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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #55753 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55753)
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-Project Gutenberg's The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, 1911, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, 1911
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: October 15, 2017 [EBook #55753]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, OCTOBER 1911 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Craig Kirkwood, and the
-Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-(This book was produced from images made available by the
-HathiTrust Digital Library.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
-
-Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-VOLUME I, No. 10. OCTOBER, 1911
-
-
-
-
-THE REVIEW
-
-
-  A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID
-  ASSOCIATION AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.
-
-  TEN CENTS A COPY. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR
-
-  T. F. Carver, President.
-  Wm. F. French, Vice President.
-  O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor Review.
-  Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee.
-  F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee.
-  W. G. McClaren, Member Ex. Committee.
-  A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.
-  E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee.
-  Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee.
-  R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee.
-
-
-
-
-SOME PRISON PROBLEMS
-
-
-[At the recent meeting of the American Prison Association, Frank L.
-Randall, Superintendent of the Minnesota State reformatory at St.
-Cloud, read as chairman the report of the committee on reformatory work
-and parole, from which we print the following extracts.]
-
-To the chief executive officers of penal and correctional institutions
-in the United States and Canada was submitted the following question:
-“To what extent do you recognize mental inadequacy and constitutional
-inferiority among the persons in your charge?”
-
-The estimates are various. Among prisons for adults they range from
-3 persons out of 240 in Wyoming, to 10 per cent. in Nebraska and
-Philadelphia, 20 per cent. in Rhode Island, 25 per cent. in Vermont, 30
-per cent. in Indiana, 30 per cent. to 40 per cent. in Wisconsin, fully
-50 per cent. in Kansas, 60 per cent. in West Virginia, 50 per cent. to
-75 per cent. in Minnesota, and a still higher percentage of prisoners
-lacking in energy, mentally or physically, in one Michigan prison.
-Major McClaughry, and Warden Wood of Virginia, wrote that they could
-not answer the question.
-
-From state reformatories came estimates covering a range from 25 per
-cent. to 40 per cent. only in Iowa, Washington, Kansas, and New York
-(Elmira). The writer, regretting his inability to report more exactly,
-because the work in his institution has not been completed, feels
-safe in concurring in the general approximations cited by reformatory
-superintendents.
-
-From the New York reformatory for women at Bedford Hills we have the
-following: “Realizing that a large percentage are subnormal, July 1,
-1911, we employed a trained psychologist who will make it a year’s
-study.” From juvenile institutions the returns are neither more
-hopeful, nor more satisfying, and many institutions of that class seem
-to have no special facilities for caring for weaklings, and depend upon
-a relaxation of the discipline in their behalf. A study of 200 in the
-boys industrial school in Kansas disclosed that 174 were mentally dull,
-markedly defective, or two or more years behind their proper place in
-school. In the industrial school of New Hampshire about 75 per cent.
-are reported to be four to five years below their normal grade in
-school.
-
-Other letters say “probably 25 per cent., at least;” “one-third;”
-“50 per cent.;” “to a very large extent;” and so forth. The Idaho
-industrial training school reports: “A very small per cent.; I think
-not above five per cent.;” and the Georgia state reformatory reports
-that “the discipline has to be based on the fact that 75 per cent. of
-inmates are mental defectives and 99 per cent. are moral defectives.”
-The girls industrial home of Ohio says: “Fully nine-tenths are
-subnormal mentally, and a large per cent. physically weak or crippled.”
-From the Iowa industrial school for girls comes the following: “There
-is a certain inferiority, either mental or constitutional inadequacy,
-in each and every one. In the majority of cases it is a weakness; that
-is, they are easily influenced, therefore easily led astray.”
-
-It seems fair and right to allow for a difference among the writers
-as to the full import of the question to which they have responded,
-but that may not entirely account for the considerable differences in
-estimates. Possibly varying court proceedings, and the use of the power
-of probation by some of the courts or other exemptions from detention,
-may, in some places, have culled out most of the normal children.
-
-Your committee rather inclines to think however that longer and more
-extensive experience, in many cases, tends to fix in the mind the
-necessary recognition of a grave amount of mental inadequacy and
-constitutional inferiority, calling for custodial care, among all
-classes of delinquents, including juveniles, no less than adults.
-
-While the incompetents remain with the normal persons in labor, in
-school, and in recreation, the progress of the bright is certain to
-be retarded by the association, while the outlook for the dull is not
-improved. This mingling and attempted classification of unequal units
-seems to be the rule almost everywhere, with consequent lowering of
-efficiency and tone, to the basis of the inferior.
-
-So far as returns have been received from prisons, reformatories and
-juvenile institutions for correction, the average terms of office of
-the executive heads during the last twenty years have been about as
-follows: In prisons about four and one-third years. In reformatories
-for adults about eight and one-third years, and in institutions
-for juveniles about six and one-quarter years. These averages are
-considerably higher than they would otherwise be, by reason of the
-fact that in some states it is not usual to make a disturbance without
-cause, and somewhat lower than they would otherwise be, because in
-some states each change in the personality of the governor, as well as
-each change in party politics, has almost uniformly resulted in the
-dismissal or enforced resignation of the wardens and superintendents
-of the class of institutions under consideration, quite regardless of
-their capacity and fidelity, and sometimes apparently without a serious
-inquiry as to the peculiar fitness of the new appointee.
-
-Some of the delegates to this Prison Congress may hardly appreciate
-the fact that there are institutions in some states where neither
-institution heads nor subordinates attend caucuses, discuss politics,
-contribute to campaign funds or take any part in election matters,
-except to vote: and where the political preferences of the members of
-the staff are unknown to each other, or to their chief. The elections
-bring to the institutions no unusual excitement or personal anxiety.
-
-The establishment of truant schools in the cities has demonstrated that
-the best and most capable teachers and managers are necessary to their
-successful conduct and discipline, and for the same reasons a prison or
-reformatory should be manned by the best obtainable talent.
-
-Your committee have made diligent inquiry but have not learned of any
-jurisdiction in which the compensation and status of subordinates in
-penal and correctional institutions is such as to ordinarily attract
-young men and women of the kind and character needed for the work;
-and neither do we find that such subordinates are any where required
-to have technical training or prior experience, before assuming their
-responsible positions as exemplars, directors and officials to those
-whose careers have been, at least to some extent, oblique.
-
-With their small pay, and perhaps small chance for promotion, and often
-with an uncertain tenure, their hours of duty long, and their work
-somewhat monotonous, and depressing to those not peculiarly fitted to
-it, they not infrequently have uncomfortable quarters, and but little
-opportunity to develop their social side.
-
-It is not to be wondered at that many of the young people who should
-follow institution work turn their attention in some more pleasing and
-promising direction, and that the service generally fails to measure up
-to its possibilities.
-
-Subordinates are found, to be sure, who fill every requirement, and
-who could not be improved upon on any basis of wages, but that merely
-indicates what might be done, if the appointing power might only offer
-inducements for likely young people to come to the institution, and
-make them glad to remain.
-
-The State attempts to secure first class work for second class
-compensation, and while it may often succeed in individual instances,
-the policy is not to be approved.
-
-In conclusion we wish to recapitulate to the extent of indicating in
-brief the points deemed by us to be the most important for improvement
-in reformatory work, as follows:
-
-1. The recognition of mental incompetency and constitutional
-inferiority among delinquents.
-
-2. The segregation of persons of marked inferior equipment and
-capacity, and their detention in custodial asylums, and other places
-suited to their care and treatment.
-
-(This for the purpose of humanely and favorably disposing of, and
-caring for, helpless recidivists, dements, chronic invalids, epileptics
-and others.)
-
-3. The furnishing to the public of reliable and important information
-regarding the character of the inmates of institutions, and the work
-carried on.
-
-4. The need of men and women of higher ideals and higher culture in
-places of confinement, necessitating preliminary training, higher
-wages, improved accommodations, suitable hours, fair tenure of office,
-and opportunity for promotion.
-
-5. The elimination of political consideration from the conduct of the
-institutions, and from the appointment of all persons of high or less
-high degree in connection therewith.
-
-6. The closest scrutiny into the physical and mental condition capacity
-of each person detained, and into his past history and environment.
-
-7. The establishment of a system under which no delinquent shall
-be released, unless in the judgment of the board, after searching
-inquiry, there is good reason to believe that he can and will maintain
-himself without relapsing into crime, and will be of some service to
-society; and under which no delinquent will be further held when such a
-condition is believed to have been reached.
-
-8. The extension of state agency and other supervisory means for
-observing and aiding the delinquent on parole, and for selecting
-suitable location and employment for him, and caring for his surplus
-earnings.
-
-
-
-
-ECHOES FROM OMAHA
-
-
-[The American Prison Association held its annual meeting at Omaha,
-Nebraska, from October, 14th to 19th. The Review publishes this month
-some echoes of the convention. In November further attention will be
-devoted to the meeting.]
-
-_Morons in New Jersey Reformatory._--Dr. Frank Moore, superintendent
-of the Rahway Reformatory gave an address before the annual convention
-of the American prison association at Omaha, on “Mending the Immoral
-Moron.” He said, in part:
-
-“In our New Jersey reformatory we have during the last two years made
-a careful study of this problem. Each inmate that has been received
-has been tested concerning his mentality, with the result that 46 per
-cent. were found to be deficients and to have minds that in knowledge
-or ability were only equal to the minds of children from 5 to 13 years
-old. Fully 33 per cent. or one-third of our population, we concluded
-was of the Moron class.
-
-“The problem presents very great difficulties. The ordinary institution
-officers declare that prisoners are ‘dopes,’ and sometimes the
-psychologist agrees with them.
-
-“The methods employed in dealing with this difficult problem must be
-unusually wise. The first thing that seems important is to know the
-man. He must be recognized as a defective. A special system must be
-adopted to him. His is a feeble mind. To place the same load upon him
-that is put upon others is either to cause him to balk or to break
-down altogether under the strain. He is a child mentally and not the
-abstract, but concrete or kindergarten mode of instruction must be
-used. In school he must be separated in some way from the others.
-
-“In his training in work the calibre of his mind needs also to be
-considered. The trades that need planning and skill are too much for
-him. To the work of the laborer, the farm, garden and dairy he is best
-suited, and in them he is really most contented.
-
-“Discipline which is firm yet kind is most successful. The most of
-immoral morons that we get have been ill-treated. Those who have not
-understood them have tried to beat sense into their stupid heads, and
-they are filled with fear and suspicion. They need, therefore, to be
-reassured.
-
-“Care must be given to correct such physical defects as are often times
-the cause of mental and moral weakness.
-
-“Of the 46 per cent. who by the test were feeble-minded in our
-institutions the percentage of physical defects was as follows:
-
-“Defective eyesight, 40 per cent.; flat foot, 35; bad teeth, 32; throat
-difficulties, 17; nasal obstruction, 47; total number having some
-physical defects, 88 per cent.
-
-“The work that the true chaplain may do is very great. The best way to
-mend the immoral moron is through persuasion and influences of religion.
-
-“Our learned friend, Dr. Goddard, of Vineland, N. J., has declared
-that nine years is the average age when the tendencies of crime begin
-to develop. At this and even an earlier age it has been arranged by
-infinite wisdom, it would seem, that religion should begin to make its
-formative impressions on the mind.
-
-“Concerning the question of parole or discharge, we cannot agree with
-those who advocate that the moron should be kept in permanent custodial
-care. Our success with this class on parole has been fully as good as
-it has been with the normal mind. Of eighty-three paroled during three
-months, not long ago, the morons have made even a better record than
-the normals.
-
-“We could point to many other morons who are doing their part well in
-the world’s work. They have their place in the economy of society; they
-peculiarly fit certain kinds of employment.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Judge De Courcy on Unpunished Homicide._--Quoting President Taft as
-saying that “The administration of criminal law in this country is a
-disgrace to civilization,” Judge C. A. De Courcy of Lawrence, Mass.,
-justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, pointed out in a paper
-read at Omaha in his absence that the United States is conspicuous for
-the great number of unpunished murderers. The defence of insanity,
-the limitation of the power of judges and the character of testimony
-allowed to be introduced in behalf of the defendant were some of the
-evils which, he said, ought to be rectified. “The number of homicides
-in this country for 1910 were 8975--an increase of nearly 900 over
-the number in 1909; yet but one in eighty-six was capitally punished
-in 1910 as against one in seventy-four during the year preceding,”
-said Judge De Courcy. “It is said that in 1896 for each million of the
-population there were 118 homicides in the United States; in Italy less
-than fifteen; in Canada less than thirteen; in Great Britain less than
-nine; in Germany less than five.
-
-“In New York City, 119 cases of homicide were investigated by the grand
-jury during the last year, but only forty-five convictions resulted.
-Chicago reports 202 homicides were committed in that city during the
-last year. Only one of the offenders was hanged; fifteen were sent to
-the penitentiary and the others were set free. In Louisville, with a
-population of 224,000, during the last year, there were forty-seven
-cases of homicide and not a single murderer was hanged. In Alabama
-a conviction for stealing hides was recently set aside because the
-indictment failed to state whether they were mule, cow, goat or sheep
-hides. And indictments were dismissed because father was spelled
-farther (in South Carolina); because the letter ‘i’ was omitted in
-spelling malice (in Alabama).” Judge De Courcy then suggested some
-criminal law reforms which included simplified forms of indictments,
-change in the selections of juries and in the rules governing
-pleadings.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Wickersham on Prison Reform and Parole._--The attorney general of the
-United States said at Omaha that in the battles of economic forces
-for supremacy, the law must be obeyed, even though it seems to favor
-one class as against another. Punishment in some form, declared the
-attorney general is still necessary in our land to prevent crime. He
-discussed at length the broad question of punishment for crime and the
-administration of the federal parole law. Modern penal legislation, he
-said, is based on a recognition of the expediency of endeavoring to
-reform the criminal. Mr. Wickersham favored the extension of the parole
-law to include life prisoners. He regarded it as an incongruity that
-prisoners sentenced to long terms for vicious crimes should be eligible
-for parole when the man convicted of second degree murder must remain
-in prison for life.
-
-Since the parole law was placed in operation last autumn, only one
-prisoner had violated his parole. The two hundred prisoners who were
-paroled from the time the law was put into effect in the autumn of 1910
-to June 30, 1911, earned nearly $22,000, whereas, if they had remained
-in prison, the attorney general pointed out they would have been a
-charge on the government. Mr. Wickersham expressed the belief that
-the parole boards should be enlarged by adding two unofficial persons
-selected from among prominent citizens of the locality in which the
-prison is situated.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Base Ball in Prison._--At Omaha this question was vigorously
-discussed, not unfavorably, but as to the day or days when the game
-should occur.
