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diff --git a/old/55753-0.txt b/old/55753-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index aa3056d..0000000 --- a/old/55753-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1668 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, 1911, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: October 15, 2017 [EBook #55753] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, OCTOBER 1911 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Craig Kirkwood, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. - - * * * * * - -VOLUME I, No. 10. OCTOBER, 1911 - - - - -THE REVIEW - - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID - ASSOCIATION AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR - - T. F. Carver, President. - Wm. F. French, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor Review. - Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee. - F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee. - W. G. McClaren, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee. - Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee. - R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee. - - - - -SOME PRISON PROBLEMS - - -[At the recent meeting of the American Prison Association, Frank L. -Randall, Superintendent of the Minnesota State reformatory at St. -Cloud, read as chairman the report of the committee on reformatory work -and parole, from which we print the following extracts.] - -To the chief executive officers of penal and correctional institutions -in the United States and Canada was submitted the following question: -“To what extent do you recognize mental inadequacy and constitutional -inferiority among the persons in your charge?” - -The estimates are various. Among prisons for adults they range from -3 persons out of 240 in Wyoming, to 10 per cent. in Nebraska and -Philadelphia, 20 per cent. in Rhode Island, 25 per cent. in Vermont, 30 -per cent. in Indiana, 30 per cent. to 40 per cent. in Wisconsin, fully -50 per cent. in Kansas, 60 per cent. in West Virginia, 50 per cent. to -75 per cent. in Minnesota, and a still higher percentage of prisoners -lacking in energy, mentally or physically, in one Michigan prison. -Major McClaughry, and Warden Wood of Virginia, wrote that they could -not answer the question. - -From state reformatories came estimates covering a range from 25 per -cent. to 40 per cent. only in Iowa, Washington, Kansas, and New York -(Elmira). The writer, regretting his inability to report more exactly, -because the work in his institution has not been completed, feels -safe in concurring in the general approximations cited by reformatory -superintendents. - -From the New York reformatory for women at Bedford Hills we have the -following: “Realizing that a large percentage are subnormal, July 1, -1911, we employed a trained psychologist who will make it a year’s -study.” From juvenile institutions the returns are neither more -hopeful, nor more satisfying, and many institutions of that class seem -to have no special facilities for caring for weaklings, and depend upon -a relaxation of the discipline in their behalf. A study of 200 in the -boys industrial school in Kansas disclosed that 174 were mentally dull, -markedly defective, or two or more years behind their proper place in -school. In the industrial school of New Hampshire about 75 per cent. -are reported to be four to five years below their normal grade in -school. - -Other letters say “probably 25 per cent., at least;” “one-third;” -“50 per cent.;” “to a very large extent;” and so forth. The Idaho -industrial training school reports: “A very small per cent.; I think -not above five per cent.;” and the Georgia state reformatory reports -that “the discipline has to be based on the fact that 75 per cent. of -inmates are mental defectives and 99 per cent. are moral defectives.” -The girls industrial home of Ohio says: “Fully nine-tenths are -subnormal mentally, and a large per cent. physically weak or crippled.” -From the Iowa industrial school for girls comes the following: “There -is a certain inferiority, either mental or constitutional inadequacy, -in each and every one. In the majority of cases it is a weakness; that -is, they are easily influenced, therefore easily led astray.” - -It seems fair and right to allow for a difference among the writers -as to the full import of the question to which they have responded, -but that may not entirely account for the considerable differences in -estimates. Possibly varying court proceedings, and the use of the power -of probation by some of the courts or other exemptions from detention, -may, in some places, have culled out most of the normal children. - -Your committee rather inclines to think however that longer and more -extensive experience, in many cases, tends to fix in the mind the -necessary recognition of a grave amount of mental inadequacy and -constitutional inferiority, calling for custodial care, among all -classes of delinquents, including juveniles, no less than adults. - -While the incompetents remain with the normal persons in labor, in -school, and in recreation, the progress of the bright is certain to -be retarded by the association, while the outlook for the dull is not -improved. This mingling and attempted classification of unequal units -seems to be the rule almost everywhere, with consequent lowering of -efficiency and tone, to the basis of the inferior. - -So far as returns have been received from prisons, reformatories and -juvenile institutions for correction, the average terms of office of -the executive heads during the last twenty years have been about as -follows: In prisons about four and one-third years. In reformatories -for adults about eight and one-third years, and in institutions -for juveniles about six and one-quarter years. These averages are -considerably higher than they would otherwise be, by reason of the -fact that in some states it is not usual to make a disturbance without -cause, and somewhat lower than they would otherwise be, because in -some states each change in the personality of the governor, as well as -each change in party politics, has almost uniformly resulted in the -dismissal or enforced resignation of the wardens and superintendents -of the class of institutions under consideration, quite regardless of -their capacity and fidelity, and sometimes apparently without a serious -inquiry as to the peculiar fitness of the new appointee. - -Some of the delegates to this Prison Congress may hardly appreciate -the fact that there are institutions in some states where neither -institution heads nor subordinates attend caucuses, discuss politics, -contribute to campaign funds or take any part in election matters, -except to vote: and where the political preferences of the members of -the staff are unknown to each other, or to their chief. The elections -bring to the institutions no unusual excitement or personal anxiety. - -The establishment of truant schools in the cities has demonstrated that -the best and most capable teachers and managers are necessary to their -successful conduct and discipline, and for the same reasons a prison or -reformatory should be manned by the best obtainable talent. - -Your committee have made diligent inquiry but have not learned of any -jurisdiction in which the compensation and status of subordinates in -penal and correctional institutions is such as to ordinarily attract -young men and women of the kind and character needed for the work; -and neither do we find that such subordinates are any where required -to have technical training or prior experience, before assuming their -responsible positions as exemplars, directors and officials to those -whose careers have been, at least to some extent, oblique. - -With their small pay, and perhaps small chance for promotion, and often -with an uncertain tenure, their hours of duty long, and their work -somewhat monotonous, and depressing to those not peculiarly fitted to -it, they not infrequently have uncomfortable quarters, and but little -opportunity to develop their social side. - -It is not to be wondered at that many of the young people who should -follow institution work turn their attention in some more pleasing and -promising direction, and that the service generally fails