diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/56209.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/56209.txt | 2266 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2266 deletions
diff --git a/old/56209.txt b/old/56209.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 95e4658..0000000 --- a/old/56209.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2266 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park, -Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania - National Park Service Historical Handbook Series #9 - -Author: Frederick Tilberg - -Release Date: December 20, 2017 [EBook #56209] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: March 3, 1849] - - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - Stewart L. Udall, _Secretary_ - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_ - - - _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER NINE_ - -This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the -historical and archeological areas in the National Park System, -administered by the National Park Service of the United States -Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing -Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, -Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents - - - - - _GETTYSBURG_ - NATIONAL MILITARY PARK - Pennsylvania - - - _by Frederick Tilberg_ - - [Illustration: Drum] - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 9 - WASHINGTON, D. C., 1954 - (Reprint 1961) - - -_The National Park System, of which Gettysburg National Military Park is -a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic -heritage of the United States for the benefit and inspiration of its -people._ - - [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR] - - - - - _Contents_ - - - Page - THE SITUATION, SPRING 1863 1 - THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN 4 - THE FIRST DAY 6 - The Two Armies Converge on Gettysburg 6 - The Battle of Oak Ridge 8 - THE SECOND DAY 12 - Preliminary Movements and Plans 12 - Longstreet Attacks on the Right 15 - Warren Saves Little Round Top 15 - Culp's Hill 17 - THE THIRD DAY 19 - Cannonade at Dawn: Culp's Hill and Spangler's Spring 19 - Lee Plans a Final Thrust 21 - Lee and Meade Set the Stage 22 - Artillery Duel at One O'clock 27 - Climax at Gettysburg 29 - Cavalry Action 31 - END OF INVASION 33 - LINCOLN AND GETTYSBURG 35 - Establishment of a Burial Ground 35 - Dedication of the Cemetery 37 - Genesis of the Gettysburg Address 42 - The Five Autograph Copies of the Gettysburg Address 43 - Soldiers' National Monument 43 - The Lincoln Address Memorial 44 - GUIDE TOUR OF THE PARK 45 - THE PARK 50 - ANNIVERSARY REUNIONS OF THE CIVIL WAR VETERANS 50 - HOW TO REACH THE PARK 50 - ADMINISTRATION 51 - RELATED AREAS 51 - VISITOR FACILITIES 51 - - [Illustration: _The field of Pickett's Charge, with his attack on - the Union position at The Angle in the foreground._ From the - Philippoteaux painting in the Gettysburg Cyclorama.] - - [Illustration: Cannon] - -On the gently rolling farm lands surrounding the little town of -Gettysburg, Pa., was fought one of the great decisive battles of -American history. For 3 days, from July 1 to 3, 1863, a gigantic -struggle between 75,000 Confederates and 88,000 Union troops raged about -the town and left 51,000 casualties in its wake. Heroic deeds were -numerous on both sides, climaxed by the famed Confederate assault on -July 3 which has become known throughout the world as Pickett's Charge. -The Union victory gained on these fields ended the last Confederate -invasion of the North and marked the beginning of a gradual decline in -Southern military power. - -Here also, a few months after the battle, Abraham Lincoln delivered his -classic Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the national cemetery -set apart as a burial ground for the soldiers who died in the conflict. - - - - - _The Situation, Spring 1863_ - - -The situation in which the Confederacy found itself in the late spring -of 1863 called for decisive action. The Union and Confederate armies had -faced each other on the Rappahannock River, near Fredericksburg, Va., -for 6 months. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by -Gen. R. E. Lee, had defeated the Union forces at Fredericksburg in -December 1862 and again at Chancellorsville in May 1863, but the nature -of the ground gave Lee little opportunity to follow up his advantage. -When he began moving his army westward, on June 3, he hoped, at least, -to draw his opponent away from the river to a more advantageous -battleground. At most, he might carry the war into northern territory, -where supplies could be taken from the enemy and a victory could be -fully exploited. Even a fairly narrow margin of victory might enable Lee -to capture one or more key cities and perhaps increase northern demands -for a negotiated peace. - - [Illustration: THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN] - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, Commander of the - Union Forces at Gettysburg._ Courtesy National Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Gen. Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Confederate - Army at Gettysburg._ Courtesy National Archives.] - -Confederate strategists had considered sending aid from Lee's army to -Vicksburg, which Grant was then besieging, or dispatching help to -General Bragg for his campaign against Rosecrans in Tennessee. They -concluded, however, that Vicksburg could hold out until climatic -conditions would force Grant to withdraw, and they reasoned that the -eastern campaign was more important than that of Tennessee. - -Both Union and Confederate governments had bitter opponents at home. -Southern generals, reading in Northern newspapers the clamors for peace, -had reason to believe that their foe's morale was fast weakening. They -felt that the Army of Northern Virginia would continue to demonstrate -its superiority over the Union Army of the Potomac and that the relief -from constant campaigning on their own soil would have a happy effect on -Southern spirit. Events were to prove, however, that the chief result of -the intense alarm created by the invasion was to rally the populace to -better support of the Union government. - - [Illustration: _Statue of General Meade, located on Cemetery - Ridge._] - - [Illustration: _The Virginia Memorial, surmounted by the statue of - General Lee, on Seminary Ridge._] - - [Illustration: _Gettysburg, as it appeared from Seminary Ridge a - short time after the battle._ (Brady photograph.)] - - - - - _The Plan of Campaign_ - - -Lee's plan of campaign was undoubtedly similar to that of his invasion -which ended in the battle of Antietam in September 1862. He then called -attention to the need of destroying the bridge over the Susquehanna -River at Harrisburg and of disabling the Pennsylvania Railroad in order -to sever communication with the west. "After that," he added, "I can -turn my attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington as may seem -best for our interest." - -Lee had suffered an irreparable loss at Chancellorsville when -"Stonewall" Jackson was mortally wounded. Now reorganized into three -infantry corps under Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and R. S. Ewell, and a -cavalry division under J. E. B. Stuart, a changed Army of Northern -Virginia faced the great test that lay ahead. "Stonewall" Jackson, the -right hand of Lee, and in the words of the latter "the finest executive -officer the sun ever shone on," was no longer present to lead his corps -in battle. - -The long lines of gray started moving on June 3 from Fredericksburg, -Va., first northwestward across the Blue Ridge, then northward in the -Shenandoah Valley. On June 9, one of the greatest cavalry engagements of -the war occurred at Brandy Station. Union horsemen, for the first time, -held Stuart's men on even terms. The Confederates then continued their -march northward, with the right flank constantly protected by Stuart's -cavalry, which occupied the passes of the Blue Ridge. Stuart was ordered -to hold these mountain gaps until the advance into Pennsylvania had -drawn the Union Army north of the Potomac. On June 28, Hill and -Longstreet reached Chambersburg, 16 miles north of the Pennsylvania -boundary. Rodes' division of Ewell's corps reached Carlisle on June 27. -Early's command of 8,000 men had passed through Gettysburg on June 26 -and on the 28th had reached York. Early planned to take possession of -the bridge over the Susquehanna at Columbia, and to move on Harrisburg -from the east. Lee's converging movement on Harrisburg seemed to be on -the eve of success. - -An unforeseen shift of events between June 25 and 28, however, -threatened to deprive Lee of every advantage he had thus far gained in -his daring march up the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys. The cavalry -engagement between Stuart and Pleasonton at Brandy Station convinced -Gen. Joseph Hooker, then in command of the Union Army, that the -Confederate Army was moving northward. President Lincoln and General in -Chief Halleck, informed of this movement, ordered Hooker to proceed -northward and to keep his command between the Confederate Army and -Washington. When he was refused permission to abandon Harpers Ferry, and -to add the garrison of 10,000 men to his army, Hooker asked to be -relieved of command. Gen. George G. Meade received orders to assume -command of the army at Frederick, Md., on June 28, and he at once -continued the march northward. - -General Stuart, in command of the Confederate cavalry, had obtained -conditional approval from Lee to operate against the rear of the Union -Army as it marched northward and then to join Lee north of the Potomac. -As he passed between Hooker's army and Washington, the unexpected speed -of the Union Army forced Stuart into detours and delays, so that on June -28 he was in eastern Maryland, wholly out of touch with the Confederate -force. The eyes and ears of Lee were thus closed at a time when their -efficient functioning was badly needed. - - [Illustration: _"Old Dorm" of Pennsylvania_ (now Gettysburg) - _College. It was used as a shelter for wounded._ - 474-574 O-58--2] - -In this state of affairs, a Confederate agent reported to Lee at -Chambersburg, Pa., on the night of June 28, that the Union forces had -crossed the Potomac and were in the vicinity of Frederick. With the -entire Union Army close at hand and with many miles between him and his -base, Lee decided to abandon his original plan and to concentrate for -battle. He moved his army at once across the mountains to Cashtown, 8 -miles from Gettysburg. Here, in Cashtown Pass, he planned to establish -his battle position. Rodes, then at Carlisle, and Early, at York, were -at once ordered to this point. - - - - - _The First Day_ - - -THE TWO ARMIES CONVERGE ON GETTYSBURG. - -The men of Heth's division, leading the Confederate advance across the -mountain, reached Cashtown on June 29. Pettigrew's brigade was sent on -to Gettysburg the following day to obtain supplies, but upon reaching -the ridge a mile west of the town, they observed Union cavalry scouts -posted along the roads. Not having orders to bring on an engagement, -Pettigrew withdrew to Cashtown. - - [Illustration: _Scene of the initial engagement on the morning of - July 1. 1. McPherson Ridge. 