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diff --git a/old/55604-0.txt b/old/55604-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0246a8a..0000000 --- a/old/55604-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1613 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, -June 26, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, June 26, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 22, 2017 [EBook #55604] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 52. SATURDAY, JUNE 26, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: TOMB OF CURRAN.] - -Twenty years had nearly elapsed, and no stone marked the grate where -Curran was interred: still Ireland continued unpossessed of the remains -of one of the ablest of her orators and purest of her patriots, and -seemed, in this instance especially, to justify the reproach of her -habitual neglect towards the posthumous reputation of her great men. - -To the managing committee of the cemetery at Glasnevin belongs the -merit, in this eminent instance, of setting an example which may remove -or mitigate the humiliating truth of that too just reproach.[1] They -reclaimed for Ireland the bones of Curran, which were transferred from -England to the cemetery over which they preside. - -To Lord Cloncurry, ever foremost or forward in aught affecting the public -weal, and through life distinguished as the munificent supporter of all -the elegant and useful arts--of every object proposing to advance the -interests of his country or honour of her name--to him belongs the merit -of originating a subscription from which has resulted the monument at -Glasnevin, and the other now in progress at the church of St Patrick.[2] -Thus at the northern extremity of Dublin the tomb of Curran stands -over his remains; and at the southern extremity, in our metropolitan -Cathedral Church, which may be called our little Westminster, a cenotaph, -now begun, will soon bear witness that after a lapse of 23 years, new -recorded honours gather round his monument, and his glory still freshens -in the memory of posterity. - -A senior fellow of our University, who had no other share in his -subsequent elevation to a mitre than the circumstance of having rendered -himself worthy of it, observes on the subject of this commemoration as -follows:--“It (a letter) shows me, however, that you intended to apply -to me on a subject well calculated to excite my sympathy; and it gives -me an opportunity of indulging my own feelings, and of promoting my own -honour, in avowing my admiration and respect for splendid talents and -disinterested patriotism. I shall therefore be flattered by the insertion -of my name in your list, though I do not entertain the ambitious thought -of my doing honour to the memory of a man who has erected for himself a -monument greater and more lasting than can be contained in any cemetery.” - -The wood-cut engraving prefixed to this article is descriptive of -Curran’s tomb at Glasnevin, of which Mr J. T. Papworth, A.R.H.A., -architect of the Royal Dublin Society, was the architect, and conductor -of its construction and successful execution. It is a fac simile of -the celebrated chef-d’œuvre of the antique known as the tomb of Scipio -Barbatious, exemplars of which are favourite objects of purchase to the -visiters of Rome, and lovers of virtu. It is a magnificent specimen of -that simple, durable, massive grandeur, which the early artists of the -mistress of the world deemed suitable to the character of a great man’s -sepulchre; fit to outlive, like its great Roman prototype, numerous -generations of men, and bear down the name of its honoured object to the -admiration of a most distant posterity. Napoleon’s tomb at St Helena was -of course the suggestion of the best taste of France and Italy combined. -It bears a close resemblance to that of Scipio. The material of the -latter is of an inferior description of stone, greatly surpassed by -that of Curran’s tomb, which is composed of the best specimen, perhaps, -extant, of our finest Irish granite, and sparkles like silver in the -sun. The application of this product to sepulchral purposes is recent -and appropriate. The late palace of our dukes, the late halls of our -parliament, the testimonials commemorating the victors who most exalted -the glory of Britain on the ocean and by land, our custom-house and -post-office, our courts of justice, the harbours of Wicklow, Howth, and -Dunleary, the spire of St Patrick’s, the grandest of our bridges, with -most other of our magnificent public edifices, have long displayed and -will long display the value of our granite for beauty and solidity. It -has superseded the use of Portland stone, for, capable of being cut into -the finer figures of architecture, it admits of any shape, it withstands -any weather; and harder than freestone, and hardening in the air, and -susceptible of every formation from the chisel, the mallet, and the -hammer, it stands of all the mineral kingdom most faithful to the trust -of monumental fame. But it is not by such memorials, as was justly -observed by the eminent prelate already referred to; it is not by such -memorials as art may construct from marble or brass, or our own enduring -granite, that the immortality of Curran’s fame can be achieved, it is in -the great efforts of his transcendant genius we best can contemplate his -deathless monument, and in that respect it may be said of him as Johnson -said on a like occasion, - - “A mortal born, he met a mortal’s doom, - But left, like Egypt’s kings, a lasting tomb.” - -The tomb is in the form of a Sarcophagus, of the Doric order of -architecture, richly sculptured. The triglyphs are most delicately -wrought, and the metopes are ornamented with pateras. It is erected so as -to appear upon a tumulus, which has a good effect. The dimensions are as -follow:-- - - The plinth 11 feet 2¼ inches by 5 feet 6½ inches. - The dado 8 feet 11 inches by 3 feet 8½ inches. - Height 8 feet 2 inches. - -The blocks of granite of which the tomb has been formed are perhaps the -largest made use of in Ireland, each weighing from 4 to 5 tons. The -joints between the blocks have been so managed as to be imperceptible, -and the tomb thus appears to be one entire mass of granite. - - F. - -[1] This monument, if not influencing, has certainly been followed by -monuments now in progress of erection to the late Chief Baron Joy, Mr -Drummond, the Dean of St Patrick’s, Lord Clements, and others. - -[2] The contract has been made with Mr Christopher Moore, an Irish -sculptor of much celebrity. The foundation is laid to granite, the -structure will be marble, and the situation fronts the monument of the -late Serjeant Ball. - - - - -THE MARKET-WOMAN. - -BY M. C. R. - - -Some of the pleasantest of the many pleasant reminiscences of my -childhood are associated with the recollection of a very ugly -uncouth woman, with a very ugly uncouth name, “Moll Miskellagh,” our -market-woman. If the cognomen “Moll” was intolerable to “ears polite,” -what was it to the euphonious appellation of her better half, “Mogue -Miskellagh?” The English groom of an Irish gentleman once overheard -some person calling “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue -Miskellagh!” he thrice exclaimed, voice, eyes, and hands in their various -ways expressing astonishment, “does that ’ere name belong to a Christian?” - -The home of my early days was situated five miles from the nearest -market-town; and as it was not always convenient to send a servant and -horse for the various commodities necessary for a tolerably large family, -a regular drudging market man or woman was deemed indispensable. Moll -Miskellagh heard of “the lady’s” wants and wishes, and believing her -own limbs to be stout, and her memory retentive, offered herself as the -“beast of burden.” - -“Mistress, jew’l,” pleaded Moll, with the most persuasive brogue -imaginable, “sorra sitch a pair ov legs in the whole counthry; an’ for my -back, it bangs Banagher for the strinth! As to my karracther, thank God I -need say nothin’ about it, as I may safely lave it to my naiburs for its -honesty.” - -“And honesty must have its reward,” returned the amiable and -well-beloved “Misthress,” whose business it was to engage the -market-woman. “But do you read?” - -“Augh! sorra bit ov me, yer honour,” quoth Mrs Miskellagh, with a groan; -“larnin’ wasn’t the fashin in my young days, or I ’spose I’d have got a -lick ov it like the rest. But what ov that, misthress?” - -“Why, it would be better for all parties that you did read, as you will -have so many notes to carry to different shops, and you cannot fail to be -sadly puzzled.” - -“Augh, lave out the notes, ma’am,” interrupted Moll, somewhat -impatiently, “an’ give me yer commands by word ov mouth, an’ I’ll engage -for it. I’ll go to the four quarthers ov the town, an’ do yer errands -widout a single mistake: bekase why, if I wud happen to forget one or -two, I have a way ov me own to make me remimber agin. So, for God’s an’ -me childher’s sakes, yer honour, give me the berth, an’ I’ll sarve ye -faithful. Throth I’ll drag as much as an ass!” - -“Well, I believe I shall try you, Molly,” said the lady, smiling kindly, -the appeal of distress never lost upon her. “Thursdays and Saturdays are -the days we send to town; be you ready to attend me at ten o’clock next -Thursday.” - -I was present at this engagement, and though I was very young at the -time, never shall I forget the frightful grins with which Moll Miskellagh -graced her exuberant thanks, nor her extra-extraordinary curtseys! I have -seen an elephant attempt such movements since, and I can declare that the -quadruped was the more graceful of the two. The “quadruped!” do I say? -I would not vow that our market-woman was not akin to a camel: she was -as enduring as one, I am sure, and seldom have I seen her without her -burthen behind. - -Well, on Thursday Moll Miskellagh was punctual; she came with eyes, ears, -and hands all prepared for “town.” - -“I am sadly afraid----” began the lady, pausing, and looking doubtfully -at her messenger. - -“Of what, yer honour?” inquired Molly briskly. - -“That your memory cannot retain all the commissions I must entrust you -with, and not only me, but every one in the house.” - -“Thry me, madam--go on, jew’l! Never fear me! Give me a hundred ov them -if you like, for I have a way ov me own to remimber.” - -“Well, I wish to serve you at all events. Then you must first carry this -post-bag to the post-office.” - -“So I can, madam; an’ I need say nothin’ there, as the bag will tell what -it wants ov itself. Go on, darlint!” - -“Then you are to go to the baker’s in New-street, to the butcher’s in -Market-street, to F----’s for groceries, to Mrs R---- of Church-street -with this note, and to Mrs L---- of Castle-hill with the other. And here -is a list of articles you are to purchase for me at any shop you please. -But what operation are you performing on your fingers?” - -“Augh, there’s my saicret!” quoth the market-woman triumphantly. “Ye see, -misthress, I have three sorts ov thread, black, white, an’ grey; an’ when -I am not sure that I’ll think ov a thing parfectly, I tie one ov those -threads on one ov me fingers; an’ whin I am at a loss, I keep lookin’ at -the thread till I remimber what I tied it on for, an’ so at last it comes -into my mimory. Go on, misthress, if you plaise; the day is gettin’ late -with us.” - -“I have no more commissions, Molly; but here comes your master with his.” - -“Well, Mrs Miskellagh, have you got all your _commandments_?” inquired -the “ministhur,” smiling. - -“Augh, be lanient, yer rivirince! the mistress has given me a power to do -to-day.” - -“Well, Moll, I will be lenient. I have only two or three trifling -commissions to give you. First, you must go to the post-office, and then -to B----’s for my boots; neither parson nor priest can do without them, -you know. Did you ever hear of the ‘priest in his boots,’ Moll?” - -“Throth I have, an’ danced it too, sur. Go on, yer rivirince: what next?” - -“Next you are to go to Mr W----, the attorney, with this note, and be -sure to wait for his answer. I have no more commissions to-day. But now, -Moll, take care of the youngsters; and here they come, ready to overwhelm -you!” - -“Ogh! Lard help me!” ejaculated the poor market-woman, as a troop of -laughing, romping children bounded into the room and surrounded her. - -Now, grandpapa, for a little innocent mischief, privately slid silver -to each of the youngsters, to gratify their various tastes in toys, -purposely to test poor Moll’s system of mnemonics. The eldest boy was -about to give his orders in a loud key, when Moll Miskellagh, with a -proper reverence for her own sex, pushed him aside, and desired the -“young Miss” to “spaik up first.” - -“A sixpenny doll, and two dishes for my baby-kitchen,” squeaked miss. - -“Now, young masther, yours?” - -“A top, Moll--not a pegging-top, but a humming-top I want.” - -“A hummin’-top!” cried the market-woman, impatiently; “arrah, what the -dhioul is a hummin’-top?” - -“Why, a humming-top is a-a-a-humming top,” quoth young master, somewhat -posed. “It makes a noise this way--hum, hum, hum--for all the world like -a droning beetle.” - -Poor Moll had no acquaintance with any beetle but a sort of wooden -instrument with which peasant maidens pound their coarse clothes -when washing them at a stream or river; and “a dhronin’ beetle!” she -ejaculated, opening wide her small grey eyes, and looking from one to the -other for an explanation; while grandpapa, his face bathed with tears -from excessive laughter, prepared to make matters clear, but in reality -to make “confusion worse confounded.” But the hero of the humming-top -thought no one knew its peculiarities so well as himself, and he ended -the dilemma by describing a humming-top to be “a great deal larger than a -common top, had a square hole in one side, and it was always painted red.” - -“That’ll do,” said Moll Miskellagh, trying to be satisfied. “I’ll inquire -about sitch a thing, any how. An’ now, little masthers, what’s your -pleasures?” - -One chose “a whip,” and the other “cakes,” and then we thought poor -Moll had her quantum, and that she might proceed on her journey. But -so thought not Moll. Confident of her retentive powers and strength of -frame, she seemed determined to test herself to the utmost: and before -she left the house, she descended to the lower regions to offer her -services to the dignitaries of the kitchen. She was expected, it seemed, -for cook had a lot of “kitchen stuff” to be disposed of in town, the -butler to send for a new razor, the housemaid to have a letter put into -the post-office, directed to “John Fitz-Garald, at Mr Crosbie’s, esquire, -Dublin, Great Britain-street, Ireland,” and the kitchen-maid to send for -a wire comb to support her redundant tresses. - -“Any thing else, now?” demanded the messenger, her foot on the threshold -of the outer door. - -“No! no! no!” exclaimed all the voices at once; “away with ye, an’ God -speed ye!” - -“Amin!” muttered the market-woman, striding up the steep stone steps, -through the yard, and down the avenue, without “casting a longing, -lingering look behind.” - -I will not say how often we children teased our dear, good, -angel-tempered grandmother with “when will Moll Miskellagh return?” -Suffice it to say, we thought of nothing but Moll, looked for no one but -Moll; and until we actually beheld Moll panting up the steep avenue with -a prodigious load on her back, a huge basket on one arm, and the post-bag -on the other, her two pockets or rather wallets filled to the brim, we -never gave ourselves or others rest or peace! - -But the market-woman was triumphant! Not one single commission did she -forget, and every one was satisfied with her dealings and bargains except -the butler, whose razor was base metal, instead of steel, or even iron! -But who could blame Moll Miskellagh? Abler persons, and of the sex that -used such scrapers, had been imposed on ere then. Witness-- - - Being well lathered from a dish or tub, - Hodge now began with grinning face to scrub, - Just like a hedger cutting furze; - ’Twas a vile razor! Then the rest he tried-- - All were imposters! “Ah!” Hodge sighed, - “I wish my eighteen-pence within my purse!” - -Yes! our market-woman was triumphant! and for many years she retained -her situation, exhibiting the same strength of memory, fidelity, and -honesty, to the last. But I must mention how nicely we nicked our -grandpapa for his indiscreet attempt to puzzle our purveyor on her first -essay. Ever after, we regularly called upon him for “means to test the -market-woman’s memory,” and he good-humouredly always complied with -the demand. Then, oh! what an interesting object Moll became to us! How -we used to watch for the first glimpse of the huge white load resting -on her back, and rising considerably above her head! And how often in -our eagerness we mistook white cows, ladies dressed in white, and white -horses, for our dearly beloved Moll Miskellagh! - -One evening we expected some particularly nice things by our -market-woman. It was somewhere about Christmas, when our means swelled -considerably by the addition of Christmas gifts. Many times during the -evening we had seen things very like Moll in the distance, but which -turned out most bitter disappointments. All four were stuck in a window -that commanded a full view of the road to E----; and never did the -unfortunate lady of Bluebeard put more earnest eager inquiries to her -sister Anne, “is there any body coming?” than we did to each other on -this momentous occasion. At length, oh, sight of joy! we beheld a white -object descending the opposite hill. “She is coming! she is coming!” -screamed a quartetto of young voices, and down we flew to the avenue -gate. Alas and alack! it was not Moll, but a gentleman on a white horse! -We gazed on each other in breathless dismay; but one of the party, though -sadly confounded, resolved to hear of our messenger if possible, since he -could not see her, and, boldly advancing, demanded of the traveller “if -he were coming from E----?” - -The gentleman, for he was a gentleman, appeared somewhat surprised at -this address, but observing a group of rosy, merry-looking children, he -reined in his horse, and smiling good-naturedly, replied that “he was -then returning from that town.” - -Emboldened by this condescension, the next query was, “had he seen Moll -Miskellagh?” - -The stranger laughed outright. “Really, my dear,” said he, “I have not -the pleasure to know any one of that name. Pray who and what is Moll -Miskellagh?’ - -“Our market-woman, sir,” quoth our spokesman. - -“Ha! What sort of person is she, pray? Perhaps I did see her.” - -We looked at one another doubtfully, the look plainly expressing “How -shall we describe her?” when at last the first speaker, with the air of -an incipient judge of female beauty, took on himself to reply, “that Moll -Miskellagh was a very ugly woman indeed, that she had a pale yellow face, -and a great wart near her nose; that she wore a dark blue cloak, an old -black bonnet, and that she carried a prodigious, oh! a very big load on -her back.” - -“Never was description more graphic!” exclaimed the traveller, still -laughing. “I did indeed see your market-woman. I passed her about a -quarter of a mile from this; and if you have patience, my dears, you will -soon see her. You expect some nice things by her, I am sure--Eh?” - -“Oh dear, yes, sir”--and thereupon we eagerly enumerated all that -Moll was charged to purchase. The kind gentleman seemed to enjoy -our delightful anticipations, asked us our names, and various other -questions, and charitably kept us employed till poor over-laden Moll -actually came in sight, and until he witnessed our clamorous welcomes, -and saw us in possession of our treasures. Nay, he lingered to laugh at -our expedient to facilitate Mrs Miskellagh’s tardy movements up the very -steep avenue--one and all of the four juveniles getting behind her and -pushing her up (much in the way the veritable Captain Kearney’s fair -but fat cousin was sent up the companion-ladder, as described in “Peter -Simple”), the boys shouting “Yo heave ho!” as the good ship Old Moll got -into port. - -Peace to the poor market-woman! In some lone and humble church-yard she -now rests after her life of labour--in the memory of those who knew her, -her only epitaph, - - “Simple, faithful, honest, much-enduring Moll Miskellagh!” - - - - -ANIMAL HEAT. - -Second Article. - - -In the last paper on this subject a few instances were quoted, showing -the great extremes of temperature which human beings and the lower -animals are capable of enduring without injury, and in many cases without -inconvenience. We propose in the present article to notice briefly the -means by which it is believed living creatures are enabled to exhibit -this power; and although physiologists are not unanimous in their -opinions on the subject, yet the views we shall endeavour to explain -are those which are held by the majority of scientific men, and which -are best supported by experiment, by analogy, and by the authority of -illustrious names. - -For the purpose of making the subject clear to those who may not be -acquainted with the principles of physiology, “the science of life,” as -it has been happily termed, it may be useful to explain the _rationale_ -of an operation continually being performed by all of us, and yet very -little thought of or understood--we mean the process of breathing. It is -found that the natural heat of animals depends on the perfection of the -apparatus by which respiration is performed; those animals which have a -complicated respiratory organization having a high degree of bodily heat, -while those which have more simple and less delicately formed organs have -a temperature very little raised above the medium in which they live.[3] -It is necessary, therefore, to have a clear idea of the process of -respiration before we can understand the connection between it and animal -heat. - -The object of respiration is to purify the blood and render it fit for -the various offices it performs in the animal economy. When the blood -leaves the heart to be distributed through the body, it is of a very -bright red colour, but as it proceeds in its course it gradually loses -this and assumes a purple hue; and when, having completed its circulation -through the body, it is returned to the heart again by the veins, it has -entirely lost its former bright colour, and is then very dark, and, from -the impurities it has acquired in its course, unfit for the purposes of -life. To restore its former qualities it is necessary that it should -be brought into contact with the atmosphere, and this takes place in -the lungs. By the action of the muscles of the chest and abdomen, the -interior of the chest is increased in size, an empty space is formed into -which the air instantly descends by the mouth or nostrils, constituting -what is termed the act of inspiration. At the same moment that the -muscles of the chest increase its size and make room for the air to -descend, at that very moment the heart contracts, or in popular language -pulsates or beats, the effect of which is to force the dark-coloured -(venous) blood from the portion of the heart in which it was contained, -into the lungs. The lungs are composed almost entirely of an innumerable -number of vesicles, or minute air-bladders, into which the air descends, -as we have stated. These vesicles are covered with a network of extremely -fine blood-vessels. When the heart pulsates, it fills these vessels -with the dark-coloured blood; and as the air is capable of passing -through both the coats of the vesicle and of the blood-vessels, it of -course comes into direct contact with the blood, and a chemical change -immediately takes place. - -This chemical change is necessary for life: the air is changed in its -qualities, and the blood is also changed in its qualities. The air is -changed by having one of its constituent elements (oxygen) abstracted -from it: and the blood is changed by its being impregnated with this -gas, and relieved of another kind called carbonic acid. If from any -circumstance this process is interfered with, the individual dies of -suffocation. A person may be suffocated for want of air, or for want of -pure air. In the former case his death is caused in this manner:--The -wind-pipe being closed, either by pressure, as in the case of criminals -who die by hanging, or by something entering and obstructing it, it -happens that although the muscles of the chest enlarge its internal -area, as before mentioned, the air cannot descend into it. This does -not, however, interfere with the action of the heart, which forces the -dark blood into the minute blood-vessels of the chest, as usual; the -blood passes onward unchanged; it receives no oxygen, nor is its bright -red colour restored. In this state it reaches the chamber of the heart, -from whence it is to be distributed to the head and body; a portion of -it is forced up the vessels which convey it to the brain, and the moment -it reaches this organ, it produces violent convulsions, insensibility, -and in a few moments death. A similar result takes place from breathing -foul air. In this case, although air may descend into the air-vessels -of the lungs, yet, as the grand element, the oxygen, is not present, no -change is produced in the blood; it pursues the same course as that just -pointed out, unchanged in its quality, and the same fatal result is the -inevitable consequence. - -The atmosphere in a state of purity is composed of two gases mixed -together; the one termed _oxygen_, the other _nitrogen_. After escaping -from the lungs, the air is found to have undergone a remarkable change; -the oxygen has disappeared, and its place is supplied with an equal -volume of another gas called _carbonic acid_; while at the same time -the air is altogether altered in many of its more important qualities; -it is no longer fit for the purposes of life, nor will a light burn in -it. A person shut up in a confined place without a supply of fresh