diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 16:10:35 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 16:10:35 -0800 |
| commit | 7b24819dff237c5a64860a6d455ffdcce38faae5 (patch) | |
| tree | 841442941923f69af770b2d750dbd4b108a69e28 | |
| parent | 398127922724c0e12bc11419e686bb99c4d12ef5 (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55604-0.txt | 1613 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55604-0.zip | bin | 36294 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55604-h.zip | bin | 157052 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55604-h/55604-h.htm | 2055 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55604-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 66209 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55604-h/images/tomb.jpg | bin | 53920 -> 0 bytes |
9 files changed, 17 insertions, 3668 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..607dd07 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55604 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55604) diff --git a/old/55604-0.txt b/old/55604-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0246a8a..0000000 --- a/old/55604-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1613 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, -June 26, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, June 26, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 22, 2017 [EBook #55604] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 52. SATURDAY, JUNE 26, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: TOMB OF CURRAN.] - -Twenty years had nearly elapsed, and no stone marked the grate where -Curran was interred: still Ireland continued unpossessed of the remains -of one of the ablest of her orators and purest of her patriots, and -seemed, in this instance especially, to justify the reproach of her -habitual neglect towards the posthumous reputation of her great men. - -To the managing committee of the cemetery at Glasnevin belongs the -merit, in this eminent instance, of setting an example which may remove -or mitigate the humiliating truth of that too just reproach.[1] They -reclaimed for Ireland the bones of Curran, which were transferred from -England to the cemetery over which they preside. - -To Lord Cloncurry, ever foremost or forward in aught affecting the public -weal, and through life distinguished as the munificent supporter of all -the elegant and useful arts--of every object proposing to advance the -interests of his country or honour of her name--to him belongs the merit -of originating a subscription from which has resulted the monument at -Glasnevin, and the other now in progress at the church of St Patrick.[2] -Thus at the northern extremity of Dublin the tomb of Curran stands -over his remains; and at the southern extremity, in our metropolitan -Cathedral Church, which may be called our little Westminster, a cenotaph, -now begun, will soon bear witness that after a lapse of 23 years, new -recorded honours gather round his monument, and his glory still freshens -in the memory of posterity. - -A senior fellow of our University, who had no other share in his -subsequent elevation to a mitre than the circumstance of having rendered -himself worthy of it, observes on the subject of this commemoration as -follows:--“It (a letter) shows me, however, that you intended to apply -to me on a subject well calculated to excite my sympathy; and it gives -me an opportunity of indulging my own feelings, and of promoting my own -honour, in avowing my admiration and respect for splendid talents and -disinterested patriotism. I shall therefore be flattered by the insertion -of my name in your list, though I do not entertain the ambitious thought -of my doing honour to the memory of a man who has erected for himself a -monument greater and more lasting than can be contained in any cemetery.” - -The wood-cut engraving prefixed to this article is descriptive of -Curran’s tomb at Glasnevin, of which Mr J. T. Papworth, A.R.H.A., -architect of the Royal Dublin Society, was the architect, and conductor -of its construction and successful execution. It is a fac simile of -the celebrated chef-d’œuvre of the antique known as the tomb of Scipio -Barbatious, exemplars of which are favourite objects of purchase to the -visiters of Rome, and lovers of virtu. It is a magnificent specimen of -that simple, durable, massive grandeur, which the early artists of the -mistress of the world deemed suitable to the character of a great man’s -sepulchre; fit to outlive, like its great Roman prototype, numerous -generations of men, and bear down the name of its honoured object to the -admiration of a most distant posterity. Napoleon’s tomb at St Helena was -of course the suggestion of the best taste of France and Italy combined. -It bears a close resemblance to that of Scipio. The material of the -latter is of an inferior description of stone, greatly surpassed by -that of Curran’s tomb, which is composed of the best specimen, perhaps, -extant, of our finest Irish granite, and sparkles like silver in the -sun. The application of this product to sepulchral purposes is recent -and appropriate. The late palace of our dukes, the late halls of our -parliament, the testimonials commemorating the victors who most exalted -the glory of Britain on the ocean and by land, our custom-house and -post-office, our courts of justice, the harbours of Wicklow, Howth, and -Dunleary, the spire of St Patrick’s, the grandest of our bridges, with -most other of our magnificent public edifices, have long displayed and -will long display the value of our granite for beauty and solidity. It -has superseded the use of Portland stone, for, capable of being cut into -the finer figures of architecture, it admits of any shape, it withstands -any weather; and harder than freestone, and hardening in the air, and -susceptible of every formation from the chisel, the mallet, and the -hammer, it stands of all the mineral kingdom most faithful to the trust -of monumental fame. But it is not by such memorials, as was justly -observed by the eminent prelate already referred to; it is not by such -memorials as art may construct from marble or brass, or our own enduring -granite, that the immortality of Curran’s fame can be achieved, it is in -the great efforts of his transcendant genius we best can contemplate his -deathless monument, and in that respect it may be said of him as Johnson -said on a like occasion, - - “A mortal born, he met a mortal’s doom, - But left, like Egypt’s kings, a lasting tomb.” - -The tomb is in the form of a Sarcophagus, of the Doric order of -architecture, richly sculptured. The triglyphs are most delicately -wrought, and the metopes are ornamented with pateras. It is erected so as -to appear upon a tumulus, which has a good effect. The dimensions are as -follow:-- - - The plinth 11 feet 2¼ inches by 5 feet 6½ inches. - The dado 8 feet 11 inches by 3 feet 8½ inches. - Height 8 feet 2 inches. - -The blocks of granite of which the tomb has been formed are perhaps the -largest made use of in Ireland, each weighing from 4 to 5 tons. The -joints between the blocks have been so managed as to be imperceptible, -and the tomb thus appears to be one entire mass of granite. - - F. - -[1] This monument, if not influencing, has certainly been followed by -monuments now in progress of erection to the late Chief Baron Joy, Mr -Drummond, the Dean of St Patrick’s, Lord Clements, and others. - -[2] The contract has been made with Mr Christopher Moore, an Irish -sculptor of much celebrity. The foundation is laid to granite, the -structure will be marble, and the situation fronts the monument of the -late Serjeant Ball. - - - - -THE MARKET-WOMAN. - -BY M. C. R. - - -Some of the pleasantest of the many pleasant reminiscences of my -childhood are associated with the recollection of a very ugly -uncouth woman, with a very ugly uncouth name, “Moll Miskellagh,” our -market-woman. If the cognomen “Moll” was intolerable to “ears polite,” -what was it to the euphonious appellation of her better half, “Mogue -Miskellagh?” The English groom of an Irish gentleman once overheard -some person calling “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue -Miskellagh!” he thrice exclaimed, voice, eyes, and hands in their various -ways expressing astonishment, “does that ’ere name belong to a Christian?” - -The home of my early days was situated five miles from the nearest -market-town; and as it was not always convenient to send a servant and -horse for the various commodities necessary for a tolerably large family, -a regular drudging market man or woman was deemed indispensable. Moll -Miskellagh heard of “the lady’s” wants and wishes, and believing her -own limbs to be stout, and her memory retentive, offered herself as the -“beast of burden.” - -“Mistress, jew’l,” pleaded Moll, with the most persuasive brogue -imaginable, “sorra sitch a pair ov legs in the whole counthry; an’ for my -back, it bangs Banagher for the strinth! As to my karracther, thank God I -need say nothin’ about it, as I may safely lave it to my naiburs for its -honesty.” - -“And honesty must have its reward,” returned the amiable and -well-beloved “Misthress,” whose business it was to engage the -market-woman. “But do you read?” - -“Augh! sorra bit ov me, yer honour,” quoth Mrs Miskellagh, with a groan; -“larnin’ wasn’t the fashin in my young days, or I ’spose I’d have got a -lick ov it like the rest. But what ov that, misthress?” - -“Why, it would be better for all parties that you did read, as you will -have so many notes to carry to different shops, and you cannot fail to be -sadly puzzled.” - -“Augh, lave out the notes, ma’am,” interrupted Moll, somewhat -impatiently, “an’ give me yer commands by word ov mouth, an’ I’ll engage -for it. I’ll go to the four quarthers ov the town, an’ do yer errands -widout a single mistake: bekase why, if I wud happen to forget one or -two, I have a way ov me own to make me remimber agin. So, for God’s an’ -me childher’s sakes, yer honour, give me the berth, an’ I’ll sarve ye -faithful. Throth I’ll drag as much as an ass!” - -“Well, I believe I shall try you, Molly,” said the lady, smiling kindly, -the appeal of distress never lost upon her. “Thursdays and Saturdays are -the days we send to town; be you ready to attend me at ten o’clock next -Thursday.” - -I was present at this engagement, and though I was very young at the -time, never shall I forget the frightful grins with which Moll Miskellagh -graced her exuberant thanks, nor her extra-extraordinary curtseys! I have -seen an elephant attempt such movements since, and I can declare that the -quadruped was the more graceful of the two. The “quadruped!” do I say? -I would not vow that our market-woman was not akin to a camel: she was -as enduring as one, I am sure, and seldom have I seen her without her -burthen behind. - -Well, on Thursday Moll Miskellagh was punctual; she came with eyes, ears, -and hands all prepared for “town.” - -“I am sadly afraid----” began the lady, pausing, and looking doubtfully -at her messenger. - -“Of what, yer honour?” inquired Molly briskly. - -“That your memory cannot retain all the commissions I must entrust you -with, and not only me, but every one in the house.” - -“Thry me, madam--go on, jew’l! Never fear me! Give me a hundred ov them -if you like, for I have a way ov me own to remimber.” - -“Well, I wish to serve you at all events. Then you must first carry this -post-bag to the post-office.” - -“So I can, madam; an’ I need say nothin’ there, as the bag will tell what -it wants ov itself. Go on, darlint!” - -“Then you are to go to the baker’s in New-street, to the butcher’s in -Market-street, to F----’s for groceries, to Mrs R---- of Church-street -with this note, and to Mrs L---- of Castle-hill with the other. And here -is a list of articles you are to purchase for me at any shop you please. -But what operation are you performing on your fingers?” - -“Augh, there’s my saicret!” quoth the market-woman triumphantly. “Ye see, -misthress, I have three sorts ov thread, black, white, an’ grey; an’ when -I am not sure that I’ll think ov a thing parfectly, I tie one ov those -threads on one ov me fingers; an’ whin I am at a loss, I keep lookin’ at -the thread till I remimber what I tied it on for, an’ so at last it comes -into my mimory. Go on, misthress, if you plaise; the day is gettin’ late -with us.” - -“I have no more commissions, Molly; but here comes your master with his.” - -“Well, Mrs Miskellagh, have you got all your _commandments_?” inquired -the “ministhur,” smiling. - -“Augh, be lanient, yer rivirince! the mistress has given me a power to do -to-day.” - -“Well, Moll, I will be lenient. I have only two or three trifling -commissions to give you. First, you must go to the post-office, and then -to B----’s for my boots; neither parson nor priest can do without them, -you know. Did you ever hear of the ‘priest in his boots,’ Moll?” - -“Throth I have, an’ danced it too, sur. Go on, yer rivirince: what next?” - -“Next you are to go to Mr W----, the attorney, with this note, and be -sure to wait for his answer. I have no more commissions to-day. But now, -Moll, take care of the youngsters; and here they come, ready to overwhelm -you!” - -“Ogh! Lard help me!” ejaculated the poor market-woman, as a troop of -laughing, romping children bounded into the room and surrounded her. - -Now, grandpapa, for a little innocent mischief, privately slid silver -to each of the youngsters, to gratify their various tastes in toys, -purposely to test poor Moll’s system of mnemonics. The eldest boy was -about to give his orders in a loud key, when Moll Miskellagh, with a -proper reverence for her own sex, pushed him aside, and desired the -“young Miss” to “spaik up first.” - -“A sixpenny doll, and two dishes for my baby-kitchen,” squeaked miss. - -“Now, young masther, yours?” - -“A top, Moll--not a pegging-top, but a humming-top I want.” - -“A hummin’-top!” cried the market-woman, impatiently; “arrah, what the -dhioul is a hummin’-top?” - -“Why, a humming-top is a-a-a-humming top,” quoth young master, somewhat -posed. “It makes a noise this way--hum, hum, hum--for all the world like -a droning beetle.” - -Poor Moll had no acquaintance with any beetle but a sort of wooden -instrument with which peasant maidens pound their coarse clothes -when washing them at a stream or river; and “a dhronin’ beetle!” she -ejaculated, opening wide her small grey eyes, and looking from one to the -other for an explanation; while grandpapa, his face bathed with tears -from excessive laughter, prepared to make matters clear, but in reality -to make “confusion worse confounded.” But the hero of the humming-top -thought no one knew its peculiarities so well as himself, and he ended -the dilemma by describing a humming-top to be “a great deal larger than a -common top, had a square hole in one side, and it was always painted red.” - -“That’ll do,” said Moll Miskellagh, trying to be satisfied. “I’ll inquire -about sitch a thing, any how. An’ now, little masthers, what’s your -pleasures?” - -One chose “a whip,” and the other “cakes,” and then we thought poor -Moll had her quantum, and that she might proceed on her journey. But -so thought not Moll. Confident of her retentive powers and strength of -frame, she seemed determined to test herself to the utmost: and before -she left the house, she descended to the lower regions to offer her -services to the dignitaries of the kitchen. She was expected, it seemed, -for cook had a lot of “kitchen stuff” to be disposed of in town, the -butler to send for a new razor, the housemaid to have a letter put into -the post-office, directed to “John Fitz-Garald, at Mr Crosbie’s, esquire, -Dublin, Great Britain-street, Ireland,” and the kitchen-maid to send for -a wire comb to support her redundant tresses. - -“Any thing else, now?” demanded the messenger, her foot on the threshold -of the outer door. - -“No! no! no!” exclaimed all the voices at once; “away with ye, an’ God -speed ye!” - -“Amin!” muttered the market-woman, striding up the steep stone steps, -through the yard, and down the avenue, without “casting a longing, -lingering look behind.” - -I will not say how often we children teased our dear, good, -angel-tempered grandmother with “when will Moll Miskellagh return?” -Suffice it to say, we thought of nothing but Moll, looked for no one but -Moll; and until we actually beheld Moll panting up the steep avenue with -a prodigious load on her back, a huge basket on one arm, and the post-bag -on the other, her two pockets or rather wallets filled to the brim, we -never gave ourselves or others rest or peace! - -But the market-woman was triumphant! Not one single commission did she -forget, and every one was satisfied with her dealings and bargains except -the butler, whose razor was base metal, instead of steel, or even iron! -But who could blame Moll Miskellagh? Abler persons, and of the sex that -used such scrapers, had been imposed on ere then. Witness-- - - Being well lathered from a dish or tub, - Hodge now began with grinning face to scrub, - Just like a hedger cutting furze; - ’Twas a vile razor! Then the rest he tried-- - All were imposters! “Ah!” Hodge sighed, - “I wish my eighteen-pence within my purse!” - -Yes! our market-woman was triumphant! and for many years she retained -her situation, exhibiting the same strength of memory, fidelity, and -honesty, to the last. But I must mention how nicely we nicked our -grandpapa for his indiscreet attempt to puzzle our purveyor on her first -essay. Ever after, we regularly called upon him for “means to test the -market-woman’s memory,” and he good-humouredly always complied with -the demand. Then, oh! what an interesting object Moll became to us! How -we used to watch for the first glimpse of the huge white load resting -on her back, and rising considerably above her head! And how often in -our eagerness we mistook white cows, ladies dressed in white, and white -horses, for our dearly beloved Moll Miskellagh! - -One evening we expected some particularly nice things by our -market-woman. It was somewhere about Christmas, when our means swelled -considerably by the addition of Christmas gifts. Many times during the -evening we had seen things very like Moll in the distance, but which -turned out most bitter disappointments. All four were stuck in a window -that commanded a full view of the road to E----; and never did the -unfortunate lady of Bluebeard put more earnest eager inquiries to her -sister Anne, “is there any body coming?” than we did to each other on -this momentous occasion. At length, oh, sight of joy! we beheld a white -object descending the opposite hill. “She is coming! she is coming!” -screamed a quartetto of young voices, and down we flew to the avenue -gate. Alas and alack! it was not Moll, but a gentleman on a white horse! -We gazed on each other in breathless dismay; but one of the party, though -sadly confounded, resolved to hear of our messenger if possible, since he -could not see her, and, boldly advancing, demanded of the traveller “if -he were coming from E----?” - -The gentleman, for he was a gentleman, appeared somewhat surprised at -this address, but observing a group of rosy, merry-looking children, he -reined in his horse, and smiling good-naturedly, replied that “he was -then returning from that town.” - -Emboldened by this condescension, the next query was, “had he seen Moll -Miskellagh?” - -The stranger laughed outright. “Really, my dear,” said he, “I have not -the pleasure to know any one of that name. Pray who and what is Moll -Miskellagh?’ - -“Our market-woman, sir,” quoth our spokesman. - -“Ha! What sort of person is she, pray? Perhaps I did see her.” - -We looked at one another doubtfully, the look plainly expressing “How -shall we describe her?” when at last the first speaker, with the air of -an incipient judge of female beauty, took on himself to reply, “that Moll -Miskellagh was a very ugly woman indeed, that she had a pale yellow face, -and a great wart near her nose; that she wore a dark blue cloak, an old -black bonnet, and that she carried a prodigious, oh! a very big load on -her back.” - -“Never was description more graphic!” exclaimed the traveller, still -laughing. “I did indeed see your market-woman. I passed her about a -quarter of a mile from this; and if you have patience, my dears, you will -soon see her. You expect some nice things by her, I am sure--Eh?” - -“Oh dear, yes, sir”--and thereupon we eagerly enumerated all that -Moll was charged to purchase. The kind gentleman seemed to enjoy -our delightful anticipations, asked us our names, and various other -questions, and charitably kept us employed till poor over-laden Moll -actually came in sight, and until he witnessed our clamorous welcomes, -and saw us in possession of our treasures. Nay, he lingered to laugh at -our expedient to facilitate Mrs Miskellagh’s tardy movements up the very -steep avenue--one and all of the four juveniles getting behind her and -pushing her up (much in the way the veritable Captain Kearney’s fair -but fat cousin was sent up the companion-ladder, as described in “Peter -Simple”), the boys shouting “Yo heave ho!” as the good ship Old Moll got -into port. - -Peace to the poor market-woman! In some lone and humble church-yard she -now rests after her life of labour--in the memory of those who knew her, -her only epitaph, - - “Simple, faithful, honest, much-enduring Moll Miskellagh!” - - - - -ANIMAL HEAT. - -Second Article. - - -In the last paper on this subject a few instances were quoted, showing -the great extremes of temperature which human beings and the lower -animals are capable of enduring without injury, and in many cases without -inconvenience. We propose in the present article to notice briefly the -means by which it is believed living creatures are enabled to exhibit -this power; and although physiologists are not unanimous in their -opinions on the subject, yet the views we shall endeavour to explain -are those which are held by the majority of scientific men, and which -are best supported by experiment, by analogy, and by the authority of -illustrious names. - -For the purpose of making the subject clear to those who may not be -acquainted with the principles of physiology, “the science of life,” as -it has been happily termed, it may be useful to explain the _rationale_ -of an operation continually being performed by all of us, and yet very -little thought of or understood--we mean the process of breathing. It is -found that the natural heat of animals depends on the perfection of the -apparatus by which respiration is performed; those animals which have a -complicated respiratory organization having a high degree of bodily heat, -while those which have more simple and less delicately formed organs have -a temperature very little raised above the medium in which they live.[3] -It is necessary, therefore, to have a clear idea of the process of -respiration before we can understand the connection between it and animal -heat. - -The object of respiration is to purify the blood and render it fit for -the various offices it performs in the animal economy. When the blood -leaves the heart to be distributed through the body, it is of a very -bright red colour, but as it proceeds in its course it gradually loses -this and assumes a purple hue; and when, having completed its circulation -through the body, it is returned to the heart again by the veins, it has -entirely lost its former bright colour, and is then very dark, and, from -the impurities it has acquired in its course, unfit for the purposes of -life. To restore its former qualities it is necessary that it should -be brought into contact with the atmosphere, and this takes place in -the lungs. By the action of the muscles of the chest and abdomen, the -interior of the chest is increased in size, an empty space is formed into -which the air instantly descends by the mouth or nostrils, constituting -what is termed the act of inspiration. At the same moment that the -muscles of the chest increase its size and make room for the air to -descend, at that very moment the heart contracts, or in popular language -pulsates or beats, the effect of which is to force the dark-coloured -(venous) blood from the portion of the heart in which it was contained, -into the lungs. The lungs are composed almost entirely of an innumerable -number of vesicles, or minute air-bladders, into which the air descends, -as we have stated. These vesicles are covered with a network of extremely -fine blood-vessels. When the heart pulsates, it fills these vessels -with the dark-coloured blood; and as the air is capable of passing -through both the coats of the vesicle and of the blood-vessels, it of -course comes into direct contact with the blood, and a chemical change -immediately takes place. - -This chemical change is necessary for life: the air is changed in its -qualities, and the blood is also changed in its qualities. The air is -changed by having one of its constituent elements (oxygen) abstracted -from it: and the blood is changed by its being impregnated with this -gas, and relieved of another kind called carbonic acid. If from any -circumstance this process is interfered with, the individual dies of -suffocation. A person may be suffocated for want of air, or for want of -pure air. In the former case his death is caused in this manner:--The -wind-pipe being closed, either by pressure, as in the case of criminals -who die by hanging, or by something entering and obstructing it, it -happens that although the muscles of the chest enlarge its internal -area, as before mentioned, the air cannot descend into it. This does -not, however, interfere with the action of the heart, which forces the -dark blood into the minute blood-vessels of the chest, as usual; the -blood passes onward unchanged; it receives no oxygen, nor is its bright -red colour restored. In this state it reaches the chamber of the heart, -from whence it is to be distributed to the head and body; a portion of -it is forced up the vessels which convey it to the brain, and the moment -it reaches this organ, it produces violent convulsions, insensibility, -and in a few moments death. A similar result takes place from breathing -foul air. In this case, although air may descend into the air-vessels -of the lungs, yet, as the grand element, the oxygen, is not present, no -change is produced in the blood; it pursues the same course as that just -pointed out, unchanged in its quality, and the same fatal result is the -inevitable consequence. - -The atmosphere in a state of purity is composed of two gases mixed -together; the one termed _oxygen_, the other _nitrogen_. After escaping -from the lungs, the air is found to have undergone a remarkable change; -the oxygen has disappeared, and its place is supplied with an equal -volume of another gas called _carbonic acid_; while at the same time -the air is altogether altered in many of its more important qualities; -it is no longer fit for the purposes of life, nor will a light burn in -it. A person shut up in a confined place without a supply of fresh air, -very soon expires: and a candle placed under a glass vessel filled with -air that has been breathed, immediately goes out. In short, respiration -and combustion are similar processes, and the same result is produced by -both, namely, carbonic acid gas. - -This gas is formed by the mixture of oxygen with carbon (charcoal). It is -absorbed very readily by water, and is perhaps best known in the form of -soda water; the aërated liquid sold under that name being nothing more -than water strongly impregnated with carbonic acid gas. It is formed by a -variety of processes--by breathing, by combustion, by fermentation, and -otherwise. In every case, however, its formation is attended with heat. -And now, having thus briefly introduced the subject, we may mention, that -on this fact is founded the theory which attempts to explain the means by -which the animal temperature is produced and maintained. It is founded on -the fact, that whenever oxygen enters into combination with carbon, and -forms carbonic acid gas, heat is always produced. - -The most usual manner in which this is effected is by combustion; the -substance which burns, such as wood, or tallow, or coal gas, for example, -consists principally of carbon, and on being ignited, the oxygen of the -atmosphere is made to combine with it, and carbonic acid is the result. -Every body knows that heat is produced by this process; but there are -many instances in which the same effect may take place without being so -readily understood. Heat and light are so constantly found united, that -we can hardly conceive how so large a substance as the human body can be -kept constantly warm without the aid of fire. It is, however, effected by -a chemical process identically the same as combustion, except that light -is not produced. The lungs may be regarded as the furnace of the body, -from which it derives its supply of heat; the fuel is the carbon in the -blood; and the wind-pipe is a chimney serving a double purpose: first, -to allow of the passage of fresh air for the process, and then to convey -away the vapour which is produced by it: for the breath which issues from -our lungs is just as much deteriorated in quality as that which escapes -from the chimney of a large furnace after passing through the fire. - -This, then, is the process by which the animal heat is maintained. -The blood comes to the lungs loaded with carbon; the air descends the -wind-pipe, consisting of one-third oxygen; the carbon of the blood and -the oxygen of the air unite; the blood is purified, and carbonic acid gas -is produced. This is attended with heat; the purified blood is capable -of absorbing all this heat, and does so. In its progress through the -body, as the blood again becomes impure, it gradually parts with the heat -so acquired, and on again being purified, it receives a fresh supply. -Nothing can be more simple and beautiful than this process; it is in -accordance with every great operation in nature, which is always effected -in the most direct and simple manner; and the proofs that this is the -manner in which nature effects her object in this instance, are numerous -and unanswerable. - -There are two circumstances which at first sight may appear to interfere -with the explanation above given of this very beautiful phenomenon. -First, the lungs are found to be but very little warmer than any other -part of the body, although, as we have stated, the animal heat is -produced in them: and, secondly, the quantity of carbon produced by -respiration is very small compared with the genial heat produced by its -conversion into carbonic acid. With regard to the heat of the lungs, a -series of experiments instituted for the purpose of ascertaining how they -were kept at so moderate a degree of temperature, led to the discovery -of an extraordinary change which takes place in the vital fluid after -being purified, which satisfactorily explains the circumstance. The pure -blood is found to have a greater capacity for heat than impure blood: -it will absorb more; and in consequence, all the heat produced by its -purification is immediately absorbed by it, and carried away as fast as -it is generated, to be distributed over the body. As the blood becomes -impure in its progress, it gradually loses its power of retaining the -heat it had so imbibed; and the heat therefore is distributed during the -circulation of the blood, and every part receives a due supply. This -change in the power of the vital fluid to absorb heat, according as it -is more or less pure, is a fact that was not established in the time of -Paley, or he would have been able to add another proof of design to his -unequalled argument. - -The quantity of fuel (if we may use the expression) required for -generating the heat of the animal frame, is certainly less than we might -anticipate. All animal and vegetable food contains a considerable portion -of carbon, which of course, after being digested, becomes a part of the -vital fluid, and in this way it is supplied for the process. It is well -known also that in cold climates, where a greater quantity of animal fuel -is required, the inhabitants are extremely fond of fat and oily matters, -which contain more carbon than any other kind of food; yet it would -hardly be imagined that so small a quantity as the eighth part of an -ounce of carbon per hour would be sufficient to maintain the heat of the -body at an uniform temperature of 98 degrees. We are assured by the best -chemists, however, that the average quantity of carbonic acid generated -by a person in health in twenty-four hours is about 40,000 cubic inches, -and this contains only about 11½ ounces of pure carbon. Rather less than -half an ounce is therefore used per hour in preserving the body at its -usual temperature. - -The limits of this article prevent our noticing other objections which -have been urged against the theory just described, but the facts it -rests upon can only be overturned by opposing facts which have never -yet been produced. It is certain that carbonic acid is produced during -respiration, that its production is always attended with heat, that pure -(arterial) blood is capable of absorbing a greater portion of heat than -impure (venous) blood, and that the temperature of any part of the body -is according to the supply of blood which it receives; an inflamed part, -becoming very hot, and a limb in which the circulation has been stopped -by a bandage becoming cold. These facts taken together sufficiently prove -the truth of the conclusion that has been drawn from them, and which we -have above very briefly illustrated. - -It remains to say a few words on the manner in which the body is relieved -of its superabundant heat, and enabled to bear such high degrees of -temperature as mentioned in the former paper. Franklin was the first -who gave a rational explanation of the phenomenon. He observed that the -evaporation of a small quantity of a liquid from the surface of any -substance would reduce the temperature of a very large body. If we place -a little ether on our hand, and allow it to evaporate, we shall soon -become sensible how much cold may be produced in this way. Wine-coolers -are formed on this principle: they are made of porous earth, through -which the water they contain oozes very gradually, and is evaporated by -the heat of the air: this cools the liquid within, and of course the -decanter of wine contained in it. Now, perspiration cools the body in a -similar manner. If any person looks closely at the fleshy part of his -hand, he will observe that the minute ridges which lie nearly parallel -to each other are covered with an innumerable number of small pores, -through which the perspiration may be seen issuing when the hand is -warm. From microscopic observations it is calculated that the skin is -perforated by 1000 of those pores, or holes, in every square inch, and -that the whole surface of the body therefore contains not less than -2,304,000 pores! When the body is heated to a certain degree, the fluid -portions are all directed to the skin, and escape gradually through these -pores in the form of perspiration, and the cooling power thus produced -is capable of immediately removing the superabundant heat. The moment -perspiration broke out on the bodies of the experimenters who ventured -into the heated oven, all sense of pain was removed; and in many fatal -disorders to which man is subject, the first symptom of returning health -is a similar occurrence. We may add, that a common cold is the effect of -the perspiration being suddenly checked, and that the health of the body -depends on the minute pores we have referred to being kept open and in -action. - - J. S. D. - -[3] Animals are divided by naturalists into two classes, cold-blooded and -warm-blooded; the latter breathe by lungs, through which all the blood -of the body is continually passed, and which has direct communication -with the air. Cold-blooded creatures, such as fishes, breathe by means -of gills, and the air, instead of coming into direct contact with their -vital fluid, is absorbed from the water. In the case of reptiles, which -are cold-blooded, although the air may come into direct contact with the -blood, as in the respiration of the frog, yet, by the peculiar structure -of his lungs, only half the blood is sent to them to be purified; and -thus his superiority over the fish in receiving air direct, is balanced -by the circumstance that his blood is only half purified, in consequence -of being only in part exposed to the action of the air. The temperature -of animals is found to have relation to their activity and vital energy. -The following list exhibits the temperature of the animals mentioned.