to measure up -to its possibilities. - -Subordinates are found, to be sure, who fill every requirement, and -who could not be improved upon on any basis of wages, but that merely -indicates what might be done, if the appointing power might only offer -inducements for likely young people to come to the institution, and -make them glad to remain. - -The State attempts to secure first class work for second class -compensation, and while it may often succeed in individual instances, -the policy is not to be approved. - -In conclusion we wish to recapitulate to the extent of indicating in -brief the points deemed by us to be the most important for improvement -in reformatory work, as follows: - -1. The recognition of mental incompetency and constitutional -inferiority among delinquents. - -2. The segregation of persons of marked inferior equipment and -capacity, and their detention in custodial asylums, and other places -suited to their care and treatment. - -(This for the purpose of humanely and favorably disposing of, and -caring for, helpless recidivists, dements, chronic invalids, epileptics -and others.) - -3. The furnishing to the public of reliable and important information -regarding the character of the inmates of institutions, and the work -carried on. - -4. The need of men and women of higher ideals and higher culture in -places of confinement, necessitating preliminary training, higher -wages, improved accommodations, suitable hours, fair tenure of office, -and opportunity for promotion. - -5. The elimination of political consideration from the conduct of the -institutions, and from the appointment of all persons of high or less -high degree in connection therewith. - -6. The closest scrutiny into the physical and mental condition capacity -of each person detained, and into his past history and environment. - -7. The establishment of a system under which no delinquent shall -be released, unless in the judgment of the board, after searching -inquiry, there is good reason to believe that he can and will maintain -himself without relapsing into crime, and will be of some service to -society; and under which no delinquent will be further held when such a -condition is believed to have been reached. - -8. The extension of state agency and other supervisory means for -observing and aiding the delinquent on parole, and for selecting -suitable location and employment for him, and caring for his surplus -earnings. - - - - -ECHOES FROM OMAHA - - -[The American Prison Association held its annual meeting at Omaha, -Nebraska, from October, 14th to 19th. The Review publishes this month -some echoes of the convention. In November further attention will be -devoted to the meeting.] - -_Morons in New Jersey Reformatory._--Dr. Frank Moore, superintendent -of the Rahway Reformatory gave an address before the annual convention -of the American prison association at Omaha, on “Mending the Immoral -Moron.” He said, in part: - -“In our New Jersey reformatory we have during the last two years made -a careful study of this problem. Each inmate that has been received -has been tested concerning his mentality, with the result that 46 per -cent. were found to be deficients and to have minds that in knowledge -or ability were only equal to the minds of children from 5 to 13 years -old. Fully 33 per cent. or one-third of our population, we concluded -was of the Moron class. - -“The problem presents very great difficulties. The ordinary institution -officers declare that prisoners are ‘dopes,’ and sometimes the -psychologist agrees with them. - -“The methods employed in dealing with this difficult problem must be -unusually wise. The first thing that seems important is to know the -man. He must be recognized as a defective. A special system must be -adopted to him. His is a feeble mind. To place the same load upon him -that is put upon others is either to cause him to balk or to break -down altogether under the strain. He is a child mentally and not the -abstract, but concrete or kindergarten mode of instruction must be -used. In school he must be separated in some way from the others. - -“In his training in work the calibre of his mind needs also to be -considered. The trades that need planning and skill are too much for -him. To the work of the laborer, the farm, garden and dairy he is best -suited, and in them he is really most contented. - -“Discipline which is firm yet kind is most successful. The most of -immoral morons that we get have been ill-treated. Those who have not -understood them have tried to beat sense into their stupid heads, and -they are filled with fear and suspicion. They need, therefore, to be -reassured. - -“Care must be given to correct such physical defects as are often times -the cause of mental and moral weakness. - -“Of the 46 per cent. who by the test were feeble-minded in our -institutions the percentage of physical defects was as follows: - -“Defective eyesight, 40 per cent.; flat foot, 35; bad teeth, 32; throat -difficulties, 17; nasal obstruction, 47; total number having some -physical defects, 88 per cent. - -“The work that the true chaplain may do is very great. The best way to -mend the immoral moron is through persuasion and influences of religion. - -“Our learned friend, Dr. Goddard, of Vineland, N. J., has declared -that nine years is the average age when the tendencies of crime begin -to develop. At this and even an earlier age it has been arranged by -infinite wisdom, it would seem, that religion should begin to make its -formative impressions on the mind. - -“Concerning the question of parole or discharge, we cannot agree with -those who advocate that the moron should be kept in permanent custodial -care. Our success with this class on parole has been fully as good as -it has been with the normal mind. Of eighty-three paroled during three -months, not long ago, the morons have made even a better record than -the normals. - -“We could point to many other morons who are doing their part well in -the world’s work. They have their place in the economy of society; they -peculiarly fit certain kinds of employment.” - - * * * * * - -_Judge De Courcy on Unpunished Homicide._--Quoting President Taft as -saying that “The administration of criminal law in this country is a -disgrace to civilization,” Judge C. A. De Courcy of Lawrence, Mass., -justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, pointed out in a paper -read at Omaha in his absence that the United States is conspicuous for -the great number of unpunished murderers. The defence of insanity, -the limitation of the power of judges and the character of testimony -allowed to be introduced in behalf of the defendant were some of the -evils which, he said, ought to be rectified. “The number of homicides -in this country for 1910 were 8975--an increase of nearly 900 over -the number in 1909; yet but one in eighty-six was capitally punished -in 1910 as against one in seventy-four during the year preceding,” -said Judge De Courcy. “It is said that in 1896 for each million of the -population there were 118 homicides in the United States; in Italy less -than fifteen; in Canada less than thirteen; in Great Britain less than -nine; in Germany less than five. - -“In New York City, 119 cases of homicide were investigated by the grand -jury during the last year, but only forty-five convictions resulted. -Chicago reports 202 homicides were committed in that city during the -last year. Only one of the offenders was hanged; fifteen were sent to -the penitentiary and the others were set free. In Louisville, with a -population of 224,000, during the last year, there were forty-seven -cases of homicide and not a single murderer was hanged. In Alabama -a conviction for stealing hides was recently set aside because the -indictment failed to state whether they were mule, cow, goat or sheep -hides. And indictments were dismissed because father was spelled -farther (in South Carolina); because the letter ‘i’ was omitted in -spelling malice (in Alabama).” Judge De Courcy then suggested some -criminal law reforms which included simplified forms of indictments, -change in the selections of juries and in the rules governing -pleadings. - - * * * * * - -_Wickersham on Prison Reform and Parole._--The attorney general of the -United States said at Omaha that in the battles of economic