2. Oak Ridge._] - -In the intervening 2 days since he had assumed command of the Union -forces, General Meade had moved his troops northward and instructed his -engineers to survey a defensive battle position at Pipe Creek, near -Taneytown, in northern Maryland. Buford's cavalry, which had effectively -shadowed Lee's advance from the mountaintops of the Blue Ridge was -ordered to make a reconnaissance in the Gettysburg area. It was these -troops that Pettigrew's men saw posted on the roads leading into the -town. Neither Lee nor Meade yet foresaw Gettysburg as a field of battle. -Each expected to take a strong defensive position and force his -adversary to attack. - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds._ (Courtesy National - Archives.)] - - [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill._ (Courtesy National - Archives.)] - -A. P. Hill, in the absence of Lee, who was still beyond the mountains, -now took the initiative. At daybreak of July 1, he ordered the brigades -of Archer and Davis, of Heth's division, to advance along the -Chambersburg Road to Gettysburg for the purpose of testing the strength -of the Union forces. As these troops reached Marsh Creek, 4 miles from -Gettysburg, they were fired upon by Union cavalry pickets who hurriedly -retired to inform their commander of the enemy's approach. In the -meantime, Buford's division of cavalry had moved from their camp just -southwest of Gettysburg to McPherson Ridge, a mile west of the town. -Buford prepared to hold out against heavy odds until aid arrived. Thus, -subordinate field commanders had chosen the ground for battle. - -It was 8 a. m., July 1, when the two brigades of Archer and Davis, the -former to the right and the latter to the left of the Chambersburg Road, -deployed on Herr Ridge. Supported by Pegram's artillery, they charged -down the long slope and across Willoughby Run against Buford's men. The -Union troopers had recently received an issue of Spencer repeating -carbines. Dismounted, and fighting as infantrymen, they held their -ground against the spirited attacks of Heth's superior numbers. At 10 -o'clock timely aid arrived as troops from Gen. John F. Reynolds' First -Infantry corps began streaming over Seminary Ridge from the south and -relieved Buford's exhausted fighters. Calef's battery, one of whose guns -had fired the first shot at Gettysburg, was replaced by Hall's Maine -artillery. But, in a few moments, Union joy at receiving aid was offset -by tragedy. Reynolds, close to the front lines, was killed instantly by -a sharpshooter's bullet. - -The struggle increased in scope as more forces reached the field. When -Archer's Confederates renewed the attack across Willoughby Run, Union -troops of Meredith's Iron Brigade, arriving opportunely, struck the -flank of the Confederates and captured the greater part of the force, -including General Archer. Relieved from the threat south of the -Chambersburg Pike, the 14th Brooklyn and 7th Wisconsin regiments shifted -to the north of the Pike where the Confederates had captured a part of -Cutler's troops in the railroad cut. With renewed effort, these troops, -joined by Dawes' 6th Wisconsin, drove the Confederates steadily back, -capturing two Mississippi regiments in the defile. The Confederates then -withdrew beyond striking distance. There was a lull in the fighting -during the noon hour. The first encounter had given Union men -confidence. They had held their ground against superior numbers and had -captured Archer, a brigadier general, the first Confederate general -officer taken since Lee assumed command. - - [Illustration: _McPherson Ridge and Woods, the Federal position on - July 1. In the woods at the right, General Reynolds was killed. The - cupola of the Theological Seminary appears in the background._ - (Brady photograph.)] - - -THE BATTLE OF OAK RIDGE. - -While the initial test of strength was being determined west of -Gettysburg by advance units, the main bulk of the two armies was -pounding over the roads from the north and south, converging upon the -ground chosen by Buford. Rodes' Confederates, hurrying southward from -Carlisle to meet Lee at Cashtown, received orders at Biglerville to -march to Gettysburg. Early, returning from York with Cashtown as his -objective, learned at Heidlersburg of the action at Gettysburg and was -ordered to approach by way of the Harrisburg Road. - - [Illustration: _Chambersburg Pike, looking westward from the Federal - position toward Herr Ridge, where the Confederate attack began._] - -Employing the wooded ridge as a screen from Union cavalry north of -Gettysburg, Rodes brought his guns into position on Oak Ridge about 1 -o'clock and opened fire on the flank of Gen. Abner Doubleday, Reynolds' -successor, on McPherson Ridge. The Union commander shifted his lines -northeastward to Oak Ridge and the Mummasburg Road to meet the new -attack. Rodes' Confederates struck the Union positions at the stone wall -on the ridge, but the attack was not well coordinated and resulted in -failure. Iverson's brigade was nearly annihilated as it made a left -wheel to strike from the west. In the meantime, more Union troops had -arrived on the field by way of the Taneytown Road. Two divisions of -Howard's Eleventh corps were now taking position in the plain north of -the town, intending to make contact with Doubleday's troops on Oak -Ridge. - -Doles' Confederate brigade charged across the plain and was able to -force Howard's troops back temporarily, but it was the opportune -approach of Early's division from the northeast on the Harrisburg Road -which rendered the Union position north of Gettysburg indefensible. -Arriving in the early afternoon as the Union men were establishing their -position, Early struck with tremendous force, first with his artillery -and then with his infantry, against General Barlow. Soon he had -shattered the entire Union force. The remnants broke and turned -southward through Gettysburg in the direction of Cemetery Hill. In this -headlong and disorganized flight General Schimmelfenning was lost from -his command, and, finding refuge in a shed, he lay 2 days concealed -within the Confederate lines. In the path of Early's onslaught lay the -youthful Brigadier Barlow severely wounded, and the gallant Lieut. -Bayard Wilkeson, whose battery had long stood against overwhelming odds, -mortally wounded. - - [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - -The Union men on Oak Ridge, faced with the danger that Doles would cut -off their line of retreat, gave way and retired through Gettysburg to -Cemetery Hill. The withdrawal of the Union troops from the north and -northwest left the Union position on McPherson Ridge untenable. Early in -the afternoon, when Rodes opened fire from Oak Hill, Heth had renewed -his thrust along the Chambersburg Pike. His troops were soon relieved -and Pender's division, striking north and south of the road, broke the -Union line. The Union troops first withdrew to Seminary Ridge, then -across the fields to Cemetery Hill. Here was advantageous ground which -had been selected as a rallying point if the men were forced to -relinquish the ground west and north of the town. Thus, by 5 o'clock, -the remnants of the Union forces (some 6,000 out of the 18,000 engaged -in the first day's struggle) were on the hills south of Gettysburg. - -Ewell was now in possession of the town, and he extended his line from -the streets eastward to Rock Creek. Studiously observing the hills in -his front, he came within range of a Union sharpshooter, for suddenly he -heard the thud of a minie ball. Calmly riding on, he remarked to General -Gordon at his side, "You see how much better fixed for a fight I am than -you are. It don't hurt at all to be shot in a wooden leg." - -A momentous decision now had to be made. Lee had reached the field at 3 -p. m., and had witnessed the retreat of the disorganized Union troops -through the streets of Gettysburg. Through his glasses he had watched -their attempt to reestablish their lines on Cemetery Hill. Sensing his -advantage and a great opportunity, he sent orders to Ewell by a staff -officer to "press those people" and secure the hill (Cemetery Hill) if -possible. However, two of Ewell's divisions, those of Rodes and Early, -had been heavily engaged throughout the afternoon and were not well in -hand. Johnson's division could not reach the field until late in the -evening, and the reconnaissance service of Stuart's cavalry was not yet -available. General Ewell, uninformed of the Union strength in the rear -of the hills south of Gettysburg, decided to await the arrival of -Johnson's division. Cemetery Hill was not attacked, and Johnson, coming -up late in the evening, stopped at the base of Culp's Hill. Thus passed -Lee's opportunity of July 1. - - [Illustration: _Scene north of Gettysburg from Oak Ridge. The - Federal position may be seen near the edge of the open fields in the - middle distance._] - -When the Union troops retreated from the battleground north and west of -the town on the evening of July 1, they hastily occupied defense -positions on Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill, and a part of Cemetery Ridge. -Upon the arrival of Slocum by the Baltimore Pike and Sickles by way of -the Emmitsburg Road, the Union right flank at Culp's Hill and Spangler's -Spring and the important position at Little Round Top on the left were -consolidated. Thus was developed a strong defensive battle line in the -shape of a fish hook, about 3 miles long, with the advantage of high -ground and of interior lines. Opposite, in a semicircle about 6 miles -long, extending down Seminary Ridge and into the streets of Gettysburg, -stood the Confederates who, during the night, had closed in from the -north and west. - -The greater part of the citizenry of Gettysburg, despite the prospect of -battle in their own yards, chose to remain in their homes. Both army -commanders respected noncombatant rights to a marked degree. Thus, in -contrast with the fields of carnage all about the village, life and -property of the civilian population remained unharmed, while the doors -of churches, schools, and homes were opened for the care of the wounded. - -General Meade, at Taneytown, had learned early in the afternoon of July -1 that a battle was developing and that Reynolds had been killed. A -large part of his army was within 5 miles of Gettysburg. Meade then sent -General Hancock to study and report on the situation. Hancock reached -the field just as the Union troops were falling back to Cemetery Hill. -He helped to rally the troops and left at 6 o'clock to report to Meade -that in his opinion the battle should be fought at Gettysburg. Meade -acted on this recommendation and immediately ordered the concentration -of the Union forces at that place. Meade himself arrived near midnight -on July 1. - - [Illustration: _Spangler's Spring, the right of the Federal battle - line of July 2 and 3. This view, made in 1870, shows the wartime - appearance of the spring._ (Tipton photograph.)] - - [Illustration: _View of Culp's Hill, taken about 1890, showing - earthworks on the crest of the hill. Gettysburg, one-half mile - northwest, may be seen through the vista._ (Tipton photograph.)] - - - - - _The Second Day_ - - -PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS AND PLANS. - -The small college town of Gettysburg, with 2,400 residents at the time -of the battle, lay in the heart of a fertile country, surrounded by -broad acres of crops and pastures. Substantial houses of industrious -Pennsylvania farmers dotted the countryside. South of the town and -hardly more than a musket shot from the houses on its outer edge, -Cemetery Hill rose somewhat abruptly from the lower ground. Extending -southward from the hill for nearly 2 miles was a long roll of land -called Cemetery Ridge. At its southern extremity a sharp incline -terminated in the wooded crest of Little Round Top and a half mile -beyond was the sugar-loaf peak of Big Round Top, the highest point in -the vicinity of Gettysburg. Paralleling