-
-J. K. Codding, warden of the Kansas penitentiary, told of base ball and
-other recreations for prisoners in his institution and the discussion
-which followed the general expression was that base ball, athletic
-contests, moving picture shows and other recreations render prison
-discipline easier by affording opportunity to reward those who do well
-and to deprive of pleasure those who break the rules.
-
-The statement of Chaplain Le Cornu of Walla Walla, Wash., that Sunday
-afternoon in his institution is devoted to base ball, raised a protest
-from others, particularly Warden Codding of Kansas and Warden Saunders
-of Iowa. Mr. Codding said he didn’t let the men play ball on Sunday
-because he didn’t expect them to advocate Sunday ball when they got
-out. Mr. Saunders said his men played Saturday afternoon; that he would
-allow the men to play Sunday if they couldn’t play any other day.
-
-Warden James of Oregon said he not only had base ball games, at which
-the men were allowed to root until they were hoarse, and weekly moving
-picture shows, but he intended this fall to put in a gymnasium. Several
-wardens said the reason that prisoners in many prisons are locked up
-all day Sunday is that the state is too stingy to hire a few extra
-guards.
-
-A Colorado woman delegate said the men in the Colorado prison play base
-ball without guards, and in the rock camps they enjoy themselves at
-various sports, without guards, all day Sunday.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Mrs. Booth on Prisoners’ Earnings._--“Every man who works in prison
-should work for the support of his family or those depending upon him,
-after his board and clothing have been paid for,” declared Mrs. Maud
-Ballington Booth in a lecture at Omaha. “Some officials and law makers
-seem not to know that a convict may have a family, yet there is always
-this heart-saddened, home-broken circle of gloom, the mothers, wives
-and children of convicts, about every penal institution. Wherewith are
-they to be fed and clothed? What recognition does the state give to
-them, from whom it has taken their only source of support? When this
-wife married the man he promised to support her. Then if the state
-takes him in hand, why should it not make provision for his carrying
-out the promise?
-
-“I know of one case where the state gets $500,000 a year for its
-convict labor. A nice little source of revenue! What of the army of
-helpless and hopeless wives and children who are being deprived of the
-support of these laborers who are their husbands and fathers.
-
-“The helping hand extended to the family frequently has a reflex action
-on the man in prison. He decides that if there are people outside who
-think enough of his babies to care for them they are worth his efforts
-too.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Shackling Chain Gangs._--At Omaha, during the American Prison
-Association meeting, some plain talk was printed in one of the
-newspapers, quoted from the lips of some delegates who saw the Omaha
-chain gang going through the streets, and who pronounced the shackling
-system bad and unnecessary. Word comes now from Columbus, S. C., that
-the convicts on the city chain gang who are not disorderly or those who
-have not attempted to run away are no longer required to wear the iron
-shackles about their ankles. When a prisoner is convicted before the
-recorder and given a sentence on the gang he is told that the shackles
-will not be put on him if he promises not to give the guards trouble.
-
-
-
-
-BUILDING NEW PRISONS
-
-
-According to the Kansas City Star, the United States government is
-building at Fort Leavenworth a $2,000,000 military prison which is
-costing the government only $617,000.
-
-It is building the new prison with convict labor. And when it is
-finished about two years from now, it will be the biggest military
-prison in this country. With the old buildings, which are to be
-remodeled, the completed military prison and accessory buildings will
-represent a value of $3,000,000. It will be a model prison as well.
-Every improvement that has been incorporated in all the prisons that
-have been built hitherto will be found in this one.
-
-Several hundred convicts at the United States military reservation
-at Fort Leavenworth are building the new military prison around
-themselves. It was two years ago that congress made the initial
-appropriation for the new military prison. Practically everything
-needed except steel and cement was found within less than a mile of the
-building site or the military reservation. So Colonel Slavens began the
-monumental work of building a $2,000,000 military prison for $647,000.
-
-He opened a rock quarry, where an excellent grade of building stone
-could be obtained. He opened a second quarry where rock for making
-lime was abundant, and established lime kilns, and began making forty
-barrels of lime a day. A rock crusher was installed. A brick plant
-was erected and shale quarries opened for making the 16,000,000 bricks
-that are going into the prison buildings. A concrete block plant was
-established, where 200 concrete blocks were turned out daily. Sand
-for the masonry work is obtained from the Missouri river. Wood for
-burning the brick and lime was found in the forest on the reservation,
-as well as for scaffolding, and much of the lumber that is being used
-in construction. All of these are being operated by prison labor on
-various parts of the reservation, while the armed guards look on.
-Within the old prison walls iron and wood working machinery has been
-put in, as well as tin and electrical working machinery. All of the
-iron and steel is being brought to the prison in practically a raw
-condition, and the prisoners are working it up into finished product.
-To do this it was necessary for the prisoners to master every building
-trade.
-
-Long before anything of this work was done the tedious task of teaching
-the convicts the mechanical trades began. In fact, it was the idea of
-Colonel Slavens that entirely apart from the problem of building the
-new military prison, the convicts should be taught trades. So schools
-were established, and everything from reading to writing to stenography
-and typewriting is taught in classes that meet three times a week.
-Expert civilian superintendents were employed to teach the convicts and
-act as superintendents of the work in the new prison, and they have
-developed some remarkably fine mechanics. Each convict is allowed to
-follow his natural bent wherever possible. Electricians, ironworkers,
-brick masons, tinners, and a score of other trades have been taught the
-men. Two hundred and seventy-five of the prisoners are being worked
-on the prison building proper, while an additional 176 are working in
-the brick plant, lime plant and quarries. A difficulty is encountered
-in the fact that about the time many of the convicts become first-class
-workmen their term of service expires. Forty-one per cent. of the
-prisoners confined at the military prison are deserters, the maximum
-penalty for which in time of peace is imprisonment for two and one-half
-years. Many of the others are confined for less serious offenses.
-
-Before any work on the new buildings began, the commandant had to coach
-a company of prisoners in the gentle art of housemoving. Forty-one
-houses, occupied by civilian employees and guards, covered the site
-on which it was desired to build the new prison. These were moved to
-a site a quarter of a mile away. Then a fill, in some places a depth
-of thirty-five feet, was made, before the new site was ready for the
-buildings.
-
-The grounds covered by the old and new buildings comprise an area of
-about seventeen acres. A wall of concrete, several feet thick, and in
-some cases rising to a height of fifty-five feet, now is practically
-completed around this site. A power plant covering half a city block is
-about finished. The power plant is connected by tunnel with the main
-building under process of construction. An examination of the power
-plant gives every evidence of expert construction. It is built of brick
-and concrete, with an immense circular brick chimney rising to a height
-of over 100 feet. When it is in operation it will be in charge of a
-convict engineer.
-
-The main building of the new prison is being constructed on the
-radial plan, with the cell, hospital and other wings radiating from a
-central building or rotunda. This is for simplicity in control of the
-prisoners. By this means eight guards, armed with repeating rifles,
-patrolling the “gun walks” of the rotunda and cell wings, will be able
-to keep in subjection the 2,100 prisoners that are expected to occupy
-the new prison when it is finished. All the necessary utilities for
-the maintenance of life will be under one roof when the building is
-completed. There will be a hospital, laundry, bakery, refrigerating
-plant, amusement hall (used mainly for devotional purposes), and even
-the cells will be fitted with individual toilet facilities.
-
-There will be a total of 2,182 cells in the five cell wings radiating
-from the new building. There are now 909 cells, containing 932
-prisoners. As soon as the new prison is completed there are enough
-prisoners waiting in the guard houses of the various military posts
-throughout the country to fill all of the 2,182 cells, and they will be
-sent to Fort Leavenworth.
-
-The government manifests no anxiety to give out details touching its
-business, but the information is vouchsafed that on the lime that is
-going into the new building, a saving of 80 per cent. on each barrel is
-effected, and that in the case of brick, it is costing the government
-60 per cent. less to make it than it would cost to purchase it in the
-open market. This, with the saving in labor, gives an idea of how
-the government is able to erect $2,000,000 worth of buildings on an
-appropriation of $647,000.
-
-The government has no intention whatever of going into the open market
-in competition with outside labor. It will manufacture nothing at the
-military prison at Fort Leavenworth, which is not used in the conduct
-of the prison itself. In pursuance of this policy in the past, it has
-built with prison labor six miles of terminal railroad at the fort, and
-has constructed and is maintaining many miles of rock road.
-
-There are only two other military prisons in the United States. One
-is a provisional prison on Governor’s Island, and the other a small
-prison at Alcatraz, Cal., about one-fourth the size of the present Fort
-Leavenworth prison. The government has not announced whether it will
-abandon these.
-
-When the new prison is finished about $50,000 will be spent in
-remodeling the old buildings, some of which are very ancient. One was
-built in 1877 and another in 1830, but they are still in a fair state
-of preservation. They were originally built for a quartermaster’s depot.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_New York’s New Prison._--Great Meadow Prison is now in operation, the
-latest and only modern structure among New York’s state prisons. The
-Brooklyn Citizen describes it thus, in part:
-
-A couple of hours’ ride from Albany northward on the Delaware and
-Hudson Railroad brings the visitor to the station Comstock--a flag stop
-for a few trains each way per day. The dozen or so dwelling houses
-scattered about the beautiful landscape with their outlying barns and
-stables proclaim a farming community. Eastward, about a quarter of a
-mile from the railroad depot, one sees a big yellow brick building
-rising like a Gulliver above a squadron of Lilliputian contractor
-shanties.
-
-The big building is the Great Meadow Prison cell house, about 600 feet
-long, 80 feet high and 70 feet wide. Unfinished end walls indicate
-that the cell house is only half completed and that another wing of
-equal length, height and width is to be added. The completed part of
-the building contains 624 cells on four floors. Each cell is about the
-size of a New York hall room; is equipped with a white enameled closet
-and a white enameled stationary washstand and running water, while the
-furnishings consist of a white enameled iron hospital bedstead with
-felt mattress, felt pillow, white bed linen and cotton blankets. A
-small lock cabinet and cloth rack complete the equipment. The cells
-are finished in natural cement; the doors have upright bars from floor
-to ceiling, the bars being painted with aluminum color--and the color
-effect of cement gray and the silvery aluminum is rather pleasing. A
-touch of quiet elegance is even added by the bright nickel plated water
-spigot and water control push buttons above the toilet stand and wash
-basin. The cell house walls are 75 per cent. windows and each cell is
-flooded with light. At night in each cell an electric light, with a
-shade throwing the light downward, provides splendid illumination for
-reading, writing, drawing, etc. The cell house has a comprehensive
-ventilating system, with ventilating ducts connecting each cell.
-
-Opposite the cell house stands the administration building. When
-the whole prison plant is completed--which will take several years
-yet--this building will be used exclusively for hospital, school
-and library purposes. At present the building is used for all the
-housekeeping departments of the prison, including bathroom, laundry,
-tailor shop, shoe shop, kitchen, dining room, storeroom, hospital,
-chapel, library, warden’s office, principal keeper’s office, guards’
-quarters and a small dormitory for the kitchen gang. It is a beehive of
-activity, with its sixty-odd inmate workers, and a poor place for the
-night guards to do their day-sleeping. The halls and rooms are daily
-mopped and scrubbed and every nook and corner is kept scrupulously
-clean by a gang of porters.
-
-The inmates are marched into the dining hall three times a day for
-their meals, including Sunday. The farm operated in conjunction with
-the prison and by prisoners (under direction of proper officials)
-supplies seasonable vegetables, and now and then fresh meat from
-the farm’s herd of cattle and pigs. This gives an advantage to the
-steward of the prison in providing a greater variety of food and a
-more attractive menu at the same per capita expenditure as the other
-prisons in the State are allowed which are not favored with a farm. The
-per capita expenditure in all State prisons is limited by legislative
-appropriation. The fine air, good water, sound sleep in clean beds and
-clean rooms, the daily exercise at work on the farm and at such other
-work as is connected with running the prison--all combine to supply a
-hearty appetite to the inmates. This appetite is met by a table limited
-by the legislature, as already stated, and is limited also for the
-men’s own good by hygienic restrictions.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Prison Farm at Occoquan, Virginia._--An interesting account of
-the progress of the District of Columbia’s prison farm was recently
-given by Rev. J. T. Masten, secretary of the Virginia state board of
-charities and corrections.
-
-The past year’s experience of the prison commissioners of the District
-of Columbia has made a great impression upon him, as it has on every
-thoughtful student of criminology. Two years ago Congress wrote in
-the appropriation bill authority to the prison commissioners of the
-District to do away with the jail system by placing the prisoners on a
-farm. The sum of $190,000 was appropriated for the purpose. Under the
-old system it was costing the commissioners $150,000 to care for the
-prisoners each year.
-
-The board took the money and bought a farm of eleven hundred acres near
-Occoquan, in Prince William county, Va.
-
-They took the male prisoners to the farm and used them exclusively
-in the clearing of the land and preparing it for cultivation and in
-the erection of the necessary buildings, one-story frame buildings
-erected by the prisoners. To illustrate the economy of the work the
-administration building, which is 30 by 175 feet, cost in actual money
-two hundred dollars, the prisoners doing the work, sawing the lumber
-from the timber on the property.
-
-The work proved a splendid moral and physical tonic to the men. The
-prison motto was made, “Reformation, not vindictive punishment.”
-
-At first one guard had charge of six prisoners. Now one man has charge
-of twenty prisoners and directs them in their work.
-
-The prisoners do not wear chains and are not bound at night. There are
-no bars at the windows and two men take care of 225 male prisoners at
-night and one woman cares for sixty female prisoners.
-
-During the first year there passed through the prison farm three
-thousand men. There were but sixty attempts to escape--just two per
-cent. Twenty of these attempts were successful, or less than one per
-cent. of the total number of men confined.
-
-The punishment for the unruly is solitary confinement on a diet of
-bread and water and this form of discipline has only been found
-necessary for an average of five cases each month, with an average
-prison population of 550 men, or less than one per cent. From July 1
-to September 8 there had been but four women punished. This shows that
-the methods in use, the farm work and country quiet, and the ennobling
-influence of honest toil in the open, have accomplished wonders in the
-handling of the prisoners.
