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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #55931 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55931)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: California Missions
-       A Guide to the Historic Trails of the Padres
-
-Author: Karl Frederick Brown
-
-Release Date: November 11, 2017 [EBook #55931]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALIFORNIA MISSIONS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  [Illustration: _A Map Showing Location of the California Missions_]
-
-  [Illustration: California Missions]
-
-  [Illustration: Façade]
-
-
-
-
-                         _California Missions_
-
-
-              A GUIDE TO THE HISTORIC TRAILS OF THE PADRES
-
-                            By KARL F. BROWN
-
-               Illustrated with seventy-eight photographs
-                              By FLOYD RAY
-
-                              Foreword by
-                            REXFORD NEWCOMB
-                _Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts
-                        University of Illinois_
-
-  [Illustration: Bell tower]
-
-             COPYRIGHT 1939 BY KARL F. BROWN AND FLOYD RAY
-                    GARDEN CITY PUBLISHING CO., Inc.
-                                NEW YORK
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, San Diego De Alcalá_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Façade, San Diego De Alcalá_]
-
-
-
-
-                               _Foreword_
-
-
-Along the strand of the Pacific between San Diego and Sonoma, the
-intrepid monks of the Order of Saint Francis strung that cordon of
-missions that were to become, as time went on, the outposts of
-civilization along the sunset coast of California.
-
-Begun in 1769, this chain of churches along _El Camino Real_ was
-complete by 1823, and in these establishments the devoted followers of
-Padre Junípero Serra sought to win for Christ and the Crown of Spain
-devotees among the dusky inhabitants of this land. How well they
-succeeded may be judged when we learn that often in the more prosperous
-missions as many as two thousand Indians were being trained at one time.
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister, San Diego De Alcalá_]
-
-And what was the routine by which these fervent priests of Old Spain
-hoped to convert the backward natives of the coast into God-fearing,
-self-supporting and self-respecting subjects of his Hispanic majesty,
-the king? The system of training prescribed plenty of work accompanied
-by instruction in the handcrafts and Christian doctrine. To this end,
-each day, the morning bell assembled the Indians in the chapel for
-prayers and mass. Following this, breakfast was eaten, after which each
-went to his assigned task. At eleven o’clock dinner was eaten; then a
-siesta. Work, resumed at 2 P.M., continued until an hour before sunset,
-when the Angelus recalled all to worship. After prayers and rosary,
-supper was eaten, after which recreation ensued until early bedtime.
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Diego De Alcalá_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Antonio De Pala_]
-
-This was the happy pattern of life that obtained in these picturesque
-missions which at once comprised the early churches, the first schools,
-the first factories and the work-a-day habitations of the priests and
-their charges. Viewed in this light these old buildings become real
-human documents and are therefore very precious to all interested in the
-beginnings of civilization within our broad land.
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, San Antonio De Pala_]
-
-Through the glamor that time and an exotic origin have cast over these
-old monuments, they continue to hold for us a fascination matched by
-that of few American structures. And, in journeying to these historic
-shrines, you will discover how these hard-headed priests, in sheltering
-their converts, created in simplicity and strength a type of
-architecture which considered from the standpoint of practical living,
-climatic background, materials of construction and ethnic significance,
-has rarely been equalled in any land. What a matchless artistic heritage
-they have left us!
-
-                                                         Rexford Newcomb
-        _Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Illinois_
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower From Garden San Antonio De Pala_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Luis Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance, San Luis Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: Garden]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-
-
-
-                         _California Missions_
-
-
-San Diego was first visited by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542, but it
-was not until two hundred and twenty-seven years later that the fear
-that Russia or England might take possession of California induced King
-Carlos III of Spain to organize an expedition to colonize the land. It
-was in 1769 that a band of about two hundred men set out by land and sea
-to settle in Alta California. In the last company to come overland was
-Padre Junípero Serra, who, although already advanced in age, had been
-appointed _Padre Presidente_ of the missions. This extraordinary man
-entered into a life of utmost hardship with a fiery enthusiasm that was
-never dampened throughout his life, and to him we owe the chain of
-historic missions that provide the only link to connect us with the
-early life of California and Spain. Twenty-one of these were established
-in California, forming an irregular line reaching from San Diego to
-Sonoma, and connected by El Camino Real (The Royal Road). Today the
-modern highway along the coast, U. S. 101, follows so closely the course
-of this road established by the pioneers one hundred and seventy years
-ago that one can easily say one is following in the footsteps of Father
-Serra and his companions.
-
-  [Illustration: _Ruins of Chapel, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Court Fountain_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Mission Shops, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Ruins of Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fountain Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-On July 16th, 1769, sixteen days after his arrival in San Diego, Father
-Serra established the first mission in California—the Mission San Diego
-de Alcalá. The original site was unsatisfactory so a spot was later
-chosen six miles back from the ocean in Mission Valley where the present
-buildings now stand. San Diego was one of the wealthiest of the
-missions. It had extensive orchards and vineyards, irrigated by an
-aqueduct which brought water from the valley. Parts of the old mission
-dam which was twelve feet thick, may still be seen. The olive trees
-around the Mission form the mother orchard of all California mission
-olives. The whole Mission has been restored in every detail. Its belfry,
-one of the most magnificent of all the missions, is a three-story wall
-pierced by five arches in which hang the old bells.
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Church, San Gabriel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Gabriel_]
-
-Four miles inland from Oceanside, in a beautiful valley, stands Mission
-San Luis Rey de Francia. The present buildings were started in 1811 by
-Father Peyri, who managed the Mission for thirty years. It is now used
-as a church and a Franciscan college. A feature not found in any other
-mission is the mortuary chapel, a small octagonal shaped room off the
-main chapel. San Luis Rey is typically Spanish in its architecture and
-while not one of the most beautiful, it has a stately magnificence that
-none of the other missions possesses.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side Entrance to Chapel, San Gabriel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Façade, San Fernando Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fountain, San Fernando Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Façade, Ventura_]
-
-Twenty miles inland from Mission San Luis Rey stands San Antonio de
-Pala, founded as an asistencia. In its chapel are Indian frescoes
-covered for many years with a coat of whitewash given the wall by a
-well-meaning padre. Its campanile, in which hang the original bells,
-stands in the old cemetery. Pala, nestling at the base of the Palomar
-Mountains, is a spot of enchanting beauty.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side Door, Ventura_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, Santa Barbara_]
-
-The first attempt to found San Juan Capistrano was in 1775, but due to
-an Indian uprising Father Lasuén was forced to return to San Diego. The
-next year Father Serra came and established the Mission. It took nine
-years to build and was the largest and most beautiful of all. In 1812
-there was an earthquake that destroyed the buildings and killed forty
-Indians who were worshiping in the chapel. All of the buildings have
-been rebuilt except the chapel, of which one of the seven large domes
-still stands in its lonely grandeur, a delight to the artist.
-Capistrano, elaborately decorated and artistically constructed, is
-sometimes called “Jewel of the Missions.”
-
-  [Illustration: _Façade, Santa Barbara_]
-
-  [Illustration: _General View, Santa Barbara_]
-
-San Gabriel Arcángel was a welcomed pause in the long journey from
-Mexico to Monterey; it was the first stop after crossing the desert and
-mountains. It is distinctively Moorish in its architecture. Its high
-buttressed walls are stone to the windows and brick above and have an
-outside stairway to the choir loft and campanile. In the courtyard is
-one of the largest and oldest grape vines in California.
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Altar, Santa Barbara_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister_]
-
-At one time Mission San Fernando Rey de España had an Indian population
-of eleven hundred. Today nothing remains of the Mission but one large
-building. In it one can see the wine cellar and the large copper brandy
-still. Across the street is a large star-shaped fountain copied from one
-in Cordova, Spain, a monument to the artistic work of the Indians.