-- - - Birds, 105 degrees Fahrenheit, - Sheep, 100 degrees -- - Worms, 36 degrees -- - Frog, 40 degrees -- - Snail, 36 degrees -- - Fish, 60 degrees -- - - * * * * * - -Society makes criminals, and then punishes them for their misdeeds. - - - - -ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES - -BY JOHN O’DONOVAN. - -The Seventh and Concluding Article. - - -At the present day very few of the original Irish names remain without -being translated into or assimilated with those borne by the English. Of -this I shall next furnish instances, the truth and correctness of which -cannot be controverted. Among the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Cathal, -which is synonymous with the Welsh Cadell, and signifies _warlike_, was -changed to Charles after the accession of Charles I. to the throne; for -the Irish, who were attached to this monarch, went great lengths to -assimilate several of their Christian names to Charles. Thus, while among -the O’Conors of Connaught, Cathal was manufactured into Charles (with -which, it will be readily granted, it has nothing in common, either in -meaning or sound), among the O’Conors of Faly in Leinster, Cahir, which -signifies _warrior_, was metamorphosed into the same: and at the same -time the Mac Carthys of Desmond substituted it for their Cormac, and the -O’Hagans and other northern families for their Turlogh. This was paying -their court to the king with a vengeance! - -In the families of Mac Carthy, O’Sullivan and O’Driscol, Finghin -[Fineen], a name very general among them, and which signifies _the -fair offspring_, has been anglicised to Florence. Among the same -southern families the name Saerbrethach, which prevails among the Mac -Carthys in particular, and which signifies the _noble justice_, is -translated Justin. In the family of O’Donovan, as the writer has had -every opportunity of knowing, the name Murrogh has been metamorphosed -to Morgan; Dermod, to Jeremiah; Teige, to Timothy; Conor or Concovar, -to Cornelius; Donogh, to Denis; and Donnell, to Daniel. In the family -of O’Brien, the hereditary name of Turlogh has been changed to Terence; -Mahon, to Matthew; Murtogh or Moriertagh, to Mortimer (but this very -lately); and Lachtna and Laoiseach, to Lucius. Among the O’Gradys the -name Aneslis is rendered Stanislaus and Standish. In the families of -O’Donnell, O’Kane, and others, in the province of Ulster, Manus, a -name borrowed by those families from the Danes, is now often rendered -Manasses. In the families of Mac Mahon and Mac Kenna, in Ulster, the -name Ardgal or Ardal, signifying _of high prowess or valour_, is always -anglicised Arnold. In the family of O’Madden of Shilanamchy, in the -south-east of the county of Galway, the hereditary name of Anmcha, -which is translated Animosus by Colgan, is now always rendered Ambrose, -to which, it will be readily granted, it does not bear the slightest -analogy. Among the families of Doyle, Cavanagh, and others, in the -province of Leinster, the name Maidoc, or Mogue, which they adopted from -St Maidoc, or Aidan, the patron saint of the diocese of Fernes, is now -always rendered Moses among the Roman Catholics, and Aidan among the -Protestants! (any thing to make a difference.) Among the O’Neills in -the province of Ulster, the name Felim, or Felimy, explained as meaning -_the ever good_, is now made Felix; Con, signifying _strength_, is made -Constantine; and Ferdoragh, meaning _dark-visaged man_, is rendered -Ferdinand. Among the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Ruaidhri, or Rory, -is anglicised Roderic, but among most other families it is rendered -Roger. In the same family, Tomaltach is rendered Thomas; Aodh, Hugh; and -Eoghan, Owen. In the families of Mac Donnell and others in Scotland, and -in the north of Ireland, the name Aengus, or Angus, is always rendered -Æneas. Among the O’Hanlys of Slieve Bawn, in the east of the county of -Roscommon, the name Berach, which they have adopted from their patron -saint, and which is translated by Colgan, _directe ad scopum collimans_, -is now always and correctly enough rendered Barry. Throughout Ireland -the old name of Brian is now rendered Bernard, and vulgarised to Barney, -which is more properly an abbreviation of Barnaby than of Bernard. Among -the O’Haras and O’Garas in the county of Sligo, the name Kian, which they -have adopted from their great ancestor Kian, the son of Olioll Olum, king -of Munster, is now rendered Kean; and I observe that the chief O’Hara -has suffered himself to be called Charles King O’Hara in a book lately -dedicated to him! In the family of Maguire, Cuconnaught is rendered -Constantine, while in other families Cosnavy undergoes precisely the same -change. In the family of O’Kane, the name Cooey written Cu-maighe in the -original language, and signifying “_dog of the plain_,” is now rendered -Quintin. In the family of O’Dowd, the ancient name of Dathi, which they -have adopted from their great ancestor of that name, who was the last -Pagan king of Ireland, is now rendered David, a name with which it is -supposed to be synonymous. In the north and west of Ireland the names -Duval-tach, Duv-da-lethe, and Duvdara, are all anglicised Dudley. In the -family of Mac Sweeny, the very ancient name of Heremon is anglicised -Irwin, but it is now almost obsolete as a Christian name. In the families -of O’Hanlon, O’Haran, and O’Heany, in the province of Ulster, the name -Eochy, signifying _horseman_, and which was latinized Eochodius, Achaius, -Euthichius, and Equitius, is anglicised Auhy and Atty; but this name -is also almost obsolete, the writer having never met more than one -person who bore the name, in his travels through Ireland. Among the -O’Mulconrys, now Conrys, the names Flann, Fithil, and Flaithri, have been -anglicised Florence. In the family of O’Daly, the name Baothghalach, -which was formerly latinized Boethius, is now always rendered Bowes; -and in that of O’Clery, the name Lughaidh is anglicised Lewy and Lewis. -Among the O’Reillys of Cavan, the hereditary name of Maelmora, which -signifies _majestic chief_, is now invariably rendered Myles, and among -the O’Kellys of Hy-Many, the name Fachtna is rendered Festus. In every -part of Ireland, Maelseachlainn, or Melaghlin, which signifies _servant -of St Secundinus_, has been changed to Malachy, to which it bears no -analogy whatever, excepting some fancied resemblance in sound. In every -part of Ireland the name of Gilla-patrick has been changed to Patrick; -and, by the way, it is curious to observe, that common as the name -Patrick has now become in Ireland, especially among the lower classes, -it was never in use among the ancient Irish, for they never called their -children by the name itself of the Irish apostle, deeming it more humble -and more auspicious to call them his _servants_; and hence we find the -ancient Irish calling their children, not Patrick, but Maelpatrick, or -Gillapatrick; and these names they latinized Patricianus, not Patricius. -The name of Patrick is now looked upon as the most vulgar in use among -the Irish, which is a very strange and almost unaccountable prejudice, -for Patricius was one of the most honourable names in all antiquity, as -the reader will see if he will take the trouble to read the work on the -antiquity of British Churches, by Ussher, pp. 841-1046, in which that -learned primate gives the history and derivation of the name. - -The names of women have been also very much metamorphosed, and many of -the most curious of them entirely rejected. I have now before me a list -of the names of women, drawn up from the authentic Irish annals, and -from the History of Remarkable Women--a curious tract in the Book of -Lecan, fol. 193; but as the limits allotted to me in this Journal will -not allow me to furnish such a list, I must rest satisfied with giving -such names as are still retained, with a selection from the most curious -of those which have been rejected, adding their meanings as far as they -are certain. The following are the ancient Irish names of women still -retained, as the writer has determined by examining the provinces of -Ulster, Connaught, Leinster, and the greater part of Munster:-- - -1. _Ainé_, now Hannah. - -2. _Brighid_, now anglicised Bridget, from its resemblance to the name -of the celebrated Swedish virgin of that name. Brighid is a woman’s name -of pagan origin in Ireland; it has been explained _fiery dart_ by the -Irish glossographers, especially by Cormac, Archbishop of Cashel, who -distinctly states in his glossary that it was the name of the Muse who -was believed to preside over poetry in pagan times in Ireland. _Brighid_ -is now very common in Ireland as the name of a woman, in consequence -of its being that of the most celebrated of the female saints of -Ireland--the patroness of Kildare--who is well known all over Europe as -the great patroness of Ireland. - -3. _Finola_, though a beautiful name, has nearly become obsolete since -the beginning of the eighteenth century, but some few still retain it in -the abbreviated form of Nuala. - -4. _Graine_, now Grace. - -5. _Lassarina_, also, though in use not long since, has latterly became -obsolete. - -6. _Meadhbh_, pronounced Meave. This is still preserved and anglicised -Maud, Mab, and Mabby; and the writer is acquainted with several old -women of the Milesian race who still retain it. This was the name of a -celebrated queen of Connaught, who flourished in the first century, and -who is now known in the legends of the mountainous districts of Ireland -as the queen of the fairies. From this country her spirit found way into -Scotland, and thence into the north of England, where Shakspeare met -with her, but in rather too diminutive a form for the shade of the Irish -heroine. - -7. _Mor_, pronounced More. The writer believes that there are a few women -of this name still living in Ireland; but he is confident that there are -but very few, though it was the name of many honourable ladies in the -reign of Queen Elizabeth, and for a century later. In our own times, -however, it has been almost invariably anglicised Mary, with which it is -neither synonymous nor cognate. - -8. _Sadhbh_, pronounced Soyv, is the name of several women of the old -Irish races, and who are known to the writer. It is now almost invariably -anglicised Sally, to which it bears no analogy. - -9. _Sorcha_ is still the name of several women in Ireland, especially in -the province of Ulster; but the rising generation are beginning to object -to it as being too Irish, and are determined on having it changed to -Sarah or Sally. The writer is acquainted with families in whom this name -is hereditary, and among whom the mother is always called Sorcha, and the -daughter Sally; and though the latter knows that her own and her mother’s -name are the same, still would she blush to hear her own name pronounced -_Sorcha_. The name Sorcha signifies clear, bright, and might be well -rendered Lucy or _Lucinda_; but we should like to see it preserved in -its primitive form, which is not to be despised either for its sound or -signification. - -10. _Una._ This name is still in constant use among the women of Ireland, -but when speaking English, they invariably anglicise it to Winifred or -Winny. - -The writer is not aware that any other name which was in use in the -ancient Irish time is now retained, except the foregoing. - -The names Catherine, Evlin, Eleanor, Isabella, Mary, Honora, Sheela -(Celia), and many others now in use, and supposed to be of Irish origin, -do not occur in the Account of Remarkable Women above referred to, and -there is no reason to believe that they were ever in use in ancient -Ireland. - -The following is a list of curious names of women which occur in the -authentic annals and in the History of Remarkable Women. It is highly -probable that a few of them are of Danish origin:-- - -1. Aevin, _i. e._ Amoena; 2, Africa; 3, Albi and Albin; 4, Allin; 5, -Alma, all good; 6, Alphin; 7, Athracta. This name has been restored by -the Mac Dermott of Coolavin. 8, Barduv, blackhaired; 9, Bebail, woman of -prosperity; 10, Bebin, melodious woman; 11, Blanaid, Florinda, from blath, -a blossom; 12, Brigh, vigour; 13, Cacht, bondmaid; 14, Cailleach-De, -_i. e._ female servant of God; 15, Cailleach-Kevin, the female servant -of St Kevin; 16, Cailleach-Aengus, the female servant of St Aengus; 17, -Caintigern, fair lady; 18, Keara, the ruddy; 19, Cochrand; 20, Covfla, -_i. e._ Victoria; 21, Coca; 22, Corcar, the ruddy; 23, Crea; 24, Devnet; -25, Derval, the true request; 26, Derforgal, the true pledge, latinized -Dervorgilla; 27, Dianiv and Diniv; 28, Dechter; 29, Derdrè, alarm; 30, -Dorenn, the sullen; 31, Duv-Covfla, victoria nigra; 32, Duvessa, nigra -nutrix; 33, Dunsa, the brown-haired; 34, Dunlah, lady of the fort; 35, -Edwina; 36, Eithné; 37, Elbrigh; 38, Emeria; 39, Eri; 40, Essa, nutrix; -41, Euginia, female of Eogan; 42, Fedilmi, the over-good; 43, Finbil, -the white blossom; 44, Findelv, fair countenance; 45, Finnavor, of the -fair eye-lids; 46, Finni, the comely; 47, Finscoh, the fair flower; 48, -Findah, the fair colour; 49, Flanna, the ruddy; 50, Gelgés, swan-white; -51, Gemlorg, gem-like; 52, Gnahat; 53, Gobnet, female of Gobban; 54, -Gormlah, the blue lady; 55, Ida, the just; 56, Lann; 57, Lasser, a flame; -58, Lasserina, flame or blush of the wine; 59, Lerthan; 60, Lithan; 61, -Luanmasi, beautiful as the moon; 62, Ligach, pearly, or like a precious -stone; 63, Maelmaiden, servant of the morning; 64, Mongfin, of the fair -hair; 65, Moncha, the same as Monica; 66, Murgel, the fair one of the -sea; 67, Murrin, crinita, or of the long hair; 68, Neave, effulgence; -69, Orlah, or Orflah, the golden lady; 70, Ranalt, female of Randal; -71, Ronat, female of Ronan; 72, Saraid, the excellent; quere, the -same as Sarah? 73, Selvlah, lady of possessions; 74, Shimah, the good -tranquillity; 75, Sodelva, of the goodly aspect; 76, So-Domina, the good -lady; 77, Temar, the conspicuous; 78, Talilah, quere Dalilah? 79, Tindi, -the tender; 80, Tressi, strength; 81, Tualah, the noble lady; 82, Uailsi, -the proud; 83, Uaisli, the gentle; 84, Uallach, the proud; 85, Uchdelva, -of the fair breast; 86, Unchi, the contentious. - -We have now seen the process by which the Irish people have assimilated -their names and surnames to those of the English, and the reasons which -have led them to do so. I would not so much regret their having done so, -if I were not aware that some of the families who have thus anglicised -their names wish to conceal their Irish origin, as if they were ashamed -of their ancestors and country, and that another result of these changes -must soon be, that statistical writers will be apt to infer from the -small number of ancient Irish surnames retained in Ireland, that all the -old Irish race were supplanted by the English. - -I shall close these notices of the surnames of the Irish people by a -remark which I should wish to be universally believed, namely--That no -ancient Irish surname is perfect unless it has either O or Mac prefixed, -excepting in those instances where the soubriquet or cognomen of the -ancestor is used as the surname, as Cavanagh, &c., and, accordingly, that -nine-tenths of the surnames at present borne by the Irish people are -incorrect, as being mere mutilations of their original forms. - - “Per Mac atque O, tu veros cognoscis Hibernos - His duobus demptis, nullus Hibernus adest: - By Mac and O - You’ll surely know - True Irishmen alway; - But if they lack - Both O and Mac, - No Irishmen are they.” - -The truth of this well-known distich may now be questioned, though it was -correct a few centuries since. - -It is but natural to suppose that a conquered people should look upon -themselves as inferior to their conquerors; and this rage for adopting -English surnames which prevails at present, is, in the opinion of the -writer, a clear proof of the prevalence of this feeling, that the Irish -consider themselves inferior to the English. Spenser, while he advises -that the Irish be compelled to reject their O’s and Macs, and to adopt -English surnames, dissuades his own countrymen from adopting Irish ones, -as some of them had done, in the following words, which the writer, being -as Irish as Spenser was English, now adopts as his own:--“Is it possible -that any should so farre growe out of frame, that they should in so short -space, quite forget their countrey and their own names! that is a most -dangerous lethargie, much worse than that of Messala Corvinus, who being -a most learned man, thorough sickness forgat his own name.”--_State of -Ireland, Dub. ed. p. 107._ - -And again:-- - -“Could they ever conceive any such dislike of their own natural countreys -as that they would _be ashamed of their name_, and byte at the dugge from -which they sucked life?”