NormalizeHEADmain

70 files changed, 17 insertions, 6937 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf64743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #56209 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56209)
diff --git a/old/56209-0.txt b/old/56209-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index e457c02..0000000
--- a/old/56209-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2266 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park,
-Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania
-       National Park Service Historical Handbook Series #9
-
-Author: Frederick Tilberg
-
-Release Date: December 20, 2017 [EBook #56209]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: March 3, 1849]
-
-                UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-                     Stewart L. Udall, _Secretary_
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                      Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_
-
-
-                   _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER NINE_
-
-This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the
-historical and archeological areas in the National Park System,
-administered by the National Park Service of the United States
-Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing
-Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,
-Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents
-
-
-
-
-                              _GETTYSBURG_
-                         NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
-                              Pennsylvania
-
-
-                         _by Frederick Tilberg_
-
-    [Illustration: Drum]
-
-         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 9
-                        WASHINGTON, D. C., 1954
-                             (Reprint 1961)
-
-
-_The National Park System, of which Gettysburg National Military Park is
-a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic
-heritage of the United States for the benefit and inspiration of its
-people._
-
-    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR]
-
-
-
-
-                               _Contents_
-
-
-                                                                     Page
-  THE SITUATION, SPRING 1863                                            1
-  THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN                                                  4
-  THE FIRST DAY                                                         6
-      The Two Armies Converge on Gettysburg                             6
-      The Battle of Oak Ridge                                           8
-  THE SECOND DAY                                                       12
-      Preliminary Movements and Plans                                  12
-      Longstreet Attacks on the Right                                  15
-      Warren Saves Little Round Top                                    15
-      Culp’s Hill                                                      17
-  THE THIRD DAY                                                        19
-      Cannonade at Dawn: Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s Spring             19
-      Lee Plans a Final Thrust                                         21
-      Lee and Meade Set the Stage                                      22
-      Artillery Duel at One O’clock                                    27
-      Climax at Gettysburg                                             29
-      Cavalry Action                                                   31
-  END OF INVASION                                                      33
-  LINCOLN AND GETTYSBURG                                               35
-      Establishment of a Burial Ground                                 35
-      Dedication of the Cemetery                                       37
-      Genesis of the Gettysburg Address                                42
-      The Five Autograph Copies of the Gettysburg Address              43
-      Soldiers’ National Monument                                      43
-      The Lincoln Address Memorial                                     44
-  GUIDE TOUR OF THE PARK                                               45
-  THE PARK                                                             50
-  ANNIVERSARY REUNIONS OF THE CIVIL WAR VETERANS                       50
-  HOW TO REACH THE PARK                                                50
-  ADMINISTRATION                                                       51
-  RELATED AREAS                                                        51
-  VISITOR FACILITIES                                                   51
-
-    [Illustration: _The field of Pickett’s Charge, with his attack on
-    the Union position at The Angle in the foreground._ From the
-    Philippoteaux painting in the Gettysburg Cyclorama.]
-
-    [Illustration: Cannon]
-
-On the gently rolling farm lands surrounding the little town of
-Gettysburg, Pa., was fought one of the great decisive battles of
-American history. For 3 days, from July 1 to 3, 1863, a gigantic
-struggle between 75,000 Confederates and 88,000 Union troops raged about
-the town and left 51,000 casualties in its wake. Heroic deeds were
-numerous on both sides, climaxed by the famed Confederate assault on
-July 3 which has become known throughout the world as Pickett’s Charge.
-The Union victory gained on these fields ended the last Confederate
-invasion of the North and marked the beginning of a gradual decline in
-Southern military power.
-
-Here also, a few months after the battle, Abraham Lincoln delivered his
-classic Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the national cemetery
-set apart as a burial ground for the soldiers who died in the conflict.
-
-
-
-
-                      _The Situation, Spring 1863_
-
-
-The situation in which the Confederacy found itself in the late spring
-of 1863 called for decisive action. The Union and Confederate armies had
-faced each other on the Rappahannock River, near Fredericksburg, Va.,
-for 6 months. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by
-Gen. R. E. Lee, had defeated the Union forces at Fredericksburg in
-December 1862 and again at Chancellorsville in May 1863, but the nature
-of the ground gave Lee little opportunity to follow up his advantage.
-When he began moving his army westward, on June 3, he hoped, at least,
-to draw his opponent away from the river to a more advantageous
-battleground. At most, he might carry the war into northern territory,
-where supplies could be taken from the enemy and a victory could be
-fully exploited. Even a fairly narrow margin of victory might enable Lee
-to capture one or more key cities and perhaps increase northern demands
-for a negotiated peace.
-
-    [Illustration: THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, Commander of the
-    Union Forces at Gettysburg._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Confederate
-    Army at Gettysburg._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Confederate strategists had considered sending aid from Lee’s army to
-Vicksburg, which Grant was then besieging, or dispatching help to
-General Bragg for his campaign against Rosecrans in Tennessee. They
-concluded, however, that Vicksburg could hold out until climatic
-conditions would force Grant to withdraw, and they reasoned that the
-eastern campaign was more important than that of Tennessee.
-
-Both Union and Confederate governments had bitter opponents at home.
-Southern generals, reading in Northern newspapers the clamors for peace,
-had reason to believe that their foe’s morale was fast weakening. They
-felt that the Army of Northern Virginia would continue to demonstrate
-its superiority over the Union Army of the Potomac and that the relief
-from constant campaigning on their own soil would have a happy effect on
-Southern spirit. Events were to prove, however, that the chief result of
-the intense alarm created by the invasion was to rally the populace to
-better support of the Union government.
-
-    [Illustration: _Statue of General Meade, located on Cemetery
-    Ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _The Virginia Memorial, surmounted by the statue of
-    General Lee, on Seminary Ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Gettysburg, as it appeared from Seminary Ridge a
-    short time after the battle._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-
-
-
-                         _The Plan of Campaign_
-
-
-Lee’s plan of campaign was undoubtedly similar to that of his invasion
-which ended in the battle of Antietam in September 1862. He then called
-attention to the need of destroying the bridge over the Susquehanna
-River at Harrisburg and of disabling the Pennsylvania Railroad in order
-to sever communication with the west. “After that,” he added, “I can
-turn my attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington as may seem
-best for our interest.”
-
-Lee had suffered an irreparable loss at Chancellorsville when
-“Stonewall” Jackson was mortally wounded. Now reorganized into three
-infantry corps under Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and R. S. Ewell, and a
-cavalry division under J. E. B. Stuart, a changed Army of Northern
-Virginia faced the great test that lay ahead. “Stonewall” Jackson, the
-right hand of Lee, and in the words of the latter “the finest executive
-officer the sun ever shone on,” was no longer present to lead his corps
-in battle.
-
-The long lines of gray started moving on June 3 from Fredericksburg,
-Va., first northwestward across the Blue Ridge, then northward in the
-Shenandoah Valley. On June 9, one of the greatest cavalry engagements of
-the war occurred at Brandy Station. Union horsemen, for the first time,
-held Stuart’s men on even terms. The Confederates then continued their
-march northward, with the right flank constantly protected by Stuart’s
-cavalry, which occupied the passes of the Blue Ridge. Stuart was ordered
-to hold these mountain gaps until the advance into Pennsylvania had
-drawn the Union Army north of the Potomac. On June 28, Hill and
-Longstreet reached Chambersburg, 16 miles north of the Pennsylvania
-boundary. Rodes’ division of Ewell’s corps reached Carlisle on June 27.
-Early’s command of 8,000 men had passed through Gettysburg on June 26
-and on the 28th had reached York. Early planned to take possession of
-the bridge over the Susquehanna at Columbia, and to move on Harrisburg
-from the east. Lee’s converging movement on Harrisburg seemed to be on
-the eve of success.
-
-An unforeseen shift of events between June 25 and 28, however,
-threatened to deprive Lee of every advantage he had thus far gained in
-his daring march up the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys. The cavalry
-engagement between Stuart and Pleasonton at Brandy Station convinced
-Gen. Joseph Hooker, then in command of the Union Army, that the
-Confederate Army was moving northward. President Lincoln and General in
-Chief Halleck, informed of this movement, ordered Hooker to proceed
-northward and to keep his command between the Confederate Army and
-Washington. When he was refused permission to abandon Harpers Ferry, and
-to add the garrison of 10,000 men to his army, Hooker asked to be
-relieved of command. Gen. George G. Meade received orders to assume
-command of the army at Frederick, Md., on June 28, and he at once
-continued the march northward.
-
-General Stuart, in command of the Confederate cavalry, had obtained
-conditional approval from Lee to operate against the rear of the Union
-Army as it marched northward and then to join Lee north of the Potomac.
-As he passed between Hooker’s army and Washington, the unexpected speed
-of the Union Army forced Stuart into detours and delays, so that on June
-28 he was in eastern Maryland, wholly out of touch with the Confederate
-force. The eyes and ears of Lee were thus closed at a time when their
-efficient functioning was badly needed.
-
-    [Illustration: _“Old Dorm” of Pennsylvania_ (now Gettysburg)
-    _College. It was used as a shelter for wounded._
-                                                          474-574 O-58—2]
-
-In this state of affairs, a Confederate agent reported to Lee at
-Chambersburg, Pa., on the night of June 28, that the Union forces had
-crossed the Potomac and were in the vicinity of Frederick. With the
-entire Union Army close at hand and with many miles between him and his
-base, Lee decided to abandon his original plan and to concentrate for
-battle. He moved his army at once across the mountains to Cashtown, 8
-miles from Gettysburg. Here, in Cashtown Pass, he planned to establish
-his battle position. Rodes, then at Carlisle, and Early, at York, were
-at once ordered to this point.
-
-
-
-
-                            _The First Day_
-
-
-THE TWO ARMIES CONVERGE ON GETTYSBURG.
-
-The men of Heth’s division, leading the Confederate advance across the
-mountain, reached Cashtown on June 29. Pettigrew’s brigade was sent on
-to Gettysburg the following day to obtain supplies, but upon reaching
-the ridge a mile west of the town, they observed Union cavalry scouts
-posted along the roads. Not having orders to bring on an engagement,
-Pettigrew withdrew to Cashtown.
-
-    [Illustration: _Scene of the initial engagement on the morning of
-    July 1. 1. McPherson Ridge. 2. Oak Ridge._]
-
-In the intervening 2 days since he had assumed command of the Union
-forces, General Meade had moved his troops northward and instructed his
-engineers to survey a defensive battle position at Pipe Creek, near
-Taneytown, in northern Maryland. Buford’s cavalry, which had effectively
-shadowed Lee’s advance from the mountaintops of the Blue Ridge was
-ordered to make a reconnaissance in the Gettysburg area. It was these
-troops that Pettigrew’s men saw posted on the roads leading into the
-town. Neither Lee nor Meade yet foresaw Gettysburg as a field of battle.
-Each expected to take a strong defensive position and force his
-adversary to attack.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds._ (Courtesy National
-    Archives.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill._ (Courtesy National
-    Archives.)]
-
-A. P. Hill, in the absence of Lee, who was still beyond the mountains,
-now took the initiative. At daybreak of July 1, he ordered the brigades
-of Archer and Davis, of Heth’s division, to advance along the
-Chambersburg Road to Gettysburg for the purpose of testing the strength
-of the Union forces. As these troops reached Marsh Creek, 4 miles from
-Gettysburg, they were fired upon by Union cavalry pickets who hurriedly
-retired to inform their commander of the enemy’s approach. In the
-meantime, Buford’s division of cavalry had moved from their camp just
-southwest of Gettysburg to McPherson Ridge, a mile west of the town.
-Buford prepared to hold out against heavy odds until aid arrived. Thus,
-subordinate field commanders had chosen the ground for battle.
-
-It was 8 a. m., July 1, when the two brigades of Archer and Davis, the
-former to the right and the latter to the left of the Chambersburg Road,
-deployed on Herr Ridge. Supported by Pegram’s artillery, they charged
-down the long slope and across Willoughby Run against Buford’s men. The
-Union troopers had recently received an issue of Spencer repeating
-carbines. Dismounted, and fighting as infantrymen, they held their
-ground against the spirited attacks of Heth’s superior numbers. At 10
-o’clock timely aid arrived as troops from Gen. John F. Reynolds’ First
-Infantry corps began streaming over Seminary Ridge from the south and
-relieved Buford’s exhausted fighters. Calef’s battery, one of whose guns
-had fired the first shot at Gettysburg, was replaced by Hall’s Maine
-artillery. But, in a few moments, Union joy at receiving aid was offset
-by tragedy. Reynolds, close to the front lines, was killed instantly by
-a sharpshooter’s bullet.
-
-The struggle increased in scope as more forces reached the field. When
-Archer’s Confederates renewed the attack across Willoughby Run, Union
-troops of Meredith’s Iron Brigade, arriving opportunely, struck the
-flank of the Confederates and captured the greater part of the force,
-including General Archer. Relieved from the threat south of the
-Chambersburg Pike, the 14th Brooklyn and 7th Wisconsin regiments shifted
-to the north of the Pike where the Confederates had captured a part of
-Cutler’s troops in the railroad cut. With renewed effort, these troops,
-joined by Dawes’ 6th Wisconsin, drove the Confederates steadily back,
-capturing two Mississippi regiments in the defile. The Confederates then
-withdrew beyond striking distance. There was a lull in the fighting
-during the noon hour. The first encounter had given Union men
-confidence. They had held their ground against superior numbers and had
-captured Archer, a brigadier general, the first Confederate general
-officer taken since Lee assumed command.
-
-    [Illustration: _McPherson Ridge and Woods, the Federal position on
-    July 1. In the woods at the right, General Reynolds was killed. The
-    cupola of the Theological Seminary appears in the background._
-    (Brady photograph.)]
-
-
-THE BATTLE OF OAK RIDGE.
-
-While the initial test of strength was being determined west of
-Gettysburg by advance units, the main bulk of the two armies was
-pounding over the roads from the north and south, converging upon the
-ground chosen by Buford. Rodes’ Confederates, hurrying southward from
-Carlisle to meet Lee at Cashtown, received orders at Biglerville to
-march to Gettysburg. Early, returning from York with Cashtown as his
-objective, learned at Heidlersburg of the action at Gettysburg and was
-ordered to approach by way of the Harrisburg Road.
-
-    [Illustration: _Chambersburg Pike, looking westward from the Federal
-    position toward Herr Ridge, where the Confederate attack began._]
-
-Employing the wooded ridge as a screen from Union cavalry north of
-Gettysburg, Rodes brought his guns into position on Oak Ridge about 1
-o’clock and opened fire on the flank of Gen. Abner Doubleday, Reynolds’
-successor, on McPherson Ridge. The Union commander shifted his lines
-northeastward to Oak Ridge and the Mummasburg Road to meet the new
-attack. Rodes’ Confederates struck the Union positions at the stone wall
-on the ridge, but the attack was not well coordinated and resulted in
-failure. Iverson’s brigade was nearly annihilated as it made a left
-wheel to strike from the west. In the meantime, more Union troops had
-arrived on the field by way of the Taneytown Road. Two divisions of
-Howard’s Eleventh corps were now taking position in the plain north of
-the town, intending to make contact with Doubleday’s troops on Oak
-Ridge.
-
-Doles’ Confederate brigade charged across the plain and was able to
-force Howard’s troops back temporarily, but it was the opportune
-approach of Early’s division from the northeast on the Harrisburg Road
-which rendered the Union position north of Gettysburg indefensible.
-Arriving in the early afternoon as the Union men were establishing their
-position, Early struck with tremendous force, first with his artillery
-and then with his infantry, against General Barlow. Soon he had
-shattered the entire Union force. The remnants broke and turned
-southward through Gettysburg in the direction of Cemetery Hill. In this
-headlong and disorganized flight General Schimmelfenning was lost from
-his command, and, finding refuge in a shed, he lay 2 days concealed
-within the Confederate lines. In the path of Early’s onslaught lay the
-youthful Brigadier Barlow severely wounded, and the gallant Lieut.
-Bayard Wilkeson, whose battery had long stood against overwhelming odds,
-mortally wounded.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-The Union men on Oak Ridge, faced with the danger that Doles would cut
-off their line of retreat, gave way and retired through Gettysburg to
-Cemetery Hill. The withdrawal of the Union troops from the north and
-northwest left the Union position on McPherson Ridge untenable. Early in
-the afternoon, when Rodes opened fire from Oak Hill, Heth had renewed
-his thrust along the Chambersburg Pike. His troops were soon relieved
-and Pender’s division, striking north and south of the road, broke the
-Union line. The Union troops first withdrew to Seminary Ridge, then
-across the fields to Cemetery Hill. Here was advantageous ground which
-had been selected as a rallying point if the men were forced to
-relinquish the ground west and north of the town. Thus, by 5 o’clock,
-the remnants of the Union forces (some 6,000 out of the 18,000 engaged
-in the first day’s struggle) were on the hills south of Gettysburg.
-
-Ewell was now in possession of the town, and he extended his line from
-the streets eastward to Rock Creek. Studiously observing the hills in
-his front, he came within range of a Union sharpshooter, for suddenly he
-heard the thud of a minie ball. Calmly riding on, he remarked to General
-Gordon at his side, “You see how much better fixed for a fight I am than
-you are. It don’t hurt at all to be shot in a wooden leg.”
-
-A momentous decision now had to be made. Lee had reached the field at 3
-p. m., and had witnessed the retreat of the disorganized Union troops
-through the streets of Gettysburg. Through his glasses he had watched
-their attempt to reestablish their lines on Cemetery Hill. Sensing his
-advantage and a great opportunity, he sent orders to Ewell by a staff
-officer to “press those people” and secure the hill (Cemetery Hill) if
-possible. However, two of Ewell’s divisions, those of Rodes and Early,
-had been heavily engaged throughout the afternoon and were not well in
-hand. Johnson’s division could not reach the field until late in the
-evening, and the reconnaissance service of Stuart’s cavalry was not yet
-available. General Ewell, uninformed of the Union strength in the rear
-of the hills south of Gettysburg, decided to await the arrival of
-Johnson’s division. Cemetery Hill was not attacked, and Johnson, coming
-up late in the evening, stopped at the base of Culp’s Hill. Thus passed
-Lee’s opportunity of July 1.
-
-    [Illustration: _Scene north of Gettysburg from Oak Ridge. The
-    Federal position may be seen near the edge of the open fields in the
-    middle distance._]
-
-When the Union troops retreated from the battleground north and west of
-the town on the evening of July 1, they hastily occupied defense
-positions on Cemetery Hill, Culp’s Hill, and a part of Cemetery Ridge.
-Upon the arrival of Slocum by the Baltimore Pike and Sickles by way of
-the Emmitsburg Road, the Union right flank at Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s
-Spring and the important position at Little Round Top on the left were
-consolidated. Thus was developed a strong defensive battle line in the
-shape of a fish hook, about 3 miles long, with the advantage of high
-ground and of interior lines. Opposite, in a semicircle about 6 miles
-long, extending down Seminary Ridge and into the streets of Gettysburg,
-stood the Confederates who, during the night, had closed in from the
-north and west.
-
-The greater part of the citizenry of Gettysburg, despite the prospect of
-battle in their own yards, chose to remain in their homes. Both army
-commanders respected noncombatant rights to a marked degree. Thus, in
-contrast with the fields of carnage all about the village, life and
-property of the civilian population remained unharmed, while the doors
-of churches, schools, and homes were opened for the care of the wounded.
-
-General Meade, at Taneytown, had learned early in the afternoon of July
-1 that a battle was developing and that Reynolds had been killed. A
-large part of his army was within 5 miles of Gettysburg. Meade then sent
-General Hancock to study and report on the situation. Hancock reached
-the field just as the Union troops were falling back to Cemetery Hill.
-He helped to rally the troops and left at 6 o’clock to report to Meade
-that in his opinion the battle should be fought at Gettysburg. Meade
-acted on this recommendation and immediately ordered the concentration
-of the Union forces at that place. Meade himself arrived near midnight
-on July 1.
-
-    [Illustration: _Spangler’s Spring, the right of the Federal battle
-    line of July 2 and 3. This view, made in 1870, shows the wartime
-    appearance of the spring._ (Tipton photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _View of Culp’s Hill, taken about 1890, showing
-    earthworks on the crest of the hill. Gettysburg, one-half mile
-    northwest, may be seen through the vista._ (Tipton photograph.)]
-
-
-
-
-                            _The Second Day_
-
-
-PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS AND PLANS.
-
-The small college town of Gettysburg, with 2,400 residents at the time
-of the battle, lay in the heart of a fertile country, surrounded by
-broad acres of crops and pastures. Substantial houses of industrious
-Pennsylvania farmers dotted the countryside. South of the town and
-hardly more than a musket shot from the houses on its outer edge,
-Cemetery Hill rose somewhat abruptly from the lower ground. Extending
-southward from the hill for nearly 2 miles was a long roll of land
-called Cemetery Ridge. At its southern extremity a sharp incline
-terminated in the wooded crest of Little Round Top and a half mile
-beyond was the sugar-loaf peak of Big Round Top, the highest point in
-the vicinity of Gettysburg. Paralleling Cemetery Ridge, at an average
-distance of two-thirds of a mile to the west, lay Seminary Ridge, which
-derived its name from the Lutheran Seminary that stood upon its crest a
-half mile west of Gettysburg. In 1863, 10 roads radiated from
-Gettysburg, the one leading to Emmitsburg extending diagonally across
-the valley between Seminary and Cemetery Ridges.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lunettes, or artillery defense works, on the crest
-    of East Cemetery Hill. The entrance gateway to the public cemetery,
-    which is still in use, appears in the background on the Baltimore
-    Pike._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Jennie Wade House, located on Baltimore street
-    between the battle lines. Jennie Wade, the only civilian killed
-    during the battle, was accidentally struck by a bullet which passed
-    through a door of the house._]
-
-    [Illustration: _East Cemetery Hill, the objective of the Confederate
-    charge on the evening of July 2._]
-
-By noon of July 2, the powerful forces of Meade and Lee were at hand,
-and battle on a tremendous scale was imminent. That part of the Union
-line extending from Cemetery Hill to Little Round Top was strongly held.
-Late in the forenoon, Sickles, commanding the Third Corps which lay
-north of Little Round Top, sent Berdan’s sharpshooters and some of the
-men of the 3rd Maine Regiment forward from the Emmitsburg Road to
-Pitzer’s Woods, a half mile to the west. As they reached the woods, a
-strong Confederate force fired upon them, and they hurriedly retired to
-inform their commander. To Sickles, the extension of the Confederate
-line southward meant that his left flank was endangered. He at once
-began moving forward to the advantageous high ground at the Peach
-Orchard, and by 3:30 p. m. his battle front extended from Devil’s Den
-northwestward to the Orchard and northward on the Emmitsburg Road. In
-this forward movement, the strong position on the crest of Little Round
-Top was left unoccupied. This was the situation when Meade finally
-turned his attention from his right flank at Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s
-Spring—the cause of his great concern throughout the forenoon—to review
-Sickles’ line.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-Lee planned to attack, despite the advice of Longstreet who continually
-urged defensive battle. On July 2, Longstreet recommended that Lee swing
-around the Union left at Little Round Top, select a good position, and
-await attack. Lee observed that while the Union position was strong if
-held in sufficient numbers to utilize the advantage of interior lines,
-it presented grave difficulties to a weak defending force. A secure
-lodgment on the shank of the hook might render it possible to sever the
-Union Army and to deal with each unit separately. Not all of Meade’s
-force had reached the field, and Lee thought he had the opportunity of
-destroying his adversary in the process of concentration. He resolved to
-send Longstreet against the Federal left flank which he believed was
-then on lower Cemetery Ridge, while Ewell was to storm Cemetery Hill and
-Culp’s Hill.
-
-    [Illustration: _Trostle farmhouse. Here the 9th Massachusetts
-    battery, taking position in the yard, lost 80 out of 88 horses
-    during the battle of July 2._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-
-LONGSTREET ATTACKS ON THE RIGHT.
-
-In the execution of this plan, Longstreet was ordered to take position
-across the Emmitsburg Road and to attack what was thought to be the left
-flank of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. From his encampment on the
-Chambersburg Road, 3 miles west of Gettysburg, he started toward his
-objective, using Herr Ridge to conceal the movement from Union signalmen
-on Little Round Top. After marching to Black Horse Tavern on the
-Fairfield Road, he realized that his troops were in sight of the signal
-unit and at once began retracing his course. Employing the trees on
-Seminary Ridge as a screen, he marched southward again in Willoughby Run
-Valley, arriving in position on the Emmitsburg Road about 3:30 p. m.
-Immediately in front, and only 700 yards away, Longstreet saw Sickles’
-batteries lined up in the Peach Orchard and on the Emmitsburg Road. Col.
-E. P. Alexander, commanding a battalion of Longstreet’s artillery,
-opened with full force against the Union guns. Longstreet could observe
-in the distance that Little Round Top was unoccupied. Law’s Alabama
-troops were directed at once to take the hill, and Robertson’s Texans
-were instructed to join in the charge.
-
-
-WARREN SAVES LITTLE ROUND TOP.
-
-Gen. G. K. Warren, Meade’s Chief of Engineers, having assisted Sickles
-in placing his line, now rode to the crest of Little Round Top and found
-the hill, “the key to the Union position,” unoccupied except by a signal
-station. Warren was informed by the signalmen that they believed
-Confederate troops lay concealed on the wooded ridge a mile to the west.
-Smith’s New York battery, emplaced at Devil’s Den, immediately was
-ordered to fire a shot into these woods. The missile, crashing through
-the trees, caused a sudden stir of the Confederates “which by the gleam
-of the reflected sunlight on their bayonets, revealed their long lines
-outflanking the position.” Warren realized Longstreet would strike first
-at Little Round Top and he observed, too, the difficulty of shifting
-Sickles’ position from Devil’s Den to the hill.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Wheatfield as it appeared in 1890. Little Round
-    Top is in the background._ (Tipton photograph.)]
-
-At this moment Warren noticed the approach of Union troops from the
-north and rode to meet them. They were Vincent’s and Weed’s brigades,
-leading Sykes’ corps from reserve position to the front. Intercepting
-these troops, Warren rushed them to Little Round Top. Law’s Alabama
-troops were starting to scale the south slope of the hill when Vincent’s
-men rushed to the attack. Weed’s brigade, following closely, drove over
-the crest and engaged Robertson’s Texans on the west slope. The arrival
-of Hazlett’s battery on the summit of the hill is thus described by an
-eyewitness: “The passage of the six guns through the roadless woods and
-amongst the rocks was marvelous. Under ordinary circumstances it would
-have been considered an impossible feat, but the eagerness of the men
-... brought them without delay to the very summit, where they went
-immediately into battle.” A desperate hand-to-hand struggle ensued. Weed
-and Hazlett were killed, and Vincent was mortally wounded—all young
-soldiers of great promise.
-
-The struggle at Little Round Top now became stalemated, and Longstreet
-directed his entire line to attack. The Confederate drive was taken up
-in turn by the brigades of Benning, Anderson, Kershaw, Semmes,
-Barksdale, Wofford, Wilcox, Perry, and Wright against the divisions of
-Birney and Humphreys in the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, and along the
-Emmitsburg Road. Four hours of desperate fighting broke the Peach
-Orchard salient, an angle in the Union line which was struck from the
-south and the west. It left the Wheatfield strewn with dead and wounded,
-and the base of Little Round Top a shambles. Sickles’ men had been
-driven back, and Longstreet was now in possession of the west slope of
-Big Round Top, of Devil’s Den, and the Peach Orchard. Little Round Top,
-that commanding landmark from which Longstreet had hoped to shell the
-Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill, still remained in Union
-possession.
-
-
-CULP’S HILL.
-
-In the Confederate plan, Ewell on the left was directed to attack
-Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill in conjunction with Longstreet’s drive. At
-the appointed time, the guns of Latimer’s battalion on Benner’s Hill,
-east of Gettysburg, opened a well-directed fire against the Union
-positions on East Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill, but the return fire
-soon shattered many of Latimer’s batteries and forced the remnants to
-retire out of range. In the final moments of this action the youthful
-Major Latimer was mortally wounded.
-
-    [Illustration: _View of Little Round Top taken soon after the
-    battle. The crest and western slope of the hill had been cleared the
-    year preceding the battle._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Breastworks constructed by Federal troops on Little
-    Round Top._]
-
-About dusk, long after the artillery fire had ceased, Early’s infantry
-started a charge toward East Cemetery Hill. Seldom, if ever, surpassed
-in its dash and desperation, Early’s assault reached the crest of the
-hill where the defenders, as a last resort in the hand-to-hand
-encounter, used clubbed muskets, stones, and rammers. Long after dark,
-the Louisiana Tigers and their comrades, in possession of the crest of
-the hill, fought to hold their gain and their captured guns. The failure
-of Rodes to move out of the streets of Gettysburg and to attack the hill
-from the west enabled Hancock to shift some of his men to aid in
-repelling Early’s attacks. Faced by these Union reserves, Early’s men
-finally gave way about 10 o’clock and sullenly retired to their lines.
-The Union troops stood firm.
-
-Closely timed with Early’s assault of East Cemetery Hill, Johnson’s
-division charged the Union works on Culp’s Hill. Failing to make
-headway, because of the steep incline and the strength of the Union
-positions, Johnson fell back across Rock Creek and started an attack on
-the southern slope of the hill. Here the Union works were thinly manned.
-An hour earlier, the divisions of Geary and Ruger had been called from
-those works to the aid of the Sickles line at the Peach Orchard.
-Johnson, finding the works weakly defended, took possession of them but
-did not press the attack farther. Only a few hundred yards away on the
-Baltimore Pike lay the Union supply trains. The failure of Confederate
-reconnaissance here again was critically important. Thus passed another
-opportunity to strike a hard blow at the Union Army.
-
-
-
-
-                            _The Third Day_
-
-
-CANNONADE AT DAWN: CULP’S HILL AND SPANGLER’S SPRING.
-
-Night brought an end to the bloody combat at East Cemetery Hill, but
-this was not the time for rest. What would Meade do? Would the Union
-Army remain in its established position and hold its lines at all costs?
-At midnight Meade sought the advice of his Council of War in the east
-room of his headquarters. The corps commanders—Gibbon, Williams, Sykes,
-Newton, Howard, Hancock, Sedgwick, and Slocum—without exception advised
-holding the positions established. Meade, approving, turned to the
-officer whose division held the Union center, and said, “Gibbon, if Lee
-attacks me tomorrow it will be on your front.”
-
-Meade on the following morning began to fortify Cemetery Ridge by
-shifting all units that could be spared from the line at Culp’s Hill,
-and those in reserve at the Round Tops and on Cemetery Hill. General
-Hunt, Chief of Artillery, brought up reserve batteries to hold in
-readiness for replacement of front line guns. Throughout the forenoon of
-the third day, Meade not only developed a strong front at the stone
-walls on the crest of the ridge, but he also strengthened his reserve
-power to an extent which rendered the Union center almost impregnable.
-
-    [Illustration: _Interior of breastworks on Little Round Top._ (Brady
-    photograph.)]
-
-Meanwhile, important movements were occurring elsewhere on the field.
-Ruger’s division and Lockwood’s brigade, which had been called from
-their lines on the south slope of Culp’s Hill the previous evening to
-help defend Sickles’ position at the Peach Orchard, were now
-countermarching, under cover of darkness, to reoccupy their ground.
-Geary, who had misunderstood orders and had marched down the Baltimore
-Pike, was also returning to his works. Ruger’s men, upon reaching the
-Pike, learned from scouts that their entrenchments south of Culp’s Hill
-and at Spangler’s Spring had been occupied by the Confederates. Ruger,
-resolving upon an attack at daybreak, organized his forces along the
-Pike. Powerful artillery units under Muhlenberg were brought into place
-along the road; Rigby’s Maryland battery was stationed on Power’s Hill,
-a prominent knoll a half mile to the south; and another battery was
-emplaced on McAllister Hill.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. James Longstreet._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Col. Edward Porter Alexander._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-As dawn broke on July 3, Union guns on the Baltimore Pike opened with a
-heavy cannonade on Johnson’s Confederates at Spangler’s Spring. The
-heavily wooded area about the Confederate lines prevented them from
-bringing guns into position to return the fire. Union skirmishers began
-streaming across the field toward the Confederate entrenchments. The
-full force of Ruger’s and Geary’s brigades followed closely. Throughout
-the forenoon the Union troops struck again and again.
-
-It was about 10 o’clock that Ruger, believing that a flank attack might
-break the resistance of Johnson’s men, ordered Col. Silas Colgrove to
-strike the Confederate left flank near the spring. The troops of the 2d
-Massachusetts and the 19th Indiana regiments started across the swale
-from the cover of the woods on the little hill south of the spring. A
-withering fire slowed their pace, but they charged on, only to have
-their ranks decimated by the Confederates in strong positions back of a
-stone wall. Colonel Mudge, inspiring leader of the Massachusetts
-regiment, fell mortally wounded. Forced to fall back, the men soon
-learned their efforts had not been in vain. On Ruger’s and Geary’s front
-the Confederates were now giving way and soon had retired across Rock
-Creek, out of striking range. By 11 o’clock, the Union troops were again
-in possession of their earthworks; again they could quench their thirst
-in the cooling waters of the spring.
-
-
-LEE PLANS A FINAL THRUST.