air, -very soon expires: and a candle placed under a glass vessel filled with -air that has been breathed, immediately goes out. In short, respiration -and combustion are similar processes, and the same result is produced by -both, namely, carbonic acid gas. - -This gas is formed by the mixture of oxygen with carbon (charcoal). It is -absorbed very readily by water, and is perhaps best known in the form of -soda water; the aërated liquid sold under that name being nothing more -than water strongly impregnated with carbonic acid gas. It is formed by a -variety of processes--by breathing, by combustion, by fermentation, and -otherwise. In every case, however, its formation is attended with heat. -And now, having thus briefly introduced the subject, we may mention, that -on this fact is founded the theory which attempts to explain the means by -which the animal temperature is produced and maintained. It is founded on -the fact, that whenever oxygen enters into combination with carbon, and -forms carbonic acid gas, heat is always produced. - -The most usual manner in which this is effected is by combustion; the -substance which burns, such as wood, or tallow, or coal gas, for example, -consists principally of carbon, and on being ignited, the oxygen of the -atmosphere is made to combine with it, and carbonic acid is the result. -Every body knows that heat is produced by this process; but there are -many instances in which the same effect may take place without being so -readily understood. Heat and light are so constantly found united, that -we can hardly conceive how so large a substance as the human body can be -kept constantly warm without the aid of fire. It is, however, effected by -a chemical process identically the same as combustion, except that light -is not produced. The lungs may be regarded as the furnace of the body, -from which it derives its supply of heat; the fuel is the carbon in the -blood; and the wind-pipe is a chimney serving a double purpose: first, -to allow of the passage of fresh air for the process, and then to convey -away the vapour which is produced by it: for the breath which issues from -our lungs is just as much deteriorated in quality as that which escapes -from the chimney of a large furnace after passing through the fire. - -This, then, is the process by which the animal heat is maintained. -The blood comes to the lungs loaded with carbon; the air descends the -wind-pipe, consisting of one-third oxygen; the carbon of the blood and -the oxygen of the air unite; the blood is purified, and carbonic acid gas -is produced. This is attended with heat; the purified blood is capable -of absorbing all this heat, and does so. In its progress through the -body, as the blood again becomes impure, it gradually parts with the heat -so acquired, and on again being purified, it receives a fresh supply. -Nothing can be more simple and beautiful than this process; it is in -accordance with every great operation in nature, which is always effected -in the most direct and simple manner; and the proofs that this is the -manner in which nature effects her object in this instance, are numerous -and unanswerable. - -There are two circumstances which at first sight may appear to interfere -with the explanation above given of this very beautiful phenomenon. -First, the lungs are found to be but very little warmer than any other -part of the body, although, as we have stated, the animal heat is -produced in them: and, secondly, the quantity of carbon produced by -respiration is very small compared with the genial heat produced by its -conversion into carbonic acid. With regard to the heat of the lungs, a -series of experiments instituted for the purpose of ascertaining how they -were kept at so moderate a degree of temperature, led to the discovery -of an extraordinary change which takes place in the vital fluid after -being purified, which satisfactorily explains the circumstance. The pure -blood is found to have a greater capacity for heat than impure blood: -it will absorb more; and in consequence, all the heat produced by its -purification is immediately absorbed by it, and carried away as fast as -it is generated, to be distributed over the body. As the blood becomes -impure in its progress, it gradually loses its power of retaining the -heat it had so imbibed; and the heat therefore is distributed during the -circulation of the blood, and every part receives a due supply. This -change in the power of the vital fluid to absorb heat, according as it -is more or less pure, is a fact that was not established in the time of -Paley, or he would have been able to add another proof of design to his -unequalled argument. - -The quantity of fuel (if we may use the expression) required for -generating the heat of the animal frame, is certainly less than we might -anticipate. All animal and vegetable food contains a considerable portion -of carbon, which of course, after being digested, becomes a part of the -vital fluid, and in this way it is supplied for the process. It is well -known also that in cold climates, where a greater quantity of animal fuel -is required, the inhabitants are extremely fond of fat and oily matters, -which contain more carbon than any other kind of food; yet it would -hardly be imagined that so small a quantity as the eighth part of an -ounce of carbon per hour would be sufficient to maintain the heat of the -body at an uniform temperature of 98 degrees. We are assured by the best -chemists, however, that the average quantity of carbonic acid generated -by a person in health in twenty-four hours is about 40,000 cubic inches, -and this contains only about 11½ ounces of pure carbon. Rather less than -half an ounce is therefore used per hour in preserving the body at its -usual temperature. - -The limits of this article prevent our noticing other objections which -have been urged against the theory just described, but the facts it -rests upon can only be overturned by opposing facts which have never -yet been produced. It is certain that carbonic acid is produced during -respiration, that its production is always attended with heat, that pure -(arterial) blood is capable of absorbing a greater portion of heat than -impure (venous) blood, and that the temperature of any part of the body -is according to the supply of blood which it receives; an inflamed part, -becoming very hot, and a limb in which the circulation has been stopped -by a bandage becoming cold. These facts taken together sufficiently prove -the truth of the conclusion that has been drawn from them, and which we -have above very briefly illustrated. - -It remains to say a few words on the manner in which the body is relieved -of its superabundant heat, and enabled to bear such high degrees of -temperature as mentioned in the former paper. Franklin was the first -who gave a rational explanation of the phenomenon. He observed that the -evaporation of a small quantity of a liquid from the surface of any -substance would reduce the temperature of a very large body. If we place -a little ether on our hand, and allow it to evaporate, we shall soon -become sensible how much cold may be produced in this way. Wine-coolers -are formed on this principle: they are made of porous earth, through -which the water they contain oozes very gradually, and is evaporated by -the heat of the air: this cools the liquid within, and of course the -decanter of wine contained in it. Now, perspiration cools the body in a -similar manner. If any person looks closely at the fleshy part of his -hand, he will observe that the minute ridges which lie nearly parallel -to each other are covered with an innumerable number of small pores, -through which the perspiration may be seen issuing when the hand is -warm. From microscopic observations it is calculated that the skin is -perforated by 1000 of those pores, or holes, in every square inch, and -that the whole surface of the body therefore contains not less than -2,304,000 pores! When the body is heated to a certain degree, the fluid -portions are all directed to the skin, and escape gradually through these -pores in the form of perspiration, and the cooling power thus produced -is capable of immediately removing the superabundant heat. The moment -perspiration broke out on the bodies of the experimenters who ventured -into the heated oven, all sense of pain was removed; and in many fatal -disorders to which man is subject, the first symptom of returning health -is a similar occurrence. We may add, that a common cold is the effect of -the perspiration being suddenly checked, and that the health of the body -depends on the minute pores we have referred to being kept open and in -action. - - J. S. D. - -[3] Animals are divided by naturalists into two classes, cold-blooded and -warm-blooded; the latter breathe by lungs, through which all the blood -of the body is continually passed, and which has direct communication -with the air. Cold-blooded creatures, such as fishes, breathe by means -of gills, and the air, instead of coming into direct contact with their -vital fluid, is absorbed from the water. In the case of reptiles, which -are cold-blooded, although the air may come into direct contact with the -blood, as in the respiration of the frog, yet, by the peculiar structure -of his lungs, only half the blood is sent to them to be purified; and -thus his superiority over the fish in receiving air direct, is balanced -by the circumstance that his blood is only half purified, in consequence -of being only in part exposed to the action of the air. The temperature -of animals is found to have relation to their activity and vital energy. -The following list exhibits the temperature of the animals mentioned.