--_Ibid, p. 108._ - - - - -THE ICHNEUMON. - - -Of this animal many very absurd stories have been told, amongst which -not the least ridiculous is, that it watches its opportunity when the -huge crocodile of the Nile slumbers upon the river bank, and, artfully -inducing the monster to yawn by tickling his nostril with its tail, -rushes fearlessly and with wondrous agility between the terrible jaws -and their formidable rows of teeth, and, forcing its daring way down its -throat, retains possession of its strange citadel until it has destroyed -its unwieldy victim, when it gnaws its way out, and leaves the carcase -to wither in the sun. Other travellers have pretended to contradict the -above story, but their mode of doing so involves a piece of absurdity no -less glaring than the equally unfounded legend they assume to themselves -the merit of correcting; for by their account the Ichneumon does not -enter the throat of the crocodile with a hostile intent at all, neither -does it use its tail to cause that creature to open its jaws, for of that -is there no need, seeing that the crocodile opens them of his own will, -and likewise with pleasure allows the Ichneumon to enter for the purpose -of clearing his throat of swarms of tormenting insects which lodge -therein, and by their stinging produce intolerable pain. I can however -assure my readers that this subject has been, since the above conflicting -statements reached us, effectually cleared up; and you may confidently -rely upon it that the Ichneumon no more enters the crocodile’s mouth -whether as a friend or as an enemy, whether to destroy him or destroy his -tormentors the flies, than that he attacks him while awake. - -The Ichneumon is shaped somewhat like a ferret, but is rather more -slender in its form, and its head is likewise longer and narrower; it -is also an animal of far greater activity and lightness of movement, -being able to clear at one spring a distance of a couple of yards. It -is further a most expert climber, and it will be a very high wall indeed -that will confine it within an enclosure. The colour of the Ichneumon is -a brownish grey, or a light brown barred with white; the animal indeed -appears speckled with a dirty white, but it is so only in appearance, -the fact being, that each several hair has brown and white rings upon -it. Upon the back, sides, and tail, these rings are small, and the hair -longer than upon the head and extremities of its limbs; hence these -latter parts appear of a darker hue. The hair upon the feet is very short -and thin, and they are nearly as naked as those of the common rat. The -tail of the Ichneumon is very long, usually one-sixth longer than its -body, and upon its extremity is a tuft of very long black hair. The hair -of this creature is drier, thicker, and weaker, than in any other member -of the same genus. - -The length of a full-grown Ichneumon, from the tip of the nose to the end -of the tail, is about two feet six inches, of which the tail occupies -about sixteen inches, and the body fourteen. The length of the head is -about three inches, measuring from the back of the ears to the point of -the muzzle. The height of the Ichneumon at the most elevated part of the -back is about six inches; but this of course varies according to the -animal’s position at the time of measurement. - -The habits of the Ichneumon present a sort of admixture of those of the -ferret and the cat; like the former, it delights in blood, and where -it has once fastened itself, maintains a tenacious hold; but like the -latter, and unlike the former, it has but little stomach for braving -danger, and will rather go without its dinner than run the chance of a -battle in obtaining it. He is strictly a nocturnal animal, and usually -remains in his covert until the shades of evening begin to fall around, -when he sallies forth on his career of havoc and blood. Were it not -necessary for the satisfying of his appetite, I doubt whether he would -leave his haunt at all, so timid is he: he steals along the ground with -light and cautious steps, his motions resembling the gliding of the -snake rather than the progressive steps of the quadruped. His sharp, -vigilant, sparkling black eyes are anxiously reconnoitring every side of -him, and carefully examining the character and bearings of every object -which meets his view; stealthily he creeps along until he comes upon -the spot where the crocodile has hidden her eggs in the sand; nimbly -and cleverly he pounces upon them, guided to their place of concealment -by his exquisite sense of smell, and, biting a hole in their side, -banquets on their contents. It is thus that the Ichneumon thins the -numbers of that formidable reptile the crocodile, not by directing its -attacks against that creature himself, but by insidiously searching -after and destroying his embryo offspring. The Ichneumon likewise kills -and devours with extreme greediness such small snakes and lizards as -are common in its native country, many of which are highly dangerous, -and all annoying enough to make their destruction desirable, to which -the Ichneumon appears guided by a powerful instinct. It is sometimes -bitten in these encounters, when it is said immediately to search for and -devour the root of a certain plant, said to be an antidote against the -bite of the most venomous reptile. It is alleged that this little animal -will frequently kill even the Cobra di Capello. Lucan in his Pharsalia -describes the manner in which it contrives to destroy the Asp, one of the -most poisonous serpents in existence. The passage I refer to has been -translated thus:-- - - Thus oft, the Ichneumon on the banks of Nile - Invades the deadly Aspic by a wile; - While artfully his slender tail is play’d, - The serpent darts upon the dancing shade. - Then turning on the foe with swift surprise, - Full on the throat the nimble seizer flies. - The gasping snake expires beneath the wound, - His gushing jaws with poisonous floods abound, - And shed the fruitless mischief on the ground. - -In consequence of the vigilance and success of this little animal in -destroying these noxious creatures, he was held in great veneration by -the Egyptians and Hindoos; but by the former he was actually regarded as -a disguised divinity, clothed in that form for the purpose of putting -his benevolent purposes into practice with the greater readiness; and -we accordingly find him occupying a prominent position in the sacred -symbols of that people, who were indeed commonly in the habit of deifying -whatever afforded them peculiar benefit of any kind, as they likewise -adored the river Nile, on account of the fertilizing effect produced by -its periodical inundations. - -The Ichneumon is said, if taken young, to be capable of perfect -domestication, to form a strong attachment to the person who reared him, -as well as to the house he inhabits; whence from his zeal and activity -in the destruction of rats and mice, he forms a valuable substitute for -the cat, which indeed he is in Egypt used instead of. He is also said to -be very domestic in his habits, quite a tarry-at-home kind of gentleman, -and, unlike puss, never on any account given to ramble; when lost, he is -said to seek his patron with indefatigable zeal until he finds him, and -to express his joy at rejoining him by the most tender and affectionate -caresses. When he eats, however, nature asserts her prerogative, and the -natural disposition of the animal resumes its place, whence it had for a -time been driven by artificial means. - -Indeed it requires but little to awaken in this creature all its natural -fierceness and love of slaughter, notwithstanding that so much has been -said and written of its amiability and docility. Mr D’Obsonville, in his -“Essay on the Nature of Animals,” gives an account of a domesticated -individual which he had in his possession, which places its disposition -in a correct point of view. He got the animal very young, and fed it -upon milk, and as it grew older, upon baked meat, mixed with rice. He -states that it soon became even tamer than a cat, would come to his -call, and if at liberty, follow him everywhere, even in his walks. One -day Mr D’Obsonville brought him a small living water-serpent, curious to -ascertain how far his instinct would carry him against a creature with -which he had been hitherto totally unacquainted. “His emotion,” says Mr -D’Obsonville, “seemed at first to be that of astonishment mixed with -anger, for his hair became erect; but in an instant after, he slipped -behind the reptile, and with remarkable swiftness and agility leaped upon -its head, seized it, and crushed it between his teeth. This essay and -new aliment seemed to have awakened in him his innate and destructive -voracity, which till then had given way to the gentleness he had acquired -from his education. I had about my house several curious kinds of fowls, -among which he had been brought up, and which till then he had suffered -to go and come unmolested and unregarded; but a few days after, when he -found himself alone, he strangled them every one, ate a little, and, as -it appeared, drank the blood of two.” - -I have already stated that the Ichneumon is said to eat of the leaves or -root of a certain plant in the event of his being bitten by a poisonous -serpent. I revert to the circumstance, because it is an extraordinary -one, inasmuch as the Indians follow the example of the animal, and use -the same plant successfully as an antidote when they themselves happen -to get a bite, and call the plant after the animal. This is curious, -as being parallel with the case of the Guacomithy or Serpent Hawk of -South America, mentioned in one of my papers on Serpent Charming; nor -is it upon light authority that I relate this fact of the Ichneumon. Mr -Percival, that close and scrupulous observer, saw the experiment tried -of presenting a snake to the animal in a closed room, when, instead of -attacking, it did all in its power to avoid it. On the snake, however, -being carried out of the house, and laid near its antagonist in a -plantation, he immediately darted at and soon destroyed it. The Ichneumon -then retired to a wood, and ate a portion of that plant which is said to -be an antidote to the serpent’s bite, and no harm came to him, although -he had received a bite in the encounter. - -I for my part can speak but little for the gentleness of the Ichneumon, -or the facility with which it may be tamed, having one in my own -possession, which has now for a considerable period baffled all my -endeavours to domesticate it, and will not even now suffer me to approach -the case in which it is kept, without growling fiercely at me, and -spitting in the manner of an enraged cat, springing also against the -bars of its prison, and using its utmost endeavours to fly in my face. -I have tried starvation, high feeding, kindness, chastisement, hard -usage, and tenderness, all by turns, and as yet unsuccessfully. I was -never so baffled in taming an animal before, though the polecat, weasel, -fox, and badger, have with the otter successively owned my mastery, -and acknowledged me as their subjugator. I have not even handled this -animal yet, unless with a thick glove upon my hand, and even with that -protection I have received several severe bites. I saw one, however, -in the Royal Zoological Gardens some time ago, which was very tame, -and would suffer itself to be caressed even by strangers; so I shall -persevere; and should I eventually succeed in taming the little savage, -depend upon it the reader shall be advertised of the fact, and of all the -circumstances attendant thereupon. - -Until lately the Ichneumon had not a well-determined name in the -methodical catalogues. Naturalists have mostly described it rather by -character than figure. Figures were indeed given by Gesner, Aldrovandi, -and others, but not sufficiently distinct to guard against mistake. Even -Buffon mistook the Mangouste for it, to which he has applied all the -descriptions properly belonging to the Ichneumon. The name “Ichneumon” -is Greek, and is indicative of the habits of the animal, and was first -applied to it by Herodotus. - -I trust that the above sketch may serve to point out the animal and its -habits to the reader with sufficient distinctness. - - H. D. R. - - * * * * * - -MODERN EDUCATION.--“Larning--larning--larning,” is the cry of father an’ -mother--if my boy had the “larning,” what a janius he’d be! In coorse, -ye old fools, your _bouchal_ would be a swan among the goslins; but it -isn’t “larning” half the world want: instead of “larning,” by which they -mean cobwebs picked out of dead men’s brains, if they would get some -discipline. Discipline--discipline--discipline, that’s the only education -I ever saw that brought a boy to any good. What’s the use of battering a -man’s brains full of Greek and Latin pothooks, that he forgets before he -doffs his last round jacket, to put on his first long-tailed blue, if ye -don’t teach him the old Spartan virtue of obedience, hard living, early -rising, and them sort of classics? Where’s the use of instructing him in -hexameters and pentameters, if you leave him ignorant of the value of a -penny piece? What height of bletherin’ stupidity it is to be fillin’ a -boy’s brains with the wisdom of the ancients, and then turn him out like -an _omadhaun_ to pick up his victuals among the moderns!--_Blackwood’s -Magazine._ - - - - -TO OUR READERS. - - -It becomes our duty to acquaint our readers that the present Number of -the IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, which will complete a volume, will also be the -last presented to them, at least by its original projectors and prevent -proprietors. Our readers will hardly deem it necessary that we should -trouble them with any detail of the circumstances which have led to this -determination; it will be sufficient to state, that while the success -of the work has in some respects even exceeded the anticipations of its -proprietors, it has disappointed them in others. The sale of the Journal, -although great and steadily progressing in those distant localities -where any increase of sale was least to be expected, has been either -stationary or diminishing in those portions of the kingdom for whose use -and advantage it was especially intended, and to which, therefore, the -proprietors naturally looked for the greatest degree of encouragement. -However humbling it may be to the national feeling of most of our Irish -readers, the fact must be acknowledged, that the sale of the Journal in -London alone has exceeded that in the four provinces of Ireland, not -including Dublin; and that in other cities at the other side of the -Channel it has been nearly equal to half the Irish provincial sale. -And it may be added that in London, as well as in most other cities -in the sister island, the sale has to the present moment continued to -increase, while in all parts of Ireland, with the exception of the -metropolis, it has gradually declined. In short, nearly two-thirds of -the amount of sales of the IRISH PENNY JOURNAL have been effected out -of Ireland. Whatever may be the cause of this result, it is sufficient -for the proprietors to have ascertained, that the object which they had -originally in view in starting this little publication, have not been -attained to the extent which they had anticipated, and that, under such -circumstances, it would be visionary in them further to indulge hopes -which there is so little probability of ever being realised. - -The proprietors have only therefore to take a respectful leave of -their numerous readers and supporters, and return their grateful -acknowledgments to all who have taken an interest in their publication. -To the Press of the British Empire such an expression of gratitude is -especially due, for from those influential organs of public opinion it -has received during its progress the most cheering encouragement, and -this, too, wholly unmingled with even a portion of censure or dispraise. -That such commendations have not been altogether undeserved, and that the -promises made in the original prospectus have not been left unfulfilled, -the proprietors fondly anticipate will be the permanent opinion of -the public; and they indulge, moreover, the pleasing conviction, that -the volume now brought to a termination will live in the literature -of Ireland as one almost exclusively Irish, and possessing what may -be considered as no trifling distinction for such a work--a spirit -throughout its pages wholly national, and untinctured by the slightest -admixture of prejudices either political or sectarian. - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool, JOHN - MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, - Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -52, June 26, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55604-0.txt or 55604-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/6/0/55604/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/55604-0.zip b/old/55604-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d7c4725..0000000 --- a/old/55604-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55604-h.zip b/old/55604-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 44c9323..0000000 --- a/old/55604-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55604-h/55604-h.htm b/old/55604-h/55604-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 38dd7ec..0000000 --- a/old/55604-h/55604-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2055 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, June 26, 1841, by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; -} - -table.heading { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - width: 40em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.footnotes { - margin-top: 1em; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; -} - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; -} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.gap4 { - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.poetry .indent1 { - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.poetry .indent5 { - text-indent: 2em; -} - -.poetry .indent6 { - text-indent: 3em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: smaller; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, -June 26, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, June 26, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 22, 2017 [EBook #55604] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout" class="heading"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 52.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, JUNE 26, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/tomb.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="The tomb of Curran" /> -</div> - -<h2>TOMB OF CURRAN.</h2> - -<p>Twenty years had nearly elapsed, and no stone marked the -grate where Curran was interred: still Ireland continued -unpossessed of the remains of one of the ablest of her orators -and purest of her patriots, and seemed, in this instance especially, -to justify the reproach of her habitual neglect towards -the posthumous reputation of her great men.</p> - -<p>To the managing committee of the cemetery at Glasnevin -belongs the merit, in this eminent instance, of setting an example -which may remove or mitigate the humiliating truth of -that too just reproach.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> They reclaimed for Ireland the bones -of Curran, which were transferred from England to the cemetery -over which they preside.