-
-General Lee must have learned by mid-forenoon, after the long hours of
-struggle at Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s Spring, that his troops could not
-hold the Union works which they had occupied with so little effort the
-previous evening. He had seen, also, that in the tremendous battling
-during the preceding afternoon no important gains had been made at
-Little Round Top and its vicinity. Longstreet had gained the
-advantageous ridge at the Peach Orchard and had brought his batteries
-forward from Pitzer’s Woods to this high ground in preparation for a
-follow-up attack. Wright’s brigade, the last unit to move forward on
-July 2 in the echelon attack begun by General Law, had charged across
-the open fields at dusk and pierced the Union center just south of the
-copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge. Wright’s success could not be pressed
-to decisive advantage as the brigades on his left had not moved forward
-to his support, and he was forced to retire. Again, lack of coordination
-in attack was to count heavily against the Confederates.
-
-The failure to make any pronounced headway on July 2 at Culp’s Hill and
-Little Round Top, and the momentary success of Wright on Cemetery Ridge,
-doubtless led Lee to believe that Meade’s flanks were strong and his
-center weak. A powerful drive at the center might pierce the enemy’s
-lines and fold them back. The shattered units might then be destroyed or
-captured at will. Such a charge across open fields and in the face of
-frontal and flank fire would, Lee well understood, be a gamble seldom
-undertaken. Longstreet strongly voiced his objection to such a move,
-insisting that “no 15,000 men ever arrayed for battle can take that
-position.”
-
-    [Illustration: _View of the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road in
-    1890. The Wentz farm buildings appear at the left._ (Tipton
-    photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Devil’s Den, a formation of large granite boulders,
-    used as defense positions by Confederate sharpshooters._]
-
-Time now was the important element. Whatever could be done must be done
-quickly. Hood’s and McLaws’ divisions, who had fought bravely and lost
-heavily at Round Top and the Wheatfield, were not in condition for
-another severe test. Early and Johnson on the left had likewise endured
-long, unrelenting battle with powerful Union forces in positions of
-advantage. The men of Heth’s and Pender’s divisions had not been heavily
-engaged since the first day’s encounter west of Gettysburg. These were
-the men, along with Pickett’s division, whom Lee would have to count on
-to bear the brunt of his final great effort at Gettysburg.
-
-
-LEE AND MEADE SET THE STAGE.
-
-Late in the forenoon of July 3, General Meade had completed his plan of
-defense in rear of the Union center by the concentration of all
-available infantry units. General Hunt, sensing the danger, placed a
-solid line of batteries in position on the crest of the ridge and
-brought others to the rear for emergency use. As a final act of
-preparation, Meade inspected his front at the stone wall, then rode
-southward to Little Round Top. Here, with General Warren, he could see
-the long lines of Confederate batteries and the massing of troops, a
-sure indication of attack. Meade rode back to his headquarters.
-
-Lee, on his part, had observed in the forenoon the enemy in the process
-of concentration on Cemetery Ridge. Having reached his decision to
-strike the Union center, he had already begun the movement of batteries
-from the rear to points of advantage. By noon, 138 guns were in line
-from the Peach Orchard northward to the Seminary buildings, many of them
-only 800 yards from the Union center. To Colonel Alexander fell the lot
-of directing the artillery fire and informing the infantry of the best
-opportunity to advance.
-
-Massed to the west of Emmitsburg Road, on low ground which screened
-their position from the Union lines, lay Gen. George Pickett’s three
-brigades commanded by Kemper, Armistead, and Garnett. Pickett’s men had
-arrived the previous evening from Chambersburg, where they had guarded
-Lee’s wagons on July 1 and 2. As the only fresh body of troops on the
-field, they were now to spearhead the charge. On Pickett’s left, the
-attacking front was fast being organized. Joseph Pettigrew, a brigadier,
-was preparing to lead the division of the wounded Major General Heth and
-Maj. Gen. Isaac Trimble took the command of Pender. More than 10,000
-troops of these two divisions—including such units as the 26th North
-Carolina whose losses on the first day were so heavy that the dead
-marked their advance “with the accuracy of a line at a dress parade”—now
-awaited the order to attack. Many hours earlier, the Bliss farm
-buildings, which lay in their front, had been burned. Their objective on
-the ridge was in clear view. The brigades of Wilcox and Lang were to
-move forward on the right of Pickett in order to protect his flank as he
-neared the enemy position.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Round Tops as they appear from Longstreet’s
-    battle line one mile away._]
-
-General Stuart, in the meantime, had been out of touch with Lee. Moving
-northward on the right flank of the Union Army, he became involved in a
-sharp engagement at Hanover, Pa., on June 30. Seeking to regain contact
-with Lee, he arrived at Carlisle on the evening of July 1. As he began
-shelling the barracks, orders arrived from Lee and he at once marched
-for Gettysburg, arriving north of the town the next day. Lee now decided
-to employ his cavalry to cut off Union retreat which might result from a
-successful attack on the center. Stuart was instructed to swing eastward
-and then south around Gettysburg the morning of July 3 in order to
-arrive in the rear of the Union lines at the time Pickett was expected
-to charge the center.
-
-    [Illustration: BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG]
-
-    [Illustration: _View northward from Little Round Top. 1. Cemetery
-    Ridge. 2. Cemetery Hill. 3. Field of Pickett’s Charge. 4. Seminary
-    Ridge. 5. Oak Hill. The statue of G. K. Warren appears in the
-    foreground._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Meade’s headquarters as it appears today._]
-
-Except for the intermittent sniping of sharpshooters, an ominous silence
-prevailed over the fields. The orders had now been given; the objective
-had been pointed out. Men talked of casual things. Some munched on hard
-bread, others looked fearfully to the eastward, where, with the same
-mixed feelings, lay their adversary.
-
-Far to the south, on another crucial front, General Pemberton was
-penning a letter to General Grant asking terms for the surrender of
-Vicksburg. In Richmond, the sick and anxious Jefferson Davis looked
-hopefully for heartening word from his great field commander at
-Gettysburg. The outcome of this bold venture would count heavily in the
-balance for the cause of the Confederacy.
-
-
-ARTILLERY DUEL AT ONE O’CLOCK.
-
-At 1 o’clock two guns of Miller’s Battery, posted near the Peach
-Orchard, opened fire in rapid succession. It was the signal for the
-entire line to let loose their terrific blast. Gunners rushed to their
-cannon, and in a few moments the massed batteries shook the countryside.
-Firing in salvos and in succession, the air was soon filled with smoke
-and heavy dust, which darkened the sky. Union gunners on Cemetery Ridge
-waited a few minutes until the positions of the Confederate batteries
-were located; then 80 guns, placed it close order, opened fire. For
-nearly 2 hours the duel continued, then that Union fire slackened. Hunt
-had ordered a partial cessation in order to cool the guns and to replace
-broken carriages.
-
-    [Illustration: _Panorama of the battlefield from Cemetery Ridge. 1.
-    General Meade statue. 2. Cemetery Ridge_ (Union position). _3.
-    Little Round Top. 4. Big Round Top. 5. Devil’s Den. 6. High Water
-    Mark—farthest advance of Pickett’s Charge. 7. The Wheatfield. 8. The
-    Angle. 9. The Peach Orchard. 10. Codori Buildings. 11. Field of
-    Pickett’s Charge. 12. Emmitsburg Road. 13. Seminary Ridge_
-    (Confederate position). _14. Virginia Memorial._]
-
-Colonel Alexander, in position on the Emmitsburg Road near the Peach
-Orchard, could observe the effectiveness of his fire on the Union lines
-and also keep the Confederate troops in view. To him, it appeared that
-Union artillery fire was weakening. His own supply of ammunition was
-running low. Believing this was the time to attack, Alexander sent a
-message to Pickett who in turn rode over to Longstreet. General
-Longstreet, who had persistently opposed Lee’s plan of sending 15,000
-men across the open ground, was now faced with a final decision.
-Longstreet merely nodded approval and Pickett saluted, saying, “I am
-going to move forward, sir.” He rode back to his men and ordered the
-advance. With Kemper on the right, Garnett on the left, and Armistead a
-few yards to the rear, the division marched out in brigade front, first
-northeastward into the open fields, then eastward toward the Union
-lines. As Pickett’s men came into view near the woods, Pettigrew and
-Trimble gave the order to advance. The troops of the Carolinas,
-Tennessee, and Mississippi, comprising the brigades of Mayo, Davis,
-Marshall, and Fry in front, followed closely by Lane and Lowrance, now
-moved out to attack. A gap of half a mile between Pickett’s left and
-Pettigrew’s right would be closed as the advance progressed. The units
-were to converge as they approached the Union lines so that the final
-stage of the charge would present a solid front.
-
-
-CLIMAX AT GETTYSBURG.
-
-Billows of smoke lay ahead of the Union men at the stone wall,
-momentarily obscuring the enemy. But trained observers on Little Round
-Top, far to the south, could see in the rear of this curtain of smoke
-the waves of Confederates starting forward. Pickett, finding his
-brigades drifting southeastward, ordered them to bear to the left, and
-the men turned toward the copse of trees. Kemper was now approaching on
-the south of the Codori buildings; Garnett and Armistead were on the
-north. Halted momentarily at the Emmitsburg Road to remove fence rails,
-Pickett’s troops, with Pettigrew on the left, renewed the advance.
-Pickett had anticipated frontal fire of artillery and infantry from the
-strong Union positions at the stone walls on the ridge, but now an
-unforeseen attack developed. Union guns as far south as Little Round
-Top, along with batteries on Cemetery Hill, relieved from Confederate
-fire at the Seminary buildings, opened on the right and left flanks. As
-Pickett’s men drove toward the Union works at The Angle, Stannard’s
-Vermont troops, executing a right turn movement from their position
-south of the copse, fired into the flank of the charging Confederates.
-The advancing lines crumbled, re-formed, and again pressed ahead under
-terrific fire from the Union batteries.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-A hundred yards from the stone wall, in the tall grass, they encountered
-Union skirmishers who fired and hastily withdrew. But all along the wall
-the Union infantry opened with volley after volley into the depleted
-ranks of Garnett and Fry. Armistead closed in, and with Lane and
-Lowrance joining him, made a last concerted drive. At this close range,
-double canister and concentrated infantry fire cut wide gaps in the
-attacking front. Garnett was mortally wounded; Kemper was down, his
-lines falling away on the right and left. Armistead reached the low
-stone fence. In a final surge, he crossed the wall with 150 men and,
-with his cap on his sword, shouted “Follow me!” At the peak of the
-charge, he fell mortally wounded. From the ridge, Union troops rushed
-forward and Hall’s Michigan regiments let loose a blast of musketry. The
-gray column was surrounded. The tide of the Confederacy had “swept to
-its crest, paused, and receded.”
-
-Two of the divisions in the charge were reduced to mere fragments. In
-front of the Union line, 20 fallen battle flags lay in a space of 100
-yards square. Singly and in little clumps, the remnants of the gray
-columns that had made the magnificent charge of a few minutes earlier
-now sullenly retreated across the fields toward the Confederate lines.
-Lee, who had watched anxiously from Spangler’s Woods, now rode out to
-meet his men. “All this has been my fault,” he said to General Wilcox
-who had brought off his command after heavy losses. “It is I that have
-lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in the best way you
-can.” And again that night, in a moment of contemplation, he remarked to
-a comrade, “Too bad! too bad! Oh! too bad!”
-
-    [Illustration: _The Angle, showing the stone wall and the fields’
-    over which Pickett’s troops charged. The Virginia Memorial appears
-    in the background on Seminary Ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _The High Water Mark Monument, which marks the
-    farthest advance made by the Confederates against the Federal
-    position in Pickett’s Charge._]
-
-
-CAVALRY ACTION.
-
-As the strength of Lee’s mighty effort at The Angle was ebbing and the
-scattered remnants of the charge were seeking shelter, action of a
-different kind was taking place on another field not far distant. Early
-in the afternoon, Stuart’s cavalry was making its way down the valley of
-Cress Run, 3 miles east of Gettysburg. The brigades of Hampton and
-Fitzhugh Lee, at the rear of the line of march, momentarily lost the
-trail and came out into open ground at the north end of Rummel’s Woods.
-Stuart, soon learning of the mistake, attempted to bring them into line
-and to proceed southward. But at this point, Gen. D. M. Gregg’s Union
-cavalry, in position along the Hanover Road a mile southeast, saw the
-Confederates. Gregg prepared at once to attack, and Stuart had no choice
-but to fight on this ground. As the two forces moved closer, dismounted
-men opened a brisk fire, supported by the accurate shelling of
-artillerists.
-
-    [Illustration: _Section of the Cyclorama painting of Pickett’s
-    Charge by Paul Philippoteaux._ Courtesy Times and News Publishing
-    Company.]
-
-    [Illustration: _The General Hospital one mile east of Gettysburg. A
-    few weeks after the battle the Union and Confederate wounded were
-    removed to this place from field hospitals in the rear of the battle
-    lines._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-Then came the initial cavalry charge and countercharge. The Confederate
-Jenkins was forced to withdraw when his small supply of ammunition
-became exhausted. Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, and Chambliss charged again and
-again, only to be met with the equally spirited counterattack of
-McIntosh. Custer’s Michigan regiments closed in on a flank movement
-against the right of the charging Confederate troopers, and Miller’s
-squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania, disobeying orders to hold its position,
-struck opportunely on the Confederate left. The thrusts of the Union
-horsemen, so well coordinated, stopped the onslaught of Stuart’s
-troopers. After 3 hours of driving assaults, the Confederates left the
-field and retired to the north of Gettysburg. The Union horsemen,
-holding their ground, had successfully cut off the prospect of
-Confederate cavalry aid in the rear of the Union lines on Cemetery
-Ridge.
-
-
-
-
-                           _End of Invasion_
-
-
-Lee, as he looked over the desolate field of dead and wounded and the
-broken remnants of his once-powerful army still ready for renewed
-battle, must have realized that not only was Gettysburg lost, but that
-eventually it might all end this way. Meade did not counterattack, as
-expected. The following day, July 4, the two armies lay facing each
-other, exhausted and torn.
-
-    [Illustration: _During the 75th anniversary of the Battle of
-    Gettysburg, July 1-4, 1938, 1,845 soldiers attended the Federal and
-    Confederate reunion. Here veterans of the two armies clasp hands
-    across the stone wall at The Angle._]
-
-Late on the afternoon of July 4, Lee began an orderly retreat. The wagon
-train of wounded, 17 miles in length, guarded by Imboden’s cavalry,
-started homeward through Greenwood and Greencastle. At night, the
-able-bodied men marched over the Hagerstown Road by way of Monterey Pass
-to the Potomac. Roads had become nearly impassable from the heavy rains
-that day. So well did Stuart cover the retreat that the army reached the
-Potomac with comparatively little loss. Meade, realizing that the
-Confederate Army was actually retreating and not retiring to the
-mountain passes, sent his cavalry and Sedgwick’s corps of infantry in
-pursuit and ordered the mountain passes west of Frederick covered. Lee,
-having the advantage of the more direct route to the Potomac, reached
-the river several days ahead of his pursuers, but heavy rains had
-swollen the current and he could not cross. Meade arrived on the night
-of July 12 and prepared for a general attack. On the following night,
-however, the river receded and Lee crossed safely into Virginia. The
-Confederate Army, Meade’s critics said, had been permitted to slip from
-the Union grasp.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Eternal Light Peace Memorial, dedicated on the
-    75th anniversary of the battle, commemorates “Peace Eternal in a
-    Nation United.”_]
-
-
-
-
-                        _Lincoln and Gettysburg_
-
-
-ESTABLISHMENT OF A BURIAL GROUND.
-
-For the residents of Gettysburg the aftermath of battle was almost as
-trying as the 3 days of struggle that had swirled about them. The town’s
-2,400 inhabitants, and the nearby country folk, bore a heavy share of
-the burden of caring for the 21,000 wounded and dying of both sides, who
-were left behind when the armies moved on. Spacious rooms in churches
-and schools and hundreds of homes were turned over to the care of the
-wounded; and kindly folk from neighboring towns came to help those of
-Gettysburg in ministering to the needs of the maimed and shattered men.
-
-Adequate attention to the wounded was an immediate necessity, but fully
-as urgent was the need of caring for the dead. Nearly 6,000 had been
-killed in action, and hundreds died each day from mortal wounds. In the
-earlier stages of the battle, soldiers of both armies performed the
-tasks of burying their fallen comrades, but the struggle had reached
-such large proportions and the scene of battle had so shifted that
-fallen men had come within enemy lines. Because of the emergencies of
-battle, therefore, hundreds of bodies had been left unburied or only
-partially covered. It was evident that the limited aid which could be
-offered by local authorities must be supported by a well-organized plan
-for disinterment of the dead from the temporary burial grounds on the
-field and reburial in a permanent place at Gettysburg or in home
-cemeteries.
-
-A few days after the battle, the Governor of the Commonwealth, Hon.
-Andrew Curtin, visited the battlefield to offer assistance in caring for
-the wounded. When official duties required his return to Harrisburg, he
-appointed Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to act as his special
-agent. At the time of his visit, the Governor was especially distressed
-by the condition of the dead. In response to the Governor’s desire that
-the remains be brought together in a place set aside for the purpose,
-Mr. Wills selected land on the northern slope of Cemetery Hill and
-suggested that the State of Pennsylvania purchase the ground at once in
-order that interments could begin without delay. He proposed that
-contributions for the purpose of laying out and landscaping the grounds
-be asked from legislatures of the States whose soldiers had taken part
-in the battle.
-
-Within 6 weeks, Mr. Wills had purchased 17 acres of ground on Cemetery
-Hill and engaged William Saunders, an eminent landscape gardener, to lay
-out the grounds in State lots, apportioned in size to the number of
-graves for the fallen of each State. Each of the Union States
-represented in the battle made contributions for planning and
-landscaping.
-
-The reinterment of 3,512 bodies in the cemetery was accomplished only
-after many months. Great care had been taken to identify the bodies on
-the field, and, at the time of reinterment, remains were readily
-identified by marked boards which had been placed at the field grave or
-by items found on the bodies. Even so, the names of 1,664 remained
-unknown, 979 of whom were without identification either by name or by
-State. Within a year, appropriations from the States made possible the
-enclosure of the cemetery with a massive stone wall and an iron fence on
-the Baltimore Street front, imposing gateways of iron, headstones for
-the graves, and a keeper’s lodge. Since the original burials, the total
-of Civil War interments has reached 3,706. Including those of later
-wars, the total number now is 4,399.
-
-    [Illustration: _Photograph of Lincoln taken a few days before he
-    left Washington en route to Gettysburg, November 1863._ (Gardner
-    photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _The Soldiers’ National Monument, commemorating the
-    Federal dead who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated July 1, 1869. It
-    is located at the place where Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg
-    Address._]
-
-The removal of Confederate dead from the field burial plots was not
-undertaken until 7 years after the battle. During the years 1870-73,
-upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond,
-Raleigh, Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and
-sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in
-Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home
-cemeteries.
-
-The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania incorporated the cemetery in January
-1864. The cemetery “having been completed, and the care of it by
-Commissioners from so many states being burdensome and expensive,” the
-Board of Commissioners, authorized by act of the General Assembly of
-Pennsylvania in 1868, recommended the transfer of the cemetery to the
-Federal Government. The Secretary of War accepted title to the cemetery
-for the United States Government on May 1, 1872.
-
-
-DEDICATION OF THE CEMETERY.
-
-Having agreed upon a plan for the cemetery, the Commissioners believed
-it advisable to consecrate the grounds with appropriate ceremonies. Mr.
-Wills, representing the Governor of Pennsylvania, was selected to make
-proper arrangements for the event. With the approval of the Governors of
-the several States, he wrote to Hon. Edward Everett, of Massachusetts,
-inviting him to deliver the oration on the occasion and suggested
-October 23, 1863, as the date for the ceremony. Mr. Everett stated in
-reply that the invitation was a great compliment, but that because of
-the time necessary for the preparation of the oration he could not
-accept a date earlier than November 19. This was the date agreed upon.
-
-Edward Everett was the outstanding orator of his day. He had been a
-prominent Boston minister and later a university professor. A cultured
-scholar, he had delivered orations on many notable occasions. In a
-distinguished career he became successively President of Harvard,
-Governor of Massachusetts, United States Senator, Minister to England,
-and Secretary of State.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Wills house where Lincoln was a guest when the
-    national cemetery was dedicated._]
-
-The Gettysburg cemetery, at the time of the dedication, was not under
-the authority of the Federal Government. It had not occurred to those in
-charge, therefore, that the President of the United States might desire
-to attend the ceremony. When formally printed invitations were sent to a
-rather extended list of national figures, including the President, the
-acceptance from Mr. Lincoln came as a surprise. Mr. Wills was thereupon
-instructed to request the President to take part in the program, and, on
-November 2, a personal invitation was addressed to him.
-
-    [Illustration: _The procession on Baltimore Street en route to the
-    cemetery for the dedicatory exercises, November 19._]
-
-Throngs filled the town on the evening of November 18. The special train
-from Washington bearing the President arrived in Gettysburg at dusk. Mr.
-Lincoln was escorted to the spacious home of Mr. Wills on Center Square.
-Sometime later in the evening the President was serenaded, and at a late
-hour he retired. At 10 o’clock on the following morning, the appointed
-time for the procession to begin, Mr. Lincoln was ready. The various
-units of the long procession, marshaled by Ward Lamon, began moving on
-Baltimore Street, the President riding horseback. The elaborate order of
-march also included Cabinet officials, judges of the Supreme Court, high
-military officers, Governors, commissioners, the Vice President, the
-Speaker of the House of Representatives, Members of Congress, and many
-local groups.
-
-Difficulty in getting the procession under way and the tardy return of
-Mr. Everett from his drive over the battleground accounted for a delay
-of an hour in the proceedings. At high noon, with thousands scurrying
-about for points of vantage, the ceremonies were begun with the playing
-of a dirge by one of the bands. As the audience stood uncovered, a
-prayer was offered by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton, Chaplain of the House of
-Representatives. “Old Hundred” was played by the Marine Band. Then Mr.
-Everett arose, and “stood a moment in silence, regarding the battlefield
-and the distant beauty of the South Mountain range.” For nearly 2 hours
-he reviewed the funeral customs of Athens, spoke of the purposes of war,
-presented a detailed account of the 3-days’ battle, offered tribute to
-those who died on the battlefield, and reminded his audience of the
-bonds which are common to all Americans. Upon the conclusion of his
-address, a hymn was sung.
-
-    [Illustration: _First page of the second draft of the Gettysburg
-    Address. This copy, made by Lincoln on the morning of November 19,
-    was held in his hand while delivering his address._ Reproduced from
-    the original in the Library of Congress.]
-
-    [Illustration: _This photograph is the only known close-up view of
-    the rostrum_ (upper left) _at the dedication of the national
-    cemetery. The view shows a part of the audience which was estimated
-    at 15,000._ (Bachrach photograph.)]
-
-Then the President arose and spoke his immortal words:
-
-  _Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
-  continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
-  proposition that all men are created equal._
-
-  _Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
-  or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
-  met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
-  portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
-  gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting
-  and proper that we should do this._
-
-  _But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we
-  cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
-  struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add
-  or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
-  here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the
-  living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
-  who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
-  to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from
-  these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
-  they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly
-  resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation,
-  under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of
-  the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
-  earth._
-
-A hymn was then sung and Rev. H. L. Baugher pronounced the benediction.
-
-    [Illustration: _Plan of the national cemetery drawn in the autumn of
-    1863 by the notable landscape gardener, William Saunders._]
-
-
-
-
-                                _MAP OF_
-                              THE GROUNDS
-                                  and
-                       DESIGN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT
-                                   of
-                    THE SOLDIERS’ NATIONAL CEMETERY,
-                            GETTYSBURG, PA.
-                                 1863.
-                                   By
-                           WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
-                  Landscape Gardener Germantown, Penn.
-
-
-  1. UNKNOWN.
-  2. ILLINOIS.
-  3. VIRGINIA.
-  4. DELAWARE.
-  5. RHODE ISLAND.
-  6. NEW HAMPSHIRE.
-  7. VERMONT.
-  8. NEW JERSEY.
-  9. WISCONSIN.
-  10. CONNECTICUT.
-  11. MINNESOTA.
-  12. MARYLAND.
-  13. U. S. REGULARS.
-  14. UNKNOWN.
-  15. MAINE.
-  16. MICHIGAN
-  17. NEW YORK.
-  18. PENNSYLVANIA.
-  19. MASSACHUSETTS.
-  20. OHIO.
-  21. INDIANA.
-  22. UNKNOWN.
-  23. MONUMENT.
-  24. GATE-HOUSE.
-  25. FLAGSTAFF, ETC.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Lincoln Address Memorial, the only monument ever
-    erected to commemorate an address, stands near the west gate of the
-    national cemetery._]
-
-
-GENESIS OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS.
-
-The theme of the Gettysburg Address was not entirely new. “Must a
-government, of necessity, be too strong for the liberties of its
-people,” Lincoln had once asked, “or too weak to maintain its own
-existence?” Speaking of war aims, he said, “We shall nobly save, or
-meanly lose, the last best hope of earth.” When he referred at
-Gettysburg to “the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus
-far so nobly advanced,” he had in mind the high purpose of the
-preservation of the Union and the welfare of all the people. More than a
-year after Gettysburg, Lincoln in his Second Inaugural address uttered
-words which might very well be considered a companion sentiment to those
-expressed at Gettysburg: “With malice toward none; with charity for all;
-with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right.” This
-profession of faith came from the heart of a man of humility who sought
-then, as he did throughout the war, to assuage suffering and anxiety
-everywhere.
-
-Rather than accept the address as a few brief notes hastily prepared on
-the route to Gettysburg (an assumption which has long gained much public
-acceptance), it should be regarded as a pronouncement of the high
-purpose dominant in Lincoln’s thinking throughout the war. Habitually
-cautious of words in public address, spoken or written, it is not likely
-that the President, on such an occasion, failed to give careful thought
-to the words which he would speak. After receiving the belated
-invitation on November 2, he yet had ample time to prepare for the
-occasion, and the well-known correspondent Noah Brooks stated that
-several days before the dedication Lincoln told him in Washington that
-his address would be “short, short, short” and that it was “written, but
-not finished.”
-
-
-THE FIVE AUTOGRAPH COPIES OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS.
-
-Even after his arrival at Gettysburg the President continued to put
-finishing touches to his address. The first page of the original text
-was written in ink on a sheet of Executive Mansion paper. The second
-page, either written or revised at the Wills residence, was in pencil on
-a sheet of foolscap, and, according to Lincoln’s secretary, Nicolay, the
-few words changed in pencil at the bottom of the first page were added
-while in Gettysburg. The second draft of the address was written in
-Gettysburg probably on the morning of its delivery, as it contains
-certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports
-of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln. It
-is probable, as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original
-copies of the first and second drafts in the Library of Congress, that
-it was the second draft which Lincoln held in his hand when he delivered
-the address.
-
-Quite opposite to Lincoln’s feeling, expressed soon after the delivery
-of the address, that it “would not scour,” the President lived long
-enough to think better of it himself and to see it widely accepted as a
-masterpiece. Early in 1864, Mr. Everett requested him to join in
-presenting manuscripts of the two addresses given at Gettysburg to be
-bound in a volume and sold for the benefit of stricken soldiers at a
-Sanitary Commission Fair in New York. The draft Lincoln sent became the
-third autograph copy, known as the Everett-Keyes copy, and it is now in
-the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library.
-
-George Bancroft requested a copy in April 1864, to be included in
-_Autograph Leaves of Our Country’s Authors_. This volume was to be sold
-at a Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Sanitary Fair in Baltimore. As this fourth
-copy was written on both sides of the paper, it proved unusable for this
-purpose, and Mr. Bancroft was allowed to keep it. This autograph draft
-is known as the Bancroft copy, as it remained in that family for many
-years. It has recently been presented to the Cornell University Library.
-Finding that the copy written for _Autograph Leaves_ could not be used,
-Mr. Lincoln wrote another, a fifth draft, which was accepted for the
-purpose requested. It is the only draft to which he affixed his
-signature. In all probability it was the last copy written by Lincoln,
-and because of the apparent care in its preparation it has become the
-standard version of the address. The fifth draft, which long remained in
-the hands of the family of Col. Alexander Bliss, publisher of _Autograph
-Leaves_, is known as the Bliss copy. It was purchased in 1949 by Oscar
-B. Cintas, of Havana, Cuba.
-
-
-SOLDIERS’ NATIONAL MONUMENT.
-
-As a fitting memorial to the Union dead who fell at Gettysburg, the
-Commissioners arranged for the erection of a monument in the center of
-the semicircular plot of graves. A design submitted by J. G. Batterson
-was accepted and the services of Randolph Rogers, a distinguished
-American sculptor, were secured for the execution of the monument.
-Projecting from the four angles of the gray granite shaft are
-allegorical statues in white marble representing War, History, Peace,
-and Plenty. Surmounting the shaft is a white marble statue representing
-the Genius of Liberty. Known as the Soldiers’ National Monument, the
-cornerstone was laid July 4, 1865, and the monument dedicated July 1,
-1869.
-
-
-THE LINCOLN ADDRESS MEMORIAL.
-
-The “few appropriate remarks” of Lincoln at Gettysburg came to be
-accepted with the passing of years not only as a fine expression of the
-purposes for which the war was fought, but as a masterpiece of
-literature. An effort to have the words of the martyr President
-commemorated on this battlefield culminated with the inclusion in the
-act approved February 12, 1895, which established Gettysburg National
-Military Park, of a provision for the erection of such a memorial.
-Pursuant to this authority, the Park Commission erected the Lincoln
-Address Memorial, in January 1912, near the west gate of the national
-cemetery.
-
-    [Illustration: _The national cemetery._]
-
-
-
-
-              _Guide Tour of the Park_—(See map on page 52.)
-
-
-The self-guide tour of the park begins on McPherson Ridge, a mile west
-of Gettysburg. Upon arrival in Gettysburg, the visitor should first
-locate Center Square, then drive a mile westward on U. S. No. 30 to the
-statues of Generals Reynolds and Buford.
-
-
-STOP 1. MCPHERSON RIDGE.
-
-(Please face westward, with the statue of Reynolds on your right.)
-
-The Battle of Gettysburg began on this ridge at 8 a. m., July 1, 1863.
-The Confederate Army, approaching along the Chambersburg Pike, formed
-line of battle on the ridge one-half mile westward where you see the
-brick house (Herr Tavern). They first attacked the Union cavalry on this
-ridge, then infantry on the ridge 200 yards to your rear. In the
-afternoon, the Confederates renewed their drive from the west along the
-Pike and also struck the Union right flank (Oak Hill, No. 2 on Tour
-Map). The Union forces finally gave way, retreating first to the
-Seminary buildings and then to Cemetery Hill south of Gettysburg.
-
-General Reynolds, commanding a Union corps, was killed in the woods a
-quarter of a mile southeast of this point. Buford, whose statue is just
-in front of you, commanded the Union cavalry on this ridge. The marked
-gun at the base of the Buford statue fired the first cannon shot at
-Gettysburg. Oak Ridge lies one-half mile back of you, and the same
-wooded ridge extending south of the Chambersburg Pike is Seminary Ridge.
-
-General Lee, the Confederate commander, used the valley beyond the South
-Mountains (to the west) as an avenue of approach into Pennsylvania.
-
-
-STOP 2. OAK HILL.
-
-(Please face southward with the Peace Memorial to your rear.)
-
-The Battle of Gettysburg, which began at 8 a. m., on the two ridges a
-mile south of here, halted at noon, and the Confederates withdrew. At 1
-o’clock, a strong Confederate force arrived from the north on this hill
-and fired into the flank of the Union men on the ridges to the south.
-Faced with this powerful fire and with renewed attack from the west,
-part of the Union forces were shifted to Oak Ridge (see monuments on the
-ridge to your left) to meet the attack from this direction. Union troops
-on the plain east of this ridge were soon forced by another strong
-Confederate charge to retreat headlong through the streets of
-Gettysburg, opening the Union line on Oak Ridge to flank and rear
-attack. By mid-afternoon, the Union position on Oak Ridge was abandoned,
-and the Confederates pursued the retreating Union troops through
-Gettysburg, halting in the western part of the town.
-
-The gap in the South Mountains to your right is Cashtown Pass where
-Lee’s army crossed the range.
-
-
-STOP 3. OAK RIDGE.
-
-(Please face eastward toward the monuments on the plain.)
-
-When Rodes’ Confederate troops reached Oak Hill at 1 o’clock, Union
-troops on McPherson Ridge, as well as reserves, were shifted hurriedly
-to this ground. The Union troops, posted back of the stone wall, faced
-the Confederate charge from the west and north. Tenaciously holding this
-ground through repeated Confederate attacks, the Union men were finally
-forced to give way. Howard’s Union corps had arrived earlier in the
-plain north of Gettysburg (see monuments to the east) but his command
-was soon shattered by a Confederate force arriving from the northeast on
-the Harrisburg Road (near flagpole, a mile eastward). As the Union
-troops north of Gettysburg retreated, the men on this ridge became
-isolated and withdrew to Cemetery Hill, south of the town.
-
-The large white building on this side of Gettysburg is “Old Dorm” at
-Gettysburg College, used as a hospital during the battle. Beyond the
-town is Culp’s Hill (see the observation tower), and in the right
-background is Cemetery Hill.
-
-
-STOP 4. SEMINARY RIDGE.
-
-(North Carolina Monument.)