forces -for supremacy, the law must be obeyed, even though it seems to favor -one class as against another. Punishment in some form, declared the -attorney general is still necessary in our land to prevent crime. He -discussed at length the broad question of punishment for crime and the -administration of the federal parole law. Modern penal legislation, he -said, is based on a recognition of the expediency of endeavoring to -reform the criminal. Mr. Wickersham favored the extension of the parole -law to include life prisoners. He regarded it as an incongruity that -prisoners sentenced to long terms for vicious crimes should be eligible -for parole when the man convicted of second degree murder must remain -in prison for life. - -Since the parole law was placed in operation last autumn, only one -prisoner had violated his parole. The two hundred prisoners who were -paroled from the time the law was put into effect in the autumn of 1910 -to June 30, 1911, earned nearly $22,000, whereas, if they had remained -in prison, the attorney general pointed out they would have been a -charge on the government. Mr. Wickersham expressed the belief that -the parole boards should be enlarged by adding two unofficial persons -selected from among prominent citizens of the locality in which the -prison is situated. - - * * * * * - -_Base Ball in Prison._--At Omaha this question was vigorously -discussed, not unfavorably, but as to the day or days when the game -should occur. - -J. K. Codding, warden of the Kansas penitentiary, told of base ball and -other recreations for prisoners in his institution and the discussion -which followed the general expression was that base ball, athletic -contests, moving picture shows and other recreations render prison -discipline easier by affording opportunity to reward those who do well -and to deprive of pleasure those who break the rules. - -The statement of Chaplain Le Cornu of Walla Walla, Wash., that Sunday -afternoon in his institution is devoted to base ball, raised a protest -from others, particularly Warden Codding of Kansas and Warden Saunders -of Iowa. Mr. Codding said he didn’t let the men play ball on Sunday -because he didn’t expect them to advocate Sunday ball when they got -out. Mr. Saunders said his men played Saturday afternoon; that he would -allow the men to play Sunday if they couldn’t play any other day. - -Warden James of Oregon said he not only had base ball games, at which -the men were allowed to root until they were hoarse, and weekly moving -picture shows, but he intended this fall to put in a gymnasium. Several -wardens said the reason that prisoners in many prisons are locked up -all day Sunday is that the state is too stingy to hire a few extra -guards. - -A Colorado woman delegate said the men in the Colorado prison play base -ball without guards, and in the rock camps they enjoy themselves at -various sports, without guards, all day Sunday. - - * * * * * - -_Mrs. Booth on Prisoners’ Earnings._--“Every man who works in prison -should work for the support of his family or those depending upon him, -after his board and clothing have been paid for,” declared Mrs. Maud -Ballington Booth in a lecture at Omaha. “Some officials and law makers -seem not to know that a convict may have a family, yet there is always -this heart-saddened, home-broken circle of gloom, the mothers, wives -and children of convicts, about every penal institution. Wherewith are -they to be fed and clothed? What recognition does the state give to -them, from whom it has taken their only source of support? When this -wife married the man he promised to support her. Then if the state -takes him in hand, why should it not make provision for his carrying -out the promise? - -“I know of one case where the state gets $500,000 a year for its -convict labor. A nice little source of revenue! What of the army of -helpless and hopeless wives and children who are being deprived of the -support of these laborers who are their husbands and fathers. - -“The helping hand extended to the family frequently has a reflex action -on the man in prison. He decides that if there are people outside who -think enough of his babies to care for them they are worth his efforts -too.” - - * * * * * - -_Shackling Chain Gangs._--At Omaha, during the American Prison -Association meeting, some plain talk was printed in one of the -newspapers, quoted from the lips of some delegates who saw the Omaha -chain gang going through the streets, and who pronounced the shackling -system bad and unnecessary. Word comes now from Columbus, S. C., that -the convicts on the city chain gang who are not disorderly or those who -have not attempted to run away are no longer required to wear the iron -shackles about their ankles. When a prisoner is convicted before the -recorder and given a sentence on the gang he is told that the shackles -will not be put on him if he promises not to give the guards trouble. - - - - -BUILDING NEW PRISONS - - -According to the Kansas City Star, the United States government is -building at Fort Leavenworth a $2,000,000 military prison which is -costing the government only $617,000. - -It is building the new prison with convict labor. And when it is -finished about two years from now, it will be the biggest military -prison in this country. With the old buildings, which are to be -remodeled, the completed military prison and accessory buildings will -represent a value of $3,000,000. It will be a model prison as well. -Every improvement that has been incorporated in all the prisons that -have been built hitherto will be found in this one. - -Several hundred convicts at the United States military reservation -at Fort Leavenworth are building the new military prison around -themselves. It was two years ago that congress made the initial -appropriation for the new military prison. Practically everything -needed except steel and cement was found within less than a mile of the -building site or the military reservation. So Colonel Slavens began the -monumental work of building a $2,000,000 military prison for $647,000. - -He opened a rock quarry, where an excellent grade of building stone -could be obtained. He opened a second quarry where rock for making -lime was abundant, and established lime kilns, and began making forty -barrels of lime a day. A rock crusher was installed. A brick plant -was erected and shale quarries opened for making the 16,000,000 bricks -that are going into the prison buildings. A concrete block plant was -established, where 200 concrete blocks were turned out daily. Sand -for the masonry work is obtained from the Missouri river. Wood for -burning the brick and lime was found in the forest on the reservation, -as well as for scaffolding, and much of the lumber that is being used -in construction. All of these are being operated by prison labor on -various parts of the reservation, while the armed guards look on. -Within the old prison walls iron and wood working machinery has been -put in, as well as tin and electrical working machinery. All of the -iron and steel is being brought to the prison in practically a raw -condition, and the prisoners are working it up into finished product. -To do this it was necessary for the prisoners to master every building -trade. - -Long before anything of this work was done the tedious task of teaching -the convicts the mechanical trades began. In fact, it was the idea of -Colonel Slavens that entirely apart from the problem of building the -new military prison, the convicts should be taught trades. So schools -were established, and everything from reading to writing to stenography -and typewriting is taught in classes that meet three times a week. -Expert civilian superintendents were employed to teach the convicts and -act as superintendents of the work in the new prison, and they have -developed some remarkably fine mechanics. Each convict is allowed to -follow his natural bent wherever possible. Electricians, ironworkers, -brick masons, tinners, and a score of other trades have been taught the -men. Two hundred and seventy-five of the prisoners are being worked -on the prison building proper, while an additional 176 are working in -the brick plant, lime plant and quarries. A difficulty is encountered -in the fact that about the time many of the convicts become first-class -workmen their term of service expires. Forty-one per cent. of the -prisoners confined at the military prison are deserters, the maximum -penalty for which in time of peace is imprisonment for two and one-half -years. Many of the others are confined for less serious offenses. - -Before any work on the new buildings began, the commandant had to coach -a company of prisoners in the gentle art of housemoving. Forty-one -houses, occupied by civilian employees and guards, covered the site -on which it was desired to build the new prison. These were moved to -a site a quarter of a mile away. Then a fill, in some places a depth -of thirty-five feet, was made, before the new site was ready for the -buildings. - -The grounds covered by the old and new buildings comprise an area of -about seventeen acres. A wall of concrete, several feet thick, and in -some cases rising to a height of fifty-five feet, now is practically -completed around this site. A power plant covering half a city block is -about finished. The power plant is connected by tunnel with the main -building under process of construction. An examination of the power -plant gives every evidence of expert construction. It is built of brick -and concrete, with an immense circular brick chimney rising to a height -of over 100 feet. When it is in operation it will be in charge of a -convict engineer. - -The main building of the new prison is being constructed on the -radial plan, with the cell, hospital and other wings radiating from a -central building or rotunda. This is for simplicity in control of the -prisoners. By this means eight guards, armed with repeating rifles, -patrolling the “gun walks” of the rotunda and cell wings, will be able -to keep in subjection the 2,100 prisoners that are expected to occupy -the new prison when it is finished. All the necessary utilities for -the maintenance of life will be under one roof when the building is -completed. There will be a hospital, laundry, bakery, refrigerating -plant, amusement hall (used mainly for devotional purposes), and even -the cells will be fitted with individual toilet facilities. - -There will be a total of 2,182 cells in the five cell wings radiating -from the new building. There are now 909 cells, containing 932 -prisoners. As soon as the new prison is completed there are enough -prisoners waiting in the guard houses of the various military posts -throughout the country to fill all of the 2,182 cells, and they will be -sent to Fort Leavenworth. - -The government manifests no anxiety to give out details touching its -business, but the information is vouchsafed that on the lime that is -going into the new building, a saving of 80 per cent. on each barrel is -effected, and that in the case of brick, it is costing the government -60 per cent. less to make it than it would cost to purchase it in the -open market. This, with the saving in labor, gives an idea of how -the government is able to erect $2,000,000 worth of buildings on an -appropriation of $647,000. - -The government has no intention whatever of going into the open market -in competition with outside labor. It will manufacture nothing at the -military prison at Fort Leavenworth, which is not used in the conduct -of the prison itself. In pursuance of this policy in the past, it has -built with prison labor six miles of terminal railroad at the fort, and -has constructed and is maintaining many miles of rock road. - -There are only two other military prisons in the United States. One -is a provisional prison on Governor’s Island, and the other a small -prison at Alcatraz, Cal., about one-fourth the size of the present Fort -Leavenworth prison. The government has not announced whether it will -abandon these. - -When the new prison is finished about $50,000 will be spent in -remodeling the old buildings, some of which are very ancient. One was -built in 1877 and another in 1830, but they are still in a fair state -of preservation. They were originally built for a quartermaster’s depot. - - * * * * * - -_New York’s New Prison._--Great Meadow Prison is now in operation, the -latest and only modern structure among New York’s state prisons. The -Brooklyn Citizen describes it thus, in part: - -A couple of hours’ ride from Albany northward on the Delaware and -Hudson Railroad brings the visitor to the station Comstock--a flag stop -for a few trains each way per day. The dozen or so dwelling houses -scattered about the beautiful landscape with their outlying barns and -stables proclaim a farming community. Eastward, about a quarter of a -mile from the railroad depot, one sees a big yellow brick building -rising like a Gulliver above a squadron of Lilliputian contractor -shanties. - -The big building is the Great Meadow Prison cell house, about 600 feet -long, 80 feet high and 70 feet wide. Unfinished end walls indicate -that the cell house is only half completed and that another wing of -equal length, height and width is to be added. The completed part of -the building contains 624 cells on four floors. Each cell is about the -size of a New York hall room; is equipped with a white enameled closet -and a white enameled stationary washstand and running water, while the -furnishings consist of a white enameled iron hospital bedstead with -felt mattress, felt pillow, white bed linen and cotton blankets. A -small lock cabinet and cloth rack complete the equipment. The cells -are finished in natural cement; the doors have upright bars from floor -to ceiling, the bars being painted with aluminum color--and the color -effect of cement gray and the silvery aluminum is rather pleasing. A -touch of quiet elegance is even added by the bright nickel plated water -spigot and water control push buttons above the toilet stand and wash -basin. The cell house walls are 75 per cent. windows and each cell is -flooded with light. At night in each cell an electric light, with a -shade throwing the light downward, provides splendid illumination for -reading, writing, drawing, etc. The cell house has a comprehensive -ventilating system, with ventilating ducts connecting each cell. - -Opposite the cell house stands the administration building. When -the whole prison plant is completed--which will take several years -yet--this building will be used exclusively for hospital, school -and library purposes. At present the building is used for all the -housekeeping departments of the prison, including bathroom, laundry, -tailor shop, shoe shop, kitchen, dining room, storeroom, hospital, -chapel, library, warden’s office, principal keeper’s office, guards’ -quarters and a small dormitory for the kitchen gang. It is a beehive of -activity, with its sixty-odd inmate workers, and a poor place for the -night guards to do their day-sleeping. The halls and rooms are daily -mopped and scrubbed and every nook and corner is kept scrupulously -clean by a gang of porters. - -The inmates are marched into the dining hall three times a day for -their meals, including Sunday. The farm operated in conjunction with -the prison and by prisoners (under direction of proper officials) -supplies seasonable vegetables, and now and then fresh meat from -the farm’s herd of cattle and pigs. This gives an advantage to the -steward of the prison in providing a greater variety of food and a -more attractive menu at the same per capita expenditure as the other -prisons in the State are allowed which are not favored with a farm. The -per capita expenditure in all State prisons is limited by legislative -appropriation. The fine air, good water, sound sleep in clean beds and -clean rooms, the daily exercise at work on the farm and at such other -work as is connected with running the prison--all combine to supply a -hearty appetite to the inmates. This appetite is met by a table limited -by the legislature, as already stated, and is limited also for the -men’s own good by hygienic restrictions. - - * * * * * - -_The Prison Farm at Occoquan, Virginia._--An interesting account of -the progress of the District of Columbia’s prison farm was recently -given by Rev. J. T. Masten, secretary of the Virginia state board of -charities and corrections. - -The past year’s experience of the prison commissioners of the District -of Columbia has made a great impression upon him, as it has on every -thoughtful student of criminology. Two years ago