Cemetery Ridge, at an average -distance of two-thirds of a mile to the west, lay Seminary Ridge, which -derived its name from the Lutheran Seminary that stood upon its crest a -half mile west of Gettysburg. In 1863, 10 roads radiated from -Gettysburg, the one leading to Emmitsburg extending diagonally across -the valley between Seminary and Cemetery Ridges. - - [Illustration: _Lunettes, or artillery defense works, on the crest - of East Cemetery Hill. The entrance gateway to the public cemetery, - which is still in use, appears in the background on the Baltimore - Pike._ (Brady photograph.)] - - [Illustration: _Jennie Wade House, located on Baltimore street - between the battle lines. Jennie Wade, the only civilian killed - during the battle, was accidentally struck by a bullet which passed - through a door of the house._] - - [Illustration: _East Cemetery Hill, the objective of the Confederate - charge on the evening of July 2._] - -By noon of July 2, the powerful forces of Meade and Lee were at hand, -and battle on a tremendous scale was imminent. That part of the Union -line extending from Cemetery Hill to Little Round Top was strongly held. -Late in the forenoon, Sickles, commanding the Third Corps which lay -north of Little Round Top, sent Berdan's sharpshooters and some of the -men of the 3rd Maine Regiment forward from the Emmitsburg Road to -Pitzer's Woods, a half mile to the west. As they reached the woods, a -strong Confederate force fired upon them, and they hurriedly retired to -inform their commander. To Sickles, the extension of the Confederate -line southward meant that his left flank was endangered. He at once -began moving forward to the advantageous high ground at the Peach -Orchard, and by 3:30 p. m. his battle front extended from Devil's Den -northwestward to the Orchard and northward on the Emmitsburg Road. In -this forward movement, the strong position on the crest of Little Round -Top was left unoccupied. This was the situation when Meade finally -turned his attention from his right flank at Culp's Hill and Spangler's -Spring--the cause of his great concern throughout the forenoon--to -review Sickles' line. - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - -Lee planned to attack, despite the advice of Longstreet who continually -urged defensive battle. On July 2, Longstreet recommended that Lee swing -around the Union left at Little Round Top, select a good position, and -await attack. Lee observed that while the Union position was strong if -held in sufficient numbers to utilize the advantage of interior lines, -it presented grave difficulties to a weak defending force. A secure -lodgment on the shank of the hook might render it possible to sever the -Union Army and to deal with each unit separately. Not all of Meade's -force had reached the field, and Lee thought he had the opportunity of -destroying his adversary in the process of concentration. He resolved to -send Longstreet against the Federal left flank which he believed was -then on lower Cemetery Ridge, while Ewell was to storm Cemetery Hill and -Culp's Hill. - - [Illustration: _Trostle farmhouse. Here the 9th Massachusetts - battery, taking position in the yard, lost 80 out of 88 horses - during the battle of July 2._ (Brady photograph.)] - - -LONGSTREET ATTACKS ON THE RIGHT. - -In the execution of this plan, Longstreet was ordered to take position -across the Emmitsburg Road and to attack what was thought to be the left -flank of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. From his encampment on the -Chambersburg Road, 3 miles west of Gettysburg, he started toward his -objective, using Herr Ridge to conceal the movement from Union signalmen -on Little Round Top. After marching to Black Horse Tavern on the -Fairfield Road, he realized that his troops were in sight of the signal -unit and at once began retracing his course. Employing the trees on -Seminary Ridge as a screen, he marched southward again in Willoughby Run -Valley, arriving in position on the Emmitsburg Road about 3:30 p. m. -Immediately in front, and only 700 yards away, Longstreet saw Sickles' -batteries lined up in the Peach Orchard and on the Emmitsburg Road. Col. -E. P. Alexander, commanding a battalion of Longstreet's artillery, -opened with full force against the Union guns. Longstreet could observe -in the distance that Little Round Top was unoccupied. Law's Alabama -troops were directed at once to take the hill, and Robertson's Texans -were instructed to join in the charge. - - -WARREN SAVES LITTLE ROUND TOP. - -Gen. G. K. Warren, Meade's Chief of Engineers, having assisted Sickles -in placing his line, now rode to the crest of Little Round Top and found -the hill, "the key to the Union position," unoccupied except by a signal -station. Warren was informed by the signalmen that they believed -Confederate troops lay concealed on the wooded ridge a mile to the west. -Smith's New York battery, emplaced at Devil's Den, immediately was -ordered to fire a shot into these woods. The missile, crashing through -the trees, caused a sudden stir of the Confederates "which by the gleam -of the reflected sunlight on their bayonets, revealed their long lines -outflanking the position." Warren realized Longstreet would strike first -at Little Round Top and he observed, too, the difficulty of shifting -Sickles' position from Devil's Den to the hill. - - [Illustration: _The Wheatfield as it appeared in 1890. Little Round - Top is in the background._ (Tipton photograph.)] - -At this moment Warren noticed the approach of Union troops from the -north and rode to meet them. They were Vincent's and Weed's brigades, -leading Sykes' corps from reserve position to the front. Intercepting -these troops, Warren rushed them to Little Round Top. Law's Alabama -troops were starting to scale the south slope of the hill when Vincent's -men rushed to the attack. Weed's brigade, following closely, drove over -the crest and engaged Robertson's Texans on the west slope. The arrival -of Hazlett's battery on the summit of the hill is thus described by an -eyewitness: "The passage of the six guns through the roadless woods and -amongst the rocks was marvelous. Under ordinary circumstances it would -have been considered an impossible feat, but the eagerness of the men -... brought them without delay to the very summit, where they went -immediately into battle." A desperate hand-to-hand struggle ensued. Weed -and Hazlett were killed, and Vincent was mortally wounded--all young -soldiers of great promise. - -The struggle at Little Round Top now became stalemated, and Longstreet -directed his entire line to attack. The Confederate drive was taken up -in turn by the brigades of Benning, Anderson, Kershaw, Semmes, -Barksdale, Wofford, Wilcox, Perry, and Wright against the divisions of -Birney and Humphreys in the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, and along the -Emmitsburg Road. Four hours of desperate fighting broke the Peach -Orchard salient, an angle in the Union line which was struck from the -south and the west. It left the Wheatfield strewn with dead and wounded, -and the base of Little Round Top a shambles. Sickles' men had been -driven back, and Longstreet was now in possession of the west slope of -Big Round Top, of Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. Little Round Top, -that commanding landmark from which Longstreet had hoped to shell the -Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill, still remained in Union -possession. - - -CULP'S HILL. - -In the Confederate plan, Ewell on the left was directed to attack -Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in conjunction with Longstreet's drive. At -the appointed time, the guns of Latimer's battalion on Benner's Hill, -east of Gettysburg, opened a well-directed fire against the Union -positions on East Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, but the return fire -soon shattered many of Latimer's batteries and forced the remnants to -retire out of range. In the final moments of this action the youthful -Major Latimer was mortally wounded. - - [Illustration: _View of Little Round Top taken soon after the - battle. The crest and western slope of the hill had been cleared the - year preceding the battle._ (Brady photograph.)] - - [Illustration: _Breastworks constructed by Federal troops on Little - Round Top._] - -About dusk, long after the artillery fire had ceased, Early's infantry -started a charge toward East Cemetery Hill. Seldom, if ever, surpassed -in its dash and desperation, Early's assault reached the crest of the -hill where the defenders, as a last resort in the hand-to-hand -encounter, used clubbed muskets, stones, and rammers. Long after dark, -the Louisiana Tigers and their comrades, in possession of the crest of -the hill, fought to hold their gain and their captured guns. The failure -of Rodes to move out of the streets of Gettysburg and to attack the hill -from the west enabled Hancock to shift some of his men to aid in -repelling Early's attacks. Faced by these Union reserves, Early's men -finally gave way about 10 o'clock and sullenly retired to their lines. -The Union troops stood firm. - -Closely timed with Early's assault of East Cemetery Hill, Johnson's -division charged the Union works on Culp's Hill. Failing to make -headway, because of the steep incline and the strength of the Union -positions, Johnson fell back across Rock Creek and started an attack on -the southern slope of the hill. Here the Union works were thinly manned. -An hour earlier, the divisions of Geary and Ruger had been called from -those works to the aid of the Sickles line at the Peach Orchard. -Johnson, finding the works weakly defended, took possession of them but -did not press the attack farther. Only a few hundred yards away on the -Baltimore Pike lay the Union supply trains. The failure of Confederate -reconnaissance here again was critically important. Thus passed another -opportunity to strike a hard blow at the Union Army. - - - - - _The Third Day_ - - -CANNONADE AT DAWN: CULP'S HILL AND SPANGLER'S SPRING. - -Night brought an end to the bloody combat at East Cemetery Hill, but -this was not the time for rest. What would Meade do? Would the Union -Army remain in its established position and hold its lines at all costs? -At midnight Meade sought the advice of his Council of War in the east -room of his headquarters. The corps commanders--Gibbon, Williams, Sykes, -Newton, Howard, Hancock, Sedgwick, and Slocum--without exception advised -holding the positions established. Meade, approving, turned to the -officer whose division held the Union center, and said, "Gibbon, if Lee -attacks me tomorrow it will be on your front." - -Meade on the following morning began to fortify Cemetery Ridge by -shifting all units that could be spared from the line at Culp's Hill, -and those in reserve at the Round Tops and on Cemetery Hill. General -Hunt, Chief of Artillery, brought up reserve batteries to hold in -readiness for replacement of front line guns. Throughout the forenoon of -the third day, Meade not only developed a strong front at the stone -walls on the crest of the ridge, but he also strengthened his reserve -power to an extent which rendered the Union center almost impregnable. - - [Illustration: _Interior of breastworks on Little Round Top._ (Brady - photograph.)] - -Meanwhile, important movements were occurring elsewhere on the field. -Ruger's division and Lockwood's brigade, which had been called from -their lines on the south slope of Culp's Hill the previous evening to -help defend Sickles' position at the Peach Orchard, were now -countermarching, under cover of darkness, to reoccupy their ground. -Geary, who had misunderstood orders and