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Façade, Santa Barbara_]
-
-Half-way between San Diego and Monterey, Father Serra founded the
-Mission Buenaventura. It was the last founded by him. On a hill above
-the mission he planted a cross that could be seen from both land and
-sea. Today, a replica of the cross stands in the same place. Ventura was
-noted for its beautiful gardens but of these nothing remains except two
-tall palms. The chapel has been restored and is used daily as a place of
-worship.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side Door Detail_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister, Santa Inez_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Façade_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, Santa Inez_]
-
-Mission Santa Bárbara has never fallen into a state of decay like its
-less fortunate sister missions, as it has always been in the hands of
-its founders, the Franciscans. Although damaged by numerous earthquakes,
-the last in 1925, it has always been faithfully restored. The light
-above the altar has never gone out, the old bells have faithfully rung
-the call to Mass. Its walls, six feet thick and mellowed by time, impart
-a lasting beauty. The bodies of over four thousand Indians lie in its
-tree-shadowed cemetery. In front of the Mission the trickling water from
-an old fountain gives one the restful feeling of the old Spanish siesta.
-It was at this mission that the great historian, Father Engelhardt,
-wrote his great book, “Missions and Missionaries of California.”
-
-  [Illustration: _La Purisima_]
-
-Mission Santa Inéz was founded to convert the Indians who lived east of
-the Coast Range. The Mission not only suffered from earthquakes but also
-from an Indian uprising. Today it has been restored to its former
-grandeur. Its campanile with its three bells reminds one of Mission San
-Gabriel. In its museum is a collection of old vestments and books.
-
-Nothing remained of Mission La Purísima Conceptión but a few crumbling
-arches, till it was taken over by the state. Today it stands in all its
-former glory, faithfully restored in every detail. The Mission site was
-made a State park and the restoration carried out by the Civilian
-Conservation Corps. Purísima stands as a monument to a nation’s
-industry, but lacks the peaceful state of religious tranquility found in
-the other missions.
-
-  [Illustration: _Restored Interior, La Purisima_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail at end of Cloister La Purisima_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Luis Obispo_]
-
-It was at Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa that tile was first
-manufactured. The buildings have lost much of their Spanish atmosphere,
-but the interior is in a fair state of restoration. It is now the active
-Catholic Church of the city which was named after it. A few miles from
-San Luis Obispo is the Asistencia of Santa Margarita, unique in that the
-entire ruins have been covered over by a large hay barn. Horses and
-cattle quietly munch their hay through the arched window openings.
-
-  [Illustration: _Sacristy, San Miguel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Miguel_]
-
-The very walls of San Miguel Arcángel, due to its sympathetic
-restoration, seem to echo the footsteps of the old padres. Inside the
-chapel the huge rafters, crudely hewn from logs, are painted in bright
-colors. The design painted on the walls by the Indians show large fluted
-pillars with a balcony and railing above. The floor is of burned brick,
-worn smooth by the tread of bare feet. Its crudely decorated pulpit and
-confessional are the same as the day they were built. The Mission did
-not have a bell-tower so the bell was mounted on a wooden scaffold. To
-enter the ancient edifice is to enter directly into the past.
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister, San Miguel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Forecourt, San Miguel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Gate to Forecourt_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Ruins of Arches, San Antonio De Padua_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Double Arched Window_]
-
-A few rain-washed adobe walls around which the wind blows constantly is
-all that is left of Mission Nuestra Señora Dolorissima de la Soledad. A
-picture of dreary desolation and aptly named, Our Lady of Solitude.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side View_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Arches_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Façade, San Antonio De Padua_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway to Sacristy, San Antonio De Padua_]
-
-Father Serra founded his third Mission, San Antonio de Padua, in a well
-wooded valley. When the bells rang in celebration an Indian appeared out
-of the trees, and for the first time a native was present at the
-founding of a mission. Its quiet surroundings are very much as they were
-in the past. The buildings were constructed of brick instead of adobe.
-Parts of a stone-walled irrigation ditch which brought water for many
-miles still stand near at hand.
-
-Monterey was used as a mission for but one year and then became the
-Presidio Chapel. Behind the Mission is the tree under which the first
-Mass in California was offered. Many of the old relics of the early
-Church are preserved here. It is now the San Carlos Parish Church.
-
-  [Illustration: _Soledad_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Tower at San Juan Bautista_]
-
-When Father Serra decided to move the Mission from Monterey he chose a
-site about five miles away where the Rio Carmelo enters the sea. Here he
-founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo, which became the headquarters of
-the _Padre Presidentes_ of the California missions. In its quiet
-sanctuary are the graves of Father Serra, Lasuén, Crespi and López,
-names famous in the history of the missions. Father Serra spent most of
-his life at San Carlos. His cell, measuring about eleven feet square,
-has been restored. The building is Moorish in style.
-
-  [Illustration: _San Juan Bautista_]
-
-A replica in concrete has been built of Mission Santa Cruz. It is about
-half the size of the original and stands on the old Mission grounds.
-
-Mission San Juan Bautista stands facing the plaza in the old pueblo of
-San Juan. It was here that Helen Hunt Jackson began her famous story,
-“Ramona” and Joaquin Murrietta, the famous Mexican bandit, worshipped.
-San Juan saw great activity during the gold rush as it was a stage stop
-on the road to the mines. The long arcade that extends the whole length
-of the building, contains twenty arches. In the garden is a sundial,
-placed there by the padres. Its old cemetery is in an olive grove whose
-trees cast fantastic shadows on the time worn headstones.
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Window_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway at San Juan Bautista_]
-
-  [Illustration: _End of Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Garden, San Juan Bautista_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Cemetery at San Juan Bautista_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Arches_]
-
-On the site of Mission Santa Clara de Asís stands a concrete structure,
-the chapel of the University of Santa Clara. All that remains of the old
-buildings are a few tiles in the roof, and a part of the garden wall. In
-front of the Church stands the old redwood cross, raised in 1777. It is
-now encased in a sheathing of pine.
-
-  [Illustration: _Parish Church, Monterey_]
-
-Mission San José de Guadalupe was at one time the most prosperous of all
-the missions. In livestock alone it had 12,000 cattle, 13,000 horses and
-13,000 sheep. It was the centre of social life for the surrounding
-ranches and the stopping place for the Forty-niners who used the Mission
-Pass between San Francisco and the mines. Only a part of the living
-quarters remains today. Beside this building is the old cemetery, back
-of which is the Mission garden.
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway, Monterey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Carlos De Borromeo_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway, San Carlos De Borromeo_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fountain Detail_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Gateway to Cemetery_]
-
-There was nothing in the original plans of the missions to name one
-after St. Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order. The Mexican
-Visitador said, “If Saint Francis wishes a mission, let him show you a
-good port, and let it bear his name.” When Portolá discovered San
-Francisco Bay he decided that it was the place the Visitador meant, but
-it was not until seven years later that the Mission San Francisco de
-Asís was founded. It was commonly called Dolores after a small river
-that flowed through the Mission grounds. It is quite different in its
-architecture from the other missions. It has neither archway nor towers
-but a massive façade. Today it stands in quiet simplicity, surrounded on
-all sides by modern buildings of the Catholic Church.
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Carlos De Borromeo_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Santa Cruz_]
-
-In the city of San Rafael stands a mission bell guidepost, marking the
-site of Mission San Rafael Arcángel.
-
-  [Illustration: _Santa Clara_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San José De Guadalupe_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Porch_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Francisco De Asís_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Cloister_]
-
-Fear of the Russians caused the Governor to ask Father Altimira to
-establish a mission at Sonoma. He did this without the sanction of the
-Church authorities. Mission San Francisco Solano was the last and the
-most northerly of the twenty-one missions. It is a plain low building,
-facing the plaza.
-
-Of the twenty-one missions originally built one is completely gone,
-another a crumbling wall of adobe, and the remainder in only partial
-restoration. May they all some day be restored to their original
-grandeur, and the romance and history of Old California again be found
-in their splendid old walls.