-
-Then the farm method of handling prisoners is splendid economy. It is
-estimated that to complete the rock-crushing and brick-manufacturing
-plant, to finish grading the grounds and building the roads and the
-erection of additional barns and other outbuildings and to pay the
-ordinary expenses of the prison for the year the cost will be $120,000,
-which is thirty thousand dollars less than it cost the District to
-support the prisoners during the last year under the old jail system.
-
-Within three years, the superintendent, Mr. Whittaker, estimates that
-the farm will be self-supporting, and it may be reasonably expected,
-the superintendent thinks, that the farm will clear from twenty to
-thirty thousand dollars a year after paying all the expenses of
-maintaining the prisoners.
-
-It is found that the new system has caused a decrease in prison
-population. Many of the prisoners reform, while the class which has
-no liking for honest toil and has heretofore taken a season in the
-district jail in search of rest and refreshment which they could not
-otherwise obtain are fighting shy of the district police courts. It
-seems now that, at the present rate of decrease, the population of the
-prison-farm the second year will be some nineteen hundred less than
-during the first year.
-
-The superintendent, Mr. Whittaker, endeavors to impress upon the men
-that it is better in every way to work as free men and earn wages than
-to be sent to the farm and be compelled to work without wages. Three of
-the best and most useful employees of the farm are men who were once
-confined thereon as prisoners.
-
-The products of the work on the farm will not be used in competition
-with those of the public. Such products will be used in connection with
-the support of other public institutions or in the construction of
-public roads.
-
-
-
-
-IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD
-
-
-THE ORIGIN OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE FRIENDLESS.[1]
-
-The Society for the Friendless grew out of the efforts of Rev. and Mrs.
-Edward A. Fredenhagen to apply the methods of Jesus to the redemption
-of the submerged masses.
-
-The first home was opened at 1219 Washburn Ave., Topeka, Kansas.
-Previous to this, a group of leading men had been interested in the
-work. Foremost among these was Judge T. F. Garver. He became the
-first president and the counsellor, and his wise counsels as well as
-his legal talent have aided in directing the society to its present
-carefully developed legal and philanthropic status.
-
-The first tour, to investigate Kansas, was made in December, 1900. The
-family reached Topeka in the Christmas holidays of the same year. Work
-began at once and culminated in April, 1901, in the organization of the
-first board of directors and the incorporation of the Kansas society
-for the friendless.
-
-The society was welcomed heartily by Governor W. E. Stanley, and by J.
-S. Simmons, superintendent of the reformatory at Hutchinson.
-
-The following June Rev. R. A. Hoffman, just leaving the chaplaincy
-at the penitentiary, became the first district superintendent, with
-headquarters at Salina, and served the society for six years. He did
-a great deal of hard and capable work and left to go to the Colorado
-prison association. The next superintendent to join was Rev. Frank
-Brainerd, a neighboring pastor of the general superintendent in
-Illinois. He remained with the society for seven and a half years
-and did excellent work. He left to become general secretary of the
-associated charities in Kansas City, Kansas. The third superintendent
-was Rev. George S. Ricker, a scholarly pastor, who desired to give the
-remainder of his life to work among the lost classes. He is still with
-the society, and is senior among all the district superintendents.
-
-By the autumn of 1901 the employment department and the temporary home
-were well established. Then the next important step was taken in
-the organization in the Kansas Penitentiary of the first of a series
-of prison leagues, which were to form the nucleus of the important
-department of jail and prison evangelism. Chaplain McBrian became
-the superintendent of this league and for the eight years of his
-chaplaincy, was the unwavering friend of the Society.
-
-It soon became evident that the religious work in the prison would not
-have its rightful opportunity unless the department of prison reform
-should be developed in the state. So the society began a campaign for
-the passage of the indeterminate sentence and the parole law to apply
-to the penitentiary the same as it was operating in the Reformatory.
-This passed the legislature in 1903, and has been one of the most
-successful laws bearing upon the crime problem, operating in Kansas.
-Under it the penitentiary has been changed from an old type punishment
-prison to an up-to-date reformatory. The improvement in prison
-management has kept pace with the change in the criminal code.
-
-Finding children in the jails of Kansas, the society began, in 1903, a
-campaign for the juvenile court act. The bill to introduce it in the
-state senate in 1903 was defeated. Then followed the campaign, covering
-two years, in which there was delivered over two thousand addresses.
-Over twenty thousand calls were made on individuals in the state during
-the biennium. Leading philanthropists came to the society’s aid.
-
-The bill passed unanimously both house and senate, and a juvenile court
-was established in every county in Kansas. The juvenile court system of
-this state is modeled after that of Colorado.
-
-Taking the Kansas society as a nucleus, the general superintendent
-accepted calls into Missouri and outlying states. The first step was to
-organize a league in the Missouri state penitentiary, under Chaplain
-Geo. J. Warren, D. D. Since then the general superintendent has made
-twenty-six major and many minor national tours, the longest one being
-seven thousand miles. During that period, fifteen states have been
-opened to the work of the society. Of these eleven still maintain the
-society for the friendless. Ministers of ability and consecration have
-accepted calls to be superintendents. There are seventeen of these now
-in full service, with two laymen giving part time.
-
-There are twenty centers of religious activity in penal institutions,
-originally projected by the society.
-
-When the society was nine years old the first national convention was
-held in Kansas City, in January, 1910. In 1906 the original society had
-been expanded from a state organization to one including all the states
-and territories in the United States. At the first national convention
-in 1910 the first elective national board was chosen. Previous to this
-the board of directors of the “Kansas and Missouri division,” (Kansas
-and Missouri having been united in one unit of territory), was a
-holding board for all the work in the other states. In November, 1908,
-the general office was moved from Topeka to Kansas City, the office
-being in Missouri and the temporary home on the Kansas side of the
-line. The first national convention came as a natural sequence. It was
-to more completely develop this slowly evolving organization, so that
-it would cover all the territories occupied by the living organism--the
-society itself.
-
-
-NEW PRISON HEAD NOMINATED IN MASSACHUSETTS.
-
-Warren F. Spalding, Secretary of the Massachusetts Prison Association,
-has been nominated by Governor Foss, chairman and executive of the
-Prison Commission, succeeding Mr. Pettigrove. Of the appointment the
-Boston Transcript says editorially:
-
-The Governor has supplanted one good man with another good man. That
-Mr. Pettigrove was not to be reappointed was announced by the governor
-some weeks ago, and yet Mr. Pettigrove’s friends hoped that he would
-reconsider, as he had done on so many other occasions. There will be
-regret at the passing of Mr. Pettigrove, who, in the many years in
-which he has been prison commissioner has served the State well and
-given his department the benefit of long experience and real ability.
-The public, while regretting the departure of Pettigrove, will welcome
-the incoming of Spalding. As secretary of the Massachusetts prison
-association for many years, and backed by his long experience in prison
-labor affairs, Mr. Spalding has been one of the foremost prison men
-of the United States. The association of which he is the secretary
-has been a leader in progressive ideas on prison management, and in
-this Mr. Spalding has been the executive officer and initiator. There
-will be no question whatever of the progressiveness of Mr. Spalding’s
-administration and of the value of his services to the State.
-
-Mr. Spalding is not unfamiliar to that office, having been secretary of
-it from 1879 until he resigned in 1888.
-
-Mr. Spalding was born in Hillsboro, N. H., Jan. 14, 1841, but was
-educated in the public schools of Nashua, N. H. After leaving school
-he engaged in the furniture business in his native place for several
-years, and in 1870 came to Boston. There he became connected with the
-Boston Daily News, and later worked for the Globe and the Commercial
-Bulletin, both as a reporter and an editor.
-
-Since 1872 he has been a resident of Cambridge and represented a
-district in that city in the general court during 1894 and 1895. He has
-been engaged in prison work for many years, having been secretary of
-the Massachusetts Prison Association since 1890. In 1896 Mr. Spalding
-was elected to the Cambridge Board of Aldermen. Mr. Spalding was a
-private in Co. F, 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery, during the Civil
-War and is a member of Post 186, G. A. R.
-
-The governor’s nomination must be approved by the governor’s council.
-
-
-PRISON SUNDAY.
-
-This day was observed as usual in several states on either the fourth
-or last Sunday in October. The Connecticut prison association, in
-issuing a call, directed attention to the fact that the great need in
-that state is a change in our treatment of petty offenders. “We made
-great progress in the treatment of these cases when we established the
-probation service, which keeps many out of jail. But during 1910 there
-were 10,468 commitments to our county jails. Six thousand and fifty of
-these, by their own admission, has been in prison before.”
-
-In New York the prison association sent special letters to about 1,500
-pastors, 200 of whom responded favorably. Special literature was
-furnished each pastor.
-
-
-NEW YORK’S PRISON NEEDS.
-
-In an interview in the New York Sun, O. F. Lewis, general secretary of
-the prison association of New York, said recently:
-
-“The principal prison needs of this State are a separate cell for each
-prisoner in State prisons, employment for eight hours a day for all
-able-bodied men in State prisons, the marketing of all prison-made
-products in this State to the State and its political subdivisions,
-such as counties and cities; the introduction and development of
-industries in our county penitentiaries and jails; the centralization
-of administration of our penitentiaries and jails under a proper
-department of the State; the abolition of idleness and filth in many of
-our jails; the development of the women’s farm and the farm colony for
-vagrants and tramps; the creation of a separate institution or separate
-wings of an existing institution for feeble-minded criminals, not the
-insane criminals--and other things too numerous to mention.
-
-“They had just such a jail situation in England thirty years ago, when
-the State took over all the local prisons, that correspond to our
-county jails. To-day all these institutions are under the management
-of the prison commissioners of England, a body that no one would think
-of accusing of the least bit of graft, and the institutions are run
-with regard to the rights of the prisoner and the welfare of society.
-That is our great need--that the state should manage the correctional
-institutions within its borders through boards of managers, at least in
-part.”
-
-FOOTNOTE:
-
-[1] Abridged from the last issue of the society’s publication, “The
-First Friend.”
-
-
-
-
-EVENTS IN BRIEF
-
-
-[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of
-general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the
-delinquent.]
-
-_Going to School at Charlestown, Mass._--The Hartford, Conn., Times,
-tells of a summer school for illiterate prisoners which was started
-this season by Benjamin F. Bridges, warden of the state prison at
-Charlestown, Mass. A school has existed in the state prison for many
-years, but it was Warden Bridges who placed it upon a practical basis,
-such as has made it a power for good.
-
-In the correspondence school, as in the other, the teachers are all
-prisoners. As soon as a man is sent to the prison and has become
-accustomed to his surroundings he is interviewed by one of the teachers
-to ascertain if he wishes to study and improve his mind while in
-prison. If he does, he is given an application blank, and he fills out
-the list of studies he wishes to pursue.
-
-If there is doubt as to his ability to enter some classes he has a
-private examination by the teacher in elementary subjects. If he shows
-ability to enter the correspondence school he receives material and
-lesson blanks, and works out his exercises in his own cell in his spare
-time, sending his answers to the school office. There his work is
-carefully inspected, and if it is satisfactory new work is sent to him.
-
-The prisoners entered in this correspondence school never assemble in
-classes, but all their work is done in their own cells, lights being
-allowed until nine o’clock for such study. While the prisoner-teachers
-rarely, if ever, see their pupils after they have joined the
-correspondence school, the hold the teachers obtain upon the respect
-and interest of the solitary students is truly wonderful.
-
-A teachers’ association was formed recently in the prison, and these
-men meet at intervals with the prison chaplain to map out lessons and
-arrange other details of the work. There is almost no limit to the
-amount of advanced work that may be undertaken.
-
-As the work of the school in the prison progressed it became evident
-that it kept the men employed and gave them less opportunity to grow
-morose and desperate. It was found that they were more contented and
-cheerful, and with education, in many cases, came a pronounced change
-in character, a reformation that was not assumed in any way, but a
-natural result of the change from ignorance to intelligence and a
-knowledge of their own ability to make a way in the world if given
-an opportunity. The deportment of the prisoners improved wonderfully
-and has been first class since the school work was started by General
-Bridges, many years ago.
-
-This spring General Bridges took steps to establish a day summer school
-for the illiterate prisoners. There are usually about eight hundred odd
-prisoners in the institution, and from the entire lot about forty were
-selected as being thoroughly illiterate and have been placed in this
-newly started class.
-
-In the forty prisoners in the class are represented no less than twelve
-different nationalities. A mere glance at the men constituting the
-class is sufficient to indicate that ignorance has been the cause for
-most of the class finding themselves in prison.
-
-This class in the prison school were allowed to assemble in one room
-in the institution, and they had desks like ordinary school children.
-Now every one of the forty prisoners can read, write and cipher in a
-very creditable manner. It is a new experience to them to be able to
-read, and their interest in newspapers and stories from simple books
-impresses one who sees it for the first time.
-
-Some of the men in this illiterate class could not speak English when
-they entered it, and now they fairly love the warden for having made
-it possible for them to communicate with their relatives and former
-friends, although such communications have all to pass inspection
-before they leave prison.
-
-The ages of the men in this school class run from twenty to forty-five.
-Some of them will be eligible for parole in a few years and they are
-looking forward to the fact that they will be able to write out their
-own applications for such parole.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Police Condemn Crime Pictures._--In reply to requests sent to police
-heads by the State Charities Aid and Prison Reform Association of
-New Jersey for information concerning moving picture shows and their
-influence on the young, these replies have been received:
-
-“I am heartily in favor of legislation which would prevent the
-exhibition of pictures showing any action which in real life would be a
-crime.”--Chief of Police Corbitt of Newark.
-
-“I think they are the cause of 20 per cent. of our crime, especially of
-petty larceny. These shows cannot locate in our town.”--Nutley.
-
-“In my opinion, moving picture shows are bad for women and children.
-I know where children steal to get money for shows; also where women
-neglect their families to go.”--Weehawken.
-
-“Children are inclined to steal in order to go there; also neglect
-their studies.”--Passaic.
-
-“I had a case drawn to my attention of a five-year-old boy who attended
-a cheap picture show where there was shown a picture with a hold-up in
-it. This boy’s mother was ill. The child got an old revolver, walked
-into his mother’s room and told her to throw up her hands. When he was
-asked where he had learned that he answered he saw it in the show.
