filipinas; the governors should be members of learned bodies, and excel in discretion and ability, and in the art @@ -4312,23 +4277,23 @@ Of the despatch of assistance to the Filipinas Islands [This section is devoted to the evils resulting from the remoteness of the islands, and the neglect of providing them with facilities -for communication with España; it is necessary, if the government +for communication with España; it is necessary, if the government desires to keep the islands; to remedy this deficiency at once, for their material prosperity, the administration of justice, their safety from enemies, their loyalty to the crown--all are at great risk under present conditions. "The establishment of postal service in vessels of the royal armada would be a most burdensome expense -to the treasury of España and to that of Filipinas. Unfortunately, +to the treasury of España and to that of Filipinas. Unfortunately, previous to the royal decree of 1820 in regard to the commerce of Filipinas, in the long period of forty years only twenty trading ships have gone to those islands, leaving them without assistance or communication during the long space of three, four, five, or [even] seven years." However, this can be remedied, and without expense, by suitable measures for the promotion of commerce between the islands -and España, "an attempt at which has been made in these last six +and España, "an attempt at which has been made in these last six years, during which time more expeditions direct to Filipinas have been effected than in the preceding forty years--that is, sixteen -from Cadiz, three from Santander, Coruña, and San Sebastian, and five +from Cadiz, three from Santander, Coruña, and San Sebastian, and five whose return is now expected."] @@ -4350,7 +4315,7 @@ intendants by the laws of the Indias. Essential as this requirement is, it has always been neglected.] What those officials sometimes write, when questioned about these matters, are but generalities; their reports and information are reduced to how much has been -produced and how much spent, in the résumé of the royal exchequer +produced and how much spent, in the résumé of the royal exchequer accounts. Thus it is not known with what necessity and justice certain extraordinary expenses have been incurred, what number of employees the king has in that colony, what causes have occasioned the increase or @@ -4451,7 +4416,7 @@ and they made agreements, placed limits to the villages, furnished a sort of municipal ordinance, and protected the natives against the oppressions of the alcaldes-mayor. Notwithstanding my high opinion of that tribunal, I regard as very proper the provisions of law xxxiv, -título ii, book ii of the laws of the Indias in regard to the removal +tÃtulo ii, book ii of the laws of the Indias in regard to the removal and promotion of its ministers, basing my opinion on the same arguments as did the law--that is, that it is very desirable not only to reward them, but to uproot them from the friendships which they contract @@ -4531,7 +4496,7 @@ other means of communication than the barks of the alcalde. But now, when the coasting trade has become so general, it is a necessity to abolish, in most of the provinces of the islands, that absurd system of trading alcaldes; and to appoint in their places corregidors, lawyers -educated in España, with only a salary, and the charge of making +educated in España, with only a salary, and the charge of making collections for the royal revenue, with the right to the offices in the Audiencia there. This increase in expenditure should be covered by the duties which ought to be imposed on the coasting trade, which @@ -4543,7 +4508,7 @@ the study of those regions hitherto unknown, plans of reform, and the encouragement of industry and commerce among the people--not forgetting to preserve friendly relations with the parish priests. He recommends that seventeen of the provinces in the islands of Luzon, Panay, and -Cebú be divided into corregidorships, eight into those of the first +Cebú be divided into corregidorships, eight into those of the first class, and nine into those of the second, with specified salaries to each; that appointments to these posts be made for six years; and that corregidors of the first class be proposed by the Audiencia.] @@ -4607,7 +4572,7 @@ from their industries, in order to give at the same time a great impulse to commerce. This is not a paradox, for the use of tobacco is of so prime necessity for the Indians that the same calculation can be made for that object that would be made for the use of bread -in España. [Bernaldez considers the injurious effects of enforcing +in España. [Bernaldez considers the injurious effects of enforcing this monopoly in only a part of the islands--"although more than half the population is today subject to the monopoly, its income is only one-tenth of what, at a reasonable estimate, it ought to be"--and @@ -4624,7 +4589,7 @@ before a board which the government there shall appoint annually, composed of officials from the capital who are most trustworthy and intelligent in that branch of administration, such tobacco as proves to be unfit for use being burned in their presence. That all the -tobacco which can be collected in Filipinas be conveyed to España, by +tobacco which can be collected in Filipinas be conveyed to España, by means of contracts with private persons for the freighting of ships; and with it the amount which can be remitted from the [different] branches of the royal exchequer, and the annual surplus of their funds. @@ -4773,7 +4738,7 @@ cast iron, dry beans, and foreign paper, which should pay twenty and twenty-five per cent respectively. Goods, whether national or foreign, not declared as in transit at leaving Manila shall pay two and four per cent respectively; but those registered on a Spanish ship from India, -China, and all Asia for España, ten per cent. Coined silver and gold, +China, and all Asia for España, ten per cent. Coined silver and gold, and silver bullion, shall pay no entrance duty at Manila, but on leaving that port shall pay three and six per cent respectively; and foreign gold in bullion shall pay eight per cent at entering @@ -4813,7 +4778,7 @@ three years of holding them they allow [the making of] a fortune; and also that the class of mestizos and Chinese is the only one that is sure of becoming rich in Filipinas.... The result is, that with the exception of the great fortunes which in other times were made in -the privileged commerce of Nueva España, it is this [coasting trade] +the privileged commerce of Nueva España, it is this [coasting trade] from which have proceeded the fortunes of Manila. [This branch of trade is exempt from all duties, a privilege which does not benefit either the agriculture or the other industries of the Indians, since they @@ -4835,7 +4800,7 @@ from the time when this law shall go into effect, the power which the municipality of Manila has to tax the value of the provisions which come from the provinces shall be suppressed. The exemption from duties will tend, in regard to the provinces of Luzon, to encourage in -that island preëminently, as is desirable, agriculture and industry, +that island preëminently, as is desirable, agriculture and industry, and at the same time will save to the custom-house the new expenses which it would [otherwise] have to incur for establishing posts and men to guard against smuggling. @@ -4852,7 +4817,7 @@ a colonial money, which on account of its provisional value cannot be taken out of the country, and, being directed into the internal commerce of the province, feeds and multiplies exchanges. In Filipinas there was no need of adopting that measure while its commerce with -Nueva España lasted, because then those islands were receiving annually +Nueva España lasted, because then those islands were receiving annually a million of Mexican pesos, and the situado of two hundred and fifty thousand; and, besides this, the business that was carried on during that period in the natural and industrial products of the country @@ -4944,19 +4909,19 @@ in which precautions are taken against any fraud in this matter. Of the charitable funds established in Filipinas -[The obras pías merit full attention from the government,] on account +[The obras pÃas merit full attention from the government,] on account of the advantages which the agriculture and industry of the islands may gain from them. If the limited and privileged dealings of Manila -with Nueva España had not been reduced to a merely passive commerce +with Nueva España had not been reduced to a merely passive commerce of transfer or transportation, those foundations would, at the same time while they have become wealthy, have given real opulence to that commerce. Of the enormous profit of two hundred and three hundred per cent which the transactions of the galleon yielded at Acapulco, the greater part was for the foreign dealers of India and China, whose wares supplied almost all the lading of the galleons, and for -the obras pías; a greatly reduced profit remained for the Manila +the obras pÃas; a greatly reduced profit remained for the Manila merchants, which could be shown by a calculation which might be made -of the many millions imported from Nueva España by the galleons, and +of the many millions imported from Nueva España by the galleons, and of the comparatively small value, in money or assistance, which has remained [therefrom] in the islands. [The returns from these funds are now greatly diminished, since the cessation of the Acapulco trade, @@ -4981,7 +4946,7 @@ the welfare of the islands. That the funds in the communal treasuries of the Indians and the Chinese, those of the secular revenues, [151] and any others which are not subject to private foundations and regulations, and which hitherto have followed in their investments the -rules of the obras pías, shall be by preference set aside for rewards +rules of the obras pÃas, shall be by preference set aside for rewards bestowed for enterprises in agriculture, industry, and inter-island trade. Thus will be remedied the injury arising from the failure of those great funds to be in circulation; and the abuse of employing @@ -5023,7 +4988,7 @@ construction of ships and cannon, and the introduction of machinery for mining and iron-working. That arrangements be made for building war-ships each year, by contracts for the supply of timber and the manual labor. That competent engineers and constructors be sent from -España, at good salaries; that necessary supplies and materials be +España, at good salaries; that necessary supplies and materials be secured by contracts, bid for in public; and that funds from the royal exchequer be set aside for this purpose to the amount of one hundred thousand to one hundred and fifty thousand pesos annually. That all the @@ -5092,12 +5057,12 @@ for reasons that are rightful and conformable to sound policy (as I have set forth), the residence of foreigners in the islands ought not to be permitted, I find no other means than this, that the government encourage, by judicious measures, the direct and unlimited commerce of -España with that colony--of which I shall speak in another chapter, +España with that colony--of which I shall speak in another chapter, [presenting] the rough sketch of a plan which ought to produce the following effects: (a) The definite and reliable annual exportation from those islands, not only of the great quantity of sugar, indigo, coffee, and other native products which are needed in the ordinary -consumption of España, but of that which Spanish commerce can dispose +consumption of España, but of that which Spanish commerce can dispose of in the other nations and free ports of Europa. (b) The establishment of Spanish trading posts [factorias] in the interior of the provinces of Filipinas, which the Spanish mercantile interests will carry on @@ -5110,7 +5075,7 @@ number of years. of great agricultural establishments. One of the causes for this is the fact that the capital of the islands, which ought to be employed for that object, has been diverted by the commerce of India, China, -and Nueva España, which offers greater and quicker profits. The +and Nueva España, which offers greater and quicker profits. The religious orders administer their estates as in mortmain, or by ecclesiastical rules. The Indians cultivate, not from inclination but through necessity, the little plots of ground on which they have @@ -5152,11 +5117,11 @@ is unquestionable that when that privilege ceases that commerce will likewise come to a complete stop. For if from the twenty-four silver reals, the highest price at which an arroba of the Manila sugar can be sold, be deducted for duties eight reals and twenty-seven -maravedís, the trader will receive a price of only nineteen silver +maravedÃs, the trader will receive a price of only nineteen silver reals, five cuartos; subtracting from this the fourteen and one-half reals of the prime cost at Manila (according to the latest information received), and the only profit left to him would be four reals, three -maravedís--with which it is absolutely impossible for him to pay either +maravedÃs--with which it is absolutely impossible for him to pay either the heavy freight charges on that commodity, or the interest on money and the insurance premiums, on a voyage three times as long as that from Habana. The low price [of sugar] in the market has no other cause @@ -5215,7 +5180,7 @@ also they are passionately fond of cockfighting and spectacles of all sorts, and of office-holding; and if these