</p> - -<p>To Lord Cloncurry, ever foremost or forward in aught affecting -the public weal, and through life distinguished as the munificent -supporter of all the elegant and useful arts—of every object -proposing to advance the interests of his country or honour -of her name—to him belongs the merit of originating a subscription -from which has resulted the monument at Glasnevin, -and the other now in progress at the church of St Patrick.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -Thus at the northern extremity of Dublin the tomb of Curran -stands over his remains; and at the southern extremity, -in our metropolitan Cathedral Church, which may be called our -little Westminster, a cenotaph, now begun, will soon bear -witness that after a lapse of 23 years, new recorded honours -gather round his monument, and his glory still freshens in the -memory of posterity.</p> - -<p>A senior fellow of our University, who had no other share -in his subsequent elevation to a mitre than the circumstance -of having rendered himself worthy of it, observes on the subject -of this commemoration as follows:—“It (a letter) shows -me, however, that you intended to apply to me on a subject -well calculated to excite my sympathy; and it gives me an -opportunity of indulging my own feelings, and of promoting -my own honour, in avowing my admiration and respect for -splendid talents and disinterested patriotism. I shall therefore -be flattered by the insertion of my name in your list, -though I do not entertain the ambitious thought of my doing -honour to the memory of a man who has erected for himself a -monument greater and more lasting than can be contained in -any cemetery.”</p> - -<p>The wood-cut engraving prefixed to this article is descriptive -of Curran’s tomb at Glasnevin, of which Mr J. T. Papworth, -A.R.H.A., architect of the Royal Dublin Society, was -the architect, and conductor of its construction and successful -execution. It is a fac simile of the celebrated chef-d’œuvre -of the antique known as the tomb of Scipio Barbatious,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> -exemplars of which are favourite objects of purchase to the -visiters of Rome, and lovers of virtu. It is a magnificent -specimen of that simple, durable, massive grandeur, which -the early artists of the mistress of the world deemed suitable -to the character of a great man’s sepulchre; fit to outlive, -like its great Roman prototype, numerous generations of -men, and bear down the name of its honoured object to the -admiration of a most distant posterity. Napoleon’s tomb at -St Helena was of course the suggestion of the best taste of -France and Italy combined. It bears a close resemblance to -that of Scipio. The material of the latter is of an inferior description -of stone, greatly surpassed by that of Curran’s tomb, -which is composed of the best specimen, perhaps, extant, of -our finest Irish granite, and sparkles like silver in the sun. -The application of this product to sepulchral purposes is recent -and appropriate. The late palace of our dukes, the late -halls of our parliament, the testimonials commemorating the -victors who most exalted the glory of Britain on the ocean and -by land, our custom-house and post-office, our courts of justice, -the harbours of Wicklow, Howth, and Dunleary, the -spire of St Patrick’s, the grandest of our bridges, with most -other of our magnificent public edifices, have long displayed and -will long display the value of our granite for beauty and solidity. -It has superseded the use of Portland stone, for, capable -of being cut into the finer figures of architecture, it admits -of any shape, it withstands any weather; and harder than freestone, -and hardening in the air, and susceptible of every formation -from the chisel, the mallet, and the hammer, it stands of -all the mineral kingdom most faithful to the trust of monumental -fame. But it is not by such memorials, as was justly -observed by the eminent prelate already referred to; it is -not by such memorials as art may construct from marble or -brass, or our own enduring granite, that the immortality of -Curran’s fame can be achieved, it is in the great efforts of his -transcendant genius we best can contemplate his deathless -monument, and in that respect it may be said of him as Johnson -said on a like occasion,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“A mortal born, he met a mortal’s doom,</div> -<div class="verse">But left, like Egypt’s kings, a lasting tomb.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The tomb is in the form of a Sarcophagus, of the Doric order -of architecture, richly sculptured. The triglyphs are most -delicately wrought, and the metopes are ornamented with -pateras. It is erected so as to appear upon a tumulus, which -has a good effect. The dimensions are as follow:—</p> - -<table summary="Dimensions"> - <tr> - <td>The plinth</td> - <td class="right">11</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">2¼</td> - <td>inches</td> - <td>by</td> - <td class="right">5</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">6½</td> - <td>inches.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The dado</td> - <td class="right">8</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">11</td> - <td>inches</td> - <td>by</td> - <td class="right">3</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">8½</td> - <td>inches.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height</td> - <td class="right">8</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">2</td> - <td colspan="6">inches.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The blocks of granite of which the tomb has been formed -are perhaps the largest made use of in Ireland, each weighing -from 4 to 5 tons. The joints between the blocks have been so -managed as to be imperceptible, and the tomb thus appears -to be one entire mass of granite.</p> - -<p class="right">F.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This monument, if not influencing, has certainly been followed by -monuments now in progress of erection to the late Chief Baron Joy, Mr -Drummond, the Dean of St Patrick’s, Lord Clements, and others.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The contract has been made with Mr Christopher Moore, an Irish sculptor -of much celebrity. The foundation is laid to granite, the structure will -be marble, and the situation fronts the monument of the late Serjeant Ball.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE MARKET-WOMAN.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY M. C. R.</span></h2> - -<p>Some of the pleasantest of the many pleasant reminiscences -of my childhood are associated with the recollection of a very -ugly uncouth woman, with a very ugly uncouth name, “Moll -Miskellagh,” our market-woman. If the cognomen “Moll” -was intolerable to “ears polite,” what was it to the euphonious -appellation of her better half, “Mogue Miskellagh?” The English -groom of an Irish gentleman once overheard some person -calling “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue -Miskellagh!” he thrice exclaimed, voice, eyes, and hands in -their various ways expressing astonishment, “does that ’ere -name belong to a Christian?”</p> - -<p>The home of my early days was situated five miles from the -nearest market-town; and as it was not always convenient to -send a servant and horse for the various commodities necessary -for a tolerably large family, a regular drudging market man or -woman was deemed indispensable. Moll Miskellagh heard of -“the lady’s” wants and wishes, and believing her own limbs -to be stout, and her memory retentive, offered herself as the -“beast of burden.”</p> - -<p>“Mistress, jew’l,” pleaded Moll, with the most persuasive -brogue imaginable, “sorra sitch a pair ov legs in the whole -counthry; an’ for my back, it bangs Banagher for the strinth! -As to my karracther, thank God I need say nothin’ about it, -as I may safely lave it to my naiburs for its honesty.”</p> - -<p>“And honesty must have its reward,” returned the amiable -and well-beloved “Misthress,” whose business it was to engage -the market-woman. “But do you read?”</p> - -<p>“Augh! sorra bit ov me, yer honour,” quoth Mrs Miskellagh, -with a groan; “larnin’ wasn’t the fashin in my young -days, or I ’spose I’d have got a lick ov it like the rest. But -what ov that, misthress?”</p> - -<p>“Why, it would be better for all parties that you did read, -as you will have so many notes to carry to different shops, -and you cannot fail to be sadly puzzled.”</p> - -<p>“Augh, lave out the notes, ma’am,” interrupted Moll, somewhat -impatiently, “an’ give me yer commands by word ov -mouth, an’ I’ll engage for it. I’ll go to the four quarthers ov -the town, an’ do yer errands widout a single mistake: bekase -why, if I wud happen to forget one or two, I have a way ov -me own to make me remimber agin. So, for God’s an’ me -childher’s sakes, yer honour, give me the berth, an’ I’ll sarve -ye faithful. Throth I’ll drag as much as an ass!”</p> - -<p>“Well, I believe I shall try you, Molly,” said the lady, smiling -kindly, the appeal of distress never lost upon her. “Thursdays -and Saturdays are the days we send to town; be you -ready to attend me at ten o’clock next Thursday.”</p> - -<p>I was present at this engagement, and though I was very -young at the time, never shall I forget the frightful grins -with which Moll Miskellagh graced her exuberant thanks, -nor her extra-extraordinary curtseys! I have seen an elephant -attempt such movements since, and I can declare that -the quadruped was the more graceful of the two. The -“quadruped!” do I say? I would not vow that our market-woman -was not akin to a camel: she was as enduring as one, -I am sure, and seldom have I seen her without her burthen -behind.</p> - -<p>Well, on Thursday Moll Miskellagh was punctual; she -came with eyes, ears, and hands all prepared for “town.”</p> - -<p>“I am sadly afraid——” began the lady, pausing, and -looking doubtfully at her messenger.</p> - -<p>“Of what, yer honour?” inquired Molly briskly.</p> - -<p>“That your memory cannot retain all the commissions I -must entrust you with, and not only me, but every one in the -house.”</p> - -<p>“Thry me, madam—go on, jew’l! Never fear me! Give -me a hundred ov them if you like, for I have a way ov me own -to remimber.”</p> - -<p>“Well, I wish to serve you at all events. Then you must -first carry this post-bag to the post-office.”</p> - -<p>“So I can, madam; an’ I need say nothin’ there, as the bag -will tell what it wants ov itself. Go on, darlint!”</p> - -<p>“Then you are to go to the baker’s in New-street, to the -butcher’s in Market-street, to F——’s for groceries, to Mrs -R—— of Church-street with this note, and to Mrs L—— of -Castle-hill with the other. And here is a list of articles you -are to purchase for me at any shop you please. But what -operation are you performing on your fingers?”</p> - -<p>“Augh, there’s my saicret!” quoth the market-woman -triumphantly. “Ye see, misthress, I have three sorts ov -thread, black, white, an’ grey; an’ when I am not sure that -I’ll think ov a thing parfectly, I tie one ov those threads on -one ov me fingers; an’ whin I am at a loss, I keep lookin’ at -the thread till I remimber what I tied it on for, an’ so at last -it comes into my mimory. Go on, misthress, if you plaise; the -day is gettin’ late with us.”</p> - -<p>“I have no more commissions, Molly; but here comes your -master with his.”</p> - -<p>“Well, Mrs Miskellagh, have you got all your <em>commandments</em>?” -inquired the “ministhur,” smiling.</p> - -<p>“Augh, be lanient, yer rivirince! the mistress has given me -a power to do to-day.”</p> - -<p>“Well, Moll, I will be lenient. I have only two or three -trifling commissions to give you. First, you must go to the -post-office, and then to B——’s for my boots; neither parson -nor priest can do without them, you know. Did you ever hear -of the ‘priest in his boots,’ Moll?”</p> - -<p>“Throth I have, an’ danced it too, sur. Go on, yer rivirince: -what next?”</p> - -<p>“Next you are to go to Mr W——, the attorney, with this -note, and be sure to wait for his answer. I have no more -commissions to-day. But now, Moll, take care of the youngsters; -and here they come, ready to overwhelm you!”</p> - -<p>“Ogh! Lard help me!” ejaculated the poor market-woman, -as a troop of laughing, romping children bounded into the -room and surrounded her.</p> - -<p>Now, grandpapa, for a little innocent mischief, privately slid -silver to each of the youngsters, to gratify their various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> -tastes in toys, purposely to test poor Moll’s system of mnemonics. -The eldest boy was about to give his orders in a loud -key, when Moll Miskellagh, with a proper reverence for her -own sex, pushed him aside, and desired the “young Miss” to -“spaik up first.”</p> - -<p>“A sixpenny doll, and two dishes for my baby-kitchen,” -squeaked miss.</p> - -<p>“Now, young masther, yours?”</p> - -<p>“A top, Moll—not a pegging-top, but a humming-top I -want.”</p> - -<p>“A hummin’-top!” cried the market-woman, impatiently; -“arrah, what the dhioul is a hummin’-top?”</p> - -<p>“Why, a humming-top is a-a-a-humming top,” quoth young -master, somewhat posed. “It makes a noise this way—hum, -hum, hum—for all the world like a droning beetle.”</p> - -<p>Poor Moll had no acquaintance with any beetle but a sort -of wooden instrument with which peasant maidens pound -their coarse clothes when washing them at a stream or river; -and “a dhronin’ beetle!” she ejaculated, opening wide her -small grey eyes, and looking from one to the other for an explanation; -while grandpapa, his face bathed with tears from -excessive laughter, prepared to make matters clear, but in -reality to make “confusion worse confounded.” But the hero -of the humming-top thought no one knew its peculiarities so -well as himself, and he ended the dilemma by describing a -humming-top to be “a great deal larger than a common top, -had a square hole in one side, and it was always painted red.”</p> - -<p>“That’ll do,” said Moll Miskellagh, trying to be satisfied. -“I’ll inquire about sitch a thing, any how. An’ now, little -masthers, what’s your pleasures?”</p> - -<p>One chose “a whip,” and the other “cakes,” and then we -thought poor Moll had her quantum, and that she might proceed -on her journey. But so thought not Moll. Confident of -her retentive powers and strength of frame, she seemed determined -to test herself to the utmost: and before she left the -house, she descended to the lower regions to offer her services -to the dignitaries of the kitchen. She was expected, it -seemed, for cook had a lot of “kitchen stuff” to be disposed -of in town, the butler to send for a new razor, the housemaid -to have a letter put into the post-office, directed to “John -Fitz-Garald, at Mr Crosbie’s, esquire, Dublin, Great Britain-street, -Ireland,” and the kitchen-maid to send for a wire comb -to support her redundant tresses.</p> - -<p>“Any thing else, now?” demanded the messenger, her foot -on the threshold of the outer door.</p> - -<p>“No! no! no!” exclaimed all the voices at once; “away -with ye, an’ God speed ye!”</p> - -<p>“Amin!” muttered the market-woman, striding up the steep -stone steps, through the yard, and down the avenue, without -“casting a longing, lingering look behind.”</p> - -<p>I will not say how often we children teased our dear, good, -angel-tempered grandmother with “when will Moll Miskellagh -return?” Suffice it to say, we thought of nothing but -Moll, looked for no one but Moll; and until we actually beheld -Moll panting up the steep avenue with a prodigious load -on her back, a huge basket on one arm, and the post-bag on -the other, her two pockets or rather wallets filled to the brim, -we never gave ourselves or others rest or peace!</p> - -<p>But the market-woman was triumphant! Not one single -commission did she forget, and every one was satisfied with -her dealings and bargains except the butler, whose razor was -base metal, instead of steel, or even iron! But who could -blame Moll Miskellagh? Abler persons, and of the sex that -used such scrapers, had been imposed on ere then. Witness—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Being well lathered from a dish or tub,</div> -<div class="verse">Hodge now began with grinning face to scrub,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Just like a hedger cutting furze;</div> -<div class="verse">’Twas a vile razor! Then the rest he tried—</div> -<div class="verse">All were imposters! “Ah!” Hodge sighed,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">“I wish my eighteen-pence within my purse!”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Yes! our market-woman was triumphant! and for many -years she retained her situation, exhibiting the same strength -of memory, fidelity, and honesty, to the last. But I must -mention how nicely we nicked our grandpapa for his indiscreet -attempt to puzzle our purveyor on her first essay. Ever after, -we regularly called upon him for “means to test the market-woman’s -memory,” and he good-humouredly always complied -with the demand. Then, oh! what an interesting object Moll -became to us! How we used to watch for the first glimpse of -the huge white load resting on her back, and rising considerably -above her head! And how often in our eagerness we -mistook white cows, ladies dressed in white, and white horses, -for our dearly beloved Moll Miskellagh!</p> - -<p>One evening we expected some particularly nice things by -our market-woman. It was somewhere about Christmas, when -our means swelled considerably by the addition of Christmas -gifts. Many times during the evening we had seen things very -like Moll in the distance, but which turned out most bitter -disappointments. All four were stuck in a window that commanded -a full view of the road to E——; and never did the -unfortunate lady of Bluebeard put more earnest eager inquiries -to her sister Anne, “is there any body coming?” than -we did to each other on this momentous occasion. At length, -oh, sight of joy! we beheld a white object descending the -opposite hill. “She is coming! she is coming!” screamed a -quartetto of young voices, and down we flew to the avenue -gate. Alas and alack! it was not Moll, but a gentleman on -a white horse! We gazed on each other in breathless dismay; -but one of the party, though sadly confounded, resolved -to hear of our messenger if possible, since he could not see -her, and, boldly advancing, demanded of the traveller “if he -were coming from E——?”