-I believe if the revolver had been loaded some one would have been
-killed.”--Hackensack.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Big Brothers in Atlanta and Macon._--Atlanta’s probation system for
-adults, which embraces drunkards, vagrants, wife beaters, deserters
-of families and the like, is to be materially enlarged in scope and
-made more efficient through the development of a volunteer probation
-force of 100 business and professional men who are willing to give a
-few hours of their leisure time each week in an effort to save the men
-and youths who come under the supervision of the probation officer.
-This volunteer force will work in conjunction with Officer Coogler and
-the Prison Association of Georgia, which has headquarters at 404 Gould
-building.
-
-In Macon, Lewis J. Bernhardt, agent of the Georgia prison association,
-has secured 100 names of Macon people who will aid in the perfection
-of an organization in that city to cope with conditions in the city and
-county prisons and convict camps and to aid in securing a better penal
-system for Georgia.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Radical Experiments in Oregon._--According to the Newark Evening
-News, Governor West of Oregon has inaugurated an “honor system” with
-astonishing results. Chains and stripes have been abolished. Convicts
-are put at work outside the prison walls, without guard on roads, farms
-and buildings, on their word that they “will not throw the governor
-down.” They are given a chance to fit themselves for useful callings,
-are assured of parole, with work at good wages, when they deserve it.
-There have been but three attempts at escape since the system was
-inaugurated six months ago. The new system is carefully worked out. The
-state prison aid society works with the state parole board and governor
-to find remunerative employment for paroled men. Men that have proven
-reliable and efficient on prison work are recommended for parole; a job
-is secured them. If they get a better one they can take it. But they
-must work! And every man of the fifty paroled in the last three months
-has made good.
-
-When Governor West inaugurated his guardless, outside policy he sent
-for a fifteen-year convict. “Put him on the street car, give him car
-fare; don’t send a guard, and tell him to come to my office,” the
-governor ’phoned the astonished warden. The man came, and went into
-executive conference with the governor. The plan was outlined, the
-honor system worked out, and the man went back to the prison on the
-next car and spread the news through the 450 men behind the walls. Once
-the governor sent half a dozen long-term men to town to see the sights
-for half a day and report back to the warden by sundown. They had a
-good time and reported back to the minute, sober and contented.
-
-When the convicts were first sent out to work alone on the roads the
-farmers protested loudly. But the men soon proved that they were human,
-were living up to their honor pledge and were making better roads for
-the farmers than the farmers could make for themselves. The farmers of
-Marion county, where the prison is, are now the heartiest supporters of
-the new policy.
-
-Is it safe to let convicts out without a guard? From January to July
-this year, with 150 men working outside, without guard, but three have
-escaped, and all three were “weak in the head,” and should have been in
-the asylum. During the same period two years ago, some ten men escaped,
-though under heavy guard all the time. During the latter part of 1909
-an attempt was made to work prisoners outside under heavy guard. In a
-few months eighteen escaped, and on October 6, 1909, six overpowered
-their guards, took their guns away from them and fled to the hills.
-Four were recaptured, wounded. Two were killed. Then the cry went up
-that prisoners couldn’t be worked outside the penitentiary because it
-would take more guards than there were prisoners.
-
-Governor West solved this problem by doing away with the guards. All
-there is to the new prison policy of Governor West’s is this: “Give the
-men a chance. If they don’t take it you have done your part.” But they
-do take it.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Convicts May Raise Trees._--It is not illegal for convicts to be
-employed in reforestation as planned by the conservation commission,
-according to Attorney General Carmody of New York State, nor is it
-illegal to sell trees raised by convict labor for the reforestation of
-private lands.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_A Candidate’s Proclamation._--E. C. O’Rear, a gubernatorial candidate
-in Kentucky, has stated his convictions on prison labor thus:
-
-“If elected Governor I will recommend the submission to the people of
-an amendment to the constitution allowing convict labor to be used in
-building and repairing the public highways and for no other purpose,
-outside the walls. It is best for the prisoners themselves to be
-so employed and until such an amendment to the constitution can be
-secured, my contention is that they should be employed, whatever they
-do, at the same wage that is paid the same character of labor outside
-the prison walls; and that the profit of their labor be applied by the
-State to the maintenance of the families of the convicts instead of
-going to and enriching the contractors.”
-
-Judge O’Rear also agrees with the following plank in the Republican
-platform:
-
-“We demand the enactment of a law providing for bi-partisan control of
-penal and charitable institutions, and for the abolition of contract
-convict labor; and we denounce the board of prison commissioners in
-hiring out the children under their charge at the reform school for the
-benefit of whose morals and education that institution was originally
-established.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Plans for a New Sing Sing._--That there is no need for the proposed
-new Harlem prison in Wingdale and that the present Sing Sing prison,
-New York, should be improved and retained is the opinion of Joseph F.
-Scott, superintendent of State Prisons. Plans tentatively mapped out
-will save the State at least $2,000,000. By expending $1,000,000 for
-improvements in Sing Sing, including the construction of a new cell
-block to accommodate 1,500 prisoners, and employing convict labor on
-the proposed improvements. Mr. Scott believes the institution can be
-used to as good advantage as the proposed new Harlem prison. Sing Sing
-is more accessible to New York city and at least $40,000 to $50,000
-would be saved annually in the cost of the transportation of prisoners
-and freight, it is said.
-
-“Outside of the cell block at Sing Sing the present prison plant is all
-right,” Mr. Scott is reported to have said, “and with a new cell block
-at Sing Sing and the 600 cell-capacity at the Great Meadows prison
-completed to its contemplated 1,200-cell capacity, the State would have
-a capacity of 1,200 cells each at Auburn, Dannemora, Great Meadows and
-Sing Sing, or for 4,800 convicts, and the present prison population
-is 4,500. So far the State has expended $400,000 at Bear Mountain
-and Wingdale in the attempt to get a new prison, and to complete the
-Wingdale project would cost $3,000,000 more.
-
-“There are many features about the Wingdale site which make it too
-costly and unsuitable for a prison. Transportation of convicts and
-supplies would cost $50,000 a year more than at Sing Sing, and it would
-cost $250,000 more than anticipated for a water supply and sewerage and
-grading. A portion of the Wingdale site is swampy, also.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_New York Lockups._--There are now in the state of New York, according
-to the Commission on Prisons of New York, about 500 police stations and
-town and village lockups. During the past two years practically every
-one of them has been visited by an inspector from this department. The
-commission has been endeavoring to remedy some of the recognized evils
-quite prevalent in their management, and to insist upon more adequate
-provision for housing police prisoners and for more sanitary conditions
-in these local jails.
-
-It has been insisting that there should be a more complete segregation
-of women from men than that now provided in some cases. Another evil
-which has received attention and criticism has been the common practice
-of commingling police prisoners with tramps or lodgers and the failure
-to segregate boys and adults.
-
-Prisoners held in these lockups have been arrested simply on suspicion
-and have not had any hearing, and are entitled to decent and humane
-treatment. With many of them are common drunks, others are of a more
-reputable class and should not be locked up in crowded unsanitary
-quarters with tramps and hoboes of the worst kind. The commission has
-been insisting that these evils be minimized, and that if localities
-desire to have a lodging place for tramps it should be entirely
-separate from the quarters where prisoners are confined who are charged
-with offenses but who will be later allowed opportunity for defense
-before a court.
-
-Through the persistent efforts of the commission great improvements
-have been made in these respects in very many of the towns, villages
-and smaller cities of the state, and the commission believes in its
-duty to prosecute this work still further until the evils heretofore
-arising from the improper housing and unwise coming of these various
-classes of people shall be eliminated.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Detroit Aids Dependent Families of Prisoners._--In the Review for
-March, 1911, we described the financial success of the Detroit House of
-Correction. From the annual report of the board of poor commissioners
-of Detroit we learn that between July 1, 1910, and June 30, 1911, 88
-families, comprising 360 dependent persons, were supported by the wages
-that the husband and father earned while confined in the house of
-correction. The sum expended for the dependent families was $3,355.
-
-There have been many families who would have gone in absolute want
-rather than appeal to the city for aid, but under this ordinance they
-were given the right to requisition a portion of the wages which the
-head of the household was earning while imprisoned, and they have
-not felt that they were receiving gifts of charity. Tables prepared
-with the report show that of the 88 families assisted from the house
-of correction fund, 39 were Americans, 19 Polish, 10 Austrians, 10
-Canadians, and five Germans, while English, Irish, Scotch, Russians and
-Negroes had but one family each. Seventy-nine of the offenders were
-sentenced from the police court and nine from the recorder’s court on
-charges ranging from bigamy and forgery to failure to send children to
-school.
-
-The report also embodies the suggestion that some system of adequate
-and permanent relief is needed by means of which provision can be made
-for widows and their children. Three hundred and forty-five widows with
-young children, or 24 per cent. of the total number of cases, aided by
-the poor commissioners, were assisted during the year. Commenting upon
-this fact, the report says:
-
-“When we think that the average income of these families is not more
-than $4 or $5 a week, it is impossible to believe that these children
-are properly fed, housed and clothed. Can we wonder that so many of
-the children in these families go astray and find their way into the
-juvenile court detention homes and reformatories?”
-
-Reporting to the American prison association at Omaha, William H. Venn,
-parole officer for Michigan, outlined the compensation plan operated
-in the Detroit House of Correction, which he said had met with general
-commendation.
-
-“On July 6, 1911, the Detroit House of Correction passed its fiftieth
-milestone. During the last thirty-two years over $1,000,000 in
-profits have been turned over to the city of Detroit, the families
-of prisoners, and to the prisoners themselves. Since 1880 the city
-of Detroit has annually received sums ranging from $9,016.83 to
-$52,711.64. The original expenditure by the city of $189,841.36 has
-been turned back into the treasury of the municipality, the institution
-has paid its own way, and in the fifty years has shown a fine balance
-of $1,254,178.15. In addition to this showing, since July, 1901, the
-prisoners have been receiving financial benefits ranging from $5,958.14
-to $9,670.38 annually.
-
-“In addition to amounts paid to prisoners, some of which is sent by
-the men to their families, provision is made for the families of those
-who are imprisoned on the charge of abandonment. This is accomplished
-under a statute which provides that $1.50 per week for the wife and an
-additional 50 cents for each child under fifteen years of age be paid
-them out of the funds of the institution.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-By oversight there was omitted from the article in the September
-REVIEW, by Mr. Whitin on Prison Labor Legislation in 1911, a footnote
-stating that the article had been prepared for the Labor Legislation
-Review, Vol. 1, No. 3.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-The one footnote has been moved to the end of its article and relabeled.
-
-Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks near where they are
-mentioned.
-
-Punctuation has been made consistent.
-
-Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in
-the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have
-been corrected.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October,
-1911, by Various
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-<pre>
-
-Project Gutenberg's The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, 1911, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, 1911
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: October 15, 2017 [EBook #55753]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, OCTOBER 1911 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Craig Kirkwood, and the
-Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-(This book was produced from images made available by the
-HathiTrust Digital Library.)
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-</pre>
-
-
-<div class="boxcontents" style="padding-top:2em">
-<p class="xlargefont center boldfont">CONTENTS</p>
-
-<p class="pcontents"><a href="#SOME_PRISON_PROBLEMS">Some Prison Problems</a></p>
-<p class="pcontents"><a href="#ECHOES_FROM_OMAHA">Echoes from Omaha</a></p>
-<p class="pcontents"><a href="#BUILDING_NEW_PRISONS">Building New Prisons</a></p>
-<p class="pcontents"><a href="#IN_THE_PRISONERS_AID_FIELD">In the Prisoners’ Aid Field</a></p>
-<p class="pcontents"><a href="#EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">Events in Brief</a></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub-->
-
-<p class="center" style="margin-bottom:-1.5em">VOLUME I, No. 10. <span style="padding-left:7em">OCTOBER, 1911</span></p>
-
-<h1 style="font-size:250%">THE REVIEW</h1>
-
-
-<p class="center" style="margin-top:-1.5em">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE<br />
-<span class="boldfont">NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</span><br />
-<span class="smallfont">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</span></p>
-
-<div class="boxtb">
-<p class="center smallfont">TEN CENTS A COPY. <span style="padding-left:6em">ONE DOLLAR A YEAR</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="boxpeople">
-<p class="pcontents">T. F. Carver, President.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">Wm. F. French, Vice President.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor Review.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">W. G. McClaren, Member Ex. Committee.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee.</p>
-<p class="pcontents">R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub-->
-
-<h2><a name="SOME_PRISON_PROBLEMS" id="SOME_PRISON_PROBLEMS"></a>SOME PRISON PROBLEMS</h2>
-
-
-<p class="boldfont">[At the recent meeting of the American Prison Association, Frank L. Randall, Superintendent of the Minnesota
-State reformatory at St. Cloud, read as chairman the report of the committee on reformatory work and parole, from
-which we print the following extracts.]</p>
-
-<p>To the chief executive officers of penal
-and correctional institutions in the
-United States and Canada was submitted
-the following question: “To what extent
-do you recognize mental inadequacy
-and constitutional inferiority among the
-persons in your charge?”</p>
-
-<p>The estimates are various. Among
-prisons for adults they range from 3
-persons out of 240 in Wyoming, to 10
-per cent. in Nebraska and Philadelphia,
-20 per cent. in Rhode Island, 25 per
-cent. in Vermont, 30 per cent. in Indiana,
-30 per cent. to 40 per cent. in Wisconsin,
-fully 50 per cent. in Kansas, 60 per
-cent. in West Virginia, 50 per cent. to
-75 per cent. in Minnesota, and a still
-higher percentage of prisoners lacking
-in energy, mentally or physically, in one
-Michigan prison. Major McClaughry,
-and Warden Wood of Virginia, wrote
-that they could not answer the question.</p>
-
-<p>From state reformatories came estimates
-covering a range from 25 per
-cent. to 40 per cent. only in Iowa, Washington,
-Kansas, and New York (Elmira).
-The writer, regretting his inability
-to report more exactly, because the
-work in his institution has not been
-completed, feels safe in concurring in the
-general approximations cited by reformatory
-superintendents.</p>
-
-<p>From the New York reformatory for
-women at Bedford Hills we have the
-following: “Realizing that a large percentage
-are subnormal, July 1, 1911, we
-employed a trained psychologist who will
-make it a year’s study.” From juvenile
-institutions the returns are neither more
-hopeful, nor more satisfying, and many
-institutions of that class seem to have no
-special facilities for caring for weaklings,
-and depend upon a relaxation of
-the discipline in their behalf. A study of
-200 in the boys industrial school in Kansas
-disclosed that 174 were mentally dull,
-markedly defective, or two or more
-years behind their proper place in school.