-
-General Lee had failed to achieve any definite gains July 2 against the
-Union left flank at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, or the right
-flank at Spangler’s Spring and Culp’s Hill. He therefore marshaled his
-forces on the forenoon of July 3 for a final thrust against the center
-of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. For nearly 2 hours, 138 Confederate
-guns on this ridge directed a heavy fire at the Union positions. Lee
-then sent 15,000 men across the open ground with the Copse of Trees (No.
-8 on the Tour Map) as their objective. Spearheaded by Pickett’s
-division, and therefore known as Pickett’s Charge, this famous attack
-failed to break the strong Union positions at the stone wall. The
-advance marked the end of battle and the failure has been called the
-High Water Mark of the Confederacy. Lee gave up hope of further attack
-on this field, and on the following day began his retreat toward the
-Potomac and Virginia.
-
-The wooded knoll to the east is Cemetery Hill (No. 10 on the Tour Map).
-Cemetery Ridge extends southward to Little Round Top (No. 7 on the Tour
-Map), the small hill partially cleared of trees at the left of Big Round
-Top. The Copse of Trees and The Angle (No. 8 on the Tour Map) are on the
-crest of the Cemetery Ridge where the flagpole appears.
-
-
-STOP 5. WARFIELD RIDGE.
-
-The Union General Sickles, at noon July 2, began moving his troops
-forward from Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top to Devil’s Den Ridge
-and the Peach Orchard. Longstreet’s Confederate corps was already
-marching from the Chambersburg Road to extend the line southward across
-the Emmitsburg Road. At 3:30 p. m., as Sickles’ men were taking position
-at the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road, a half-mile north of here,
-Longstreet brought his army into position on this ridge. A brisk
-artillery exchange opened. Longstreet directed his infantry attack first
-at Little Round Top (the partially cleared hill to your right) and then
-along the whole Union line northward to the Peach Orchard and the
-Emmitsburg Road. Four hours later, as darkness gathered, the Union line
-had been shattered and forced to retreat. The Confederates gained
-possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil’s Den, and the high
-ground in the vicinity of the Peach Orchard.
-
-
-STOP 6. DEVIL’S DEN.
-
-When General Sickles moved his corps forward to the Peach Orchard and
-the Emmitsburg Road at 3 p. m., his left flank was here at Devil’s Den.
-Longstreet’s Confederate brigades soon came charging from the west.
-Striking the entire Union line, the base of Little Round Top and this
-area quickly became a shambles. After hours of desperate struggle, the
-Union line had been broken and the remnants forced to the rear. The
-Confederates were now in possession of the west slope of Big Round Top,
-Devil’s Den, the Wheatfield, and the Peach Orchard. Sharpshooters, using
-the large boulders as defense positions, fired at Union men on the crest
-of Little Round Top, 700 yards distant. A typical sharpshooter’s
-barricade may still be seen at the top of Devil’s Den.
-
-
-STOP 7. LITTLE ROUND TOP.
-
-As Sickles completed the forward movement from Little Round Top and the
-area northward, his new line extended from the Peach Orchard
-southeastward through the Wheatfield to Devil’s Den (see boulders
-below). Longstreet’s attack on Little Round Top developed from the ridge
-a mile westward. His brigades successively struck the entire Union line
-from Devil’s Den to the Emmitsburg Road. The Confederates in a 4-hour
-fight broke the entire Union line, and the remnants of Sickles’ corps
-were forced to retreat to the rear of the Round Tops. The Confederates
-gained possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil’s Den, the
-Wheatfield (the open ground surrounded by woods), and the Peach Orchard
-(near the white buildings on the ridge). The quick action of General
-Warren (see bronze figure to the north) in bringing troops to Little
-Round Top saved the hill for the Union. The stone breastworks on the
-slope of the hill were constructed during the night of July 2 as a
-defense measure against further attack. Big Round Top, a quarter of a
-mile southward, was heavily wooded at the time of the battle and could
-not be used to advantage by either artillery or infantry.
-
-
-STOP 8. CEMETERY RIDGE (THE ANGLE).
-
-On the afternoon of July 2, General Lee had tried to turn the left flank
-of the Union line at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, and the
-right flank at Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s Spring. Meeting with only
-partial success in these attempts, he then planned to strike the center.
-First he massed his artillery on Seminary Ridge and across the fields.
-Many batteries were hardly more than 800 yards west of here. Beginning
-at 1 o’clock they engaged in an artillery duel of nearly 2 hours with
-the powerful Union batteries on this ridge. Then 15,000 men, in a battle
-line a mile in length, and spearheaded by Pickett’s division, started
-from the Confederate lines across the open fields, with the Copse of
-Trees as their guide. When they reached the Emmitsburg Road 300 yards
-away, the men charged. Canister from Union artillery and concentrated
-infantry fire from the Union men at the stone walls soon cut wide gaps
-in the Confederate line. They reached the wall, and a small band of men
-crossed, but the tide had turned. In Lee’s final great effort, he had
-lost nearly 10,000 of his men. The remnants gave way and soon were in
-full retreat to the Confederate lines. The counterattack, which Lee
-feared, never developed.
-
-The Copse of Trees is at your left, surrounded by the iron fence. The
-position of Cushing’s battery of United States artillery, which held the
-position at The Angle, is marked by four guns. The statue of General
-Meade stands to the right and rear.
-
-
-STOP 9. MEADE’S HEADQUARTERS.
-
-Gen. George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army, arrived on the field
-near midnight, July 1. He used the Leister house as his headquarters.
-
-On the night of July 2, General Meade called a council of his corps
-commanders in this house to determine whether they should hold the
-positions then established. The commanders advised him to hold the
-existing lines. Meade, agreeing with their advice and expecting the next
-attack on the center of his line, began the concentration of artillery
-and infantry strength in this area.
-
-The Leister house and barn were badly damaged by the artillery fire
-which preceded Pickett’s Charge.
-
-
-STOP 10. NATIONAL CEMETERY.
-
-Soon after the battle, Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, commissioned
-Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to purchase this ground as a
-cemetery for the Union dead. While reburials from the temporary graves
-on the battlefield were in progress, a committee arranged for a formal
-dedication on November 19, 1863. President Lincoln delivered his famous
-Gettysburg Address on that occasion. The National Monument,
-commemorating the Union soldiers who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated,
-in 1869, on the site where Lincoln spoke. A memorial to the address was
-erected, in 1912, near the west gate of the cemetery.
-
-
-STOP 11. CYCLORAMA OF PICKETT’S CHARGE.
-
-The Cyclorama of Pickett’s Charge is regarded as a masterpiece of art.
-It offers an unsurpassed picture of the wartime appearance of the field,
-the manner of fighting, and of equipment employed. This magnificent
-painting, measuring 370 feet in circumference and 30 feet in height, was
-acquired by the National Park Service in 1942. The French artist, Paul
-Philippoteaux, completed the painting in 1884. It was brought to
-Gettysburg in 1913 when it was first mounted and exhibited in connection
-with the observance of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.
-
-
-STOP 12. EAST CEMETERY HILL.
-
-Early’s Confederates assaulted Union positions here at dusk on July 2,
-in coordination with an attack on Culp’s Hill (to your right). Rodes’
-men failed to charge from the west at the same time. Early’s troops took
-possession of the hill and many of the guns, but in the absence of
-support from Rodes they were driven back. The desperate hand-to-hand
-fighting lasted long after dark.
-
-Culp’s Hill is one-quarter mile eastward (see the observation tower) and
-Spangler’s Spring a few hundred yards beyond. Oak Ridge, a landmark of
-the first day’s battle, appears northwest of the town.
-
-
-STOP 13. CULP’S HILL.
-
-A Confederate attack was directed against this hill on July 2 in
-conjunction with the assault on East Cemetery Hill. Because of the steep
-incline and the strength of the Union positions here at the crest, the
-Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek for a flank
-attack. Most of the Union troops had been ordered earlier to the defense
-of the Wheatfield and Peach Orchard. The Confederates, meeting with
-little resistance, took possession of the Union earthworks on the south
-slope of this hill. Before a Confederate attack developed against this
-position on the following morning, the Union force had returned. After
-fighting throughout the forenoon of July 3, they forced the Confederates
-out of the Union defense works. The Union brigade commanded by General
-Greene retained this position throughout the battle of July 2 and 3.
-
-
-STOP 14. SPANGLER’S SPRING.
-
-Failing to take possession of Culp’s Hill on the evening of July 2,
-Johnson’s Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek and
-attacked the Union position on the hill north of this spring. The
-defense works here had been vacated an hour earlier when most of the
-troops were called to help defend the Union line in the Wheatfield and
-Peach Orchard. The Confederates then took possession of the Union works.
-The Union forces, having returned during the night, opened fire at dawn
-on July 3 with artillery and infantry. Confederate troops who were
-posted in the Union works and in rear of the stone wall on the hill to
-the north made a determined stand. After hard fighting, which ended only
-at noon, the Union force succeeded in driving the Confederates out of
-these works and eastward beyond striking range.
-
-
-
-
-                               _The Park_
-
-
-In 1895, the battlefield was established by act of Congress as
-Gettysburg National Military Park. In that year, the Gettysburg
-Battlefield Memorial Association, which had been founded April 30, 1864,
-for the purpose of commemorating “the great deeds of valor, endurance,
-and noble self-sacrifice, and to perpetuate the memory of the heroes,
-and the signal events which render these battlegrounds illustrious,”
-transferred its holdings of 600 acres of land, 17 miles of avenues, and
-320 monuments and markers to the Federal Government. Under the
-jurisdiction of the War Department until 1933, the park was transferred
-in that year to the Department of the Interior to be administered by the
-National Park Service. Today, the park consists of 2,554.82 acres of
-land and 26 miles of paved roads.
-
-The fields over which the battles were fought cover about 16,000 acres
-and include the town of Gettysburg. A total of 2,390 monuments, tablets,
-and markers have been erected over the years to indicate the positions
-where infantry, artillery, and cavalry units fought. Of the 354 Union
-and 272 Confederate cannon engaged or held in reserve during the battle,
-233 Federal and 182 Confederate are located on the field in the
-approximate position of the batteries during the battle.
-
-
-
-
-            _Anniversary Reunions of the Civil War Veterans_
-
-
-The great interest of veterans and the public alike in the Gettysburg
-battlefield has been reflected over the years in three outstanding
-anniversary celebrations. Dominant in the observance of the 25th
-anniversary in 1888 were the veterans themselves, who returned to encamp
-on familiar ground. It was on this occasion that a large number of
-regimental monuments, erected by survivors of regiments or by States,
-were dedicated. Again, in 1913, on the 50th anniversary, even though the
-ranks were gradually thinning, the reunion brought thousands of veterans
-back to the battlefield. Perhaps the most impressive tribute to the
-surviving veterans occurred July 1-4, 1938, on the occasion of the
-observance of the 75th anniversary of the battle and the last reunion of
-the men who wore the blue and the gray. Although 94 years was the
-average age of those attending, 1,845 veterans, out of a total of about
-8,000 then living, returned for the encampment. It was on this occasion
-that the Eternal Light Peace Memorial was dedicated.
-
-
-
-
-                        _How to Reach the Park_
-
-
-Gettysburg National Military Park and National Cemetery are accessible
-by highway over U. S. No. 30 from the east and west, U. S. No. 15 from
-the north and south; U. S. No. 140 from Baltimore, Md.; State No. 34
-from Carlisle, Pa.; and State No. 116 from Hagerstown, Md., and Hanover,
-Pa. Greyhound Bus Lines operate over U. S. Nos. 30 and 140; the Blue
-Ridge Lines over U. S. No. 15 from the south; and the
-Gettysburg-Harrisburg Bus Line over U. S. No. 15 from Harrisburg.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Administration_
-
-
-Gettysburg National Military Park is administered by the National Park
-Service of the United States Department of the Interior. Communications
-should be addressed to the Superintendent, Gettysburg National Military
-Park, Gettysburg, Pa.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Related Areas_
-
-
-Significant parts of most of the major battlefields of the Civil War
-have been set aside under the control of the Federal Government to be
-administered as national military areas by the National Park Service.
-Among the areas in this group are: Antietam National Battlefield Site,
-Md.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Va.; Fredericksburg and
-Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park
-(includes Chancellorsville, The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House,
-and Fredericksburg battlefields), Va.; Petersburg National Military
-Park, Va.; Richmond National Battlefield Park, Va.; Appomattox Court
-House National Historical Park, Va.; Shiloh National Military Park,
-Tenn; Fort Donelson National Military Park, Tenn.; Stones River National
-Military Park, Tenn.; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military
-Park, Tenn.-Ga.; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Ga.; Fort
-Sumter National Monument, S. C.; Vicksburg National Military Park,
-Miss.; and Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga.
-
-
-
-
-                          _Visitor Facilities_
-
-
-Information and free literature concerning the park may be obtained at
-the National Park Service museum in the Post Office building, at the
-national cemetery office, and at the park entrance stations. The
-services of park historians are available free for explanation of the
-battle, talks over a relief model of the battlefield in the museum, and
-for field tours with educational groups. A historian is stationed at
-Little Round Top during the summer season.
-
-Field exhibits, consisting of a map of the battlefield and wartime
-photographs, are located at important points in the park for the use and
-interest of the public. With the exception of December, January, and
-February, the cyclorama is open weekdays from 10 a. m. to 12 noon and 1
-p. m. to 5 p. m. and on Sundays 10 a. m. to 12 noon and 1 p. m. to 6 p.
-m. The admission fee is 25 cents for persons 12 years of age and over.
-School groups, 12 to 18 years of age, and children under 12 years of age
-are admitted free. Battlefield guides, licensed by the National Park
-Service, operate under the supervision of the park superintendent. A
-complete tour of the park, which covers the battleground of July 1,
-north and west of Gettysburg, and of July 2 and 3, south of the town,
-requires approximately 2 hours, and the guide fee is $4. A special tour,
-covering the main points of interest and requiring about 1 hour, is
-available at a fee of $3. The guide fee for a short bus tour is $5; for
-a long bus tour $6.
-
-    [Illustration: BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG]
-
-  LEGEND
-    1 MCPHERSON RIDGE
-    2 OAK HILL
-    3 OAK RIDGE
-    4 SEMINARY RIDGE
-    5 WARFIELD RIDGE
-    6 DEVIL’S DEN
-    7 LITTLE ROUND TOP
-    8 THE ANGLE
-    9 MEADE’S HDQRS.
-    10 NAT’L. MONUMENT
-    11 CYCLORAMA
-    12 EAST CEMETERY HILL
-    13 CULPS HILL
-    14 SPANGLER’S SPRING
-
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                       HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES
-
-   (Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained
-                 from the Superintendent of Documents,
-                          Washington 25, D.C.)
-
-  Antietam
-  Bandelier
-  Chalmette
-  Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-  Custer Battlefield
-  Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial
-  Fort Laramie
-  Fort McHenry
-  Fort Necessity
-  Fort Pulaski
-  Fort Raleigh
-  Fort Sumter
-  George Washington Birthplace
-  Gettysburg
-  Guilford Courthouse
-  Hopewell Village
-  Independence
-  Jamestown, Virginia
-  Kings Mountain
-  The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died
-  Manassas (Bull Run)
-  Montezuma Castle
-  Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution
-  Ocmulgee
-  Petersburg Battlefields
-  Saratoga
-  Scotts Bluff
-  Shiloh
-  Statue of Liberty
-  Vanderbilt Mansion
-  Vicksburg
-  Yorktown
-
-    [Illustration: Eagle statue]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—Corrected a few palpable typos.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park,
-Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK ***
-
-***** This file should be named 56209-0.txt or 56209-0.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/2/0/56209/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/56209-0.zip b/old/56209-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index b087408..0000000
--- a/old/56209-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h.zip b/old/56209-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index bf79c2a..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/56209-h.htm b/old/56209-h/56209-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 052556b..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/56209-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2405 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-<title>Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg: a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
-<meta name="author" content="Frederick Tilberg" />
-<meta name="pss.pubdate" content="1954" />
-<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" />
-<meta name="DC.Title" content="Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania" />
-<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
-<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" />
-<meta name="DC.Created" content="1954" />
-<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Frederick Tilberg (****-****)" />
-<style type="text/css">
-large { font-size:125%; }
-sc    { font-variant:small-caps; font-style: normal; }
-/* == GLOBAL MARKUP == */
-body, table.twocol tr td  { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; }   /* BODY */
-.box     { border-style:double; margin-bottom:2em; max-width:30em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-top:2em; }
-.box p   { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; }
-.box dl  { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; }
-h1, h5, h6, .titlepg p { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; }   /* HEADINGS */
-h1                { margin-top:3em; }
-div.box h1        { margin-top:1em; }
-h2                { text-align:left; margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1em; clear:both; text-indent:0;  }
-h3                { margin-top:2.5em; text-align:left; clear:both; text-indent:0; }
-h4, h5            { font-size:100%; text-align:right; clear:right; }
-h6                { font-size:100%; }
-h6.var            { font-size:80%; font-style:normal; }
-.titlepg          { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-style:double; clear:both; }
-span.chaptertitle { font-style:normal; display:block; text-align:center; font-size:150%; text-indent:0; }
-.tblttl           { text-align:center; text-indent:0;}
-.tblsttl          { text-align:center; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; }
-
-pre sub.ms { width:4em; letter-spacing:1em; }
-table.fmla { text-align:center; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; }
-table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; }
-td.cola           { text-align:left; vertical-align:100%; }
-td.colb           { text-align:justify; }
-
-p, blockquote, div.p, div.bq { text-align:justify; }                              /* PARAGRAPHS */
-div.p, div.bq   { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; }
-blockquote, .bq { margin-left:1em; margin-right:0em; }
-.verse    { font-size:100%; }
-p.indent  {text-indent:2em; text-align:left; }
-p.tb, p.tbcenter, verse.tb, blockquote.tb      { margin-top:2em; }
-
-span.pb, div.pb, dt.pb, p.pb                   /* PAGE BREAKS */
-{ text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:0em; clear:right; }
-div.pb { display:inline; }
-.pb, dt.pb, dl.toc dt.pb, dl.tocl dt.pb, dl.undent dt.pb, dl.index dt.pb    { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left: 1.5em;
-         margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; display:inline; text-indent:0;
-         font-size:80%; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;
-         color:gray; border:1px solid gray;padding:1px 3px; }
-div.index .pb  { display:block; }
-.bq  div.pb, .bq span.pb  { font-size:90%; margin-right:2em; }
-
-div.img, body a img  {text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; clear:right; }
-
-sup, a.fn { font-size:75%; vertical-align:100%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; }
-h3   a.fn { font-size:65%; }
-sub { font-size:75%; }
-                                                 /* TEXTUAL MARKUP */
-.center, .tbcenter  h3.center       { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; }
-span.center              { display:block; }
-table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-table.center tr td.l  {text-align:left; margin-left:0em; }
-table.center tr td.j  {text-align:justify; }
-table.center tr td.t  {text-align:left; text-indent:1em; }
-table.center tr td.t2 {text-align:left; text-indent:2em; }
-table.center tr td.r  {text-align:right; }
-table.center tr th    {vertical-align:bottom; }
-table.center tr td    {vertical-align:top; }
-table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; }
-
-p           { clear:left; }
-.small, .lsmall      { font-size:90%; }
-.smaller    { font-size:80%; }
-.smallest   { font-size:67%; }
-.larger     { font-size:150%; }
-.large      { font-size:125%; }
-.xlarge     { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; }
-.xxlarge    { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; }
-.gs         { letter-spacing:1em; }
-.gs3        { letter-spacing:2em; }
-.gslarge    { letter-spacing:.3em; font-size:110%; }
-.sc         { font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal; }
-.unbold     { font-weight:normal; }
-.xo         { position:relative; left:-.3em; }
-.over, over { text-decoration: overline; display:inline; }
-hr          { width:20%; }
-.jl         { text-align:left; }
-.jr         { text-align:right; min-width:2em; display:inline-block; float:right; }
-.jr1        { text-align:right; margin-right:2em; }
-h1 .jr      { margin-right:.5em; }
-.ind1       { text-align:left;  margin-left:2em; }
-.u          { text-decoration:underline; }
-.hst        { margin-left:2em; }
-.rubric     { color:red; }
-.cnwhite    { color:white; background-color:black; min-width:2em; display:inline-block;
-              text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; }
-.cwhite     { color:white; background-color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;
-              font-family:sans-serif; }
-ul  li      { text-align:justify; }
-.ss         { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; }
-
-dd.t           { text-align:left; margin-left: 5.5em; }
-dl.toc         { clear:both; margin-top:1em; }                    /* CONTENTS (.TOC) */
-.toc  dt.center    { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:1em; text-indent:0;}
-.toc  dt      { text-align:right; clear:left; margin-top:1em; }
-.toc  dt a      { font-size:80%; }
-.toc  dd      { text-align:right; clear:both; }
-.toc  dd.ddt  { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:4em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt2 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:5em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt3 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:6em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt4 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:7em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt5 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:8em; }
-.toc  dd.note { text-align:justify; clear:both; margin-left:5em; text-indent:-1em; margin-right:3em; }
-.toc  dt .xxxtest {width:17em; display:block; position:relative; left:4em; }
-.toc  dt  a,
-.toc  dd  a,
-.toc dt span.left,
-.toc dt span.lsmall,
-.toc dd span.left { text-align:left; clear:right; float:left; }
-.toc  dt  a  span.cn { width:4em; text-align:right; margin-right:.7em;  float:left; }
-.toc  dt.sc   { text-align:right;  clear:both; }
-.toc  dt.scl  { text-align:left;   clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; }
-.toc  dt.sct  { text-align:right;  clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; margin-left:1em; }
-.toc  dt.jl   { text-align:left;   clear:both; font-variant:normal; }
-.toc  dt.scc  { text-align:center; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; }
-.toc  dt span.lj { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; }
-.toc  dd.center { text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-dd.tocsummary {text-align:justify; margin-right:2em; margin-left:2em; }
-dd.center sc  {display:block; text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-/* BOX CELL */
-td.top { border-top:1px    solid; width:.5em; height:.8em; }
-td.bot { border-bottom:1px solid; width:.5em; height:.8em; }
-td.rb  { border:1px solid; border-left:none;  width:.5em; height:.8em;  }
-td.lb  { border:1px solid; border-right:none; width:.5em; height:.8em;  }
-
-/* INDEX (.INDEX) */
-dl.index   { clear:both; }
-.index dt  { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd  { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd.t  { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dt.center {text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-
-.ab, .ab1, .ab2 {
-font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none;
-border-style:solid; border-color:gray; border-width:1px;
-margin-right:0px; margin-top:5px; display:inline-block; text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-.ab { width:1em; }
-.ab2 { width:1.5em; }
-a.gloss { background-color:#f2f2f2; border-bottom-style:dotted; text-decoration:none; border-color:#c0c0c0; color:inherit; }
-                                                           /* FOOTNOTE BLOCKS */
-div.notes p  { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; }
-
-dl.undent dd   { margin-left:3em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dt   { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; }
-dl.undent dd.t { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-                                                           /* POETRY LINE NUMBER */
-.lnum   { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:.5em; display:inline; }
-
-.hymn     { text-align:left; }                                  /*  HYMN AND VERSE: HTML  */
-.verse    { text-align:left; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; }
-.versetb  { text-align:left; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; }
-.originc  { text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-.subttl   { text-align:center; font-size:80%; text-indent:0; }
-.srcttl   { text-align:center; font-size:80%; text-indent:0; font-weight:bold; }
-p.t0, p.l { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.lb                 { margin-left:4em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.tw, div.tw, .tw    { margin-left:1em;  text-indent:-1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t,  div.t,  .t     { margin-left:5em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t2,  div.t2,  .t2  { margin-left:6em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t3,  div.t3,  .t3  { margin-left:7em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t4,  div.t4,  .t4  { margin-left:8em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t5,  div.t5,  .t5  { margin-left:9em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t6,  div.t6,  .t6  { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t7,  div.t7,  .t7  { margin-left:11em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t8,  div.t8,  .t8  { margin-left:12em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t9,  div.t9,  .t9  { margin-left:13em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t10, div.t10,.t10  { margin-left:14em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t11, div.t11,.t11  { margin-left:15em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t12, div.t12,.t12  { margin-left:16em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t13, div.t13,.t13  { margin-left:17em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t14, div.t14,.t14  { margin-left:18em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t15, div.t15,.t15  { margin-left:19em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.lr, div.lr, span.lr { display:block; margin-left:0em; margin-right:1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:right; }
-dt.lr                { width:100%; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:1em; text-align:right; }
-dl dt.lr a           { text-align:left; clear:left; float:left; }
-
-.fnblock   { margin-top:2em; }
-.fndef, p.fn     { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; }
-.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; }
-.fnblock dl  { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; }
-.fnblock dt  { text-align:justify; }
-dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; }
-dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; }
-.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; }
-
-dl.biblio  dt        { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; }
-dl.biblio  dt  div   { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; }
-dl.biblio  dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-dl.biblio  dd        { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; }
-p.biblio             { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-.clear     { clear:both; }
-p.book     { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-p.review   { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; }
-p.pcap     { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; margin-top:0; max-width:25em; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; }
-p.pcap i   { font-weight:bold; }
-p.pcapc    { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; }
-span.pn    { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; }</style>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park,
-Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania
-       National Park Service Historical Handbook Series #9
-
-Author: Frederick Tilberg
-
-Release Date: December 20, 2017 [EBook #56209]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania" width="500" height="794" />
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01b.jpg" alt="DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: March 3, 1849" width="420" height="416" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-<br />Stewart L. Udall, <i>Secretary</i></p>
-<p class="center">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-<br />Conrad L. Wirth, <i>Director</i></p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="center"><i><b>HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER NINE</b></i></span></p>
-<p>This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the
-historical and archeological areas in the National Park System,
-administered by the National Park Service of the United States
-Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government
-Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of
-Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents</p>
-<h1><span class="larger"><i>GETTYSBURG</i></span>
-<br /><span class="small">NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
-<br /><span class="sc">Pennsylvania</span></span></h1>
-<p class="center"><i>by Frederick Tilberg</i></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01c.jpg" alt="Drum" width="280" height="207" />
-</div>
-<p class="center small">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 9
-<br />WASHINGTON, D. C., 1954
-<br />(Reprint 1961)</p>
-<p class="tb"><i>The National Park System, of which Gettysburg National
-Military Park is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the
-scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States
-for the benefit and inspiration of its people.</i></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR" width="240" height="300" />
-</div>
-<h2 class="center"><i>Contents</i></h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt class="small">Page</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c1">THE SITUATION, SPRING 1863</a> 1</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN</a> 4</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3">THE FIRST DAY</a> 6</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c4">The Two Armies Converge on Gettysburg</a> 6</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c5">The Battle of Oak Ridge</a> 8</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c6">THE SECOND DAY</a> 12</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c7">Preliminary Movements and Plans</a> 12</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c8">Longstreet Attacks on the Right</a> 15</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c9">Warren Saves Little Round Top</a> 15</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c10">Culp&rsquo;s Hill</a> 17</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c11">THE THIRD DAY</a> 19</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c12">Cannonade at Dawn: Culp&rsquo;s Hill and Spangler&rsquo;s Spring</a> 19</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c13">Lee Plans a Final Thrust</a> 21</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c14">Lee and Meade Set the Stage</a> 22</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c15">Artillery Duel at One O&rsquo;clock</a> 27</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c16">Climax at Gettysburg</a> 29</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c17">Cavalry Action</a> 31</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c18">END OF INVASION</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c19">LINCOLN AND GETTYSBURG</a> 35</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c20">Establishment of a Burial Ground</a> 35</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c21">Dedication of the Cemetery</a> 37</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c22">Genesis of the Gettysburg Address</a> 42</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c23">The Five Autograph Copies of the Gettysburg Address</a> 43</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c24">Soldiers&rsquo; National Monument</a> 43</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c25">The Lincoln Address Memorial</a> 44</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c26">GUIDE TOUR OF THE PARK</a> 45</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c27">THE PARK</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c28">ANNIVERSARY REUNIONS OF THE CIVIL WAR VETERANS</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c29">HOW TO REACH THE PARK</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c30">ADMINISTRATION</a> 51</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c31">RELATED AREAS</a> 51</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c32">VISITOR FACILITIES</a> 51</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="735" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The field of Pickett&rsquo;s Charge, with his attack on the Union
-position at The Angle in the foreground.</i> From the Philippoteaux
-painting in the Gettysburg Cyclorama.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="Cannon" width="400" height="174" />
-</div>
-<p>On the gently rolling farm lands surrounding the little town
-of Gettysburg, Pa., was fought one of the great decisive battles
-of American history. For 3 days, from July 1 to 3, 1863, a gigantic
-struggle between 75,000 Confederates and 88,000 Union troops raged
-about the town and left 51,000 casualties in its wake. Heroic deeds were
-numerous on both sides, climaxed by the famed Confederate assault on
-July 3 which has become known throughout the world as Pickett&rsquo;s
-Charge. The Union victory gained on these fields ended the last Confederate
-invasion of the North and marked the beginning of a gradual
-decline in Southern military power.</p>
-<p>Here also, a few months after the battle, Abraham Lincoln delivered
-his classic Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the national cemetery
-set apart as a burial ground for the soldiers who died in the conflict.</p>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><i>The Situation, Spring 1863</i></span></h2>
-<p>The situation in which the Confederacy found itself in the late spring
-of 1863 called for decisive action. The Union and Confederate armies
-had faced each other on the Rappahannock River, near Fredericksburg,
-Va., for 6 months. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded
-by Gen. R. E. Lee, had defeated the Union forces at Fredericksburg
-in December 1862 and again at Chancellorsville in May 1863, but
-the nature of the ground gave Lee little opportunity to follow up his
-advantage. When he began moving his army westward, on June 3, he
-hoped, at least, to draw his opponent away from the river to a more
-advantageous battleground. At most, he might carry the war into northern
-territory, where supplies could be taken from the enemy and a
-victory could be fully exploited. Even a fairly narrow margin of victory
-might enable Lee to capture one or more key cities and perhaps increase
-northern demands for a negotiated peace.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="627" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="496" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, Commander
-of the Union Forces at Gettysburg.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="" width="498" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Gen. Robert E. Lee, Commander of the
-Confederate Army at Gettysburg.</i> Courtesy
-National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Confederate strategists had considered sending aid from Lee&rsquo;s army to
-Vicksburg, which Grant was then besieging, or dispatching help to
-General Bragg for his campaign against Rosecrans in Tennessee. They
-concluded, however, that Vicksburg could hold out until climatic conditions
-would force Grant to withdraw, and they reasoned that the eastern
-campaign was more important than that of Tennessee.</p>
-<p>Both Union and Confederate governments had bitter opponents at
-home. Southern generals, reading in Northern newspapers the clamors
-for peace, had reason to believe that their foe&rsquo;s morale was fast weakening.
-They felt that the Army of Northern Virginia would continue to
-demonstrate its superiority over the Union Army of the Potomac and
-that the relief from constant campaigning on their own soil would have
-a happy effect on Southern spirit. Events were to prove, however, that
-the chief result of the intense alarm created by the invasion was to rally
-the populace to better support of the Union government.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="465" height="700" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Statue of General Meade, located on Cemetery
-Ridge.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p04d.jpg" alt="" width="467" height="700" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Virginia Memorial, surmounted by the
-statue of General Lee, on Seminary Ridge.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="347" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Gettysburg, as it appeared from Seminary Ridge a short time
-after the battle.</i> (Brady photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small"><i>The Plan of Campaign</i></span></h2>
-<p>Lee&rsquo;s plan of campaign was undoubtedly similar to that of his invasion
-which ended in the battle of Antietam in September 1862. He then
-called attention to the need of destroying the bridge over the Susquehanna
-River at Harrisburg and of disabling the Pennsylvania Railroad
-in order to sever communication with the west. &ldquo;After that,&rdquo; he added,
-&ldquo;I can turn my attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington as
-may seem best for our interest.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Lee had suffered an irreparable loss at Chancellorsville when &ldquo;Stonewall&rdquo;
-Jackson was mortally wounded. Now reorganized into three
-infantry corps under Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and R. S. Ewell, and a cavalry
-division under J. E. B. Stuart, a changed Army of Northern Virginia
-faced the great test that lay ahead. &ldquo;Stonewall&rdquo; Jackson, the right hand
-of Lee, and in the words of the latter &ldquo;the finest executive officer the sun
-ever shone on,&rdquo; was no longer present to lead his corps in battle.</p>
-<p>The long lines of gray started moving on June 3 from Fredericksburg,
-Va., first northwestward across the Blue Ridge, then northward in the
-Shenandoah Valley. On June 9, one of the greatest cavalry engagements
-of the war occurred at Brandy Station. Union horsemen, for the first
-time, held Stuart&rsquo;s men on even terms. The Confederates then continued
-their march northward, with the right flank constantly protected by
-Stuart&rsquo;s cavalry, which occupied the passes of the Blue Ridge. Stuart was
-ordered to hold these mountain gaps until the advance into Pennsylvania
-had drawn the Union Army north of the Potomac. On June 28,
-Hill and Longstreet reached Chambersburg, 16 miles north of the Pennsylvania
-boundary. Rodes&rsquo; division of Ewell&rsquo;s corps reached Carlisle on
-June 27. Early&rsquo;s command of 8,000 men had passed through Gettysburg
-on June 26 and on the 28th had reached York. Early planned to take
-possession of the bridge over the Susquehanna at Columbia, and to move
-<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span>
-on Harrisburg from the east. Lee&rsquo;s converging movement on Harrisburg
-seemed to be on the eve of success.</p>
-<p>An unforeseen shift of events between June 25 and 28, however,
-threatened to deprive Lee of every advantage he had thus far gained in
-his daring march up the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys. The
-cavalry engagement between Stuart and Pleasonton at Brandy Station
-convinced Gen. Joseph Hooker, then in command of the Union Army,
-that the Confederate Army was moving northward. President Lincoln
-and General in Chief Halleck, informed of this movement, ordered
-Hooker to proceed northward and to keep his command between the
-Confederate Army and Washington. When he was refused permission
-to abandon Harpers Ferry, and to add the garrison of 10,000 men to his
-army, Hooker asked to be relieved of command. Gen. George G. Meade
-received orders to assume command of the army at Frederick, Md., on
-June 28, and he at once continued the march northward.</p>
-<p>General Stuart, in command of the Confederate cavalry, had obtained
-conditional approval from Lee to operate against the rear of the Union
-Army as it marched northward and then to join Lee north of the Potomac.