</p> - -<p>The gentleman, for he was a gentleman, appeared somewhat -surprised at this address, but observing a group of rosy, -merry-looking children, he reined in his horse, and smiling -good-naturedly, replied that “he was then returning from that -town.”</p> - -<p>Emboldened by this condescension, the next query was, “had -he seen Moll Miskellagh?”</p> - -<p>The stranger laughed outright. “Really, my dear,” said -he, “I have not the pleasure to know any one of that name. -Pray who and what is Moll Miskellagh?’</p> - -<p>“Our market-woman, sir,” quoth our spokesman.</p> - -<p>“Ha! What sort of person is she, pray? Perhaps I did -see her.”</p> - -<p>We looked at one another doubtfully, the look plainly expressing -“How shall we describe her?” when at last the first -speaker, with the air of an incipient judge of female beauty, -took on himself to reply, “that Moll Miskellagh was a very -ugly woman indeed, that she had a pale yellow face, and a -great wart near her nose; that she wore a dark blue cloak, -an old black bonnet, and that she carried a prodigious, oh! a -very big load on her back.”</p> - -<p>“Never was description more graphic!” exclaimed the -traveller, still laughing. “I did indeed see your market-woman. -I passed her about a quarter of a mile from this; and -if you have patience, my dears, you will soon see her. You -expect some nice things by her, I am sure—Eh?”</p> - -<p>“Oh dear, yes, sir”—and thereupon we eagerly enumerated -all that Moll was charged to purchase. The kind gentleman -seemed to enjoy our delightful anticipations, asked us our -names, and various other questions, and charitably kept us -employed till poor over-laden Moll actually came in sight, and -until he witnessed our clamorous welcomes, and saw us in -possession of our treasures. Nay, he lingered to laugh at our -expedient to facilitate Mrs Miskellagh’s tardy movements up -the very steep avenue—one and all of the four juveniles getting -behind her and pushing her up (much in the way the veritable -Captain Kearney’s fair but fat cousin was sent up the -companion-ladder, as described in “Peter Simple”), the boys -shouting “Yo heave ho!” as the good ship Old Moll got into -port.</p> - -<p>Peace to the poor market-woman! In some lone and humble -church-yard she now rests after her life of labour—in the -memory of those who knew her, her only epitaph,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Simple, faithful, honest, much-enduring Moll Miskellagh!”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">ANIMAL HEAT.</h2> - -<h3>Second Article.</h3> - -<p>In the last paper on this subject a few instances were quoted, -showing the great extremes of temperature which human -beings and the lower animals are capable of enduring without -injury, and in many cases without inconvenience. We -propose in the present article to notice briefly the means by -which it is believed living creatures are enabled to exhibit -this power; and although physiologists are not unanimous -in their opinions on the subject, yet the views we shall endeavour -to explain are those which are held by the majority of -scientific men, and which are best supported by experiment, -by analogy, and by the authority of illustrious names.</p> - -<p>For the purpose of making the subject clear to those who -may not be acquainted with the principles of physiology, “the -science of life,” as it has been happily termed, it may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> -useful to explain the <em>rationale</em> of an operation continually being -performed by all of us, and yet very little thought of or understood—we -mean the process of breathing. It is found that -the natural heat of animals depends on the perfection of the -apparatus by which respiration is performed; those animals -which have a complicated respiratory organization having a -high degree of bodily heat, while those which have more simple -and less delicately formed organs have a temperature very -little raised above the medium in which they live.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> It is necessary, -therefore, to have a clear idea of the process of respiration -before we can understand the connection between it -and animal heat.</p> - -<p>The object of respiration is to purify the blood and render -it fit for the various offices it performs in the animal economy. -When the blood leaves the heart to be distributed through the -body, it is of a very bright red colour, but as it proceeds in -its course it gradually loses this and assumes a purple hue; -and when, having completed its circulation through the body, -it is returned to the heart again by the veins, it has entirely -lost its former bright colour, and is then very dark, and, from -the impurities it has acquired in its course, unfit for the purposes -of life. To restore its former qualities it is necessary -that it should be brought into contact with the atmosphere, -and this takes place in the lungs. By the action of the muscles -of the chest and abdomen, the interior of the chest is increased -in size, an empty space is formed into which the air -instantly descends by the mouth or nostrils, constituting what -is termed the act of inspiration. At the same moment that the -muscles of the chest increase its size and make room for the -air to descend, at that very moment the heart contracts, or in -popular language pulsates or beats, the effect of which is -to force the dark-coloured (venous) blood from the portion of -the heart in which it was contained, into the lungs. The lungs -are composed almost entirely of an innumerable number of -vesicles, or minute air-bladders, into which the air descends, -as we have stated. These vesicles are covered with a network -of extremely fine blood-vessels. When the heart pulsates, -it fills these vessels with the dark-coloured blood; and -as the air is capable of passing through both the coats of the -vesicle and of the blood-vessels, it of course comes into direct -contact with the blood, and a chemical change immediately -takes place.</p> - -<p>This chemical change is necessary for life: the air is -changed in its qualities, and the blood is also changed in its -qualities. The air is changed by having one of its constituent -elements (oxygen) abstracted from it: and the blood is -changed by its being impregnated with this gas, and relieved -of another kind called carbonic acid. If from any circumstance -this process is interfered with, the individual dies of -suffocation. A person may be suffocated for want of air, or -for want of pure air. In the former case his death is caused -in this manner:—The wind-pipe being closed, either by pressure, -as in the case of criminals who die by hanging, or by -something entering and obstructing it, it happens that although -the muscles of the chest enlarge its internal area, as -before mentioned, the air cannot descend into it. This does -not, however, interfere with the action of the heart, which -forces the dark blood into the minute blood-vessels of the -chest, as usual; the blood passes onward unchanged; it receives -no oxygen, nor is its bright red colour restored. In -this state it reaches the chamber of the heart, from whence it -is to be distributed to the head and body; a portion of it is -forced up the vessels which convey it to the brain, and the -moment it reaches this organ, it produces violent convulsions, -insensibility, and in a few moments death. A similar result -takes place from breathing foul air. In this case, although -air may descend into the air-vessels of the lungs, yet, as the -grand element, the oxygen, is not present, no change is produced -in the blood; it pursues the same course as that just -pointed out, unchanged in its quality, and the same fatal result -is the inevitable consequence.</p> - -<p>The atmosphere in a state of purity is composed of two -gases mixed together; the one termed <em>oxygen</em>, the other -<em>nitrogen</em>. After escaping from the lungs, the air is found to -have undergone a remarkable change; the oxygen has disappeared, -and its place is supplied with an equal volume of another -gas called <em>carbonic acid</em>; while at the same time the air is -altogether altered in many of its more important qualities; it is -no longer fit for the purposes of life, nor will a light burn in it. -A person shut up in a confined place without a supply of fresh -air, very soon expires: and a candle placed under a glass -vessel filled with air that has been breathed, immediately -goes out. In short, respiration and combustion are similar -processes, and the same result is produced by both, namely, -carbonic acid gas.</p> - -<p>This gas is formed by the mixture of oxygen with carbon -(charcoal). It is absorbed very readily by water, and is perhaps -best known in the form of soda water; the aërated liquid -sold under that name being nothing more than water strongly -impregnated with carbonic acid gas. It is formed by a variety -of processes—by breathing, by combustion, by fermentation, -and otherwise. In every case, however, its formation is attended -with heat. And now, having thus briefly introduced -the subject, we may mention, that on this fact is founded the -theory which attempts to explain the means by which the -animal temperature is produced and maintained. It is founded -on the fact, that whenever oxygen enters into combination -with carbon, and forms carbonic acid gas, heat is always -produced.</p> - -<p>The most usual manner in which this is effected is by combustion; -the substance which burns, such as wood, or tallow, -or coal gas, for example, consists principally of carbon, and -on being ignited, the oxygen of the atmosphere is made to -combine with it, and carbonic acid is the result. Every body -knows that heat is produced by this process; but there are -many instances in which the same effect may take place without -being so readily understood. Heat and light are so constantly -found united, that we can hardly conceive how so -large a substance as the human body can be kept constantly -warm without the aid of fire. It is, however, effected by a -chemical process identically the same as combustion, except -that light is not produced. The lungs may be regarded as -the furnace of the body, from which it derives its supply of -heat; the fuel is the carbon in the blood; and the wind-pipe -is a chimney serving a double purpose: first, to allow of the -passage of fresh air for the process, and then to convey away -the vapour which is produced by it: for the breath which -issues from our lungs is just as much deteriorated in quality -as that which escapes from the chimney of a large furnace -after passing through the fire.</p> - -<p>This, then, is the process by which the animal heat is maintained. -The blood comes to the lungs loaded with carbon; -the air descends the wind-pipe, consisting of one-third oxygen; -the carbon of the blood and the oxygen of the air unite; the -blood is purified, and carbonic acid gas is produced. This is -attended with heat; the purified blood is capable of absorbing -all this heat, and does so. In its progress through the body, -as the blood again becomes impure, it gradually parts with -the heat so acquired, and on again being purified, it receives a -fresh supply. Nothing can be more simple and beautiful than -this process; it is in accordance with every great operation in -nature, which is always effected in the most direct and simple -manner; and the proofs that this is the manner in which nature -effects her object in this instance, are numerous and -unanswerable.</p> - -<p>There are two circumstances which at first sight may appear -to interfere with the explanation above given of this -very beautiful phenomenon. First, the lungs are found to be -but very little warmer than any other part of the body, although, -as we have stated, the animal heat is produced in -them: and, secondly, the quantity of carbon produced by respiration -is very small compared with the genial heat produced -by its conversion into carbonic acid. With regard to the heat -of the lungs, a series of experiments instituted for the purpose -of ascertaining how they were kept at so moderate a degree -of temperature, led to the discovery of an extraordinary -change which takes place in the vital fluid after being purified, -which satisfactorily explains the circumstance. The pure -blood is found to have a greater capacity for heat than impure -blood: it will absorb more; and in consequence, all the heat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> -produced by its purification is immediately absorbed by it, -and carried away as fast as it is generated, to be distributed -over the body. As the blood becomes impure in its progress, -it gradually loses its power of retaining the heat it had so -imbibed; and the heat therefore is distributed during the circulation -of the blood, and every part receives a due supply. -This change in the power of the vital fluid to absorb heat, -according as it is more or less pure, is a fact that was not established -in the time of Paley, or he would have been able to -add another proof of design to his unequalled argument.</p> - -<p>The quantity of fuel (if we may use the expression) required -for generating the heat of the animal frame, is certainly -less than we might anticipate. All animal and vegetable food -contains a considerable portion of carbon, which of course, -after being digested, becomes a part of the vital fluid, and in -this way it is supplied for the process. It is well known also -that in cold climates, where a greater quantity of animal fuel -is required, the inhabitants are extremely fond of fat and oily -matters, which contain more carbon than any other kind of -food; yet it would hardly be imagined that so small a quantity -as the eighth part of an ounce of carbon per hour would -be sufficient to maintain the heat of the body at an uniform -temperature of 98 degrees. We are assured by the best chemists, -however, that the average quantity of carbonic acid -generated by a person in health in twenty-four hours is about -40,000 cubic inches, and this contains only about 11½ ounces -of pure carbon. Rather less than half an ounce is therefore -used per hour in preserving the body at its usual temperature.</p> - -<p>The limits of this article prevent our noticing other objections -which have been urged against the theory just described, -but the facts it rests upon can only be overturned by opposing -facts which have never yet been produced. It is certain that -carbonic acid is produced during respiration, that its production -is always attended with heat, that pure (arterial) blood is -capable of absorbing a greater portion of heat than impure -(venous) blood, and that the temperature of any part of the -body is according to the supply of blood which it receives; -an inflamed part, becoming very hot, and a limb in which the -circulation has been stopped by a bandage becoming cold. -These facts taken together sufficiently prove the truth of the -conclusion that has been drawn from them, and which we have -above very briefly illustrated.</p> - -<p>It remains to say a few words on the manner in which the -body is relieved of its superabundant heat, and enabled to -bear such high degrees of temperature as mentioned in the -former paper. Franklin was the first who gave a rational -explanation of the phenomenon. He observed that the evaporation -of a small quantity of a liquid from the surface of -any substance would reduce the temperature of a very large -body. If we place a little ether on our hand, and allow it to -evaporate, we shall soon become sensible how much cold may -be produced in this way. Wine-coolers are formed on this -principle: they are made of porous earth, through which the -water they contain oozes very gradually, and is evaporated -by the heat of the air: this cools the liquid within, and of -course the decanter of wine contained in it. Now, perspiration -cools the body in a similar manner. If any person looks -closely at the fleshy part of his hand, he will observe that the -minute ridges which lie nearly parallel to each other are covered -with an innumerable number of small pores, through -which the perspiration may be seen issuing when the hand is -warm. From microscopic observations it is calculated that -the skin is perforated by 1000 of those pores, or holes, in -every square inch, and that the whole surface of the body -therefore contains not less than 2,304,000 pores! When the -body is heated to a certain degree, the fluid portions are all -directed to the skin, and escape gradually through these pores -in the form of perspiration, and the cooling power thus produced -is capable of immediately removing the superabundant -heat. The moment perspiration broke out on the bodies of -the experimenters who ventured into the heated oven, all sense -of pain was removed; and in many fatal disorders to which -man is subject, the first symptom of returning health is a similar -occurrence. We may add, that a common cold is the -effect of the perspiration being suddenly checked, and that -the health of the body depends on the minute pores we have -referred to being kept open and in action.</p> - -<p class="right">J. S. D.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Animals are divided by naturalists into two classes, cold-blooded and -warm-blooded; the latter breathe by lungs, through which all the blood of -the body is continually passed, and which has direct communication with -the air. Cold-blooded creatures, such as fishes, breathe by means of gills, -and the air, instead of coming into direct contact with their vital fluid, is absorbed -from the water. In the case of reptiles, which are cold-blooded, -although the air may come into direct contact with the blood, as in the respiration -of the frog, yet, by the peculiar structure of his lungs, only half the -blood is sent to them to be purified; and thus his superiority over the fish -in receiving air direct, is balanced by the circumstance that his blood is only -half purified, in consequence of being only in part exposed to the action of -the air. The temperature of animals is found to have relation to their activity -and vital energy. The following list exhibits the temperature of the -animals mentioned.