characteristics are considered in the policy of the government much can be done to make them industrious. Bernaldez recommends: That a system of direct, -unlimited, and regular commerce be established between España and +unlimited, and regular commerce be established between España and Filipinas, for the purpose of maintaining a reliable and definite annual exportation of the latter's products. That agricultural establishments be protected by the government, being allowed @@ -5306,7 +5271,7 @@ to the value of $300,000, nearly all of which sum they carry back to their own country in cash. The Armenians of India and the Chinese had likewise the control, from the time of the conquest of the islands, of importing into them annually the enormous quantity of small cotton -articles [pañuelos] and ordinary cambayas which the natives of the +articles [pañuelos] and ordinary cambayas which the natives of the country consume, until intercourse with those coasts was interrupted in the late war with Inglaterra. Then necessity and the high price of those goods induced the natives of Filipinas to manufacture them, @@ -5355,9 +5320,9 @@ it." Moreover, a new and important line of goods would be added to the exports of Filipinas in these fine cotton fabrics, which would be equal to those of India and even cheaper; while the islands can always supply their own coarse cottons much more cheaply than these -can be manufactured in España, an industry which should therefore be +can be manufactured in España, an industry which should therefore be fostered in Filipinas. These coarse commodities could thus be supplied -also to España, more cheaply than they can be manufactured there; +also to España, more cheaply than they can be manufactured there; thus Spanish commerce would be liberated from its present dependence upon foreign countries for them, and the money paid for them would instead go into the hands of Spaniards, in Spanish possessions. To @@ -5377,7 +5342,7 @@ and merchants.] Of the means for establishing regular communication and frequent -and permanent mercantile relations between España and the Filipinas +and permanent mercantile relations between España and the Filipinas Islands. [The writer urges the necessity of more interest and care for the needs @@ -5395,7 +5360,7 @@ unite to carry on this work, partly for their own profit, partly as a matter of patriotism. "The Filipinas Islands ought to be the center of the Spanish government's power in Asia, the great market for Spanish commerce," and the source of enormous revenues to the Spanish treasury; -they should be to España what India is to England, and are even more +they should be to España what India is to England, and are even more capable, by their natural endowments, of being a source of power and opulence to the mother country. Spanish commerce is being greatly injured by the restrictions laid upon trade with the countries of Asia, @@ -5411,7 +5376,7 @@ colonies, while he censures Spain's negligence and folly in regard to Filipinas, and her apathy in allowing foreign nations to seize her commerce. The royal decree of January 10, 1820, although aiding Philippine commerce only as a temporary measure, has already done much -for the islands; their commerce with España has placed in circulation +for the islands; their commerce with España has placed in circulation considerable quantities of capital, and has increased the products of agriculture and the exportation of these from Manila to such a degree that their value has risen to almost double what it was before. This @@ -5434,7 +5399,7 @@ latter of these is not practicable for the sole lading of a vessel; while if the sugar crop should fail, those merchants are left without other resource, to say nothing of the uncertainty in prices caused by that in the number of foreign customers who will arrive at Manila. The -Spanish government, therefore, "should open to the commerce of España +Spanish government, therefore, "should open to the commerce of España with Filipinas a wider range of objects in all the productions of India and China, both natural and industrial, in which commerce can engage in speculation and with which it can furnish cargoes for its ships;" @@ -5447,7 +5412,7 @@ on foreign goods carried by them a duty of ten per cent be paid, and five per cent on arrival at Manila. That returns from these consignments which consist in products of Filipinas shall be free from any duties or imposts whatsoever, at either end of the voyage -or on their circulation in España. That ships may complete their +or on their circulation in España. That ships may complete their cargoes at Manila, if they wish, with any products of India, China, and other Asiatic countries, to the extent of 30 toneladas of lading for every 100 toneladas of Philippine products carried in the vessel; @@ -5457,13 +5422,13 @@ at Manila as shown by the official registers. Any ship-owner who shall have carried only Spanish goods to Filipinas and Philippine products on the return trip shall be given the right to make another voyage to the ports of India or China, carrying the goods most suitable -for those markets and returning to España with white cotton stuffs +for those markets and returning to España with white cotton stuffs and other goods at their pleasure. In these latter voyages, Spanish products carried to Asia shall be exempt from all duties; and foreign products carried thither shall pay a duty of ten per cent on the values -in the general tariffs; and Asiatic goods brought back to España shall +in the general tariffs; and Asiatic goods brought back to España shall pay the same rate on the first cost in Asia, as shown by the original -invoices. That silver may be freely exported from España for all these +invoices. That silver may be freely exported from España for all these trading expeditions, by paying two per cent. And that the shipments of moneys due from the colonial revenues to the Spanish government be made through the Spanish ships which shall be at Manila at the @@ -5498,7 +5463,7 @@ laws, and philosophy should, I am forced to say, be abolished, on account of the abuse which is made of the knowledge gained in those branches of learning; and in their places be substituted chairs of agriculture, botany, mineralogy, arts, and commerce--throwing open -the colleges and universities of España to the natives of Filipinas +the colleges and universities of España to the natives of Filipinas who desire to cultivate the former branches. In the laws which regulate law-suits, in the tariffs, in the penalties--in short, in all which has been adopted from other countries and another condition @@ -5531,7 +5496,7 @@ antagonize the security and progress of the Filipinas Islands; and your Excellency will recognize, by the irrefutable facts which I have here set down, that in that colony there exist the elements necessary for it to render itself prosperous, and to distribute -its wealth throughout España, increasing the glory and power of her +its wealth throughout España, increasing the glory and power of her sovereign. Your Excellency desires radical measures of reform, and solidly-grounded plans for prosperity, because you recognize that this is the great art of government and of political economy. I have @@ -5559,7 +5524,7 @@ MANUEL BERNALDEZ PIZARRO -[Here follows a "résumé of the measures proposed in this memorial," +[Here follows a "résumé of the measures proposed in this memorial," which we have already presented by sections, at the end of each subject treated. At the end is a list of the items of estimated increase in the public revenues of the islands provided the reforms advocated by @@ -5574,9 +5539,9 @@ observation, being actively engaged in commerce from Manila throughout the Philippine archipelago, in China, in all the foreign colonies of India, and on the Pacific coasts of America; and that he has written this paper "in the short time since he knew the charge given -to Señor Bernaldez." He sends it to the minister to be laid before +to Señor Bernaldez." He sends it to the minister to be laid before "the junta extraordinaria (or special committee) which at that time -was considering the judicious informatory report of the auditor Señor +was considering the judicious informatory report of the auditor Señor Bernaldez Folgueras in regard to the protection and preservation of the Filipinas Islands;" and he offers to appear before the committee in person, to give any further information or explanation which may @@ -5593,7 +5558,7 @@ and recommending that the Spanish government remedy the abuses and negligence displayed in the administration of the colony, and the enormous and extravagant expenditure of funds in the wars against those pirates. This latter could be ended by effecting the conquest -of Joló, Mindanao, and other centers of piracy, and establishing +of Joló, Mindanao, and other centers of piracy, and establishing therein military and agricultural colonies of Visayans; this, and the development of the natural resources of those islands, would stop piracy and add much to the colonial revenues. Following @@ -5605,7 +5570,7 @@ needs not to be supplemented by slave labor, which fortunately has been kept out of the islands. This and other industries there can be promoted at the same time, by proper measures. The preservation of the colony cannot be left to the Indians, and six thousand men from -España, selected carefully, should be sent to Filipinas as soldiers +España, selected carefully, should be sent to Filipinas as soldiers and colonists, lands being bestowed on them; and with them should come commissioners of high standing and integrity to reform abuses in the colony and take measures for its benefit. Banks should be @@ -5659,7 +5624,7 @@ authority to direct the affairs of the former independently.] [The writer proceeds to describe the character of the Tagalog natives, which he paints in gloomy colors.] It is impossible to define either -the character of these Tagálos, or their morality--although it can be +the character of these Tagálos, or their morality--although it can be said that they have none; for, although in outward appearance they profess the Catholic religion, inwardly and in their actions they manifest that they follow no religion. The zeal with which the first @@ -5669,7 +5634,7 @@ of our kings has not ceased to send to those regions has been of no avail, except to make of their neophytes, instead of true Catholics and useful members of society, a new species of men, who unite the slothfulness of the savages to the vices of civilized peoples. Thus -it is that the Tagálos are fickle, vagabonds, full of superstitions, +it is that the Tagálos are fickle, vagabonds, full of superstitions, assassins, liars, licentious but without love, adroit thieves; and, in one word, they do not respect even the most sacred of the laws, divine or human. They lose no opportunity to make mischief among the @@ -5705,7 +5670,7 @@ knows of it, obtain any satisfaction from them. The capital and its environs are the refuge of the more perverse, who migrate from the provinces and from their villages, in order not to work and to relieve themselves from paying the tribute. There they devote themselves to -studies in the colleges of Santo Tomas, San José, and San Juan de +studies in the colleges of Santo Tomas, San José, and San Juan de Letran, making progress in a short time, and deceiving the professors with their apparent ingenuousness; at the same time they are occupied as servants to the Spaniards and foreigners, but only nominally, since @@ -5729,7 +5694,7 @@ only among private persons; for there have been persons in authority who have experienced in their own houses similar acts of insolence from these vicious and immoral neophytes. After these evil deeds, they disappear, as I have said; and in a very short time they are -seen returning from Ilocos, Camarines, and Cebú, ordained as clerics, +seen returning from Ilocos, Camarines, and Cebú, ordained as clerics, with what sort of character may be understood--now cleansed from all their crimes, and absolved from guilt and penalty, to continue their studies in the colleges. Thus they graduate as bachelors and doctors, @@ -5765,24 +5730,24 @@ the entrances and roads are full of gibbets on which men from Manila are hanged, for a warning; but, seeing that this had no effect, all the owners and captains of merchant ships have been compelled by law not to receive on their vessels more than four or six of these -Indians." The Tagálos are free with their money, and readily lend to +Indians." The Tagálos are free with their money, and readily lend to any European whatever they may possess. They take great care of their fighting cocks ("who are for them actual idols"), are very temperate in eating and drinking, and are never seen intoxicated. They are often devoted to agricultural labor, and will do well in it when they are supplied with better methods and appliances.] -[Some account is given of the Negritos and other wild tribes of Luzón; +[Some account is given of the Negritos and other wild tribes of Luzón; and it is stated that any colonist who wishes to settle among them will be able to succeed in any agricultural or other enterprise which he may undertake, if he will obtain the consent of the chiefs, pay the savages whom he may employ exactly what he has agreed to give, and not annoy them with matters of religion. As for the civilized -Tagálos, their women are entirely different from the men; they are +Tagálos, their women are entirely different from the men; they are kind, hospitable, and industrious, and, although