-As he passed between Hooker&rsquo;s army and Washington, the unexpected
-speed of the Union Army forced Stuart into detours and delays, so that
-on June 28 he was in eastern Maryland, wholly out of touch with the
-Confederate force. The eyes and ears of Lee were thus closed at a time
-when their efficient functioning was badly needed.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="574" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>&ldquo;Old Dorm&rdquo; of Pennsylvania</i> (now Gettysburg) <i>College. It was
-used as a shelter for wounded.</i><br /><span class="jr small">474-574 O-58&mdash;2</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<p>In this state of affairs, a Confederate agent reported to Lee at Chambersburg,
-Pa., on the night of June 28, that the Union forces had crossed
-the Potomac and were in the vicinity of Frederick. With the entire
-Union Army close at hand and with many miles between him and his
-base, Lee decided to abandon his original plan and to concentrate for
-battle. He moved his army at once across the mountains to Cashtown,
-8 miles from Gettysburg. Here, in Cashtown Pass, he planned to establish
-his battle position. Rodes, then at Carlisle, and Early, at York, were
-at once ordered to this point.</p>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small"><i>The First Day</i></span></h2>
-<h3 id="c4">THE TWO ARMIES CONVERGE ON GETTYSBURG.</h3>
-<p>The men of Heth&rsquo;s
-division, leading the Confederate advance across the mountain, reached
-Cashtown on June 29. Pettigrew&rsquo;s brigade was sent on to Gettysburg the
-following day to obtain supplies, but upon reaching the ridge a mile
-west of the town, they observed Union cavalry scouts posted along the
-roads. Not having orders to bring on an engagement, Pettigrew withdrew
-to Cashtown.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="474" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Scene of the initial engagement on the morning of July 1.
-1. McPherson Ridge. 2. Oak Ridge.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>In the intervening 2 days since he had assumed command of the Union
-forces, General Meade had moved his troops northward and instructed
-his engineers to survey a defensive battle position at Pipe Creek, near
-Taneytown, in northern Maryland. Buford&rsquo;s cavalry, which had effectively
-shadowed Lee&rsquo;s advance from the mountaintops of the Blue Ridge
-was ordered to make a reconnaissance in the Gettysburg area. It was
-<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
-these troops that Pettigrew&rsquo;s men saw posted on the roads leading into
-the town. Neither Lee nor Meade yet foresaw Gettysburg as a field of
-battle. Each expected to take a strong defensive position and force his
-adversary to attack.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="445" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds.</i> (Courtesy
-National Archives.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p06c.jpg" alt="" width="443" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Lt. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill.</i> (Courtesy National
-Archives.)</p>
-</div>
-<p>A. P. Hill, in the absence of Lee, who was still beyond the mountains,
-now took the initiative. At daybreak of July 1, he ordered the brigades
-of Archer and Davis, of Heth&rsquo;s division, to advance along the Chambersburg
-Road to Gettysburg for the purpose of testing the strength of the
-Union forces. As these troops reached Marsh Creek, 4 miles from Gettysburg,
-they were fired upon by Union cavalry pickets who hurriedly
-retired to inform their commander of the enemy&rsquo;s approach. In the
-meantime, Buford&rsquo;s division of cavalry had moved from their camp just
-southwest of Gettysburg to McPherson Ridge, a mile west of the town.
-Buford prepared to hold out against heavy odds until aid arrived. Thus,
-subordinate field commanders had chosen the ground for battle.</p>
-<p>It was 8 a.&nbsp;m., July 1, when the two brigades of Archer and Davis, the
-former to the right and the latter to the left of the Chambersburg Road,
-deployed on Herr Ridge. Supported by Pegram&rsquo;s artillery, they charged
-down the long slope and across Willoughby Run against Buford&rsquo;s men.
-The Union troopers had recently received an issue of Spencer repeating
-carbines. Dismounted, and fighting as infantrymen, they held their
-ground against the spirited attacks of Heth&rsquo;s superior numbers. At 10
-o&rsquo;clock timely aid arrived as troops from Gen. John F. Reynolds&rsquo; First
-Infantry corps began streaming over Seminary Ridge from the south and
-relieved Buford&rsquo;s exhausted fighters. Calef&rsquo;s battery, one of whose guns
-had fired the first shot at Gettysburg, was replaced by Hall&rsquo;s Maine
-artillery. But, in a few moments, Union joy at receiving aid was offset
-by tragedy. Reynolds, close to the front lines, was killed instantly by a
-sharpshooter&rsquo;s bullet.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<p>The struggle increased in scope as more forces reached the field. When
-Archer&rsquo;s Confederates renewed the attack across Willoughby Run,
-Union troops of Meredith&rsquo;s Iron Brigade, arriving opportunely, struck
-the flank of the Confederates and captured the greater part of the force,
-including General Archer. Relieved from the threat south of the Chambersburg
-Pike, the 14th Brooklyn and 7th Wisconsin regiments shifted
-to the north of the Pike where the Confederates had captured a part of
-Cutler&rsquo;s troops in the railroad cut. With renewed effort, these troops,
-joined by Dawes&rsquo; 6th Wisconsin, drove the Confederates steadily back,
-capturing two Mississippi regiments in the defile. The Confederates then
-withdrew beyond striking distance. There was a lull in the fighting
-during the noon hour. The first encounter had given Union men confidence.
-They had held their ground against superior numbers and had
-captured Archer, a brigadier general, the first Confederate general officer
-taken since Lee assumed command.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="796" height="516" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>McPherson Ridge and Woods, the Federal position on July 1. In
-the woods at the right, General Reynolds was killed. The cupola
-of the Theological Seminary appears in the background.</i> (Brady
-photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c5">THE BATTLE OF OAK RIDGE.</h3>
-<p>While the initial test of strength was being
-determined west of Gettysburg by advance units, the main bulk of the
-two armies was pounding over the roads from the north and south, converging
-upon the ground chosen by Buford. Rodes&rsquo; Confederates, hurrying
-southward from Carlisle to meet Lee at Cashtown, received orders
-at Biglerville to march to Gettysburg. Early, returning from York with
-<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span>
-Cashtown as his objective, learned at Heidlersburg of the action at
-Gettysburg and was ordered to approach by way of the Harrisburg Road.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="479" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Chambersburg Pike, looking westward from the Federal position
-toward Herr Ridge, where the Confederate attack began.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Employing the wooded ridge as a screen from Union cavalry north of
-Gettysburg, Rodes brought his guns into position on Oak Ridge about
-1 o&rsquo;clock and opened fire on the flank of Gen. Abner Doubleday,
-Reynolds&rsquo; successor, on McPherson Ridge. The Union commander
-shifted his lines northeastward to Oak Ridge and the Mummasburg
-Road to meet the new attack. Rodes&rsquo; Confederates struck the Union
-positions at the stone wall on the ridge, but the attack was not well
-coordinated and resulted in failure. Iverson&rsquo;s brigade was nearly annihilated
-as it made a left wheel to strike from the west. In the meantime,
-more Union troops had arrived on the field by way of the Taneytown
-Road. Two divisions of Howard&rsquo;s Eleventh corps were now taking position
-in the plain north of the town, intending to make contact with
-Doubleday&rsquo;s troops on Oak Ridge.</p>
-<p>Doles&rsquo; Confederate brigade charged across the plain and was able to
-force Howard&rsquo;s troops back temporarily, but it was the opportune approach
-of Early&rsquo;s division from the northeast on the Harrisburg Road
-which rendered the Union position north of Gettysburg indefensible.
-Arriving in the early afternoon as the Union men were establishing their
-position, Early struck with tremendous force, first with his artillery and
-then with his infantry, against General Barlow. Soon he had shattered
-the entire Union force. The remnants broke and turned southward
-through Gettysburg in the direction of Cemetery Hill. In this headlong
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-and disorganized flight General Schimmelfenning was lost from his
-command, and, finding refuge in a shed, he lay 2 days concealed within
-the Confederate lines. In the path of Early&rsquo;s onslaught lay the youthful
-Brigadier Barlow severely wounded, and the gallant Lieut. Bayard
-Wilkeson, whose battery had long stood against overwhelming odds,
-mortally wounded.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="438" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell.</i> Courtesy National
-Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="437" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock.</i> Courtesy
-National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Union men on Oak Ridge, faced with the danger that Doles
-would cut off their line of retreat, gave way and retired through Gettysburg
-to Cemetery Hill. The withdrawal of the Union troops from the
-north and northwest left the Union position on McPherson Ridge
-untenable. Early in the afternoon, when Rodes opened fire from Oak
-Hill, Heth had renewed his thrust along the Chambersburg Pike. His
-troops were soon relieved and Pender&rsquo;s division, striking north and south
-of the road, broke the Union line. The Union troops first withdrew to
-Seminary Ridge, then across the fields to Cemetery Hill. Here was advantageous
-ground which had been selected as a rallying point if the
-men were forced to relinquish the ground west and north of the town.
-Thus, by 5 o&rsquo;clock, the remnants of the Union forces (some 6,000 out
-of the 18,000 engaged in the first day&rsquo;s struggle) were on the hills south
-of Gettysburg.</p>
-<p>Ewell was now in possession of the town, and he extended his line
-from the streets eastward to Rock Creek. Studiously observing the hills
-in his front, he came within range of a Union sharpshooter, for suddenly
-he heard the thud of a minie ball. Calmly riding on, he remarked to
-General Gordon at his side, &ldquo;You see how much better fixed for a fight
-I am than you are. It don&rsquo;t hurt at all to be shot in a wooden leg.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>A momentous decision now had to be made. Lee had reached the field
-at 3 p.&nbsp;m., and had witnessed the retreat of the disorganized Union
-<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span>
-troops through the streets of Gettysburg. Through his glasses he had
-watched their attempt to reestablish their lines on Cemetery Hill.
-Sensing his advantage and a great opportunity, he sent orders to Ewell
-by a staff officer to &ldquo;press those people&rdquo; and secure the hill (Cemetery
-Hill) if possible. However, two of Ewell&rsquo;s divisions, those of Rodes and
-Early, had been heavily engaged throughout the afternoon and were not
-well in hand. Johnson&rsquo;s division could not reach the field until late in
-the evening, and the reconnaissance service of Stuart&rsquo;s cavalry was not
-yet available. General Ewell, uninformed of the Union strength in the
-rear of the hills south of Gettysburg, decided to await the arrival of
-Johnson&rsquo;s division. Cemetery Hill was not attacked, and Johnson,
-coming up late in the evening, stopped at the base of Culp&rsquo;s Hill. Thus
-passed Lee&rsquo;s opportunity of July 1.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p08c.jpg" alt="" width="849" height="535" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Scene north of Gettysburg from Oak Ridge. The Federal position
-may be seen near the edge of the open fields in the middle
-distance.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>When the Union troops retreated from the battleground north and
-west of the town on the evening of July 1, they hastily occupied defense
-positions on Cemetery Hill, Culp&rsquo;s Hill, and a part of Cemetery Ridge.
-Upon the arrival of Slocum by the Baltimore Pike and Sickles by way
-of the Emmitsburg Road, the Union right flank at Culp&rsquo;s Hill and
-Spangler&rsquo;s Spring and the important position at Little Round Top on
-the left were consolidated. Thus was developed a strong defensive battle
-line in the shape of a fish hook, about 3 miles long, with the advantage
-of high ground and of interior lines. Opposite, in a semicircle about 6
-miles long, extending down Seminary Ridge and into the streets of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span>
-Gettysburg, stood the Confederates who, during the night, had closed
-in from the north and west.</p>
-<p>The greater part of the citizenry of Gettysburg, despite the prospect
-of battle in their own yards, chose to remain in their homes. Both army
-commanders respected noncombatant rights to a marked degree. Thus,
-in contrast with the fields of carnage all about the village, life and
-property of the civilian population remained unharmed, while the doors
-of churches, schools, and homes were opened for the care of the
-wounded.</p>
-<p>General Meade, at Taneytown, had learned early in the afternoon of
-July 1 that a battle was developing and that Reynolds had been killed.
-A large part of his army was within 5 miles of Gettysburg. Meade then
-sent General Hancock to study and report on the situation. Hancock
-reached the field just as the Union troops were falling back to Cemetery
-Hill. He helped to rally the troops and left at 6 o&rsquo;clock to report to
-Meade that in his opinion the battle should be fought at Gettysburg.
-Meade acted on this recommendation and immediately ordered the concentration
-of the Union forces at that place. Meade himself arrived near
-midnight on July 1.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="519" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Spangler&rsquo;s Spring, the right of the Federal
-battle line of July 2 and 3. This view,
-made in 1870, shows the wartime appearance
-of the spring.</i> (Tipton photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="486" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>View of Culp&rsquo;s Hill, taken about 1890,
-showing earthworks on the crest of the hill.
-Gettysburg, one-half mile northwest, may
-be seen through the vista.</i> (Tipton photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small"><i>The Second Day</i></span></h2>
-<h3 id="c7">PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS AND PLANS.</h3>
-<p>The small college town of
-Gettysburg, with 2,400 residents at the time of the battle, lay in the
-heart of a fertile country, surrounded by broad acres of crops and
-pastures. Substantial houses of industrious Pennsylvania farmers dotted
-the countryside. South of the town and hardly more than a musket shot
-from the houses on its outer edge, Cemetery Hill rose somewhat abruptly
-from the lower ground. Extending southward from the hill for nearly 2
-miles was a long roll of land called Cemetery Ridge. At its southern extremity
-<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span>
-a sharp incline terminated in the wooded crest of Little Round
-Top and a half mile beyond was the sugar-loaf peak of Big Round Top,
-the highest point in the vicinity of Gettysburg. Paralleling Cemetery
-Ridge, at an average distance of two-thirds of a mile to the west, lay
-Seminary Ridge, which derived its name from the Lutheran Seminary
-that stood upon its crest a half mile west of Gettysburg. In 1863, 10
-roads radiated from Gettysburg, the one leading to Emmitsburg extending
-diagonally across the valley between Seminary and Cemetery Ridges.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p09f.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="593" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Lunettes, or artillery defense works, on the
-crest of East Cemetery Hill. The entrance
-gateway to the public cemetery, which is
-still in use, appears in the background on
-the Baltimore Pike.</i> (Brady photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p09g.jpg" alt="" width="762" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Jennie Wade House, located on Baltimore
-street between the battle lines. Jennie Wade,
-the only civilian killed during the battle,
-was accidentally struck by a bullet which
-passed through a door of the house.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p09h.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="524" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>East Cemetery Hill, the objective of the Confederate charge on
-the evening of July 2.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>By noon of July 2, the powerful forces of Meade and Lee were at hand,
-and battle on a tremendous scale was imminent. That part of the Union
-line extending from Cemetery Hill to Little Round Top was strongly
-<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span>
-held. Late in the forenoon, Sickles, commanding the Third Corps which
-lay north of Little Round Top, sent Berdan&rsquo;s sharpshooters and some of
-the men of the 3rd Maine Regiment forward from the Emmitsburg Road
-to Pitzer&rsquo;s Woods, a half mile to the west. As they reached the woods,
-a strong Confederate force fired upon them, and they hurriedly retired
-to inform their commander. To Sickles, the extension of the Confederate
-line southward meant that his left flank was endangered. He at once
-began moving forward to the advantageous high ground at the Peach
-Orchard, and by 3:30 p.&nbsp;m. his battle front extended from Devil&rsquo;s Den
-northwestward to the Orchard and northward on the Emmitsburg Road.
-In this forward movement, the strong position on the crest of Little
-Round Top was left unoccupied. This was the situation when Meade
-finally turned his attention from his right flank at Culp&rsquo;s Hill and
-Spangler&rsquo;s Spring&mdash;the cause of his great concern throughout the
-forenoon&mdash;to review Sickles&rsquo; line.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="483" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Lee planned to attack, despite the advice of Longstreet who continually
-urged defensive battle. On July 2, Longstreet recommended that Lee
-swing around the Union left at Little Round Top, select a good position,
-and await attack. Lee observed that while the Union position was strong
-if held in sufficient numbers to utilize the advantage of interior lines, it
-presented grave difficulties to a weak defending force. A secure lodgment
-on the shank of the hook might render it possible to sever the Union
-Army and to deal with each unit separately. Not all of Meade&rsquo;s force had
-reached the field, and Lee thought he had the opportunity of destroying
-his adversary in the process of concentration. He resolved to send
-Longstreet against the Federal left flank which he believed was then on
-<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span>
-lower Cemetery Ridge, while Ewell was to storm Cemetery Hill and
-Culp&rsquo;s Hill.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p10b.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="446" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Trostle farmhouse. Here the 9th Massachusetts battery, taking
-position in the yard, lost 80 out of 88 horses during the battle of
-July 2.</i> (Brady photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c8">LONGSTREET ATTACKS ON THE RIGHT.</h3>
-<p>In the execution of this plan,
-Longstreet was ordered to take position across the Emmitsburg Road
-and to attack what was thought to be the left flank of the Union line on
-Cemetery Ridge. From his encampment on the Chambersburg Road, 3
-miles west of Gettysburg, he started toward his objective, using Herr
-Ridge to conceal the movement from Union signalmen on Little Round
-Top. After marching to Black Horse Tavern on the Fairfield Road, he
-realized that his troops were in sight of the signal unit and at once began
-retracing his course. Employing the trees on Seminary Ridge as a screen,
-he marched southward again in Willoughby Run Valley, arriving in
-position on the Emmitsburg Road about 3:30 p.&nbsp;m. Immediately in front,
-and only 700 yards away, Longstreet saw Sickles&rsquo; batteries lined up in the
-Peach Orchard and on the Emmitsburg Road. Col. E.&nbsp;P. Alexander,
-commanding a battalion of Longstreet&rsquo;s artillery, opened with full force
-against the Union guns. Longstreet could observe in the distance that
-Little Round Top was unoccupied. Law&rsquo;s Alabama troops were directed
-at once to take the hill, and Robertson&rsquo;s Texans were instructed to join
-in the charge.</p>
-<h3 id="c9">WARREN SAVES LITTLE ROUND TOP.</h3>
-<p>Gen. G.&nbsp;K. Warren, Meade&rsquo;s Chief
-of Engineers, having assisted Sickles in placing his line, now rode to the
-crest of Little Round Top and found the hill, &ldquo;the key to the Union position,&rdquo;
-unoccupied except by a signal station. Warren was informed by
-<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span>
-the signalmen that they believed Confederate troops lay concealed on
-the wooded ridge a mile to the west. Smith&rsquo;s New York battery, emplaced
-at Devil&rsquo;s Den, immediately was ordered to fire a shot into these woods.
-The missile, crashing through the trees, caused a sudden stir of the
-Confederates &ldquo;which by the gleam of the reflected sunlight on their
-bayonets, revealed their long lines outflanking the position.&rdquo; Warren
-realized Longstreet would strike first at Little Round Top and he observed,
-too, the difficulty of shifting Sickles&rsquo; position from Devil&rsquo;s Den
-to the hill.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="585" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Wheatfield as it appeared in 1890. Little Round Top is in
-the background.</i> (Tipton photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<p>At this moment Warren noticed the approach of Union troops from
-the north and rode to meet them. They were Vincent&rsquo;s and Weed&rsquo;s
-brigades, leading Sykes&rsquo; corps from reserve position to the front. Intercepting
-these troops, Warren rushed them to Little Round Top. Law&rsquo;s
-Alabama troops were starting to scale the south slope of the hill when
-Vincent&rsquo;s men rushed to the attack. Weed&rsquo;s brigade, following closely,
-drove over the crest and engaged Robertson&rsquo;s Texans on the west slope.
-The arrival of Hazlett&rsquo;s battery on the summit of the hill is thus described
-by an eyewitness: &ldquo;The passage of the six guns through the
-roadless woods and amongst the rocks was marvelous. Under ordinary
-circumstances it would have been considered an impossible feat, but the
-eagerness of the men ... brought them without delay to the very
-summit, where they went immediately into battle.&rdquo; A desperate hand-to-hand
-<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span>
-struggle ensued. Weed and Hazlett were killed, and Vincent was
-mortally wounded&mdash;all young soldiers of great promise.</p>
-<p>The struggle at Little Round Top now became stalemated, and Longstreet
-directed his entire line to attack. The Confederate drive was taken
-up in turn by the brigades of Benning, Anderson, Kershaw, Semmes,
-Barksdale, Wofford, Wilcox, Perry, and Wright against the divisions of
-Birney and Humphreys in the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, and along
-the Emmitsburg Road. Four hours of desperate fighting broke the Peach
-Orchard salient, an angle in the Union line which was struck from the
-south and the west. It left the Wheatfield strewn with dead and wounded,
-and the base of Little Round Top a shambles. Sickles&rsquo; men had been
-driven back, and Longstreet was now in possession of the west slope of
-Big Round Top, of Devil&rsquo;s Den, and the Peach Orchard. Little Round
-Top, that commanding landmark from which Longstreet had hoped to
-shell the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill, still
-remained in Union possession.</p>
-<h3 id="c10">CULP&rsquo;S HILL.</h3>
-<p>In the Confederate plan, Ewell on the left was directed to
-attack Cemetery Hill and Culp&rsquo;s Hill in conjunction with Longstreet&rsquo;s
-drive. At the appointed time, the guns of Latimer&rsquo;s battalion on Benner&rsquo;s
-Hill, east of Gettysburg, opened a well-directed fire against the Union
-positions on East Cemetery Hill and Culp&rsquo;s Hill, but the return fire
-soon shattered many of Latimer&rsquo;s batteries and forced the remnants to
-retire out of range. In the final moments of this action the youthful
-Major Latimer was mortally wounded.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="498" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>View of Little Round Top taken soon after the battle. The crest
-and western slope of the hill had been cleared the year preceding
-the battle.</i> (Brady photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="520" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Breastworks constructed by Federal troops on Little Round Top.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>About dusk, long after the artillery fire had ceased, Early&rsquo;s infantry
-started a charge toward East Cemetery Hill. Seldom, if ever, surpassed
-in its dash and desperation, Early&rsquo;s assault reached the crest of the hill
-where the defenders, as a last resort in the hand-to-hand encounter, used
-clubbed muskets, stones, and rammers. Long after dark, the Louisiana
-Tigers and their comrades, in possession of the crest of the hill, fought
-to hold their gain and their captured guns. The failure of Rodes to
-move out of the streets of Gettysburg and to attack the hill from the
-west enabled Hancock to shift some of his men to aid in repelling
-Early&rsquo;s attacks. Faced by these Union reserves, Early&rsquo;s men finally gave
-way about 10 o&rsquo;clock and sullenly retired to their lines. The Union troops
-stood firm.</p>
-<p>Closely timed with Early&rsquo;s assault of East Cemetery Hill, Johnson&rsquo;s
-division charged the Union works on Culp&rsquo;s Hill. Failing to make headway,
-because of the steep incline and the strength of the Union positions,
-Johnson fell back across Rock Creek and started an attack on the southern
-slope of the hill. Here the Union works were thinly manned. An
-hour earlier, the divisions of Geary and Ruger had been called from
-those works to the aid of the Sickles line at the Peach Orchard. Johnson,
-finding the works weakly defended, took possession of them but did not
-press the attack farther. Only a few hundred yards away on the Baltimore
-Pike lay the Union supply trains. The failure of Confederate reconnaissance
-here again was critically important. Thus passed another opportunity
-to strike a hard blow at the Union Army.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h2 id="c11"><span class="small"><i>The Third Day</i></span></h2>
-<h3 id="c12">CANNONADE AT DAWN: CULP&rsquo;S HILL AND SPANGLER&rsquo;S SPRING.</h3>
-<p>Night
-brought an end to the bloody combat at East Cemetery Hill, but this
-was not the time for rest. What would Meade do? Would the Union
-Army remain in its established position and hold its lines at all costs?
-At midnight Meade sought the advice of his Council of War in the east
-room of his headquarters. The corps commanders&mdash;Gibbon, Williams,
-Sykes, Newton, Howard, Hancock, Sedgwick, and Slocum&mdash;without exception
-advised holding the positions established. Meade, approving,
-turned to the officer whose division held the Union center, and said,
-&ldquo;Gibbon, if Lee attacks me tomorrow it will be on your front.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Meade on the following morning began to fortify Cemetery Ridge by
-shifting all units that could be spared from the line at Culp&rsquo;s Hill, and
-those in reserve at the Round Tops and on Cemetery Hill. General Hunt,
-Chief of Artillery, brought up reserve batteries to hold in readiness for
-replacement of front line guns. Throughout the forenoon of the third
-day, Meade not only developed a strong front at the stone walls on the
-crest of the ridge, but he also strengthened his reserve power to an extent
-which rendered the Union center almost impregnable.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="521" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Interior of breastworks on Little Round Top.</i> (Brady photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<p>Meanwhile, important movements were occurring elsewhere on the
-field. Ruger&rsquo;s division and Lockwood&rsquo;s brigade, which had been called
-from their lines on the south slope of Culp&rsquo;s Hill the previous evening
-to help defend Sickles&rsquo; position at the Peach Orchard, were now countermarching,
-under cover of darkness, to reoccupy their ground. Geary,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span>
-who had misunderstood orders and had marched down the Baltimore
-Pike, was also returning to his works. Ruger&rsquo;s men, upon reaching the
-Pike, learned from scouts that their entrenchments south of Culp&rsquo;s Hill
-and at Spangler&rsquo;s Spring had been occupied by the Confederates. Ruger,
-resolving upon an attack at daybreak, organized his forces along the
-Pike. Powerful artillery units under Muhlenberg were brought into place
-along the road; Rigby&rsquo;s Maryland battery was stationed on Power&rsquo;s Hill,
-a prominent knoll a half mile to the south; and another battery was
-emplaced on McAllister Hill.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="517" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Lt. Gen. James Longstreet.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="491" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Col. Edward Porter Alexander.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>As dawn broke on July 3, Union guns on the Baltimore Pike opened
-with a heavy cannonade on Johnson&rsquo;s Confederates at Spangler&rsquo;s Spring.
-The heavily wooded area about the Confederate lines prevented them
-from bringing guns into position to return the fire. Union skirmishers
-began streaming across the field toward the Confederate entrenchments.
-The full force of Ruger&rsquo;s and Geary&rsquo;s brigades followed closely. Throughout
-the forenoon the Union troops struck again and again.</p>
-<p>It was about 10 o&rsquo;clock that Ruger, believing that a flank attack might
-break the resistance of Johnson&rsquo;s men, ordered Col. Silas Colgrove to
-strike the Confederate left flank near the spring. The troops of the 2d
-Massachusetts and the 19th Indiana regiments started across the swale
-from the cover of the woods on the little hill south of the spring. A
-withering fire slowed their pace, but they charged on, only to have their
-ranks decimated by the Confederates in strong positions back of a stone
-wall. Colonel Mudge, inspiring leader of the Massachusetts regiment,
-fell mortally wounded. Forced to fall back, the men soon learned their
-efforts had not been in vain. On Ruger&rsquo;s and Geary&rsquo;s front the Confederates
-were now giving way and soon had retired across Rock Creek,
-out of striking range. By 11 o&rsquo;clock, the Union troops were again in
-possession of their earthworks; again they could quench their thirst in
-the cooling waters of the spring.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<h3 id="c13">LEE PLANS A FINAL THRUST.</h3>
-<p>General Lee must have learned by mid-forenoon,
-after the long hours of struggle at Culp&rsquo;s Hill and Spangler&rsquo;s
-Spring, that his troops could not hold the Union works which they had
-occupied with so little effort the previous evening. He had seen, also,
-that in the tremendous battling during the preceding afternoon no important
-gains had been made at Little Round Top and its vicinity.
-Longstreet had gained the advantageous ridge at the Peach Orchard and
-had brought his batteries forward from Pitzer&rsquo;s Woods to this high
-ground in preparation for a follow-up attack. Wright&rsquo;s brigade, the last
-unit to move forward on July 2 in the echelon attack begun by General
-Law, had charged across the open fields at dusk and pierced the Union
-center just south of the copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge. Wright&rsquo;s
-success could not be pressed to decisive advantage as the brigades on his
-left had not moved forward to his support, and he was forced to retire.
-Again, lack of coordination in attack was to count heavily against the
-Confederates.</p>
-<p>The failure to make any pronounced headway on July 2 at Culp&rsquo;s Hill
-and Little Round Top, and the momentary success of Wright on
-Cemetery Ridge, doubtless led Lee to believe that Meade&rsquo;s flanks were
-strong and his center weak. A powerful drive at the center might pierce
-the enemy&rsquo;s lines and fold them back. The shattered units might then
-be destroyed or captured at will. Such a charge across open fields and in
-the face of frontal and flank fire would, Lee well understood, be a gamble
-seldom undertaken. Longstreet strongly voiced his objection to such a
-move, insisting that &ldquo;no 15,000 men ever arrayed for battle can take that
-position.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p13c.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="478" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>View of the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road in 1890.
-The Wentz farm buildings appear at the left.</i> (Tipton photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="521" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Devil&rsquo;s Den, a formation of large granite boulders, used as
-defense positions by Confederate sharpshooters.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Time now was the important element. Whatever could be done must
-be done quickly. Hood&rsquo;s and McLaws&rsquo; divisions, who had fought bravely
-and lost heavily at Round Top and the Wheatfield, were not in condition
-for another severe test. Early and Johnson on the left had likewise
-endured long, unrelenting battle with powerful Union forces in positions
-of advantage. The men of Heth&rsquo;s and Pender&rsquo;s divisions had not
-been heavily engaged since the first day&rsquo;s encounter west of Gettysburg.
-These were the men, along with Pickett&rsquo;s division, whom Lee would
-have to count on to bear the brunt of his final great effort at Gettysburg.</p>
-<h3 id="c14">LEE AND MEADE SET THE STAGE.</h3>
-<p>Late in the forenoon of July 3, General
-Meade had completed his plan of defense in rear of the Union center by
-the concentration of all available infantry units. General Hunt, sensing
-the danger, placed a solid line of batteries in position on the crest of the
-ridge and brought others to the rear for emergency use. As a final act of
-preparation, Meade inspected his front at the stone wall, then rode
-southward to Little Round Top. Here, with General Warren, he could
-see the long lines of Confederate batteries and the massing of troops, a
-sure indication of attack. Meade rode back to his headquarters.</p>
-<p>Lee, on his part, had observed in the forenoon the enemy in the process
-of concentration on Cemetery Ridge. Having reached his decision
-to strike the Union center, he had already begun the movement of batteries
-from the rear to points of advantage. By noon, 138 guns were in
-line from the Peach Orchard northward to the Seminary buildings, many
-<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span>
-of them only 800 yards from the Union center. To Colonel Alexander
-fell the lot of directing the artillery fire and informing the infantry of
-the best opportunity to advance.</p>
-<p>Massed to the west of Emmitsburg Road, on low ground which
-screened their position from the Union lines, lay Gen. George Pickett&rsquo;s
-three brigades commanded by Kemper, Armistead, and Garnett. Pickett&rsquo;s
-men had arrived the previous evening from Chambersburg, where they
-had guarded Lee&rsquo;s wagons on July 1 and 2. As the only fresh body of
-troops on the field, they were now to spearhead the charge. On Pickett&rsquo;s
-left, the attacking front was fast being organized. Joseph Pettigrew, a
-brigadier, was preparing to lead the division of the wounded Major
-General Heth and Maj. Gen. Isaac Trimble took the command of
-Pender. More than 10,000 troops of these two divisions&mdash;including such
-units as the 26th North Carolina whose losses on the first day were so
-heavy that the dead marked their advance &ldquo;with the accuracy of a line
-at a dress parade&rdquo;&mdash;now awaited the order to attack. Many hours earlier,
-the Bliss farm buildings, which lay in their front, had been burned. Their
-objective on the ridge was in clear view. The brigades of Wilcox and
-Lang were to move forward on the right of Pickett in order to protect
-his flank as he neared the enemy position.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="503" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Round Tops as they appear from Longstreet&rsquo;s battle line
-one mile away.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>General Stuart, in the meantime, had been out of touch with Lee.
-Moving northward on the right flank of the Union Army, he became
-involved in a sharp engagement at Hanover, Pa., on June 30. Seeking to
-regain contact with Lee, he arrived at Carlisle on the evening of July 1.
-As he began shelling the barracks, orders arrived from Lee and he at
-once marched for Gettysburg, arriving north of the town the next day.