had marched down the Baltimore -Pike, was also returning to his works. Ruger's men, upon reaching the -Pike, learned from scouts that their entrenchments south of Culp's Hill -and at Spangler's Spring had been occupied by the Confederates. Ruger, -resolving upon an attack at daybreak, organized his forces along the -Pike. Powerful artillery units under Muhlenberg were brought into place -along the road; Rigby's Maryland battery was stationed on Power's Hill, -a prominent knoll a half mile to the south; and another battery was -emplaced on McAllister Hill. - - [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. James Longstreet._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Col. Edward Porter Alexander._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - -As dawn broke on July 3, Union guns on the Baltimore Pike opened with a -heavy cannonade on Johnson's Confederates at Spangler's Spring. The -heavily wooded area about the Confederate lines prevented them from -bringing guns into position to return the fire. Union skirmishers began -streaming across the field toward the Confederate entrenchments. The -full force of Ruger's and Geary's brigades followed closely. Throughout -the forenoon the Union troops struck again and again. - -It was about 10 o'clock that Ruger, believing that a flank attack might -break the resistance of Johnson's men, ordered Col. Silas Colgrove to -strike the Confederate left flank near the spring. The troops of the 2d -Massachusetts and the 19th Indiana regiments started across the swale -from the cover of the woods on the little hill south of the spring. A -withering fire slowed their pace, but they charged on, only to have -their ranks decimated by the Confederates in strong positions back of a -stone wall. Colonel Mudge, inspiring leader of the Massachusetts -regiment, fell mortally wounded. Forced to fall back, the men soon -learned their efforts had not been in vain. On Ruger's and Geary's front -the Confederates were now giving way and soon had retired across Rock -Creek, out of striking range. By 11 o'clock, the Union troops were again -in possession of their earthworks; again they could quench their thirst -in the cooling waters of the spring. - - -LEE PLANS A FINAL THRUST. - -General Lee must have learned by mid-forenoon, after the long hours of -struggle at Culp's Hill and Spangler's Spring, that his troops could not -hold the Union works which they had occupied with so little effort the -previous evening. He had seen, also, that in the tremendous battling -during the preceding afternoon no important gains had been made at -Little Round Top and its vicinity. Longstreet had gained the -advantageous ridge at the Peach Orchard and had brought his batteries -forward from Pitzer's Woods to this high ground in preparation for a -follow-up attack. Wright's brigade, the last unit to move forward on -July 2 in the echelon attack begun by General Law, had charged across -the open fields at dusk and pierced the Union center just south of the -copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge. Wright's success could not be pressed -to decisive advantage as the brigades on his left had not moved forward -to his support, and he was forced to retire. Again, lack of coordination -in attack was to count heavily against the Confederates. - -The failure to make any pronounced headway on July 2 at Culp's Hill and -Little Round Top, and the momentary success of Wright on Cemetery Ridge, -doubtless led Lee to believe that Meade's flanks were strong and his -center weak. A powerful drive at the center might pierce the enemy's -lines and fold them back. The shattered units might then be destroyed or -captured at will. Such a charge across open fields and in the face of -frontal and flank fire would, Lee well understood, be a gamble seldom -undertaken. Longstreet strongly voiced his objection to such a move, -insisting that "no 15,000 men ever arrayed for battle can take that -position." - - [Illustration: _View of the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road in - 1890. The Wentz farm buildings appear at the left._ (Tipton - photograph.)] - - [Illustration: _Devil's Den, a formation of large granite boulders, - used as defense positions by Confederate sharpshooters._] - -Time now was the important element. Whatever could be done must be done -quickly. Hood's and McLaws' divisions, who had fought bravely and lost -heavily at Round Top and the Wheatfield, were not in condition for -another severe test. Early and Johnson on the left had likewise endured -long, unrelenting battle with powerful Union forces in positions of -advantage. The men of Heth's and Pender's divisions had not been heavily -engaged since the first day's encounter west of Gettysburg. These were -the men, along with Pickett's division, whom Lee would have to count on -to bear the brunt of his final great effort at Gettysburg. - - -LEE AND MEADE SET THE STAGE. - -Late in the forenoon of July 3, General Meade had completed his plan of -defense in rear of the Union center by the concentration of all -available infantry units. General Hunt, sensing the danger, placed a -solid line of batteries in position on the crest of the ridge and -brought others to the rear for emergency use. As a final act of -preparation, Meade inspected his front at the stone wall, then rode -southward to Little Round Top. Here, with General Warren, he could see -the long lines of Confederate batteries and the massing of troops, a -sure indication of attack. Meade rode back to his headquarters. - -Lee, on his part, had observed in the forenoon the enemy in the process -of concentration on Cemetery Ridge. Having reached his decision to -strike the Union center, he had already begun the movement of batteries -from the rear to points of advantage. By noon, 138 guns were in line -from the Peach Orchard northward to the Seminary buildings, many of them -only 800 yards from the Union center. To Colonel Alexander fell the lot -of directing the artillery fire and informing the infantry of the best -opportunity to advance. - -Massed to the west of Emmitsburg Road, on low ground which screened -their position from the Union lines, lay Gen. George Pickett's three -brigades commanded by Kemper, Armistead, and Garnett. Pickett's men had -arrived the previous evening from Chambersburg, where they had guarded -Lee's wagons on July 1 and 2. As the only fresh body of troops on the -field, they were now to spearhead the charge. On Pickett's left, the -attacking front was fast being organized. Joseph Pettigrew, a brigadier, -was preparing to lead the division of the wounded Major General Heth and -Maj. Gen. Isaac Trimble took the command of Pender. More than 10,000 -troops of these two divisions--including such units as the 26th North -Carolina whose losses on the first day were so heavy that the dead -marked their advance "with the accuracy of a line at a dress -parade"--now awaited the order to attack. Many hours earlier, the Bliss -farm buildings, which lay in their front, had been burned. Their -objective on the ridge was in clear view. The brigades of Wilcox and -Lang were to move forward on the right of Pickett in order to protect -his flank as he neared the enemy position. - - [Illustration: _The Round Tops as they appear from Longstreet's - battle line one mile away._] - -General Stuart, in the meantime, had been out of touch with Lee. Moving -northward on the right flank of the Union Army, he became involved in a -sharp engagement at Hanover, Pa., on June 30. Seeking to regain contact -with Lee, he arrived at Carlisle on the evening of July 1. As he began -shelling the barracks, orders arrived from Lee and he at once marched -for Gettysburg, arriving north of the town the next day. Lee now decided -to employ his cavalry to cut off Union retreat which might result from a -successful attack on the center. Stuart was instructed to swing eastward -and then south around Gettysburg the morning of July 3 in order to -arrive in the rear of the Union lines at the time Pickett was expected -to charge the center. - - [Illustration: BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG] - - [Illustration: _View northward from Little Round Top. 1. Cemetery - Ridge. 2. Cemetery Hill. 3. Field of Pickett's Charge. 4. Seminary - Ridge. 5. Oak Hill. The statue of G. K. Warren appears in the - foreground._] - - [Illustration: _Meade's headquarters as it appears today._] - -Except for the intermittent sniping of sharpshooters, an ominous silence -prevailed over the fields. The orders had now been given; the objective -had been pointed out. Men talked of casual things. Some munched on hard -bread, others looked fearfully to the eastward, where, with the same -mixed feelings, lay their adversary. - -Far to the south, on another crucial front, General Pemberton was -penning a letter to General Grant asking terms for the surrender of -Vicksburg. In Richmond, the sick and anxious Jefferson Davis looked -hopefully for heartening word from his great field commander at -Gettysburg. The outcome of this bold venture would count heavily in the -balance for the cause of the Confederacy. - - -ARTILLERY DUEL AT ONE O'CLOCK. - -At 1 o'clock two guns of Miller's Battery, posted near the Peach -Orchard, opened fire in rapid succession. It was the signal for the -entire line to let loose their terrific blast. Gunners rushed to their -cannon, and in a few moments the massed batteries shook the countryside. -Firing in salvos and in succession, the air was soon filled with smoke -and heavy dust, which darkened the sky. Union gunners on Cemetery Ridge -waited a few minutes until the positions of the Confederate batteries -were located; then 80 guns, placed it close order, opened fire. For -nearly 2 hours the duel continued, then that Union fire slackened. Hunt -had ordered a partial cessation in order to cool the guns and to replace -broken carriages. - - [Illustration: _Panorama of the battlefield from Cemetery Ridge. 1. - General Meade statue. 2. Cemetery Ridge_ (Union position). _3. - Little Round Top. 4. Big Round Top. 5. Devil's Den. 6. High Water - Mark--farthest advance of Pickett's Charge. 7. The Wheatfield. 8. - The Angle. 9. The Peach Orchard. 10. Codori Buildings. 11. Field of - Pickett's Charge. 