coquettish, are very modest and decorous in behavior. They sow the rice, and gather all the crops; roll cigars, and weave beautiful fabrics of cotton -and abacá; and embroider beautifully, besides making hats, mats, and +and abacá; and embroider beautifully, besides making hats, mats, and many other articles. In fine, "if it were possible to put an end to all the men and leave only the women, or rather unite them to other men who would possess their good qualities and think as they do, @@ -5813,7 +5778,7 @@ directions are given for the selection of land, the supply of water, cattle-raising, making of plantations, protection against storms, etc. An interesting account is given of the Chinese in Filipinas, their trade, relations with the Spaniards, the abuses in these, -the hatred felt toward them by the Tagálos (resulting mainly from +the hatred felt toward them by the Tagálos (resulting mainly from the illicit relations of the Chinese with the Indian women), their mode of life, etc.; they should be compelled to devote themselves only to agriculture and the useful arts, and to abandon commerce and @@ -5826,7 +5791,7 @@ of agricultural products, and have enriched both themselves and the Dutch; if they had been thus treated in Filipinas, that country would now be as prosperous and wealthy as are the Dutch colonies, and its trade would be as rich and extensive as that of the Dutch. As it is, -enormous sums of money have been carried to Filipinas from España, and +enormous sums of money have been carried to Filipinas from España, and spent in the islands, with hardly any return to the mother country; and the greater part of this wealth has been absorbed by the trade with China, and has been stored away in that country.] @@ -5896,7 +5861,7 @@ from notes made by James A. LeRoy from Diario de las sessiones de las Cortes generales y extraordinarias, and other sources, and kindly sent by him to the Editors. For the first Cortes see also Montero y Vidal, Historia general, ii, pp. 388-390, 392, 396-398, 400-409, -411-413,422-435, and Guia oficial de España, 1813, pp. 21, 22, where +411-413,422-435, and Guia oficial de España, 1813, pp. 21, 22, where the Philippine deputies are named. For the second Cortes, see also Montero y Vidal, ut supra, ii, pp. 444-452, 457-462, 476-481. For the third Cortes, see Montero y Vidal, ut supra, ii, pp. 544, 545, @@ -5924,23 +5889,23 @@ a provisional government known as the central governing assembly (Junta central), with headquarters in the south. This Junta, taking the necessary steps for the reorganization of government, and the calling of a Cortes, proceeded, on June 25, 1809, to rehabilitate the -old Consejo de España, and on January 29, 1810, to constitute the +old Consejo de España, and on January 29, 1810, to constitute the supreme Consejo de Regencia. The delegates to the first session of the Cortes, for which final orders were issued by decree of June 18, 1810, and in which, by a decree of January 22, 1829, all the Spanish domain was to have equality of representation, assembled on the island -of León during the month of August, 1810. On account of the distance +of León during the month of August, 1810. On account of the distance of the American countries and the Philippines and the impossibility of regularly-appointed delegates reaching Spain in time for the opening of the session, substitutes were chosen from residents of those countries then in the Peninsula. Consequently, at the opening of the Cortes, -September 24, 1810, the Philippines were represented by Pedro Pérez +September 24, 1810, the Philippines were represented by Pedro Pérez de Tagle, an officer in the corps of the Spanish Royal Guards, and -Dr. José Manuel Couto, prebend of La Puebla. The election at Manila +Dr. José Manuel Couto, prebend of La Puebla. The election at Manila (held by order of the Regency, February 14, 1810), resulted in the choice of Ventura de los Reyes, a wealthy merchant of Manila, and on the whole an active representative, who, despite his seventy years, -set out immediately for Cádiz. The two substitutes above mentioned +set out immediately for Cádiz. The two substitutes above mentioned took but little part in affairs. [155] Several general measures enacted by the Cortes touch the Philippines @@ -5986,7 +5951,7 @@ propositions submitted by Reyes on February 11, 1813, to the effect that the determined suppression of the Acapulco galleon be published, and in its place those engaged in that commerce be allowed to fit up private vessels at their own cost to continue the trade with Nueva -España, through the ports of Acapulco, San Blas, or any other, under +España, through the ports of Acapulco, San Blas, or any other, under the old terms of 500,000 pesos for the outgoing voyage and 1,000,000 for the return, and a lowering of the duties by one-half. The matter was debated in the presence of the secretaries of the Peninsula and @@ -5996,20 +5961,20 @@ a liberal policy for the Philippines, the decree suppressing the galleon was finally issued on September 14, 1813. [162] The special session of the Cortes closed on the date of the decree -above, and the regular session opened at Cádiz, either in the latter +above, and the regular session opened at Cádiz, either in the latter part of September or the first part of October. On October 4, the -last meeting was held in Cádiz and opened again in the island of León +last meeting was held in Cádiz and opened again in the island of León because of yellow fever in the former place. On the eighth of that month, Reyes presented three plans for the benefit of the agriculture, industry, commerce, and navigation of the Philippines. On the -twenty-ninth of October meetings at the island of León were suspended, +twenty-ninth of October meetings at the island of León were suspended, and resumed again in Madrid, on January 15, 1814. Fernando VII, released by order of Napoleon, after the disastrous campaign conducted by Joseph in Spain, abolished the Cortes by his decree of May 4, 1814, and on the publication of this decree in Madrid, on the thirteenth many of the members of the Cortes were arrested, all the acts of the constitutional government were declared null and void, the Inquisition -reëstablished, and absolutism was again proclaimed in Spain. On the +reëstablished, and absolutism was again proclaimed in Spain. On the publication of the decree in the Philippines, the Ilocans, deeming it only a ruse of the governor, revolted, sacked churches and convents, and destroyed public records. Their insurrection was directed chiefly @@ -6025,14 +5990,14 @@ VII was compelled to convoke the Cortes by his decree of March 6, for 1820-1821 was formally summoned, the colonies being allowed to be represented by substitutes pending the arrival of regularly-elected representatives. At the first preliminary meeting of June 26, the two -Philippine substitutes, [165] Jose María Arnedo and Manuel Felix Camus +Philippine substitutes, [165] Jose MarÃa Arnedo and Manuel Felix Camus y Herrera, presented their credentials. The Cortes were declared open on July 9. Matters of trade and commerce, involving the question of duties, [166] were of paramount interest, so far as the Philippines are concerned, although the matters of elections, revenues, and ecclesiastical affairs were debated at some length. From July 18 to October 19, were considered at intervals the privileges and monopolies -of the Compañía de Filipinas, which were abolished by a decree of +of the CompañÃa de Filipinas, which were abolished by a decree of the latter date. [167] Several decrees and orders of November 9 (on which date the first session of the Cortes ended), affecting trade and looking toward the development of the colonies, were issued. [168] @@ -6087,7 +6052,7 @@ for the purpose of study. At the first preliminary meeting of the special session, held October 1, 1822, Francisco Bringas y Taranco, ex-alcalde-mayor of -Ilocos, the deputy elect for Nueva Segovia, Manuel Sáenz de Vizmanos, +Ilocos, the deputy elect for Nueva Segovia, Manuel Sáenz de Vizmanos, senior accountant of the Tribunal de Cuentas of the Philippines, and Posada, presented their credentials, which were approved on October 3, although Posada was again contested. At the preliminary meeting held @@ -6099,14 +6064,14 @@ been taken by the Philippine representatives. The regular session opened on March 1, 1823, at Madrid, but the absolutists gaining control through the invasion of the French, nothing was done in this session, and the Cortes, which had been -compelled to flee first to Sevilla and then to Cádiz, were finally +compelled to flee first to Sevilla and then to Cádiz, were finally dissolved by Fernando on October 1, who declared all their acts from March 7, 1820, to that time null and void. Posada was one of those condemned by Fernando after his entrance into Madrid, for his liberal tendencies. By decree of December 25, 1823, Fernando communicated -to America and the Philippines the reëstablishment of absolutism, +to America and the Philippines the reëstablishment of absolutism, the suppression of the Constitution of 1812, and the abolition of -all the organisms inaugurated during the constitutional régime. [176] +all the organisms inaugurated during the constitutional régime. [176] @@ -6115,15 +6080,15 @@ The Cortes of 1834-1837 The third Cortes of 1834-37 were called after the death of Fernando VII, which occurred September 29, 1833, when the liberals again demanded concessions and a constitutional government. [177] The ship -"Santa Ana" sailing from Cádiz, August 28, 1834, reached Manila with +"Santa Ana" sailing from Cádiz, August 28, 1834, reached Manila with official orders and the summons to the Cortes; [178] which having been called for July 24, 1834 (by decree of May 10), had already convened. The election for the Philippine representatives (March 1, -1835) [179] resulted in the choice of Brigadier Andrés García Camba, +1835) [179] resulted in the choice of Brigadier Andrés GarcÃa Camba, [180] and Licentiate Juan Francisco Lecaros (or Lecaroz) [181]--the -first a resident of Manila (formerly a resident in Nueva España), +first a resident of Manila (formerly a resident in Nueva España), and the second the Madrid agent for the Manila Ayuntamiento. Camba -sailed for Cádiz on the "Santa Ana" on March 21, and arrived in +sailed for Cádiz on the "Santa Ana" on March 21, and arrived in Spain August 20, 1835, after the end of the first session of the Cortes. That session imposed a special tax on certain classes of financial documents, which affected all the Spanish domains; and @@ -6167,8 +6132,8 @@ the mutiny of La Granja) ordered the publication of the Constitution of 1812 until the Cortes clearly manifested their will or drew up a new constitution. Another decree of August 21 called the general Cortes for October 24, in accordance with the rules of the Constitution of -1812; and one of September 28 suppressed the Real Consejo de España -é Indias. At the secret session of the Cortes on January 16, 1837, a +1812; and one of September 28 suppressed the Real Consejo de España +é Indias. At the secret session of the Cortes on January 16, 1837, a proposition for special laws to govern Ultramar was made, being passed to the proper committee. On February 10 the committee having in charge the drafting of a new constitution, presented a plan for the provinces @@ -6195,7 +6160,7 @@ LIST OF ARCHBISHOPS OF MANILA The authorities used in the following chronological list of the -archbishops of Manila are as follows: San Antonio, Chronicas; Zúñiga, +archbishops of Manila are as follows: San Antonio, Chronicas; Zúñiga, Historia general; Delgado, Historia; Buzeta y Bravo, Diccionario; Ferrando y Fonseca, Historia de los padres dominicos; Montero y Vidal, Historia general; various copies of the Guia; the Reports of the @@ -6203,7 +6168,7 @@ Philippine Commission; and some minor works. SALAZAR, DOMINGO DE, O.P.--Born at Rioja, in 1512; takes Dominican habit at convent of San Esteban, Salamanca; becomes master in theology; -missionary in Nueva España for 40 years; goes to Spain as procurator +missionary in Nueva España for 40 years; goes to Spain as procurator general for his province, and preaches before Felipe II, in favor of the Indians; proposed as first bishop of the Philippines in 1578 and consecrated at Madrid, 1579; arrives at Manila in March, 1581, with @@ -6218,32 +6183,32 @@ ecclesiastical and secular circles; royal Audiencia founded partly on account of his petition; defends natives against encomenderos; aids greatly in the building of the cathedral and in the church of the Dominicans, as well as the hospital for the natives, and the college -of Santa Potenciana; quarrels with Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, by whom +of Santa Potenciana; quarrels with Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, by whom the Audiencia had been suppressed in obedience to royal commands; goes to Spain in 1591 (leaving his companion Salvatierra in charge), -to seek royal redress, and secures reëstablishment of Audiencia, +to seek royal redress, and secures reëstablishment of Audiencia, and complete royal favor, although opposed by the governor and the Augustinians; procures elevation of Manila into a metropolitan see, with three suffragan churches; designated as first archbishop by -king, but dies Dec. 4, 1594, at college of Santo Tomás at Madrid, +king, but dies Dec. 4, 1594, at college of Santo Tomás at Madrid, before the papal bulls arrive, aged 82; hot-headed and impetuous, and apt to meddle too freely in secular affairs, but a worker. See the many documents in our series by Salazar, and those containing matter in regard to him. -SANTIBAÑEZ, IGNACIO, O.S.F.