-Lee now decided to employ his cavalry to cut off Union retreat which
-might result from a successful attack on the center. Stuart was instructed
-to swing eastward and then south around Gettysburg the morning of
-July 3 in order to arrive in the rear of the Union lines at the time Pickett
-was expected to charge the center.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="789" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="527" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>View northward from Little Round Top. 1. Cemetery Ridge. 2. Cemetery Hill. 3. Field of Pickett&rsquo;s Charge. 4. Seminary Ridge.
-5. Oak Hill. The statue of G.&nbsp;K. Warren appears in the foreground.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="617" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Meade&rsquo;s headquarters as it appears today.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Except for the intermittent sniping of sharpshooters, an ominous
-silence prevailed over the fields. The orders had now been given; the
-objective had been pointed out. Men talked of casual things. Some
-munched on hard bread, others looked fearfully to the eastward, where,
-with the same mixed feelings, lay their adversary.</p>
-<p>Far to the south, on another crucial front, General Pemberton was
-penning a letter to General Grant asking terms for the surrender of
-Vicksburg. In Richmond, the sick and anxious Jefferson Davis looked
-hopefully for heartening word from his great field commander at
-Gettysburg. The outcome of this bold venture would count heavily in
-the balance for the cause of the Confederacy.</p>
-<h3 id="c15">ARTILLERY DUEL AT ONE O&rsquo;CLOCK.</h3>
-<p>At 1 o&rsquo;clock two guns of Miller&rsquo;s
-Battery, posted near the Peach Orchard, opened fire in rapid succession.
-It was the signal for the entire line to let loose their terrific blast.
-Gunners rushed to their cannon, and in a few moments the massed batteries
-<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span>
-shook the countryside. Firing in salvos and in succession, the air
-was soon filled with smoke and heavy dust, which darkened the sky.
-Union gunners on Cemetery Ridge waited a few minutes until the positions
-of the Confederate batteries were located; then 80 guns, placed it
-close order, opened fire. For nearly 2 hours the duel continued, then that
-Union fire slackened. Hunt had ordered a partial cessation in order to
-cool the guns and to replace broken carriages.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="304" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Panorama of the battlefield from Cemetery Ridge. 1. General
-Meade statue. 2. Cemetery Ridge</i> (Union position). <i>3. Little
-Round Top. 4. Big Round Top. 5. Devil&rsquo;s Den. 6. High Water
-Mark&mdash;farthest advance of Pickett&rsquo;s Charge.
-7. The Wheatfield. 8. The Angle. 9. The Peach Orchard. 10. Codori Buildings.
-11. Field of Pickett&rsquo;s Charge. 12. Emmitsburg Road. 13. Seminary
-Ridge</i> (Confederate position). <i>14. Virginia Memorial.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Colonel Alexander, in position on the Emmitsburg Road near the
-Peach Orchard, could observe the effectiveness of his fire on the Union
-lines and also keep the Confederate troops in view. To him, it appeared
-that Union artillery fire was weakening. His own supply of ammunition
-was running low. Believing this was the time to attack, Alexander sent
-a message to Pickett who in turn rode over to Longstreet. General
-Longstreet, who had persistently opposed Lee&rsquo;s plan of sending 15,000
-men across the open ground, was now faced with a final decision. Longstreet
-merely nodded approval and Pickett saluted, saying, &ldquo;I am going
-to move forward, sir.&rdquo; He rode back to his men and ordered the advance.
-With Kemper on the right, Garnett on the left, and Armistead a few
-yards to the rear, the division marched out in brigade front, first northeastward
-into the open fields, then eastward toward the Union lines. As
-Pickett&rsquo;s men came into view near the woods, Pettigrew and Trimble
-gave the order to advance. The troops of the Carolinas, Tennessee, and
-Mississippi, comprising the brigades of Mayo, Davis, Marshall, and Fry
-in front, followed closely by Lane and Lowrance, now moved out to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span>
-attack. A gap of half a mile between Pickett&rsquo;s left and Pettigrew&rsquo;s right
-would be closed as the advance progressed. The units were to converge
-as they approached the Union lines so that the final stage of the charge
-would present a solid front.</p>
-<h3 id="c16">CLIMAX AT GETTYSBURG.</h3>
-<p>Billows of smoke lay ahead of the Union men
-at the stone wall, momentarily obscuring the enemy. But trained observers
-on Little Round Top, far to the south, could see in the rear of
-this curtain of smoke the waves of Confederates starting forward. Pickett,
-finding his brigades drifting southeastward, ordered them to bear to the
-left, and the men turned toward the copse of trees. Kemper was now approaching
-on the south of the Codori buildings; Garnett and Armistead
-were on the north. Halted momentarily at the Emmitsburg Road to
-remove fence rails, Pickett&rsquo;s troops, with Pettigrew on the left, renewed
-the advance. Pickett had anticipated frontal fire of artillery and infantry
-from the strong Union positions at the stone walls on the ridge, but now
-an unforeseen attack developed. Union guns as far south as Little Round
-Top, along with batteries on Cemetery Hill, relieved from Confederate
-fire at the Seminary buildings, opened on the right and left flanks. As
-Pickett&rsquo;s men drove toward the Union works at The Angle, Stannard&rsquo;s
-Vermont troops, executing a right turn movement from their position
-south of the copse, fired into the flank of the charging Confederates.
-The advancing lines crumbled, re-formed, and again pressed ahead under
-terrific fire from the Union batteries.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="441" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. J.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;B. Stuart.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="448" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett.</i>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>A hundred yards from the stone wall, in the tall grass, they encountered
-Union skirmishers who fired and hastily withdrew. But all along the
-wall the Union infantry opened with volley after volley into the depleted
-ranks of Garnett and Fry. Armistead closed in, and with Lane and
-Lowrance joining him, made a last concerted drive. At this close range,
-double canister and concentrated infantry fire cut wide gaps in the attacking
-front. Garnett was mortally wounded; Kemper was down, his
-lines falling away on the right and left. Armistead reached the low stone
-fence. In a final surge, he crossed the wall with 150 men and, with his
-cap on his sword, shouted &ldquo;Follow me!&rdquo; At the peak of the charge, he
-fell mortally wounded. From the ridge, Union troops rushed forward
-and Hall&rsquo;s Michigan regiments let loose a blast of musketry. The gray
-column was surrounded. The tide of the Confederacy had &ldquo;swept to its
-crest, paused, and receded.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Two of the divisions in the charge were reduced to mere fragments.
-In front of the Union line, 20 fallen battle flags lay in a space of 100
-yards square. Singly and in little clumps, the remnants of the gray
-columns that had made the magnificent charge of a few minutes earlier
-now sullenly retreated across the fields toward the Confederate lines. Lee,
-who had watched anxiously from Spangler&rsquo;s Woods, now rode out to
-meet his men. &ldquo;All this has been my fault,&rdquo; he said to General Wilcox
-who had brought off his command after heavy losses. &ldquo;It is I that have
-lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in the best way you can.&rdquo;
-And again that night, in a moment of contemplation, he remarked to a
-comrade, &ldquo;Too bad! too bad! Oh! too bad!&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p18c.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="388" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Angle, showing the stone wall and the fields&rsquo; over which
-Pickett&rsquo;s troops charged. The Virginia Memorial appears in the
-background on Seminary Ridge.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p18d.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="532" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The High Water Mark Monument, which marks the farthest
-advance made by the Confederates against the Federal position
-in Pickett&rsquo;s Charge.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c17">CAVALRY ACTION.</h3>
-<p>As the strength of Lee&rsquo;s mighty effort at The Angle
-was ebbing and the scattered remnants of the charge were seeking
-shelter, action of a different kind was taking place on another field not
-far distant. Early in the afternoon, Stuart&rsquo;s cavalry was making its way
-down the valley of Cress Run, 3 miles east of Gettysburg. The brigades
-of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee, at the rear of the line of march, momentarily
-lost the trail and came out into open ground at the north end of
-Rummel&rsquo;s Woods. Stuart, soon learning of the mistake, attempted to
-bring them into line and to proceed southward. But at this point, Gen.
-D.&nbsp;M. Gregg&rsquo;s Union cavalry, in position along the Hanover Road a
-mile southeast, saw the Confederates. Gregg prepared at once to attack,
-and Stuart had no choice but to fight on this ground. As the two forces
-moved closer, dismounted men opened a brisk fire, supported by the
-accurate shelling of artillerists.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="321" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Section of the Cyclorama painting of Pickett&rsquo;s Charge by Paul
-Philippoteaux.</i> Courtesy Times and News Publishing Company.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="830" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The General Hospital one mile east of Gettysburg. A few weeks
-after the battle the Union and Confederate wounded were removed
-to this place from field hospitals in the rear of the battle
-lines.</i> (Brady photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<p>Then came the initial cavalry charge and countercharge. The Confederate
-Jenkins was forced to withdraw when his small supply of
-ammunition became exhausted. Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, and Chambliss
-charged again and again, only to be met with the equally spirited
-counterattack of McIntosh. Custer&rsquo;s Michigan regiments closed in on
-a flank movement against the right of the charging Confederate troopers,
-and Miller&rsquo;s squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania, disobeying orders to
-hold its position, struck opportunely on the Confederate left. The thrusts
-of the Union horsemen, so well coordinated, stopped the onslaught of
-Stuart&rsquo;s troopers. After 3 hours of driving assaults, the Confederates left
-the field and retired to the north of Gettysburg. The Union horsemen,
-holding their ground, had successfully cut off the prospect of Confederate
-cavalry aid in the rear of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge.</p>
-<h2 id="c18"><span class="small"><i>End of Invasion</i></span></h2>
-<p>Lee, as he looked over the desolate field of dead and wounded and the
-broken remnants of his once-powerful army still ready for renewed
-<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span>
-battle, must have realized that not only was Gettysburg lost, but that
-eventually it might all end this way. Meade did not counterattack, as
-expected. The following day, July 4, the two armies lay facing each
-other, exhausted and torn.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="421" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>During the 75th anniversary
-of the Battle of Gettysburg,
-July 1-4, 1938, 1,845 soldiers
-attended the Federal and Confederate
-reunion. Here veterans
-of the two armies clasp
-hands across the stone wall at
-The Angle.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Late on the afternoon of July 4, Lee began an orderly retreat. The
-wagon train of wounded, 17 miles in length, guarded by Imboden&rsquo;s
-cavalry, started homeward through Greenwood and Greencastle. At
-night, the able-bodied men marched over the Hagerstown Road by way
-of Monterey Pass to the Potomac. Roads had become nearly impassable
-from the heavy rains that day. So well did Stuart cover the retreat that
-the army reached the Potomac with comparatively little loss. Meade,
-realizing that the Confederate Army was actually retreating and not
-retiring to the mountain passes, sent his cavalry and Sedgwick&rsquo;s corps of
-infantry in pursuit and ordered the mountain passes west of Frederick
-covered. Lee, having the advantage of the more direct route to the
-Potomac, reached the river several days ahead of his pursuers, but heavy
-rains had swollen the current and he could not cross. Meade arrived on
-the night of July 12 and prepared for a general attack. On the following
-night, however, the river receded and Lee crossed safely into Virginia.
-The Confederate Army, Meade&rsquo;s critics said, had been permitted to slip
-from the Union grasp.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="372" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Eternal Light Peace Memorial, dedicated on the 75th
-anniversary of the battle, commemorates &ldquo;Peace Eternal in a
-Nation United.&rdquo;</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<h2 id="c19"><span class="small"><i>Lincoln and Gettysburg</i></span></h2>
-<h3 id="c20">ESTABLISHMENT OF A BURIAL GROUND.</h3>
-<p>For the residents of Gettysburg
-the aftermath of battle was almost as trying as the 3 days of struggle that
-had swirled about them. The town&rsquo;s 2,400 inhabitants, and the nearby
-country folk, bore a heavy share of the burden of caring for the 21,000
-wounded and dying of both sides, who were left behind when the armies
-moved on. Spacious rooms in churches and schools and hundreds of
-homes were turned over to the care of the wounded; and kindly folk
-from neighboring towns came to help those of Gettysburg in ministering
-to the needs of the maimed and shattered men.</p>
-<p>Adequate attention to the wounded was an immediate necessity, but
-fully as urgent was the need of caring for the dead. Nearly 6,000 had
-been killed in action, and hundreds died each day from mortal wounds.
-In the earlier stages of the battle, soldiers of both armies performed the
-tasks of burying their fallen comrades, but the struggle had reached such
-large proportions and the scene of battle had so shifted that fallen men
-had come within enemy lines. Because of the emergencies of battle,
-therefore, hundreds of bodies had been left unburied or only partially
-covered. It was evident that the limited aid which could be offered by
-local authorities must be supported by a well-organized plan for disinterment
-of the dead from the temporary burial grounds on the field
-and reburial in a permanent place at Gettysburg or in home cemeteries.</p>
-<p>A few days after the battle, the Governor of the Commonwealth, Hon.
-Andrew Curtin, visited the battlefield to offer assistance in caring for the
-wounded. When official duties required his return to Harrisburg, he
-appointed Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to act as his special
-agent. At the time of his visit, the Governor was especially distressed by
-the condition of the dead. In response to the Governor&rsquo;s desire that the
-remains be brought together in a place set aside for the purpose, Mr.
-Wills selected land on the northern slope of Cemetery Hill and suggested
-that the State of Pennsylvania purchase the ground at once in
-order that interments could begin without delay. He proposed that contributions
-for the purpose of laying out and landscaping the grounds be
-asked from legislatures of the States whose soldiers had taken part in the
-battle.</p>
-<p>Within 6 weeks, Mr. Wills had purchased 17 acres of ground on
-Cemetery Hill and engaged William Saunders, an eminent landscape
-gardener, to lay out the grounds in State lots, apportioned in size to the
-number of graves for the fallen of each State. Each of the Union States
-represented in the battle made contributions for planning and landscaping.</p>
-<p>The reinterment of 3,512 bodies in the cemetery was accomplished
-only after many months. Great care had been taken to identify the bodies
-on the field, and, at the time of reinterment, remains were readily identified
-<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span>
-by marked boards which had been placed at the field grave or by
-items found on the bodies. Even so, the names of 1,664 remained unknown,
-979 of whom were without identification either by name or by
-State. Within a year, appropriations from the States made possible the
-enclosure of the cemetery with a massive stone wall and an iron fence
-on the Baltimore Street front, imposing gateways of iron, headstones for
-the graves, and a keeper&rsquo;s lodge. Since the original burials, the total of
-Civil War interments has reached 3,706. Including those of later wars,
-the total number now is 4,399.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="464" height="599" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Photograph of Lincoln taken a few days
-before he left Washington en route to
-Gettysburg, November 1863.</i> (Gardner
-photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="635" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Soldiers&rsquo; National Monument, commemorating
-the Federal dead who fell
-at Gettysburg, was dedicated July 1,
-1869. It is located at the place where
-Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The removal of Confederate dead from the field burial plots was not
-undertaken until 7 years after the battle. During the years 1870-73, upon
-the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond, Raleigh,
-Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and sent to
-cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in Hollywood
-Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home
-cemeteries.</p>
-<p>The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania incorporated the cemetery in
-January 1864. The cemetery &ldquo;having been completed, and the care of it
-by Commissioners from so many states being burdensome and expensive,&rdquo;
-the Board of Commissioners, authorized by act of the General
-Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1868, recommended the transfer of the
-cemetery to the Federal Government. The Secretary of War accepted title
-to the cemetery for the United States Government on May 1, 1872.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<h3 id="c21">DEDICATION OF THE CEMETERY.</h3>
-<p>Having agreed upon a plan for the
-cemetery, the Commissioners believed it advisable to consecrate the
-grounds with appropriate ceremonies. Mr. Wills, representing the
-Governor of Pennsylvania, was selected to make proper arrangements
-for the event. With the approval of the Governors of the several States,
-he wrote to Hon. Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, inviting him to
-deliver the oration on the occasion and suggested October 23, 1863, as
-the date for the ceremony. Mr. Everett stated in reply that the invitation
-was a great compliment, but that because of the time necessary for the
-preparation of the oration he could not accept a date earlier than
-November 19. This was the date agreed upon.</p>
-<p>Edward Everett was the outstanding orator of his day. He had been a
-prominent Boston minister and later a university professor. A cultured
-scholar, he had delivered orations on many notable occasions. In a distinguished
-career he became successively President of Harvard, Governor
-of Massachusetts, United States Senator, Minister to England, and
-Secretary of State.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p21b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="585" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Wills house where Lincoln was a guest when the national
-cemetery was dedicated.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The Gettysburg cemetery, at the time of the dedication, was not under
-the authority of the Federal Government. It had not occurred to those
-in charge, therefore, that the President of the United States might desire
-to attend the ceremony. When formally printed invitations were sent to
-a rather extended list of national figures, including the President, the
-acceptance from Mr. Lincoln came as a surprise. Mr. Wills was thereupon
-<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span>
-instructed to request the President to take part in the program,
-and, on November 2, a personal invitation was addressed to him.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="466" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The procession on Baltimore Street en route to the cemetery for
-the dedicatory exercises, November 19.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Throngs filled the town on the evening of November 18. The special
-train from Washington bearing the President arrived in Gettysburg at
-dusk. Mr. Lincoln was escorted to the spacious home of Mr. Wills on
-Center Square. Sometime later in the evening the President was serenaded,
-and at a late hour he retired. At 10 o&rsquo;clock on the following
-morning, the appointed time for the procession to begin, Mr. Lincoln
-was ready. The various units of the long procession, marshaled by Ward
-Lamon, began moving on Baltimore Street, the President riding horseback.
-The elaborate order of march also included Cabinet officials, judges
-of the Supreme Court, high military officers, Governors, commissioners,
-the Vice President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Members
-of Congress, and many local groups.</p>
-<p>Difficulty in getting the procession under way and the tardy return of
-Mr. Everett from his drive over the battleground accounted for a delay
-of an hour in the proceedings. At high noon, with thousands scurrying
-about for points of vantage, the ceremonies were begun with the playing
-of a dirge by one of the bands. As the audience stood uncovered, a
-prayer was offered by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton, Chaplain of the House
-of Representatives. &ldquo;Old Hundred&rdquo; was played by the Marine Band.
-Then Mr. Everett arose, and &ldquo;stood a moment in silence, regarding the
-battlefield and the distant beauty of the South Mountain range.&rdquo; For
-nearly 2 hours he reviewed the funeral customs of Athens, spoke of the
-purposes of war, presented a detailed account of the 3-days&rsquo; battle, offered
-tribute to those who died on the battlefield, and reminded his audience
-of the bonds which are common to all Americans. Upon the conclusion
-of his address, a hymn was sung.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="514" height="799" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>First page of the second draft of the Gettysburg Address. This
-copy, made by Lincoln on the morning of November 19, was held
-in his hand while delivering his address.</i> Reproduced from the
-original in the Library of Congress.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="479" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>This photograph is the only known close-up view of the rostrum</i>
-(upper left) <i>at the dedication of the national cemetery. The
-view shows a part of the audience which was estimated at
-15,000.</i> (Bachrach photograph.)</p>
-</div>
-<p>Then the President arose and spoke his immortal words:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><i>Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent,
-a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all
-men are created equal.</i></p>
-<p><i>Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
-or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met
-on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that
-field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
-nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.</i></p>
-<p><i>But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate&mdash;we cannot consecrate&mdash;we
-cannot hallow&mdash;this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
-struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or
-detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here,
-but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to
-be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have
-thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
-great task remaining before us&mdash;that from these honored dead we take
-increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure
-of devotion&mdash;that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died
-in vain&mdash;that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom&mdash;and
-that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not
-perish from the earth.</i></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>A hymn was then sung and Rev. H.&nbsp;L. Baugher pronounced the
-benediction.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/p23b.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="769" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plan of the national cemetery drawn
-in the autumn of 1863 by the notable
-landscape gardener, William
-Saunders.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><b><span class="large"><i>MAP OF</i>
-<br />THE GROUNDS</span>
-<br /><span class="small">and</span>
-<br />DESIGN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT
-<br /><span class="small">of</span>
-<br />THE SOLDIERS&rsquo; NATIONAL CEMETERY,
-<br />GETTYSBURG, PA.
-<br />1863.
-<br /><span class="small">By
-<br />WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
-<br />Landscape Gardener Germantown, Penn.</span></b></p>
-<hr />
-<dl class="undent"><dt>1. UNKNOWN.</dt>
-<dt>2. ILLINOIS.</dt>
-<dt>3. VIRGINIA.</dt>
-<dt>4. DELAWARE.</dt>
-<dt>5. RHODE ISLAND.</dt>
-<dt>6. NEW HAMPSHIRE.</dt>
-<dt>7. VERMONT.</dt>
-<dt>8. NEW JERSEY.</dt>
-<dt>9. WISCONSIN.</dt>
-<dt>10. CONNECTICUT.</dt>
-<dt>11. MINNESOTA.</dt>
-<dt>12. MARYLAND.</dt>
-<dt>13. U. S. REGULARS.</dt>
-<dt>14. UNKNOWN.</dt>
-<dt>15. MAINE.</dt>
-<dt>16. MICHIGAN</dt>
-<dt>17. NEW YORK.</dt>
-<dt>18. PENNSYLVANIA.</dt>
-<dt>19. MASSACHUSETTS.</dt>
-<dt>20. OHIO.</dt>
-<dt>21. INDIANA.</dt>
-<dt>22. UNKNOWN.</dt>
-<dt>23. MONUMENT.</dt>
-<dt>24. GATE-HOUSE.</dt>
-<dt>25. FLAGSTAFF, ETC.</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="542" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Lincoln Address Memorial, the only monument ever erected
-to commemorate an address, stands near the west gate of the
-national cemetery.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c22">GENESIS OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS.</h3>
-<p>The theme of the Gettysburg
-Address was not entirely new. &ldquo;Must a government, of necessity, be too
-strong for the liberties of its people,&rdquo; Lincoln had once asked, &ldquo;or too
-weak to maintain its own existence?&rdquo; Speaking of war aims, he said,
-&ldquo;We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best hope of earth.&rdquo; When
-he referred at Gettysburg to &ldquo;the unfinished work which they who
-fought here have thus far so nobly advanced,&rdquo; he had in mind the high
-purpose of the preservation of the Union and the welfare of all the
-people. More than a year after Gettysburg, Lincoln in his Second
-Inaugural address uttered words which might very well be considered a
-companion sentiment to those expressed at Gettysburg: &ldquo;With malice
-toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right as God
-gives us to see the right.&rdquo; This profession of faith came from the heart
-of a man of humility who sought then, as he did throughout the war, to
-assuage suffering and anxiety everywhere.</p>
-<p>Rather than accept the address as a few brief notes hastily prepared on
-the route to Gettysburg (an assumption which has long gained much
-public acceptance), it should be regarded as a pronouncement of the high
-purpose dominant in Lincoln&rsquo;s thinking throughout the war. Habitually
-cautious of words in public address, spoken or written, it is not likely
-that the President, on such an occasion, failed to give careful thought to
-the words which he would speak. After receiving the belated invitation
-on November 2, he yet had ample time to prepare for the occasion, and
-<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span>
-the well-known correspondent Noah Brooks stated that several days
-before the dedication Lincoln told him in Washington that his address
-would be &ldquo;short, short, short&rdquo; and that it was &ldquo;written, but not finished.&rdquo;</p>
-<h3 id="c23">THE FIVE AUTOGRAPH COPIES OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS.</h3>
-<p>Even after
-his arrival at Gettysburg the President continued to put finishing touches
-to his address. The first page of the original text was written in ink on
-a sheet of Executive Mansion paper. The second page, either written or
-revised at the Wills residence, was in pencil on a sheet of foolscap, and,
-according to Lincoln&rsquo;s secretary, Nicolay, the few words changed in
-pencil at the bottom of the first page were added while in Gettysburg.
-The second draft of the address was written in Gettysburg probably on
-the morning of its delivery, as it contains certain phrases that are not in
-the first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered and in
-subsequent copies made by Lincoln. It is probable, as stated in the explanatory
-note accompanying the original copies of the first and second
-drafts in the Library of Congress, that it was the second draft which
-Lincoln held in his hand when he delivered the address.</p>
-<p>Quite opposite to Lincoln&rsquo;s feeling, expressed soon after the delivery
-of the address, that it &ldquo;would not scour,&rdquo; the President lived long enough
-to think better of it himself and to see it widely accepted as a masterpiece.
-Early in 1864, Mr. Everett requested him to join in presenting
-manuscripts of the two addresses given at Gettysburg to be bound in a
-volume and sold for the benefit of stricken soldiers at a Sanitary Commission
-Fair in New York. The draft Lincoln sent became the third
-autograph copy, known as the Everett-Keyes copy, and it is now in the
-possession of the Illinois State Historical Library.</p>
-<p>George Bancroft requested a copy in April 1864, to be included in
-<i>Autograph Leaves of Our Country&rsquo;s Authors</i>. This volume was to be sold
-at a Soldiers&rsquo; and Sailors&rsquo; Sanitary Fair in Baltimore. As this fourth copy
-was written on both sides of the paper, it proved unusable for this purpose,
-and Mr. Bancroft was allowed to keep it. This autograph draft is
-known as the Bancroft copy, as it remained in that family for many years.
-It has recently been presented to the Cornell University Library. Finding
-that the copy written for <i>Autograph Leaves</i> could not be used, Mr.
-Lincoln wrote another, a fifth draft, which was accepted for the purpose
-requested. It is the only draft to which he affixed his signature. In all
-probability it was the last copy written by Lincoln, and because of the apparent
-care in its preparation it has become the standard version of the
-address. The fifth draft, which long remained in the hands of the family
-of Col. Alexander Bliss, publisher of <i>Autograph Leaves</i>, is known as the
-Bliss copy. It was purchased in 1949 by Oscar B. Cintas, of Havana,
-Cuba.</p>
-<h3 id="c24">SOLDIERS&rsquo; NATIONAL MONUMENT.</h3>
-<p>As a fitting memorial to the Union
-dead who fell at Gettysburg, the Commissioners arranged for the erection
-<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span>
-of a monument in the center of the semicircular plot of graves. A
-design submitted by J.&nbsp;G. Batterson was accepted and the services of
-Randolph Rogers, a distinguished American sculptor, were secured for
-the execution of the monument. Projecting from the four angles of the
-gray granite shaft are allegorical statues in white marble representing
-War, History, Peace, and Plenty. Surmounting the shaft is a white
-marble statue representing the Genius of Liberty. Known as the Soldiers&rsquo;
-National Monument, the cornerstone was laid July 4, 1865, and the
-monument dedicated July 1, 1869.</p>
-<h3 id="c25">THE LINCOLN ADDRESS MEMORIAL.</h3>
-<p>The &ldquo;few appropriate remarks&rdquo; of
-Lincoln at Gettysburg came to be accepted with the passing of years not
-only as a fine expression of the purposes for which the war was fought,
-but as a masterpiece of literature. An effort to have the words of the
-martyr President commemorated on this battlefield culminated with the
-inclusion in the act approved February 12, 1895, which established
-Gettysburg National Military Park, of a provision for the erection of
-such a memorial. Pursuant to this authority, the Park Commission
-erected the Lincoln Address Memorial, in January 1912, near the west
-gate of the national cemetery.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="688" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The national cemetery.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<h2 id="c26"><span class="small"><i>Guide Tour of the Park</i>&mdash;(See map on <a href="#Page_52">page 52</a>.)</span></h2>
-<p>The self-guide tour of the park begins on McPherson Ridge, a mile west
-of Gettysburg. Upon arrival in Gettysburg, the visitor should first locate
-Center Square, then drive a mile westward on U.&nbsp;S. No. 30 to the statues
-of Generals Reynolds and Buford.</p>
-<h3>STOP 1. MCPHERSON RIDGE.</h3>
-<p>(Please face westward, with the statue of Reynolds on your right.)</p>
-<p>The Battle of Gettysburg began on this ridge at 8 a.&nbsp;m., July 1, 1863.
-The Confederate Army, approaching along the Chambersburg Pike,
-formed line of battle on the ridge one-half mile westward where you
-see the brick house (Herr Tavern). They first attacked the Union cavalry
-on this ridge, then infantry on the ridge 200 yards to your rear. In the
-afternoon, the Confederates renewed their drive from the west along the
-Pike and also struck the Union right flank (Oak Hill, No. 2 on Tour
-Map). The Union forces finally gave way, retreating first to the Seminary
-buildings and then to Cemetery Hill south of Gettysburg.</p>
-<p>General Reynolds, commanding a Union corps, was killed in the
-woods a quarter of a mile southeast of this point. Buford, whose statue
-is just in front of you, commanded the Union cavalry on this ridge. The
-marked gun at the base of the Buford statue fired the first cannon shot
-at Gettysburg. Oak Ridge lies one-half mile back of you, and the same
-wooded ridge extending south of the Chambersburg Pike is Seminary
-Ridge.</p>
-<p>General Lee, the Confederate commander, used the valley beyond the
-South Mountains (to the west) as an avenue of approach into Pennsylvania.</p>
-<h3>STOP 2. OAK HILL.</h3>
-<p>(Please face southward with the Peace Memorial to
-your rear.)</p>
-<p>The Battle of Gettysburg, which began at 8 a.&nbsp;m., on the two ridges
-a mile south of here, halted at noon, and the Confederates withdrew. At
-1 o&rsquo;clock, a strong Confederate force arrived from the north on this hill
-and fired into the flank of the Union men on the ridges to the south.
-Faced with this powerful fire and with renewed attack from the west,
-part of the Union forces were shifted to Oak Ridge (see monuments on
-the ridge to your left) to meet the attack from this direction. Union
-troops on the plain east of this ridge were soon forced by another strong
-Confederate charge to retreat headlong through the streets of Gettysburg,
-opening the Union line on Oak Ridge to flank and rear attack.
-By mid-afternoon, the Union position on Oak Ridge was abandoned,
-and the Confederates pursued the retreating Union troops through
-Gettysburg, halting in the western part of the town.</p>
-<p>The gap in the South Mountains to your right is Cashtown Pass
-where Lee&rsquo;s army crossed the range.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<h3>STOP 3. OAK RIDGE.</h3>
-<p>(Please face eastward toward the monuments on
-the plain.)</p>
-<p>When Rodes&rsquo; Confederate troops reached Oak Hill at 1 o&rsquo;clock,
-Union troops on McPherson Ridge, as well as reserves, were shifted
-hurriedly to this ground. The Union troops, posted back of the stone
-wall, faced the Confederate charge from the west and north. Tenaciously
-holding this ground through repeated Confederate attacks, the Union
-men were finally forced to give way. Howard&rsquo;s Union corps had arrived
-earlier in the plain north of Gettysburg (see monuments to the east)
-but his command was soon shattered by a Confederate force arriving
-from the northeast on the Harrisburg Road (near flagpole, a mile eastward).
-As the Union troops north of Gettysburg retreated, the men on
-this ridge became isolated and withdrew to Cemetery Hill, south of the
-town.</p>
-<p>The large white building on this side of Gettysburg is &ldquo;Old Dorm&rdquo;
-at Gettysburg College, used as a hospital during the battle. Beyond the
-town is Culp&rsquo;s Hill (see the observation tower), and in the right background
-is Cemetery Hill.</p>
-<h3>STOP 4. SEMINARY RIDGE.</h3>
-<p>(North Carolina Monument.)</p>
-<p>General Lee had failed to achieve any definite gains July 2 against the
-Union left flank at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, or the
-right flank at Spangler&rsquo;s Spring and Culp&rsquo;s Hill. He therefore marshaled
-his forces on the forenoon of July 3 for a final thrust against the center
-of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. For nearly 2 hours, 138 Confederate
-guns on this ridge directed a heavy fire at the Union positions.