Congress wrote in -the appropriation bill authority to the prison commissioners of the -District to do away with the jail system by placing the prisoners on a -farm. The sum of $190,000 was appropriated for the purpose. Under the -old system it was costing the commissioners $150,000 to care for the -prisoners each year. - -The board took the money and bought a farm of eleven hundred acres near -Occoquan, in Prince William county, Va. - -They took the male prisoners to the farm and used them exclusively -in the clearing of the land and preparing it for cultivation and in -the erection of the necessary buildings, one-story frame buildings -erected by the prisoners. To illustrate the economy of the work the -administration building, which is 30 by 175 feet, cost in actual money -two hundred dollars, the prisoners doing the work, sawing the lumber -from the timber on the property. - -The work proved a splendid moral and physical tonic to the men. The -prison motto was made, “Reformation, not vindictive punishment.” - -At first one guard had charge of six prisoners. Now one man has charge -of twenty prisoners and directs them in their work. - -The prisoners do not wear chains and are not bound at night. There are -no bars at the windows and two men take care of 225 male prisoners at -night and one woman cares for sixty female prisoners. - -During the first year there passed through the prison farm three -thousand men. There were but sixty attempts to escape--just two per -cent. Twenty of these attempts were successful, or less than one per -cent. of the total number of men confined. - -The punishment for the unruly is solitary confinement on a diet of -bread and water and this form of discipline has only been found -necessary for an average of five cases each month, with an average -prison population of 550 men, or less than one per cent. From July 1 -to September 8 there had been but four women punished. This shows that -the methods in use, the farm work and country quiet, and the ennobling -influence of honest toil in the open, have accomplished wonders in the -handling of the prisoners. - -Then the farm method of handling prisoners is splendid economy. It is -estimated that to complete the rock-crushing and brick-manufacturing -plant, to finish grading the grounds and building the roads and the -erection of additional barns and other outbuildings and to pay the -ordinary expenses of the prison for the year the cost will be $120,000, -which is thirty thousand dollars less than it cost the District to -support the prisoners during the last year under the old jail system. - -Within three years, the superintendent, Mr. Whittaker, estimates that -the farm will be self-supporting, and it may be reasonably expected, -the superintendent thinks, that the farm will clear from twenty to -thirty thousand dollars a year after paying all the expenses of -maintaining the prisoners. - -It is found that the new system has caused a decrease in prison -population. Many of the prisoners reform, while the class which has -no liking for honest toil and has heretofore taken a season in the -district jail in search of rest and refreshment which they could not -otherwise obtain are fighting shy of the district police courts. It -seems now that, at the present rate of decrease, the population of the -prison-farm the second year will be some nineteen hundred less than -during the first year. - -The superintendent, Mr. Whittaker, endeavors to impress upon the men -that it is better in every way to work as free men and earn wages than -to be sent to the farm and be compelled to work without wages. Three of -the best and most useful employees of the farm are men who were once -confined thereon as prisoners. - -The products of the work on the farm will not be used in competition -with those of the public. Such products will be used in connection with -the support of other public institutions or in the construction of -public roads. - - - - -IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD - - -THE ORIGIN OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE FRIENDLESS.[1] - -The Society for the Friendless grew out of the efforts of Rev. and Mrs. -Edward A. Fredenhagen to apply the methods of Jesus to the redemption -of the submerged masses. - -The first home was opened at 1219 Washburn Ave., Topeka, Kansas. -Previous to this, a group of leading men had been interested in the -work. Foremost among these was Judge T. F. Garver. He became the -first president and the counsellor, and his wise counsels as well as -his legal talent have aided in directing the society to its present -carefully developed legal and philanthropic status. - -The first tour, to investigate Kansas, was made in December, 1900. The -family reached Topeka in the Christmas holidays of the same year. Work -began at once and culminated in April, 1901, in the organization of the -first board of directors and the incorporation of the Kansas society -for the friendless. - -The society was welcomed heartily by Governor W. E. Stanley, and by J. -S. Simmons, superintendent of the reformatory at Hutchinson. - -The following June Rev. R. A. Hoffman, just leaving the chaplaincy -at the penitentiary, became the first district superintendent, with -headquarters at Salina, and served the society for six years. He did -a great deal of hard and capable work and left to go to the Colorado -prison association. The next superintendent to join was Rev. Frank -Brainerd, a neighboring pastor of the general superintendent in -Illinois. He remained with the society for seven and a half years -and did excellent work. He left to become general secretary of the -associated charities in Kansas City, Kansas. The third superintendent -was Rev. George S. Ricker, a scholarly pastor, who desired to give the -remainder of his life to work among the lost classes. He is still with -the society, and is senior among all the district superintendents. - -By the autumn of 1901 the employment department and the temporary home -were well established. Then the next important step was taken in -the organization in the Kansas Penitentiary of the first of a series -of prison leagues, which were to form the nucleus of the important -department of jail and prison evangelism. Chaplain McBrian became -the superintendent of this league and for the eight years of his -chaplaincy, was the unwavering friend of the Society. - -It soon became evident that the religious work in the prison would not -have its rightful opportunity unless the department of prison reform -should be developed in the state. So the society began a campaign for -the passage of the indeterminate sentence and the parole law to apply -to the penitentiary the same as it was operating in the Reformatory. -This passed the legislature in 1903, and has been one of the most -successful laws bearing upon the crime problem, operating in Kansas. -Under it the penitentiary has been changed from an old type punishment -prison to an up-to-date reformatory. The improvement in prison -management has kept pace with the change in the criminal code. - -Finding children in the jails of Kansas, the society began, in 1903, a -campaign for the juvenile court act. The bill to introduce it in the -state senate in 1903 was defeated. Then followed the campaign, covering -two years, in which there was delivered over two thousand addresses. -Over twenty thousand calls were made on individuals in the state during -the biennium. Leading philanthropists came to the society’s aid. - -The bill passed unanimously both house and senate, and a juvenile court -was established in every county in Kansas. The juvenile court system of -this state is modeled after that of Colorado. - -Taking the Kansas society as a nucleus, the general superintendent -accepted calls into Missouri and outlying states. The first step was to -organize a league in the Missouri state penitentiary, under Chaplain -Geo. J. Warren, D. D. Since then the general superintendent has made -twenty-six major and many minor national tours, the longest one being -seven thousand miles. During that period, fifteen states have been -opened to the work of the society. Of these eleven still maintain the -society for the friendless. Ministers of ability and consecration have -accepted calls to be superintendents. There are seventeen of these now -in