--Native of Búrgos; guardian of the province -of Búrgos, and later provincial; preacher to Felipe II; presented as -first archbishop, June 17, 1595; consecrated in Nueva España in 1596; +SANTIBAÑEZ, IGNACIO, O.S.F.--Native of Búrgos; guardian of the province +of Búrgos, and later provincial; preacher to Felipe II; presented as +first archbishop, June 17, 1595; consecrated in Nueva España in 1596; delays going to the Philippines until 1598 because the bulls of the pallium are not correct in all details; takes possession of his see, May 28, 1598; immediately erects the cathedral into a metropolitan -church, with three suffragan sees (Cebú, with Pedro de Agurto, O.S.A., -as bishop; Nueva Cáceres, with Miguel Benavides, O.P., as bishop; +church, with three suffragan sees (Cebú, with Pedro de Agurto, O.S.A., +as bishop; Nueva Cáceres, with Miguel Benavides, O.P., as bishop; and Nueva Segovia, with Francisco Ortega, O.S.A., as bishop), by virtue of the bull of Clement VII, dated Aug. 14, 1595; Audiencia -reëstablished during his time; dies from dysentery, Aug. 14, 1598, +reëstablished during his time; dies from dysentery, Aug. 14, 1598, after term of 2 months and 17 days; buried in cathedral; funeral -sermon preached by Pedro de Agurto, O.S.A., bishop of Cebú. +sermon preached by Pedro de Agurto, O.S.A., bishop of Cebú. VACANT SEE. @@ -6255,7 +6220,7 @@ mission in 1587; spends a short time in the Chinese missions, whence he is exiled; helps promote building of Chinese hospital in Manila; elected procurator general for his order and accompanies Salazar to Spain; there gains three missions, and an increase in the commerce; -elected first bishop of Nueva Segovia; consecrated in Nueva España, +elected first bishop of Nueva Segovia; consecrated in Nueva España, in 1597; arrives at Manila, 1598; takes possession of bishopric, 1599; presented as archbishop, 1601; takes possession of Manila see, 1603, the king defraying the cost of the bulls, on account of Benavides's @@ -6266,20 +6231,20 @@ response to a royal decree ordering all natives to take a new oath of allegiance to Spain, takes possession of all the natives in the name of the crown of Castilla and Leon; dies on St. Anne's day, July 26, 1605; buried in Dominican church; leaves bequest for foundation of -Dominican college (San Tomás); a generous alms-giver. See documents -on the foundation of San Tomás. +Dominican college (San Tomás); a generous alms-giver. See documents +on the foundation of San Tomás. VACANT SEE. -VAZQUEZ DE MERCADO, DR. DIEGO--Native of Arévalo, in Castilla la Vieja; +VAZQUEZ DE MERCADO, DR. DIEGO--Native of Arévalo, in Castilla la Vieja; related to the family of the Ronquillos; obtains degree licentiate in canons in university of Mexico; becomes secular priest, goes to Philippines with Salazar, where he becomes his lawyer and acts as dean -of Manila cathedral for sixteen years; in 1597 goes to Nueva España, -to assume the curacy of Acapulco; in Nueva España given the degree +of Manila cathedral for sixteen years; in 1597 goes to Nueva España, +to assume the curacy of Acapulco; in Nueva España given the degree of Doctor of canon law from the university of Mexico; resigns his -office as dean of Manila during the sojourn of Santibañez in Nueva -España; in 1600, presented as bishop of Mechoacán, where he serves +office as dean of Manila during the sojourn of Santibañez in Nueva +España; in 1600, presented as bishop of Mechoacán, where he serves three years; Oct. 22, 1603, presented as first bishop of Yucatan, and receives necessary bulls in Campeche; consecrated in Mexico, Jan. 13, 1604, and governs his bishopric for three years; in 1608, @@ -6299,10 +6264,10 @@ GARCIA SERRANO, MIGUEL, O.S.A.--Native of Madrid or of Chinchilla; goes to the Philippines in one of the early missions; becomes prior of Manila and provincial of his province, and is elected procurator to Spain; there presented as bishop of Nueva Segovia; consecrated in -Nueva España in 1616; goes to the Philippines the same year and governs +Nueva España in 1616; goes to the Philippines the same year and governs his bishopric for two and one-half years, presented as archbishop, in 1618; takes possession of his see, Aug. 24, 1619, having received -the pallium at the church of Nuestra Señora de Guia, Aug. 1 of that +the pallium at the church of Nuestra Señora de Guia, Aug. 1 of that year; during his term, the nuns of St. Clare arrive at Manila, whom he aids greatly; obtains brief (1625) from Urban VIII, allowing the feast of Corpus Christi to be celebrated at a more opportune season, @@ -6329,7 +6294,7 @@ holds many posts in the order, and is finally sent to Spain as procurator; on arrival at Mexico, finds decree appointing him bishop of Nueva Segovia; proceeds to Spain, where he obtains a mission, and his bulls confirming his appointment; returns to the Philippines -in 1627; consecrated at Cebú, in 1628; governs his bishopric for 7 +in 1627; consecrated at Cebú, in 1628; governs his bishopric for 7 years; tries to obtain the government of the archbishopric of Manila in vacant see (see above); presented as archbishop, Jan. 16, 1632; takes possession of see, June 23, 1635; during his term quarrels with @@ -6345,7 +6310,7 @@ and too unbending. VACANT SEE.--Ecclesiastical cabildo governs because Arce renounces his right to do so. -MONTERO DE ESPINOSA, DR. FERNANDO.--Native of Búrgos; becomes secular +MONTERO DE ESPINOSA, DR. FERNANDO.--Native of Búrgos; becomes secular priest; doctor of theology in Salamanca University, and holds other offices; first palace cura of Felipe IV, when royal chapel was erected into a parish church; a noted preacher; administrator of the hospital @@ -6370,7 +6335,7 @@ is put into force. POBLETE, DR. MIGUEL DE.--Secular priest; born in Mexico, in 1603; a professor in the university; occupies some of the best ecclesiastical -posts in Nueva España; resigns the bishopric of Nicaragua in 1644; +posts in Nueva España; resigns the bishopric of Nicaragua in 1644; the decree of his presentation as archbishop of Manila, dated May, 1648; keeps decree hid for more than a month before showing it; consecrated at the archiepiscopal palace at Mexico, Sept. 9, 1650; @@ -6397,17 +6362,17 @@ Jan. 30, 1668; 64 years old at time of death; much regretted. VACANT SEE.--The ecclesiastical cabildo governs the archbishopric. -LOPEZ, JUAN, O.P.--Born in Martin Muñoz in Castilla la Vieja; professes +LOPEZ, JUAN, O.P.--Born in Martin Muñoz in Castilla la Vieja; professes in Dominican convent of San Esteban of Salamanca; collegiate at college of San Gregorio at Valladolid; goes to Philippines in 1643 -as missionary; lectures on theology in the college of Santo Tomás; -in 1658, goes to Nueva España to recover health; following year sent +as missionary; lectures on theology in the college of Santo Tomás; +in 1658, goes to Nueva España to recover health; following year sent title as definitor and procurator general; goes to Spain by way of France, in 1662, and thence to Rome; general of order gives him the degree of master of theology; at Rome receives decree of Felipe IV -(Dec., 1662) presenting him as bishop of Cebú; receives confirmation +(Dec., 1662) presenting him as bishop of Cebú; receives confirmation from pope, Apr. 23, 1663; gathers a band of 40 missionaries, and on -reaching Nueva España is consecrated at Mechoacán, Jan. 4, 1665; takes +reaching Nueva España is consecrated at Mechoacán, Jan. 4, 1665; takes possession of bishopric, Aug. 31, 1665; has troubles in bishopric, and proceeds to excommunications, unjustifiably, so that it becomes necessary for the royal Audiencia to intervene; during term as bishop, @@ -6431,7 +6396,7 @@ VACANT SEE.--Dean and cabildo rule the archbishopric. PARDO, FELIPE, O.P.--Born in Valladolid of noble parents; takes habit in convent of San Pablo at Valladolid; there becomes master of students; goes as missionary to Philippines in 1648; lector and rector -in university of Santo Tomás in Manila; holds many posts in his order, +in university of Santo Tomás in Manila; holds many posts in his order, his first term as provincial ending in 1665; and his second in 1677; twice commissary of Inquisition; presented as archbishop, by royal decree of May 30, 1676; takes possession of archbishopric, at age of @@ -6440,7 +6405,7 @@ king; requisite bulls reach him only in 1681; consecrated, Oct. 28, 1681, in Manila cathedral; makes public entry, Nov. 1; during his term, the first governor of the Marianas arrives; arrival of auxiliary bishop de partibus Gines de Barrientos, O.P., with title of bishop -of Troya; takes missions in Luzón from Recollects, which he gives +of Troya; takes missions in Luzón from Recollects, which he gives to the Dominicans, giving to the Recollects the missions of Mindoro in exchange (see the documents in our series referring to this); has conflicts with the governor, other orders, and ecclesiastical @@ -6467,7 +6432,7 @@ from arrest, and ask aid of the governor ad interim. CAMACHO Y AVILA, DR. DIEGO.--Secular priest; native of Badajoz; collegiate-mayor in the Insigne de Cuenca of Salamanca; canon of the church of Badajoz; presented as archbishop, Aug. 19, 1696; consecrated -at La Puebla in Nueva España; takes possession of his see, Sept. 13, +at La Puebla in Nueva España; takes possession of his see, Sept. 13, 1697; the papal legate Tournon comes to the islands during his term, and Camacho's connection with him leads to complications with the Spanish government; a strong champion of the episcopal visit of @@ -6479,7 +6444,7 @@ spends on it more than 40,000 pesos; founds seminary of San Clemente, which is thrown open to foreigners; because of this and his connection with Tournon, as well as indirectly because of his opposition to the regulars, transferred by royal order to the bishopric of Guadalajara, -in Nueva España; takes possession of this, Mar. 25, 1706; visits +in Nueva España; takes possession of this, Mar. 25, 1706; visits bishopric several times; dies, in 1712; in will orders honors to be celebrated for him in Manila cathedral; these celebrated, Oct. 26, 1713, by Diego de Gorospe Yrala bishop of Nueva Segovia. See the @@ -6487,7 +6452,7 @@ various documents regarding the Camacho controversy in our series. VACANT SEE--Cabildo governs until the arrival of the following. -CUESTA, FRANCISCO DE LA, Ordr of San Gerónimo.--Native of Colmenar, +CUESTA, FRANCISCO DE LA, Ordr of San Gerónimo.--Native of Colmenar, near Madrid; master in theology; preacher to the king; presented as archbishop in 1706; consecrated in Mexico, Aug. 12, 1707; Clement XI decides in favor of episcopal visit of regular parish priests, @@ -6497,7 +6462,7 @@ imprisoned by Governor Bustamante; Governor Bustamante assassinated Oct. 11, 1719, and Cuesta freed and becomes governor ad interim, as all the auditors refuse the post; governs islands until July 24, 1721; all three bishoprics vacant during part of his term; transferred -to the bishopric of Mechoacán, in Nueva España, because of the death +to the bishopric of Mechoacán, in Nueva España, because of the death of Bustamante; arrives at Acapulco, Jan. 11, 1724; takes charge of diocese, April 18; dies May 30 (Buzeta and Bravo say, May 31), 1724, at age of 63; buried in his church. @@ -6506,11 +6471,11 @@ VACANT SEE.--Archbishopric governed by ecclesiastical cabildo; house for girls built. BERMUDEZ GONZALEZ DE CASTRO, DR. CARLOS.--Secular; native of Puebla de -los Angeles, Nueva España; licentiate and doctor of laws; professor +los Angeles, Nueva España; licentiate and doctor of laws; professor in canons in the university of Mexico; holds office in Inquisition of Mexico, and other high offices in that archbishopric; presented as archbishop of Manila; in 1722; consecrated, June 17, 1725; compelled to -remain in Nueva España three years longer for lack of a vessel sailing +remain in Nueva España three years longer for lack of a vessel sailing to the Philippines; leaves Mexico City, Mar. 5, 1728, and embarks at Acapulco, Mar. 27; goes ashore at Marianas, where he baptizes an infant; received privately in Manila, July 29, 1728; receives pallium, @@ -6524,13 +6489,13 @@ VACANT SEE.--Ecclesiastical cabildo governs the archbishopric. ANGEL RODRIGUEZ, JUAN, Trinitarian.--Born in Medina del Campo; master in sacred theology; fills various posts in Spanish cathedrals; -professor in Salamanca and Alcalá universities; appointed confessor of -Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñon, archbishop of Lima; arrives at Lima, +professor in Salamanca and Alcalá universities; appointed confessor of +Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñon, archbishop of Lima; arrives at Lima, April 17, 1731; presented as archbishop of Manila, May 18, 1731; obtains bulls, Dec. 17, and council decrees, dated Feb. 29, 1732, on May 25, 1732; compelled to remain in Lima until Jan. 2, 1736, as no ship is allowed to sail to Acapulco; embarks at Acapulco, -Apr. 17, 1736; lands at Samar, Aug. 30; reaches Nueva Cáceres, +Apr. 17, 1736; lands at Samar, Aug. 30; reaches Nueva Cáceres, Oct. 4; consecrated there by bishop Dr. Felipe de Molina, Nov. 23; receives pallium, Nov. 26; takes possession of see through Dean Luis Rico, Jan. 23, 1737, and makes public entry on the twenty-fourth; @@ -6557,20 +6522,20 @@ has charge of the Chinese; on the arrival of the new governor, Obando, presents the decree, but it has no effect because of various disputes between the governor and archbishop; demands that Arrechedera hand over the government of the islands to him and even appeals to the court; -quarrels with Obando's successor, Governor Arandía, over questions -of etiquette; dies, May 28, 1755 (Zúñiga says May 29). +quarrels with Obando's successor, Governor ArandÃa, over questions +of etiquette; dies, May 28, 1755 (Zúñiga says May 29). VACANT SEE.