-Lee then sent 15,000 men across the open ground with the Copse of
-Trees (No. 8 on the Tour Map) as their objective. Spearheaded by
-Pickett&rsquo;s division, and therefore known as Pickett&rsquo;s Charge, this famous
-attack failed to break the strong Union positions at the stone wall. The
-advance marked the end of battle and the failure has been called the
-High Water Mark of the Confederacy. Lee gave up hope of further
-attack on this field, and on the following day began his retreat toward
-the Potomac and Virginia.</p>
-<p>The wooded knoll to the east is Cemetery Hill (No. 10 on the Tour
-Map). Cemetery Ridge extends southward to Little Round Top (No. 7
-on the Tour Map), the small hill partially cleared of trees at the left of
-Big Round Top. The Copse of Trees and The Angle (No. 8 on the Tour
-Map) are on the crest of the Cemetery Ridge where the flagpole appears.</p>
-<h3>STOP 5. WARFIELD RIDGE.</h3>
-<p>The Union General Sickles, at noon July 2, began moving his troops
-forward from Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top to Devil&rsquo;s Den
-Ridge and the Peach Orchard. Longstreet&rsquo;s Confederate corps was
-already marching from the Chambersburg Road to extend the line southward
-across the Emmitsburg Road. At 3:30 p.&nbsp;m., as Sickles&rsquo; men were
-<span class="pb" id="Page_47">47</span>
-taking position at the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road, a half-mile
-north of here, Longstreet brought his army into position on this
-ridge. A brisk artillery exchange opened. Longstreet directed his infantry
-attack first at Little Round Top (the partially cleared hill to your right)
-and then along the whole Union line northward to the Peach Orchard
-and the Emmitsburg Road. Four hours later, as darkness gathered, the
-Union line had been shattered and forced to retreat. The Confederates
-gained possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil&rsquo;s Den, and
-the high ground in the vicinity of the Peach Orchard.</p>
-<h3>STOP 6. DEVIL&rsquo;S DEN.</h3>
-<p>When General Sickles moved his corps forward to the Peach Orchard
-and the Emmitsburg Road at 3 p.&nbsp;m., his left flank was here at Devil&rsquo;s
-Den. Longstreet&rsquo;s Confederate brigades soon came charging from the
-west. Striking the entire Union line, the base of Little Round Top and
-this area quickly became a shambles. After hours of desperate struggle,
-the Union line had been broken and the remnants forced to the rear. The
-Confederates were now in possession of the west slope of Big Round
-Top, Devil&rsquo;s Den, the Wheatfield, and the Peach Orchard. Sharpshooters,
-using the large boulders as defense positions, fired at Union
-men on the crest of Little Round Top, 700 yards distant. A typical
-sharpshooter&rsquo;s barricade may still be seen at the top of Devil&rsquo;s Den.</p>
-<h3>STOP 7. LITTLE ROUND TOP.</h3>
-<p>As Sickles completed the forward movement from Little Round Top
-and the area northward, his new line extended from the Peach Orchard
-southeastward through the Wheatfield to Devil&rsquo;s Den (see boulders
-below). Longstreet&rsquo;s attack on Little Round Top developed from the
-ridge a mile westward. His brigades successively struck the entire Union
-line from Devil&rsquo;s Den to the Emmitsburg Road. The Confederates in
-a 4-hour fight broke the entire Union line, and the remnants of Sickles&rsquo;
-corps were forced to retreat to the rear of the Round Tops. The Confederates
-gained possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil&rsquo;s
-Den, the Wheatfield (the open ground surrounded by woods), and the
-Peach Orchard (near the white buildings on the ridge). The quick action
-of General Warren (see bronze figure to the north) in bringing
-troops to Little Round Top saved the hill for the Union. The stone
-breastworks on the slope of the hill were constructed during the night
-of July 2 as a defense measure against further attack. Big Round Top, a
-quarter of a mile southward, was heavily wooded at the time of the
-battle and could not be used to advantage by either artillery or infantry.</p>
-<h3>STOP 8. CEMETERY RIDGE (THE ANGLE).</h3>
-<p>On the afternoon of July 2, General Lee had tried to turn the left flank
-of the Union line at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, and the
-right flank at Culp&rsquo;s Hill and Spangler&rsquo;s Spring. Meeting with only
-<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span>
-partial success in these attempts, he then planned to strike the center.
-First he massed his artillery on Seminary Ridge and across the fields.
-Many batteries were hardly more than 800 yards west of here. Beginning
-at 1 o&rsquo;clock they engaged in an artillery duel of nearly 2 hours with the
-powerful Union batteries on this ridge. Then 15,000 men, in a battle line
-a mile in length, and spearheaded by Pickett&rsquo;s division, started from the
-Confederate lines across the open fields, with the Copse of Trees as their
-guide. When they reached the Emmitsburg Road 300 yards away, the
-men charged. Canister from Union artillery and concentrated infantry
-fire from the Union men at the stone walls soon cut wide gaps in the
-Confederate line. They reached the wall, and a small band of men crossed,
-but the tide had turned. In Lee&rsquo;s final great effort, he had lost nearly
-10,000 of his men. The remnants gave way and soon were in full retreat
-to the Confederate lines. The counterattack, which Lee feared, never
-developed.</p>
-<p>The Copse of Trees is at your left, surrounded by the iron fence. The
-position of Cushing&rsquo;s battery of United States artillery, which held the
-position at The Angle, is marked by four guns. The statue of General
-Meade stands to the right and rear.</p>
-<h3>STOP 9. MEADE&rsquo;S HEADQUARTERS.</h3>
-<p>Gen. George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army, arrived on the
-field near midnight, July 1. He used the Leister house as his headquarters.</p>
-<p>On the night of July 2, General Meade called a council of his corps
-commanders in this house to determine whether they should hold the
-positions then established. The commanders advised him to hold the
-existing lines. Meade, agreeing with their advice and expecting the next
-attack on the center of his line, began the concentration of artillery and
-infantry strength in this area.</p>
-<p>The Leister house and barn were badly damaged by the artillery fire
-which preceded Pickett&rsquo;s Charge.</p>
-<h3>STOP 10. NATIONAL CEMETERY.</h3>
-<p>Soon after the battle, Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, commissioned
-Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to purchase this ground as a
-cemetery for the Union dead. While reburials from the temporary graves
-on the battlefield were in progress, a committee arranged for a formal
-dedication on November 19, 1863. President Lincoln delivered his
-famous Gettysburg Address on that occasion. The National Monument,
-commemorating the Union soldiers who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated,
-in 1869, on the site where Lincoln spoke. A memorial to the
-address was erected, in 1912, near the west gate of the cemetery.</p>
-<h3>STOP 11. CYCLORAMA OF PICKETT&rsquo;S CHARGE.</h3>
-<p>The Cyclorama of Pickett&rsquo;s Charge is regarded as a masterpiece of art.
-It offers an unsurpassed picture of the wartime appearance of the field,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_49">49</span>
-the manner of fighting, and of equipment employed. This magnificent
-painting, measuring 370 feet in circumference and 30 feet in height, was
-acquired by the National Park Service in 1942. The French artist, Paul
-Philippoteaux, completed the painting in 1884. It was brought to Gettysburg
-in 1913 when it was first mounted and exhibited in connection with
-the observance of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.</p>
-<h3>STOP 12. EAST CEMETERY HILL.</h3>
-<p>Early&rsquo;s Confederates assaulted Union positions here at dusk on July 2,
-in coordination with an attack on Culp&rsquo;s Hill (to your right). Rodes&rsquo;
-men failed to charge from the west at the same time. Early&rsquo;s troops took
-possession of the hill and many of the guns, but in the absence of support
-from Rodes they were driven back. The desperate hand-to-hand
-fighting lasted long after dark.</p>
-<p>Culp&rsquo;s Hill is one-quarter mile eastward (see the observation tower)
-and Spangler&rsquo;s Spring a few hundred yards beyond. Oak Ridge, a landmark
-of the first day&rsquo;s battle, appears northwest of the town.</p>
-<h3>STOP 13. CULP&rsquo;S HILL.</h3>
-<p>A Confederate attack was directed against this hill on July 2 in conjunction
-with the assault on East Cemetery Hill. Because of the steep
-incline and the strength of the Union positions here at the crest, the
-Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek for a flank attack.
-Most of the Union troops had been ordered earlier to the defense of the
-Wheatfield and Peach Orchard. The Confederates, meeting with little
-resistance, took possession of the Union earthworks on the south slope
-of this hill. Before a Confederate attack developed against this position
-on the following morning, the Union force had returned. After fighting
-throughout the forenoon of July 3, they forced the Confederates out of
-the Union defense works. The Union brigade commanded by General
-Greene retained this position throughout the battle of July 2 and 3.</p>
-<h3>STOP 14. SPANGLER&rsquo;S SPRING.</h3>
-<p>Failing to take possession of Culp&rsquo;s Hill on the evening of July 2,
-Johnson&rsquo;s Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek and
-attacked the Union position on the hill north of this spring. The defense
-works here had been vacated an hour earlier when most of the troops
-were called to help defend the Union line in the Wheatfield and Peach
-Orchard. The Confederates then took possession of the Union works.
-The Union forces, having returned during the night, opened fire at dawn
-on July 3 with artillery and infantry. Confederate troops who were
-posted in the Union works and in rear of the stone wall on the hill to
-the north made a determined stand. After hard fighting, which ended
-only at noon, the Union force succeeded in driving the Confederates out
-of these works and eastward beyond striking range.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<h2 id="c27"><span class="small"><i>The Park</i></span></h2>
-<p>In 1895, the battlefield was established by act of Congress as Gettysburg
-National Military Park. In that year, the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial
-Association, which had been founded April 30, 1864, for the purpose
-of commemorating &ldquo;the great deeds of valor, endurance, and noble self-sacrifice,
-and to perpetuate the memory of the heroes, and the signal
-events which render these battlegrounds illustrious,&rdquo; transferred its holdings
-of 600 acres of land, 17 miles of avenues, and 320 monuments and
-markers to the Federal Government. Under the jurisdiction of the War
-Department until 1933, the park was transferred in that year to the
-Department of the Interior to be administered by the National Park
-Service. Today, the park consists of 2,554.82 acres of land and 26 miles of
-paved roads.</p>
-<p>The fields over which the battles were fought cover about 16,000 acres
-and include the town of Gettysburg. A total of 2,390 monuments,
-tablets, and markers have been erected over the years to indicate the
-positions where infantry, artillery, and cavalry units fought. Of the 354
-Union and 272 Confederate cannon engaged or held in reserve during
-the battle, 233 Federal and 182 Confederate are located on the field in
-the approximate position of the batteries during the battle.</p>
-<h2 id="c28"><span class="small"><i>Anniversary Reunions of the Civil War Veterans</i></span></h2>
-<p>The great interest of veterans and the public alike in the Gettysburg
-battlefield has been reflected over the years in three outstanding anniversary
-celebrations. Dominant in the observance of the 25th anniversary
-in 1888 were the veterans themselves, who returned to encamp on
-familiar ground. It was on this occasion that a large number of regimental
-monuments, erected by survivors of regiments or by States, were
-dedicated. Again, in 1913, on the 50th anniversary, even though the
-ranks were gradually thinning, the reunion brought thousands of veterans
-back to the battlefield. Perhaps the most impressive tribute to the surviving
-veterans occurred July 1-4, 1938, on the occasion of the observance
-of the 75th anniversary of the battle and the last reunion of the men who
-wore the blue and the gray. Although 94 years was the average age of
-those attending, 1,845 veterans, out of a total of about 8,000 then living,
-returned for the encampment. It was on this occasion that the Eternal
-Light Peace Memorial was dedicated.</p>
-<h2 id="c29"><span class="small"><i>How to Reach the Park</i></span></h2>
-<p>Gettysburg National Military Park and National Cemetery are accessible
-by highway over U.&nbsp;S. No. 30 from the east and west, U.&nbsp;S. No. 15 from
-<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span>
-the north and south; U.&nbsp;S. No. 140 from Baltimore, Md.; State No. 34
-from Carlisle, Pa.; and State No. 116 from Hagerstown, Md., and Hanover,
-Pa. Greyhound Bus Lines operate over U.&nbsp;S. Nos. 30 and 140; the
-Blue Ridge Lines over U.&nbsp;S. No. 15 from the south; and the Gettysburg-Harrisburg
-Bus Line over U.&nbsp;S. No. 15 from Harrisburg.</p>
-<h2 id="c30"><span class="small"><i>Administration</i></span></h2>
-<p>Gettysburg National Military Park is administered by the National
-Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior. Communications
-should be addressed to the Superintendent, Gettysburg
-National Military Park, Gettysburg, Pa.</p>
-<h2 id="c31"><span class="small"><i>Related Areas</i></span></h2>
-<p>Significant parts of most of the major battlefields of the Civil War have
-been set aside under the control of the Federal Government to be administered
-as national military areas by the National Park Service. Among
-the areas in this group are: Antietam National Battlefield Site, Md.;
-Manassas National Battlefield Park, Va.; Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania
-County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park (includes
-Chancellorsville, The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and
-Fredericksburg battlefields), Va.; Petersburg National Military Park, Va.;
-Richmond National Battlefield Park, Va.; Appomattox Court House
-National Historical Park, Va.; Shiloh National Military Park, Tenn;
-Fort Donelson National Military Park, Tenn.; Stones River National
-Military Park, Tenn.; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military
-Park, Tenn.-Ga.; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Ga.;
-Fort Sumter National Monument, S.&nbsp;C.; Vicksburg National Military
-Park, Miss.; and Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga.</p>
-<h2 id="c32"><span class="small"><i>Visitor Facilities</i></span></h2>
-<p>Information and free literature concerning the park may be obtained at
-the National Park Service museum in the Post Office building, at the
-national cemetery office, and at the park entrance stations. The services
-of park historians are available free for explanation of the battle, talks
-over a relief model of the battlefield in the museum, and for field tours
-with educational groups. A historian is stationed at Little Round Top
-during the summer season.</p>
-<p>Field exhibits, consisting of a map of the battlefield and wartime
-photographs, are located at important points in the park for the use and
-<span class="pb" id="Page_52">52</span>
-interest of the public. With the exception of December, January, and
-February, the cyclorama is open weekdays from 10 a.&nbsp;m. to 12 noon and
-1 p.&nbsp;m. to 5 p.&nbsp;m. and on Sundays 10 a.&nbsp;m. to 12 noon and 1 p.&nbsp;m. to
-6 p.&nbsp;m. The admission fee is 25 cents for persons 12 years of age and
-over. School groups, 12 to 18 years of age, and children under 12 years
-of age are admitted free. Battlefield guides, licensed by the National
-Park Service, operate under the supervision of the park superintendent.
-A complete tour of the park, which covers the battleground of July 1,
-north and west of Gettysburg, and of July 2 and 3, south of the town,
-requires approximately 2 hours, and the guide fee is $4. A special tour,
-covering the main points of interest and requiring about 1 hour, is available
-at a fee of $3. The guide fee for a short bus tour is $5; for a long
-bus tour $6.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="669" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG</span></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><b>LEGEND</b></dt>
-<dd>1 MCPHERSON RIDGE</dd>
-<dd>2 OAK HILL</dd>
-<dd>3 OAK RIDGE</dd>
-<dd>4 SEMINARY RIDGE</dd>
-<dd>5 WARFIELD RIDGE</dd>
-<dd>6 DEVIL&rsquo;S DEN</dd>
-<dd>7 LITTLE ROUND TOP</dd>
-<dd>8 THE ANGLE</dd>
-<dd>9 MEADE&rsquo;S HDQRS.</dd>
-<dd>10 NAT&rsquo;L. MONUMENT</dd>
-<dd>11 CYCLORAMA</dd>
-<dd>12 EAST CEMETERY HILL</dd>
-<dd>13 CULPS HILL</dd>
-<dd>14 SPANGLER&rsquo;S SPRING</dd></dl>
-<hr />
-<h3 class="center">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-<br />HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES</h3>
-<p class="center">(Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents,
-<br />Washington 25, D.C.)</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Antietam</dt>
-<dt>Bandelier</dt>
-<dt>Chalmette</dt>
-<dt>Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields</dt>
-<dt>Custer Battlefield</dt>
-<dt>Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial</dt>
-<dt>Fort Laramie</dt>
-<dt>Fort McHenry</dt>
-<dt>Fort Necessity</dt>
-<dt>Fort Pulaski</dt>
-<dt>Fort Raleigh</dt>
-<dt>Fort Sumter</dt>
-<dt>George Washington Birthplace</dt>
-<dt>Gettysburg</dt>
-<dt>Guilford Courthouse</dt>
-<dt>Hopewell Village</dt>
-<dt>Independence</dt>
-<dt>Jamestown, Virginia</dt>
-<dt>Kings Mountain</dt>
-<dt>The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died</dt>
-<dt>Manassas (Bull Run)</dt>
-<dt>Montezuma Castle</dt>
-<dt>Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution</dt>
-<dt>Ocmulgee</dt>
-<dt>Petersburg Battlefields</dt>
-<dt>Saratoga</dt>
-<dt>Scotts Bluff</dt>
-<dt>Shiloh</dt>
-<dt>Statue of Liberty</dt>
-<dt>Vanderbilt Mansion</dt>
-<dt>Vicksburg</dt>
-<dt>Yorktown</dt></dl>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="Eagle statue" width="500" height="505" />
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>Corrected a few palpable typos.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park,
-Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK ***
-
-***** This file should be named 56209-h.htm or 56209-h.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/2/0/56209/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 021fd6f..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p01b.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p01b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ea9294..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p01b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p01c.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p01c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bf9d131..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p01c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p02.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p02.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f4ce96..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p02.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p03.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p03.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 44d653e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p03.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p03a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p03a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ad1d07e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p03a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p04.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p04.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b47295e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p04.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p04a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p04a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index acbb9d1..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p04a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p04b.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p04b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cbe3d9..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p04b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p04c.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p04c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ca0163..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p04c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p04d.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p04d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cf57da..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p04d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p05.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p05.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index baf29cd..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p05.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p05a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p05a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 577c237..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p05a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p06.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p06.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c863d7e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p06.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p06a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p06a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ffe3772..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p06a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p06c.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p06c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ad34909..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p06c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p07.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p07.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f453c22..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p07.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p07a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p07a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cbfb58b..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p07a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p08.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p08.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5043149..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p08.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p08a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p08a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f66df1b..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p08a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p08c.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p08c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2750298..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p08c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p09.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p09.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 45e9b57..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p09.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p09a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p09a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3469a33..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p09a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p09f.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p09f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b54016c..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p09f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p09g.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p09g.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c99bd9..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p09g.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p09h.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p09h.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ab1c81e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p09h.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p10.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p10.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e180336..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p10.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p10a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p10a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d33311..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p10a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p10b.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p10b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f7a0333..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p10b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p11.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p11.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b58784..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p11.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p11a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p11a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d3a77c..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p11a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p12.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p12.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a08fc2..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p12.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p12a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p12a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 02739ba..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p12a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p13.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p13.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f94480..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p13.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p13a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p13a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 77287ff..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p13a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p13c.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p13c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f4d013f..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p13c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p14.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p14.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 95bbf9e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p14.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p14a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p14a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d24844..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p14a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p15.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p15.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 109450d..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p15.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p16.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p16.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fc897ec..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p16.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p16a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p16a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c7c7d1..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p16a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p17.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p17.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1966c4d..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p17.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p18.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p18.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 90354af..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p18.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p18a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p18a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd4b071..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p18a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p18c.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p18c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 93a5224..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p18c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p18d.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p18d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a3bc535..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p18d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p19.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p19.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9dbce1f..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p19.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p19a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p19a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f547059..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p19a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p20.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p20.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ec5429c..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p20.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p20a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p20a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ad524e3..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p20a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p21.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p21.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ddd29e..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p21.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p21a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p21a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c0b0828..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p21a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p21b.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p21b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 63d674f..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p21b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p22.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p22.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f37beb..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p22.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p22a.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p22a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2139d6c..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p22a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p23.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p23.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f0f324b..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p23.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p23b.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p23b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 87e91b2..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p23b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p24.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p24.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e7667be..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p24.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p25.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p25.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 551a061..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p25.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p26.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p26.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 97083b2..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p26.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209-h/images/p27.jpg b/old/56209-h/images/p27.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fc20ce..0000000
--- a/old/56209-h/images/p27.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/56209.txt b/old/56209.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 95e4658..0000000
--- a/old/56209.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2266 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park,
-Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania
-       National Park Service Historical Handbook Series #9
-
-Author: Frederick Tilberg
-
-Release Date: December 20, 2017 [EBook #56209]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: March 3, 1849]
-
-                UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-                     Stewart L. Udall, _Secretary_
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                      Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_
-
-
-                   _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER NINE_
-
-This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the
-historical and archeological areas in the National Park System,
-administered by the National Park Service of the United States
-Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing
-Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,
-Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents
-
-
-
-
-                              _GETTYSBURG_
-                         NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
-                              Pennsylvania
-
-
-                         _by Frederick Tilberg_
-
-    [Illustration: Drum]
-
-         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 9
-                        WASHINGTON, D. C., 1954
-                             (Reprint 1961)
-
-
-_The National Park System, of which Gettysburg National Military Park is
-a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic
-heritage of the United States for the benefit and inspiration of its
-people._
-
-    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR]
-
-
-
-
-                               _Contents_
-
-
-                                                                     Page
-  THE SITUATION, SPRING 1863                                            1
-  THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN                                                  4
-  THE FIRST DAY                                                         6
-      The Two Armies Converge on Gettysburg                             6
-      The Battle of Oak Ridge                                           8
-  THE SECOND DAY                                                       12
-      Preliminary Movements and Plans                                  12
-      Longstreet Attacks on the Right                                  15
-      Warren Saves Little Round Top                                    15
-      Culp's Hill                                                      17
-  THE THIRD DAY                                                        19
-      Cannonade at Dawn: Culp's Hill and Spangler's Spring             19
-      Lee Plans a Final Thrust                                         21
-      Lee and Meade Set the Stage                                      22
-      Artillery Duel at One O'clock                                    27
-      Climax at Gettysburg                                             29
-      Cavalry Action                                                   31
-  END OF INVASION                                                      33
-  LINCOLN AND GETTYSBURG                                               35
-      Establishment of a Burial Ground                                 35
-      Dedication of the Cemetery                                       37
-      Genesis of the Gettysburg Address                                42
-      The Five Autograph Copies of the Gettysburg Address              43
-      Soldiers' National Monument                                      43
-      The Lincoln Address Memorial                                     44
-  GUIDE TOUR OF THE PARK                                               45
-  THE PARK                                                             50
-  ANNIVERSARY REUNIONS OF THE CIVIL WAR VETERANS                       50
-  HOW TO REACH THE PARK                                                50
-  ADMINISTRATION                                                       51
-  RELATED AREAS                                                        51
-  VISITOR FACILITIES                                                   51
-
-    [Illustration: _The field of Pickett's Charge, with his attack on
-    the Union position at The Angle in the foreground._ From the
-    Philippoteaux painting in the Gettysburg Cyclorama.]
-
-    [Illustration: Cannon]
-
-On the gently rolling farm lands surrounding the little town of
-Gettysburg, Pa., was fought one of the great decisive battles of
-American history. For 3 days, from July 1 to 3, 1863, a gigantic
-struggle between 75,000 Confederates and 88,000 Union troops raged about
-the town and left 51,000 casualties in its wake. Heroic deeds were
-numerous on both sides, climaxed by the famed Confederate assault on
-July 3 which has become known throughout the world as Pickett's Charge.
-The Union victory gained on these fields ended the last Confederate
-invasion of the North and marked the beginning of a gradual decline in
-Southern military power.
-
-Here also, a few months after the battle, Abraham Lincoln delivered his
-classic Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the national cemetery
-set apart as a burial ground for the soldiers who died in the conflict.
-
-
-
-
-                      _The Situation, Spring 1863_
-
-
-The situation in which the Confederacy found itself in the late spring
-of 1863 called for decisive action. The Union and Confederate armies had
-faced each other on the Rappahannock River, near Fredericksburg, Va.,
-for 6 months. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by
-Gen. R. E. Lee, had defeated the Union forces at Fredericksburg in
-December 1862 and again at Chancellorsville in May 1863, but the nature
-of the ground gave Lee little opportunity to follow up his advantage.
-When he began moving his army westward, on June 3, he hoped, at least,
-to draw his opponent away from the river to a more advantageous
-battleground. At most, he might carry the war into northern territory,
-where supplies could be taken from the enemy and a victory could be
-fully exploited. Even a fairly narrow margin of victory might enable Lee
-to capture one or more key cities and perhaps increase northern demands
-for a negotiated peace.
-
-    [Illustration: THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, Commander of the
-    Union Forces at Gettysburg._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Confederate
-    Army at Gettysburg._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Confederate strategists had considered sending aid from Lee's army to
-Vicksburg, which Grant was then besieging, or dispatching help to
-General Bragg for his campaign against Rosecrans in Tennessee. They
-concluded, however, that Vicksburg could hold out until climatic
-conditions would force Grant to withdraw, and they reasoned that the
-eastern campaign was more important than that of Tennessee.
-
-Both Union and Confederate governments had bitter opponents at home.
-Southern generals, reading in Northern newspapers the clamors for peace,
-had reason to believe that their foe's morale was fast weakening. They
-felt that the Army of Northern Virginia would continue to demonstrate
-its superiority over the Union Army of the Potomac and that the relief
-from constant campaigning on their own soil would have a happy effect on
-Southern spirit. Events were to prove, however, that the chief result of
-the intense alarm created by the invasion was to rally the populace to
-better support of the Union government.
-
-    [Illustration: _Statue of General Meade, located on Cemetery
-    Ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _The Virginia Memorial, surmounted by the statue of
-    General Lee, on Seminary Ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Gettysburg, as it appeared from Seminary Ridge a
-    short time after the battle._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-
-
-
-                         _The Plan of Campaign_
-
-
-Lee's plan of campaign was undoubtedly similar to that of his invasion
-which ended in the battle of Antietam in September 1862. He then called
-attention to the need of destroying the bridge over the Susquehanna
-River at Harrisburg and of disabling the Pennsylvania Railroad in order
-to sever communication with the west. "After that," he added, "I can
-turn my attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington as may seem
-best for our interest."
-
-Lee had suffered an irreparable loss at Chancellorsville when
-"Stonewall" Jackson was mortally wounded. Now reorganized into three
-infantry corps under Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and R. S. Ewell, and a
-cavalry division under J. E. B. Stuart, a changed Army of Northern
-Virginia faced the great test that lay ahead. "Stonewall" Jackson, the
-right hand of Lee, and in the words of the latter "the finest executive
-officer the sun ever shone on," was no longer present to lead his corps
-in battle.
-
-The long lines of gray started moving on June 3 from Fredericksburg,
-Va., first northwestward across the Blue Ridge, then northward in the
-Shenandoah Valley. On June 9, one of the greatest cavalry engagements of
-the war occurred at Brandy Station. Union horsemen, for the first time,
-held Stuart's men on even terms. The Confederates then continued their
-march northward, with the right flank constantly protected by Stuart's
-cavalry, which occupied the passes of the Blue Ridge. Stuart was ordered
-to hold these mountain gaps until the advance into Pennsylvania had
-drawn the Union Army north of the Potomac. On June 28, Hill and
-Longstreet reached Chambersburg, 16 miles north of the Pennsylvania
-boundary. Rodes' division of Ewell's corps reached Carlisle on June 27.
-Early's command of 8,000 men had passed through Gettysburg on June 26
-and on the 28th had reached York. Early planned to take possession of
-the bridge over the Susquehanna at Columbia, and to move on Harrisburg
-from the east. Lee's converging movement on Harrisburg seemed to be on
-the eve of success.
-
-An unforeseen shift of events between June 25 and 28, however,
-threatened to deprive Lee of every advantage he had thus far gained in
-his daring march up the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys. The cavalry
-engagement between Stuart and Pleasonton at Brandy Station convinced
-Gen. Joseph Hooker, then in command of the Union Army, that the
-Confederate Army was moving northward. President Lincoln and General in
-Chief Halleck, informed of this movement, ordered Hooker to proceed
-northward and to keep his command between the Confederate Army and
-Washington. When he was refused permission to abandon Harpers Ferry, and
-to add the garrison of 10,000 men to his army, Hooker asked to be
-relieved of command. Gen. George G. Meade received orders to assume
-command of the army at Frederick, Md., on June 28, and he at once
-continued the march northward.
-
-General Stuart, in command of the Confederate cavalry, had obtained
-conditional approval from Lee to operate against the rear of the Union
-Army as it marched northward and then to join Lee north of the Potomac.
-As he passed between Hooker's army and Washington, the unexpected speed
-of the Union Army forced Stuart into detours and delays, so that on June
-28 he was in eastern Maryland, wholly out of touch with the Confederate
-force. The eyes and ears of Lee were thus closed at a time when their
-efficient functioning was badly needed.
-
-    [Illustration: _"Old Dorm" of Pennsylvania_ (now Gettysburg)
-    _College. It was used as a shelter for wounded._
-                                                         474-574 O-58--2]
-
-In this state of affairs, a Confederate agent reported to Lee at
-Chambersburg, Pa., on the night of June 28, that the Union forces had
-crossed the Potomac and were in the vicinity of Frederick. With the
-entire Union Army close at hand and with many miles between him and his
-base, Lee decided to abandon his original plan and to concentrate for
-battle. He moved his army at once across the mountains to Cashtown, 8
-miles from Gettysburg. Here, in Cashtown Pass, he planned to establish
-his battle position. Rodes, then at Carlisle, and Early, at York, were
-at once ordered to this point.
-
-
-
-
-                            _The First Day_
-
-
-THE TWO ARMIES CONVERGE ON GETTYSBURG.
-
-The men of Heth's division, leading the Confederate advance across the
-mountain, reached Cashtown on June 29. Pettigrew's brigade was sent on
-to Gettysburg the following day to obtain supplies, but upon reaching
-the ridge a mile west of the town, they observed Union cavalry scouts
-posted along the roads. Not having orders to bring on an engagement,
-Pettigrew withdrew to Cashtown.
-
-    [Illustration: _Scene of the initial engagement on the morning of
-    July 1. 1. McPherson Ridge. 2. Oak Ridge._]
-
-In the intervening 2 days since he had assumed command of the Union
-forces, General Meade had moved his troops northward and instructed his
-engineers to survey a defensive battle position at Pipe Creek, near
-Taneytown, in northern Maryland. Buford's cavalry, which had effectively
-shadowed Lee's advance from the mountaintops of the Blue Ridge was
-ordered to make a reconnaissance in the Gettysburg area. It was these
-troops that Pettigrew's men saw posted on the roads leading into the
-town. Neither Lee nor Meade yet foresaw Gettysburg as a field of battle.
-Each expected to take a strong defensive position and force his
-adversary to attack.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds._ (Courtesy National
-    Archives.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill._ (Courtesy National
-    Archives.)]
-
-A. P. Hill, in the absence of Lee, who was still beyond the mountains,
-now took the initiative. At daybreak of July 1, he ordered the brigades
-of Archer and Davis, of Heth's division, to advance along the
-Chambersburg Road to Gettysburg for the purpose of testing the strength
-of the Union forces. As these troops reached Marsh Creek, 4 miles from
-Gettysburg, they were fired upon by Union cavalry pickets who hurriedly
-retired to inform their commander of the enemy's approach. In the
-meantime, Buford's division of cavalry had moved from their camp just
-southwest of Gettysburg to McPherson Ridge, a mile west of the town.
-Buford prepared to hold out against heavy odds until aid arrived. Thus,
-subordinate field commanders had chosen the ground for battle.
-
-It was 8 a. m., July 1, when the two brigades of Archer and Davis, the
-former to the right and the latter to the left of the Chambersburg Road,
-deployed on Herr Ridge. Supported by Pegram's artillery, they charged
-down the long slope and across Willoughby Run against Buford's men. The
-Union troopers had recently received an issue of Spencer repeating
-carbines. Dismounted, and fighting as infantrymen, they held their
-ground against the spirited attacks of Heth's superior numbers. At 10
-o'clock timely aid arrived as troops from Gen. John F. Reynolds' First
-Infantry corps began streaming over Seminary Ridge from the south and
-relieved Buford's exhausted fighters. Calef's battery, one of whose guns
-had fired the first shot at Gettysburg, was replaced by Hall's Maine
-artillery. But, in a few moments, Union joy at receiving aid was offset
-by tragedy. Reynolds, close to the front lines, was killed instantly by
-a sharpshooter's bullet.
-
-The struggle increased in scope as more forces reached the field. When
-Archer's Confederates renewed the attack across Willoughby Run, Union
-troops of Meredith's Iron Brigade, arriving opportunely, struck the
-flank of the Confederates and captured the greater part of the force,
-including General Archer. Relieved from the threat south of the
-Chambersburg Pike, the 14th Brooklyn and 7th Wisconsin regiments shifted
-to the north of the Pike where the Confederates had captured a part of
-Cutler's troops in the railroad cut. With renewed effort, these troops,
-joined by Dawes' 6th Wisconsin, drove the Confederates steadily back,
-capturing two Mississippi regiments in the defile. The Confederates then
-withdrew beyond striking distance. There was a lull in the fighting
-during the noon hour. The first encounter had given Union men
-confidence. They had held their ground against superior numbers and had
-captured Archer, a brigadier general, the first Confederate general
-officer taken since Lee assumed command.
-
-    [Illustration: _McPherson Ridge and Woods, the Federal position on
-    July 1. In the woods at the right, General Reynolds was killed. The
-    cupola of the Theological Seminary appears in the background._
-    (Brady photograph.)]
-
-
-THE BATTLE OF OAK RIDGE.
-
-While the initial test of strength was being determined west of
-Gettysburg by advance units, the main bulk of the two armies was
-pounding over the roads from the north and south, converging upon the
-ground chosen by Buford. Rodes' Confederates, hurrying southward from
-Carlisle to meet Lee at Cashtown, received orders at Biglerville to
-march to Gettysburg. Early, returning from York with Cashtown as his
-objective, learned at Heidlersburg of the action at Gettysburg and was
-ordered to approach by way of the Harrisburg Road.
-
-    [Illustration: _Chambersburg Pike, looking westward from the Federal
-    position toward Herr Ridge, where the Confederate attack began._]
-
-Employing the wooded ridge as a screen from Union cavalry north of
-Gettysburg, Rodes brought his guns into position on Oak Ridge about 1
-o'clock and opened fire on the flank of Gen. Abner Doubleday, Reynolds'
-successor, on McPherson Ridge. The Union commander shifted his lines
-northeastward to Oak Ridge and the Mummasburg Road to meet the new
-attack. Rodes' Confederates struck the Union positions at the stone wall
-on the ridge, but the attack was not well coordinated and resulted in
-failure. Iverson's brigade was nearly annihilated as it made a left
-wheel to strike from the west. In the meantime, more Union troops had
-arrived on the field by way of the Taneytown Road. Two divisions of
-Howard's Eleventh corps were now taking position in the plain north of
-the town, intending to make contact with Doubleday's troops on Oak
-Ridge.