-In the industrial school of New Hampshire
-about 75 per cent. are reported to
-be four to five years below their normal
-grade in school.</p>
-
-<p>Other letters say “probably 25 per
-cent., at least;” “one-third;” “50 per
-cent.;” “to a very large extent;” and so
-forth. The Idaho industrial training
-school reports: “A very small per cent.;
-I think not above five per cent.;” and the
-Georgia state reformatory reports that
-“the discipline has to be based on the fact
-that 75 per cent. of inmates are mental
-defectives and 99 per cent. are moral defectives.”
-The girls industrial home of
-Ohio says: “Fully nine-tenths are subnormal
-mentally, and a large per cent.
-physically weak or crippled.” From the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
-Iowa industrial school for girls comes
-the following: “There is a certain inferiority,
-either mental or constitutional
-inadequacy, in each and every one. In
-the majority of cases it is a weakness;
-that is, they are easily influenced, therefore
-easily led astray.”</p>
-
-<p>It seems fair and right to allow for a
-difference among the writers as to the
-full import of the question to which they
-have responded, but that may not entirely
-account for the considerable differences
-in estimates. Possibly varying
-court proceedings, and the use of the
-power of probation by some of the courts
-or other exemptions from detention, may,
-in some places, have culled out most of
-the normal children.</p>
-
-<p>Your committee rather inclines to think
-however that longer and more extensive
-experience, in many cases, tends to fix
-in the mind the necessary recognition of
-a grave amount of mental inadequacy and
-constitutional inferiority, calling for custodial
-care, among all classes of delinquents,
-including juveniles, no less than
-adults.</p>
-
-<p>While the incompetents remain with
-the normal persons in labor, in school,
-and in recreation, the progress of the
-bright is certain to be retarded by the association,
-while the outlook for the dull
-is not improved. This mingling and attempted
-classification of unequal units
-seems to be the rule almost everywhere,
-with consequent lowering of efficiency
-and tone, to the basis of the inferior.</p>
-
-<p>So far as returns have been received
-from prisons, reformatories and juvenile
-institutions for correction, the average
-terms of office of the executive heads
-during the last twenty years have been
-about as follows: In prisons about four
-and one-third years. In reformatories
-for adults about eight and one-third
-years, and in institutions for juveniles
-about six and one-quarter years. These
-averages are considerably higher than
-they would otherwise be, by reason of
-the fact that in some states it is not
-usual to make a disturbance without
-cause, and somewhat lower than they
-would otherwise be, because in some
-states each change in the personality of
-the governor, as well as each change in
-party politics, has almost uniformly resulted
-in the dismissal or enforced resignation
-of the wardens and superintendents
-of the class of institutions under
-consideration, quite regardless of their
-capacity and fidelity, and sometimes apparently
-without a serious inquiry as to
-the peculiar fitness of the new appointee.</p>
-
-<p>Some of the delegates to this Prison
-Congress may hardly appreciate the fact
-that there are institutions in some states
-where neither institution heads nor subordinates
-attend caucuses, discuss politics,
-contribute to campaign funds or
-take any part in election matters, except
-to vote: and where the political preferences
-of the members of the staff are
-unknown to each other, or to their chief.
-The elections bring to the institutions no
-unusual excitement or personal anxiety.</p>
-
-<p>The establishment of truant schools in
-the cities has demonstrated that the best
-and most capable teachers and managers
-are necessary to their successful conduct
-and discipline, and for the same reasons
-a prison or reformatory should be
-manned by the best obtainable talent.</p>
-
-<p>Your committee have made diligent
-inquiry but have not learned of any jurisdiction
-in which the compensation and
-status of subordinates in penal and correctional
-institutions is such as to ordinarily
-attract young men and women
-of the kind and character needed for the
-work; and neither do we find that such
-subordinates are any where required to
-have technical training or prior experience,
-before assuming their responsible
-positions as exemplars, directors and officials
-to those whose careers have been,
-at least to some extent, oblique.</p>
-
-<p>With their small pay, and perhaps
-small chance for promotion, and often
-with an uncertain tenure, their hours of
-duty long, and their work somewhat
-monotonous, and depressing to those not
-peculiarly fitted to it, they not infrequently
-have uncomfortable quarters, and but
-little opportunity to develop their social
-side.</p>
-
-<p>It is not to be wondered at that many
-of the young people who should follow
-institution work turn their attention in
-some more pleasing and promising direction,
-and that the service generally fails
-to measure up to its possibilities.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Subordinates are found, to be sure,
-who fill every requirement, and who
-could not be improved upon on any basis
-of wages, but that merely indicates what
-might be done, if the appointing power
-might only offer inducements for likely
-young people to come to the institution,
-and make them glad to remain.</p>
-
-<p>The State attempts to secure first class
-work for second class compensation, and
-while it may often succeed in individual
-instances, the policy is not to be
-approved.</p>
-
-<p>In conclusion we wish to recapitulate
-to the extent of indicating in brief the
-points deemed by us to be the most important
-for improvement in reformatory
-work, as follows:</p>
-
-<p>1. The recognition of mental incompetency
-and constitutional inferiority
-among delinquents.</p>
-
-<p>2. The segregation of persons of
-marked inferior equipment and capacity,
-and their detention in custodial asylums,
-and other places suited to their care and
-treatment.</p>
-
-<p>(This for the purpose of humanely
-and favorably disposing of, and caring
-for, helpless recidivists, dements, chronic
-invalids, epileptics and others.)</p>
-
-<p>3. The furnishing to the public of reliable
-and important information regarding
-the character of the inmates of institutions,
-and the work carried on.</p>
-
-<p>4. The need of men and women of
-higher ideals and higher culture in places
-of confinement, necessitating preliminary
-training, higher wages, improved accommodations,
-suitable hours, fair tenure
-of office, and opportunity for promotion.</p>
-
-<p>5. The elimination of political consideration
-from the conduct of the institutions,
-and from the appointment of all
-persons of high or less high degree in
-connection therewith.</p>
-
-<p>6. The closest scrutiny into the physical
-and mental condition capacity of each
-person detained, and into his past history
-and environment.</p>
-
-<p>7. The establishment of a system under
-which no delinquent shall be released,
-unless in the judgment of the board, after
-searching inquiry, there is good reason
-to believe that he can and will maintain
-himself without relapsing into crime, and
-will be of some service to society; and
-under which no delinquent will be further
-held when such a condition is believed to
-have been reached.</p>
-
-<p>8. The extension of state agency and
-other supervisory means for observing
-and aiding the delinquent on parole, and
-for selecting suitable location and employment
-for him, and caring for his surplus
-earnings.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-
-<h2><a name="ECHOES_FROM_OMAHA" id="ECHOES_FROM_OMAHA"></a>ECHOES FROM OMAHA</h2>
-
-
-<p class="boldfont">[The American Prison Association held its annual meeting at Omaha, Nebraska, from October, 14th to 19th.
-The Review publishes this month some echoes of the convention. In November further attention will be devoted to
-the meeting.]</p>
-
-<p><em>Morons in New Jersey Reformatory.</em>&mdash;Dr.
-Frank Moore, superintendent of
-the Rahway Reformatory gave an address
-before the annual convention of
-the American prison association at
-Omaha, on “Mending the Immoral Moron.”
-He said, in part:</p>
-
-<p>“In our New Jersey reformatory we
-have during the last two years made a
-careful study of this problem. Each inmate
-that has been received has been
-tested concerning his mentality, with the
-result that 46 per cent. were found to
-be deficients and to have minds that in
-knowledge or ability were only equal to
-the minds of children from 5 to 13 years
-old. Fully 33 per cent. or one-third of
-our population, we concluded was of the
-Moron class.</p>
-
-<p>“The problem presents very great difficulties.
-The ordinary institution officers
-declare that prisoners are ‘dopes,’
-and sometimes the psychologist agrees
-with them.</p>
-
-<p>“The methods employed in dealing
-with this difficult problem must be unusually
-wise. The first thing that seems
-important is to know the man. He must
-be recognized as a defective. A special
-system must be adopted to him. His is
-a feeble mind. To place the same load
-upon him that is put upon others is either<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
-to cause him to balk or to break down
-altogether under the strain. He is a child
-mentally and not the abstract, but concrete
-or kindergarten mode of instruction
-must be used. In school he must be
-separated in some way from the others.</p>
-
-<p>“In his training in work the calibre of
-his mind needs also to be considered.
-The trades that need planning and skill
-are too much for him. To the work of
-the laborer, the farm, garden and dairy
-he is best suited, and in them he is really
-most contented.</p>
-
-<p>“Discipline which is firm yet kind is
-most successful. The most of immoral
-morons that we get have been ill-treated.
-Those who have not understood them
-have tried to beat sense into their stupid
-heads, and they are filled with fear and
-suspicion. They need, therefore, to be
-reassured.</p>
-
-<p>“Care must be given to correct such
-physical defects as are often times the
-cause of mental and moral weakness.</p>
-
-<p>“Of the 46 per cent. who by the test
-were feeble-minded in our institutions
-the percentage of physical defects was
-as follows:</p>
-
-<p>“Defective eyesight, 40 per cent.; flat
-foot, 35; bad teeth, 32; throat difficulties,
-17; nasal obstruction, 47; total number
-having some physical defects, 88 per
-cent.</p>
-
-<p>“The work that the true chaplain may
-do is very great. The best way to mend
-the immoral moron is through persuasion
-and influences of religion.</p>
-
-<p>“Our learned friend, Dr. Goddard, of
-Vineland, N. J., has declared that nine
-years is the average age when the tendencies
-of crime begin to develop. At
-this and even an earlier age it has been
-arranged by infinite wisdom, it would
-seem, that religion should begin to make
-its formative impressions on the mind.</p>
-
-<p>“Concerning the question of parole or
-discharge, we cannot agree with those
-who advocate that the moron should be
-kept in permanent custodial care. Our
-success with this class on parole has been
-fully as good as it has been with the
-normal mind. Of eighty-three paroled
-during three months, not long ago, the
-morons have made even a better record
-than the normals.</p>
-
-<p>“We could point to many other morons
-who are doing their part well in the
-world’s work. They have their place in
-the economy of society; they peculiarly
-fit certain kinds of employment.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Judge De Courcy on Unpunished Homicide.</em>&mdash;Quoting
-President Taft as saying
-that “The administration of criminal law
-in this country is a disgrace to civilization,”
-Judge C. A. De Courcy of Lawrence,
-Mass., justice of the supreme court
-of Massachusetts, pointed out in a paper
-read at Omaha in his absence that the
-United States is conspicuous for the
-great number of unpunished murderers.
-The defence of insanity, the limitation
-of the power of judges and the character
-of testimony allowed to be introduced
-in behalf of the defendant were some of
-the evils which, he said, ought to be rectified.
-“The number of homicides in
-this country for 1910 were 8975&mdash;an increase
-of nearly 900 over the number in
-1909; yet but one in eighty-six was
-capitally punished in 1910 as against
-one in seventy-four during the year preceding,”
-said Judge De Courcy. “It is
-said that in 1896 for each million of
-the population there were 118 homicides
-in the United States; in Italy less
-than fifteen; in Canada less than thirteen;
-in Great Britain less than nine; in
-Germany less than five.</p>
-
-<p>“In New York City, 119 cases of homicide
-were investigated by the grand jury
-during the last year, but only forty-five
-convictions resulted. Chicago reports
-202 homicides were committed in that
-city during the last year. Only one of
-the offenders was hanged; fifteen were
-sent to the penitentiary and the others
-were set free. In Louisville, with a population
-of 224,000, during the last year,
-there were forty-seven cases of homicide
-and not a single murderer was hanged.
-In Alabama a conviction for stealing
-hides was recently set aside because the
-indictment failed to state whether they
-were mule, cow, goat or sheep hides.
-And indictments were dismissed because
-father was spelled farther (in South
-Carolina); because the letter ‘i’ was
-omitted in spelling malice (in Alabama).”
-Judge De Courcy then suggested some
-criminal law reforms which included
-simplified forms of indictments, change<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
-in the selections of juries and in the rules
-governing pleadings.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Wickersham on Prison Reform and
-Parole.</em>&mdash;The attorney general of the
-United States said at Omaha that in the
-battles of economic forces for supremacy,
-the law must be obeyed, even though
-it seems to favor one class as against
-another. Punishment in some form, declared
-the attorney general is still necessary
-in our land to prevent crime. He
-discussed at length the broad question
-of punishment for crime and the administration
-of the federal parole law. Modern
-penal legislation, he said, is based
-on a recognition of the expediency of
-endeavoring to reform the criminal. Mr.
-Wickersham favored the extension of
-the parole law to include life prisoners.
-He regarded it as an incongruity that
-prisoners sentenced to long terms for
-vicious crimes should be eligible for parole
-when the man convicted of second
-degree murder must remain in prison for
-life.</p>
-
-<p>Since the parole law was placed in
-operation last autumn, only one prisoner
-had violated his parole. The two hundred
-prisoners who were paroled from
-the time the law was put into effect in
-the autumn of 1910 to June 30, 1911,
-earned nearly $22,000, whereas, if they
-had remained in prison, the attorney general
-pointed out they would have been
-a charge on the government. Mr. Wickersham
-expressed the belief that the parole
-boards should be enlarged by adding
-two unofficial persons selected from
-among prominent citizens of the locality
-in which the prison is situated.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Base Ball in Prison.</em>&mdash;At Omaha this
-question was vigorously discussed, not
-unfavorably, but as to the day or days
-when the game should occur.</p>
-
-<p>J. K. Codding, warden of the Kansas
-penitentiary, told of base ball and other
-recreations for prisoners in his institution
-and the discussion which followed
-the general expression was that
-base ball, athletic contests, moving picture
-shows and other recreations render
-prison discipline easier by affording opportunity
-to reward those who do well
-and to deprive of pleasure those who
-break the rules.</p>
-
-<p>The statement of Chaplain Le Cornu
-of Walla Walla, Wash., that Sunday
-afternoon in his institution is devoted to
-base ball, raised a protest from others,
-particularly Warden Codding of Kansas
-and Warden Saunders of Iowa. Mr.