--Dean and ecclesiastical cabildo in charge of the archbishopric. -ROJO DEL RIO Y VIEYRA, MANUEL ANTONIO.--Native of Tula, Nueva España; +ROJO DEL RIO Y VIEYRA, MANUEL ANTONIO.--Native of Tula, Nueva España; canon and provisor of Mexico; consecrated as archbishop of Manila -in Nueva España, in 1758; takes possession of his see, July 22, +in Nueva España, in 1758; takes possession of his see, July 22, 1759; demands charge of government of islands from Bishop Lino de Espeleta, governor ad interim, but latter holds command until arrival of decree from Spain transferring the command to Rojo; immediately settles Villacorta matter and quashes case against the -Spanish mestizo Orendaín; British besiege and capture Manila, 1762; +Spanish mestizo OrendaÃn; British besiege and capture Manila, 1762; Rojo made virtually a prisoner; has disputes with Anda; dies, Jan. 30, 1764, and given military burial by English; see VOL. XLIX. @@ -6583,7 +6548,7 @@ of Aragon; appointed archbishop, in 1767; consecrated in Spain, and arrives at Manila in 1767 via Cape of Good Hope; immediately establishes mission and preaches rigorously against all the vices for nine days; adorns cathedral; presides over council by which bishop of -Nueva Cáceres exiled to his bishopric; makes most vigorous attempts +Nueva Cáceres exiled to his bishopric; makes most vigorous attempts to enforce episcopal visit of regular parish priests of any archbishop in history of the Philippines; bases his action on the bull Firmandis of Benedict XIV, dated Nov. 6, 1744, and the bull of Feb. 24, 1745, @@ -6593,11 +6558,11 @@ Dominicans; all the other orders resist; although the governor commands the orders to submit to the visit, and strives to uphold the royal patronage, the orders disregard him; many parishes provided with native secular priests by the archbishop in 1768, especially the parishes -of the Parián, Binondo and the Province of Bataán, which had been +of the Parián, Binondo and the Province of Bataán, which had been administered by the Dominicans (which regulars claim was an irreparable injury); regulars complain to king, and archbishop directs energetic representation against them, May 10, 1768; Jesuit expulsion occurs -during his term; Raón is finally gained by the orders and yields; when +during his term; Raón is finally gained by the orders and yields; when his successor Anda arrives, the archbishop appeals to him for aid, and although the latter is unwilling to go as far as Santa Justa y Rufina, he aids him; provincial council called at Manila for May 19, @@ -6608,15 +6573,15 @@ secularized as they fall vacant; secularization ordered suspended by royal decree of Dec. 11, 1776; archbishop dies at Manila, Dec. 15, 1787; strong character, vigorous mind, impetuous; regular historians assert that he was influenced by the French encyclopedists and by the -ministers of Cárlos III. See Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca filipina +ministers of Cárlos III. See Pardo de Tavera's Biblioteca filipina (Washington, 1903), for various writings of Santa Justa y Rufina; and our series for some account of his time. VACANT SEE.--Ecclesiastical cabildo takes charge of the archbishopric. -ORBIGO Y GALLEGO, ANTONIO DE, O.S.F.--Born at Orbigo in León, in 1729; +ORBIGO Y GALLEGO, ANTONIO DE, O.S.F.--Born at Orbigo in León, in 1729; takes Franciscan habit at Priego; goes to Philippines as preacher and -confessor, in 1759; elected bishop of Nueva Cáceres while procurator +confessor, in 1759; elected bishop of Nueva Cáceres while procurator for his order in Spain, in 1779; takes possession of his see, in 1780; chosen archbishop of Manila, in 1789, and takes possession of his see Oct. 15 through the procurator, capitular vicar, and archdeacon, @@ -6631,9 +6596,9 @@ VACANT SEE.--Ecclesiastical cabildo assumes control of the archbishopric. SALAMANCA, IGNACIO.--Native of Manila; dean of Manila cathedral; -becomes bishop of Cebú, Sept. 28, 1789; consecrated in Manila, +becomes bishop of Cebú, Sept. 28, 1789; consecrated in Manila, and goes to bishopric in 1794; presented as archbishop of Manila, -but dies at Cebú, Feb. 1802, before having received the despatches +but dies at Cebú, Feb. 1802, before having received the despatches of his new dignity. VACANT SEE.--The ecclesiastical cabildo rules the archbishopric @@ -6641,11 +6606,11 @@ continuously from the death of Orbigo y Gallego to the coming of Zulaibar, as Salamanca does not actually hold the office. ZULAIBAR, JUAN ANTONIO, O.P.--Born in Vizcaya in 1753; takes habit -at age of 16 in convent of San Pablo at Búrgos; receives degree of -doctor at university of Ávila; professor of theology at university -of Alcalá for 7 years; presented as archbishop of Manila, Aug. 1803; +at age of 16 in convent of San Pablo at Búrgos; receives degree of +doctor at university of Ãvila; professor of theology at university +of Alcalá for 7 years; presented as archbishop of Manila, Aug. 1803; arrives at Manila, Sept. 2, 1804; consecrated at Manila, by Domingo -Collantes, bishop of Nueva Cáceres, July 14, 1805 (Ferrando; Buzeta +Collantes, bishop of Nueva Cáceres, July 14, 1805 (Ferrando; Buzeta and Bravo say Sept. 8, 1804); voting member of vaccination board formed at Manila, Dec. 20, 1806, by royal order of Sept. 1, 1803; endows seminary of his diocese; dies Mar. 4, 1824. @@ -6655,7 +6620,7 @@ archbishopric. DIEZ, HILARION, O.S.A.--Born at Valladolid, 1761; takes habit at an early age in the same city; in the Philippines serves as parish priest -in several Tagálog villages, and becomes proficient in the Tagálog +in several Tagálog villages, and becomes proficient in the Tagálog language; is twice prior of the Manila convent, and provincial of his order; his appointment as archbishop meets general approval; assumes charge of his see, Sept. 15, 1826; consecrated in the Augustinian @@ -6667,7 +6632,7 @@ SEGUI, JOSE, O.S.A.--Born at Camprodon, in bishopric of Gerona, Oct. 3, 1773; takes habit at Seo de Urgel; goes to Philippines in 1795; missionary for 20 years in China; after his return to the Philippines, serves as definitor and procurator general for 12 years; auxiliary -to his predecessor and made bishop in partibus of Hierocesaréa, July +to his predecessor and made bishop in partibus of Hierocesaréa, July 27, 1829; elevated to the metropolitan see by Pius VIII, July 5, 1830; consecrated at the Manila Augustinian church, Oct. 28, 1830; receives pallium, Sept. 14, 1831, from the bishop of Ilocos whither @@ -6689,13 +6654,13 @@ consecrated, Jan. 31, 1847; receives pallium, Feb. 2, 1847, and makes public entrance into Manila, Feb. 7; receives great cross of Isabel the Catholic; dies, Apr. 18, 1862; laborious, prudent, and economical. -VACANT SEE.--The archbishopric is governed by Dr. Pedro Peláez, +VACANT SEE.--The archbishopric is governed by Dr. Pedro Peláez, a Filipino secular priest, who is elected by the ecclesiastical cabildo as capitular vicar. MELITON MARTINEZ DE SANTA CRUZ, DR. GREGORIO.--Secular; born in -1815, in Prado-Luengo, in the diocese of Búrgos; studies theology in -seminary of San Jerónimo in Búrgos, and afterwards occupies a chair +1815, in Prado-Luengo, in the diocese of Búrgos; studies theology in +seminary of San Jerónimo in Búrgos, and afterwards occupies a chair in the same seminary; receives degree of bachelor at the university of Valladolid, and studies in the university of Madrid, where he also receives degrees; acts as provisor in Palencia, for 12 years, where @@ -6706,13 +6671,13 @@ takes possession of see, May 27, 1862; receives degree of doctor in jurisprudence from the University of the Philippines, Aug. 24, 1862; a member of the Vatican Council until its suspension in 1871; has dissensions with the Recollects over vacancies occurring in the Manila -diocese; together with the secular bishops of Cebú and Nueva Cáceres, +diocese; together with the secular bishops of Cebú and Nueva Cáceres, sends exposition to queen, Feb. 15, 1863, urging the right of episcopal visitation of the regular parish priests; asks that briefs and laws declaring removable ad nutum the regular curas, be left in force; with provincials of orders protests to governor against the Moret decrees, May 16, 1869; Feb. 19, 1872, publishes long pastoral letter in -Spanish and Tagálog lamenting and condemning Cavite insurrection, and +Spanish and Tagálog lamenting and condemning Cavite insurrection, and especially the part taken in it by the Filipino clergy; resigns, 1875. VACANT SEE.--1875-1876. @@ -6722,7 +6687,7 @@ cathedral; dies, 1889. VACANT SEE.--1889-1890. -NOZALEDA, BERNARDINO, O.P.--Native of Asturías, of rustic parentage; +NOZALEDA, BERNARDINO, O.P.--Native of AsturÃas, of rustic parentage; originally a professor in Manila; takes possession of his diocese, Oct. 29, 1890; Apr. 28, and May 8, 1898, issues circulars to the Filipinos urging them to repel the American invaders; resides about 26 @@ -6747,7 +6712,7 @@ exaction of duties was in the hands of the royal officials, according to the laws of the Indias. In 1779 Basco y Vargas ordained that those functionaries should attend only to collecting duties from the ships which navigated to the coasts of Coromandel, Malabar, Bengala, -Java, Cantón, Acapulco, and Cádiz; and that the duties proper to the +Java, Cantón, Acapulco, and Cádiz; and that the duties proper to the entrance or outgo of products and commodities in the inter-island commerce should be in charge of the director of alcabala. From this originated the foundation of the custom-house, it being completed @@ -6790,7 +6755,7 @@ despatch, cited by Montero y Vidal.) [6] It may be noted that in 1809 Folgueras had, "in order to quiet the public anxiety" to know what was going on, published on two occasions -a sort of gazette (called Aviso al público) of news regarding his +a sort of gazette (called Aviso al público) of news regarding his encounter and correspondence with the French in that summer. (Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 390, 391.) @@ -6810,7 +6775,7 @@ assistance and supervision of the curas and subordinate officials' were distributed in the houses--certainly one of the most shameless applications of the repartimiento system." -[9] A note by Montero y Vidal cites José R. Trujillo, a Philippine +[9] A note by Montero y Vidal cites José R. Trujillo, a Philippine official, as stating (1887) that the chief opponent and plotter against Gardoqui was Joaquin Cirilo de la Cajigas, the chief accountant of the treasury board and head of the naval bureau; he left a great fortune @@ -6826,7 +6791,7 @@ in its session of 1820. the opposition of Aguilar it practically ceased its functions, its president at that time, the auditor Don Francisco Javier Moreno, placed on deposit in the Consulate [of commerce] 6,000 pesos, which at that -period constituted all its funds. At the time of its reëstablishment, +period constituted all its funds. At the time of its reëstablishment, the capital of the Society consisted of 34,224 pesos, two reals, one grano in ready cash; a debt owed by the convent of San Juan de Dios, of 7,525 pesos--the remainder of the sum of 15,890 pesos, four @@ -6955,7 +6920,7 @@ he rebukes them severely for thus violating the law of nations, under the influence of "a general frenzy," and "led astray and infuriated by certain malicious persons." He characterizes their belief that the strangers had poisoned the waters as a foolish and -absurd notion, which "the mountain Negritos or the Moros of Joló and +absurd notion, which "the mountain Negritos or the Moros of Joló and Mindanao would be ashamed to entertain;" and reminds them that the strangers whom they have plundered and slain were not only friends and brethren, but the very persons on whom the prosperity of the @@ -7024,14 +6989,14 @@ it was issued on Sundays. Its publication ceased before November 1 of that year. This information was furnished to Retana by Pardo de Tavera; he also supplied accurate data for La Filantropia (pp. 561-563), which began on September 1, 1821; it seems to have ceased publication in -1822. El Ramillete Patriótico is known only by an allusion in one of +1822. El Ramillete Patriótico is known only by an allusion in one of the numbers of Filantropia, which speaks of the former as having been "silenced" (presumably by the authorities). Pedro Torres y Lanzas gives (p. 565) a description of Nos. 27-37 (March 16-May 25, 1822) of Filantropia. [16] Regarding this man and his works, see Retana's El precursor -de la político redentorista (Madrid, 1894); it is specially devoted +de la polÃtico redentorista (Madrid, 1894); it is specially devoted to Varela's Parnaso filipino (Sampaloc, 1814). Retana says of him: "It is unquestionable that his writings in prose and verse encouraged among the Indians the wrong interpretation which was given to the @@ -7067,7 +7032,7 @@ an unknown ("for lack of information") number of those killed in the year 1827 and on March 28 of 1828, and more than 3,000 souls who have fled to other provinces. Some of the troops were Spaniards from Manila, but the main part of the force was composed of Indians from Bohol and -Cebú, to the number of 5,970 and 54 respectively; 294 of the former +Cebú, to the number of 5,970 and 54 respectively; 294 of the former and 32 of the latter deserted the ranks, and 4,977 Boholans and 22 Cebuans