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Chapel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister, San Francisco De Solano_]
-
-
-
-
-          LOCATION OF MISSIONS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR FOUNDING
-
-
-  Name                   Date             Location
-
-  San Diego de Alcalá    _July 16, 1769_  In Mission Valley six miles
-                                          N.W. of San Diego.
-  San Carlos Borromeo    _June 3, 1770_   On the outskirts of village
-                                          of Carmel which is five
-                                          miles from Monterey.
-  San Antonio de Padua   _July 14, 1771_  Six miles from Jolon. Jolon
-                                          is twenty miles from King
-                                          City. Can also be reached
-                                          from San Simeon Highway
-                                          over very mountainous road.
-                                          Advise going by way of King
-                                          City.
-  San Gabriel Arcángel   _Sept. 8, 1771_  In city of San Gabriel
-                                          which is 10 miles from Los
-                                          Angeles.
-  San Luis Obispo de     _Sept. 1, 1772_  In centre of city of San
-    Tolosa                                Luis Obispo.
-  San Francisco de Asís  _June 29, 1776_  In San Francisco at 16th
-    (Mission Dolores)                     and Dolores Streets.
-  San Juan Capistrano    _Nov. 1, 1776_   In village of San Juan
-                                          Capistrano which is 65
-                                          miles south of Los Angeles
-                                          on the highway to San Diego.
-  Santa Clara de Asis    _Jan. 12, 1777_  In the grounds of the
-                                          University of Santa Clara
-                                          which is in the city of
-                                          Santa Clara.
-  San Buenaventura       _March 31, 1782_ Located in city of Ventura
-                                          which is 60 miles north of
-                                          Los Angeles.
-  Santa Barbara          _Dec. 4, 1786_   In the city of Santa
-                                          Barbara.
-  La Purísima Concepción _Dec. 8, 1787_   Five miles north of town of
-                                          Lompoc.
-  Santa Cruz             _Aug. 28, 1791_  In city of Santa Cruz.
-  Soledad                _Oct. 9, 1791_   Ruins of this Mission are
-                                          about two miles from the
-                                          town of Soledad.
-  San José               _June 11, 1797_  About 15 miles north of San
-                                          Jose on the Oakland Highway.
-  San Juan Bautista      _June 24, 1797_  In town of San Juan
-                                          Bautista.
-  San Miguel Arcángel    _July 25, 1797_  Ten miles north of Paso
-                                          Robles on U.S. 101.
-  San Fernando Rey       _Sept. 8, 1797_  On outskirts of town of San
-                                          Fernando.
-  San Luis Rey           _June 13, 1798_  Five miles east of town of
-                                          Oceanside.
-  Santa Inéz             _Sept. 17, 1804_ Three miles east of town of
-                                          Buellton.
-  San Rafael Arcángel    _Dec. 14, 1817_  Nothing remains of Mission.
-                                          Site now marked by
-                                          guidepost in city of San
-                                          Rafael.
-  San Francisco Solano   _July 4, 1823_   In city of Sonoma, thirty
-                                          miles north of San
-                                          Francisco.
-  Pala                   _1816_           Twenty-one miles from
-                                          Mission San Luis Rey in the
-                                          village of Pala at base of
-                                          Palomar Mountain.
-  Royal Presidio Chapel  _June 3, 1770_   In city of Monterey.
-
-  [Illustration: Cross]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
---Copyright notice provided as in the original—this e-text is public
-  domain in the country of publication.
-
---Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and
-  dialect unchanged.
-
---Moved some captions closer to the corresponding pictures.
-
---In the text versions, delimited italicized text by _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown
-
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: California Missions
-       A Guide to the Historic Trails of the Padres
-
-Author: Karl Frederick Brown
-
-Release Date: November 11, 2017 [EBook #55931]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALIFORNIA MISSIONS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  [Illustration: _A Map Showing Location of the California Missions_]
-
-  [Illustration: California Missions]
-
-  [Illustration: Fa�ade]
-
-
-
-
-                         _California Missions_
-
-
-              A GUIDE TO THE HISTORIC TRAILS OF THE PADRES
-
-                            By KARL F. BROWN
-
-               Illustrated with seventy-eight photographs
-                              By FLOYD RAY
-
-                              Foreword by
-                            REXFORD NEWCOMB
-                _Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts
-                        University of Illinois_
-
-  [Illustration: Bell tower]
-
-             COPYRIGHT 1939 BY KARL F. BROWN AND FLOYD RAY
-                    GARDEN CITY PUBLISHING CO., Inc.
-                                NEW YORK
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, San Diego De Alcal�_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fa�ade, San Diego De Alcal�_]
-
-
-
-
-                               _Foreword_
-
-
-Along the strand of the Pacific between San Diego and Sonoma, the
-intrepid monks of the Order of Saint Francis strung that cordon of
-missions that were to become, as time went on, the outposts of
-civilization along the sunset coast of California.
-
-Begun in 1769, this chain of churches along _El Camino Real_ was
-complete by 1823, and in these establishments the devoted followers of
-Padre Jun�pero Serra sought to win for Christ and the Crown of Spain
-devotees among the dusky inhabitants of this land. How well they
-succeeded may be judged when we learn that often in the more prosperous
-missions as many as two thousand Indians were being trained at one time.
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister, San Diego De Alcal�_]
-
-And what was the routine by which these fervent priests of Old Spain
-hoped to convert the backward natives of the coast into God-fearing,
-self-supporting and self-respecting subjects of his Hispanic majesty,
-the king? The system of training prescribed plenty of work accompanied
-by instruction in the handcrafts and Christian doctrine. To this end,
-each day, the morning bell assembled the Indians in the chapel for
-prayers and mass. Following this, breakfast was eaten, after which each
-went to his assigned task. At eleven o'clock dinner was eaten; then a
-siesta. Work, resumed at 2 P.M., continued until an hour before sunset,
-when the Angelus recalled all to worship. After prayers and rosary,
-supper was eaten, after which recreation ensued until early bedtime.
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Diego De Alcal�_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Antonio De Pala_]
-
-This was the happy pattern of life that obtained in these picturesque
-missions which at once comprised the early churches, the first schools,
-the first factories and the work-a-day habitations of the priests and
-their charges. Viewed in this light these old buildings become real
-human documents and are therefore very precious to all interested in the
-beginnings of civilization within our broad land.
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, San Antonio De Pala_]
-
-Through the glamor that time and an exotic origin have cast over these
-old monuments, they continue to hold for us a fascination matched by
-that of few American structures. And, in journeying to these historic
-shrines, you will discover how these hard-headed priests, in sheltering
-their converts, created in simplicity and strength a type of
-architecture which considered from the standpoint of practical living,
-climatic background, materials of construction and ethnic significance,
-has rarely been equalled in any land. What a matchless artistic heritage
-they have left us!
-
-                                                         Rexford Newcomb
-        _Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Illinois_
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower From Garden San Antonio De Pala_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Luis Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance, San Luis Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: Garden]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-
-
-
-                         _California Missions_
-
-
-San Diego was first visited by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542, but it
-was not until two hundred and twenty-seven years later that the fear
-that Russia or England might take possession of California induced King
-Carlos III of Spain to organize an expedition to colonize the land. It
-was in 1769 that a band of about two hundred men set out by land and sea
-to settle in Alta California. In the last company to come overland was
-Padre Jun�pero Serra, who, although already advanced in age, had been
-appointed _Padre Presidente_ of the missions. This extraordinary man
-entered into a life of utmost hardship with a fiery enthusiasm that was
-never dampened throughout his life, and to him we owe the chain of
-historic missions that provide the only link to connect us with the
-early life of California and Spain. Twenty-one of these were established
-in California, forming an irregular line reaching from San Diego to
-Sonoma, and connected by El Camino Real (The Royal Road). Today the
-modern highway along the coast, U. S. 101, follows so closely the course
-of this road established by the pioneers one hundred and seventy years
-ago that one can easily say one is following in the footsteps of Father
-Serra and his companions.