-Codding said he didn’t let the men play
-ball on Sunday because he didn’t expect
-them to advocate Sunday ball when they
-got out. Mr. Saunders said his men
-played Saturday afternoon; that he
-would allow the men to play Sunday if
-they couldn’t play any other day.</p>
-
-<p>Warden James of Oregon said he not
-only had base ball games, at which the
-men were allowed to root until they
-were hoarse, and weekly moving picture
-shows, but he intended this fall to put
-in a gymnasium. Several wardens said
-the reason that prisoners in many prisons
-are locked up all day Sunday is that
-the state is too stingy to hire a few extra
-guards.</p>
-
-<p>A Colorado woman delegate said the
-men in the Colorado prison play base ball
-without guards, and in the rock camps
-they enjoy themselves at various sports,
-without guards, all day Sunday.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Mrs. Booth on Prisoners’ Earnings.</em>&mdash;“Every
-man who works in prison should
-work for the support of his family or
-those depending upon him, after his
-board and clothing have been paid for,”
-declared Mrs. Maud Ballington Booth in
-a lecture at Omaha. “Some officials and
-law makers seem not to know that a convict
-may have a family, yet there is always
-this heart-saddened, home-broken
-circle of gloom, the mothers, wives and
-children of convicts, about every penal
-institution. Wherewith are they to be
-fed and clothed? What recognition does
-the state give to them, from whom it has
-taken their only source of support?
-When this wife married the man he
-promised to support her. Then if the
-state takes him in hand, why should it
-not make provision for his carrying out
-the promise?</p>
-
-<p>“I know of one case where the state
-gets $500,000 a year for its convict labor.
-A nice little source of revenue! What
-of the army of helpless and hopeless
-wives and children who are being deprived
-of the support of these laborers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
-who are their husbands and fathers.</p>
-
-<p>“The helping hand extended to the
-family frequently has a reflex action on
-the man in prison. He decides that if
-there are people outside who think
-enough of his babies to care for them
-they are worth his efforts too.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Shackling Chain Gangs.</em>&mdash;At Omaha,
-during the American Prison Association
-meeting, some plain talk was printed in
-one of the newspapers, quoted from the
-lips of some delegates who saw the
-Omaha chain gang going through the
-streets, and who pronounced the shackling
-system bad and unnecessary. Word
-comes now from Columbus, S. C., that
-the convicts on the city chain gang who
-are not disorderly or those who have not
-attempted to run away are no longer required
-to wear the iron shackles about
-their ankles. When a prisoner is convicted
-before the recorder and given a
-sentence on the gang he is told that the
-shackles will not be put on him if he
-promises not to give the guards trouble.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub-->
-
-<h2><a name="BUILDING_NEW_PRISONS" id="BUILDING_NEW_PRISONS"></a>BUILDING NEW PRISONS</h2>
-
-
-<p>According to the Kansas City Star, the
-United States government is building at
-Fort Leavenworth a $2,000,000 military
-prison which is costing the government
-only $617,000.</p>
-
-<p>It is building the new prison with convict
-labor. And when it is finished about
-two years from now, it will be the biggest
-military prison in this country. With
-the old buildings, which are to be remodeled,
-the completed military prison
-and accessory buildings will represent a
-value of $3,000,000. It will be a model
-prison as well. Every improvement that
-has been incorporated in all the prisons
-that have been built hitherto will be found
-in this one.</p>
-
-<p>Several hundred convicts at the United
-States military reservation at Fort Leavenworth
-are building the new military
-prison around themselves. It was two
-years ago that congress made the initial
-appropriation for the new military prison.
-Practically everything needed except
-steel and cement was found within less
-than a mile of the building site or the
-military reservation. So Colonel Slavens
-began the monumental work of building
-a $2,000,000 military prison for $647,000.</p>
-
-<p>He opened a rock quarry, where an
-excellent grade of building stone could
-be obtained. He opened a second quarry
-where rock for making lime was abundant,
-and established lime kilns, and began
-making forty barrels of lime a day.
-A rock crusher was installed. A brick
-plant was erected and shale quarries
-opened for making the 16,000,000 bricks
-that are going into the prison buildings.
-A concrete block plant was established,
-where 200 concrete blocks were turned
-out daily. Sand for the masonry work
-is obtained from the Missouri river.
-Wood for burning the brick and lime was
-found in the forest on the reservation, as
-well as for scaffolding, and much of the
-lumber that is being used in construction.
-All of these are being operated by prison
-labor on various parts of the reservation,
-while the armed guards look on. Within
-the old prison walls iron and wood working
-machinery has been put in, as well as
-tin and electrical working machinery. All
-of the iron and steel is being brought to
-the prison in practically a raw condition,
-and the prisoners are working it up into
-finished product. To do this it was necessary
-for the prisoners to master every
-building trade.</p>
-
-<p>Long before anything of this work was
-done the tedious task of teaching the convicts
-the mechanical trades began. In
-fact, it was the idea of Colonel Slavens
-that entirely apart from the problem of
-building the new military prison, the convicts
-should be taught trades. So schools
-were established, and everything from
-reading to writing to stenography and
-typewriting is taught in classes that meet
-three times a week. Expert civilian superintendents
-were employed to teach the
-convicts and act as superintendents of
-the work in the new prison, and they
-have developed some remarkably fine
-mechanics. Each convict is allowed to
-follow his natural bent wherever possible.
-Electricians, ironworkers, brick masons,
-tinners, and a score of other trades have
-been taught the men. Two hundred and
-seventy-five of the prisoners are being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
-worked on the prison building proper,
-while an additional 176 are working in
-the brick plant, lime plant and quarries.
-A difficulty is encountered in the fact
-that about the time many of the convicts
-become first-class workmen their term
-of service expires. Forty-one per cent.
-of the prisoners confined at the military
-prison are deserters, the maximum penalty
-for which in time of peace is imprisonment
-for two and one-half years.
-Many of the others are confined for less
-serious offenses.</p>
-
-<p>Before any work on the new buildings
-began, the commandant had to coach a
-company of prisoners in the gentle art
-of housemoving. Forty-one houses, occupied
-by civilian employees and guards,
-covered the site on which it was desired
-to build the new prison. These were
-moved to a site a quarter of a mile away.
-Then a fill, in some places a depth of
-thirty-five feet, was made, before the new
-site was ready for the buildings.</p>
-
-<p>The grounds covered by the old and
-new buildings comprise an area of about
-seventeen acres. A wall of concrete, several
-feet thick, and in some cases rising
-to a height of fifty-five feet, now is
-practically completed around this site. A
-power plant covering half a city block is
-about finished. The power plant is connected
-by tunnel with the main building
-under process of construction. An examination
-of the power plant gives every
-evidence of expert construction. It is
-built of brick and concrete, with an immense
-circular brick chimney rising to a
-height of over 100 feet. When it is in
-operation it will be in charge of a convict
-engineer.</p>
-
-<p>The main building of the new prison
-is being constructed on the radial plan,
-with the cell, hospital and other wings
-radiating from a central building or rotunda.
-This is for simplicity in control
-of the prisoners. By this means eight
-guards, armed with repeating rifles, patrolling
-the “gun walks” of the rotunda
-and cell wings, will be able to keep in
-subjection the 2,100 prisoners that are
-expected to occupy the new prison when
-it is finished. All the necessary utilities
-for the maintenance of life will be under
-one roof when the building is completed.
-There will be a hospital, laundry, bakery,
-refrigerating plant, amusement hall (used
-mainly for devotional purposes), and
-even the cells will be fitted with individual
-toilet facilities.</p>
-
-<p>There will be a total of 2,182 cells in
-the five cell wings radiating from the
-new building. There are now 909 cells,
-containing 932 prisoners. As soon as the
-new prison is completed there are enough
-prisoners waiting in the guard houses of
-the various military posts throughout the
-country to fill all of the 2,182 cells, and
-they will be sent to Fort Leavenworth.</p>
-
-<p>The government manifests no anxiety
-to give out details touching its business,
-but the information is vouchsafed that
-on the lime that is going into the new
-building, a saving of 80 per cent. on each
-barrel is effected, and that in the case
-of brick, it is costing the government 60
-per cent. less to make it than it would
-cost to purchase it in the open market.
-This, with the saving in labor, gives an
-idea of how the government is able to
-erect $2,000,000 worth of buildings on an
-appropriation of $647,000.</p>
-
-<p>The government has no intention whatever
-of going into the open market in
-competition with outside labor. It will
-manufacture nothing at the military
-prison at Fort Leavenworth, which is not
-used in the conduct of the prison itself.
-In pursuance of this policy in the past,
-it has built with prison labor six miles
-of terminal railroad at the fort, and has
-constructed and is maintaining many
-miles of rock road.</p>
-
-<p>There are only two other military prisons
-in the United States. One is a provisional
-prison on Governor’s Island, and
-the other a small prison at Alcatraz, Cal.,
-about one-fourth the size of the present
-Fort Leavenworth prison. The government
-has not announced whether it will
-abandon these.</p>
-
-<p>When the new prison is finished about
-$50,000 will be spent in remodeling the
-old buildings, some of which are very
-ancient. One was built in 1877 and another
-in 1830, but they are still in a fair
-state of preservation. They were originally
-built for a quartermaster’s depot.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>New York’s New Prison.</em>&mdash;Great
-Meadow Prison is now in operation, the
-latest and only modern structure among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
-New York’s state prisons. The Brooklyn
-Citizen describes it thus, in part:</p>
-
-<p>A couple of hours’ ride from Albany
-northward on the Delaware and Hudson
-Railroad brings the visitor to the station
-Comstock&mdash;a flag stop for a few trains
-each way per day. The dozen or so
-dwelling houses scattered about the beautiful
-landscape with their outlying barns
-and stables proclaim a farming community.
-Eastward, about a quarter of a mile
-from the railroad depot, one sees a big
-yellow brick building rising like a Gulliver
-above a squadron of Lilliputian contractor
-shanties.</p>
-
-<p>The big building is the Great Meadow
-Prison cell house, about 600 feet long,
-80 feet high and 70 feet wide. Unfinished
-end walls indicate that the cell
-house is only half completed and that
-another wing of equal length, height and
-width is to be added. The completed part
-of the building contains 624 cells on four
-floors. Each cell is about the size of a
-New York hall room; is equipped with
-a white enameled closet and a white
-enameled stationary washstand and running
-water, while the furnishings consist
-of a white enameled iron hospital bedstead
-with felt mattress, felt pillow, white
-bed linen and cotton blankets. A small
-lock cabinet and cloth rack complete the
-equipment. The cells are finished in natural
-cement; the doors have upright bars
-from floor to ceiling, the bars being
-painted with aluminum color&mdash;and the
-color effect of cement gray and the silvery
-aluminum is rather pleasing. A
-touch of quiet elegance is even added by
-the bright nickel plated water spigot and
-water control push buttons above the
-toilet stand and wash basin. The cell
-house walls are 75 per cent. windows and
-each cell is flooded with light. At night
-in each cell an electric light, with a shade
-throwing the light downward, provides
-splendid illumination for reading, writing,
-drawing, etc. The cell house has a
-comprehensive ventilating system, with
-ventilating ducts connecting each cell.</p>
-
-<p>Opposite the cell house stands the administration
-building. When the whole
-prison plant is completed&mdash;which will
-take several years yet&mdash;this building will
-be used exclusively for hospital, school
-and library purposes. At present the
-building is used for all the housekeeping
-departments of the prison, including
-bathroom, laundry, tailor shop, shoe
-shop, kitchen, dining room, storeroom,
-hospital, chapel, library, warden’s office,
-principal keeper’s office, guards’ quarters
-and a small dormitory for the kitchen
-gang. It is a beehive of activity, with
-its sixty-odd inmate workers, and a poor
-place for the night guards to do their
-day-sleeping. The halls and rooms are
-daily mopped and scrubbed and every
-nook and corner is kept scrupulously
-clean by a gang of porters.</p>
-
-<p>The inmates are marched into the dining
-hall three times a day for their meals,
-including Sunday. The farm operated in
-conjunction with the prison and by prisoners
-(under direction of proper officials)
-supplies seasonable vegetables,
-and now and then fresh meat from the
-farm’s herd of cattle and pigs. This
-gives an advantage to the steward of the
-prison in providing a greater variety of
-food and a more attractive menu at the
-same per capita expenditure as the other
-prisons in the State are allowed which
-are not favored with a farm. The per
-capita expenditure in all State prisons is
-limited by legislative appropriation. The
-fine air, good water, sound sleep in clean
-beds and clean rooms, the daily exercise
-at work on the farm and at such other
-work as is connected with running the
-prison&mdash;all combine to supply a hearty
-appetite to the inmates. This appetite is
-met by a table limited by the legislature,
-as already stated, and is limited also for
-the men’s own good by hygienic restrictions.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>The Prison Farm at Occoquan, Virginia.</em>&mdash;An
-interesting account of the
-progress of the District of Columbia’s
-prison farm was recently given by Rev.