were at the end disbanded, as being on the sick list; and very few were either killed or wounded in the campaign. The reduced @@ -7084,22 +7049,22 @@ and punishment. The intendant, in view of the difficulty in collecting [their] taxes, explained to the government the expediency of modifying the enactment; and this was done in 1834." (Note by Montero y Vidal.) -[21] These funds were chiefly the obras pías which had been +[21] These funds were chiefly the obras pÃas which had been administered by the Jesuit order in Filipinas up to their expulsion from the islands; at that time, nearly half of these foundations were extinguished by the authorities, and such moneys as remained in them were covered into the royal treasury. Forty-five of the Jesuit -obras pías were thus left, which were administered by the government +obras pÃas were thus left, which were administered by the government in the following manner: The capital was divided (as had long been the custom of all the orders in Filipinas in administering obras -pías) into three parts; one of these was invested in the commerce +pÃas) into three parts; one of these was invested in the commerce of Acapulco, another in that of the Coromandel Coast and China, and the other third remained on deposit as a reserve to make good any losses in the amounts invested. Much light is thrown on the management of these funds by the Jesuits, in the official report made (June 23, 1797), in pursuit of a command from the Spanish government, by Angel de la Fuente, the chief of the Bureau of Secular Revenues -[Contaduría de Temporalidades] at Manila; the original MS. of this +[ContadurÃa de Temporalidades] at Manila; the original MS. of this is in the possession of Edward K. Ayer, Chicago. Fuente examined the account-books which the Jesuits had kept of these funds, and found them full of confusion, discrepancies, and omissions; but after comparing @@ -7107,7 +7072,7 @@ and verifying them so far as he could, he made a list of them, with statement of their origin, amount, and application. He found that in seventeen of these funds there was no evidence that the money had been applied as directed by the donors, and only partial indications of this -in fifteen others. He reported that many of these obras pías had been +in fifteen others. He reported that many of these obras pÃas had been contributed for the advantage and benefit of the Jesuits themselves, and therefore, since that order had been suppressed, the funds might now justly be applied to any desirable pious purpose. To this end, @@ -7117,7 +7082,7 @@ for specified purposes, and that the rest be covered into the royal treasury. [22] "In order to give aid to the widow of Torres, and pay the -expenses of her voyage to España, a subscription was raised which +expenses of her voyage to España, a subscription was raised which produced 12,000 pesos; but we note that the promoter of this married the widow, and they returned to the Peninsula together." (Note by Montero y Vidal.) @@ -7130,9 +7095,9 @@ dollar"), of eight reals; and its half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, and thirty-second parts were represented by smaller coins. The greater part of the supply of pillar dollars were made in Mexico; but this coinage ceased in 1822. In the Peninsula, the coins were the -dollar--formerly of ten reals, but now of twenty reals vellón--the +dollar--formerly of ten reals, but now of twenty reals vellón--the half, the peseta or pistareen (which is one-fifth of the dollar, -or four reals vellón), and the half and the quarter pistareen. After +or four reals vellón), and the half and the quarter pistareen. After the Peninsular revolution of 1821, pillar dollars were struck for a short time at Madrid, but these are easily distinguishable from the true pillar dollar. In 1810-16, silver coins were used in Brazil, @@ -7140,12 +7105,12 @@ which were only the Spanish dollar, softened by annealing, and then restamped; the pillars may be distinguished underneath this surface, by close inspection. See Eckfeldt and DuBois, Manual of Gold and Silver Coins (Philadelphia, 1842), pp. 33, 77, 119, 122, See also -chapter on Spanish coinage, especially that called "vellón," in +chapter on Spanish coinage, especially that called "vellón," in Lea's Inquisition in Spain (New York, 1906-07), i, pp. 560 et seq.; this latter, although debased, was the standard of value until 1871, when it was replaced by the decimal system. -[24] "According to a memorial published by Don Francisco Enríquez +[24] "According to a memorial published by Don Francisco EnrÃquez on leaving his office, there were at that time in the funds [of his department] a surplus of 1,000,000 pesos, and in the storehouses over 275,000 bales of tobacco, the value of which exceeded 4,000,000 hard @@ -7162,14 +7127,14 @@ which were mortal." He died in 1839. [26] Royal decrees of 1835 and 1836 suppressed the Jesuit order throughout the Spanish empire; all the religious communities and colleges of men (excepting the colleges of missionaries for Asia, -the clergy of the Escuelas Pías and the hospital convents of St. John +the clergy of the Escuelas PÃas and the hospital convents of St. John of God), and the houses of the military orders; and all the beaterios whose inmates were not devoted to educational or hospital labors. [27] "In Filipinas the peseta is worth only 32 cuartos." (Vidal y Soler, Viajes por Jagor, p. 227; published in 1874.) -[28] Soon after his return to Spain he published a book (Cádiz, 1839) +[28] Soon after his return to Spain he published a book (Cádiz, 1839) relating his experiences as governor of Filipinas. [29] Camba's wife died, three months after their arrival at Manila; @@ -7182,7 +7147,7 @@ demanded from him pay for the powder used on that occasion. (Note by Montero y Vidal.) [30] In conjunction with the Audiencia, he commissioned a magistrate, -Francisco Otín y Duazo, to draw up new "Ordinances of good government," +Francisco OtÃn y Duazo, to draw up new "Ordinances of good government," in 1838. (Montero y Vidal, ii, p. 360.) [31] Montero y Vidal says (iii, p. 21): "On March 21, 1840, the @@ -7194,8 +7159,8 @@ and enlarged by the author himself; and a third edition was issued volumes, a limited edition, with an atlas (in two volumes) containing 478 colored plates; it also included a previously unpublished MS. on Philippine botany, written late in the sixteenth century, and an -appendix prepared by the editors of Blanco (Fathers Andrés Naves and -Celestino Fernández-Villar) in which they endeavored to coördinate +appendix prepared by the editors of Blanco (Fathers Andrés Naves and +Celestino Fernández-Villar) in which they endeavored to coördinate Blanco's species with those of other authors and to enumerate all the species of Philippine plants then known. See an account of Blanco's work and that of his later editors, with estimate of the scientific @@ -7205,7 +7170,7 @@ the Bureau of Government Laboratories at Manila. [32] In Retana's Periodismo filipino (pp. 566, 567) Torres y Lanzas describes some copies of this periodical, dated October 5-November 9, -1839, and January 23-February 6, 1841; he cites a letter by Urréjola +1839, and January 23-February 6, 1841; he cites a letter by Urréjola to show that Precios corrientes was published weekly, beginning July 6, 1839, by private enterprise. @@ -7255,37 +7220,37 @@ to Europe! [37-A] Apparently referring to Antonio Pineda (VOL. L, p. 61); but he died only three years after leaving Spain. In the expedition to which he was attached, he was director of the department of natural -sciences; he was accompanied by Louis Née, a Frenchman naturalized +sciences; he was accompanied by Louis Née, a Frenchman naturalized in Spain. They visited Uruguay, Patagonia, Chile, Peru, and Nueva -España; and in Chile were joined by the Hungarian naturalist, Tadeo -Haenke (who, reaching Cádiz after their vessel sailed, was obliged +España; and in Chile were joined by the Hungarian naturalist, Tadeo +Haenke (who, reaching Cádiz after their vessel sailed, was obliged to sail to South America to meet them). From Acapulco they went to -Marianas and Filipinas; and journeyed (1791) through Luzón from -Sorsogón to Manila. Pineda labored diligently in Luzón, and made large +Marianas and Filipinas; and journeyed (1791) through Luzón from +Sorsogón to Manila. Pineda labored diligently in Luzón, and made large collections; but died at Badoc, in Ilocos, in 1792; his brother Arcadio Pineda, who was first lieutenant of the ship, was charged to put in order the materials collected by Antonio, but many of these were lost on the return journey. Returning to South America, at Callao Haenke and -Née parted company; the former again traveled in America, but in the +Née parted company; the former again traveled in America, but in the vicissitudes of these journeys much of the material collected by him was lost or spoiled. The residue was classified and described, after his death, by the leading botanists of Europe, and this matter was -published in a work entitled Reliquiæ Haenkeane, seu descriptiones et -icones plantarum quæ in America meridionali et boreali in insulis -Philippinis et Marianis collegit Thaddeus Haenke, Philosophiæ Doctor, -Phytographus Regis Hispaniæ (Pragæ, 1825-35). Née went from Concepción, +published in a work entitled Reliquiæ Haenkeane, seu descriptiones et +icones plantarum quæ in America meridionali et boreali in insulis +Philippinis et Marianis collegit Thaddeus Haenke, Philosophiæ Doctor, +Phytographus Regis Hispaniæ (Pragæ, 1825-35). Née went from Concepción, Chile, overland to Montevideo, and thence to Spain; and in September, -1794, he reached Cádiz, with a herbarium of 10,000 plants, of which +1794, he reached Cádiz, with a herbarium of 10,000 plants, of which 4,000 were new ones. These were preserved in the Botanical Gardens at -Madrid, with more than 300 drawings. See Ramón Jordana y Morera's -Bosquejo geográfico é historico-natural del archipiélago filipino -(Madrid, 1885), pp. 356-358, 361; and José Gogorza y González's Datos +Madrid, with more than 300 drawings. See Ramón Jordana y Morera's +Bosquejo geográfico é historico-natural del archipiélago filipino +(Madrid, 1885), pp. 356-358, 361; and José Gogorza y González's Datos para la fauna filipina (Madrid, 1888), p. 2.--Eds. -[38] The loftiest peak in Mindoro is Mount Halcón, said to be 8,800 -feet in height. The most prominent volcano in the archipelago is Mayón, +[38] The loftiest peak in Mindoro is Mount Halcón, said to be 8,800 +feet in height. The most prominent volcano in the archipelago is Mayón, 7,916 feet high, in Albay, Luzon; in Negros is another volcano, called -Canlaón, 8,192 feet high. In Panay the highest peak is Madiaás, 7,264 +Canlaón, 8,192 feet high. In Panay the highest peak is Madiaás, 7,264 feet; and in Mindanao is the loftiest peak in the entire archipelago, the almost extinct volcano of Apo, which rises to 10,312 feet. See the chapter on "Mountains and rivers," in Census of Philippines, i, @@ -7558,7 +7523,7 @@ chief of the topographical bureau at Manila.--Eds.] [52] Ibid. [53] "Estos (Pueblos) aunque immediatos a las orillas de la mar, -estén libres de las invasiones de los Moros; la espesura de las +estén libres de las invasiones de los Moros; la espesura de las Manglares occulta y hace dificil la entrada, &c." "These (towns), though close to the sea shore, are free from the @@ -7574,8 +7539,8 @@ when a parley was begun, which ended the affair without bloodshed. The origin of the quarrel was a dispute at cockfighting between his servants and the soldiers. -[55] Such are, for example, Nuestra Señora de Antipolo, about 20 miles -east of Manila, and the Santo Niño (Holy Child) of Zebû: to both of +[55] Such are, for example, Nuestra Señora de Antipolo, about 20 miles +east of Manila, and the Santo Niño (Holy Child) of Zebû: to both of these it is reckoned almost indispensable to make a pilgrimage: the natives of Luzon to the first, which is about 25 miles from Manila; and those of all the Bisayas or Southern Islands to the other. From @@ -7585,7 +7550,7 @@ pilgrims from the province of Ylocos! In all cases of peril and difficulty, a vow is made to one of these saints, which is seldom left unfulfilled. The crew of a small vessel of men offered 54 dollars for masses at the convent of St. Augustin (I think), on the day of the -feast del Santo Niño. +feast del Santo Niño. [55-A] For detailed account of the shrine at Antipolo, its worship, miracles, etc., see Murillo Velarde's Hist. de Philipinas, fol. @@ -7623,7 +7588,7 @@ that more respect for me. All the ancient prejudices of the schools seem to have abandoned us of Europe only to take refuge at Manila, where certainly they have long remained, for the ancient doctrine is there in too good hands to give place to sound ideas of physics. Don -Feliciano Marqués often honestly confessed to me that in Spain they +Feliciano Marqués often honestly confessed to me that in Spain they were a hundred years behind France, in the sciences; and that at Manila they were a hundred years behind Spain. One can judge, by that, of the present state of physics at Manila, in the midst of @@ -7672,7 +7637,7 @@ Manila, from whom strangers generally form their estimate of this people, is so mixed, that a genuine Indian (Malay) family is scarcely to be met with; they are a mixture of Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Mexican (from the troops), seamen of different nations, and Spaniards -besides, "Toutes les Capitales se ressemblent, et çe n'est pas d'eux +besides, "Toutes les Capitales se ressemblent, et çe n'est pas d'eux qu'il faut juger les moeurs d'un peuple quelconque." [60-A] --Rousseau. Let it never be forgotten, too, that while the Indians of Manila, on the 9th of October, 1820, were assassinating every foreigner within @@ -7802,8 +7767,8 @@ from the dominant white class.