full service, with two laymen giving part time. - -There are twenty centers of religious activity in penal institutions, -originally projected by the society. - -When the society was nine years old the first national convention was -held in Kansas City, in January, 1910. In 1906 the original society had -been expanded from a state organization to one including all the states -and territories in the United States. At the first national convention -in 1910 the first elective national board was chosen. Previous to this -the board of directors of the “Kansas and Missouri division,” (Kansas -and Missouri having been united in one unit of territory), was a -holding board for all the work in the other states. In November, 1908, -the general office was moved from Topeka to Kansas City, the office -being in Missouri and the temporary home on the Kansas side of the -line. The first national convention came as a natural sequence. It was -to more completely develop this slowly evolving organization, so that -it would cover all the territories occupied by the living organism--the -society itself. - - -NEW PRISON HEAD NOMINATED IN MASSACHUSETTS. - -Warren F. Spalding, Secretary of the Massachusetts Prison Association, -has been nominated by Governor Foss, chairman and executive of the -Prison Commission, succeeding Mr. Pettigrove. Of the appointment the -Boston Transcript says editorially: - -The Governor has supplanted one good man with another good man. That -Mr. Pettigrove was not to be reappointed was announced by the governor -some weeks ago, and yet Mr. Pettigrove’s friends hoped that he would -reconsider, as he had done on so many other occasions. There will be -regret at the passing of Mr. Pettigrove, who, in the many years in -which he has been prison commissioner has served the State well and -given his department the benefit of long experience and real ability. -The public, while regretting the departure of Pettigrove, will welcome -the incoming of Spalding. As secretary of the Massachusetts prison -association for many years, and backed by his long experience in prison -labor affairs, Mr. Spalding has been one of the foremost prison men -of the United States. The association of which he is the secretary -has been a leader in progressive ideas on prison management, and in -this Mr. Spalding has been the executive officer and initiator. There -will be no question whatever of the progressiveness of Mr. Spalding’s -administration and of the value of his services to the State. - -Mr. Spalding is not unfamiliar to that office, having been secretary of -it from 1879 until he resigned in 1888. - -Mr. Spalding was born in Hillsboro, N. H., Jan. 14, 1841, but was -educated in the public schools of Nashua, N. H. After leaving school -he engaged in the furniture business in his native place for several -years, and in 1870 came to Boston. There he became connected with the -Boston Daily News, and later worked for the Globe and the Commercial -Bulletin, both as a reporter and an editor. - -Since 1872 he has been a resident of Cambridge and represented a -district in that city in the general court during 1894 and 1895. He has -been engaged in prison work for many years, having been secretary of -the Massachusetts Prison Association since 1890. In 1896 Mr. Spalding -was elected to the Cambridge Board of Aldermen. Mr. Spalding was a -private in Co. F, 1st New Hampshire Heavy Artillery, during the Civil -War and is a member of Post 186, G. A. R. - -The governor’s nomination must be approved by the governor’s council. - - -PRISON SUNDAY. - -This day was observed as usual in several states on either the fourth -or last Sunday in October. The Connecticut prison association, in -issuing a call, directed attention to the fact that the great need in -that state is a change in our treatment of petty offenders. “We made -great progress in the treatment of these cases when we established the -probation service, which keeps many out of jail. But during 1910 there -were 10,468 commitments to our county jails. Six thousand and fifty of -these, by their own admission, has been in prison before.” - -In New York the prison association sent special letters to about 1,500 -pastors, 200 of whom responded favorably. Special literature was -furnished each pastor. - - -NEW YORK’S PRISON NEEDS. - -In an interview in the New York Sun, O. F. Lewis, general secretary of -the prison association of New York, said recently: - -“The principal prison needs of this State are a separate cell for each -prisoner in State prisons, employment for eight hours a day for all -able-bodied men in State prisons, the marketing of all prison-made -products in this State to the State and its political subdivisions, -such as counties and cities; the introduction and development of -industries in our county penitentiaries and jails; the centralization -of administration of our penitentiaries and jails under a proper -department of the State; the abolition of idleness and filth in many of -our jails; the development of the women’s farm and the farm colony for -vagrants and tramps; the creation of a separate institution or separate -wings of an existing institution for feeble-minded criminals, not the -insane criminals--and other things too numerous to mention. - -“They had just such a jail situation in England thirty years ago, when -the State took over all the local prisons, that correspond to our -county jails. To-day all these institutions are under the management -of the prison commissioners of England, a body that no one would think -of accusing of the least bit of graft, and the institutions are run -with regard to the rights of the prisoner and the welfare of society. -That is our great need--that the state should manage the correctional -institutions within its borders through boards of managers, at least in -part.” - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] Abridged from the last issue of the society’s publication, “The -First Friend.” - - - - -EVENTS IN BRIEF - - -[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the -delinquent.] - -_Going to School at Charlestown, Mass._--The Hartford, Conn., Times, -tells of a summer school for illiterate prisoners which was started -this season by Benjamin F. Bridges, warden of the state prison at -Charlestown, Mass. A school has existed in the state prison for many -years, but it was Warden Bridges who placed it upon a practical basis, -such as has made it a power for good. - -In the correspondence school, as in the other, the teachers are all -prisoners. As soon as a man is sent to the prison and has become -accustomed to his surroundings he is interviewed by one of the teachers -to ascertain if he wishes to study and improve his mind while in -prison. If he does, he is given an application blank, and he fills out -the list of studies he wishes to pursue. - -If there is doubt as to his ability to enter some classes he has a -private examination by the teacher in elementary subjects. If he shows -ability to enter the correspondence school he receives material and -lesson blanks, and works out his exercises in his own cell in his spare -time, sending his answers to the school office. There his work is -carefully inspected, and if it is satisfactory new work is sent to him. - -The prisoners entered in this correspondence school never assemble in -classes, but all their work is done in their own cells, lights being -allowed until nine o’clock for such study. While the prisoner-teachers -rarely, if ever, see their pupils after they have joined the -correspondence school, the hold the teachers obtain upon the respect -and interest of the solitary students is truly wonderful. - -A teachers’ association was formed recently in the prison, and these -men meet at intervals with the prison chaplain to map out lessons and -arrange other details of the work. There is almost no limit to the -amount of advanced work that may be undertaken. - -As the work of the school in the prison progressed it became evident -that it kept the men employed and gave them less opportunity to grow -morose and desperate. It was found that they were more contented and -cheerful, and with education, in many cases, came a pronounced change -in character, a reformation that was not assumed in any way, but a -natural result of the change from ignorance to intelligence