-
-Doles' Confederate brigade charged across the plain and was able to
-force Howard's troops back temporarily, but it was the opportune
-approach of Early's division from the northeast on the Harrisburg Road
-which rendered the Union position north of Gettysburg indefensible.
-Arriving in the early afternoon as the Union men were establishing their
-position, Early struck with tremendous force, first with his artillery
-and then with his infantry, against General Barlow. Soon he had
-shattered the entire Union force. The remnants broke and turned
-southward through Gettysburg in the direction of Cemetery Hill. In this
-headlong and disorganized flight General Schimmelfenning was lost from
-his command, and, finding refuge in a shed, he lay 2 days concealed
-within the Confederate lines. In the path of Early's onslaught lay the
-youthful Brigadier Barlow severely wounded, and the gallant Lieut.
-Bayard Wilkeson, whose battery had long stood against overwhelming odds,
-mortally wounded.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-The Union men on Oak Ridge, faced with the danger that Doles would cut
-off their line of retreat, gave way and retired through Gettysburg to
-Cemetery Hill. The withdrawal of the Union troops from the north and
-northwest left the Union position on McPherson Ridge untenable. Early in
-the afternoon, when Rodes opened fire from Oak Hill, Heth had renewed
-his thrust along the Chambersburg Pike. His troops were soon relieved
-and Pender's division, striking north and south of the road, broke the
-Union line. The Union troops first withdrew to Seminary Ridge, then
-across the fields to Cemetery Hill. Here was advantageous ground which
-had been selected as a rallying point if the men were forced to
-relinquish the ground west and north of the town. Thus, by 5 o'clock,
-the remnants of the Union forces (some 6,000 out of the 18,000 engaged
-in the first day's struggle) were on the hills south of Gettysburg.
-
-Ewell was now in possession of the town, and he extended his line from
-the streets eastward to Rock Creek. Studiously observing the hills in
-his front, he came within range of a Union sharpshooter, for suddenly he
-heard the thud of a minie ball. Calmly riding on, he remarked to General
-Gordon at his side, "You see how much better fixed for a fight I am than
-you are. It don't hurt at all to be shot in a wooden leg."
-
-A momentous decision now had to be made. Lee had reached the field at 3
-p. m., and had witnessed the retreat of the disorganized Union troops
-through the streets of Gettysburg. Through his glasses he had watched
-their attempt to reestablish their lines on Cemetery Hill. Sensing his
-advantage and a great opportunity, he sent orders to Ewell by a staff
-officer to "press those people" and secure the hill (Cemetery Hill) if
-possible. However, two of Ewell's divisions, those of Rodes and Early,
-had been heavily engaged throughout the afternoon and were not well in
-hand. Johnson's division could not reach the field until late in the
-evening, and the reconnaissance service of Stuart's cavalry was not yet
-available. General Ewell, uninformed of the Union strength in the rear
-of the hills south of Gettysburg, decided to await the arrival of
-Johnson's division. Cemetery Hill was not attacked, and Johnson, coming
-up late in the evening, stopped at the base of Culp's Hill. Thus passed
-Lee's opportunity of July 1.
-
-    [Illustration: _Scene north of Gettysburg from Oak Ridge. The
-    Federal position may be seen near the edge of the open fields in the
-    middle distance._]
-
-When the Union troops retreated from the battleground north and west of
-the town on the evening of July 1, they hastily occupied defense
-positions on Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill, and a part of Cemetery Ridge.
-Upon the arrival of Slocum by the Baltimore Pike and Sickles by way of
-the Emmitsburg Road, the Union right flank at Culp's Hill and Spangler's
-Spring and the important position at Little Round Top on the left were
-consolidated. Thus was developed a strong defensive battle line in the
-shape of a fish hook, about 3 miles long, with the advantage of high
-ground and of interior lines. Opposite, in a semicircle about 6 miles
-long, extending down Seminary Ridge and into the streets of Gettysburg,
-stood the Confederates who, during the night, had closed in from the
-north and west.
-
-The greater part of the citizenry of Gettysburg, despite the prospect of
-battle in their own yards, chose to remain in their homes. Both army
-commanders respected noncombatant rights to a marked degree. Thus, in
-contrast with the fields of carnage all about the village, life and
-property of the civilian population remained unharmed, while the doors
-of churches, schools, and homes were opened for the care of the wounded.
-
-General Meade, at Taneytown, had learned early in the afternoon of July
-1 that a battle was developing and that Reynolds had been killed. A
-large part of his army was within 5 miles of Gettysburg. Meade then sent
-General Hancock to study and report on the situation. Hancock reached
-the field just as the Union troops were falling back to Cemetery Hill.
-He helped to rally the troops and left at 6 o'clock to report to Meade
-that in his opinion the battle should be fought at Gettysburg. Meade
-acted on this recommendation and immediately ordered the concentration
-of the Union forces at that place. Meade himself arrived near midnight
-on July 1.
-
-    [Illustration: _Spangler's Spring, the right of the Federal battle
-    line of July 2 and 3. This view, made in 1870, shows the wartime
-    appearance of the spring._ (Tipton photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _View of Culp's Hill, taken about 1890, showing
-    earthworks on the crest of the hill. Gettysburg, one-half mile
-    northwest, may be seen through the vista._ (Tipton photograph.)]
-
-
-
-
-                            _The Second Day_
-
-
-PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS AND PLANS.
-
-The small college town of Gettysburg, with 2,400 residents at the time
-of the battle, lay in the heart of a fertile country, surrounded by
-broad acres of crops and pastures. Substantial houses of industrious
-Pennsylvania farmers dotted the countryside. South of the town and
-hardly more than a musket shot from the houses on its outer edge,
-Cemetery Hill rose somewhat abruptly from the lower ground. Extending
-southward from the hill for nearly 2 miles was a long roll of land
-called Cemetery Ridge. At its southern extremity a sharp incline
-terminated in the wooded crest of Little Round Top and a half mile
-beyond was the sugar-loaf peak of Big Round Top, the highest point in
-the vicinity of Gettysburg. Paralleling Cemetery Ridge, at an average
-distance of two-thirds of a mile to the west, lay Seminary Ridge, which
-derived its name from the Lutheran Seminary that stood upon its crest a
-half mile west of Gettysburg. In 1863, 10 roads radiated from
-Gettysburg, the one leading to Emmitsburg extending diagonally across
-the valley between Seminary and Cemetery Ridges.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lunettes, or artillery defense works, on the crest
-    of East Cemetery Hill. The entrance gateway to the public cemetery,
-    which is still in use, appears in the background on the Baltimore
-    Pike._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Jennie Wade House, located on Baltimore street
-    between the battle lines. Jennie Wade, the only civilian killed
-    during the battle, was accidentally struck by a bullet which passed
-    through a door of the house._]
-
-    [Illustration: _East Cemetery Hill, the objective of the Confederate
-    charge on the evening of July 2._]
-
-By noon of July 2, the powerful forces of Meade and Lee were at hand,
-and battle on a tremendous scale was imminent. That part of the Union
-line extending from Cemetery Hill to Little Round Top was strongly held.
-Late in the forenoon, Sickles, commanding the Third Corps which lay
-north of Little Round Top, sent Berdan's sharpshooters and some of the
-men of the 3rd Maine Regiment forward from the Emmitsburg Road to
-Pitzer's Woods, a half mile to the west. As they reached the woods, a
-strong Confederate force fired upon them, and they hurriedly retired to
-inform their commander. To Sickles, the extension of the Confederate
-line southward meant that his left flank was endangered. He at once
-began moving forward to the advantageous high ground at the Peach
-Orchard, and by 3:30 p. m. his battle front extended from Devil's Den
-northwestward to the Orchard and northward on the Emmitsburg Road. In
-this forward movement, the strong position on the crest of Little Round
-Top was left unoccupied. This was the situation when Meade finally
-turned his attention from his right flank at Culp's Hill and Spangler's
-Spring--the cause of his great concern throughout the forenoon--to
-review Sickles' line.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-Lee planned to attack, despite the advice of Longstreet who continually
-urged defensive battle. On July 2, Longstreet recommended that Lee swing
-around the Union left at Little Round Top, select a good position, and
-await attack. Lee observed that while the Union position was strong if
-held in sufficient numbers to utilize the advantage of interior lines,
-it presented grave difficulties to a weak defending force. A secure
-lodgment on the shank of the hook might render it possible to sever the
-Union Army and to deal with each unit separately. Not all of Meade's
-force had reached the field, and Lee thought he had the opportunity of
-destroying his adversary in the process of concentration. He resolved to
-send Longstreet against the Federal left flank which he believed was
-then on lower Cemetery Ridge, while Ewell was to storm Cemetery Hill and
-Culp's Hill.
-
-    [Illustration: _Trostle farmhouse. Here the 9th Massachusetts
-    battery, taking position in the yard, lost 80 out of 88 horses
-    during the battle of July 2._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-
-LONGSTREET ATTACKS ON THE RIGHT.
-
-In the execution of this plan, Longstreet was ordered to take position
-across the Emmitsburg Road and to attack what was thought to be the left
-flank of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. From his encampment on the
-Chambersburg Road, 3 miles west of Gettysburg, he started toward his
-objective, using Herr Ridge to conceal the movement from Union signalmen
-on Little Round Top. After marching to Black Horse Tavern on the
-Fairfield Road, he realized that his troops were in sight of the signal
-unit and at once began retracing his course. Employing the trees on
-Seminary Ridge as a screen, he marched southward again in Willoughby Run
-Valley, arriving in position on the Emmitsburg Road about 3:30 p. m.
-Immediately in front, and only 700 yards away, Longstreet saw Sickles'
-batteries lined up in the Peach Orchard and on the Emmitsburg Road. Col.
-E. P. Alexander, commanding a battalion of Longstreet's artillery,
-opened with full force against the Union guns. Longstreet could observe
-in the distance that Little Round Top was unoccupied. Law's Alabama
-troops were directed at once to take the hill, and Robertson's Texans
-were instructed to join in the charge.
-
-
-WARREN SAVES LITTLE ROUND TOP.
-
-Gen. G. K. Warren, Meade's Chief of Engineers, having assisted Sickles
-in placing his line, now rode to the crest of Little Round Top and found
-the hill, "the key to the Union position," unoccupied except by a signal
-station. Warren was informed by the signalmen that they believed
-Confederate troops lay concealed on the wooded ridge a mile to the west.
-Smith's New York battery, emplaced at Devil's Den, immediately was
-ordered to fire a shot into these woods. The missile, crashing through
-the trees, caused a sudden stir of the Confederates "which by the gleam
-of the reflected sunlight on their bayonets, revealed their long lines
-outflanking the position." Warren realized Longstreet would strike first
-at Little Round Top and he observed, too, the difficulty of shifting
-Sickles' position from Devil's Den to the hill.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Wheatfield as it appeared in 1890. Little Round
-    Top is in the background._ (Tipton photograph.)]
-
-At this moment Warren noticed the approach of Union troops from the
-north and rode to meet them. They were Vincent's and Weed's brigades,
-leading Sykes' corps from reserve position to the front. Intercepting
-these troops, Warren rushed them to Little Round Top. Law's Alabama
-troops were starting to scale the south slope of the hill when Vincent's
-men rushed to the attack. Weed's brigade, following closely, drove over
-the crest and engaged Robertson's Texans on the west slope. The arrival
-of Hazlett's battery on the summit of the hill is thus described by an
-eyewitness: "The passage of the six guns through the roadless woods and
-amongst the rocks was marvelous. Under ordinary circumstances it would
-have been considered an impossible feat, but the eagerness of the men
-... brought them without delay to the very summit, where they went
-immediately into battle." A desperate hand-to-hand struggle ensued. Weed
-and Hazlett were killed, and Vincent was mortally wounded--all young
-soldiers of great promise.
-
-The struggle at Little Round Top now became stalemated, and Longstreet
-directed his entire line to attack. The Confederate drive was taken up
-in turn by the brigades of Benning, Anderson, Kershaw, Semmes,
-Barksdale, Wofford, Wilcox, Perry, and Wright against the divisions of
-Birney and Humphreys in the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, and along the
-Emmitsburg Road. Four hours of desperate fighting broke the Peach
-Orchard salient, an angle in the Union line which was struck from the
-south and the west. It left the Wheatfield strewn with dead and wounded,
-and the base of Little Round Top a shambles. Sickles' men had been
-driven back, and Longstreet was now in possession of the west slope of
-Big Round Top, of Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. Little Round Top,
-that commanding landmark from which Longstreet had hoped to shell the
-Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill, still remained in Union
-possession.
-
-
-CULP'S HILL.
-
-In the Confederate plan, Ewell on the left was directed to attack
-Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in conjunction with Longstreet's drive. At
-the appointed time, the guns of Latimer's battalion on Benner's Hill,
-east of Gettysburg, opened a well-directed fire against the Union
-positions on East Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, but the return fire
-soon shattered many of Latimer's batteries and forced the remnants to
-retire out of range. In the final moments of this action the youthful
-Major Latimer was mortally wounded.
-
-    [Illustration: _View of Little Round Top taken soon after the
-    battle. The crest and western slope of the hill had been cleared the
-    year preceding the battle._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Breastworks constructed by Federal troops on Little
-    Round Top._]
-
-About dusk, long after the artillery fire had ceased, Early's infantry
-started a charge toward East Cemetery Hill. Seldom, if ever, surpassed
-in its dash and desperation, Early's assault reached the crest of the
-hill where the defenders, as a last resort in the hand-to-hand
-encounter, used clubbed muskets, stones, and rammers. Long after dark,
-the Louisiana Tigers and their comrades, in possession of the crest of
-the hill, fought to hold their gain and their captured guns. The failure
-of Rodes to move out of the streets of Gettysburg and to attack the hill
-from the west enabled Hancock to shift some of his men to aid in
-repelling Early's attacks. Faced by these Union reserves, Early's men
-finally gave way about 10 o'clock and sullenly retired to their lines.
-The Union troops stood firm.
-
-Closely timed with Early's assault of East Cemetery Hill, Johnson's
-division charged the Union works on Culp's Hill. Failing to make
-headway, because of the steep incline and the strength of the Union
-positions, Johnson fell back across Rock Creek and started an attack on
-the southern slope of the hill. Here the Union works were thinly manned.
-An hour earlier, the divisions of Geary and Ruger had been called from
-those works to the aid of the Sickles line at the Peach Orchard.
-Johnson, finding the works weakly defended, took possession of them but
-did not press the attack farther. Only a few hundred yards away on the
-Baltimore Pike lay the Union supply trains. The failure of Confederate
-reconnaissance here again was critically important. Thus passed another
-opportunity to strike a hard blow at the Union Army.
-
-
-
-
-                            _The Third Day_
-
-
-CANNONADE AT DAWN: CULP'S HILL AND SPANGLER'S SPRING.
-
-Night brought an end to the bloody combat at East Cemetery Hill, but
-this was not the time for rest. What would Meade do? Would the Union
-Army remain in its established position and hold its lines at all costs?
-At midnight Meade sought the advice of his Council of War in the east
-room of his headquarters. The corps commanders--Gibbon, Williams, Sykes,
-Newton, Howard, Hancock, Sedgwick, and Slocum--without exception advised
-holding the positions established. Meade, approving, turned to the
-officer whose division held the Union center, and said, "Gibbon, if Lee
-attacks me tomorrow it will be on your front."
-
-Meade on the following morning began to fortify Cemetery Ridge by
-shifting all units that could be spared from the line at Culp's Hill,
-and those in reserve at the Round Tops and on Cemetery Hill. General
-Hunt, Chief of Artillery, brought up reserve batteries to hold in
-readiness for replacement of front line guns. Throughout the forenoon of
-the third day, Meade not only developed a strong front at the stone
-walls on the crest of the ridge, but he also strengthened his reserve
-power to an extent which rendered the Union center almost impregnable.
-
-    [Illustration: _Interior of breastworks on Little Round Top._ (Brady
-    photograph.)]
-
-Meanwhile, important movements were occurring elsewhere on the field.
-Ruger's division and Lockwood's brigade, which had been called from
-their lines on the south slope of Culp's Hill the previous evening to
-help defend Sickles' position at the Peach Orchard, were now
-countermarching, under cover of darkness, to reoccupy their ground.
-Geary, who had misunderstood orders and had marched down the Baltimore
-Pike, was also returning to his works. Ruger's men, upon reaching the
-Pike, learned from scouts that their entrenchments south of Culp's Hill
-and at Spangler's Spring had been occupied by the Confederates. Ruger,
-resolving upon an attack at daybreak, organized his forces along the
-Pike. Powerful artillery units under Muhlenberg were brought into place
-along the road; Rigby's Maryland battery was stationed on Power's Hill,
-a prominent knoll a half mile to the south; and another battery was
-emplaced on McAllister Hill.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. James Longstreet._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Col. Edward Porter Alexander._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-As dawn broke on July 3, Union guns on the Baltimore Pike opened with a
-heavy cannonade on Johnson's Confederates at Spangler's Spring. The
-heavily wooded area about the Confederate lines prevented them from
-bringing guns into position to return the fire. Union skirmishers began
-streaming across the field toward the Confederate entrenchments. The
-full force of Ruger's and Geary's brigades followed closely. Throughout
-the forenoon the Union troops struck again and again.
-
-It was about 10 o'clock that Ruger, believing that a flank attack might
-break the resistance of Johnson's men, ordered Col. Silas Colgrove to
-strike the Confederate left flank near the spring. The troops of the 2d
-Massachusetts and the 19th Indiana regiments started across the swale
-from the cover of the woods on the little hill south of the spring. A
-withering fire slowed their pace, but they charged on, only to have
-their ranks decimated by the Confederates in strong positions back of a
-stone wall. Colonel Mudge, inspiring leader of the Massachusetts
-regiment, fell mortally wounded. Forced to fall back, the men soon
-learned their efforts had not been in vain. On Ruger's and Geary's front
-the Confederates were now giving way and soon had retired across Rock
-Creek, out of striking range. By 11 o'clock, the Union troops were again
-in possession of their earthworks; again they could quench their thirst
-in the cooling waters of the spring.
-
-
-LEE PLANS A FINAL THRUST.
-
-General Lee must have learned by mid-forenoon, after the long hours of
-struggle at Culp's Hill and Spangler's Spring, that his troops could not
-hold the Union works which they had occupied with so little effort the
-previous evening. He had seen, also, that in the tremendous battling
-during the preceding afternoon no important gains had been made at
-Little Round Top and its vicinity. Longstreet had gained the
-advantageous ridge at the Peach Orchard and had brought his batteries
-forward from Pitzer's Woods to this high ground in preparation for a
-follow-up attack. Wright's brigade, the last unit to move forward on
-July 2 in the echelon attack begun by General Law, had charged across
-the open fields at dusk and pierced the Union center just south of the
-copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge. Wright's success could not be pressed
-to decisive advantage as the brigades on his left had not moved forward
-to his support, and he was forced to retire. Again, lack of coordination
-in attack was to count heavily against the Confederates.
-
-The failure to make any pronounced headway on July 2 at Culp's Hill and
-Little Round Top, and the momentary success of Wright on Cemetery Ridge,
-doubtless led Lee to believe that Meade's flanks were strong and his
-center weak. A powerful drive at the center might pierce the enemy's
-lines and fold them back. The shattered units might then be destroyed or
-captured at will. Such a charge across open fields and in the face of
-frontal and flank fire would, Lee well understood, be a gamble seldom
-undertaken. Longstreet strongly voiced his objection to such a move,
-insisting that "no 15,000 men ever arrayed for battle can take that
-position."
-
-    [Illustration: _View of the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road in
-    1890. The Wentz farm buildings appear at the left._ (Tipton
-    photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _Devil's Den, a formation of large granite boulders,
-    used as defense positions by Confederate sharpshooters._]
-
-Time now was the important element. Whatever could be done must be done
-quickly. Hood's and McLaws' divisions, who had fought bravely and lost
-heavily at Round Top and the Wheatfield, were not in condition for
-another severe test. Early and Johnson on the left had likewise endured
-long, unrelenting battle with powerful Union forces in positions of
-advantage. The men of Heth's and Pender's divisions had not been heavily
-engaged since the first day's encounter west of Gettysburg. These were
-the men, along with Pickett's division, whom Lee would have to count on
-to bear the brunt of his final great effort at Gettysburg.
-
-
-LEE AND MEADE SET THE STAGE.
-
-Late in the forenoon of July 3, General Meade had completed his plan of
-defense in rear of the Union center by the concentration of all
-available infantry units. General Hunt, sensing the danger, placed a
-solid line of batteries in position on the crest of the ridge and
-brought others to the rear for emergency use. As a final act of
-preparation, Meade inspected his front at the stone wall, then rode
-southward to Little Round Top. Here, with General Warren, he could see
-the long lines of Confederate batteries and the massing of troops, a
-sure indication of attack. Meade rode back to his headquarters.
-
-Lee, on his part, had observed in the forenoon the enemy in the process
-of concentration on Cemetery Ridge. Having reached his decision to
-strike the Union center, he had already begun the movement of batteries
-from the rear to points of advantage. By noon, 138 guns were in line
-from the Peach Orchard northward to the Seminary buildings, many of them
-only 800 yards from the Union center. To Colonel Alexander fell the lot
-of directing the artillery fire and informing the infantry of the best
-opportunity to advance.
-
-Massed to the west of Emmitsburg Road, on low ground which screened
-their position from the Union lines, lay Gen. George Pickett's three
-brigades commanded by Kemper, Armistead, and Garnett. Pickett's men had
-arrived the previous evening from Chambersburg, where they had guarded
-Lee's wagons on July 1 and 2. As the only fresh body of troops on the
-field, they were now to spearhead the charge. On Pickett's left, the
-attacking front was fast being organized. Joseph Pettigrew, a brigadier,
-was preparing to lead the division of the wounded Major General Heth and
-Maj. Gen. Isaac Trimble took the command of Pender. More than 10,000
-troops of these two divisions--including such units as the 26th North
-Carolina whose losses on the first day were so heavy that the dead
-marked their advance "with the accuracy of a line at a dress
-parade"--now awaited the order to attack. Many hours earlier, the Bliss
-farm buildings, which lay in their front, had been burned. Their
-objective on the ridge was in clear view. The brigades of Wilcox and
-Lang were to move forward on the right of Pickett in order to protect
-his flank as he neared the enemy position.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Round Tops as they appear from Longstreet's
-    battle line one mile away._]
-
-General Stuart, in the meantime, had been out of touch with Lee. Moving
-northward on the right flank of the Union Army, he became involved in a
-sharp engagement at Hanover, Pa., on June 30. Seeking to regain contact
-with Lee, he arrived at Carlisle on the evening of July 1. As he began
-shelling the barracks, orders arrived from Lee and he at once marched
-for Gettysburg, arriving north of the town the next day. Lee now decided
-to employ his cavalry to cut off Union retreat which might result from a
-successful attack on the center. Stuart was instructed to swing eastward
-and then south around Gettysburg the morning of July 3 in order to
-arrive in the rear of the Union lines at the time Pickett was expected
-to charge the center.
-
-    [Illustration: BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG]
-
-    [Illustration: _View northward from Little Round Top. 1. Cemetery
-    Ridge. 2. Cemetery Hill. 3. Field of Pickett's Charge. 4. Seminary
-    Ridge. 5. Oak Hill. The statue of G. K. Warren appears in the
-    foreground._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Meade's headquarters as it appears today._]
-
-Except for the intermittent sniping of sharpshooters, an ominous silence
-prevailed over the fields. The orders had now been given; the objective
-had been pointed out. Men talked of casual things. Some munched on hard
-bread, others looked fearfully to the eastward, where, with the same
-mixed feelings, lay their adversary.
-
-Far to the south, on another crucial front, General Pemberton was
-penning a letter to General Grant asking terms for the surrender of
-Vicksburg. In Richmond, the sick and anxious Jefferson Davis looked
-hopefully for heartening word from his great field commander at
-Gettysburg. The outcome of this bold venture would count heavily in the
-balance for the cause of the Confederacy.
-
-
-ARTILLERY DUEL AT ONE O'CLOCK.
-
-At 1 o'clock two guns of Miller's Battery, posted near the Peach
-Orchard, opened fire in rapid succession. It was the signal for the
-entire line to let loose their terrific blast. Gunners rushed to their
-cannon, and in a few moments the massed batteries shook the countryside.
-Firing in salvos and in succession, the air was soon filled with smoke
-and heavy dust, which darkened the sky. Union gunners on Cemetery Ridge
-waited a few minutes until the positions of the Confederate batteries
-were located; then 80 guns, placed it close order, opened fire. For
-nearly 2 hours the duel continued, then that Union fire slackened. Hunt
-had ordered a partial cessation in order to cool the guns and to replace
-broken carriages.
-
-    [Illustration: _Panorama of the battlefield from Cemetery Ridge. 1.
-    General Meade statue. 2. Cemetery Ridge_ (Union position). _3.
-    Little Round Top. 4. Big Round Top. 5. Devil's Den. 6. High Water
-    Mark--farthest advance of Pickett's Charge. 7. The Wheatfield. 8.
-    The Angle. 9. The Peach Orchard. 10. Codori Buildings. 11. Field of
-    Pickett's Charge. 12. Emmitsburg Road. 13. Seminary Ridge_
-    (Confederate position). _14. Virginia Memorial._]
-
-Colonel Alexander, in position on the Emmitsburg Road near the Peach
-Orchard, could observe the effectiveness of his fire on the Union lines
-and also keep the Confederate troops in view. To him, it appeared that
-Union artillery fire was weakening. His own supply of ammunition was
-running low. Believing this was the time to attack, Alexander sent a
-message to Pickett who in turn rode over to Longstreet. General
-Longstreet, who had persistently opposed Lee's plan of sending 15,000
-men across the open ground, was now faced with a final decision.
-Longstreet merely nodded approval and Pickett saluted, saying, "I am
-going to move forward, sir." He rode back to his men and ordered the
-advance. With Kemper on the right, Garnett on the left, and Armistead a
-few yards to the rear, the division marched out in brigade front, first
-northeastward into the open fields, then eastward toward the Union
-lines. As Pickett's men came into view near the woods, Pettigrew and
-Trimble gave the order to advance. The troops of the Carolinas,
-Tennessee, and Mississippi, comprising the brigades of Mayo, Davis,
-Marshall, and Fry in front, followed closely by Lane and Lowrance, now
-moved out to attack. A gap of half a mile between Pickett's left and
-Pettigrew's right would be closed as the advance progressed. The units
-were to converge as they approached the Union lines so that the final
-stage of the charge would present a solid front.
-
-
-CLIMAX AT GETTYSBURG.
-
-Billows of smoke lay ahead of the Union men at the stone wall,
-momentarily obscuring the enemy. But trained observers on Little Round
-Top, far to the south, could see in the rear of this curtain of smoke
-the waves of Confederates starting forward. Pickett, finding his
-brigades drifting southeastward, ordered them to bear to the left, and
-the men turned toward the copse of trees. Kemper was now approaching on
-the south of the Codori buildings; Garnett and Armistead were on the
-north. Halted momentarily at the Emmitsburg Road to remove fence rails,
-Pickett's troops, with Pettigrew on the left, renewed the advance.
-Pickett had anticipated frontal fire of artillery and infantry from the
-strong Union positions at the stone walls on the ridge, but now an
-unforeseen attack developed. Union guns as far south as Little Round
-Top, along with batteries on Cemetery Hill, relieved from Confederate
-fire at the Seminary buildings, opened on the right and left flanks. As
-Pickett's men drove toward the Union works at The Angle, Stannard's
-Vermont troops, executing a right turn movement from their position
-south of the copse, fired into the flank of the charging Confederates.
-The advancing lines crumbled, re-formed, and again pressed ahead under
-terrific fire from the Union batteries.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-A hundred yards from the stone wall, in the tall grass, they encountered
-Union skirmishers who fired and hastily withdrew. But all along the wall
-the Union infantry opened with volley after volley into the depleted
-ranks of Garnett and Fry. Armistead closed in, and with Lane and
-Lowrance joining him, made a last concerted drive. At this close range,
-double canister and concentrated infantry fire cut wide gaps in the
-attacking front. Garnett was mortally wounded; Kemper was down, his
-lines falling away on the right and left. Armistead reached the low
-stone fence. In a final surge, he crossed the wall with 150 men and,
-with his cap on his sword, shouted "Follow me!" At the peak of the
-charge, he fell mortally wounded. From the ridge, Union troops rushed
-forward and Hall's Michigan regiments let loose a blast of musketry. The
-gray column was surrounded. The tide of the Confederacy had "swept to
-its crest, paused, and receded."
-
-Two of the divisions in the charge were reduced to mere fragments. In
-front of the Union line, 20 fallen battle flags lay in a space of 100
-yards square. Singly and in little clumps, the remnants of the gray
-columns that had made the magnificent charge of a few minutes earlier
-now sullenly retreated across the fields toward the Confederate lines.
-Lee, who had watched anxiously from Spangler's Woods, now rode out to
-meet his men. "All this has been my fault," he said to General Wilcox
-who had brought off his command after heavy losses. "It is I that have
-lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in the best way you
-can." And again that night, in a moment of contemplation, he remarked to
-a comrade, "Too bad! too bad! Oh! too bad!"
-
-    [Illustration: _The Angle, showing the stone wall and the fields'
-    over which Pickett's troops charged. The Virginia Memorial appears
-    in the background on Seminary Ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _The High Water Mark Monument, which marks the
-    farthest advance made by the Confederates against the Federal
-    position in Pickett's Charge._]
-
-
-CAVALRY ACTION.
-
-As the strength of Lee's mighty effort at The Angle was ebbing and the
-scattered remnants of the charge were seeking shelter, action of a
-different kind was taking place on another field not far distant. Early
-in the afternoon, Stuart's cavalry was making its way down the valley of
-Cress Run, 3 miles east of Gettysburg. The brigades of Hampton and
-Fitzhugh Lee, at the rear of the line of march, momentarily lost the
-trail and came out into open ground at the north end of Rummel's Woods.
-Stuart, soon learning of the mistake, attempted to bring them into line
-and to proceed southward. But at this point, Gen. D. M. Gregg's Union
-cavalry, in position along the Hanover Road a mile southeast, saw the
-Confederates. Gregg prepared at once to attack, and Stuart had no choice
-but to fight on this ground. As the two forces moved closer, dismounted
-men opened a brisk fire, supported by the accurate shelling of
-artillerists.
-
-    [Illustration: _Section of the Cyclorama painting of Pickett's
-    Charge by Paul Philippoteaux._ Courtesy Times and News Publishing
-    Company.]
-
-    [Illustration: _The General Hospital one mile east of Gettysburg. A
-    few weeks after the battle the Union and Confederate wounded were
-    removed to this place from field hospitals in the rear of the battle
-    lines._ (Brady photograph.)]
-
-Then came the initial cavalry charge and countercharge. The Confederate
-Jenkins was forced to withdraw when his small supply of ammunition
-became exhausted. Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, and Chambliss charged again and
-again, only to be met with the equally spirited counterattack of
-McIntosh. Custer's Michigan regiments closed in on a flank movement
-against the right of the charging Confederate troopers, and Miller's
-squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania, disobeying orders to hold its position,
-struck opportunely on the Confederate left. The thrusts of the Union
-horsemen, so well coordinated, stopped the onslaught of Stuart's
-troopers. After 3 hours of driving assaults, the Confederates left the
-field and retired to the north of Gettysburg. The Union horsemen,
-holding their ground, had successfully cut off the prospect of
-Confederate cavalry aid in the rear of the Union lines on Cemetery
-Ridge.
-
-
-
-
-                           _End of Invasion_
-
-
-Lee, as he looked over the desolate field of dead and wounded and the
-broken remnants of his once-powerful army still ready for renewed
-battle, must have realized that not only was Gettysburg lost, but that
-eventually it might all end this way. Meade did not counterattack, as
-expected. The following day, July 4, the two armies lay facing each
-other, exhausted and torn.
-
-    [Illustration: _During the 75th anniversary of the Battle of
-    Gettysburg, July 1-4, 1938, 1,845 soldiers attended the Federal and
-    Confederate reunion. Here veterans of the two armies clasp hands
-    across the stone wall at The Angle._]
-
-Late on the afternoon of July 4, Lee began an orderly retreat. The wagon
-train of wounded, 17 miles in length, guarded by Imboden's cavalry,
-started homeward through Greenwood and Greencastle. At night, the
-able-bodied men marched over the Hagerstown Road by way of Monterey Pass
-to the Potomac. Roads had become nearly impassable from the heavy rains
-that day. So well did Stuart cover the retreat that the army reached the
-Potomac with comparatively little loss. Meade, realizing that the
-Confederate Army was actually retreating and not retiring to the
-mountain passes, sent his cavalry and Sedgwick's corps of infantry in
-pursuit and ordered the mountain passes west of Frederick covered. Lee,
-having the advantage of the more direct route to the Potomac, reached
-the river several days ahead of his pursuers, but heavy rains had
-swollen the current and he could not cross. Meade arrived on the night
-of July 12 and prepared for a general attack. On the following night,
-however, the river receded and Lee crossed safely into Virginia. The
-Confederate Army, Meade's critics said, had been permitted to slip from
-the Union grasp.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Eternal Light Peace Memorial, dedicated on the
-    75th anniversary of the battle, commemorates "Peace Eternal in a
-    Nation United."_]
-
-
-
-
-                        _Lincoln and Gettysburg_
-
-
-ESTABLISHMENT OF A BURIAL GROUND.