-
-  [Illustration: _Ruins of Chapel, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Court Fountain_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Mission Shops, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Ruins of Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fountain Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano_]
-
-On July 16th, 1769, sixteen days after his arrival in San Diego, Father
-Serra established the first mission in California--the Mission San Diego
-de Alcal�. The original site was unsatisfactory so a spot was later
-chosen six miles back from the ocean in Mission Valley where the present
-buildings now stand. San Diego was one of the wealthiest of the
-missions. It had extensive orchards and vineyards, irrigated by an
-aqueduct which brought water from the valley. Parts of the old mission
-dam which was twelve feet thick, may still be seen. The olive trees
-around the Mission form the mother orchard of all California mission
-olives. The whole Mission has been restored in every detail. Its belfry,
-one of the most magnificent of all the missions, is a three-story wall
-pierced by five arches in which hang the old bells.
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Church, San Gabriel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Gabriel_]
-
-Four miles inland from Oceanside, in a beautiful valley, stands Mission
-San Luis Rey de Francia. The present buildings were started in 1811 by
-Father Peyri, who managed the Mission for thirty years. It is now used
-as a church and a Franciscan college. A feature not found in any other
-mission is the mortuary chapel, a small octagonal shaped room off the
-main chapel. San Luis Rey is typically Spanish in its architecture and
-while not one of the most beautiful, it has a stately magnificence that
-none of the other missions possesses.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side Entrance to Chapel, San Gabriel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fa�ade, San Fernando Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fountain, San Fernando Rey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fa�ade, Ventura_]
-
-Twenty miles inland from Mission San Luis Rey stands San Antonio de
-Pala, founded as an asistencia. In its chapel are Indian frescoes
-covered for many years with a coat of whitewash given the wall by a
-well-meaning padre. Its campanile, in which hang the original bells,
-stands in the old cemetery. Pala, nestling at the base of the Palomar
-Mountains, is a spot of enchanting beauty.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side Door, Ventura_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, Santa Barbara_]
-
-The first attempt to found San Juan Capistrano was in 1775, but due to
-an Indian uprising Father Lasu�n was forced to return to San Diego. The
-next year Father Serra came and established the Mission. It took nine
-years to build and was the largest and most beautiful of all. In 1812
-there was an earthquake that destroyed the buildings and killed forty
-Indians who were worshiping in the chapel. All of the buildings have
-been rebuilt except the chapel, of which one of the seven large domes
-still stands in its lonely grandeur, a delight to the artist.
-Capistrano, elaborately decorated and artistically constructed, is
-sometimes called "Jewel of the Missions."
-
-  [Illustration: _Fa�ade, Santa Barbara_]
-
-  [Illustration: _General View, Santa Barbara_]
-
-San Gabriel Arc�ngel was a welcomed pause in the long journey from
-Mexico to Monterey; it was the first stop after crossing the desert and
-mountains. It is distinctively Moorish in its architecture. Its high
-buttressed walls are stone to the windows and brick above and have an
-outside stairway to the choir loft and campanile. In the courtyard is
-one of the largest and oldest grape vines in California.
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Altar, Santa Barbara_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister_]
-
-At one time Mission San Fernando Rey de Espa�a had an Indian population
-of eleven hundred. Today nothing remains of the Mission but one large
-building. In it one can see the wine cellar and the large copper brandy
-still. Across the street is a large star-shaped fountain copied from one
-in Cordova, Spain, a monument to the artistic work of the Indians.
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Fa�ade, Santa Barbara_]
-
-Half-way between San Diego and Monterey, Father Serra founded the
-Mission Buenaventura. It was the last founded by him. On a hill above
-the mission he planted a cross that could be seen from both land and
-sea. Today, a replica of the cross stands in the same place. Ventura was
-noted for its beautiful gardens but of these nothing remains except two
-tall palms. The chapel has been restored and is used daily as a place of
-worship.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side Door Detail_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister, Santa Inez_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Fa�ade_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel, Santa Inez_]
-
-Mission Santa B�rbara has never fallen into a state of decay like its
-less fortunate sister missions, as it has always been in the hands of
-its founders, the Franciscans. Although damaged by numerous earthquakes,
-the last in 1925, it has always been faithfully restored. The light
-above the altar has never gone out, the old bells have faithfully rung
-the call to Mass. Its walls, six feet thick and mellowed by time, impart
-a lasting beauty. The bodies of over four thousand Indians lie in its
-tree-shadowed cemetery. In front of the Mission the trickling water from
-an old fountain gives one the restful feeling of the old Spanish siesta.
-It was at this mission that the great historian, Father Engelhardt,
-wrote his great book, "Missions and Missionaries of California."
-
-  [Illustration: _La Purisima_]
-
-Mission Santa In�z was founded to convert the Indians who lived east of
-the Coast Range. The Mission not only suffered from earthquakes but also
-from an Indian uprising. Today it has been restored to its former
-grandeur. Its campanile with its three bells reminds one of Mission San
-Gabriel. In its museum is a collection of old vestments and books.
-
-Nothing remained of Mission La Pur�sima Concepti�n but a few crumbling
-arches, till it was taken over by the state. Today it stands in all its
-former glory, faithfully restored in every detail. The Mission site was
-made a State park and the restoration carried out by the Civilian
-Conservation Corps. Pur�sima stands as a monument to a nation's
-industry, but lacks the peaceful state of religious tranquility found in
-the other missions.
-
-  [Illustration: _Restored Interior, La Purisima_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail at end of Cloister La Purisima_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Luis Obispo_]
-
-It was at Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa that tile was first
-manufactured. The buildings have lost much of their Spanish atmosphere,
-but the interior is in a fair state of restoration. It is now the active
-Catholic Church of the city which was named after it. A few miles from
-San Luis Obispo is the Asistencia of Santa Margarita, unique in that the
-entire ruins have been covered over by a large hay barn. Horses and
-cattle quietly munch their hay through the arched window openings.
-
-  [Illustration: _Sacristy, San Miguel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Miguel_]
-
-The very walls of San Miguel Arc�ngel, due to its sympathetic
-restoration, seem to echo the footsteps of the old padres. Inside the
-chapel the huge rafters, crudely hewn from logs, are painted in bright
-colors. The design painted on the walls by the Indians show large fluted
-pillars with a balcony and railing above. The floor is of burned brick,
-worn smooth by the tread of bare feet. Its crudely decorated pulpit and
-confessional are the same as the day they were built. The Mission did
-not have a bell-tower so the bell was mounted on a wooden scaffold. To
-enter the ancient edifice is to enter directly into the past.
-
-  [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister, San Miguel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Forecourt, San Miguel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Chapel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Gate to Forecourt_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Ruins of Arches, San Antonio De Padua_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Double Arched Window_]
-
-A few rain-washed adobe walls around which the wind blows constantly is
-all that is left of Mission Nuestra Se�ora Dolorissima de la Soledad. A
-picture of dreary desolation and aptly named, Our Lady of Solitude.
-
-  [Illustration: _Side View_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Arches_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fa�ade, San Antonio De Padua_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway to Sacristy, San Antonio De Padua_]
-
-Father Serra founded his third Mission, San Antonio de Padua, in a well
-wooded valley. When the bells rang in celebration an Indian appeared out
-of the trees, and for the first time a native was present at the
-founding of a mission. Its quiet surroundings are very much as they were
-in the past. The buildings were constructed of brick instead of adobe.
-Parts of a stone-walled irrigation ditch which brought water for many
-miles still stand near at hand.
-
-Monterey was used as a mission for but one year and then became the
-Presidio Chapel. Behind the Mission is the tree under which the first
-Mass in California was offered. Many of the old relics of the early
-Church are preserved here. It is now the San Carlos Parish Church.