and a -knowledge of their own ability to make a way in the world if given -an opportunity. The deportment of the prisoners improved wonderfully -and has been first class since the school work was started by General -Bridges, many years ago. - -This spring General Bridges took steps to establish a day summer school -for the illiterate prisoners. There are usually about eight hundred odd -prisoners in the institution, and from the entire lot about forty were -selected as being thoroughly illiterate and have been placed in this -newly started class. - -In the forty prisoners in the class are represented no less than twelve -different nationalities. A mere glance at the men constituting the -class is sufficient to indicate that ignorance has been the cause for -most of the class finding themselves in prison. - -This class in the prison school were allowed to assemble in one room -in the institution, and they had desks like ordinary school children. -Now every one of the forty prisoners can read, write and cipher in a -very creditable manner. It is a new experience to them to be able to -read, and their interest in newspapers and stories from simple books -impresses one who sees it for the first time. - -Some of the men in this illiterate class could not speak English when -they entered it, and now they fairly love the warden for having made -it possible for them to communicate with their relatives and former -friends, although such communications have all to pass inspection -before they leave prison. - -The ages of the men in this school class run from twenty to forty-five. -Some of them will be eligible for parole in a few years and they are -looking forward to the fact that they will be able to write out their -own applications for such parole. - - * * * * * - -_Police Condemn Crime Pictures._--In reply to requests sent to police -heads by the State Charities Aid and Prison Reform Association of -New Jersey for information concerning moving picture shows and their -influence on the young, these replies have been received: - -“I am heartily in favor of legislation which would prevent the -exhibition of pictures showing any action which in real life would be a -crime.”--Chief of Police Corbitt of Newark. - -“I think they are the cause of 20 per cent. of our crime, especially of -petty larceny. These shows cannot locate in our town.”--Nutley. - -“In my opinion, moving picture shows are bad for women and children. -I know where children steal to get money for shows; also where women -neglect their families to go.”--Weehawken. - -“Children are inclined to steal in order to go there; also neglect -their studies.”--Passaic. - -“I had a case drawn to my attention of a five-year-old boy who attended -a cheap picture show where there was shown a picture with a hold-up in -it. This boy’s mother was ill. The child got an old revolver, walked -into his mother’s room and told her to throw up her hands. When he was -asked where he had learned that he answered he saw it in the show. -I believe if the revolver had been loaded some one would have been -killed.”--Hackensack. - - * * * * * - -_Big Brothers in Atlanta and Macon._--Atlanta’s probation system for -adults, which embraces drunkards, vagrants, wife beaters, deserters -of families and the like, is to be materially enlarged in scope and -made more efficient through the development of a volunteer probation -force of 100 business and professional men who are willing to give a -few hours of their leisure time each week in an effort to save the men -and youths who come under the supervision of the probation officer. -This volunteer force will work in conjunction with Officer Coogler and -the Prison Association of Georgia, which has headquarters at 404 Gould -building. - -In Macon, Lewis J. Bernhardt, agent of the Georgia prison association, -has secured 100 names of Macon people who will aid in the perfection -of an organization in that city to cope with conditions in the city and -county prisons and convict camps and to aid in securing a better penal -system for Georgia. - - * * * * * - -_Radical Experiments in Oregon._--According to the Newark Evening -News, Governor West of Oregon has inaugurated an “honor system” with -astonishing results. Chains and stripes have been abolished. Convicts -are put at work outside the prison walls, without guard on roads, farms -and buildings, on their word that they “will not throw the governor -down.” They are given a chance to fit themselves for useful callings, -are assured of parole, with work at good wages, when they deserve it. -There have been but three attempts at escape since the system was -inaugurated six months ago. The new system is carefully worked out. The -state prison aid society works with the state parole board and governor -to find remunerative employment for paroled men. Men that have proven -reliable and efficient on prison work are recommended for parole; a job -is secured them. If they get a better one they can take it. But they -must work! And every man of the fifty paroled in the last three months -has made good. - -When Governor West inaugurated his guardless, outside policy he sent -for a fifteen-year convict. “Put him on the street car, give him car -fare; don’t send a guard, and tell him to come to my office,” the -governor ’phoned the astonished warden. The man came, and went into -executive conference with the governor. The plan was outlined, the -honor system worked out, and the man went back to the prison on the -next car and spread the news through the 450 men behind the walls. Once -the governor sent half a dozen long-term men to town to see the sights -for half a day and report back to the warden by sundown. They had a -good time and reported back to the minute, sober and contented. - -When the convicts were first sent out to work alone on the roads the -farmers protested loudly. But the men soon proved that they were human, -were living up to their honor pledge and were making better roads for -the farmers than the farmers could make for themselves. The farmers of -Marion county, where the prison is, are now the heartiest supporters of -the new policy. - -Is it safe to let convicts out without a guard? From January to July -this year, with 150 men working outside, without guard, but three have -escaped, and all three were “weak in the head,” and should have been in -the asylum. During the same period two years ago, some ten men escaped, -though under heavy guard all the time. During the latter part of 1909 -an attempt was made to work prisoners outside under heavy guard. In a -few months eighteen escaped, and on October 6, 1909, six overpowered -their guards, took their guns away from them and fled to the hills. -Four were recaptured, wounded. Two were killed. Then the cry went up -that prisoners couldn’t be worked outside the penitentiary because it -would take more guards than there were prisoners. - -Governor West solved this problem by doing away with the guards. All -there is to the new prison policy of Governor West’s is this: “Give the -men a chance. If they don’t take it you have done your part.” But they -do take it. - - * * * * * - -_Convicts May Raise Trees._--It is not illegal for convicts to be -employed in reforestation as planned by the conservation commission, -according to Attorney General Carmody of New York State, nor is it -illegal to sell trees raised by convict labor for the reforestation of -private lands. - - * * * * * - -_A Candidate’s Proclamation._--E. C. O’Rear, a gubernatorial candidate -in Kentucky, has stated his convictions on prison labor thus: - -“If elected Governor I will recommend the submission to the people of -an amendment to the constitution allowing convict labor to be used in -building and repairing the public highways and for no other purpose, -outside the walls. It is best for the prisoners themselves to be -so employed and until such an amendment to the constitution can be -secured, my contention is that they should be employed, whatever they -do, at the same wage that is paid the same character of labor outside -the prison walls; and that the profit of their labor be applied by the -State to the maintenance of the families of the convicts instead of -going to and enriching the contractors.” - -Judge O’Rear also agrees with the following plank in the Republican -platform: - -“We