-J. T. Masten, secretary of the Virginia
-state board of charities and corrections.</p>
-
-<p>The past year’s experience of the prison
-commissioners of the District of Columbia
-has made a great impression upon
-him, as it has on every thoughtful student
-of criminology. Two years ago Congress
-wrote in the appropriation bill authority
-to the prison commissioners of
-the District to do away with the jail system
-by placing the prisoners on a farm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
-The sum of $190,000 was appropriated
-for the purpose. Under the old system
-it was costing the commissioners $150,000
-to care for the prisoners each year.</p>
-
-<p>The board took the money and bought
-a farm of eleven hundred acres near Occoquan,
-in Prince William county, Va.</p>
-
-<p>They took the male prisoners to the
-farm and used them exclusively in the
-clearing of the land and preparing it for
-cultivation and in the erection of the
-necessary buildings, one-story frame buildings
-erected by the prisoners. To illustrate
-the economy of the work the administration
-building, which is 30 by 175 feet,
-cost in actual money two hundred dollars,
-the prisoners doing the work, sawing
-the lumber from the timber on the property.</p>
-
-<p>The work proved a splendid moral and
-physical tonic to the men. The prison
-motto was made, “Reformation, not vindictive
-punishment.”</p>
-
-<p>At first one guard had charge of six
-prisoners. Now one man has charge of
-twenty prisoners and directs them in
-their work.</p>
-
-<p>The prisoners do not wear chains and
-are not bound at night. There are no
-bars at the windows and two men take
-care of 225 male prisoners at night and
-one woman cares for sixty female prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>During the first year there passed
-through the prison farm three thousand
-men. There were but sixty attempts to
-escape&mdash;just two per cent. Twenty of
-these attempts were successful, or less
-than one per cent. of the total number
-of men confined.</p>
-
-<p>The punishment for the unruly is solitary
-confinement on a diet of bread and
-water and this form of discipline has
-only been found necessary for an average
-of five cases each month, with an
-average prison population of 550 men, or
-less than one per cent. From July 1 to
-September 8 there had been but four
-women punished. This shows that the
-methods in use, the farm work and country
-quiet, and the ennobling influence of
-honest toil in the open, have accomplished
-wonders in the handling of the prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>Then the farm method of handling
-prisoners is splendid economy. It is estimated
-that to complete the rock-crushing
-and brick-manufacturing plant, to finish
-grading the grounds and building the
-roads and the erection of additional
-barns and other outbuildings and to pay
-the ordinary expenses of the prison for
-the year the cost will be $120,000, which
-is thirty thousand dollars less than it cost
-the District to support the prisoners during
-the last year under the old jail system.</p>
-
-<p>Within three years, the superintendent,
-Mr. Whittaker, estimates that the
-farm will be self-supporting, and it may
-be reasonably expected, the superintendent
-thinks, that the farm will clear from
-twenty to thirty thousand dollars a year
-after paying all the expenses of maintaining
-the prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>It is found that the new system has
-caused a decrease in prison population.
-Many of the prisoners reform, while the
-class which has no liking for honest toil
-and has heretofore taken a season in the
-district jail in search of rest and refreshment
-which they could not otherwise obtain
-are fighting shy of the district police
-courts. It seems now that, at the
-present rate of decrease, the population
-of the prison-farm the second year will
-be some nineteen hundred less than during
-the first year.</p>
-
-<p>The superintendent, Mr. Whittaker,
-endeavors to impress upon the men that
-it is better in every way to work as free
-men and earn wages than to be sent to
-the farm and be compelled to work without
-wages. Three of the best and most
-useful employees of the farm are men
-who were once confined thereon as prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>The products of the work on the farm
-will not be used in competition with
-those of the public. Such products will
-be used in connection with the support
-of other public institutions or in the construction
-of public roads.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub-->
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="IN_THE_PRISONERS_AID_FIELD" id="IN_THE_PRISONERS_AID_FIELD"></a>IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD</h2>
-
-
-<h3>THE ORIGIN OF THE
-SOCIETY FOR THE FRIENDLESS.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h3>
-
-<p>The Society for the Friendless grew
-out of the efforts of Rev. and Mrs. Edward
-A. Fredenhagen to apply the methods
-of Jesus to the redemption of the
-submerged masses.</p>
-
-<p>The first home was opened at 1219
-Washburn Ave., Topeka, Kansas. Previous
-to this, a group of leading men
-had been interested in the work. Foremost
-among these was Judge T. F. Garver.
-He became the first president and
-the counsellor, and his wise counsels as
-well as his legal talent have aided in
-directing the society to its present carefully
-developed legal and philanthropic
-status.</p>
-
-<p>The first tour, to investigate Kansas,
-was made in December, 1900. The family
-reached Topeka in the Christmas holidays
-of the same year. Work began
-at once and culminated in April, 1901, in
-the organization of the first board of directors
-and the incorporation of the Kansas
-society for the friendless.</p>
-
-<p>The society was welcomed heartily by
-Governor W. E. Stanley, and by J. S.
-Simmons, superintendent of the reformatory
-at Hutchinson.</p>
-
-<p>The following June Rev. R. A. Hoffman,
-just leaving the chaplaincy at the
-penitentiary, became the first district superintendent,
-with headquarters at Salina,
-and served the society for six years. He
-did a great deal of hard and capable
-work and left to go to the Colorado
-prison association. The next superintendent
-to join was Rev. Frank Brainerd, a
-neighboring pastor of the general superintendent
-in Illinois. He remained with
-the society for seven and a half years
-and did excellent work. He left to become
-general secretary of the associated
-charities in Kansas City, Kansas. The
-third superintendent was Rev. George S.
-Ricker, a scholarly pastor, who desired
-to give the remainder of his life to work
-among the lost classes. He is still with
-the society, and is senior among all the
-district superintendents.</p>
-
-<p>By the autumn of 1901 the employment
-department and the temporary home
-were well established. Then the next important
-step was taken in the organization
-in the Kansas Penitentiary of the
-first of a series of prison leagues, which
-were to form the nucleus of the important
-department of jail and prison evangelism.
-Chaplain McBrian became the superintendent
-of this league and for the
-eight years of his chaplaincy, was the
-unwavering friend of the Society.</p>
-
-<p>It soon became evident that the religious
-work in the prison would not
-have its rightful opportunity unless the
-department of prison reform should be
-developed in the state. So the society
-began a campaign for the passage of the
-indeterminate sentence and the parole
-law to apply to the penitentiary the same
-as it was operating in the Reformatory.
-This passed the legislature in 1903, and
-has been one of the most successful laws
-bearing upon the crime problem, operating
-in Kansas. Under it the penitentiary
-has been changed from an old type punishment
-prison to an up-to-date reformatory.
-The improvement in prison management
-has kept pace with the change
-in the criminal code.</p>
-
-<p>Finding children in the jails of Kansas,
-the society began, in 1903, a campaign
-for the juvenile court act. The bill to
-introduce it in the state senate in 1903
-was defeated. Then followed the campaign,
-covering two years, in which there
-was delivered over two thousand addresses.
-Over twenty thousand calls were
-made on individuals in the state during
-the biennium. Leading philanthropists
-came to the society’s aid.</p>
-
-<p>The bill passed unanimously both house
-and senate, and a juvenile court was established
-in every county in Kansas. The
-juvenile court system of this state is
-modeled after that of Colorado.</p>
-
-<p>Taking the Kansas society as a nucleus,
-the general superintendent accepted calls
-into Missouri and outlying states. The
-first step was to organize a league in the
-Missouri state penitentiary, under Chaplain
-Geo. J. Warren, D. D. Since then
-the general superintendent has made
-twenty-six major and many minor national
-tours, the longest one being seven
-thousand miles. During that period, fifteen
-states have been opened to the work
-of the society. Of these eleven still maintain
-the society for the friendless. Ministers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
-of ability and consecration have
-accepted calls to be superintendents.
-There are seventeen of these now in full
-service, with two laymen giving part
-time.</p>
-
-<p>There are twenty centers of religious
-activity in penal institutions, originally
-projected by the society.</p>
-
-<p>When the society was nine years old
-the first national convention was held in
-Kansas City, in January, 1910. In 1906
-the original society had been expanded
-from a state organization to one including
-all the states and territories in the
-United States. At the first national convention
-in 1910 the first elective national
-board was chosen. Previous to this the
-board of directors of the “Kansas and
-Missouri division,” (Kansas and Missouri
-having been united in one unit of
-territory), was a holding board for all
-the work in the other states. In November,
-1908, the general office was moved
-from Topeka to Kansas City, the office
-being in Missouri and the temporary
-home on the Kansas side of the
-line. The first national convention came
-as a natural sequence. It was to more
-completely develop this slowly evolving
-organization, so that it would cover all
-the territories occupied by the living organism&mdash;the
-society itself.</p>
-
-
-<h3>NEW PRISON HEAD
-NOMINATED IN MASSACHUSETTS.</h3>
-
-<p>Warren F. Spalding, Secretary of the
-Massachusetts Prison Association, has
-been nominated by Governor Foss, chairman
-and executive of the Prison Commission,
-succeeding Mr. Pettigrove. Of
-the appointment the Boston Transcript
-says editorially:</p>
-
-<p>The Governor has supplanted one good
-man with another good man. That Mr.
-Pettigrove was not to be reappointed was
-announced by the governor some weeks
-ago, and yet Mr. Pettigrove’s friends
-hoped that he would reconsider, as he
-had done on so many other occasions.
-There will be regret at the passing of
-Mr. Pettigrove, who, in the many years
-in which he has been prison commissioner
-has served the State well and given
-his department the benefit of long experience
-and real ability. The public, while
-regretting the departure of Pettigrove,
-will welcome the incoming of Spalding.
-As secretary of the Massachusetts prison
-association for many years, and backed
-by his long experience in prison labor affairs,
-Mr. Spalding has been one of the
-foremost prison men of the United
-States. The association of which he
-is the secretary has been a leader in progressive
-ideas on prison management, and
-in this Mr. Spalding has been the executive
-officer and initiator. There will be
-no question whatever of the progressiveness
-of Mr. Spalding’s administration
-and of the value of his services to the
-State.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Spalding is not unfamiliar to that
-office, having been secretary of it from
-1879 until he resigned in 1888.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Spalding was born in Hillsboro,
-N. H., Jan. 14, 1841, but was educated
-in the public schools of Nashua, N. H.
-After leaving school he engaged in the
-furniture business in his native place for
-several years, and in 1870 came to Boston.
-There he became connected with
-the Boston Daily News, and later worked
-for the Globe and the Commercial Bulletin,
-both as a reporter and an editor.</p>
-
-<p>Since 1872 he has been a resident of
-Cambridge and represented a district in
-that city in the general court during 1894
-and 1895. He has been engaged in prison
-work for many years, having been
-secretary of the Massachusetts Prison
-Association since 1890. In 1896 Mr.
-Spalding was elected to the Cambridge
-Board of Aldermen. Mr. Spalding was
-a private in Co. F, 1st New Hampshire
-Heavy Artillery, during the Civil War
-and is a member of Post 186, G. A. R.</p>
-
-<p>The governor’s nomination must be
-approved by the governor’s council.</p>
-
-
-<h3>PRISON SUNDAY.</h3>
-
-<p>This day was observed as usual in several
-states on either the fourth or last
-Sunday in October. The Connecticut
-prison association, in issuing a call, directed
-attention to the fact that the great
-need in that state is a change in our treatment
-of petty offenders. “We made great
-progress in the treatment of these cases
-when we established the probation service,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
-which keeps many out of jail. But
-during 1910 there were 10,468 commitments
-to our county jails. Six thousand
-and fifty of these, by their own admission,
-has been in prison before.”</p>
-
-<p>In New York the prison association
-sent special letters to about 1,500 pastors,
-200 of whom responded favorably.
-Special literature was furnished each pastor.</p>
-
-
-<h3>NEW YORK’S
-PRISON NEEDS.</h3>
-
-<p>In an interview in the New York Sun,
-O. F. Lewis, general secretary of the
-prison association of New York, said
-recently:</p>
-
-<p>“The principal prison needs of this
-State are a separate cell for each prisoner
-in State prisons, employment for
-eight hours a day for all able-bodied men
-in State prisons, the marketing of all
-prison-made products in this State to the
-State and its political subdivisions, such
-as counties and cities; the introduction
-and development of industries in our
-county penitentiaries and jails; the centralization
-of administration of our penitentiaries
-and jails under a proper department
-of the State; the abolition of
-idleness and filth in many of our jails;
-the development of the women’s farm
-and the farm colony for vagrants and
-tramps; the creation of a separate institution
-or separate wings of an existing
-institution for feeble-minded criminals,
-not the insane criminals&mdash;and other
-things too numerous to mention.</p>
-
-<p>“They had just such a jail situation in
-England thirty years ago, when the State
-took over all the local prisons, that correspond
-to our county jails. To-day all
-these institutions are under the management
-of the prison commissioners of
-England, a body that no one would think
-of accusing of the least bit of graft, and
-the institutions are run with regard to
-the rights of the prisoner and the welfare
-of society. That is our great need&mdash;that
-the state should manage the correctional
-institutions within its borders through
-boards of managers, at least in part.”</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Abridged from the last issue of the society’s publication,
-“The First Friend.”</p></div></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub-->
-
-<h2><a name="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF" id="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF"></a>EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2>
-
-
-<p class="boldfont">[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field
-and the treatment of the delinquent.]</p>
-
-<p><em>Going to School at Charlestown, Mass.</em>&mdash;The
-Hartford, Conn., Times, tells of a
-summer school for illiterate prisoners
-which was started this season by Benjamin
-F. Bridges, warden of the state
-prison at Charlestown, Mass. A school
-has existed in the state prison for many
-years, but it was Warden Bridges who
-placed it upon a practical basis, such as
-has made it a power for good.</p>
-
-<p>In the correspondence school, as in the
-other, the teachers are all prisoners. As
-soon as a man is sent to the prison and
-has become accustomed to his surroundings
-he is interviewed by one of the
-teachers to ascertain if he wishes to
-study and improve his mind while in
-prison. If he does, he is given an application
-blank, and he fills out the list
-of studies he wishes to pursue.</p>
-
-<p>If there is doubt as to his ability to
-enter some classes he has a private examination
-by the teacher in elementary
-subjects. If he shows ability to enter
-the correspondence school he receives
-material and lesson blanks, and works
-out his exercises in his own cell in his
-spare time, sending his answers to the
-school office. There his work is carefully
-inspected, and if it is satisfactory new
-work is sent to him.</p>
-
-<p>The prisoners entered in this correspondence
-school never assemble in
-classes, but all their work is done in their
-own cells, lights being allowed until nine
-o’clock for such study. While the prisoner-teachers
-rarely, if ever, see their
-pupils after they have joined the correspondence
-school, the hold the teachers
-obtain upon the respect and interest of
-the solitary students is truly wonderful.</p>
-
-<p>A teachers’ association was formed recently
-in the prison, and these men meet
-at intervals with the prison chaplain to
-map out lessons and arrange other details
-of the work. There is almost no limit
-to the amount of advanced work that
-may be undertaken.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>As the work of the school in the prison
-progressed it became evident that it kept
-the men employed and gave them less
-opportunity to grow morose and desperate.