-
-  [Illustration: _Soledad_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Tower at San Juan Bautista_]
-
-When Father Serra decided to move the Mission from Monterey he chose a
-site about five miles away where the Rio Carmelo enters the sea. Here he
-founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo, which became the headquarters of
-the _Padre Presidentes_ of the California missions. In its quiet
-sanctuary are the graves of Father Serra, Lasu�n, Crespi and L�pez,
-names famous in the history of the missions. Father Serra spent most of
-his life at San Carlos. His cell, measuring about eleven feet square,
-has been restored. The building is Moorish in style.
-
-  [Illustration: _San Juan Bautista_]
-
-A replica in concrete has been built of Mission Santa Cruz. It is about
-half the size of the original and stands on the old Mission grounds.
-
-Mission San Juan Bautista stands facing the plaza in the old pueblo of
-San Juan. It was here that Helen Hunt Jackson began her famous story,
-"Ramona" and Joaquin Murrietta, the famous Mexican bandit, worshipped.
-San Juan saw great activity during the gold rush as it was a stage stop
-on the road to the mines. The long arcade that extends the whole length
-of the building, contains twenty arches. In the garden is a sundial,
-placed there by the padres. Its old cemetery is in an olive grove whose
-trees cast fantastic shadows on the time worn headstones.
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Window_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway at San Juan Bautista_]
-
-  [Illustration: _End of Cloister_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Garden, San Juan Bautista_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Cemetery at San Juan Bautista_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Arches_]
-
-On the site of Mission Santa Clara de As�s stands a concrete structure,
-the chapel of the University of Santa Clara. All that remains of the old
-buildings are a few tiles in the roof, and a part of the garden wall. In
-front of the Church stands the old redwood cross, raised in 1777. It is
-now encased in a sheathing of pine.
-
-  [Illustration: _Parish Church, Monterey_]
-
-Mission San Jos� de Guadalupe was at one time the most prosperous of all
-the missions. In livestock alone it had 12,000 cattle, 13,000 horses and
-13,000 sheep. It was the centre of social life for the surrounding
-ranches and the stopping place for the Forty-niners who used the Mission
-Pass between San Francisco and the mines. Only a part of the living
-quarters remains today. Beside this building is the old cemetery, back
-of which is the Mission garden.
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway, Monterey_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Carlos De Borromeo_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Doorway, San Carlos De Borromeo_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Fountain Detail_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Gateway to Cemetery_]
-
-There was nothing in the original plans of the missions to name one
-after St. Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order. The Mexican
-Visitador said, "If Saint Francis wishes a mission, let him show you a
-good port, and let it bear his name." When Portol� discovered San
-Francisco Bay he decided that it was the place the Visitador meant, but
-it was not until seven years later that the Mission San Francisco de
-As�s was founded. It was commonly called Dolores after a small river
-that flowed through the Mission grounds. It is quite different in its
-architecture from the other missions. It has neither archway nor towers
-but a massive fa�ade. Today it stands in quiet simplicity, surrounded on
-all sides by modern buildings of the Catholic Church.
-
-  [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Carlos De Borromeo_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Santa Cruz_]
-
-In the city of San Rafael stands a mission bell guidepost, marking the
-site of Mission San Rafael Arc�ngel.
-
-  [Illustration: _Santa Clara_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Jos� De Guadalupe_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Porch_]
-
-  [Illustration: _San Francisco De As�s_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Cloister_]
-
-Fear of the Russians caused the Governor to ask Father Altimira to
-establish a mission at Sonoma. He did this without the sanction of the
-Church authorities. Mission San Francisco Solano was the last and the
-most northerly of the twenty-one missions. It is a plain low building,
-facing the plaza.
-
-Of the twenty-one missions originally built one is completely gone,
-another a crumbling wall of adobe, and the remainder in only partial
-restoration. May they all some day be restored to their original
-grandeur, and the romance and history of Old California again be found
-in their splendid old walls.
-
-  [Illustration: _Entrance to Chapel_]
-
-  [Illustration: _Cloister, San Francisco De Solano_]
-
-
-
-
-          LOCATION OF MISSIONS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR FOUNDING
-
-
-  Name                   Date             Location
-
-  San Diego de Alcal�    _July 16, 1769_  In Mission Valley six miles
-                                          N.W. of San Diego.
-  San Carlos Borromeo    _June 3, 1770_   On the outskirts of village
-                                          of Carmel which is five
-                                          miles from Monterey.
-  San Antonio de Padua   _July 14, 1771_  Six miles from Jolon. Jolon
-                                          is twenty miles from King
-                                          City. Can also be reached
-                                          from San Simeon Highway
-                                          over very mountainous road.
-                                          Advise going by way of King
-                                          City.
-  San Gabriel Arc�ngel   _Sept. 8, 1771_  In city of San Gabriel
-                                          which is 10 miles from Los
-                                          Angeles.
-  San Luis Obispo de     _Sept. 1, 1772_  In centre of city of San
-    Tolosa                                Luis Obispo.
-  San Francisco de As�s  _June 29, 1776_  In San Francisco at 16th
-    (Mission Dolores)                     and Dolores Streets.
-  San Juan Capistrano    _Nov. 1, 1776_   In village of San Juan
-                                          Capistrano which is 65
-                                          miles south of Los Angeles
-                                          on the highway to San Diego.
-  Santa Clara de Asis    _Jan. 12, 1777_  In the grounds of the
-                                          University of Santa Clara
-                                          which is in the city of
-                                          Santa Clara.
-  San Buenaventura       _March 31, 1782_ Located in city of Ventura
-                                          which is 60 miles north of
-                                          Los Angeles.
-  Santa Barbara          _Dec. 4, 1786_   In the city of Santa
-                                          Barbara.
-  La Pur�sima Concepci�n _Dec. 8, 1787_   Five miles north of town of
-                                          Lompoc.
-  Santa Cruz             _Aug. 28, 1791_  In city of Santa Cruz.
-  Soledad                _Oct. 9, 1791_   Ruins of this Mission are
-                                          about two miles from the
-                                          town of Soledad.
-  San Jos�               _June 11, 1797_  About 15 miles north of San
-                                          Jose on the Oakland Highway.
-  San Juan Bautista      _June 24, 1797_  In town of San Juan
-                                          Bautista.
-  San Miguel Arc�ngel    _July 25, 1797_  Ten miles north of Paso
-                                          Robles on U.S. 101.
-  San Fernando Rey       _Sept. 8, 1797_  On outskirts of town of San
-                                          Fernando.
-  San Luis Rey           _June 13, 1798_  Five miles east of town of
-                                          Oceanside.
-  Santa In�z             _Sept. 17, 1804_ Three miles east of town of
-                                          Buellton.
-  San Rafael Arc�ngel    _Dec. 14, 1817_  Nothing remains of Mission.
-                                          Site now marked by
-                                          guidepost in city of San
-                                          Rafael.
-  San Francisco Solano   _July 4, 1823_   In city of Sonoma, thirty
-                                          miles north of San
-                                          Francisco.
-  Pala                   _1816_           Twenty-one miles from
-                                          Mission San Luis Rey in the
-                                          village of Pala at base of
-                                          Palomar Mountain.
-  Royal Presidio Chapel  _June 3, 1770_   In city of Monterey.
-
-  [Illustration: Cross]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Copyright notice provided as in the original--this e-text is public
-  domain in the country of publication.
-
---Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and
-  dialect unchanged.
-
---Moved some captions closer to the corresponding pictures.