—</p> - -<table summary="Temperatures of different kinds of animal"> - <tr> - <td>Birds,</td> - <td class="right">105</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td>Fahrenheit,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sheep,</td> - <td class="right">100</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Worms,</td> - <td class="right">36</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frog,</td> - <td class="right">40</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Snail,</td> - <td class="right">36</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fish,</td> - <td class="right">60</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class="gap4">Society makes criminals, and then punishes them for their -misdeeds.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.</span></h2> - -<h3>The Seventh and Concluding Article.</h3> - -<p>At the present day very few of the original Irish names -remain without being translated into or assimilated with -those borne by the English. Of this I shall next furnish instances, -the truth and correctness of which cannot be controverted. -Among the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Cathal, -which is synonymous with the Welsh Cadell, and signifies -<em>warlike</em>, was changed to Charles after the accession of Charles -I. to the throne; for the Irish, who were attached to -this monarch, went great lengths to assimilate several of their -Christian names to Charles. Thus, while among the O’Conors -of Connaught, Cathal was manufactured into Charles -(with which, it will be readily granted, it has nothing in common, -either in meaning or sound), among the O’Conors of Faly -in Leinster, Cahir, which signifies <em>warrior</em>, was metamorphosed -into the same: and at the same time the Mac Carthys of -Desmond substituted it for their Cormac, and the O’Hagans -and other northern families for their Turlogh. This was -paying their court to the king with a vengeance!</p> - -<p>In the families of Mac Carthy, O’Sullivan and O’Driscol, -Finghin [Fineen], a name very general among them, and -which signifies <em>the fair offspring</em>, has been anglicised to Florence. -Among the same southern families the name Saerbrethach, -which prevails among the Mac Carthys in particular, -and which signifies the <em>noble justice</em>, is translated -Justin. In the family of O’Donovan, as the writer has had -every opportunity of knowing, the name Murrogh has been -metamorphosed to Morgan; Dermod, to Jeremiah; Teige, -to Timothy; Conor or Concovar, to Cornelius; Donogh, to -Denis; and Donnell, to Daniel. In the family of O’Brien, the -hereditary name of Turlogh has been changed to Terence; -Mahon, to Matthew; Murtogh or Moriertagh, to Mortimer -(but this very lately); and Lachtna and Laoiseach, to Lucius. -Among the O’Gradys the name Aneslis is rendered -Stanislaus and Standish. In the families of O’Donnell, -O’Kane, and others, in the province of Ulster, Manus, a name -borrowed by those families from the Danes, is now often rendered -Manasses. In the families of Mac Mahon and Mac Kenna, -in Ulster, the name Ardgal or Ardal, signifying <em>of high prowess -or valour</em>, is always anglicised Arnold. In the family of -O’Madden of Shilanamchy, in the south-east of the county of -Galway, the hereditary name of Anmcha, which is translated -Animosus by Colgan, is now always rendered Ambrose, to -which, it will be readily granted, it does not bear the slightest -analogy. Among the families of Doyle, Cavanagh, and others, -in the province of Leinster, the name Maidoc, or Mogue, -which they adopted from St Maidoc, or Aidan, the patron -saint of the diocese of Fernes, is now always rendered Moses -among the Roman Catholics, and Aidan among the Protestants! -(any thing to make a difference.) Among the -O’Neills in the province of Ulster, the name Felim, or Felimy, -explained as meaning <em>the ever good</em>, is now made Felix; Con, -signifying <em>strength</em>, is made Constantine; and Ferdoragh, -meaning <em>dark-visaged man</em>, is rendered Ferdinand. Among -the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Ruaidhri, or Rory, is -anglicised Roderic, but among most other families it is rendered -Roger. In the same family, Tomaltach is rendered -Thomas; Aodh, Hugh; and Eoghan, Owen. In the families -of Mac Donnell and others in Scotland, and in the north of -Ireland, the name Aengus, or Angus, is always rendered -Æneas. Among the O’Hanlys of Slieve Bawn, in the east of -the county of Roscommon, the name Berach, which they have -adopted from their patron saint, and which is translated by -Colgan, <i lang="la">directe ad scopum collimans</i>, is now always and correctly -enough rendered Barry. Throughout Ireland the old -name of Brian is now rendered Bernard, and vulgarised to -Barney, which is more properly an abbreviation of Barnaby -than of Bernard. Among the O’Haras and O’Garas in the -county of Sligo, the name Kian, which they have adopted from -their great ancestor Kian, the son of Olioll Olum, king of Munster, -is now rendered Kean; and I observe that the chief -O’Hara has suffered himself to be called Charles King O’Hara -in a book lately dedicated to him! In the family of Maguire, -Cuconnaught is rendered Constantine, while in other families -Cosnavy undergoes precisely the same change. In the family -of O’Kane, the name Cooey written Cu-maighe in the original -language, and signifying “<em>dog of the plain</em>,” is now rendered -Quintin. In the family of O’Dowd, the ancient name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> -of Dathi, which they have adopted from their great ancestor -of that name, who was the last Pagan king of Ireland, is now -rendered David, a name with which it is supposed to be synonymous. -In the north and west of Ireland the names Duval-tach, -Duv-da-lethe, and Duvdara, are all anglicised Dudley. -In the family of Mac Sweeny, the very ancient name of Heremon -is anglicised Irwin, but it is now almost obsolete as a Christian -name. In the families of O’Hanlon, O’Haran, and O’Heany, -in the province of Ulster, the name Eochy, signifying <em>horseman</em>, -and which was latinized Eochodius, Achaius, Euthichius, -and Equitius, is anglicised Auhy and Atty; but this name is -also almost obsolete, the writer having never met more than -one person who bore the name, in his travels through Ireland. -Among the O’Mulconrys, now Conrys, the names Flann, Fithil, -and Flaithri, have been anglicised Florence. In the family -of O’Daly, the name Baothghalach, which was formerly -latinized Boethius, is now always rendered Bowes; and in that -of O’Clery, the name Lughaidh is anglicised Lewy and Lewis. -Among the O’Reillys of Cavan, the hereditary name of Maelmora, -which signifies <em>majestic chief</em>, is now invariably rendered -Myles, and among the O’Kellys of Hy-Many, the name Fachtna -is rendered Festus. In every part of Ireland, Maelseachlainn, -or Melaghlin, which signifies <em>servant of St Secundinus</em>, has been -changed to Malachy, to which it bears no analogy whatever, -excepting some fancied resemblance in sound. In every part -of Ireland the name of Gilla-patrick has been changed to -Patrick; and, by the way, it is curious to observe, that common -as the name Patrick has now become in Ireland, especially -among the lower classes, it was never in use among the ancient -Irish, for they never called their children by the name -itself of the Irish apostle, deeming it more humble and more -auspicious to call them his <em>servants</em>; and hence we find the -ancient Irish calling their children, not Patrick, but Maelpatrick, -or Gillapatrick; and these names they latinized Patricianus, -not Patricius. The name of Patrick is now looked -upon as the most vulgar in use among the Irish, which is a -very strange and almost unaccountable prejudice, for Patricius -was one of the most honourable names in all antiquity, -as the reader will see if he will take the trouble to read the -work on the antiquity of British Churches, by Ussher, pp. -841-1046, in which that learned primate gives the history and -derivation of the name.</p> - -<p>The names of women have been also very much metamorphosed, -and many of the most curious of them entirely rejected. -I have now before me a list of the names of women, -drawn up from the authentic Irish annals, and from the -History of Remarkable Women—a curious tract in the -Book of Lecan, fol. 193; but as the limits allotted to me -in this Journal will not allow me to furnish such a list, I must -rest satisfied with giving such names as are still retained, -with a selection from the most curious of those which have -been rejected, adding their meanings as far as they are certain. -The following are the ancient Irish names of women -still retained, as the writer has determined by examining the -provinces of Ulster, Connaught, Leinster, and the greater -part of Munster:—</p> - -<p>1. <em>Ainé</em>, now Hannah.</p> - -<p>2. <em>Brighid</em>, now anglicised Bridget, from its resemblance -to the name of the celebrated Swedish virgin of that name. -Brighid is a woman’s name of pagan origin in Ireland; it has -been explained <em>fiery dart</em> by the Irish glossographers, especially -by Cormac, Archbishop of Cashel, who distinctly states -in his glossary that it was the name of the Muse who was -believed to preside over poetry in pagan times in Ireland. -<em>Brighid</em> is now very common in Ireland as the name of a woman, -in consequence of its being that of the most celebrated -of the female saints of Ireland—the patroness of Kildare—who -is well known all over Europe as the great patroness of -Ireland.</p> - -<p>3. <em>Finola</em>, though a beautiful name, has nearly become obsolete -since the beginning of the eighteenth century, but some -few still retain it in the abbreviated form of Nuala.</p> - -<p>4. <em>Graine</em>, now Grace.</p> - -<p>5. <em>Lassarina</em>, also, though in use not long since, has latterly -became obsolete.</p> - -<p>6. <em>Meadhbh</em>, pronounced Meave. This is still preserved -and anglicised Maud, Mab, and Mabby; and the writer is acquainted -with several old women of the Milesian race who -still retain it. This was the name of a celebrated queen of -Connaught, who flourished in the first century, and who is -now known in the legends of the mountainous districts of Ireland -as the queen of the fairies. From this country her spirit -found way into Scotland, and thence into the north of -England, where Shakspeare met with her, but in rather too -diminutive a form for the shade of the Irish heroine.</p> - -<p>7. <em>Mor</em>, pronounced More. The writer believes that there -are a few women of this name still living in Ireland; but he -is confident that there are but very few, though it was the -name of many honourable ladies in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, -and for a century later. In our own times, however, it -has been almost invariably anglicised Mary, with which it -is neither synonymous nor cognate.</p> - -<p>8. <em>Sadhbh</em>, pronounced Soyv, is the name of several women -of the old Irish races, and who are known to the writer. It is -now almost invariably anglicised Sally, to which it bears no -analogy.</p> - -<p>9. <em>Sorcha</em> is still the name of several women in Ireland, -especially in the province of Ulster; but the rising generation -are beginning to object to it as being too Irish, and are -determined on having it changed to Sarah or Sally. The -writer is acquainted with families in whom this name is hereditary, -and among whom the mother is always called Sorcha, -and the daughter Sally; and though the latter knows -that her own and her mother’s name are the same, still -would she blush to hear her own name pronounced <em>Sorcha</em>. -The name Sorcha signifies clear, bright, and might be well -rendered Lucy or <em>Lucinda</em>; but we should like to see it preserved -in its primitive form, which is not to be despised either -for its sound or signification.</p> - -<p>10. <em>Una.</em> This name is still in constant use among the -women of Ireland, but when speaking English, they invariably -anglicise it to Winifred or Winny.</p> - -<p>The writer is not aware that any other name which was -in use in the ancient Irish time is now retained, except the -foregoing.</p> - -<p>The names Catherine, Evlin, Eleanor, Isabella, Mary, Honora, -Sheela (Celia), and many others now in use, and supposed -to be of Irish origin, do not occur in the Account of -Remarkable Women above referred to, and there is no reason -to believe that they were ever in use in ancient Ireland.</p> - -<p>The following is a list of curious names of women which -occur in the authentic annals and in the History of Remarkable -Women. It is highly probable that a few of them are of -Danish origin:—</p> - -<p>1. Aevin, <i>i. e.</i> Amoena; 2, Africa; 3, Albi and Albin; 4, -Allin; 5, Alma, all good; 6, Alphin; 7, Athracta. This name -has been restored by the Mac Dermott of Coolavin. 8, Barduv, -blackhaired; 9, Bebail, woman of prosperity; 10, Bebin, melodious -woman; 11, Blanaid, Florinda, from blath, a blossom; -12, Brigh, vigour; 13, Cacht, bondmaid; 14, Cailleach-De, <i>i. e.</i> -female servant of God; 15, Cailleach-Kevin, the female servant -of St Kevin; 16, Cailleach-Aengus, the female servant of St -Aengus; 17, Caintigern, fair lady; 18, Keara, the ruddy; 19, -Cochrand; 20, Covfla, <i>i. e.</i> Victoria; 21, Coca; 22, Corcar, -the ruddy; 23, Crea; 24, Devnet; 25, Derval, the true request; -26, Derforgal, the true pledge, latinized Dervorgilla; -27, Dianiv and Diniv; 28, Dechter; 29, Derdrè, alarm; 30, -Dorenn, the sullen; 31, Duv-Covfla, victoria nigra; 32, Duvessa, -nigra nutrix; 33, Dunsa, the brown-haired; 34, Dunlah, -lady of the fort; 35, Edwina; 36, Eithné; 37, Elbrigh; -38, Emeria; 39, Eri; 40, Essa, nutrix; 41, Euginia, female of -Eogan; 42, Fedilmi, the over-good; 43, Finbil, the white -blossom; 44, Findelv, fair countenance; 45, Finnavor, of the -fair eye-lids; 46, Finni, the comely; 47, Finscoh, the fair -flower; 48, Findah, the fair colour; 49, Flanna, the ruddy; -50, Gelgés, swan-white; 51, Gemlorg, gem-like; 52, Gnahat; -53, Gobnet, female of Gobban; 54, Gormlah, the blue lady; 55, -Ida, the just; 56, Lann; 57, Lasser, a flame; 58, Lasserina, -flame or blush of the wine; 59, Lerthan; 60, Lithan; 61, -Luanmasi, beautiful as the moon; 62, Ligach, pearly, or like -a precious stone; 63, Maelmaiden, servant of the morning; -64, Mongfin, of the fair hair; 65, Moncha, the same as Monica; -66, Murgel, the fair one of the sea; 67, Murrin, crinita, -or of the long hair; 68, Neave, effulgence; 69, Orlah, -or Orflah, the golden lady; 70, Ranalt, female of Randal; -71, Ronat, female of Ronan; 72, Saraid, the excellent; -quere, the same as Sarah? 73, Selvlah, lady of possessions; -74, Shimah, the good tranquillity; 75, Sodelva, of the goodly -aspect; 76, So-Domina, the good lady; 77, Temar, the conspicuous; -78, Talilah, quere Dalilah? 79, Tindi, the tender; -80, Tressi, strength; 81, Tualah, the noble lady; 82, Uailsi, -the proud; 83, Uaisli, the gentle; 84, Uallach, the proud; 85, -Uchdelva, of the fair breast; 86, Unchi, the contentious.</p> - -<p>We have now seen the process by which the Irish people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> -have assimilated their names and surnames to those of the -English, and the reasons which have led them to do so. -I would not so much regret their having done so, if I -were not aware that some of the families who have thus anglicised -their names wish to conceal their Irish origin, as if -they were ashamed of their ancestors and country, and that -another result of these changes must soon be, that statistical -writers will be apt to infer from the small number of ancient -Irish surnames retained in Ireland, that all the old Irish race -were supplanted by the English.</p> - -<p>I shall close these notices of the surnames of the Irish people -by a remark which I should wish to be universally believed, -namely—That no ancient Irish surname is perfect unless it has -either O or Mac prefixed, excepting in those instances where -the soubriquet or cognomen of the ancestor is used as the surname, -as Cavanagh, &c., and, accordingly, that nine-tenths -of the surnames at present borne by the Irish people are incorrect, -as being mere mutilations of their original forms.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Per Mac atque O, tu veros cognoscis Hibernos</div> -<div class="verse">His duobus demptis, nullus Hibernus adest:</div> -<div class="verse indent5">By Mac and O</div> -<div class="verse indent5">You’ll surely know</div> -<div class="verse indent6">True Irishmen alway;</div> -<div class="verse indent5">But if they lack</div> -<div class="verse indent5">Both O and Mac,</div> -<div class="verse indent6">No Irishmen are they.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The truth of this well-known distich may now be questioned, -though it was correct a few centuries since.</p> - -<p>It is but natural to suppose that a conquered people should -look upon themselves as inferior to their conquerors; and this -rage for adopting English surnames which prevails at present, -is, in the opinion of the writer, a clear proof of the prevalence -of this feeling, that the Irish consider themselves -inferior to the English. Spenser, while he advises that the -Irish be compelled to reject their O’s and Macs, and to adopt -English surnames, dissuades his own countrymen from adopting -Irish ones, as some of them had done, in the following -words, which the writer, being as Irish as Spenser was English, -now adopts as his own:—“Is it possible that any should -so farre growe out of frame, that they should in so short -space, quite forget their countrey and their own names! that is -a most dangerous lethargie, much worse than that of Messala -Corvinus, who being a most learned man, thorough sickness -forgat his own name.”—<cite>State of Ireland, Dub. ed. p. 107.