--Eds. [63] "To be born in Spain was enough to secure one marked tokens of respect; but this advantage was not transmitted. The children who first saw the light in that other world no longer bear the name of chapetons, -which honored their fathers; they become simply creóles." (Raynal, -Etablissemens et commerce des Européens, ii, p. 290.)--Eds. +which honored their fathers; they become simply creóles." (Raynal, +Etablissemens et commerce des Européens, ii, p. 290.)--Eds. [64] I am perhaps not quite correct here. [Mas states (Informe, ii, "Administration of Justice," p. 1), that the limit for civil suits @@ -7824,8 +7789,8 @@ Murillo Velarde], and others. Le Gentil (who names his informants, men of the first respectability), La Peyrouse, &c. Many public papers of the government bear witness to these abuses. -"El Alcalde de aqui Señor! (said an old Indian to the writer at -Zebú), le quitará los dientes de la boca a S. Md." "The Alcaldé here, +"El Alcalde de aqui Señor! (said an old Indian to the writer at +Zebú), le quitará los dientes de la boca a S. Md." "The Alcaldé here, Sir!--He'll take the teeth out of your worship's mouth." This was not too strong an expression. @@ -7848,7 +7813,7 @@ absolute masters over the minds of the Indians in these islands."--Eds. [70] Those who can see only inquisitors in Catholic bishops will be a little incredulous of one of them checking an attempt to convert a Protestant! This happened to the writer, who found himself one -evening seated between an Indian clerigo and the bishop of Zebû, +evening seated between an Indian clerigo and the bishop of Zebû, an aged and most worthy prelate. The Indian father, to show his zeal for the faith, attacked me on the subject of religion with the usual arguments of ignorant friars, till I was on the point of @@ -7858,7 +7823,7 @@ strangers who may visit us. I will send this gentleman some books, and I doubt not they will duly prepare his mind to see the errors of the Protestant church, and then we may hope for success with him!" -[71] "Yo hé llorado de ansias de ver à un Europeo!" "How often has the +[71] "Yo hé llorado de ansias de ver à un Europeo!" "How often has the desire of seeing an European made me weep!" was the pathetic remark of a most worthy minister to the writer of these remarks.--This man had been 27 years on one small island! @@ -7886,8 +7851,8 @@ religious one, there was little use for it amongst a people who will believe any thing and every thing. The Grand Inquisitor, during the last 25 years, is a man universally beloved!--the Padre Coro. -[74] This is, according to Montero y Vidal (Archipiélago filipino, -p. 72), the name applied by Linnæus to the Caryota onusta of Blanco, +[74] This is, according to Montero y Vidal (Archipiélago filipino, +p. 72), the name applied by Linnæus to the Caryota onusta of Blanco, generally called cabonegro by the Spaniards (see VOL. XVIII, p. 177); but the list of fiber plants in Official Handbook of Philippines applies to that tree (p. 332) the name Caryota urens L. The natives @@ -7957,7 +7922,7 @@ them; this fact is related on respectable authority. The fish, though not delicate, is good, and forms a valuable article of food for the poor. -[81-A] Montero y Vidal mentions this fish (Archipiélago filipino, +[81-A] Montero y Vidal mentions this fish (Archipiélago filipino, p. 107), as belonging to the genus Ophicephalus; it is "abundant in the rivers, lakes, and pools." See also Official Handbook of Philippines, pp. 151, 152.--Eds. @@ -7968,7 +7933,7 @@ arisen from an idea that, as in the Isle of France, the martins might have become as great a nuisance as the locusts; but surely the introduction of some species of hawk would have obviated this. -[82-A] Montero y Vidal says (Archipiélago filipino, p. 113) that the +[82-A] Montero y Vidal says (Archipiélago filipino, p. 113) that the family of Orthoptera, "leaf-eaters in their adult stage, are the most fearful scourge for agriculture," perhaps the worst of these plagues being the locust (Oedipoda manilensis; Spanish, langosta); "the @@ -7977,7 +7942,7 @@ pays a bounty for a certain quantity of these destructive insects which the natives may present, but they preserve the insects and use them for food." He also states (p. 96) that a species of grackle (Gracula) was imported from China (in the Hist. de Filipinas, ii, -p. 294, he mentions in the same connection martins [pájaros martines]) +p. 294, he mentions in the same connection martins [pájaros martines]) to exterminate this pest; but does not mention the time or the result of this experiment.--Eds. @@ -7986,12 +7951,12 @@ of this experiment.--Eds. [84] This is the Viverra Musanga. [84-A] See Horsfield's Zoology of Java. -[84-A] Montero y Vidal states (Archipiélago filipino, pp. 86, 87) that +[84-A] Montero y Vidal states (Archipiélago filipino, pp. 86, 87) that two species of carnivores, Paradoxurus philippinensis and P. musanga, are dreaded by the coffee-planters; these creatures "spend the day in holes dug in the ground, and go out at night to hunt their game." He mentions, besides these, two species of civets, both of the genus -Viverra. Delgado says (p. 875) that he has never seen the miró +Viverra. Delgado says (p. 875) that he has never seen the miró (Paradoxurus) except in the island of Leyte.--Eds. [85] Eight rials are a Spanish dollar. @@ -8008,8 +7973,8 @@ Hence the Quinion contains 661511 16-144ths sq. ft. or 73501 2-9ths sq. yds., [86-A] which, taking the Bengal bigha at 14400 sq. ft., gives about 46 bigahs, or 15 acres English. -[86-A] The quiñón = 2.79495 hectares = 6.89 acres. (Official Handbook -of Philippines, p. 294; Jagor's Reisen, p. xv.) Jagor has balístas +[86-A] The quiñón = 2.79495 hectares = 6.89 acres. (Official Handbook +of Philippines, p. 294; Jagor's Reisen, p. xv.) Jagor has balÃstas for balitans, and Mallat has baletas.--Eds. Their dry measure is as follows: @@ -8115,7 +8080,7 @@ pilones (which includes nearly all from Luzon), and the granulated, which is the kind that has been adopted in the Visayan islands and in some Luzon plantations." The pilon weighs a quintal; the granulated is put up in sacks (known as bayones, containing two and a half -arrobas of sugar. (José R. de Luzuriaga, in Census of Philippines, +arrobas of sugar. (José R. de Luzuriaga, in Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 26, 27).--Eds. [91] These last, by a royal Cedula (ordonnance), are only admitted @@ -8156,7 +8121,7 @@ of vexations, he was saved from ruin! [93] Manufactured, I think, from the Urtica nevea of Linn. [93-A] [93-A] See our VOL. XXII, p. 279. In regard to cultivation and -preparation of abacá, see Jagor's Reisen, pp. 245-256; Mallat, +preparation of abacá, see Jagor's Reisen, pp. 245-256; Mallat, Philippines, pp. 279, 280; Census of Phil., iv, pp. 14-24.--Eds. [94] Mimosa saponaria? [94-A] @@ -8171,7 +8136,7 @@ Indians place dry pieces of its wood in their jars of cacao-beans to keep away worms. He states that it is also named Mimosa scandens by some writers.--Eds. -[95] Tíndalo is the native name of the Afzelia (or Eperua) +[95] TÃndalo is the native name of the Afzelia (or Eperua) rhomboidea, a leguminous tree highly valued for its durable and beautiful timber. Mangachapuy, Vatica (or Dipterocarpus) mangachapoi, furnishes a timber especially used for shipbuilding and other work @@ -8183,7 +8148,7 @@ Blanco, Flora, pp. 260, 261, 281, 313.)--Eds. [97] Perhaps Boa hortulana? [97-A] [97-A] See our VOL. XII, p. 259; and XXIX, p. 301. Dahon-palay is -Dryimus nasutus (Montero y Vidal, Archipiélago filipino, pp. 103, +Dryimus nasutus (Montero y Vidal, Archipiélago filipino, pp. 103, 104). See also Official Handbook, p. 149; and Worcester's Philippine Islands, p. 514.--Eds. @@ -8238,12 +8203,12 @@ translation of which is published by Prof. E. G. Bourne (New York, 1904), with some additional annotations. See also "The colonial kingdom of Spain," in Helmolt's History of the World (New York, 1902), which is praised by Bourne as an excellent and scholarly study by Konrad -Häbler; but unfortunately the American edition of that work does not +Häbler; but unfortunately the American edition of that work does not name the author of the above section. Bourne also treats this subject in a chapter of his Spain in America (New York, 1904), pp. 220-242, and at pp. 355, 356, gives a helpful list of authorities thereon.--Eds. -[105] "Ecclesiastical foundations and obras pías were, it may be +[105] "Ecclesiastical foundations and obras pÃas were, it may be said, innumerable. From the richest city to the smallest village, from one extreme of the Peninsula to the other, and even to the farthest boundaries which the monarchy reached in the period of its @@ -8260,7 +8225,7 @@ in all, 83 foundations. Salamanca had more; Cuenca had 31, Avila 31, Almagro 17, and so with the other cities of Castilla." Among these pious gifts were "the exchanges of Barcelona, Sevilla, and Valencia, the colleges of Salamanca, that of Santa Cruz of Valladolid," and many -cathedrals and convents. (Arias y Miranda, Examen crítico-histórico, +cathedrals and convents. (Arias y Miranda, Examen crÃtico-histórico, p. 139.)--Eds. [106] At one of them (I believe that of Santa Clara), the sculls of the @@ -8409,7 +8374,7 @@ physicians and surgeons make hardly any use of them. I do not think that in an entire year there is used in Pekin a half-livre of opium (which they call Yapien); its place is supplied by using the white poppy." (Father Parennin, in a letter dated September 20, 1740; -Lettres édifiantes, ed. 1811, t. xxii, p. 274.)--Eds. +Lettres édifiantes, ed. 1811, t. xxii, p. 274.)--Eds. [120] One of the great drawbacks on the profits of the voyages from Europe since 1814 has been, that no light goods of value were to @@ -8436,16 +8401,16 @@ to the Carolinas on the east. with guns; composed of gabions or bags filled with earth, or of earth heaped up.--Eds. -[126] Le Gentil states (Voyage, ii, pp. 103, 104) that Arandía was +[126] Le Gentil states (Voyage, ii, pp. 103, 104) that ArandÃa was hated by the friars because he desired to demolish two churches outside the walls of Manila; these were so solid, and equipped with towers, and so near the walls, that they were a source of great danger to the city if they should fall into an enemy's hands. "I have been -assured that the friars raised the cry of heresy against M. Arandía, +assured that the friars raised the cry of heresy against M. ArandÃa, and that they talked of nothing less than excommunicating him; but his death stopped all that. This zealous governor actually died in 1760, before he had effected his project; but his death was not regarded as -natural." When the English appeared before Manila, Arandía's loss was +natural." When the English appeared before Manila, ArandÃa's loss was regretted, when it was too late. The English demolished the aforesaid churches and their towers, for their own safety.--Eds. @@ -8455,8 +8420,8 @@ churches and their towers, for their own safety.--Eds. IV, in bronze, a true work of art, cast in Manila. It was erected in recognition of his having ordered the conveyance [to the islands] of vaccine virus, transmitted from arm to arm, for which purpose -exclusively he arranged for the departure of a ship from Méjico, which -reached Manila on April 15, 1805." (Montero y Vidal, Archipiélago +exclusively he arranged for the departure of a ship from Méjico, which +reached Manila on April 15, 1805." (Montero y Vidal, Archipiélago filipino, p. 301.) The same writer says (Hist. de Filipinas, ii, p. 388): "The benefits produced by vaccination among the natives, always so harassed by that pest [of smallpox], were evident," and @@ -8470,7 +8435,7 @@ statue stands, is now called Plaza McKinley.--Eds. which caused such ravages in Manila in 1820, to the poisoning of their wells by foreigners. A French physician, Dr. Charles L. Benoit, who arrived at Manila at that time, and spent four years there, states, -in his Observacións sobre el cólera morbo espasmodico (Madrid, 1832) +in his Observacións sobre el cólera morbo espasmodico (Madrid, 1832) that in this belief the Indians, usually so humble and religious, then committed innumerable crimes. See account of their massacre of foreigners, pp. 39-45, ante.--Eds. @@ -8523,7 +8488,7 @@ some knowing ones)--common decoy for women of loose characters--the deceiver of many, and remedy of few."--Novela del Zeloso Estnemeno [i.e., "The jealous Estremaduran"]. -[139] Andaluces: natives of Andalusia province. Montañeses: +[139] Andaluces: natives of Andalusia province. Montañeses: appellation of the dwellers in the hill-country of Santander province, Spain. Serviles (literally "those who are servile or fawning"): a political epithet applied to the Monarchists or Absolutists. Liberales: @@ -8580,7 +8545,7 @@ from rice." [148] In 1853 a pamphlet was published at Madrid, written by Sinibaldo de Mas, entitled, Articulo sobre las rentas de Filipinas y los medios de aumentarlas," written for the Boletin Oficial of the Treasury -Department." (Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 1558.) +Department." (Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, no. 1558.) [149] "Only since 1843 have the Chinese shops been opened on the same terms as those of other foreigners. But there is no doubt that the @@ -8630,13 +8595,13 @@ having observed that the people were dissatisfied with so frail an article, ordered that the copper utensils throughout the entire empire should be given up to the mints. As this ill-judged expedient did not furnish resources adequate to the public needs, the government -caused about four hundred temples of Foé to be demolished, the idols +caused about four hundred temples of Foé to be demolished, the idols in which were melted down. Finally the court paid the magistrates and the army partly in copper and partly in paper; but the people rebelled against so dangerous innovation, and it became necessary to give it up. Since that time, which was three centuries ago, the -coinage of copper is the only legal one." (Raynal, Établissemens et -commerce des Européens, i, pp. 641, 642). +coinage of copper is the only legal one." (Raynal, Établissemens et +commerce des Européens, i, pp. 641, 642). [151] Spanish, temporalidades: referring to the bureau in charge of the property formerly belonging to the Jesuits. @@ -8671,14 +8636,14 @@ colleague, as his absence before that time would leave the Philippines without representation. The request was renewed on the arrival of Reyes (December 6, 1811), and on the latter's assumption of his seat (December 9), Perez de Tagle was allowed to leave. On September -19, 1813, a discourse was pronounced at Manila by José de Vergara, +19, 1813, a discourse was pronounced at Manila by José de Vergara, "deputy-elect for the province of Manila to the general Cortes," and published in that year at Sampaloc. The election of deputies in that year was regulated by a junta composed of Governor Gardoqui, -Archbishop Juan de Zúñiga, Manuel Díaz Condé, and three others; +Archbishop Juan de Zúñiga, Manuel DÃaz Condé, and three others; one of their decisions exempted the very poor in the community from contributing to the fund raised for paying the traveling and other -expenses of the deputies to the Cortes. (Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca +expenses of the deputies to the Cortes. (Vindel, Catálogo biblioteca filipina, nos. 1874, 1875.) [156] Such were the decree of October 5, 1810, confirming the essential @@ -8687,7 +8652,7 @@ the quicksilver monopoly, January 26, 1811; the provisional creation of a Consejo de Estado to consist of twenty members (six from Ultramar), on January 21, 1812, although the constitution (adopted March 18, 1812) called for one with forty members (twelve from Ultramar): the creation -of the Secretaría del Despacho de la Gobernación de Ultramar (April +of the SecretarÃa del Despacho de la Gobernación de Ultramar (April 2, 1812), and the establishment of the Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, and the suppression of the Consejos de Castilla, Indias, and Hacienda (all of them provided for in the constitution); and the suppression @@ -8695,9 +8660,9 @@ of the Inquisition (February 22, 1813). The law of November 9, 1813, abolishing personal services for Indians and regulating public works, seems to have been intended only for America. -[157] February 20, 1812, was the last meeting on the island of León, +[157] February 20, 1812, was the last meeting on the island of León, the Cortes assembling on the twenty-fourth at the church of San Felipe -Neri, at Cádiz. +Neri, at Cádiz. [158] The method of election for the Cortes of 1813 (decree of May 23, 1812) provided for a preliminary election board for each colonial @@ -8733,11 +8698,11 @@ commerce. [162] This decree (which is given by Montero y Vidal, Historia general, li, pp. 412, 413) states that the inhabitants of the Philippines may trade in Chinese and other Asiatic goods in private Spanish bottoms -with the ports of Acapulco and San Blas in Nueva España, under the +with the ports of Acapulco and San Blas in Nueva España, under the old terms of 500,000 pesos for the outgoing, and 1,000,000 pesos for the return voyage. If the port of Acapulco be closed, they may trade at Sonsonate. For four years the lower rates of duties granted -by Cárlos IV by decree of October, 1806, are continued. Boletas, +by Cárlos IV by decree of October, 1806, are continued. Boletas, or tickets granting lading space, are to be furnished no longer. [163] In accordance with a royal order of June 17, commanding the @@ -8762,10 +8727,10 @@ paying ten per cent duty for such excess; and free trade for Philippine products at any port of the monarchy in Spanish bottoms for ten years. [164] On the seventh he took the oath to observe the Constitution -of 1812; and on the tenth, by a decree ordered the reëstablishment -of the Secretaría del Despachó de la Gobernación[, the first acts +of 1812; and on the tenth, by a decree ordered the reëstablishment +of the SecretarÃa del Despachó de la Gobernación[, the first acts of which were the promulgation of the Constitution of 1812, and -the reëstablishment of all the organisms created by the Cortes of +the reëstablishment of all the organisms created by the Cortes of 1810-1813. [165] Apparently appointed by the Secretary of Ultramar. Their @@ -8783,7 +8748,7 @@ rendered necessary in the provinces of Ultramar. company for the importation of cotton goods as unconstitutional and contrary to the prosperity of national manufactures. At the meeting of August 18, it developed that the company had transferred its -monopoly to a foreign merchant of Cádiz. The company was allowed to +monopoly to a foreign merchant of Cádiz. The company was allowed to present its argument, but the report of the committees on Commerce and Hacienda was adopted. Later the company presented a petition requesting the liquidation of the government's indebtedness to it, @@ -8862,7 +8827,7 @@ on Credentials handed in February 11, 1822, to the effect that government employes did not cease, to be such until their resignations were accepted by the government. Posada did not present his credentials at the meeting of February 15, declaring that they had been robbed -with his baggage en route from Cádiz to Madrid. He did present them, +with his baggage en route from Cádiz to Madrid. He did present them, however, at the next meeting of February 20. At the third and fourth preliminary meetings (February 22 and 24) the matter was debated, and he was excluded on the grounds of being still a government employe. @@ -8873,30 +8838,30 @@ names eight of them. He may have confused the names of electors with those of representatives. The four elected (of whom only three are known) were perhaps elected for the districts of the archiepiscopal see and the three suffragan sees of the Philippines; although Montero -y Vidal says that both Sáenz de Vizmanos and Posada were elected from -Nueva Cáceres. +y Vidal says that both Sáenz de Vizmanos and Posada were elected from +Nueva Cáceres. [176] Although a provincial deputation had been organized in Manila in 1822, almost its only act was to petition (April 12, 1823) for more missionaries. [177] Fernando's infant daughter, Isabel II, ascended the throne -under the regency of her mother María Cristina. Through the efforts +under the regency of her mother MarÃa Cristina. Through the efforts of the liberals, six important decrees were passed March 24, 1834: suppression of the Consejo de Estado, during the minority of the queen; suppression of the Consejos de Castilla and de Indias, in whose place -was established a Tribunal Superior de España é Indias; suppression of +was established a Tribunal Superior de España é Indias; suppression of the Consejo Supremo de Guerra, and in its place the establishment of -the Tribunal Supremo de Guerra y Marina y de Extranjería; suppression +the Tribunal Supremo de Guerra y Marina y de ExtranjerÃa; suppression of the Consejo Supremo de Hacienda, replacing it by a Tribunal Supremo de Hacienda; an order to the Secretary of the Despacho de Gracia y Justicia to propose the new organization of the Consejo Real de las -Ordenes; and the institution of a Consejo Real de España é Indias to +Ordenes; and the institution of a Consejo Real de España é Indias to have general supervision of American and Philippine matters. [178] The first news of reform and the fact that the new Cortes were to be summoned was received unofficially at Manila by a United States -ship sailing from Cádiz in June, 1834, and reaching Manila toward +ship sailing from Cádiz in June, 1834, and reaching Manila toward the end of the same year. [179] No provision was made in the third Cortes for substitute @@ -8907,13 +8872,13 @@ period by the officials at Madrid with regard to the Philippines. This accounts for the islands having no representation for some of the sessions of the Cortes. -[180] Andrés García Camba resided in Manila during 1825-35, and became +[180] Andrés GarcÃa Camba resided in Manila during 1825-35, and became so popular that he was elected a deputy to the Spanish Cortes; he was afterward (August, 1837-December, 1838) governor of the Philippines, -and wrote a book (published at Cádiz, 1839) regarding his experiences +and wrote a book (published at Cádiz, 1839) regarding his experiences while holding that office. Himself liberally inclined, he was constantly opposed by reactionary influences. Although his name does -not appear in the pamphlet Filipinas y su representación en Cortes, +not appear in the pamphlet Filipinas y su representación en Cortes, he is generally considered as its author; and he alludes to it in the memoir above mentioned. (Vindel, Cat. bib. filip., nos. 1881, 1886.) @@ -8921,7 +8886,7 @@ memoir above mentioned. (Vindel, Cat. bib. filip., nos. 1881, 1886.) that he was a Filipino lawyer. The board of electors was mainly composed of peninsulars. -[182] Camba proposed (Filipinas y su representación en Cortes, +[182] Camba proposed (Filipinas y su representación en Cortes, 1836) a special mode of election to Cortes for the Philippines, which was to be by the Manila Ayuntamiento, as that was the only political organization in the islands worth mentioning, and was in @@ -8933,32 +8898,32 @@ asking in one for a moderation of the excessive duties on the introduction of Spanish brandy into the Philippines, and in the other the sending of few pensioners and subaltern employes to the islands, as this was a prejudice to the native Philippine Spaniards. Lecaros -presented a plan to Mendizábal, the provisional president of the +presented a plan to Mendizábal, the provisional president of the Consejo de Ministros, for the suppression of the monopoly on tobacco -in the Philippines, but Mendizábal took measures to make the monopoly +in the Philippines, but Mendizábal took measures to make the monopoly more remunerative to the state. See Montero y Vidal, Historia general, ii. pp. 554, 555, note. [183] He wrote Memoria sobre las Islas Filipinas (Valencia, 1842). [184] July 31, 1837, the new commercial treaty made September 22, -1836, between the governor of the Philippines and the sultan of Joló +1836, between the governor of the Philippines and the sultan of Joló was referred to the committees on State and Commerce, was reported on favorably on October 4, and was accordingly approved on the twelfth of October. This treaty stipulated that every three-masted schooner -porting at Joló with Chinese passengers from Manila was to pay 2,000 +porting at Joló with Chinese passengers from Manila was to pay 2,000 pesos fuertes, and lesser boats in proportion to their size. As the -most important cargo ever sent to Joló from Manila never exceeded +most important cargo ever sent to Joló from Manila never exceeded 2,500 pesos in value, it is hard to see the value of this treaty so greatly lauded in Madrid. No Joloan vessels went to Manila. In this matter the officials showed a woful ignorance of the Philippines, -the minister of the navy stating that all vessels stopped at Joló on +the minister of the navy stating that all vessels stopped at Joló on their way to the Philippines. This treaty, as well as the one made by the governor of Zamboanga with the chief of Maluso near Basilan, only made the Moros bolder in their piracy. See Montero y Vidal, Historia general, ii, pp. 557-560. -[185] On May 25, 1869, an amendment was presented by Julián Pellón +[185] On May 25, 1869, an amendment was presented by Julián Pellón y Rodriguez in the Spanish Cortes demanding that parliamentary representation be granted to Filipinas. Among the signers to this amendment were Victor Balaguer and Francisco Javier Moya. (Vindel, @@ -8991,366 +8956,4 @@ and iv, p. 107. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 51, 1801-1840 - Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the - islands and their peoples, their history and records of - the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books - and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial - and religious conditions of those islands from their - earliest relations with European nations to the close of - the nineteenth century - -Author: Various - -Editor: Emma Helen Blair - James Alexander Robertson - Edward Gaylord Bourne - -Release Date: June 10, 2018 [EBook #57304] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME 51 *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57304 ***</div> <div class="front"> <div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= @@ -11792,381 +11745,7 @@ links may not work for you.</p> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, -Volume 51, 1801-1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME 51 *** - -***** This file should be named 57304-h.htm or 57304-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/7/3/0/57304/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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