-
---In the text versions, delimited italicized text by _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown
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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: California Missions
-       A Guide to the Historic Trails of the Padres
-
-Author: Karl Frederick Brown
-
-Release Date: November 11, 2017 [EBook #55931]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALIFORNIA MISSIONS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="California Missions: A guide to the Historic Trails of the Padres" width="600" height="729" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="827" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>A Map Showing Location of the <b>California Missions</b></i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="California Missions" width="500" height="378" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="Fa&ccedil;ade" width="756" height="995" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><i>California Missions</i></h1>
-<p class="center">A GUIDE TO THE HISTORIC TRAILS OF THE PADRES</p>
-<p class="center"><span class="large">By KARL F. BROWN</span></p>
-<p class="center">Illustrated with seventy-eight photographs
-<br /><span class="large">By FLOYD RAY</span></p>
-<p class="center">Foreword by
-<br />REXFORD NEWCOMB
-<br /><i>Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts
-<br />University of Illinois</i></p>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="Bell tower" width="498" height="600" />
-</div>
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">COPYRIGHT 1939 BY KARL F. BROWN AND FLOYD RAY</span>
-<br /><span class="large"><span class="sc">GARDEN CITY PUBLISHING CO., Inc.</span></span>
-<br />NEW YORK</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="838" height="999" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Chapel, San Diego De Alcal&aacute;</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="598" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fa&ccedil;ade, San Diego De Alcal&aacute;</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<h2 id="c1"><i>Foreword</i></h2>
-<p>Along the strand of the Pacific between
-San Diego and Sonoma, the intrepid
-monks of the Order of Saint Francis strung
-that cordon of missions that were to become,
-as time went on, the outposts of
-civilization along the sunset coast of
-California.</p>
-<p>Begun in 1769, this chain of churches
-along <i>El Camino Real</i> was complete by
-1823, and in these establishments the devoted
-followers of Padre Jun&iacute;pero Serra
-sought to win for Christ and the Crown of
-Spain devotees among the dusky inhabitants
-of this land. How well they succeeded
-<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span>
-may be judged when we learn that often in
-the more prosperous missions as many as
-two thousand Indians were being trained
-at one time.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="852" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Cloister, San Diego De Alcal&aacute;</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>And what was the routine by which
-these fervent priests of Old Spain hoped
-to convert the backward natives of the
-coast into God-fearing, self-supporting and
-self-respecting subjects of his Hispanic
-majesty, the king? The system of training
-prescribed plenty of work accompanied by
-instruction in the handcrafts and Christian
-doctrine. To this end, each day, the morning
-bell assembled the Indians in the
-chapel for prayers and mass. Following
-this, breakfast was eaten, after which each
-went to his assigned task. At eleven o&rsquo;clock
-dinner was eaten; then a siesta. Work, resumed
-at 2 P.M., continued until an hour
-before sunset, when the Angelus recalled
-all to worship. After prayers and rosary,
-supper was eaten, after which recreation
-ensued until early bedtime.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="758" height="999" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Bell Tower, San Diego De Alcal&aacute;</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="663" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Bell Tower, San Antonio De Pala</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>This was the happy pattern of life that
-obtained in these picturesque missions
-which at once comprised the early
-churches, the first schools, the first factories
-and the work-a-day habitations of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span>
-the priests and their charges. Viewed in
-this light these old buildings become real
-human documents and are therefore very
-precious to all interested in the beginnings
-of civilization within our broad land.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="524" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Chapel, San Antonio De Pala</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Through the glamor that time and an
-exotic origin have cast over these old monuments,
-they continue to hold for us a
-fascination matched by that of few American
-structures. And, in journeying to these
-historic shrines, you will discover how
-these hard-headed priests, in sheltering
-their converts, created in simplicity and
-strength a type of architecture which considered
-from the standpoint of practical
-living, climatic background, materials of
-construction and ethnic significance, has
-rarely been equalled in any land. What a
-matchless artistic heritage they have left us!</p>
-<p><span class="lr"><span class="sc">Rexford Newcomb</span></span>
-<span class="lr"><i>Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Illinois</i></span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="822" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Bell Tower From Garden San Antonio De Pala</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="466" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Luis Rey</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="608" height="700" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Entrance, San Luis Rey</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="Garden" width="760" height="1000" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="462" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Juan Capistrano</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<h2 id="c2"><i>California Missions</i></h2>
-<p>San Diego was first visited by Juan
-Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542, but it was not
-until two hundred and twenty-seven years
-later that the fear that Russia or England
-might take possession of California induced
-King Carlos III of Spain to organize
-an expedition to colonize the land. It was
-in 1769 that a band of about two hundred
-men set out by land and sea to settle in
-Alta California. In the last company to
-come overland was Padre Jun&iacute;pero Serra,
-who, although already advanced in age,
-had been appointed <i>Padre Presidente</i> of
-the missions. This extraordinary man entered
-into a life of utmost hardship with a
-fiery enthusiasm that was never dampened
-throughout his life, and to him we owe the
-chain of historic missions that provide the
-only link to connect us with the early life
-of California and Spain. Twenty-one of
-these were established in California, forming
-an irregular line reaching from San
-Diego to Sonoma, and connected by El
-Camino Real (The Royal Road). Today
-the modern highway along the coast, U. S.
-101, follows so closely the course of this
-road established by the pioneers one hundred
-and seventy years ago that one can
-easily say one is following in the footsteps
-of Father Serra and his companions.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="840" height="1001" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Ruins of Chapel, San Juan Capistrano</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="533" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p08b.jpg" alt="" width="620" height="700" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Bell Court Fountain</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="555" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Mission Shops, San Juan Capistrano</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="637" height="800" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Ruins of Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p09b.jpg" alt="" width="828" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fountain Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<p>On July 16th, 1769, sixteen days after his
-arrival in San Diego, Father Serra established
-the first mission in California&mdash;the
-Mission San Diego de Alcal&aacute;. The original
-site was unsatisfactory so a spot was later
-chosen six miles back from the ocean in
-Mission Valley where the present buildings
-now stand. San Diego was one of the
-wealthiest of the missions. It had extensive
-orchards and vineyards, irrigated by
-an aqueduct which brought water from the
-valley. Parts of the old mission dam which
-was twelve feet thick, may still be seen.
-The olive trees around the Mission form
-the mother orchard of all California mission
-olives. The whole Mission has been
-restored in every detail. Its belfry, one of
-the most magnificent of all the missions, is
-a three-story wall pierced by five arches in
-which hang the old bells.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="620" height="800" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Entrance to Church, San Gabriel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="777" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Bell Tower, San Gabriel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Four miles inland from Oceanside, in a
-beautiful valley, stands Mission San Luis
-Rey de Francia. The present buildings were
-started in 1811 by Father Peyri, who managed
-the Mission for thirty years. It is now
-used as a church and a Franciscan college.
-A feature not found in any other mission is
-the mortuary chapel, a small octagonal
-shaped room off the main chapel. San Luis
-Rey is typically Spanish in its architecture
-and while not one of the most beautiful,
-it has a stately magnificence that none of
-the other missions possesses.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p10b.jpg" alt="" width="849" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Side Entrance to Chapel, San Gabriel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="511" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fa&ccedil;ade, San Fernando Rey</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="846" height="498" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fountain, San Fernando Rey</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p11b.jpg" alt="" width="601" height="800" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fa&ccedil;ade, Ventura</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Twenty miles inland from Mission San
-Luis Rey stands San Antonio de Pala,
-founded as an asistencia. In its chapel are
-Indian frescoes covered for many years
-with a coat of whitewash given the wall
-by a well-meaning padre. Its campanile, in
-which hang the original bells, stands in the
-old cemetery. Pala, nestling at the base of
-the Palomar Mountains, is a spot of enchanting
-beauty.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="838" height="998" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Side Door, Ventura</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="515" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Chapel, Santa Barbara</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>The first attempt to found San Juan
-Capistrano was in 1775, but due to an
-Indian uprising Father Lasu&eacute;n was forced
-to return to San Diego. The next year
-Father Serra came and established the Mission.
-It took nine years to build and was
-the largest and most beautiful of all. In
-1812 there was an earthquake that destroyed
-the buildings and killed forty Indians
-who were worshiping in the chapel.
-All of the buildings have been rebuilt except
-the chapel, of which one of the seven
-large domes still stands in its lonely grandeur,
-a delight to the artist. Capistrano,
-elaborately decorated and artistically constructed,
-is sometimes called &ldquo;Jewel of the
-Missions.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="663" height="801" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fa&ccedil;ade, Santa Barbara</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="486" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>General View, Santa Barbara</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>San Gabriel Arc&aacute;ngel was a welcomed
-pause in the long journey from Mexico to
-Monterey; it was the first stop after crossing
-the desert and mountains. It is distinctively
-Moorish in its architecture. Its
-high buttressed walls are stone to the windows
-and brick above and have an outside
-stairway to the choir loft and campanile.
-In the courtyard is one of the largest and
-oldest grape vines in California.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p13b.jpg" alt="" width="574" height="800" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Doorway</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="813" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Altar, Santa Barbara</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="" width="816" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Detail of Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<p>At one time Mission San Fernando Rey
-de Espa&ntilde;a had an Indian population of
-eleven hundred. Today nothing remains
-of the Mission but one large building. In
-it one can see the wine cellar and the large
-copper brandy still. Across the street is a
-large star-shaped fountain copied from one
-in Cordova, Spain, a monument to the
-artistic work of the Indians.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="821" height="600" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Detail of Fa&ccedil;ade, Santa Barbara</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Half-way between San Diego and Monterey,
-Father Serra founded the Mission
-Buenaventura. It was the last founded by
-him. On a hill above the mission he
-planted a cross that could be seen from
-both land and sea. Today, a replica of the
-cross stands in the same place. Ventura
-was noted for its beautiful gardens but of
-these nothing remains except two tall
-palms. The chapel has been restored and is
-used daily as a place of worship.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p15a.jpg" alt="" width="641" height="999" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Side Door Detail</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="535" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Cloister, Santa Inez</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="667" height="700" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Detail of Fa&ccedil;ade</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p16b.jpg" alt="" width="759" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Detail of Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="592" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Chapel, Santa Inez</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Mission Santa B&aacute;rbara has never fallen
-into a state of decay like its less fortunate
-sister missions, as it has always been in the
-hands of its founders, the Franciscans.
-Although damaged by numerous earthquakes,
-the last in 1925, it has always been
-faithfully restored. The light above the
-altar has never gone out, the old bells have
-faithfully rung the call to Mass. Its walls,
-six feet thick and mellowed by time, impart
-a lasting beauty. The bodies of over
-four thousand Indians lie in its tree-shadowed
-cemetery. In front of the Mission
-the trickling water from an old fountain
-gives one the restful feeling of the old
-Spanish siesta. It was at this mission that
-the great historian, Father Engelhardt,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span>
-wrote his great book, &ldquo;Missions and Missionaries
-of California.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="519" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>La Purisima</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Mission Santa In&eacute;z was founded to convert
-the Indians who lived east of the Coast
-Range. The Mission not only suffered from
-earthquakes but also from an Indian uprising.
-Today it has been restored to its
-former grandeur. Its campanile with its
-three bells reminds one of Mission San
-Gabriel. In its museum is a collection of
-old vestments and books.</p>
-<p>Nothing remained of Mission La Pur&iacute;sima
-Concepti&oacute;n but a few crumbling
-arches, till it was taken over by the state.
-Today it stands in all its former glory,
-faithfully restored in every detail. The Mission
-site was made a State park and the
-restoration carried out by the Civilian Conservation
-Corps. Pur&iacute;sima stands as a monument
-to a nation&rsquo;s industry, but lacks the
-peaceful state of religious tranquility found
-in the other missions.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="821" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Restored Interior, La Purisima</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="830" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Detail at end of Cloister La Purisima</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="724" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Luis Obispo</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>It was at Mission San Luis Obispo de
-Tolosa that tile was first manufactured.
-The buildings have lost much of their
-Spanish atmosphere, but the interior is in
-a fair state of restoration. It is now the
-active Catholic Church of the city which
-was named after it. A few miles from San
-Luis Obispo is the Asistencia of Santa
-Margarita, unique in that the entire ruins
-have been covered over by a large hay
-barn. Horses and cattle quietly munch
-their hay through the arched window
-openings.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="838" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Sacristy, San Miguel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="627" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Miguel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>The very walls of San Miguel Arc&aacute;ngel,
-due to its sympathetic restoration, seem to
-echo the footsteps of the old padres. Inside
-the chapel the huge rafters, crudely
-hewn from logs, are painted in bright colors.
-The design painted on the walls by
-the Indians show large fluted pillars with
-a balcony and railing above. The floor is
-of burned brick, worn smooth by the tread
-of bare feet. Its crudely decorated pulpit
-and confessional are the same as the day
-they were built. The Mission did not have
-a bell-tower so the bell was mounted on a
-wooden scaffold. To enter the ancient
-edifice is to enter directly into the past.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="827" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Detail of Cloister, San Miguel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="616" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Forecourt, San Miguel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="689" height="513" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Chapel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p21b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="497" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Gate to Forecourt</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/p21c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="503" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Entrance to Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="463" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Ruins of Arches, San Antonio De Padua</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="578" height="801" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Double Arched Window</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>A few rain-washed adobe walls around
-which the wind blows constantly is all
-that is left of Mission Nuestra Se&ntilde;ora
-Dolorissima de la Soledad. A picture of
-dreary desolation and aptly named, Our
-Lady of Solitude.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/p22b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="500" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Side View</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/p22c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="494" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Arches</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig56">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="826" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fa&ccedil;ade, San Antonio De Padua</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig57">
-<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="826" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Doorway to Sacristy, San Antonio De Padua</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<p>Father Serra founded his third Mission,
-San Antonio de Padua, in a well wooded
-valley. When the bells rang in celebration
-an Indian appeared out of the trees, and
-for the first time a native was present at
-the founding of a mission. Its quiet surroundings
-are very much as they were in
-the past. The buildings were constructed
-of brick instead of adobe. Parts of a stone-walled
-irrigation ditch which brought
-water for many miles still stand near at
-hand.</p>
-<p>Monterey was used as a mission for but
-one year and then became the Presidio
-Chapel. Behind the Mission is the tree
-under which the first Mass in California
-was offered. Many of the old relics of the
-early Church are preserved here. It is now
-the San Carlos Parish Church.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig58">
-<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="838" height="600" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Soledad</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig59">
-<img src="images/p24a.jpg" alt="" width="837" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Tower at San Juan Bautista</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<p>When Father Serra decided to move the
-Mission from Monterey he chose a site
-about five miles away where the Rio Carmelo
-enters the sea. Here he founded Mission
-San Carlos Borromeo, which became
-the headquarters of the <i>Padre Presidentes</i>
-of the California missions. In its quiet
-sanctuary are the graves of Father Serra,
-Lasu&eacute;n, Crespi and L&oacute;pez, names famous
-in the history of the missions. Father Serra
-spent most of his life at San Carlos. His
-cell, measuring about eleven feet square,
-has been restored. The building is Moorish
-in style.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig60">
-<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="536" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Juan Bautista</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>A replica in concrete has been built of
-Mission Santa Cruz. It is about half the
-size of the original and stands on the old
-Mission grounds.</p>
-<p>Mission San Juan Bautista stands facing
-the plaza in the old pueblo of San Juan. It
-was here that Helen Hunt Jackson began
-her famous story, &ldquo;Ramona&rdquo; and Joaquin
-Murrietta, the famous Mexican bandit,
-worshipped. San Juan saw great activity
-during the gold rush as it was a stage stop
-on the road to the mines. The long arcade
-that extends the whole length of the building,
-contains twenty arches. In the garden
-is a sundial, placed there by the padres. Its
-old cemetery is in an olive grove whose
-trees cast fantastic shadows on the time
-worn headstones.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig61">
-<img src="images/p25a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="531" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig62">
-<img src="images/p25b.jpg" alt="" width="634" height="800" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Window</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig63">
-<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="831" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Doorway at San Juan Bautista</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig64">
-<img src="images/p26a.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="576" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>End of Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig65">
-<img src="images/p26b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="509" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Garden, San Juan Bautista</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig66">
-<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="505" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Cemetery at San Juan Bautista</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig67">
-<img src="images/p28.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="649" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Arches</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>On the site of Mission Santa Clara de
-As&iacute;s stands a concrete structure, the chapel
-of the University of Santa Clara. All that
-remains of the old buildings are a few
-tiles in the roof, and a part of the garden
-wall. In front of the Church stands the old
-<span class="pb" id="Page_53">53</span>
-redwood cross, raised in 1777. It is now
-encased in a sheathing of pine.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig68">
-<img src="images/p29.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="634" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Parish Church, Monterey</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>Mission San Jos&eacute; de Guadalupe was
-at one time the most prosperous of all the
-missions. In livestock alone it had 12,000
-cattle, 13,000 horses and 13,000 sheep. It
-was the centre of social life for the surrounding
-ranches and the stopping place
-for the Forty-niners who used the Mission
-Pass between San Francisco and the mines.