</cite></p> - -<p>And again:—</p> - -<p>“Could they ever conceive any such dislike of their own -natural countreys as that they would <em>be ashamed of their -name</em>, and byte at the dugge from which they sucked life?”—<cite>Ibid, -p. 108.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE ICHNEUMON.</h2> - -<p>Of this animal many very absurd stories have been told, -amongst which not the least ridiculous is, that it watches its -opportunity when the huge crocodile of the Nile slumbers upon -the river bank, and, artfully inducing the monster to yawn by -tickling his nostril with its tail, rushes fearlessly and with wondrous -agility between the terrible jaws and their formidable -rows of teeth, and, forcing its daring way down its throat, retains -possession of its strange citadel until it has destroyed its -unwieldy victim, when it gnaws its way out, and leaves the -carcase to wither in the sun. Other travellers have pretended -to contradict the above story, but their mode of doing so involves -a piece of absurdity no less glaring than the equally unfounded -legend they assume to themselves the merit of correcting; -for by their account the Ichneumon does not enter the -throat of the crocodile with a hostile intent at all, neither does -it use its tail to cause that creature to open its jaws, for of -that is there no need, seeing that the crocodile opens them of -his own will, and likewise with pleasure allows the Ichneumon -to enter for the purpose of clearing his throat of swarms of -tormenting insects which lodge therein, and by their stinging -produce intolerable pain. I can however assure my readers -that this subject has been, since the above conflicting statements -reached us, effectually cleared up; and you may confidently -rely upon it that the Ichneumon no more enters the -crocodile’s mouth whether as a friend or as an enemy, whether -to destroy him or destroy his tormentors the flies, than that -he attacks him while awake.</p> - -<p>The Ichneumon is shaped somewhat like a ferret, but is rather -more slender in its form, and its head is likewise longer and -narrower; it is also an animal of far greater activity and -lightness of movement, being able to clear at one spring a -distance of a couple of yards. It is further a most expert -climber, and it will be a very high wall indeed that will confine -it within an enclosure. The colour of the Ichneumon is a -brownish grey, or a light brown barred with white; the animal -indeed appears speckled with a dirty white, but it is so -only in appearance, the fact being, that each several hair has -brown and white rings upon it. Upon the back, sides, and tail, -these rings are small, and the hair longer than upon the head -and extremities of its limbs; hence these latter parts appear of -a darker hue. The hair upon the feet is very short and thin, -and they are nearly as naked as those of the common rat. -The tail of the Ichneumon is very long, usually one-sixth -longer than its body, and upon its extremity is a tuft of very -long black hair. The hair of this creature is drier, thicker, -and weaker, than in any other member of the same genus.</p> - -<p>The length of a full-grown Ichneumon, from the tip of the -nose to the end of the tail, is about two feet six inches, of -which the tail occupies about sixteen inches, and the body -fourteen. The length of the head is about three inches, measuring -from the back of the ears to the point of the muzzle. -The height of the Ichneumon at the most elevated part of -the back is about six inches; but this of course varies according -to the animal’s position at the time of measurement.</p> - -<p>The habits of the Ichneumon present a sort of admixture -of those of the ferret and the cat; like the former, it delights -in blood, and where it has once fastened itself, maintains a tenacious -hold; but like the latter, and unlike the former, it has -but little stomach for braving danger, and will rather go without -its dinner than run the chance of a battle in obtaining it. He -is strictly a nocturnal animal, and usually remains in his covert -until the shades of evening begin to fall around, when he -sallies forth on his career of havoc and blood. Were it not -necessary for the satisfying of his appetite, I doubt whether -he would leave his haunt at all, so timid is he: he steals along -the ground with light and cautious steps, his motions resembling -the gliding of the snake rather than the progressive steps -of the quadruped. His sharp, vigilant, sparkling black eyes -are anxiously reconnoitring every side of him, and carefully -examining the character and bearings of every object which -meets his view; stealthily he creeps along until he comes upon -the spot where the crocodile has hidden her eggs in the sand; -nimbly and cleverly he pounces upon them, guided to their -place of concealment by his exquisite sense of smell, and, -biting a hole in their side, banquets on their contents. It is -thus that the Ichneumon thins the numbers of that formidable -reptile the crocodile, not by directing its attacks against -that creature himself, but by insidiously searching after and -destroying his embryo offspring. The Ichneumon likewise -kills and devours with extreme greediness such small snakes -and lizards as are common in its native country, many of -which are highly dangerous, and all annoying enough to make -their destruction desirable, to which the Ichneumon appears -guided by a powerful instinct. It is sometimes bitten in these -encounters, when it is said immediately to search for and devour -the root of a certain plant, said to be an antidote against -the bite of the most venomous reptile. It is alleged that this -little animal will frequently kill even the Cobra di Capello. -Lucan in his Pharsalia describes the manner in which it contrives -to destroy the Asp, one of the most poisonous serpents -in existence. The passage I refer to has been translated -thus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Thus oft, the Ichneumon on the banks of Nile</div> -<div class="verse">Invades the deadly Aspic by a wile;</div> -<div class="verse">While artfully his slender tail is play’d,</div> -<div class="verse">The serpent darts upon the dancing shade.</div> -<div class="verse">Then turning on the foe with swift surprise,</div> -<div class="verse">Full on the throat the nimble seizer flies.</div> -<div class="verse">The gasping snake expires beneath the wound,</div> -<div class="verse">His gushing jaws with poisonous floods abound,</div> -<div class="verse">And shed the fruitless mischief on the ground.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>In consequence of the vigilance and success of this little -animal in destroying these noxious creatures, he was held in -great veneration by the Egyptians and Hindoos; but by the -former he was actually regarded as a disguised divinity, -clothed in that form for the purpose of putting his benevolent -purposes into practice with the greater readiness; and we -accordingly find him occupying a prominent position in the -sacred symbols of that people, who were indeed commonly in -the habit of deifying whatever afforded them peculiar benefit -of any kind, as they likewise adored the river Nile, on account -of the fertilizing effect produced by its periodical inundations.</p> - -<p>The Ichneumon is said, if taken young, to be capable of -perfect domestication, to form a strong attachment to the -person who reared him, as well as to the house he inhabits;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> -whence from his zeal and activity in the destruction of rats and -mice, he forms a valuable substitute for the cat, which indeed -he is in Egypt used instead of. He is also said to be very domestic -in his habits, quite a tarry-at-home kind of gentleman, -and, unlike puss, never on any account given to ramble; when -lost, he is said to seek his patron with indefatigable zeal until -he finds him, and to express his joy at rejoining him by the most -tender and affectionate caresses. When he eats, however, -nature asserts her prerogative, and the natural disposition of -the animal resumes its place, whence it had for a time been -driven by artificial means.</p> - -<p>Indeed it requires but little to awaken in this creature all -its natural fierceness and love of slaughter, notwithstanding -that so much has been said and written of its amiability and -docility. Mr D’Obsonville, in his “Essay on the Nature of -Animals,” gives an account of a domesticated individual which -he had in his possession, which places its disposition in a correct -point of view. He got the animal very young, and fed it -upon milk, and as it grew older, upon baked meat, mixed with -rice. He states that it soon became even tamer than a cat, -would come to his call, and if at liberty, follow him everywhere, -even in his walks. One day Mr D’Obsonville brought him a -small living water-serpent, curious to ascertain how far his -instinct would carry him against a creature with which he had -been hitherto totally unacquainted. “His emotion,” says Mr -D’Obsonville, “seemed at first to be that of astonishment mixed -with anger, for his hair became erect; but in an instant after, -he slipped behind the reptile, and with remarkable swiftness -and agility leaped upon its head, seized it, and crushed it between -his teeth. This essay and new aliment seemed to have -awakened in him his innate and destructive voracity, which -till then had given way to the gentleness he had acquired -from his education. I had about my house several curious -kinds of fowls, among which he had been brought up, and -which till then he had suffered to go and come unmolested -and unregarded; but a few days after, when he found himself -alone, he strangled them every one, ate a little, and, as it appeared, -drank the blood of two.”</p> - -<p>I have already stated that the Ichneumon is said to eat of the -leaves or root of a certain plant in the event of his being bitten -by a poisonous serpent. I revert to the circumstance, because -it is an extraordinary one, inasmuch as the Indians follow the -example of the animal, and use the same plant successfully as -an antidote when they themselves happen to get a bite, and -call the plant after the animal. This is curious, as being parallel -with the case of the Guacomithy or Serpent Hawk of -South America, mentioned in one of my papers on Serpent -Charming; nor is it upon light authority that I relate this fact -of the Ichneumon. Mr Percival, that close and scrupulous -observer, saw the experiment tried of presenting a snake to -the animal in a closed room, when, instead of attacking, it did -all in its power to avoid it. On the snake, however, being carried -out of the house, and laid near its antagonist in a plantation, -he immediately darted at and soon destroyed it. The -Ichneumon then retired to a wood, and ate a portion of that -plant which is said to be an antidote to the serpent’s bite, -and no harm came to him, although he had received a bite in -the encounter.</p> - -<p>I for my part can speak but little for the gentleness of the -Ichneumon, or the facility with which it may be tamed, having -one in my own possession, which has now for a considerable -period baffled all my endeavours to domesticate it, and will not -even now suffer me to approach the case in which it is kept, -without growling fiercely at me, and spitting in the manner -of an enraged cat, springing also against the bars of its prison, -and using its utmost endeavours to fly in my face. I have -tried starvation, high feeding, kindness, chastisement, hard -usage, and tenderness, all by turns, and as yet unsuccessfully. -I was never so baffled in taming an animal before, though the -polecat, weasel, fox, and badger, have with the otter successively -owned my mastery, and acknowledged me as their subjugator. -I have not even handled this animal yet, unless with -a thick glove upon my hand, and even with that protection I -have received several severe bites. I saw one, however, in -the Royal Zoological Gardens some time ago, which was very -tame, and would suffer itself to be caressed even by strangers; -so I shall persevere; and should I eventually succeed in taming -the little savage, depend upon it the reader shall be advertised -of the fact, and of all the circumstances attendant thereupon.</p> - -<p>Until lately the Ichneumon had not a well-determined name -in the methodical catalogues. Naturalists have mostly described -it rather by character than figure. Figures were -indeed given by Gesner, Aldrovandi, and others, but not sufficiently -distinct to guard against mistake. Even Buffon mistook -the Mangouste for it, to which he has applied all the descriptions -properly belonging to the Ichneumon. The name -“Ichneumon” is Greek, and is indicative of the habits of the -animal, and was first applied to it by Herodotus.</p> - -<p>I trust that the above sketch may serve to point out the -animal and its habits to the reader with sufficient distinctness.</p> - -<p class="right">H. D. R.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Modern Education.</span>—“Larning—larning—larning,” is -the cry of father an’ mother—if my boy had the “larning,” -what a janius he’d be! In coorse, ye old fools, your <i lang="ga">bouchal</i> -would be a swan among the goslins; but it isn’t “larning” -half the world want: instead of “larning,” by which they -mean cobwebs picked out of dead men’s brains, if they would -get some discipline. Discipline—discipline—discipline, that’s -the only education I ever saw that brought a boy to any good. -What’s the use of battering a man’s brains full of Greek and -Latin pothooks, that he forgets before he doffs his last round -jacket, to put on his first long-tailed blue, if ye don’t teach -him the old Spartan virtue of obedience, hard living, early -rising, and them sort of classics? Where’s the use of instructing -him in hexameters and pentameters, if you leave -him ignorant of the value of a penny piece? What height of -bletherin’ stupidity it is to be fillin’ a boy’s brains with the -wisdom of the ancients, and then turn him out like an <i lang="ga">omadhaun</i> -to pick up his victuals among the moderns!—<cite>Blackwood’s -Magazine.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">TO OUR READERS.</h2> - -<p>It becomes our duty to acquaint our readers that the present Number of -the <span class="smcap">Irish Penny Journal</span>, which will complete a volume, will also be the -last presented to them, at least by its original projectors and prevent proprietors. -Our readers will hardly deem it necessary that we should trouble -them with any detail of the circumstances which have led to this determination; -it will be sufficient to state, that while the success of the work has -in some respects even exceeded the anticipations of its proprietors, it has -disappointed them in others. The sale of the Journal, although great and -steadily progressing in those distant localities where any increase of sale was -least to be expected, has been either stationary or diminishing in those portions -of the kingdom for whose use and advantage it was especially intended, -and to which, therefore, the proprietors naturally looked for the greatest -degree of encouragement. However humbling it may be to the national -feeling of most of our Irish readers, the fact must be acknowledged, that -the sale of the Journal in London alone has exceeded that in the four provinces -of Ireland, not including Dublin; and that in other cities at the -other side of the Channel it has been nearly equal to half the Irish provincial -sale. And it may be added that in London, as well as in most other -cities in the sister island, the sale has to the present moment continued to -increase, while in all parts of Ireland, with the exception of the metropolis, -it has gradually declined. In short, nearly two-thirds of the amount of sales -of the <span class="smcap">Irish Penny Journal</span> have been effected out of Ireland. Whatever -may be the cause of this result, it is sufficient for the proprietors to -have ascertained, that the object which they had originally in view in starting -this little publication, have not been attained to the extent which they -had anticipated, and that, under such circumstances, it would be visionary -in them further to indulge hopes which there is so little probability of -ever being realised.</p> - -<p>The proprietors have only therefore to take a respectful leave of their -numerous readers and supporters, and return their grateful acknowledgments -to all who have taken an interest in their publication. To the -Press of the British Empire such an expression of gratitude is especially -due, for from those influential organs of public opinion it has received -during its progress the most cheering encouragement, and this, too, wholly -unmingled with even a portion of censure or dispraise. That such commendations -have not been altogether undeserved, and that the promises made -in the original prospectus have not been left unfulfilled, the proprietors -fondly anticipate will be the permanent opinion of the public; and they -indulge, moreover, the pleasing conviction, that the volume now brought -to a termination will live in the literature of Ireland as one almost exclusively -Irish, and possessing what may be considered as no trifling distinction -for such a work—a spirit throughout its pages wholly national, and untinctured -by the slightest admixture of prejudices either political or sectarian.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool, <span class="smcap">John Menzies</span>, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; -and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -52, June 26, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55604-h.htm or 55604-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/6/0/55604/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/55604-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/55604-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a24e88b..0000000 --- a/old/55604-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55604-h/images/tomb.jpg b/old/55604-h/images/tomb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9002423..0000000 --- a/old/55604-h/images/tomb.jpg +++ /dev/null |