12. Emmitsburg Road. 13. Seminary Ridge_ - (Confederate position). _14. Virginia Memorial._] - -Colonel Alexander, in position on the Emmitsburg Road near the Peach -Orchard, could observe the effectiveness of his fire on the Union lines -and also keep the Confederate troops in view. To him, it appeared that -Union artillery fire was weakening. His own supply of ammunition was -running low. Believing this was the time to attack, Alexander sent a -message to Pickett who in turn rode over to Longstreet. General -Longstreet, who had persistently opposed Lee's plan of sending 15,000 -men across the open ground, was now faced with a final decision. -Longstreet merely nodded approval and Pickett saluted, saying, "I am -going to move forward, sir." He rode back to his men and ordered the -advance. With Kemper on the right, Garnett on the left, and Armistead a -few yards to the rear, the division marched out in brigade front, first -northeastward into the open fields, then eastward toward the Union -lines. As Pickett's men came into view near the woods, Pettigrew and -Trimble gave the order to advance. The troops of the Carolinas, -Tennessee, and Mississippi, comprising the brigades of Mayo, Davis, -Marshall, and Fry in front, followed closely by Lane and Lowrance, now -moved out to attack. A gap of half a mile between Pickett's left and -Pettigrew's right would be closed as the advance progressed. The units -were to converge as they approached the Union lines so that the final -stage of the charge would present a solid front. - - -CLIMAX AT GETTYSBURG. - -Billows of smoke lay ahead of the Union men at the stone wall, -momentarily obscuring the enemy. But trained observers on Little Round -Top, far to the south, could see in the rear of this curtain of smoke -the waves of Confederates starting forward. Pickett, finding his -brigades drifting southeastward, ordered them to bear to the left, and -the men turned toward the copse of trees. Kemper was now approaching on -the south of the Codori buildings; Garnett and Armistead were on the -north. Halted momentarily at the Emmitsburg Road to remove fence rails, -Pickett's troops, with Pettigrew on the left, renewed the advance. -Pickett had anticipated frontal fire of artillery and infantry from the -strong Union positions at the stone walls on the ridge, but now an -unforeseen attack developed. Union guns as far south as Little Round -Top, along with batteries on Cemetery Hill, relieved from Confederate -fire at the Seminary buildings, opened on the right and left flanks. As -Pickett's men drove toward the Union works at The Angle, Stannard's -Vermont troops, executing a right turn movement from their position -south of the copse, fired into the flank of the charging Confederates. -The advancing lines crumbled, re-formed, and again pressed ahead under -terrific fire from the Union batteries. - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - -A hundred yards from the stone wall, in the tall grass, they encountered -Union skirmishers who fired and hastily withdrew. But all along the wall -the Union infantry opened with volley after volley into the depleted -ranks of Garnett and Fry. Armistead closed in, and with Lane and -Lowrance joining him, made a last concerted drive. At this close range, -double canister and concentrated infantry fire cut wide gaps in the -attacking front. Garnett was mortally wounded; Kemper was down, his -lines falling away on the right and left. Armistead reached the low -stone fence. In a final surge, he crossed the wall with 150 men and, -with his cap on his sword, shouted "Follow me!" At the peak of the -charge, he fell mortally wounded. From the ridge, Union troops rushed -forward and Hall's Michigan regiments let loose a blast of musketry. The -gray column was surrounded. The tide of the Confederacy had "swept to -its crest, paused, and receded." - -Two of the divisions in the charge were reduced to mere fragments. In -front of the Union line, 20 fallen battle flags lay in a space of 100 -yards square. Singly and in little clumps, the remnants of the gray -columns that had made the magnificent charge of a few minutes earlier -now sullenly retreated across the fields toward the Confederate lines. -Lee, who had watched anxiously from Spangler's Woods, now rode out to -meet his men. "All this has been my fault," he said to General Wilcox -who had brought off his command after heavy losses. "It is I that have -lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in the best way you -can." And again that night, in a moment of contemplation, he remarked to -a comrade, "Too bad! too bad! Oh! too bad!" - - [Illustration: _The Angle, showing the stone wall and the fields' - over which Pickett's troops charged. The Virginia Memorial appears - in the background on Seminary Ridge._] - - [Illustration: _The High Water Mark Monument, which marks the - farthest advance made by the Confederates against the Federal - position in Pickett's Charge._] - - -CAVALRY ACTION. - -As the strength of Lee's mighty effort at The Angle was ebbing and the -scattered remnants of the charge were seeking shelter, action of a -different kind was taking place on another field not far distant. Early -in the afternoon, Stuart's cavalry was making its way down the valley of -Cress Run, 3 miles east of Gettysburg. The brigades of Hampton and -Fitzhugh Lee, at the rear of the line of march, momentarily lost the -trail and came out into open ground at the north end of Rummel's Woods. -Stuart, soon learning of the mistake, attempted to bring them into line -and to proceed southward. But at this point, Gen. D. M. Gregg's Union -cavalry, in position along the Hanover Road a mile southeast, saw the -Confederates. Gregg prepared at once to attack, and Stuart had no choice -but to fight on this ground. As the two forces moved closer, dismounted -men opened a brisk fire, supported by the accurate shelling of -artillerists. - - [Illustration: _Section of the Cyclorama painting of Pickett's - Charge by Paul Philippoteaux._ Courtesy Times and News Publishing - Company.] - - [Illustration: _The General Hospital one mile east of Gettysburg. A - few weeks after the battle the Union and Confederate wounded were - removed to this place from field hospitals in the rear of the battle - lines._ (Brady photograph.)] - -Then came the initial cavalry charge and countercharge. The Confederate -Jenkins was forced to withdraw when his small supply of ammunition -became exhausted. Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, and Chambliss charged again and -again, only to be met with the equally spirited counterattack of -McIntosh. Custer's Michigan regiments closed in on a flank movement -against the right of the charging Confederate troopers, and Miller's -squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania, disobeying orders to hold its position, -struck opportunely on the Confederate left. The thrusts of the Union -horsemen, so well coordinated, stopped the onslaught of Stuart's -troopers. After 3 hours of driving assaults, the Confederates left the -field and retired to the north of Gettysburg. The Union horsemen, -holding their ground, had successfully cut off the prospect of -Confederate cavalry aid in the rear of the Union lines on Cemetery -Ridge. - - - - - _End of Invasion_ - - -Lee, as he looked over the desolate field of dead and wounded and the -broken remnants of his once-powerful army still ready for renewed -battle, must have realized that not only was Gettysburg lost, but that -eventually it might all end this way. Meade did not counterattack, as -expected. The following day, July 4, the two armies lay facing each -other, exhausted and torn. - - [Illustration: _During the 75th anniversary of the Battle of - Gettysburg, July 1-4, 1938, 1,845 soldiers attended the Federal and - Confederate reunion. Here veterans of the two armies clasp hands - across the stone wall at The Angle._] - -Late on the afternoon of July 4, Lee began an orderly retreat. The wagon -train of wounded, 17 miles in length, guarded by Imboden's cavalry, -started homeward through Greenwood and Greencastle. At night, the -able-bodied men marched over the Hagerstown Road by way of Monterey Pass -to the Potomac. Roads had become nearly impassable from the heavy rains -that day. So well did Stuart cover the retreat that the army reached the -Potomac with comparatively little loss. Meade, realizing that the -Confederate Army was actually retreating and not retiring to the -mountain passes, sent his cavalry and Sedgwick's corps of infantry in -pursuit and ordered the mountain passes west of Frederick covered. Lee, -having the advantage of the more direct route to the Potomac, reached -the river several days ahead of his pursuers, but heavy rains had -swollen the current and he could not cross. Meade arrived on the night -of July 12 and prepared for a general attack. On the following night, -however, the river receded and Lee crossed safely into Virginia. The -Confederate Army, Meade's critics said, had been permitted to slip from -the Union grasp. - - [Illustration: _The Eternal Light Peace Memorial, dedicated on the - 75th anniversary of the battle, commemorates "Peace Eternal in a - Nation United."_] - - - - - _Lincoln and Gettysburg_ - - -ESTABLISHMENT OF A BURIAL GROUND. - -For the residents of Gettysburg the aftermath of battle was almost as -trying as the 3 days of struggle that had swirled about them. The town's -2,400 inhabitants, and the nearby country folk, bore a heavy share of -the burden of caring for the 21,000 wounded and dying of both sides, who -were left behind when the armies moved on. Spacious rooms in churches -and schools and hundreds of homes were turned over to the care of the -wounded; and kindly folk from neighboring towns came to help those of -Gettysburg in ministering to the needs of the maimed and shattered men. - -Adequate attention to the wounded was an immediate necessity, but fully -as urgent was the need of caring for the dead. Nearly 6,000 had been -killed in action, and hundreds died each day from mortal wounds. In the -earlier stages of the battle, soldiers of both armies performed the -tasks of burying their fallen comrades, but the struggle had reached -such large proportions and the scene of battle had so shifted that -fallen men had come within enemy lines. Because of the emergencies of -battle, therefore, hundreds of bodies had been left unburied or only -partially covered. It was evident that the limited aid which could be -offered by local authorities must be supported by a well-organized plan -for disinterment of the dead from the temporary burial grounds on the -field and reburial in a permanent place at Gettysburg or in home -cemeteries. - -A few days after the battle, the Governor of the Commonwealth, Hon. -Andrew Curtin, visited the battlefield to offer assistance in caring for -the wounded. When official duties required his return to Harrisburg, he -appointed Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to act as his special -agent. At the time of his visit, the Governor was especially distressed -by the condition of the dead. In response to the Governor's desire that -the remains be brought together in a place set aside for the purpose, -Mr. Wills selected land on the northern slope of Cemetery Hill and -suggested that the State of Pennsylvania purchase the ground at once in -order that interments could begin without delay. He proposed that -contributions for the purpose of laying out and landscaping the grounds -be asked from legislatures of the States whose soldiers had taken part -in the battle. - -Within 6 weeks, Mr. Wills had purchased 17 acres of ground on Cemetery -Hill and engaged William Saunders, an eminent landscape gardener, to lay -out the grounds in State lots, apportioned in size to the number of -graves for the fallen of each State. Each of the Union States -represented in the battle made contributions for planning and -landscaping. - -The reinterment of 3,512 bodies in the cemetery was accomplished only -after many months. Great care had been taken to identify the bodies on -the field, and, at the time of reinterment, remains were readily -identified by marked boards which had been placed at the field grave or -by items found on the bodies. Even so, the names of 1,664 remained -unknown, 979 of whom were without identification either by name or by -State. Within a year, appropriations from the States made possible the -enclosure of the cemetery with a massive stone wall and an iron fence on -the Baltimore Street front, imposing gateways of iron, headstones for -the graves, and a keeper's lodge. Since the original burials, the total -of Civil War interments has reached 3,706. Including those of later -wars, the total number now is 4,399. - - [Illustration: _Photograph of Lincoln taken a few days before he - left Washington en route to Gettysburg, November 1863._ (Gardner - photograph.)] - - [Illustration: _The Soldiers' National Monument, commemorating the - Federal dead who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated July 1, 1869. It - is located at the place where Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg - Address._] - -The removal of Confederate dead from the field burial plots was not -undertaken until 7 years after the battle. During the years 1870-73, -upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond, -Raleigh, Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and -sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in -Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home -cemeteries. - -The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania incorporated the cemetery in January -1864. The cemetery "having been completed, and the care of it by -Commissioners from so many states being burdensome and expensive," the -Board of Commissioners, authorized by act of the General Assembly of -Pennsylvania in 1868, recommended the transfer of the cemetery to the -Federal Government. The Secretary of War accepted title to the cemetery -for the United States Government on May 1, 1872. - - -DEDICATION OF THE CEMETERY. - -Having agreed upon a plan for the cemetery, the Commissioners believed -it advisable to consecrate the grounds with appropriate ceremonies. Mr. -Wills, representing the Governor of Pennsylvania, was selected to make -proper arrangements for the event. With the approval of the Governors of -the several States, he wrote to Hon. Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, -inviting him to deliver the oration on the occasion and suggested -October 23, 1863, as the date for the ceremony. Mr. Everett stated in -reply that the invitation was a great compliment, but that because of -the time necessary for the preparation of the oration he could not -accept a date earlier than November 19. This was the date agreed upon. - -Edward Everett was the outstanding orator of his day. He had been a -prominent Boston minister and later a university professor. A cultured -scholar, he had delivered orations on many notable occasions. In a -distinguished career he became successively President of Harvard, -Governor of Massachusetts, United States Senator, Minister to England, -and Secretary of State. - - [Illustration: _The Wills house where Lincoln was a guest when the - national cemetery was dedicated._] - -The Gettysburg cemetery, at the time of the dedication, was not under -the authority of the Federal Government. It had not occurred to those in -charge, therefore, that the President of the United States might desire -to attend the ceremony. When formally printed invitations were sent to a -rather extended list of national figures, including the President, the -acceptance from Mr. Lincoln came as a surprise. Mr. Wills was thereupon -instructed to request the President to take part in the program, and, on -November 2, a personal invitation was addressed to him. - - [Illustration: _The procession on Baltimore Street en route to the - cemetery for the dedicatory exercises, November 19._] - -Throngs filled the town on the evening of November 18. The special train -from Washington bearing the President arrived in Gettysburg at dusk. Mr. -Lincoln was escorted to the spacious home of Mr. Wills on Center Square. -Sometime later in the evening the President was serenaded, and at a late -hour he retired. At 10 o'clock on the following morning, the appointed -time for the procession to begin, Mr. Lincoln was ready. The various -units of the long procession, marshaled by Ward Lamon, began moving on -Baltimore Street, the President riding horseback. The elaborate order of -march also included Cabinet officials, judges of the Supreme Court, high -military officers, Governors, commissioners, the Vice President, the -Speaker of the House of Representatives, Members of Congress, and many -local groups. - -Difficulty in getting the procession under way and the tardy return of -Mr. Everett from his drive over the battleground accounted for a delay -of an hour in the proceedings. At high noon, with thousands scurrying -about for points of vantage, the ceremonies were begun with the playing -of a dirge by one of the bands. As the audience stood uncovered, a -prayer was offered by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton, Chaplain of the House of -Representatives. "Old Hundred" was played by the Marine Band. Then Mr. -Everett arose, and "stood a moment in silence, regarding the battlefield -and the distant beauty of the South Mountain range." For nearly 2 hours -he reviewed the funeral customs of Athens, spoke of the purposes of war, -presented a detailed account of the 3-days' battle, offered tribute to -those who died on the battlefield, and reminded his audience of the -bonds which are common to all Americans. Upon the conclusion of his -address, a hymn was sung. - - [Illustration: _First page of the second draft of the Gettysburg - Address. This copy, made by Lincoln on the morning of November 19, - was held in his hand while delivering his address._ Reproduced from - the original in the Library of Congress.] - - [Illustration: _This photograph is the only known close-up view of - the rostrum_ (upper left) _at the dedication of the national - cemetery. The view shows a part of the audience which was estimated - at 15,000._ (Bachrach photograph.)] - -Then the President arose and spoke his immortal words: - - _Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this - continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the - proposition that all men are created equal._ - - _Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, - or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are - met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a - portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here - gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting - and proper that we should do this._ - - _But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we - cannot hallow--this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who - struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add - or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say - here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the - living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they - who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us - to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from - these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which - they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly - resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, - under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of - the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the - earth._ - -A hymn was then sung and Rev. H. L. Baugher pronounced the benediction. - - [Illustration: _Plan of the national cemetery drawn in the autumn of - 1863 by the notable landscape gardener, William Saunders._] - - - - - _MAP OF_ - THE GROUNDS - and - DESIGN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT - of - THE SOLDIERS' NATIONAL CEMETERY, - GETTYSBURG, PA. - 1863. - By - WILLIAM SAUNDERS, - Landscape Gardener Germantown, Penn. - - - 1. UNKNOWN. - 2. ILLINOIS. - 3. VIRGINIA. - 4. DELAWARE. - 5. RHODE ISLAND. - 6. NEW HAMPSHIRE. - 7. VERMONT. - 8. NEW JERSEY. - 9. WISCONSIN. - 10. CONNECTICUT. - 11. MINNESOTA. - 12. MARYLAND. - 13. U. S. REGULARS. - 14. UNKNOWN. - 15. MAINE. - 16. MICHIGAN - 17. NEW YORK. - 18. PENNSYLVANIA. - 19. MASSACHUSETTS. - 20. OHIO. - 21. INDIANA. - 22. UNKNOWN. - 23. MONUMENT. - 24. GATE-HOUSE. - 25. FLAGSTAFF, ETC. - - [Illustration: _The Lincoln Address Memorial, the only monument ever - erected to commemorate an address, stands near the west gate of the - national cemetery._] - - -GENESIS OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. - -The theme of the Gettysburg Address was not entirely new. "Must a -government, of necessity, be too strong for the liberties of its -people," Lincoln had once asked, "or too weak to maintain its own -existence?" Speaking of war aims, he said, "We shall nobly save, or -meanly lose, the last best hope of earth." When he referred at -Gettysburg to "the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus -far so nobly advanced," he had in mind the high purpose of the -preservation of the Union and the welfare of all the people. More than a -year after Gettysburg, Lincoln in his Second Inaugural address uttered -words which might very well be considered a companion sentiment to those -expressed at Gettysburg: "With malice toward none; with charity for all; -with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right." This -profession of faith came from the heart of a man of humility who sought -then, as he did throughout the war, to assuage suffering and anxiety -everywhere. - -Rather than accept the address as a few brief notes hastily prepared on -the route to Gettysburg (an assumption which has long gained much public -acceptance), it should be regarded as a pronouncement of the high -purpose dominant in Lincoln's thinking throughout the war. Habitually -cautious of words in public address, spoken or written, it is not likely -that the President, on such an occasion, failed to give careful thought -to the words which he would speak. After receiving the belated -invitation on November 2, he yet had ample time to prepare for the -occasion, and the well-known correspondent Noah Brooks stated that -several days before the dedication Lincoln told him in Washington that -his address would be "short, short, short" and that it was "written, but -not finished." - - -THE FIVE AUTOGRAPH COPIES OF THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. - -Even after his arrival at Gettysburg the President continued to put -finishing touches to his address. The first page of the original text -was written in ink on a sheet of Executive Mansion paper. The second -page, either written or revised at the Wills residence, was in pencil on -a sheet of foolscap, and, according to Lincoln's secretary, Nicolay, the -few words changed in pencil at the bottom of the first page were added -while in Gettysburg. The second draft of the address was written in -Gettysburg probably on the morning of its delivery, as it contains -certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports -of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln. It -is probable, as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original -copies of the first and second drafts in the Library of Congress, that -it was the second draft which Lincoln held in his hand when he delivered -the address. - -Quite opposite to Lincoln's feeling, expressed soon after the delivery -of the address, that it "would not scour," the President lived long -enough to think better of it himself and to see it widely accepted as a -masterpiece. Early in 1864, Mr. Everett requested him to join in -presenting manuscripts of the two addresses given at Gettysburg to be -bound in a volume and sold for the benefit of stricken soldiers at a -Sanitary Commission Fair in New York. The draft Lincoln sent became the -third autograph copy, known as the Everett-Keyes copy, and it is now in -the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library. - -George Bancroft requested a copy in April 1864, to be included in -_Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors_. This volume was to be sold -at a Soldiers' and Sailors' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore. As this fourth -copy was written on both sides of the paper, it proved unusable for this -purpose, and Mr. Bancroft was allowed to keep it. This autograph draft -is known as the Bancroft copy, as it remained in that family for many -years. It has recently been presented to the Cornell University Library. -Finding that the copy written for _Autograph Leaves_ could not be used, -Mr. Lincoln wrote another, a fifth draft, which was accepted for the -purpose