-
-For the residents of Gettysburg the aftermath of battle was almost as
-trying as the 3 days of struggle that had swirled about them. The town's
-2,400 inhabitants, and the nearby country folk, bore a heavy share of
-the burden of caring for the 21,000 wounded and dying of both sides, who
-were left behind when the armies moved on. Spacious rooms in churches
-and schools and hundreds of homes were turned over to the care of the
-wounded; and kindly folk from neighboring towns came to help those of
-Gettysburg in ministering to the needs of the maimed and shattered men.
-
-Adequate attention to the wounded was an immediate necessity, but fully
-as urgent was the need of caring for the dead. Nearly 6,000 had been
-killed in action, and hundreds died each day from mortal wounds. In the
-earlier stages of the battle, soldiers of both armies performed the
-tasks of burying their fallen comrades, but the struggle had reached
-such large proportions and the scene of battle had so shifted that
-fallen men had come within enemy lines. Because of the emergencies of
-battle, therefore, hundreds of bodies had been left unburied or only
-partially covered. It was evident that the limited aid which could be
-offered by local authorities must be supported by a well-organized plan
-for disinterment of the dead from the temporary burial grounds on the
-field and reburial in a permanent place at Gettysburg or in home
-cemeteries.
-
-A few days after the battle, the Governor of the Commonwealth, Hon.
-Andrew Curtin, visited the battlefield to offer assistance in caring for
-the wounded. When official duties required his return to Harrisburg, he
-appointed Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to act as his special
-agent. At the time of his visit, the Governor was especially distressed
-by the condition of the dead. In response to the Governor's desire that
-the remains be brought together in a place set aside for the purpose,
-Mr. Wills selected land on the northern slope of Cemetery Hill and
-suggested that the State of Pennsylvania purchase the ground at once in
-order that interments could begin without delay. He proposed that
-contributions for the purpose of laying out and landscaping the grounds
-be asked from legislatures of the States whose soldiers had taken part
-in the battle.
-
-Within 6 weeks, Mr. Wills had purchased 17 acres of ground on Cemetery
-Hill and engaged William Saunders, an eminent landscape gardener, to lay
-out the grounds in State lots, apportioned in size to the number of
-graves for the fallen of each State. Each of the Union States
-represented in the battle made contributions for planning and
-landscaping.
-
-The reinterment of 3,512 bodies in the cemetery was accomplished only
-after many months. Great care had been taken to identify the bodies on
-the field, and, at the time of reinterment, remains were readily
-identified by marked boards which had been placed at the field grave or
-by items found on the bodies. Even so, the names of 1,664 remained
-unknown, 979 of whom were without identification either by name or by
-State. Within a year, appropriations from the States made possible the
-enclosure of the cemetery with a massive stone wall and an iron fence on
-the Baltimore Street front, imposing gateways of iron, headstones for
-the graves, and a keeper's lodge. Since the original burials, the total
-of Civil War interments has reached 3,706. Including those of later
-wars, the total number now is 4,399.
-
-    [Illustration: _Photograph of Lincoln taken a few days before he
-    left Washington en route to Gettysburg, November 1863._ (Gardner
-    photograph.)]
-
-    [Illustration: _The Soldiers' National Monument, commemorating the
-    Federal dead who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated July 1, 1869. It
-    is located at the place where Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg
-    Address._]
-
-The removal of Confederate dead from the field burial plots was not
-undertaken until 7 years after the battle. During the years 1870-73,
-upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond,
-Raleigh, Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and
-sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in
-Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home
-cemeteries.
-
-The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania incorporated the cemetery in January
-1864. The cemetery "having been completed, and the care of it by
-Commissioners from so many states being burdensome and expensive," the
-Board of Commissioners, authorized by act of the General Assembly of
-Pennsylvania in 1868, recommended the transfer of the cemetery to the
-Federal Government. The Secretary of War accepted title to the cemetery
-for the United States Government on May 1, 1872.
-
-
-DEDICATION OF THE CEMETERY.
-
-Having agreed upon a plan for the cemetery, the Commissioners believed
-it advisable to consecrate the grounds with appropriate ceremonies. Mr.
-Wills, representing the Governor of Pennsylvania, was selected to make
-proper arrangements for the event. With the approval of the Governors of
-the several States, he wrote to Hon. Edward Everett, of Massachusetts,
-inviting him to deliver the oration on the occasion and suggested
-October 23, 1863, as the date for the ceremony. Mr. Everett stated in
-reply that the invitation was a great compliment, but that because of
-the time necessary for the preparation of the oration he could not
-accept a date earlier than November 19. This was the date agreed upon.
-
-Edward Everett was the outstanding orator of his day. He had been a
-prominent Boston minister and later a university professor. A cultured
-scholar, he had delivered orations on many notable occasions. In a
-distinguished career he became successively President of Harvard,
-Governor of Massachusetts, United States Senator, Minister to England,
-and Secretary of State.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Wills house where Lincoln was a guest when the
-    national cemetery was dedicated._]
-
-The Gettysburg cemetery, at the time of the dedication, was not under
-the authority of the Federal Government. It had not occurred to those in
-charge, therefore, that the President of the United States might desire
-to attend the ceremony. When formally printed invitations were sent to a
-rather extended list of national figures, including the President, the
-acceptance from Mr. Lincoln came as a surprise. Mr. Wills was thereupon
-instructed to request the President to take part in the program, and, on
-November 2, a personal invitation was addressed to him.
-
-    [Illustration: _The procession on Baltimore Street en route to the
-    cemetery for the dedicatory exercises, November 19._]
-
-Throngs filled the town on the evening of November 18. The special train
-from Washington bearing the President arrived in Gettysburg at dusk. Mr.
-Lincoln was escorted to the spacious home of Mr. Wills on Center Square.
-Sometime later in the evening the President was serenaded, and at a late
-hour he retired. At 10 o'clock on the following morning, the appointed
-time for the procession to begin, Mr. Lincoln was ready. The various
-units of the long procession, marshaled by Ward Lamon, began moving on
-Baltimore Street, the President riding horseback. The elaborate order of
-march also included Cabinet officials, judges of the Supreme Court, high
-military officers, Governors, commissioners, the Vice President, the
-Speaker of the House of Representatives, Members of Congress, and many
-local groups.
-
-Difficulty in getting the procession under way and the tardy return of
-Mr. Everett from his drive over the battleground accounted for a delay
-of an hour in the proceedings. At high noon, with thousands scurrying
-about for points of vantage, the ceremonies were begun with the playing
-of a dirge by one of the bands. As the audience stood uncovered, a
-prayer was offered by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton, Chaplain of the House of
-Representatives. "Old Hundred" was played by the Marine Band. Then Mr.
-Everett arose, and "stood a moment in silence, regarding the battlefield
-and the distant beauty of the South Mountain range." For nearly 2 hours
-he reviewed the funeral customs of Athens, spoke of the purposes of war,
-presented a detailed account of the 3-days' battle, offered tribute to
-those who died on the battlefield, and reminded his audience of the
-bonds which are common to all Americans. Upon the conclusion of his
-address, a hymn was sung.
-
-    [Illustration: _First page of the second draft of the Gettysburg
-    Address. This copy, made by Lincoln on the morning of November 19,
-    was held in his hand while delivering his address._ Reproduced from
-    the original in the Library of Congress.]
-
-    [Illustration: _This photograph is the only known close-up view of
-    the rostrum_ (upper left) _at the dedication of the national
-    cemetery. The view shows a part of the audience which was estimated
-    at 15,000._ (Bachrach photograph.)]
-
-Then the President arose and spoke his immortal words:
-
-  _Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
-  continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
-  proposition that all men are created equal._
-
-  _Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
-  or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
-  met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
-  portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
-  gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting
-  and proper that we should do this._
-
-  _But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we
-  cannot hallow--this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
-  struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add
-  or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
-  here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the
-  living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
-  who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
-  to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from
-  these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
-  they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly
-  resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation,
-  under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of
-  the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
-  earth._
-
-A hymn was then sung and Rev. H. L. Baugher pronounced the benediction.
-
-    [Illustration: _Plan of the national cemetery drawn in the autumn of
-    1863 by the notable landscape gardener, William Saunders._]
-
-
-
-
-                                _MAP OF_
-                              THE GROUNDS
-                                  and
-                       DESIGN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT
-                                   of
-                    THE SOLDIERS' NATIONAL CEMETERY,
-                            GETTYSBURG, PA.
-                                 1863.
-                                   By
-                           WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
-                  Landscape Gardener Germantown, Penn.
-
-
-  1. UNKNOWN.
-  2. ILLINOIS.
-  3. VIRGINIA.
-  4. DELAWARE.
-  5. RHODE ISLAND.
-  6. NEW HAMPSHIRE.
-  7. VERMONT.
-  8. NEW JERSEY.
-  9. WISCONSIN.
-  10. CONNECTICUT.
-  11. MINNESOTA.
-  12. MARYLAND.
-  13. U. S. REGULARS.
-  14. UNKNOWN.
-  15. MAINE.
-  16. MICHIGAN
-  17. NEW YORK.
-  18. PENNSYLVANIA.
-  19. MASSACHUSETTS.
-  20. OHIO.
-  21. INDIANA.
-  22. UNKNOWN.
-  23. MONUMENT.
-  24. GATE-HOUSE.
-  25. FLAGSTAFF, ETC.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Lincoln Address Memorial, the only monument ever
-    erected to commemorate an address, stands near the west gate of the
-    national cemetery._]
-
-
-GENESIS OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS.
-
-The theme of the Gettysburg Address was not entirely new. "Must a
-government, of necessity, be too strong for the liberties of its
-people," Lincoln had once asked, "or too weak to maintain its own
-existence?" Speaking of war aims, he said, "We shall nobly save, or
-meanly lose, the last best hope of earth." When he referred at
-Gettysburg to "the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus
-far so nobly advanced," he had in mind the high purpose of the
-preservation of the Union and the welfare of all the people. More than a
-year after Gettysburg, Lincoln in his Second Inaugural address uttered
-words which might very well be considered a companion sentiment to those
-expressed at Gettysburg: "With malice toward none; with charity for all;
-with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right." This
-profession of faith came from the heart of a man of humility who sought
-then, as he did throughout the war, to assuage suffering and anxiety
-everywhere.
-
-Rather than accept the address as a few brief notes hastily prepared on
-the route to Gettysburg (an assumption which has long gained much public
-acceptance), it should be regarded as a pronouncement of the high
-purpose dominant in Lincoln's thinking throughout the war. Habitually
-cautious of words in public address, spoken or written, it is not likely
-that the President, on such an occasion, failed to give careful thought
-to the words which he would speak. After receiving the belated
-invitation on November 2, he yet had ample time to prepare for the
-occasion, and the well-known correspondent Noah Brooks stated that
-several days before the dedication Lincoln told him in Washington that
-his address would be "short, short, short" and that it was "written, but
-not finished."
-
-
-THE FIVE AUTOGRAPH COPIES OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS.
-
-Even after his arrival at Gettysburg the President continued to put
-finishing touches to his address. The first page of the original text
-was written in ink on a sheet of Executive Mansion paper. The second
-page, either written or revised at the Wills residence, was in pencil on
-a sheet of foolscap, and, according to Lincoln's secretary, Nicolay, the
-few words changed in pencil at the bottom of the first page were added
-while in Gettysburg. The second draft of the address was written in
-Gettysburg probably on the morning of its delivery, as it contains
-certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports
-of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln. It
-is probable, as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original
-copies of the first and second drafts in the Library of Congress, that
-it was the second draft which Lincoln held in his hand when he delivered
-the address.
-
-Quite opposite to Lincoln's feeling, expressed soon after the delivery
-of the address, that it "would not scour," the President lived long
-enough to think better of it himself and to see it widely accepted as a
-masterpiece. Early in 1864, Mr. Everett requested him to join in
-presenting manuscripts of the two addresses given at Gettysburg to be
-bound in a volume and sold for the benefit of stricken soldiers at a
-Sanitary Commission Fair in New York. The draft Lincoln sent became the
-third autograph copy, known as the Everett-Keyes copy, and it is now in
-the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library.
-
-George Bancroft requested a copy in April 1864, to be included in
-_Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors_. This volume was to be sold
-at a Soldiers' and Sailors' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore. As this fourth
-copy was written on both sides of the paper, it proved unusable for this
-purpose, and Mr. Bancroft was allowed to keep it. This autograph draft
-is known as the Bancroft copy, as it remained in that family for many
-years. It has recently been presented to the Cornell University Library.
-Finding that the copy written for _Autograph Leaves_ could not be used,
-Mr. Lincoln wrote another, a fifth draft, which was accepted for the
-purpose requested. It is the only draft to which he affixed his
-signature. In all probability it was the last copy written by Lincoln,
-and because of the apparent care in its preparation it has become the
-standard version of the address. The fifth draft, which long remained in
-the hands of the family of Col. Alexander Bliss, publisher of _Autograph
-Leaves_, is known as the Bliss copy. It was purchased in 1949 by Oscar
-B. Cintas, of Havana, Cuba.
-
-
-SOLDIERS' NATIONAL MONUMENT.
-
-As a fitting memorial to the Union dead who fell at Gettysburg, the
-Commissioners arranged for the erection of a monument in the center of
-the semicircular plot of graves. A design submitted by J. G. Batterson
-was accepted and the services of Randolph Rogers, a distinguished
-American sculptor, were secured for the execution of the monument.
-Projecting from the four angles of the gray granite shaft are
-allegorical statues in white marble representing War, History, Peace,
-and Plenty. Surmounting the shaft is a white marble statue representing
-the Genius of Liberty. Known as the Soldiers' National Monument, the
-cornerstone was laid July 4, 1865, and the monument dedicated July 1,
-1869.
-
-
-THE LINCOLN ADDRESS MEMORIAL.
-
-The "few appropriate remarks" of Lincoln at Gettysburg came to be
-accepted with the passing of years not only as a fine expression of the
-purposes for which the war was fought, but as a masterpiece of
-literature. An effort to have the words of the martyr President
-commemorated on this battlefield culminated with the inclusion in the
-act approved February 12, 1895, which established Gettysburg National
-Military Park, of a provision for the erection of such a memorial.
-Pursuant to this authority, the Park Commission erected the Lincoln
-Address Memorial, in January 1912, near the west gate of the national
-cemetery.
-
-    [Illustration: _The national cemetery._]
-
-
-
-
-             _Guide Tour of the Park_--(See map on page 52.)
-
-
-The self-guide tour of the park begins on McPherson Ridge, a mile west
-of Gettysburg. Upon arrival in Gettysburg, the visitor should first
-locate Center Square, then drive a mile westward on U. S. No. 30 to the
-statues of Generals Reynolds and Buford.
-
-
-STOP 1. MCPHERSON RIDGE.
-
-(Please face westward, with the statue of Reynolds on your right.)
-
-The Battle of Gettysburg began on this ridge at 8 a. m., July 1, 1863.
-The Confederate Army, approaching along the Chambersburg Pike, formed
-line of battle on the ridge one-half mile westward where you see the
-brick house (Herr Tavern). They first attacked the Union cavalry on this
-ridge, then infantry on the ridge 200 yards to your rear. In the
-afternoon, the Confederates renewed their drive from the west along the
-Pike and also struck the Union right flank (Oak Hill, No. 2 on Tour
-Map). The Union forces finally gave way, retreating first to the
-Seminary buildings and then to Cemetery Hill south of Gettysburg.
-
-General Reynolds, commanding a Union corps, was killed in the woods a
-quarter of a mile southeast of this point. Buford, whose statue is just
-in front of you, commanded the Union cavalry on this ridge. The marked
-gun at the base of the Buford statue fired the first cannon shot at
-Gettysburg. Oak Ridge lies one-half mile back of you, and the same
-wooded ridge extending south of the Chambersburg Pike is Seminary Ridge.
-
-General Lee, the Confederate commander, used the valley beyond the South
-Mountains (to the west) as an avenue of approach into Pennsylvania.
-
-
-STOP 2. OAK HILL.
-
-(Please face southward with the Peace Memorial to your rear.)
-
-The Battle of Gettysburg, which began at 8 a. m., on the two ridges a
-mile south of here, halted at noon, and the Confederates withdrew. At 1
-o'clock, a strong Confederate force arrived from the north on this hill
-and fired into the flank of the Union men on the ridges to the south.
-Faced with this powerful fire and with renewed attack from the west,
-part of the Union forces were shifted to Oak Ridge (see monuments on the
-ridge to your left) to meet the attack from this direction. Union troops
-on the plain east of this ridge were soon forced by another strong
-Confederate charge to retreat headlong through the streets of
-Gettysburg, opening the Union line on Oak Ridge to flank and rear
-attack. By mid-afternoon, the Union position on Oak Ridge was abandoned,
-and the Confederates pursued the retreating Union troops through
-Gettysburg, halting in the western part of the town.
-
-The gap in the South Mountains to your right is Cashtown Pass where
-Lee's army crossed the range.
-
-
-STOP 3. OAK RIDGE.
-
-(Please face eastward toward the monuments on the plain.)
-
-When Rodes' Confederate troops reached Oak Hill at 1 o'clock, Union
-troops on McPherson Ridge, as well as reserves, were shifted hurriedly
-to this ground. The Union troops, posted back of the stone wall, faced
-the Confederate charge from the west and north. Tenaciously holding this
-ground through repeated Confederate attacks, the Union men were finally
-forced to give way. Howard's Union corps had arrived earlier in the
-plain north of Gettysburg (see monuments to the east) but his command
-was soon shattered by a Confederate force arriving from the northeast on
-the Harrisburg Road (near flagpole, a mile eastward). As the Union
-troops north of Gettysburg retreated, the men on this ridge became
-isolated and withdrew to Cemetery Hill, south of the town.
-
-The large white building on this side of Gettysburg is "Old Dorm" at
-Gettysburg College, used as a hospital during the battle. Beyond the
-town is Culp's Hill (see the observation tower), and in the right
-background is Cemetery Hill.
-
-
-STOP 4. SEMINARY RIDGE.
-
-(North Carolina Monument.)
-
-General Lee had failed to achieve any definite gains July 2 against the
-Union left flank at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, or the right
-flank at Spangler's Spring and Culp's Hill. He therefore marshaled his
-forces on the forenoon of July 3 for a final thrust against the center
-of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. For nearly 2 hours, 138 Confederate
-guns on this ridge directed a heavy fire at the Union positions. Lee
-then sent 15,000 men across the open ground with the Copse of Trees (No.
-8 on the Tour Map) as their objective. Spearheaded by Pickett's
-division, and therefore known as Pickett's Charge, this famous attack
-failed to break the strong Union positions at the stone wall. The
-advance marked the end of battle and the failure has been called the
-High Water Mark of the Confederacy. Lee gave up hope of further attack
-on this field, and on the following day began his retreat toward the
-Potomac and Virginia.
-
-The wooded knoll to the east is Cemetery Hill (No. 10 on the Tour Map).
-Cemetery Ridge extends southward to Little Round Top (No. 7 on the Tour
-Map), the small hill partially cleared of trees at the left of Big Round
-Top. The Copse of Trees and The Angle (No. 8 on the Tour Map) are on the
-crest of the Cemetery Ridge where the flagpole appears.
-
-
-STOP 5. WARFIELD RIDGE.
-
-The Union General Sickles, at noon July 2, began moving his troops
-forward from Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top to Devil's Den Ridge
-and the Peach Orchard. Longstreet's Confederate corps was already
-marching from the Chambersburg Road to extend the line southward across
-the Emmitsburg Road. At 3:30 p. m., as Sickles' men were taking position
-at the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road, a half-mile north of here,
-Longstreet brought his army into position on this ridge. A brisk
-artillery exchange opened. Longstreet directed his infantry attack first
-at Little Round Top (the partially cleared hill to your right) and then
-along the whole Union line northward to the Peach Orchard and the
-Emmitsburg Road. Four hours later, as darkness gathered, the Union line
-had been shattered and forced to retreat. The Confederates gained
-possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil's Den, and the high
-ground in the vicinity of the Peach Orchard.
-
-
-STOP 6. DEVIL'S DEN.
-
-When General Sickles moved his corps forward to the Peach Orchard and
-the Emmitsburg Road at 3 p. m., his left flank was here at Devil's Den.
-Longstreet's Confederate brigades soon came charging from the west.
-Striking the entire Union line, the base of Little Round Top and this
-area quickly became a shambles. After hours of desperate struggle, the
-Union line had been broken and the remnants forced to the rear. The
-Confederates were now in possession of the west slope of Big Round Top,
-Devil's Den, the Wheatfield, and the Peach Orchard. Sharpshooters, using
-the large boulders as defense positions, fired at Union men on the crest
-of Little Round Top, 700 yards distant. A typical sharpshooter's
-barricade may still be seen at the top of Devil's Den.
-
-
-STOP 7. LITTLE ROUND TOP.
-
-As Sickles completed the forward movement from Little Round Top and the
-area northward, his new line extended from the Peach Orchard
-southeastward through the Wheatfield to Devil's Den (see boulders
-below). Longstreet's attack on Little Round Top developed from the ridge
-a mile westward. His brigades successively struck the entire Union line
-from Devil's Den to the Emmitsburg Road. The Confederates in a 4-hour
-fight broke the entire Union line, and the remnants of Sickles' corps
-were forced to retreat to the rear of the Round Tops. The Confederates
-gained possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil's Den, the
-Wheatfield (the open ground surrounded by woods), and the Peach Orchard
-(near the white buildings on the ridge). The quick action of General
-Warren (see bronze figure to the north) in bringing troops to Little
-Round Top saved the hill for the Union. The stone breastworks on the
-slope of the hill were constructed during the night of July 2 as a
-defense measure against further attack. Big Round Top, a quarter of a
-mile southward, was heavily wooded at the time of the battle and could
-not be used to advantage by either artillery or infantry.
-
-
-STOP 8. CEMETERY RIDGE (THE ANGLE).
-
-On the afternoon of July 2, General Lee had tried to turn the left flank
-of the Union line at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, and the
-right flank at Culp's Hill and Spangler's Spring. Meeting with only
-partial success in these attempts, he then planned to strike the center.
-First he massed his artillery on Seminary Ridge and across the fields.
-Many batteries were hardly more than 800 yards west of here. Beginning
-at 1 o'clock they engaged in an artillery duel of nearly 2 hours with
-the powerful Union batteries on this ridge. Then 15,000 men, in a battle
-line a mile in length, and spearheaded by Pickett's division, started
-from the Confederate lines across the open fields, with the Copse of
-Trees as their guide. When they reached the Emmitsburg Road 300 yards
-away, the men charged. Canister from Union artillery and concentrated
-infantry fire from the Union men at the stone walls soon cut wide gaps
-in the Confederate line. They reached the wall, and a small band of men
-crossed, but the tide had turned. In Lee's final great effort, he had
-lost nearly 10,000 of his men. The remnants gave way and soon were in
-full retreat to the Confederate lines. The counterattack, which Lee
-feared, never developed.
-
-The Copse of Trees is at your left, surrounded by the iron fence. The
-position of Cushing's battery of United States artillery, which held the
-position at The Angle, is marked by four guns. The statue of General
-Meade stands to the right and rear.
-
-
-STOP 9. MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS.
-
-Gen. George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army, arrived on the field
-near midnight, July 1. He used the Leister house as his headquarters.
-
-On the night of July 2, General Meade called a council of his corps
-commanders in this house to determine whether they should hold the
-positions then established. The commanders advised him to hold the
-existing lines. Meade, agreeing with their advice and expecting the next
-attack on the center of his line, began the concentration of artillery
-and infantry strength in this area.
-
-The Leister house and barn were badly damaged by the artillery fire
-which preceded Pickett's Charge.
-
-
-STOP 10. NATIONAL CEMETERY.
-
-Soon after the battle, Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, commissioned
-Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to purchase this ground as a
-cemetery for the Union dead. While reburials from the temporary graves
-on the battlefield were in progress, a committee arranged for a formal
-dedication on November 19, 1863. President Lincoln delivered his famous
-Gettysburg Address on that occasion. The National Monument,
-commemorating the Union soldiers who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated,
-in 1869, on the site where Lincoln spoke. A memorial to the address was
-erected, in 1912, near the west gate of the cemetery.
-
-
-STOP 11. CYCLORAMA OF PICKETT'S CHARGE.
-
-The Cyclorama of Pickett's Charge is regarded as a masterpiece of art.
-It offers an unsurpassed picture of the wartime appearance of the field,
-the manner of fighting, and of equipment employed. This magnificent
-painting, measuring 370 feet in circumference and 30 feet in height, was
-acquired by the National Park Service in 1942. The French artist, Paul
-Philippoteaux, completed the painting in 1884. It was brought to
-Gettysburg in 1913 when it was first mounted and exhibited in connection
-with the observance of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.
-
-
-STOP 12. EAST CEMETERY HILL.
-
-Early's Confederates assaulted Union positions here at dusk on July 2,
-in coordination with an attack on Culp's Hill (to your right). Rodes'
-men failed to charge from the west at the same time. Early's troops took
-possession of the hill and many of the guns, but in the absence of
-support from Rodes they were driven back. The desperate hand-to-hand
-fighting lasted long after dark.
-
-Culp's Hill is one-quarter mile eastward (see the observation tower) and
-Spangler's Spring a few hundred yards beyond. Oak Ridge, a landmark of
-the first day's battle, appears northwest of the town.
-
-
-STOP 13. CULP'S HILL.
-
-A Confederate attack was directed against this hill on July 2 in
-conjunction with the assault on East Cemetery Hill. Because of the steep
-incline and the strength of the Union positions here at the crest, the
-Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek for a flank
-attack. Most of the Union troops had been ordered earlier to the defense
-of the Wheatfield and Peach Orchard. The Confederates, meeting with
-little resistance, took possession of the Union earthworks on the south
-slope of this hill. Before a Confederate attack developed against this
-position on the following morning, the Union force had returned. After
-fighting throughout the forenoon of July 3, they forced the Confederates
-out of the Union defense works. The Union brigade commanded by General
-Greene retained this position throughout the battle of July 2 and 3.
-
-
-STOP 14. SPANGLER'S SPRING.
-
-Failing to take possession of Culp's Hill on the evening of July 2,
-Johnson's Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek and
-attacked the Union position on the hill north of this spring. The
-defense works here had been vacated an hour earlier when most of the
-troops were called to help defend the Union line in the Wheatfield and
-Peach Orchard. The Confederates then took possession of the Union works.
-The Union forces, having returned during the night, opened fire at dawn
-on July 3 with artillery and infantry. Confederate troops who were
-posted in the Union works and in rear of the stone wall on the hill to
-the north made a determined stand. After hard fighting, which ended only
-at noon, the Union force succeeded in driving the Confederates out of
-these works and eastward beyond striking range.
-
-
-
-
-                               _The Park_
-
-
-In 1895, the battlefield was established by act of Congress as
-Gettysburg National Military Park. In that year, the Gettysburg
-Battlefield Memorial Association, which had been founded April 30, 1864,
-for the purpose of commemorating "the great deeds of valor, endurance,
-and noble self-sacrifice, and to perpetuate the memory of the heroes,
-and the signal events which render these battlegrounds illustrious,"
-transferred its holdings of 600 acres of land, 17 miles of avenues, and
-320 monuments and markers to the Federal Government. Under the
-jurisdiction of the War Department until 1933, the park was transferred
-in that year to the Department of the Interior to be administered by the
-National Park Service. Today, the park consists of 2,554.82 acres of
-land and 26 miles of paved roads.
-
-The fields over which the battles were fought cover about 16,000 acres
-and include the town of Gettysburg. A total of 2,390 monuments, tablets,
-and markers have been erected over the years to indicate the positions
-where infantry, artillery, and cavalry units fought. Of the 354 Union
-and 272 Confederate cannon engaged or held in reserve during the battle,
-233 Federal and 182 Confederate are located on the field in the
-approximate position of the batteries during the battle.
-
-
-
-
-            _Anniversary Reunions of the Civil War Veterans_
-
-
-The great interest of veterans and the public alike in the Gettysburg
-battlefield has been reflected over the years in three outstanding
-anniversary celebrations. Dominant in the observance of the 25th
-anniversary in 1888 were the veterans themselves, who returned to encamp
-on familiar ground. It was on this occasion that a large number of
-regimental monuments, erected by survivors of regiments or by States,
-were dedicated. Again, in 1913, on the 50th anniversary, even though the
-ranks were gradually thinning, the reunion brought thousands of veterans
-back to the battlefield. Perhaps the most impressive tribute to the
-surviving veterans occurred July 1-4, 1938, on the occasion of the
-observance of the 75th anniversary of the battle and the last reunion of
-the men who wore the blue and the gray. Although 94 years was the
-average age of those attending, 1,845 veterans, out of a total of about
-8,000 then living, returned for the encampment. It was on this occasion
-that the Eternal Light Peace Memorial was dedicated.
-
-
-
-
-                        _How to Reach the Park_
-
-
-Gettysburg National Military Park and National Cemetery are accessible
-by highway over U. S. No. 30 from the east and west, U. S. No. 15 from
-the north and south; U. S. No. 140 from Baltimore, Md.; State No. 34
-from Carlisle, Pa.; and State No. 116 from Hagerstown, Md., and Hanover,
-Pa. Greyhound Bus Lines operate over U. S. Nos. 30 and 140; the Blue
-Ridge Lines over U. S. No. 15 from the south; and the
-Gettysburg-Harrisburg Bus Line over U. S. No. 15 from Harrisburg.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Administration_
-
-
-Gettysburg National Military Park is administered by the National Park
-Service of the United States Department of the Interior. Communications
-should be addressed to the Superintendent, Gettysburg National Military
-Park, Gettysburg, Pa.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Related Areas_
-
-
-Significant parts of most of the major battlefields of the Civil War
-have been set aside under the control of the Federal Government to be
-administered as national military areas by the National Park Service.
-Among the areas in this group are: Antietam National Battlefield Site,
-Md.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Va.; Fredericksburg and
-Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park
-(includes Chancellorsville, The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House,
-and Fredericksburg battlefields), Va.; Petersburg National Military
-Park, Va.; Richmond National Battlefield Park, Va.; Appomattox Court
-House National Historical Park, Va.; Shiloh National Military Park,
-Tenn; Fort Donelson National Military Park, Tenn.; Stones River National
-Military Park, Tenn.; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military
-Park, Tenn.-Ga.; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Ga.; Fort
-Sumter National Monument, S. C.; Vicksburg National Military Park,
-Miss.; and Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga.
-
-
-
-
-                          _Visitor Facilities_
-
-
-Information and free literature concerning the park may be obtained at
-the National Park Service museum in the Post Office building, at the
-national cemetery office, and at the park entrance stations. The
-services of park historians are available free for explanation of the
-battle, talks over a relief model of the battlefield in the museum, and
-for field tours with educational groups. A historian is stationed at
-Little Round Top during the summer season.
-
-Field exhibits, consisting of a map of the battlefield and wartime
-photographs, are located at important points in the park for the use and
-interest of the public. With the exception of December, January, and
-February, the cyclorama is open weekdays from 10 a. m. to 12 noon and 1
-p. m. to 5 p. m. and on Sundays 10 a. m. to 12 noon and 1 p. m. to 6 p.
-m. The admission fee is 25 cents for persons 12 years of age and over.
-School groups, 12 to 18 years of age, and children under 12 years of age
-are admitted free. Battlefield guides, licensed by the National Park
-Service, operate under the supervision of the park superintendent. A
-complete tour of the park, which covers the battleground of July 1,
-north and west of Gettysburg, and of July 2 and 3, south of the town,
-requires approximately 2 hours, and the guide fee is $4. A special tour,
-covering the main points of interest and requiring about 1 hour, is
-available at a fee of $3. The guide fee for a short bus tour is $5; for
-a long bus tour $6.
-
-    [Illustration: BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG]
-
-  LEGEND
-    1 MCPHERSON RIDGE
-    2 OAK HILL
-    3 OAK RIDGE
-    4 SEMINARY RIDGE
-    5 WARFIELD RIDGE
-    6 DEVIL'S DEN
-    7 LITTLE ROUND TOP
-    8 THE ANGLE
-    9 MEADE'S HDQRS.
-    10 NAT'L. MONUMENT
-    11 CYCLORAMA
-    12 EAST CEMETERY HILL
-    13 CULPS HILL
-    14 SPANGLER'S SPRING
-
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                       HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES
-
-   (Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained
-                 from the Superintendent of Documents,
-                          Washington 25, D.C.)
-
-  Antietam
-  Bandelier
-  Chalmette
-  Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-  Custer Battlefield
-  Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial
-  Fort Laramie
-  Fort McHenry
-  Fort Necessity
-  Fort Pulaski
-  Fort Raleigh
-  Fort Sumter
-  George Washington Birthplace
-  Gettysburg
-  Guilford Courthouse
-  Hopewell Village
-  Independence
-  Jamestown, Virginia
-  Kings Mountain
-  The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died
-  Manassas (Bull Run)
-  Montezuma Castle
-  Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution
-  Ocmulgee
-  Petersburg Battlefields
-  Saratoga
-  Scotts Bluff
-  Shiloh
-  Statue of Liberty
-  Vanderbilt Mansion
-  Vicksburg
-  Yorktown
-
-    [Illustration: Eagle statue]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---Corrected a few palpable typos.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park,
-Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK ***
-
-***** This file should be named 56209.txt or 56209.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/2/0/56209/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/56209.zip b/old/56209.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 537c1aa..0000000
--- a/old/56209.zip
+++ /dev/null