-- - - Birds, 105 degrees Fahrenheit, - Sheep, 100 degrees -- - Worms, 36 degrees -- - Frog, 40 degrees -- - Snail, 36 degrees -- - Fish, 60 degrees -- - - * * * * * - -Society makes criminals, and then punishes them for their misdeeds. - - - - -ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES - -BY JOHN O’DONOVAN. - -The Seventh and Concluding Article. - - -At the present day very few of the original Irish names remain without -being translated into or assimilated with those borne by the English. Of -this I shall next furnish instances, the truth and correctness of which -cannot be controverted. Among the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Cathal, -which is synonymous with the Welsh Cadell, and signifies _warlike_, was -changed to Charles after the accession of Charles I. to the throne; for -the Irish, who were attached to this monarch, went great lengths to -assimilate several of their Christian names to Charles. Thus, while among -the O’Conors of Connaught, Cathal was manufactured into Charles (with -which, it will be readily granted, it has nothing in common, either in -meaning or sound), among the O’Conors of Faly in Leinster, Cahir, which -signifies _warrior_, was metamorphosed into the same: and at the same -time the Mac Carthys of Desmond substituted it for their Cormac, and the -O’Hagans and other northern families for their Turlogh. This was paying -their court to the king with a vengeance! - -In the families of Mac Carthy, O’Sullivan and O’Driscol, Finghin -[Fineen], a name very general among them, and which signifies _the -fair offspring_, has been anglicised to Florence. Among the same -southern families the name Saerbrethach, which prevails among the Mac -Carthys in particular, and which signifies the _noble justice_, is -translated Justin. In the family of O’Donovan, as the writer has had -every opportunity of knowing, the name Murrogh has been metamorphosed -to Morgan; Dermod, to Jeremiah; Teige, to Timothy; Conor or Concovar, -to Cornelius; Donogh, to Denis; and Donnell, to Daniel. In the family -of O’Brien, the hereditary name of Turlogh has been changed to Terence; -Mahon, to Matthew; Murtogh or Moriertagh, to Mortimer (but this very -lately); and Lachtna and Laoiseach, to Lucius. Among the O’Gradys the -name Aneslis is rendered Stanislaus and Standish. In the families of -O’Donnell, O’Kane, and others, in the province of Ulster, Manus, a -name borrowed by those families from the Danes, is now often rendered -Manasses. In the families of Mac Mahon and Mac Kenna, in Ulster, the -name Ardgal or Ardal, signifying _of high prowess or valour_, is always -anglicised Arnold. In the family of O’Madden of Shilanamchy, in the -south-east of the county of Galway, the hereditary name of Anmcha, -which is translated Animosus by Colgan, is now always rendered Ambrose, -to which, it will be readily granted, it does not bear the slightest -analogy. Among the families of Doyle, Cavanagh, and others, in the -province of Leinster, the name Maidoc, or Mogue, which they adopted from -St Maidoc, or Aidan, the patron saint of the diocese of Fernes, is now -always rendered Moses among the Roman Catholics, and Aidan among the -Protestants! (any thing to make a difference.) Among the O’Neills in -the province of Ulster, the name Felim, or Felimy, explained as meaning -_the ever good_, is now made Felix; Con, signifying _strength_, is made -Constantine; and Ferdoragh, meaning _dark-visaged man_, is rendered -Ferdinand. Among the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Ruaidhri, or Rory, -is anglicised Roderic, but among most other families it is rendered -Roger. In the same family, Tomaltach is rendered Thomas; Aodh, Hugh; and -Eoghan, Owen. In the families of Mac Donnell and others in Scotland, and -in the north of Ireland, the name Aengus, or Angus, is always rendered -Æneas. Among the O’Hanlys of Slieve Bawn, in the east of the county of -Roscommon, the name Berach, which they have adopted from their patron -saint, and which is translated by Colgan, _directe ad scopum collimans_, -is now always and correctly enough rendered Barry. Throughout Ireland -the old name of Brian is now rendered Bernard, and vulgarised to Barney, -which is more properly an abbreviation of Barnaby than of Bernard. Among -the O’Haras and O’Garas in the county of Sligo, the name Kian, which they -have adopted from their great ancestor Kian, the son of Olioll Olum, king -of Munster, is now rendered Kean; and I observe that the chief O’Hara -has suffered himself to be called Charles King O’Hara in a book lately -dedicated to him! In the family of Maguire, Cuconnaught is rendered -Constantine, while in other families Cosnavy undergoes precisely the same -change. In the family of O’Kane, the name Cooey written Cu-maighe in the -original language, and signifying “_dog of the plain_,” is now rendered -Quintin. In the family of O’Dowd, the ancient name of Dathi, which they -have adopted from their great ancestor of that name, who was the last -Pagan king of Ireland, is now rendered David, a name with which it is -supposed to be synonymous. In the north and west of Ireland the names -Duval-tach, Duv-da-lethe, and Duvdara, are all anglicised Dudley. In the -family of Mac Sweeny, the very ancient name of Heremon is anglicised -Irwin, but it is now almost obsolete as a Christian name. In the families -of O’Hanlon, O’Haran, and O’Heany, in the province of Ulster, the name -Eochy, signifying _horseman_, and which was latinized Eochodius, Achaius, -Euthichius, and Equitius, is anglicised Auhy and Atty; but this name -is also almost obsolete, the writer having never met more than one -person who bore the name, in his travels through Ireland. Among the -O’Mulconrys, now Conrys, the names Flann, Fithil, and Flaithri, have been -anglicised Florence. In the family of O’Daly, the name Baothghalach, -which was formerly latinized Boethius, is now always rendered Bowes; -and in that of O’Clery, the name Lughaidh is anglicised Lewy and Lewis. -Among the O’Reillys of Cavan, the hereditary name of Maelmora, which -signifies _majestic chief_, is now invariably rendered Myles, and among -the O’Kellys of Hy-Many, the name Fachtna is rendered Festus. In every -part of Ireland, Maelseachlainn, or Melaghlin, which signifies _servant -of St Secundinus_, has been changed to Malachy, to which it bears no -analogy whatever, excepting some fancied resemblance in sound. In every -part of Ireland the name of Gilla-patrick has been changed to Patrick; -and, by the way, it is curious to observe, that common as the name -Patrick has now become in Ireland, especially among the lower classes, -it was never in use among the ancient Irish, for they never called their -children by the name itself of the Irish apostle, deeming it more humble -and more auspicious to call them his _servants_; and hence we find the -ancient Irish calling their children, not Patrick, but Maelpatrick, or -Gillapatrick; and these names they latinized Patricianus, not Patricius. -The name of Patrick is now looked upon as the most vulgar in use among -the Irish, which is a very strange and almost unaccountable prejudice, -for Patricius was one of the most honourable names in all antiquity, as -the reader will see if he will take the trouble to read the work on the -antiquity of British Churches, by Ussher, pp. 841-1046, in which that -learned primate gives the history and derivation of the name. - -The names of women have been also very much metamorphosed, and many of -the most curious of them entirely rejected. I have now before me a list -of the names of women, drawn up from the authentic Irish annals, and -from the History of Remarkable Women--a curious tract in the Book of -Lecan, fol. 193; but as the limits allotted to me in this Journal will -not allow me to furnish such a list, I must rest satisfied with giving -such names as are still retained, with a selection from the most curious -of those which have been rejected, adding their meanings as far as they -are certain. The following are the ancient Irish names of women still -retained, as the writer has determined by examining the provinces of -Ulster, Connaught, Leinster, and the greater part of Munster:-- - -1. _Ainé_, now Hannah. - -2. _Brighid_, now anglicised Bridget, from its resemblance to the name -of the celebrated Swedish virgin of that name. Brighid is a woman’s name -of pagan origin in Ireland; it has been explained _fiery dart_ by the -Irish glossographers, especially by Cormac, Archbishop of Cashel, who -distinctly states in his glossary that it was the name of the Muse who -was believed to preside over poetry in pagan times in Ireland. _Brighid_ -is now very common in Ireland as the name of a woman, in consequence -of its being that of the most celebrated of the female saints of -Ireland--the patroness of Kildare--who is well known all over Europe as -the great patroness of Ireland. - -3. _Finola_, though a beautiful name, has nearly become obsolete since -the beginning of the eighteenth century, but some few still retain it in -the abbreviated form of Nuala. - -4. _Graine_, now Grace. - -5. _Lassarina_, also, though in use not long since, has latterly became -obsolete. - -6. _Meadhbh_, pronounced Meave. This is still preserved and anglicised -Maud, Mab, and Mabby; and the writer is acquainted with several old -women of the Milesian race who still retain it. This was the name of a -celebrated queen of Connaught, who flourished in the first century, and -who is now known in the legends of the mountainous districts of Ireland -as the queen of the fairies. From this country her spirit found way into -Scotland, and thence into the north of England, where Shakspeare met -with her, but in rather too diminutive a form for the shade of the Irish -heroine. - -7. _Mor_, pronounced More. The writer believes that there are a few women -of this name still living in Ireland; but he is confident that there are -but very few, though it was the name of many honourable ladies in the -reign of Queen Elizabeth, and for a century later. In our own times, -however, it has been almost invariably anglicised Mary, with which it is -neither synonymous nor cognate. - -8. _Sadhbh_, pronounced Soyv, is the name of several women of the old -Irish races, and who are known to the writer. It is now almost invariably -anglicised Sally, to which it bears no analogy. - -9. _Sorcha_ is still the name of several women in Ireland, especially in -the province of Ulster; but the rising generation are beginning to object -to it as being too Irish, and are determined on having it changed to -Sarah or Sally. The writer is acquainted with families in whom this name -is hereditary, and among whom the mother is always called Sorcha, and the -daughter Sally; and though the latter knows that her own and her mother’s -name are the same, still would she blush to hear her own name pronounced -_Sorcha_. The name Sorcha signifies clear, bright, and might be well -rendered Lucy or _Lucinda_; but we should like to see it preserved in -its primitive form, which is not to be despised either for its sound or -signification. - -10. _Una._ This name is still in constant use among the women of Ireland, -but when speaking English, they invariably anglicise it to Winifred or -Winny. - -The writer is not aware that any other name which was in use in the -ancient Irish time is now retained, except the foregoing. - -The names Catherine, Evlin, Eleanor, Isabella, Mary, Honora, Sheela -(Celia), and many others now in use, and supposed to be of Irish origin, -do not occur in the Account of Remarkable Women above referred to, and -there is no reason to believe that they were ever in use in ancient -Ireland. - -The following is a list of curious names of women which occur in the -authentic annals and in the History of Remarkable Women. It is highly -probable that a few of them are of Danish origin:-- - -1. Aevin, _i. e._ Amoena; 2, Africa; 3, Albi and Albin; 4, Allin; 5, -Alma, all good; 6, Alphin; 7, Athracta. This name has been restored by -the Mac Dermott of Coolavin. 8, Barduv, blackhaired; 9, Bebail, woman of -prosperity; 10, Bebin, melodious woman; 11, Blanaid, Florinda, from blath, -a blossom; 12, Brigh, vigour; 13, Cacht, bondmaid; 14, Cailleach-De, -_i. e._ female servant of God; 15, Cailleach-Kevin, the female servant -of St Kevin; 16, Cailleach-Aengus, the female servant of St Aengus; 17, -Caintigern, fair lady; 18, Keara, the ruddy; 19, Cochrand; 20, Covfla, -_i. e._ Victoria; 21, Coca; 22, Corcar, the ruddy; 23, Crea; 24, Devnet; -25, Derval, the true request; 26, Derforgal, the true pledge, latinized -Dervorgilla; 27, Dianiv and Diniv; 28, Dechter; 29, Derdrè, alarm; 30, -Dorenn, the sullen; 31, Duv-Covfla, victoria nigra; 32, Duvessa, nigra -nutrix; 33, Dunsa, the brown-haired; 34, Dunlah, lady of the fort; 35, -Edwina; 36, Eithné; 37, Elbrigh; 38, Emeria; 39, Eri; 40, Essa, nutrix; -41, Euginia, female of Eogan; 42, Fedilmi, the over-good; 43, Finbil, -the white blossom; 44, Findelv, fair countenance; 45, Finnavor, of the -fair eye-lids; 46, Finni, the comely; 47, Finscoh, the fair flower; 48, -Findah, the fair colour; 49, Flanna, the ruddy; 50, Gelgés, swan-white; -51, Gemlorg, gem-like; 52, Gnahat; 53, Gobnet, female of Gobban; 54, -Gormlah, the blue lady; 55, Ida, the just; 56, Lann; 57, Lasser, a flame; -58, Lasserina, flame or blush of the wine; 59, Lerthan; 60, Lithan; 61, -Luanmasi, beautiful as the moon; 62, Ligach, pearly, or like a precious -stone; 63, Maelmaiden, servant of the morning; 64, Mongfin, of the fair -hair; 65, Moncha, the same as Monica; 66, Murgel, the fair one of the -sea; 67, Murrin, crinita, or of the long hair; 68, Neave, effulgence; -69, Orlah, or Orflah, the golden lady; 70, Ranalt, female of Randal; -71, Ronat, female of Ronan; 72, Saraid, the excellent; quere, the -same as Sarah? 73, Selvlah, lady of possessions; 74, Shimah, the good -tranquillity; 75, Sodelva, of the goodly aspect; 76, So-Domina, the good -lady; 77, Temar, the conspicuous; 78, Talilah, quere Dalilah? 79, Tindi, -the tender; 80, Tressi, strength; 81, Tualah, the noble lady; 82, Uailsi, -the proud; 83, Uaisli, the gentle; 84, Uallach, the proud; 85, Uchdelva, -of the fair breast; 86, Unchi, the contentious. - -We have now seen the process by which the Irish people have assimilated -their names and surnames to those of the English, and the reasons which -have led them to do so. I would not so much regret their having done so, -if I were not aware that some of the families who have thus anglicised -their names wish to conceal their Irish origin, as if they were ashamed -of their ancestors and country, and that another result of these changes -must soon be, that statistical writers will be apt to infer from the -small number of ancient Irish surnames retained in Ireland, that all the -old Irish race were supplanted by the English. - -I shall close these notices of the surnames of the Irish people by a -remark which I should wish to be universally believed, namely--That no -ancient Irish surname is perfect unless it has either O or Mac prefixed, -excepting in those instances where the soubriquet or cognomen of the -ancestor is used as the surname, as Cavanagh, &c., and, accordingly, that -nine-tenths of the surnames at present borne by the Irish people are -incorrect, as being mere mutilations of their original forms. - - “Per Mac atque O, tu veros cognoscis Hibernos - His duobus demptis, nullus Hibernus adest: - By Mac and O - You’ll surely know - True Irishmen alway; - But if they lack - Both O and Mac, - No Irishmen are they.” - -The truth of this well-known distich may now be questioned, though it was -correct a few centuries since. - -It is but natural to suppose that a conquered people should look upon -themselves as inferior to their conquerors; and this rage for adopting -English surnames which prevails at present, is, in the opinion of the -writer, a clear proof of the prevalence of this feeling, that the Irish -consider themselves inferior to the English. Spenser, while he advises -that the Irish be compelled to reject their O’s and Macs, and to adopt -English surnames, dissuades his own countrymen from adopting Irish ones, -as some of them had done, in the following words, which the writer, being -as Irish as Spenser was English, now adopts as his own:--“Is it possible -that any should so farre growe out of frame, that they should in so short -space, quite forget their countrey and their own names! that is a most -dangerous lethargie, much worse than that of Messala Corvinus, who being -a most learned man, thorough sickness forgat his own name.”--_State of -Ireland, Dub. ed. p. 107._ - -And again:-- - -“Could they ever conceive any such dislike of their own natural countreys -as that they would _be ashamed of their name_, and byte at the dugge from -which they sucked life?”--_Ibid, p. 108._ - - - - -THE ICHNEUMON. - - -Of this animal many very absurd stories have been told, amongst which -not the least ridiculous is, that it watches its opportunity when the -huge crocodile of the Nile slumbers upon the river bank, and, artfully -inducing the monster to yawn by tickling his nostril with its tail, -rushes fearlessly and with wondrous agility between the terrible jaws -and their formidable rows of teeth, and, forcing its daring way down its -throat, retains possession of its strange citadel until it has destroyed -its unwieldy victim, when it gnaws its way out, and leaves the carcase -to wither in the sun. Other travellers have pretended to contradict the -above story, but their mode of doing so involves a piece of absurdity no -less glaring than the equally unfounded legend they assume to themselves -the merit of correcting; for by their account the Ichneumon does not -enter the throat of the crocodile with a hostile intent at all, neither -does it use its tail to cause that creature to open its jaws, for of that -is there no need, seeing that the crocodile opens them of his own will, -and likewise with pleasure allows the Ichneumon to enter for the purpose -of clearing his throat of swarms of tormenting insects which lodge -therein, and by their stinging produce intolerable pain. I can however -assure my readers that this subject has been, since the above conflicting -statements reached us, effectually cleared up; and you may confidently -rely upon it that the Ichneumon no more enters the crocodile’s mouth -whether as a friend or as an enemy, whether to destroy him or destroy his -tormentors the flies, than that he attacks him while awake. - -The Ichneumon is shaped somewhat like a ferret, but is rather more -slender in its form, and its head is likewise longer and narrower; it -is also an animal of far greater activity and lightness of movement, -being able to clear at one spring a distance of a couple of yards. It -is further a most expert climber, and it will be a very high wall indeed -that will confine it within an enclosure. The colour of the Ichneumon is -a brownish grey, or a light brown barred with white; the animal indeed -appears speckled with a dirty white, but it is so only in appearance, -the fact being, that each several hair has brown and white rings upon -it. Upon the back, sides, and tail, these rings are small, and the hair -longer than upon the head and extremities of its limbs; hence these -latter parts appear of a darker hue. The hair upon the feet is very short -and thin, and they are nearly as naked as those of the common rat. The -tail of the Ichneumon is very long, usually one-sixth longer than its -body, and upon its extremity is a tuft of very long black hair. The hair -of this creature is drier, thicker, and weaker, than in any other member -of the same genus. - -The length of a full-grown Ichneumon, from the tip of the nose to the end -of the tail, is about two feet six inches, of which the tail occupies -about sixteen inches, and the body fourteen. The length of the head is -about three inches, measuring from the back of the ears to the point of -the muzzle. The height of the Ichneumon at the most elevated part of the -back is about six inches; but this of course varies according to the -animal’s position at the time of measurement. - -The habits of the Ichneumon present a sort of admixture of those of the -ferret and the cat; like the former, it delights in blood, and where -it has once fastened itself, maintains a tenacious hold; but like the -latter, and unlike the former, it has but little stomach for braving -danger, and will rather go without its dinner than run the chance of a -battle in obtaining it. He is strictly a nocturnal animal, and usually -remains in his covert until the shades of evening begin to fall around, -when he sallies forth on his career of havoc and blood. Were it not -necessary for the satisfying of his appetite, I doubt whether he would -leave his haunt at all, so timid is he: he steals along the ground with -light and cautious steps, his motions resembling the gliding of the -snake rather than the progressive steps of the quadruped. His sharp, -vigilant, sparkling black eyes are anxiously reconnoitring every side of -him, and carefully examining the character and bearings of every object -which meets his view; stealthily he creeps along until he comes upon -the spot where the crocodile has hidden her eggs in the sand; nimbly -and cleverly he pounces upon them, guided to their place of concealment -by his exquisite sense of smell, and, biting a hole in their side, -banquets on their contents. It is thus that the Ichneumon thins the -numbers of that formidable reptile the crocodile, not by directing its -attacks against that creature himself, but by insidiously searching -after and destroying his embryo offspring. The Ichneumon likewise kills -and devours with extreme greediness such small snakes and lizards as -are common in its native country, many of which are highly dangerous, -and all annoying enough to make their destruction desirable, to which -the Ichneumon appears guided by a powerful instinct. It is sometimes -bitten in these encounters, when it is said immediately to search for and -devour the root of a certain plant, said to be an antidote against the -bite of the most venomous reptile. It is alleged that this little animal -will frequently kill even the Cobra di Capello. Lucan in his Pharsalia -describes the manner in which it contrives to destroy the Asp, one of the -most poisonous serpents in existence. The passage I refer to has been -translated thus:-- - - Thus oft, the Ichneumon on the banks of Nile - Invades the deadly Aspic by a wile; - While artfully his slender tail is play’d, - The serpent darts upon the dancing shade. - Then turning on the foe with swift surprise, - Full on the throat the nimble seizer flies. - The gasping snake expires beneath the wound, - His gushing jaws with poisonous floods abound, - And shed the fruitless mischief on the ground. - -In consequence of the vigilance and success of this little animal in -destroying these noxious creatures, he was held in great veneration by -the Egyptians and Hindoos; but by the former he was actually regarded as -a disguised divinity, clothed in that form for the purpose of putting -his benevolent purposes into practice with the greater readiness; and -we accordingly find him occupying a prominent position in the sacred -symbols of that people, who were indeed commonly in the habit of deifying -whatever afforded them peculiar benefit of any kind, as they likewise -adored the river Nile, on account of the fertilizing effect produced by -its periodical inundations. - -The Ichneumon is said, if taken young, to be capable of perfect -domestication, to form a strong attachment to the person who reared him, -as well as to the house he inhabits; whence from his zeal and activity -in the destruction of rats and mice, he forms a valuable substitute for -the cat, which indeed he is in Egypt used instead of. He is also said to -be very domestic in his habits, quite a tarry-at-home kind of gentleman, -and, unlike puss, never on any account given to ramble; when lost, he is -said to seek his patron with indefatigable zeal until he finds him, and -to express his joy at rejoining him by the most tender and affectionate -caresses. When he eats, however, nature asserts her prerogative, and the -natural disposition of the animal resumes its place, whence it had for a -time been driven by artificial means. - -Indeed it requires but little to awaken in this creature all its natural -fierceness and love of slaughter, notwithstanding that so much has been -said and written of its amiability and docility. Mr D’Obsonville, in his -“Essay on the Nature of Animals,” gives an account of a domesticated -individual which he had in his possession, which places its disposition -in a correct point of view. He got the animal very young, and fed it -upon milk, and as it grew older, upon baked meat, mixed with rice. He -states that it soon became even tamer than a cat, would come to his -call, and if at liberty, follow him everywhere, even in his walks. One -day Mr D’Obsonville brought him a small living water-serpent, curious to -ascertain how far his instinct would carry him against a creature with -which he had been hitherto totally unacquainted. “His emotion,” says Mr -D’Obsonville, “seemed at first to be that of astonishment mixed with -anger, for his hair became erect; but in an instant after, he slipped -behind the reptile, and with remarkable swiftness and agility leaped upon -its head, seized it, and crushed it between his teeth. This essay and -new aliment seemed to have awakened in him his innate and destructive -voracity, which till then had given way to the gentleness he had acquired -from his education. I had about my house several curious kinds of fowls, -among which he had been brought up, and which till then he had suffered -to go and come unmolested and unregarded; but a few days after, when he -found himself alone, he strangled them every one, ate a little, and, as -it appeared, drank the blood of two.” - -I have already stated that the Ichneumon is said to eat of the leaves or -root of a certain plant in the event of his being bitten by a poisonous -serpent. I revert to the circumstance, because it is an extraordinary -one, inasmuch as the Indians follow the example of the animal, and use -the same plant successfully as an antidote when they themselves happen -to get a bite, and call the plant after the animal. This is curious, -as being parallel with the case of the Guacomithy or Serpent Hawk of -South America, mentioned in one of my papers on Serpent Charming; nor -is it upon light authority that I relate this fact of the Ichneumon. Mr -Percival, that close and scrupulous observer, saw the experiment tried -of presenting a snake to the animal in a closed room, when, instead of -attacking, it did all in its power to avoid it. On the snake, however, -being carried out of the house, and laid near its antagonist in a -plantation, he immediately darted at and soon destroyed it. The Ichneumon -then retired to a wood, and ate a portion of that plant which is said to -be an antidote to the serpent’s bite, and no harm came to him, although -he had received a bite in the encounter. - -I for my part can speak but little for the gentleness of the Ichneumon, -or the facility with which it may be tamed, having one in my own -possession, which has now for a considerable period baffled all my -endeavours to domesticate it, and will not even now suffer me to approach -the case in which it is kept, without growling fiercely at me, and -spitting in the manner of an enraged cat, springing also against the -bars of its prison, and using its utmost endeavours to fly in my face. -I have tried starvation, high feeding, kindness, chastisement, hard -usage, and tenderness, all by turns, and as yet unsuccessfully. I was -never so baffled in taming an animal before, though the polecat, weasel, -fox, and badger, have with the otter successively owned my mastery, -and acknowledged me as their subjugator. I have not even handled this -animal yet, unless with a thick glove upon my hand, and even with that -protection I have received several severe bites. I saw one, however, -in the Royal Zoological Gardens some time ago, which was very tame, -and would suffer itself to be caressed even by strangers; so I shall -persevere; and should I eventually succeed in taming the little savage, -depend upon it the reader shall be advertised of the fact, and of all the -circumstances attendant thereupon. - -Until lately the Ichneumon had not a well-determined name in the -methodical catalogues. Naturalists have mostly described it rather by -character than figure. Figures were indeed given by Gesner, Aldrovandi, -and others, but not sufficiently distinct to guard against mistake. Even -Buffon mistook the Mangouste for it, to which he has applied all the -descriptions properly belonging to the Ichneumon. The name “Ichneumon” -is Greek, and is indicative of the habits of the animal, and was first -applied to it by Herodotus. - -I trust that the above sketch may serve to point out the animal and its -habits to the reader with sufficient distinctness. - - H. D. R. - - * * * * * - -MODERN EDUCATION.--“Larning--larning--larning,” is the cry of father an’ -mother--if my boy had the “larning,” what a janius he’d be! In coorse, -ye old fools, your _bouchal_ would be a swan among the goslins; but it -isn’t “larning” half the world want: instead of “larning,” by which they -mean cobwebs picked out of dead men’s brains, if they would get some -discipline. Discipline--discipline--discipline, that’s the only education -I ever saw that brought a boy to any good. What’s the use of battering a -man’s brains full of Greek and Latin pothooks, that he forgets before he -doffs his last round jacket, to put on his first long-tailed blue, if ye -don’t teach him the old Spartan virtue of obedience, hard living, early -rising, and them sort of classics? Where’s the use of instructing him in -hexameters and pentameters, if you leave him ignorant of the value of a -penny piece? What height of bletherin’ stupidity it is to be fillin’ a -boy’s brains with the wisdom of the ancients, and then turn him out like -an _omadhaun_ to pick up his victuals among the moderns!--_Blackwood’s -Magazine._ - - - - -TO OUR READERS. - - -It becomes our duty to acquaint our readers that the present Number of -the IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, which will complete a volume, will also be the -last presented to them, at least by its original projectors and prevent -proprietors. Our readers will hardly deem it necessary that we should -trouble them with any detail of the circumstances which have led to this -determination; it will be sufficient to state, that while the success -of the work has in some respects even exceeded the anticipations of its -proprietors, it has disappointed them in others. The sale of the Journal, -although great and steadily progressing in those distant localities -where any increase of sale was least to be expected, has been either -stationary or diminishing in those portions of the kingdom for whose use -and advantage it was especially intended, and to which, therefore, the -proprietors naturally looked for the greatest degree of encouragement. -However humbling it may be to the national feeling of most of our Irish -readers, the fact must be acknowledged, that the sale of the Journal in -London alone has exceeded that in the four provinces of Ireland, not -including Dublin; and that in other cities at the other side of the -Channel it has been nearly equal to half the Irish provincial sale. -And it may be added that in London, as well as in most other cities -in the sister island, the sale has to the present moment continued to -increase, while in all parts of Ireland, with the exception of the -metropolis, it has gradually declined. In short, nearly two-thirds of -the amount of sales of the IRISH PENNY JOURNAL have been effected out -of Ireland. Whatever may be the cause of this result, it is sufficient -for the proprietors to have ascertained, that the object which they had -originally in view in starting this little publication, have not been -attained to the extent which they had anticipated, and that, under such -circumstances, it would be visionary in them further to indulge hopes -which there is so little probability of ever being realised. - -The proprietors have only therefore to take a respectful leave of -their numerous readers and supporters, and return their grateful -acknowledgments to all who have taken an interest in their publication. -To the Press of the British Empire such an expression of gratitude is -especially due, for from those influential organs of public opinion it -has received during its progress the most cheering encouragement, and -this, too, wholly unmingled with even a portion of censure or dispraise. -That such commendations have not been altogether undeserved, and that the -promises made in the original prospectus have not been left unfulfilled, -the proprietors fondly anticipate will be the permanent opinion of -the public; and they indulge, moreover, the pleasing conviction, that -the volume now brought to a termination will live in the literature -of Ireland as one almost exclusively Irish, and possessing what may -be considered as no trifling distinction for such a work--a spirit -throughout its pages wholly national, and untinctured by the slightest -admixture of prejudices either political or sectarian. - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool, JOHN - MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, - Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -52, June 26, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55604-0.txt or 55604-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/6/0/55604/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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