requested. It is the only draft to which he affixed his -signature. In all probability it was the last copy written by Lincoln, -and because of the apparent care in its preparation it has become the -standard version of the address. The fifth draft, which long remained in -the hands of the family of Col. Alexander Bliss, publisher of _Autograph -Leaves_, is known as the Bliss copy. It was purchased in 1949 by Oscar -B. Cintas, of Havana, Cuba. - - -SOLDIERS' NATIONAL MONUMENT. - -As a fitting memorial to the Union dead who fell at Gettysburg, the -Commissioners arranged for the erection of a monument in the center of -the semicircular plot of graves. A design submitted by J. G. Batterson -was accepted and the services of Randolph Rogers, a distinguished -American sculptor, were secured for the execution of the monument. -Projecting from the four angles of the gray granite shaft are -allegorical statues in white marble representing War, History, Peace, -and Plenty. Surmounting the shaft is a white marble statue representing -the Genius of Liberty. Known as the Soldiers' National Monument, the -cornerstone was laid July 4, 1865, and the monument dedicated July 1, -1869. - - -THE LINCOLN ADDRESS MEMORIAL. - -The "few appropriate remarks" of Lincoln at Gettysburg came to be -accepted with the passing of years not only as a fine expression of the -purposes for which the war was fought, but as a masterpiece of -literature. An effort to have the words of the martyr President -commemorated on this battlefield culminated with the inclusion in the -act approved February 12, 1895, which established Gettysburg National -Military Park, of a provision for the erection of such a memorial. -Pursuant to this authority, the Park Commission erected the Lincoln -Address Memorial, in January 1912, near the west gate of the national -cemetery. - - [Illustration: _The national cemetery._] - - - - - _Guide Tour of the Park_--(See map on page 52.) - - -The self-guide tour of the park begins on McPherson Ridge, a mile west -of Gettysburg. Upon arrival in Gettysburg, the visitor should first -locate Center Square, then drive a mile westward on U. S. No. 30 to the -statues of Generals Reynolds and Buford. - - -STOP 1. MCPHERSON RIDGE. - -(Please face westward, with the statue of Reynolds on your right.) - -The Battle of Gettysburg began on this ridge at 8 a. m., July 1, 1863. -The Confederate Army, approaching along the Chambersburg Pike, formed -line of battle on the ridge one-half mile westward where you see the -brick house (Herr Tavern). They first attacked the Union cavalry on this -ridge, then infantry on the ridge 200 yards to your rear. In the -afternoon, the Confederates renewed their drive from the west along the -Pike and also struck the Union right flank (Oak Hill, No. 2 on Tour -Map). The Union forces finally gave way, retreating first to the -Seminary buildings and then to Cemetery Hill south of Gettysburg. - -General Reynolds, commanding a Union corps, was killed in the woods a -quarter of a mile southeast of this point. Buford, whose statue is just -in front of you, commanded the Union cavalry on this ridge. The marked -gun at the base of the Buford statue fired the first cannon shot at -Gettysburg. Oak Ridge lies one-half mile back of you, and the same -wooded ridge extending south of the Chambersburg Pike is Seminary Ridge. - -General Lee, the Confederate commander, used the valley beyond the South -Mountains (to the west) as an avenue of approach into Pennsylvania. - - -STOP 2. OAK HILL. - -(Please face southward with the Peace Memorial to your rear.) - -The Battle of Gettysburg, which began at 8 a. m., on the two ridges a -mile south of here, halted at noon, and the Confederates withdrew. At 1 -o'clock, a strong Confederate force arrived from the north on this hill -and fired into the flank of the Union men on the ridges to the south. -Faced with this powerful fire and with renewed attack from the west, -part of the Union forces were shifted to Oak Ridge (see monuments on the -ridge to your left) to meet the attack from this direction. Union troops -on the plain east of this ridge were soon forced by another strong -Confederate charge to retreat headlong through the streets of -Gettysburg, opening the Union line on Oak Ridge to flank and rear -attack. By mid-afternoon, the Union position on Oak Ridge was abandoned, -and the Confederates pursued the retreating Union troops through -Gettysburg, halting in the western part of the town. - -The gap in the South Mountains to your right is Cashtown Pass where -Lee's army crossed the range. - - -STOP 3. OAK RIDGE. - -(Please face eastward toward the monuments on the plain.) - -When Rodes' Confederate troops reached Oak Hill at 1 o'clock, Union -troops on McPherson Ridge, as well as reserves, were shifted hurriedly -to this ground. The Union troops, posted back of the stone wall, faced -the Confederate charge from the west and north. Tenaciously holding this -ground through repeated Confederate attacks, the Union men were finally -forced to give way. Howard's Union corps had arrived earlier in the -plain north of Gettysburg (see monuments to the east) but his command -was soon shattered by a Confederate force arriving from the northeast on -the Harrisburg Road (near flagpole, a mile eastward). As the Union -troops north of Gettysburg retreated, the men on this ridge became -isolated and withdrew to Cemetery Hill, south of the town. - -The large white building on this side of Gettysburg is "Old Dorm" at -Gettysburg College, used as a hospital during the battle. Beyond the -town is Culp's Hill (see the observation tower), and in the right -background is Cemetery Hill. - - -STOP 4. SEMINARY RIDGE. - -(North Carolina Monument.) - -General Lee had failed to achieve any definite gains July 2 against the -Union left flank at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, or the right -flank at Spangler's Spring and Culp's Hill. He therefore marshaled his -forces on the forenoon of July 3 for a final thrust against the center -of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. For nearly 2 hours, 138 Confederate -guns on this ridge directed a heavy fire at the Union positions. Lee -then sent 15,000 men across the open ground with the Copse of Trees (No. -8 on the Tour Map) as their objective. Spearheaded by Pickett's -division, and therefore known as Pickett's Charge, this famous attack -failed to break the strong Union positions at the stone wall. The -advance marked the end of battle and the failure has been called the -High Water Mark of the Confederacy. Lee gave up hope of further attack -on this field, and on the following day began his retreat toward the -Potomac and Virginia. - -The wooded knoll to the east is Cemetery Hill (No. 10 on the Tour Map). -Cemetery Ridge extends southward to Little Round Top (No. 7 on the Tour -Map), the small hill partially cleared of trees at the left of Big Round -Top. The Copse of Trees and The Angle (No. 8 on the Tour Map) are on the -crest of the Cemetery Ridge where the flagpole appears. - - -STOP 5. WARFIELD RIDGE. - -The Union General Sickles, at noon July 2, began moving his troops -forward from Cemetery Ridge and Little Round Top to Devil's Den Ridge -and the Peach Orchard. Longstreet's Confederate corps was already -marching from the Chambersburg Road to extend the line southward across -the Emmitsburg Road. At 3:30 p. m., as Sickles' men were taking position -at the Peach Orchard and the Emmitsburg Road, a half-mile north of here, -Longstreet brought his army into position on this ridge. A brisk -artillery exchange opened. Longstreet directed his infantry attack first -at Little Round Top (the partially cleared hill to your right) and then -along the whole Union line northward to the Peach Orchard and the -Emmitsburg Road. Four hours later, as darkness gathered, the Union line -had been shattered and forced to retreat. The Confederates gained -possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil's Den, and the high -ground in the vicinity of the Peach Orchard. - - -STOP 6. DEVIL'S DEN. - -When General Sickles moved his corps forward to the Peach Orchard and -the Emmitsburg Road at 3 p. m., his left flank was here at Devil's Den. -Longstreet's Confederate brigades soon came charging from the west. -Striking the entire Union line, the base of Little Round Top and this -area quickly became a shambles. After hours of desperate struggle, the -Union line had been broken and the remnants forced to the rear. The -Confederates were now in possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, -Devil's Den, the Wheatfield, and the Peach Orchard. Sharpshooters, using -the large boulders as defense positions, fired at Union men on the crest -of Little Round Top, 700 yards distant. A typical sharpshooter's -barricade may still be seen at the top of Devil's Den. - - -STOP 7. LITTLE ROUND TOP. - -As Sickles completed the forward movement from Little Round Top and the -area northward, his new line extended from the Peach Orchard -southeastward through the Wheatfield to Devil's Den (see boulders -below). Longstreet's attack on Little Round Top developed from the ridge -a mile westward. His brigades successively struck the entire Union line -from Devil's Den to the Emmitsburg Road. The Confederates in a 4-hour -fight broke the entire Union line, and the remnants of Sickles' corps -were forced to retreat to the rear of the Round Tops. The Confederates -gained possession of the west slope of Big Round Top, Devil's Den, the -Wheatfield (the open ground surrounded by woods), and the Peach Orchard -(near the white buildings on the ridge). The quick action of General -Warren (see bronze figure to the north) in bringing troops to Little -Round Top saved the hill for the Union. The stone breastworks on the -slope of the hill were constructed during the night of July 2 as a -defense measure against further attack. Big Round Top, a quarter of a -mile southward, was heavily wooded at the time of the battle and could -not be used to advantage by either artillery or infantry. - - -STOP 8. CEMETERY RIDGE (THE ANGLE). - -On the afternoon of July 2, General Lee had tried to turn the left flank -of the Union line at Little Round Top and the Peach Orchard, and the -right flank at Culp's Hill and Spangler's Spring. Meeting with only -partial success in these attempts, he then planned to strike the center. -First he massed his artillery on Seminary Ridge and across the fields. -Many batteries were hardly more than 800 yards west of here. Beginning -at 1 o'clock they engaged in an artillery duel of nearly 2 hours with -the powerful Union batteries on this ridge. Then 15,000 men, in a battle -line a mile in length, and spearheaded by Pickett's division, started -from the Confederate lines across the open fields, with the Copse of -Trees as their guide. When they reached the Emmitsburg Road 300 yards -away, the men charged. Canister from Union artillery and concentrated -infantry fire from the Union men at the stone walls soon cut wide gaps -in the Confederate line. They reached the wall, and a small band of men -crossed, but the tide had turned. In Lee's final great effort, he had -lost nearly 10,000 of his men. The remnants gave way and soon were in -full retreat to the Confederate lines. The counterattack, which Lee -feared, never developed. - -The Copse of Trees is at your left, surrounded by the iron fence. The -position of Cushing's battery of United States artillery, which held the -position at The Angle, is marked by four guns. The statue of General -Meade stands to the right and rear. - - -STOP 9. MEADE'S HEADQUARTERS. - -Gen. George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army, arrived on the field -near