demand the enactment of a law providing for bi-partisan control of -penal and charitable institutions, and for the abolition of contract -convict labor; and we denounce the board of prison commissioners in -hiring out the children under their charge at the reform school for the -benefit of whose morals and education that institution was originally -established.” - - * * * * * - -_Plans for a New Sing Sing._--That there is no need for the proposed -new Harlem prison in Wingdale and that the present Sing Sing prison, -New York, should be improved and retained is the opinion of Joseph F. -Scott, superintendent of State Prisons. Plans tentatively mapped out -will save the State at least $2,000,000. By expending $1,000,000 for -improvements in Sing Sing, including the construction of a new cell -block to accommodate 1,500 prisoners, and employing convict labor on -the proposed improvements. Mr. Scott believes the institution can be -used to as good advantage as the proposed new Harlem prison. Sing Sing -is more accessible to New York city and at least $40,000 to $50,000 -would be saved annually in the cost of the transportation of prisoners -and freight, it is said. - -“Outside of the cell block at Sing Sing the present prison plant is all -right,” Mr. Scott is reported to have said, “and with a new cell block -at Sing Sing and the 600 cell-capacity at the Great Meadows prison -completed to its contemplated 1,200-cell capacity, the State would have -a capacity of 1,200 cells each at Auburn, Dannemora, Great Meadows and -Sing Sing, or for 4,800 convicts, and the present prison population -is 4,500. So far the State has expended $400,000 at Bear Mountain -and Wingdale in the attempt to get a new prison, and to complete the -Wingdale project would cost $3,000,000 more. - -“There are many features about the Wingdale site which make it too -costly and unsuitable for a prison. Transportation of convicts and -supplies would cost $50,000 a year more than at Sing Sing, and it would -cost $250,000 more than anticipated for a water supply and sewerage and -grading. A portion of the Wingdale site is swampy, also.” - - * * * * * - -_New York Lockups._--There are now in the state of New York, according -to the Commission on Prisons of New York, about 500 police stations and -town and village lockups. During the past two years practically every -one of them has been visited by an inspector from this department. The -commission has been endeavoring to remedy some of the recognized evils -quite prevalent in their management, and to insist upon more adequate -provision for housing police prisoners and for more sanitary conditions -in these local jails. - -It has been insisting that there should be a more complete segregation -of women from men than that now provided in some cases. Another evil -which has received attention and criticism has been the common practice -of commingling police prisoners with tramps or lodgers and the failure -to segregate boys and adults. - -Prisoners held in these lockups have been arrested simply on suspicion -and have not had any hearing, and are entitled to decent and humane -treatment. With many of them are common drunks, others are of a more -reputable class and should not be locked up in crowded unsanitary -quarters with tramps and hoboes of the worst kind. The commission has -been insisting that these evils be minimized, and that if localities -desire to have a lodging place for tramps it should be entirely -separate from the quarters where prisoners are confined who are charged -with offenses but who will be later allowed opportunity for defense -before a court. - -Through the persistent efforts of the commission great improvements -have been made in these respects in very many of the towns, villages -and smaller cities of the state, and the commission believes in its -duty to prosecute this work still further until the evils heretofore -arising from the improper housing and unwise coming of these various -classes of people shall be eliminated. - - * * * * * - -_Detroit Aids Dependent Families of Prisoners._--In the Review for -March, 1911, we described the financial success of the Detroit House of -Correction. From the annual report of the board of poor commissioners -of Detroit we learn that between July 1, 1910, and June 30, 1911, 88 -families, comprising 360 dependent persons, were supported by the wages -that the husband and father earned while confined in the house of -correction. The sum expended for the dependent families was $3,355. - -There have been many families who would have gone in absolute want -rather than appeal to the city for aid, but under this ordinance they -were given the right to requisition a portion of the wages which the -head of the household was earning while imprisoned, and they have -not felt that they were receiving gifts of charity. Tables prepared -with the report show that of the 88 families assisted from the house -of correction fund, 39 were Americans, 19 Polish, 10 Austrians, 10 -Canadians, and five Germans, while English, Irish, Scotch, Russians and -Negroes had but one family each. Seventy-nine of the offenders were -sentenced from the police court and nine from the recorder’s court on -charges ranging from bigamy and forgery to failure to send children to -school. - -The report also embodies the suggestion that some system of adequate -and permanent relief is needed by means of which provision can be made -for widows and their children. Three hundred and forty-five widows with -young children, or 24 per cent. of the total number of cases, aided by -the poor commissioners, were assisted during the year. Commenting upon -this fact, the report says: - -“When we think that the average income of these families is not more -than $4 or $5 a week, it is impossible to believe that these children -are properly fed, housed and clothed. Can we wonder that so many of -the children in these families go astray and find their way into the -juvenile court detention homes and reformatories?” - -Reporting to the American prison association at Omaha, William H. Venn, -parole officer for Michigan, outlined the compensation plan operated -in the Detroit House of Correction, which he said had met with general -commendation. - -“On July 6, 1911, the Detroit House of Correction passed its fiftieth -milestone. During the last thirty-two years over $1,000,000 in -profits have been turned over to the city of Detroit, the families -of prisoners, and to the prisoners themselves. Since 1880 the city -of Detroit has annually received sums ranging from $9,016.83 to -$52,711.64. The original expenditure by the city of $189,841.36 has -been turned back into the treasury of the municipality, the institution -has paid its own way, and in the fifty years has shown a fine balance -of $1,254,178.15. In addition to this showing, since July, 1901, the -prisoners have been receiving financial benefits ranging from $5,958.14 -to $9,670.38 annually. - -“In addition to amounts paid to prisoners, some of which is sent by -the men to their families, provision is made for the families of those -who are imprisoned on the charge of abandonment. This is accomplished -under a statute which provides that $1.50 per week for the wife and an -additional 50 cents for each child under fifteen years of age be paid -them out of the funds of the institution.” - - * * * * * - -By oversight there was omitted from the article in the September -REVIEW, by Mr. Whitin on Prison Labor Legislation in 1911, a footnote -stating that the article had been prepared for the Labor Legislation -Review, Vol. 1, No. 3. - - * * * * * - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -The one footnote has been moved to the end of its article and relabeled. - -Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks near where they are -mentioned. - -Punctuation has been made consistent. - -Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have -been corrected. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review (Vol. I, No. 10), October, -1911, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW, OCTOBER 1911 *** - -***** This file should be named 55753-0.txt or 55753-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/7/5/55753/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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