-Only a part of the living quarters remains
-today. Beside this building is the old cemetery,
-back of which is the Mission garden.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig69">
-<img src="images/p30.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="800" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Doorway, Monterey</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig70">
-<img src="images/p31.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="688" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Carlos De Borromeo</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig71">
-<img src="images/p32.jpg" alt="" width="815" height="1000" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Doorway, San Carlos De Borromeo</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig72">
-<img src="images/p32a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="535" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Fountain Detail</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig73">
-<img src="images/p32b.jpg" alt="" width="637" height="701" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Gateway to Cemetery</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>There was nothing in the original plans
-of the missions to name one after St. Francis,
-the founder of the Franciscan Order.
-The Mexican Visitador said, &ldquo;If Saint
-Francis wishes a mission, let him show you
-a good port, and let it bear his name.&rdquo;
-When Portol&aacute; discovered San Francisco
-Bay he decided that it was the place the
-Visitador meant, but it was not until seven
-years later that the Mission San Francisco
-de As&iacute;s was founded. It was commonly
-called Dolores after a small river that
-flowed through the Mission grounds. It is
-quite different in its architecture from the
-other missions. It has neither archway nor
-towers but a massive fa&ccedil;ade. Today it
-stands in quiet simplicity, surrounded on
-all sides by modern buildings of the Catholic
-Church.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig74">
-<img src="images/p33.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="801" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Bell Tower, San Carlos De Borromeo</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig75">
-<img src="images/p34.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="501" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Santa Cruz</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<p>In the city of San Rafael stands a mission
-bell guidepost, marking the site of
-Mission San Rafael Arc&aacute;ngel.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig76">
-<img src="images/p35.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="684" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Santa Clara</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig77">
-<img src="images/p36.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="437" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Jos&eacute; De Guadalupe</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig78">
-<img src="images/p36a.jpg" alt="" width="850" height="626" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Porch</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig79">
-<img src="images/p36b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="590" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>San Francisco De As&iacute;s</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig80">
-<img src="images/p36c.jpg" alt="" width="514" height="600" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Entrance to Cloister</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div>
-<p>Fear of the Russians caused the Governor
-to ask Father Altimira to establish a
-mission at Sonoma. He did this without
-the sanction of the Church authorities.
-Mission San Francisco Solano was the last
-and the most northerly of the twenty-one
-missions. It is a plain low building, facing
-the plaza.</p>
-<p>Of the twenty-one missions originally
-built one is completely gone, another a
-crumbling wall of adobe, and the remainder
-in only partial restoration. May
-they all some day be restored to their original
-grandeur, and the romance and history
-of Old California again be found in their
-splendid old walls.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig81">
-<img src="images/p37.jpg" alt="" width="515" height="799" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Entrance to Chapel</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="img" id="fig82">
-<img src="images/p38.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="399" />
-<div class="caption">
-<p class="caphead"><i>Cloister, San Francisco De Solano</i></p>
-</div></div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<h2 id="c3">LOCATION OF MISSIONS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR FOUNDING</h2>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th><span class="sc">Name</span> </th><th><span class="sc">Date</span> </th><th><span class="sc">Location</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Diego de Alcal&aacute; </td><td class="l"><i>July 16, 1769</i> </td><td class="l">In Mission Valley six miles N.W. of San Diego.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Carlos Borromeo </td><td class="l"><i>June 3, 1770</i> </td><td class="l">On the outskirts of village of Carmel which is five miles from Monterey.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Antonio de Padua </td><td class="l"><i>July 14, 1771</i> </td><td class="l">Six miles from Jolon. Jolon is twenty miles from King City. Can also be reached from San Simeon Highway over very mountainous road. Advise going by way of King City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Gabriel Arc&aacute;ngel </td><td class="l"><i>Sept. 8, 1771</i> </td><td class="l">In city of San Gabriel which is 10 miles from Los Angeles.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Luis Obispo de Tolosa </td><td class="l"><i>Sept. 1, 1772</i> </td><td class="l">In centre of city of San Luis Obispo.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Francisco de As&iacute;s (Mission Dolores) </td><td class="l"><i>June 29, 1776</i> </td><td class="l">In San Francisco at 16th and Dolores Streets.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Juan Capistrano </td><td class="l"><i>Nov. 1, 1776</i> </td><td class="l">In village of San Juan Capistrano which is 65 miles south of Los Angeles on the highway to San Diego.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Santa Clara de Asis </td><td class="l"><i>Jan. 12, 1777</i> </td><td class="l">In the grounds of the University of Santa Clara which is in the city of Santa Clara.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Buenaventura </td><td class="l"><i>March 31, 1782</i> </td><td class="l">Located in city of Ventura which is 60 miles north of Los Angeles.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Santa Barbara </td><td class="l"><i>Dec. 4, 1786</i> </td><td class="l">In the city of Santa Barbara.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">La Pur&iacute;sima Concepci&oacute;n </td><td class="l"><i>Dec. 8, 1787</i> </td><td class="l">Five miles north of town of Lompoc.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Santa Cruz </td><td class="l"><i>Aug. 28, 1791</i> </td><td class="l">In city of Santa Cruz.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Soledad </td><td class="l"><i>Oct. 9, 1791</i> </td><td class="l">Ruins of this Mission are about two miles from the town of Soledad.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Jos&eacute; </td><td class="l"><i>June 11, 1797</i> </td><td class="l">About 15 miles north of San Jose on the Oakland Highway.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Juan Bautista </td><td class="l"><i>June 24, 1797</i> </td><td class="l">In town of San Juan Bautista.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Miguel Arc&aacute;ngel </td><td class="l"><i>July 25, 1797</i> </td><td class="l">Ten miles north of Paso Robles on U.S. 101.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Fernando Rey </td><td class="l"><i>Sept. 8, 1797</i> </td><td class="l">On outskirts of town of San Fernando.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Luis Rey </td><td class="l"><i>June 13, 1798</i> </td><td class="l">Five miles east of town of Oceanside.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Santa In&eacute;z </td><td class="l"><i>Sept. 17, 1804</i> </td><td class="l">Three miles east of town of Buellton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Rafael Arc&aacute;ngel </td><td class="l"><i>Dec. 14, 1817</i> </td><td class="l">Nothing remains of Mission. Site now marked by guidepost in city of San Rafael.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">San Francisco Solano </td><td class="l"><i>July 4, 1823</i> </td><td class="l">In city of Sonoma, thirty miles north of San Francisco.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pala </td><td class="l"><i>1816</i> </td><td class="l">Twenty-one miles from Mission San Luis Rey in the village of Pala at base of Palomar Mountain.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Royal Presidio Chapel </td><td class="l"><i>June 3, 1770</i> </td><td class="l">In city of Monterey.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="img" id="fig83">
-<img src="images/p39.jpg" alt="Cross" width="453" height="572" />
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Copyright notice provided as in the original&mdash;this e-text is public domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged.</li>
-<li>Moved some captions closer to the corresponding pictures.</li>
-<li>In the text versions, delimited italicized text by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
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-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
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