midnight, July 1. He used the Leister house as his headquarters. - -On the night of July 2, General Meade called a council of his corps -commanders in this house to determine whether they should hold the -positions then established. The commanders advised him to hold the -existing lines. Meade, agreeing with their advice and expecting the next -attack on the center of his line, began the concentration of artillery -and infantry strength in this area. - -The Leister house and barn were badly damaged by the artillery fire -which preceded Pickett's Charge. - - -STOP 10. NATIONAL CEMETERY. - -Soon after the battle, Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, commissioned -Attorney David Wills, of Gettysburg, to purchase this ground as a -cemetery for the Union dead. While reburials from the temporary graves -on the battlefield were in progress, a committee arranged for a formal -dedication on November 19, 1863. President Lincoln delivered his famous -Gettysburg Address on that occasion. The National Monument, -commemorating the Union soldiers who fell at Gettysburg, was dedicated, -in 1869, on the site where Lincoln spoke. A memorial to the address was -erected, in 1912, near the west gate of the cemetery. - - -STOP 11. CYCLORAMA OF PICKETT'S CHARGE. - -The Cyclorama of Pickett's Charge is regarded as a masterpiece of art. -It offers an unsurpassed picture of the wartime appearance of the field, -the manner of fighting, and of equipment employed. This magnificent -painting, measuring 370 feet in circumference and 30 feet in height, was -acquired by the National Park Service in 1942. The French artist, Paul -Philippoteaux, completed the painting in 1884. It was brought to -Gettysburg in 1913 when it was first mounted and exhibited in connection -with the observance of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg. - - -STOP 12. EAST CEMETERY HILL. - -Early's Confederates assaulted Union positions here at dusk on July 2, -in coordination with an attack on Culp's Hill (to your right). Rodes' -men failed to charge from the west at the same time. Early's troops took -possession of the hill and many of the guns, but in the absence of -support from Rodes they were driven back. The desperate hand-to-hand -fighting lasted long after dark. - -Culp's Hill is one-quarter mile eastward (see the observation tower) and -Spangler's Spring a few hundred yards beyond. Oak Ridge, a landmark of -the first day's battle, appears northwest of the town. - - -STOP 13. CULP'S HILL. - -A Confederate attack was directed against this hill on July 2 in -conjunction with the assault on East Cemetery Hill. Because of the steep -incline and the strength of the Union positions here at the crest, the -Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek for a flank -attack. Most of the Union troops had been ordered earlier to the defense -of the Wheatfield and Peach Orchard. The Confederates, meeting with -little resistance, took possession of the Union earthworks on the south -slope of this hill. Before a Confederate attack developed against this -position on the following morning, the Union force had returned. After -fighting throughout the forenoon of July 3, they forced the Confederates -out of the Union defense works. The Union brigade commanded by General -Greene retained this position throughout the battle of July 2 and 3. - - -STOP 14. SPANGLER'S SPRING. - -Failing to take possession of Culp's Hill on the evening of July 2, -Johnson's Confederate force shifted southward across Rock Creek and -attacked the Union position on the hill north of this spring. The -defense works here had been vacated an hour earlier when most of the -troops were called to help defend the Union line in the Wheatfield and -Peach Orchard. The Confederates then took possession of the Union works. -The Union forces, having returned during the night, opened fire at dawn -on July 3 with artillery and infantry. Confederate troops who were -posted in the Union works and in rear of the stone wall on the hill to -the north made a determined stand. After hard fighting, which ended only -at noon, the Union force succeeded in driving the Confederates out of -these works and eastward beyond striking range. - - - - - _The Park_ - - -In 1895, the battlefield was established by act of Congress as -Gettysburg National Military Park. In that year, the Gettysburg -Battlefield Memorial Association, which had been founded April 30, 1864, -for the purpose of commemorating "the great deeds of valor, endurance, -and noble self-sacrifice, and to perpetuate the memory of the heroes, -and the signal events which render these battlegrounds illustrious," -transferred its holdings of 600 acres of land, 17 miles of avenues, and -320 monuments and markers to the Federal Government. Under the -jurisdiction of the War Department until 1933, the park was transferred -in that year to the Department of the Interior to be administered by the -National Park Service. Today, the park consists of 2,554.82 acres of -land and 26 miles of paved roads. - -The fields over which the battles were fought cover about 16,000 acres -and include the town of Gettysburg. A total of 2,390 monuments, tablets, -and markers have been erected over the years to indicate the positions -where infantry, artillery, and cavalry units fought. Of the 354 Union -and 272 Confederate cannon engaged or held in reserve during the battle, -233 Federal and 182 Confederate are located on the field in the -approximate position of the batteries during the battle. - - - - - _Anniversary Reunions of the Civil War Veterans_ - - -The great interest of veterans and the public alike in the Gettysburg -battlefield has been reflected over the years in three outstanding -anniversary celebrations. Dominant in the observance of the 25th -anniversary in 1888 were the veterans themselves, who returned to encamp -on familiar ground. It was on this occasion that a large number of -regimental monuments, erected by survivors of regiments or by States, -were dedicated. Again, in 1913, on the 50th anniversary, even though the -ranks were gradually thinning, the reunion brought thousands of veterans -back to the battlefield. Perhaps the most impressive tribute to the -surviving veterans occurred July 1-4, 1938, on the occasion of the -observance of the 75th anniversary of the battle and the last reunion of -the men who wore the blue and the gray. Although 94 years was the -average age of those attending, 1,845 veterans, out of a total of about -8,000 then living, returned for the encampment. It was on this occasion -that the Eternal Light Peace Memorial was dedicated. - - - - - _How to Reach the Park_ - - -Gettysburg National Military Park and National Cemetery are accessible -by highway over U. S. No. 30 from the east and west, U. S. No. 15 from -the north and south; U. S. No. 140 from Baltimore, Md.; State No. 34 -from Carlisle, Pa.; and State No. 116 from Hagerstown, Md., and Hanover, -Pa. Greyhound Bus Lines operate over U. S. Nos. 30 and 140; the Blue -Ridge Lines over U. S. No. 15 from the south; and the -Gettysburg-Harrisburg Bus Line over U. S. No. 15 from Harrisburg. - - - - - _Administration_ - - -Gettysburg National Military Park is administered by the National Park -Service of the United States Department of the Interior. Communications -should be addressed to the Superintendent, Gettysburg National Military -Park, Gettysburg, Pa. - - - - - _Related Areas_ - - -Significant parts of most of the major battlefields of the Civil War -have been set aside under the control of the Federal Government to be -administered as national military areas by the National Park Service. -Among the areas in this group are: Antietam National Battlefield Site, -Md.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Va.; Fredericksburg and -Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park -(includes Chancellorsville, The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, -and Fredericksburg battlefields), Va.; Petersburg National Military -Park, Va.; Richmond National Battlefield Park, Va.; Appomattox Court -House National Historical Park, Va.; Shiloh National Military Park, -Tenn; Fort Donelson National Military Park, Tenn.; Stones River National -Military Park, Tenn.; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military -Park, Tenn.-Ga.; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, Ga.; Fort -Sumter National Monument, S. C.; Vicksburg National Military Park, -Miss.; and Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga. - - - - - _Visitor Facilities_ - - -Information and free literature concerning the park may be obtained at -the National Park Service museum in the Post Office building, at the -national cemetery office, and at the park entrance stations. The -services of park historians are available free for explanation of the -battle, talks over a relief model of the battlefield in the museum, and -for field tours with educational groups. A historian is stationed at -Little Round Top during the summer season. - -Field exhibits, consisting of a map of the battlefield and wartime -photographs, are located at important points in the park for the use and -interest of the public. With the exception of December, January, and -February, the cyclorama is open weekdays from 10 a. m. to 12 noon and 1 -p. m. to 5 p. m. and on Sundays 10 a. m. to 12 noon and 1 p. m. to 6 p. -m. The admission fee is 25 cents for persons 12 years of age and over. -School groups, 12 to 18 years of age, and children under 12 years of age -are admitted free. Battlefield guides, licensed by the National Park -Service, operate under the supervision of the park superintendent. A -complete tour of the park, which covers the battleground of July 1, -north and west of Gettysburg, and of July 2 and 3, south of the town, -requires approximately 2 hours, and the guide fee is $4. A special tour, -covering the main points of interest and requiring about 1 hour, is -available at a fee of $3. The guide fee for a short bus tour is $5; for -a long bus tour $6. - - [Illustration: BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG] - - LEGEND - 1 MCPHERSON RIDGE - 2 OAK HILL - 3 OAK RIDGE - 4 SEMINARY RIDGE - 5 WARFIELD RIDGE - 6 DEVIL'S DEN - 7 LITTLE ROUND TOP - 8 THE ANGLE - 9 MEADE'S HDQRS. - 10 NAT'L. MONUMENT - 11 CYCLORAMA - 12 EAST CEMETERY HILL - 13 CULPS HILL - 14 SPANGLER'S SPRING - - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES - - (Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained - from the Superintendent of Documents, - Washington 25, D.C.) - - Antietam - Bandelier - Chalmette - Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields - Custer Battlefield - Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial - Fort Laramie - Fort McHenry - Fort Necessity - Fort Pulaski - Fort Raleigh - Fort Sumter - George Washington Birthplace - Gettysburg - Guilford Courthouse - Hopewell Village - Independence - Jamestown, Virginia - Kings Mountain - The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died - Manassas (Bull Run) - Montezuma Castle - Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution - Ocmulgee - Petersburg Battlefields - Saratoga - Scotts Bluff - Shiloh - Statue of Liberty - Vanderbilt Mansion - Vicksburg - Yorktown - - [Illustration: Eagle statue] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---Corrected a few palpable typos. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Gettysburg National Military Park, -Pennsylvania, by Frederick Tilberg - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK *** - -***** This file should be named 56209.txt or 56209.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/2/0/56209/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |