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diff --git a/old/55931-8.txt b/old/55931-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f8842e8..0000000 --- a/old/55931-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,937 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: California Missions - A Guide to the Historic Trails of the Padres - -Author: Karl Frederick Brown - -Release Date: November 11, 2017 [EBook #55931] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALIFORNIA MISSIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: _A Map Showing Location of the California Missions_] - - [Illustration: California Missions] - - [Illustration: Façade] - - - - - _California Missions_ - - - A GUIDE TO THE HISTORIC TRAILS OF THE PADRES - - By KARL F. BROWN - - Illustrated with seventy-eight photographs - By FLOYD RAY - - Foreword by - REXFORD NEWCOMB - _Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts - University of Illinois_ - - [Illustration: Bell tower] - - COPYRIGHT 1939 BY KARL F. BROWN AND FLOYD RAY - GARDEN CITY PUBLISHING CO., Inc. - NEW YORK - - [Illustration: _Chapel, San Diego De Alcalá_] - - [Illustration: _Façade, San Diego De Alcalá_] - - - - - _Foreword_ - - -Along the strand of the Pacific between San Diego and Sonoma, the -intrepid monks of the Order of Saint Francis strung that cordon of -missions that were to become, as time went on, the outposts of -civilization along the sunset coast of California. - -Begun in 1769, this chain of churches along _El Camino Real_ was -complete by 1823, and in these establishments the devoted followers of -Padre Junípero Serra sought to win for Christ and the Crown of Spain -devotees among the dusky inhabitants of this land. How well they -succeeded may be judged when we learn that often in the more prosperous -missions as many as two thousand Indians were being trained at one time. - - [Illustration: _Cloister, San Diego De Alcalá_] - -And what was the routine by which these fervent priests of Old Spain -hoped to convert the backward natives of the coast into God-fearing, -self-supporting and self-respecting subjects of his Hispanic majesty, -the king? The system of training prescribed plenty of work accompanied -by instruction in the handcrafts and Christian doctrine. To this end, -each day, the morning bell assembled the Indians in the chapel for -prayers and mass. Following this, breakfast was eaten, after which each -went to his assigned task. At eleven o'clock dinner was eaten; then a -siesta. Work, resumed at 2 P.M., continued until an hour before sunset, -when the Angelus recalled all to worship. After prayers and rosary, -supper was eaten, after which recreation ensued until early bedtime. - - [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Diego De Alcalá_] - - [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Antonio De Pala_] - -This was the happy pattern of life that obtained in these picturesque -missions which at once comprised the early churches, the first schools, -the first factories and the work-a-day habitations of the priests and -their charges. Viewed in this light these old buildings become real -human documents and are therefore very precious to all interested in the -beginnings of civilization within our broad land. - - [Illustration: _Chapel, San Antonio De Pala_] - -Through the glamor that time and an exotic origin have cast over these -old monuments, they continue to hold for us a fascination matched by -that of few American structures. And, in journeying to these historic -shrines, you will discover how these hard-headed priests, in sheltering -their converts, created in simplicity and strength a type of -architecture which considered from the standpoint of practical living, -climatic background, materials of construction and ethnic significance, -has rarely been equalled in any land. What a matchless artistic heritage -they have left us! - - Rexford Newcomb - _Dean, College of Fine and Applied Arts, University of Illinois_ - - [Illustration: _Bell Tower From Garden San Antonio De Pala_] - - [Illustration: _San Luis Rey_] - - [Illustration: _Entrance, San Luis Rey_] - - [Illustration: Garden] - - [Illustration: _San Juan Capistrano_] - - - - - _California Missions_ - - -San Diego was first visited by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542, but it -was not until two hundred and twenty-seven years later that the fear -that Russia or England might take possession of California induced King -Carlos III of Spain to organize an expedition to colonize the land. It -was in 1769 that a band of about two hundred men set out by land and sea -to settle in Alta California. In the last company to come overland was -Padre Junípero Serra, who, although already advanced in age, had been -appointed _Padre Presidente_ of the missions. This extraordinary man -entered into a life of utmost hardship with a fiery enthusiasm that was -never dampened throughout his life, and to him we owe the chain of -historic missions that provide the only link to connect us with the -early life of California and Spain. Twenty-one of these were established -in California, forming an irregular line reaching from San Diego to -Sonoma, and connected by El Camino Real (The Royal Road). Today the -modern highway along the coast, U. S. 101, follows so closely the course -of this road established by the pioneers one hundred and seventy years -ago that one can easily say one is following in the footsteps of Father -Serra and his companions. - - [Illustration: _Ruins of Chapel, San Juan Capistrano_] - - [Illustration: _Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano_] - - [Illustration: _Bell Court Fountain_] - - [Illustration: _Mission Shops, San Juan Capistrano_] - - [Illustration: _Ruins of Cloister_] - - [Illustration: _Fountain Inner Court, San Juan Capistrano_] - -On July 16th, 1769, sixteen days after his arrival in San Diego, Father -Serra established the first mission in California--the Mission San Diego -de Alcalá. The original site was unsatisfactory so a spot was later -chosen six miles back from the ocean in Mission Valley where the present -buildings now stand. San Diego was one of the wealthiest of the -missions. It had extensive orchards and vineyards, irrigated by an -aqueduct which brought water from the valley. Parts of the old mission -dam which was twelve feet thick, may still be seen. The olive trees -around the Mission form the mother orchard of all California mission -olives. The whole Mission has been restored in every detail. Its belfry, -one of the most magnificent of all the missions, is a three-story wall -pierced by five arches in which hang the old bells. - - [Illustration: _Entrance to Church, San Gabriel_] - - [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Gabriel_] - -Four miles inland from Oceanside, in a beautiful valley, stands Mission -San Luis Rey de Francia. The present buildings were started in 1811 by -Father Peyri, who managed the Mission for thirty years. It is now used -as a church and a Franciscan college. A feature not found in any other -mission is the mortuary chapel, a small octagonal shaped room off the -main chapel. San Luis Rey is typically Spanish in its architecture and -while not one of the most beautiful, it has a stately magnificence that -none of the other missions possesses. - - [Illustration: _Side Entrance to Chapel, San Gabriel_] - - [Illustration: _Façade, San Fernando Rey_] - - [Illustration: _Fountain, San Fernando Rey_] - - [Illustration: _Façade, Ventura_] - -Twenty miles inland from Mission San Luis Rey stands San Antonio de -Pala, founded as an asistencia. In its chapel are Indian frescoes -covered for many years with a coat of whitewash given the wall by a -well-meaning padre. Its campanile, in which hang the original bells, -stands in the old cemetery. Pala, nestling at the base of the Palomar -Mountains, is a spot of enchanting beauty. - - [Illustration: _Side Door, Ventura_] - - [Illustration: _Chapel, Santa Barbara_] - -The first attempt to found San Juan Capistrano was in 1775, but due to -an Indian uprising Father Lasuén was forced to return to San Diego. The -next year Father Serra came and established the Mission. It took nine -years to build and was the largest and most beautiful of all. In 1812 -there was an earthquake that destroyed the buildings and killed forty -Indians who were worshiping in the chapel. All of the buildings have -been rebuilt except the chapel, of which one of the seven large domes -still stands in its lonely grandeur, a delight to the artist. -Capistrano, elaborately decorated and artistically constructed, is -sometimes called "Jewel of the Missions." - - [Illustration: _Façade, Santa Barbara_] - - [Illustration: _General View, Santa Barbara_] - -San Gabriel Arcángel was a welcomed pause in the long journey from -Mexico to Monterey; it was the first stop after crossing the desert and -mountains. It is distinctively Moorish in its architecture. Its high -buttressed walls are stone to the windows and brick above and have an -outside stairway to the choir loft and campanile. In the courtyard is -one of the largest and oldest grape vines in California. - - [Illustration: _Doorway_] - - [Illustration: _Altar, Santa Barbara_] - - [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister_] - -At one time Mission San Fernando Rey de España had an Indian population -of eleven hundred. Today nothing remains of the Mission but one large -building. In it one can see the wine cellar and the large copper brandy -still. Across the street is a large star-shaped fountain copied from one -in Cordova, Spain, a monument to the artistic work of the Indians. - - [Illustration: _Detail of Façade, Santa Barbara_] - -Half-way between San Diego and Monterey, Father Serra founded the -Mission Buenaventura. It was the last founded by him. On a hill above -the mission he planted a cross that could be seen from both land and -sea. Today, a replica of the cross stands in the same place. Ventura was -noted for its beautiful gardens but of these nothing remains except two -tall palms. The chapel has been restored and is used daily as a place of -worship. - - [Illustration: _Side Door Detail_] - - [Illustration: _Cloister, Santa Inez_] - - [Illustration: _Detail of Façade_] - - [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister_] - - [Illustration: _Chapel, Santa Inez_] - -Mission Santa Bárbara has never fallen into a state of decay like its -less fortunate sister missions, as it has always been in the hands of -its founders, the Franciscans. Although damaged by numerous earthquakes, -the last in 1925, it has always been faithfully restored. The light -above the altar has never gone out, the old bells have faithfully rung -the call to Mass. Its walls, six feet thick and mellowed by time, impart -a lasting beauty. The bodies of over four thousand Indians lie in its -tree-shadowed cemetery. In front of the Mission the trickling water from -an old fountain gives one the restful feeling of the old Spanish siesta. -It was at this mission that the great historian, Father Engelhardt, -wrote his great book, "Missions and Missionaries of California." - - [Illustration: _La Purisima_] - -Mission Santa Inéz was founded to convert the Indians who lived east of -the Coast Range. The Mission not only suffered from earthquakes but also -from an Indian uprising. Today it has been restored to its former -grandeur. Its campanile with its three bells reminds one of Mission San -Gabriel. In its museum is a collection of old vestments and books. - -Nothing remained of Mission La Purísima Conceptión but a few crumbling -arches, till it was taken over by the state. Today it stands in all its -former glory, faithfully restored in every detail. The Mission site was -made a State park and the restoration carried out by the Civilian -Conservation Corps. Purísima stands as a monument to a nation's -industry, but lacks the peaceful state of religious tranquility found in -the other missions. - - [Illustration: _Restored Interior, La Purisima_] - - [Illustration: _Detail at end of Cloister La Purisima_] - - [Illustration: _San Luis Obispo_] - -It was at Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa that tile was first -manufactured. The buildings have lost much of their Spanish atmosphere, -but the interior is in a fair state of restoration. It is now the active -Catholic Church of the city which was named after it. A few miles from -San Luis Obispo is the Asistencia of Santa Margarita, unique in that the -entire ruins have been covered over by a large hay barn. Horses and -cattle quietly munch their hay through the arched window openings. - - [Illustration: _Sacristy, San Miguel_] - - [Illustration: _San Miguel_] - -The very walls of San Miguel Arcángel, due to its sympathetic -restoration, seem to echo the footsteps of the old padres. Inside the -chapel the huge rafters, crudely hewn from logs, are painted in bright -colors. The design painted on the walls by the Indians show large fluted -pillars with a balcony and railing above. The floor is of burned brick, -worn smooth by the tread of bare feet. Its crudely decorated pulpit and -confessional are the same as the day they were built. The Mission did -not have a bell-tower so the bell was mounted on a wooden scaffold. To -enter the ancient edifice is to enter directly into the past. - - [Illustration: _Detail of Cloister, San Miguel_] - - [Illustration: _Forecourt, San Miguel_] - - [Illustration: _Chapel_] - - [Illustration: _Gate to Forecourt_] - - [Illustration: _Entrance to Cloister_] - - [Illustration: _Ruins of Arches, San Antonio De Padua_] - - [Illustration: _Double Arched Window_] - -A few rain-washed adobe walls around which the wind blows constantly is -all that is left of Mission Nuestra Señora Dolorissima de la Soledad. A -picture of dreary desolation and aptly named, Our Lady of Solitude. - - [Illustration: _Side View_] - - [Illustration: _Arches_] - - [Illustration: _Façade, San Antonio De Padua_] - - [Illustration: _Doorway to Sacristy, San Antonio De Padua_] - -Father Serra founded his third Mission, San Antonio de Padua, in a well -wooded valley. When the bells rang in celebration an Indian appeared out -of the trees, and for the first time a native was present at the -founding of a mission. Its quiet surroundings are very much as they were -in the past. The buildings were constructed of brick instead of adobe. -Parts of a stone-walled irrigation ditch which brought water for many -miles still stand near at hand. - -Monterey was used as a mission for but one year and then became the -Presidio Chapel. Behind the Mission is the tree under which the first -Mass in California was offered. Many of the old relics of the early -Church are preserved here. It is now the San Carlos Parish Church. - - [Illustration: _Soledad_] - - [Illustration: _Tower at San Juan Bautista_] - -When Father Serra decided to move the Mission from Monterey he chose a -site about five miles away where the Rio Carmelo enters the sea. Here he -founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo, which became the headquarters of -the _Padre Presidentes_ of the California missions. In its quiet -sanctuary are the graves of Father Serra, Lasuén, Crespi and López, -names famous in the history of the missions. Father Serra spent most of -his life at San Carlos. His cell, measuring about eleven feet square, -has been restored. The building is Moorish in style. - - [Illustration: _San Juan Bautista_] - -A replica in concrete has been built of Mission Santa Cruz. It is about -half the size of the original and stands on the old Mission grounds. - -Mission San Juan Bautista stands facing the plaza in the old pueblo of -San Juan. It was here that Helen Hunt Jackson began her famous story, -"Ramona" and Joaquin Murrietta, the famous Mexican bandit, worshipped. -San Juan saw great activity during the gold rush as it was a stage stop -on the road to the mines. The long arcade that extends the whole length -of the building, contains twenty arches. In the garden is a sundial, -placed there by the padres. Its old cemetery is in an olive grove whose -trees cast fantastic shadows on the time worn headstones. - - [Illustration: _Cloister_] - - [Illustration: _Window_] - - [Illustration: _Doorway at San Juan Bautista_] - - [Illustration: _End of Cloister_] - - [Illustration: _Garden, San Juan Bautista_] - - [Illustration: _Cemetery at San Juan Bautista_] - - [Illustration: _Arches_] - -On the site of Mission Santa Clara de Asís stands a concrete structure, -the chapel of the University of Santa Clara. All that remains of the old -buildings are a few tiles in the roof, and a part of the garden wall. In -front of the Church stands the old redwood cross, raised in 1777. It is -now encased in a sheathing of pine. - - [Illustration: _Parish Church, Monterey_] - -Mission San José de Guadalupe was at one time the most prosperous of all -the missions. In livestock alone it had 12,000 cattle, 13,000 horses and -13,000 sheep. It was the centre of social life for the surrounding -ranches and the stopping place for the Forty-niners who used the Mission -Pass between San Francisco and the mines. Only a part of the living -quarters remains today. Beside this building is the old cemetery, back -of which is the Mission garden. - - [Illustration: _Doorway, Monterey_] - - [Illustration: _San Carlos De Borromeo_] - - [Illustration: _Doorway, San Carlos De Borromeo_] - - [Illustration: _Fountain Detail_] - - [Illustration: _Gateway to Cemetery_] - -There was nothing in the original plans of the missions to name one -after St. Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order. The Mexican -Visitador said, "If Saint Francis wishes a mission, let him show you a -good port, and let it bear his name." When Portolá discovered San -Francisco Bay he decided that it was the place the Visitador meant, but -it was not until seven years later that the Mission San Francisco de -Asís was founded. It was commonly called Dolores after a small river -that flowed through the Mission grounds. It is quite different in its -architecture from the other missions. It has neither archway nor towers -but a massive façade. Today it stands in quiet simplicity, surrounded on -all sides by modern buildings of the Catholic Church. - - [Illustration: _Bell Tower, San Carlos De Borromeo_] - - [Illustration: _Santa Cruz_] - -In the city of San Rafael stands a mission bell guidepost, marking the -site of Mission San Rafael Arcángel. - - [Illustration: _Santa Clara_] - - [Illustration: _San José De Guadalupe_] - - [Illustration: _Porch_] - - [Illustration: _San Francisco De Asís_] - - [Illustration: _Entrance to Cloister_] - -Fear of the Russians caused the Governor to ask Father Altimira to -establish a mission at Sonoma. He did this without the sanction of the -Church authorities. Mission San Francisco Solano was the last and the -most northerly of the twenty-one missions. It is a plain low building, -facing the plaza. - -Of the twenty-one missions originally built one is completely gone, -another a crumbling wall of adobe, and the remainder in only partial -restoration. May they all some day be restored to their original -grandeur, and the romance and history of Old California again be found -in their splendid old walls. - - [Illustration: _Entrance to Chapel_] - - [Illustration: _Cloister, San Francisco De Solano_] - - - - - LOCATION OF MISSIONS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR FOUNDING - - - Name Date Location - - San Diego de Alcalá _July 16, 1769_ In Mission Valley six miles - N.W. of San Diego. - San Carlos Borromeo _June 3, 1770_ On the outskirts of village - of Carmel which is five - miles from Monterey. - San Antonio de Padua _July 14, 1771_ Six miles from Jolon. Jolon - is twenty miles from King - City. Can also be reached - from San Simeon Highway - over very mountainous road. - Advise going by way of King - City. - San Gabriel Arcángel _Sept. 8, 1771_ In city of San Gabriel - which is 10 miles from Los - Angeles. - San Luis Obispo de _Sept. 1, 1772_ In centre of city of San - Tolosa Luis Obispo. - San Francisco de Asís _June 29, 1776_ In San Francisco at 16th - (Mission Dolores) and Dolores Streets. - San Juan Capistrano _Nov. 1, 1776_ In village of San Juan - Capistrano which is 65 - miles south of Los Angeles - on the highway to San Diego. - Santa Clara de Asis _Jan. 12, 1777_ In the grounds of the - University of Santa Clara - which is in the city of - Santa Clara. - San Buenaventura _March 31, 1782_ Located in city of Ventura - which is 60 miles north of - Los Angeles. - Santa Barbara _Dec. 4, 1786_ In the city of Santa - Barbara. - La Purísima Concepción _Dec. 8, 1787_ Five miles north of town of - Lompoc. - Santa Cruz _Aug. 28, 1791_ In city of Santa Cruz. - Soledad _Oct. 9, 1791_ Ruins of this Mission are - about two miles from the - town of Soledad. - San José _June 11, 1797_ About 15 miles north of San - Jose on the Oakland Highway. - San Juan Bautista _June 24, 1797_ In town of San Juan - Bautista. - San Miguel Arcángel _July 25, 1797_ Ten miles north of Paso - Robles on U.S. 101. - San Fernando Rey _Sept. 8, 1797_ On outskirts of town of San - Fernando. - San Luis Rey _June 13, 1798_ Five miles east of town of - Oceanside. - Santa Inéz _Sept. 17, 1804_ Three miles east of town of - Buellton. - San Rafael Arcángel _Dec. 14, 1817_ Nothing remains of Mission. - Site now marked by - guidepost in city of San - Rafael. - San Francisco Solano _July 4, 1823_ In city of Sonoma, thirty - miles north of San - Francisco. - Pala _1816_ Twenty-one miles from - Mission San Luis Rey in the - village of Pala at base of - Palomar Mountain. - Royal Presidio Chapel _June 3, 1770_ In city of Monterey. - - [Illustration: Cross] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Copyright notice provided as in the original--this e-text is public - domain in the country of publication. - ---Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and - dialect unchanged. - ---Moved some captions closer to the corresponding pictures. - ---In the text versions, delimited italicized text by _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's California Missions, by Karl Frederick Brown - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALIFORNIA MISSIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 55931-8.txt or 55931-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/9/3/55931/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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