-It was found that they were more
-contented and cheerful, and with education,
-in many cases, came a pronounced
-change in character, a reformation that
-was not assumed in any way, but a natural
-result of the change from ignorance
-to intelligence and a knowledge of
-their own ability to make a way in the
-world if given an opportunity. The deportment
-of the prisoners improved wonderfully
-and has been first class since
-the school work was started by General
-Bridges, many years ago.</p>
-
-<p>This spring General Bridges took
-steps to establish a day summer school
-for the illiterate prisoners. There are
-usually about eight hundred odd prisoners
-in the institution, and from the entire
-lot about forty were selected as being
-thoroughly illiterate and have been
-placed in this newly started class.</p>
-
-<p>In the forty prisoners in the class are
-represented no less than twelve different
-nationalities. A mere glance at the men
-constituting the class is sufficient to indicate
-that ignorance has been the cause
-for most of the class finding
-themselves in prison.</p>
-
-<p>This class in the prison school were
-allowed to assemble in one room in the
-institution, and they had desks like ordinary
-school children. Now every one
-of the forty prisoners can read, write
-and cipher in a very creditable manner.
-It is a new experience to them to be able
-to read, and their interest in newspapers
-and stories from simple books impresses
-one who sees it for the first time.</p>
-
-<p>Some of the men in this illiterate class
-could not speak English when they entered
-it, and now they fairly love the
-warden for having made it possible for
-them to communicate with their relatives
-and former friends, although such communications
-have all to pass inspection
-before they leave prison.</p>
-
-<p>The ages of the men in this school
-class run from twenty to forty-five. Some
-of them will be eligible for parole in a
-few years and they are looking forward
-to the fact that they will be able to write
-out their own applications for such parole.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Police Condemn Crime Pictures.</em>&mdash;In
-reply to requests sent to police heads by
-the State Charities Aid and Prison Reform
-Association of New Jersey for information
-concerning moving picture
-shows and their influence on the young,
-these replies have been received:</p>
-
-<p>“I am heartily in favor of legislation
-which would prevent the exhibition of
-pictures showing any action which in real
-life would be a crime.”&mdash;Chief of Police
-Corbitt of Newark.</p>
-
-<p>“I think they are the cause of 20 per
-cent. of our crime, especially of petty
-larceny. These shows cannot locate in
-our town.”&mdash;Nutley.</p>
-
-<p>“In my opinion, moving picture shows
-are bad for women and children. I know
-where children steal to get money for
-shows; also where women neglect their
-families to go.”&mdash;Weehawken.</p>
-
-<p>“Children are inclined to steal in order
-to go there; also neglect their studies.”&mdash;Passaic.</p>
-
-<p>“I had a case drawn to my attention of
-a five-year-old boy who attended a cheap
-picture show where there was shown a
-picture with a hold-up in it. This boy’s
-mother was ill. The child got an old
-revolver, walked into his mother’s room
-and told her to throw up her hands.
-When he was asked where he had learned
-that he answered he saw it in the show.
-I believe if the revolver had been loaded
-some one would have been killed.”&mdash;Hackensack.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Big Brothers in Atlanta and Macon.</em>&mdash;Atlanta’s
-probation system for adults,
-which embraces drunkards, vagrants,
-wife beaters, deserters of families and
-the like, is to be materially enlarged in
-scope and made more efficient through
-the development of a volunteer probation
-force of 100 business and professional
-men who are willing to give a few
-hours of their leisure time each week in
-an effort to save the men and youths
-who come under the supervision of the
-probation officer. This volunteer force
-will work in conjunction with Officer
-Coogler and the Prison Association of
-Georgia, which has headquarters at 404
-Gould building.</p>
-
-<p>In Macon, Lewis J. Bernhardt, agent
-of the Georgia prison association, has
-secured 100 names of Macon people who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
-will aid in the perfection of an organization
-in that city to cope with conditions
-in the city and county prisons and
-convict camps and to aid in securing a
-better penal system for Georgia.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Radical Experiments in Oregon.</em>&mdash;According
-to the Newark Evening News,
-Governor West of Oregon has inaugurated
-an “honor system” with astonishing
-results. Chains and stripes have been
-abolished. Convicts are put at work outside
-the prison walls, without guard on
-roads, farms and buildings, on their
-word that they “will not throw the governor
-down.” They are given a chance
-to fit themselves for useful callings, are
-assured of parole, with work at good
-wages, when they deserve it. There have
-been but three attempts at escape since
-the system was inaugurated six months
-ago. The new system is carefully
-worked out. The state prison aid society
-works with the state parole board
-and governor to find remunerative employment
-for paroled men. Men that
-have proven reliable and efficient on
-prison work are recommended for parole;
-a job is secured them. If they get
-a better one they can take it. But they
-must work! And every man of the fifty
-paroled in the last three months has made
-good.</p>
-
-<p>When Governor West inaugurated his
-guardless, outside policy he sent for a
-fifteen-year convict. “Put him on the
-street car, give him car fare; don’t send
-a guard, and tell him to come to my office,”
-the governor ’phoned the astonished
-warden. The man came, and went
-into executive conference with the governor.
-The plan was outlined, the honor
-system worked out, and the man went
-back to the prison on the next car and
-spread the news through the 450 men behind
-the walls. Once the governor sent
-half a dozen long-term men to town to
-see the sights for half a day and report
-back to the warden by sundown. They
-had a good time and reported back to the
-minute, sober and contented.</p>
-
-<p>When the convicts were first sent out
-to work alone on the roads the farmers
-protested loudly. But the men soon
-proved that they were human, were living
-up to their honor pledge and were
-making better roads for the farmers than
-the farmers could make for themselves.
-The farmers of Marion county, where
-the prison is, are now the heartiest supporters
-of the new policy.</p>
-
-<p>Is it safe to let convicts out without a
-guard? From January to July this year,
-with 150 men working outside, without
-guard, but three have escaped, and all
-three were “weak in the head,” and
-should have been in the asylum. During
-the same period two years ago, some
-ten men escaped, though under heavy
-guard all the time. During the latter
-part of 1909 an attempt was made to
-work prisoners outside under heavy
-guard. In a few months eighteen escaped,
-and on October 6, 1909, six overpowered
-their guards, took their guns
-away from them and fled to the hills.
-Four were recaptured, wounded. Two
-were killed. Then the cry went up that
-prisoners couldn’t be worked outside the
-penitentiary because it would take more
-guards than there were prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>Governor West solved this problem by
-doing away with the guards. All there
-is to the new prison policy of Governor
-West’s is this: “Give the men a chance.
-If they don’t take it you have done your
-part.” But they do take it.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Convicts May Raise Trees.</em>&mdash;It is not
-illegal for convicts to be employed in reforestation
-as planned by the conservation
-commission, according to Attorney
-General Carmody of New York State,
-nor is it illegal to sell trees raised by
-convict labor for the reforestation of
-private lands.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>A Candidate’s Proclamation.</em>&mdash;E. C.
-O’Rear, a gubernatorial candidate in
-Kentucky, has stated his convictions on
-prison labor thus:</p>
-
-<p>“If elected Governor I will recommend
-the submission to the people of an
-amendment to the constitution allowing
-convict labor to be used in building and
-repairing the public highways and for
-no other purpose, outside the walls. It
-is best for the prisoners themselves to
-be so employed and until such an amendment
-to the constitution can be secured,
-my contention is that they should be employed,
-whatever they do, at the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
-wage that is paid the same character of
-labor outside the prison walls; and that
-the profit of their labor be applied by the
-State to the maintenance of the families
-of the convicts instead of going to and
-enriching the contractors.”</p>
-
-<p>Judge O’Rear also agrees with the
-following plank in the Republican platform:</p>
-
-<p>“We demand the enactment of a law
-providing for bi-partisan control of penal
-and charitable institutions, and for the
-abolition of contract convict labor; and
-we denounce the board of prison commissioners
-in hiring out the children
-under their charge at the reform school
-for the benefit of whose morals and education
-that institution was originally established.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Plans for a New Sing Sing.</em>&mdash;That
-there is no need for the proposed new
-Harlem prison in Wingdale and that the
-present Sing Sing prison, New York,
-should be improved and retained is the
-opinion of Joseph F. Scott, superintendent
-of State Prisons. Plans tentatively
-mapped out will save the State at least
-$2,000,000. By expending $1,000,000 for
-improvements in Sing Sing, including
-the construction of a new cell block to
-accommodate 1,500 prisoners, and employing
-convict labor on the proposed improvements.
-Mr. Scott believes the institution
-can be used to as good advantage as
-the proposed new Harlem prison. Sing
-Sing is more accessible to New York city
-and at least $40,000 to $50,000 would be
-saved annually in the cost of the transportation
-of prisoners and freight, it is
-said.</p>
-
-<p>“Outside of the cell block at Sing Sing
-the present prison plant is all right,”
-Mr. Scott is reported to have said, “and
-with a new cell block at Sing Sing and
-the 600 cell-capacity at the Great Meadows
-prison completed to its contemplated
-1,200-cell capacity, the State would have
-a capacity of 1,200 cells each at Auburn,
-Dannemora, Great Meadows and Sing
-Sing, or for 4,800 convicts, and the
-present prison population is 4,500. So
-far the State has expended $400,000 at
-Bear Mountain and Wingdale in the attempt
-to get a new prison, and to complete
-the Wingdale project would cost
-$3,000,000 more.</p>
-
-<p>“There are many features about the
-Wingdale site which make it too costly
-and unsuitable for a prison. Transportation
-of convicts and supplies would cost
-$50,000 a year more than at Sing Sing,
-and it would cost $250,000 more than
-anticipated for a water supply and sewerage
-and grading. A portion of the
-Wingdale site is swampy, also.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>New York Lockups.</em>&mdash;There are now
-in the state of New York, according to
-the Commission on Prisons of New
-York, about 500 police stations and town
-and village lockups. During the past two
-years practically every one of them has
-been visited by an inspector from this
-department. The commission has been
-endeavoring to remedy some of the recognized
-evils quite prevalent in their
-management, and to insist upon more
-adequate provision for housing police
-prisoners and for more sanitary conditions
-in these local jails.</p>
-
-<p>It has been insisting that there should
-be a more complete segregation of
-women from men than that now provided
-in some cases. Another evil which
-has received attention and criticism has
-been the common practice of commingling
-police prisoners with tramps or lodgers
-and the failure to segregate boys and
-adults.</p>
-
-<p>Prisoners held in these lockups have
-been arrested simply on suspicion and
-have not had any hearing, and are entitled
-to decent and humane treatment.
-With many of them are common drunks,
-others are of a more reputable class and
-should not be locked up in crowded unsanitary
-quarters with tramps and hoboes
-of the worst kind. The commission
-has been insisting that these evils be
-minimized, and that if localities desire
-to have a lodging place for tramps it
-should be entirely separate from the
-quarters where prisoners are confined
-who are charged with offenses but who
-will be later allowed opportunity for defense
-before a court.</p>
-
-<p>Through the persistent efforts of the
-commission great improvements have
-been made in these respects in very many
-of the towns, villages and smaller cities
-of the state, and the commission believes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
-in its duty to prosecute this work still
-further until the evils heretofore arising
-from the improper housing and unwise
-coming of these various classes of people
-shall be eliminated.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><em>Detroit Aids Dependent Families of
-Prisoners.</em>&mdash;In the Review for March,
-1911, we described the financial success
-of the Detroit House of Correction.
-From the annual report of the board of
-poor commissioners of Detroit we learn
-that between July 1, 1910, and June 30,
-1911, 88 families, comprising 360 dependent
-persons, were supported by the
-wages that the husband and father
-earned while confined in the house of
-correction. The sum expended for the
-dependent families was $3,355.</p>
-
-<p>There have been many families who
-would have gone in absolute want rather
-than appeal to the city for aid, but under
-this ordinance they were given the right
-to requisition a portion of the wages
-which the head of the household was
-earning while imprisoned, and they have
-not felt that they were receiving gifts of
-charity. Tables prepared with the report
-show that of the 88 families assisted
-from the house of correction fund, 39
-were Americans, 19 Polish, 10 Austrians,
-10 Canadians, and five Germans, while
-English, Irish, Scotch, Russians and Negroes
-had but one family each. Seventy-nine
-of the offenders were sentenced
-from the police court and nine from the
-recorder’s court on charges ranging from
-bigamy and forgery to failure to send
-children to school.</p>
-
-<p>The report also embodies the suggestion
-that some system of adequate and
-permanent relief is needed by means of
-which provision can be made for widows
-and their children. Three hundred and
-forty-five widows with young children,
-or 24 per cent. of the total number of
-cases, aided by the poor commissioners,
-were assisted during the year. Commenting
-upon this fact, the report says:</p>
-
-<p>“When we think that the average income
-of these families is not more than
-$4 or $5 a week, it is impossible to believe
-that these children are properly fed,
-housed and clothed. Can we wonder that
-so many of the children in these families
-go astray and find their way into the
-juvenile court detention homes and reformatories?”</p>
-
-<p>Reporting to the American prison association
-at Omaha, William H. Venn,
-parole officer for Michigan, outlined the
-compensation plan operated in the Detroit
-House of Correction, which he said
-had met with general commendation.</p>
-
-<p>“On July 6, 1911, the Detroit House
-of Correction passed its fiftieth milestone.
-During the last thirty-two years
-over $1,000,000 in profits have been
-turned over to the city of Detroit, the
-families of prisoners, and to the prisoners
-themselves. Since 1880 the city of
-Detroit has annually received sums ranging
-from $9,016.83 to $52,711.64. The
-original expenditure by the city of $189,841.36
-has been turned back into the
-treasury of the municipality, the institution
-has paid its own way, and in the
-fifty years has shown a fine balance of
-$1,254,178.15. In addition to this showing,
-since July, 1901, the prisoners have
-been receiving financial benefits ranging
-from $5,958.14 to $9,670.38 annually.</p>
-
-<p>“In addition to amounts paid to prisoners,
-some of which is sent by the men
-to their families, provision is made for
-the families of those who are imprisoned
-on the charge of abandonment. This is
-accomplished under a statute which provides
-that $1.50 per week for the wife
-and an additional 50 cents for each child
-under fifteen years of age be paid them
-out of the funds of the institution.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="boldfont">By oversight there was omitted from the article
-in the September REVIEW, by Mr. Whitin
-on Prison Labor Legislation in 1911, a footnote
-stating that the article had been prepared for
-the Labor Legislation Review, Vol. 1, No. 3.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub-->
-
-<div class="transnote">
-<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">Transcriber’s Notes:</h2>
-
-<p>The Table of Contents was created by the transcriber and placed in the public domain.</p>
-
-<p>The one footnote has been moved to the end of its article and relabeled.</p>
-
-<p>Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks near where they are
-mentioned.</p>
-
-<p>Punctuation has been made consistent.</p>
-
-<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in
-the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors
-have been corrected.</p></div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October,
-1911, by Various
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