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diff --git a/old/55604-h/55604-h.htm b/old/55604-h/55604-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 38dd7ec..0000000 --- a/old/55604-h/55604-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2055 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, June 26, 1841, by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; -} - -table.heading { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - width: 40em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.footnotes { - margin-top: 1em; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; -} - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; -} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.gap4 { - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.poetry .indent1 { - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.poetry .indent5 { - text-indent: 2em; -} - -.poetry .indent6 { - text-indent: 3em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: smaller; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, -June 26, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 52, June 26, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 22, 2017 [EBook #55604] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout" class="heading"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 52.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, JUNE 26, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/tomb.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="The tomb of Curran" /> -</div> - -<h2>TOMB OF CURRAN.</h2> - -<p>Twenty years had nearly elapsed, and no stone marked the -grate where Curran was interred: still Ireland continued -unpossessed of the remains of one of the ablest of her orators -and purest of her patriots, and seemed, in this instance especially, -to justify the reproach of her habitual neglect towards -the posthumous reputation of her great men.</p> - -<p>To the managing committee of the cemetery at Glasnevin -belongs the merit, in this eminent instance, of setting an example -which may remove or mitigate the humiliating truth of -that too just reproach.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> They reclaimed for Ireland the bones -of Curran, which were transferred from England to the cemetery -over which they preside.</p> - -<p>To Lord Cloncurry, ever foremost or forward in aught affecting -the public weal, and through life distinguished as the munificent -supporter of all the elegant and useful arts—of every object -proposing to advance the interests of his country or honour -of her name—to him belongs the merit of originating a subscription -from which has resulted the monument at Glasnevin, -and the other now in progress at the church of St Patrick.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -Thus at the northern extremity of Dublin the tomb of Curran -stands over his remains; and at the southern extremity, -in our metropolitan Cathedral Church, which may be called our -little Westminster, a cenotaph, now begun, will soon bear -witness that after a lapse of 23 years, new recorded honours -gather round his monument, and his glory still freshens in the -memory of posterity.</p> - -<p>A senior fellow of our University, who had no other share -in his subsequent elevation to a mitre than the circumstance -of having rendered himself worthy of it, observes on the subject -of this commemoration as follows:—“It (a letter) shows -me, however, that you intended to apply to me on a subject -well calculated to excite my sympathy; and it gives me an -opportunity of indulging my own feelings, and of promoting -my own honour, in avowing my admiration and respect for -splendid talents and disinterested patriotism. I shall therefore -be flattered by the insertion of my name in your list, -though I do not entertain the ambitious thought of my doing -honour to the memory of a man who has erected for himself a -monument greater and more lasting than can be contained in -any cemetery.”</p> - -<p>The wood-cut engraving prefixed to this article is descriptive -of Curran’s tomb at Glasnevin, of which Mr J. T. Papworth, -A.R.H.A., architect of the Royal Dublin Society, was -the architect, and conductor of its construction and successful -execution. It is a fac simile of the celebrated chef-d’œuvre -of the antique known as the tomb of Scipio Barbatious,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> -exemplars of which are favourite objects of purchase to the -visiters of Rome, and lovers of virtu. It is a magnificent -specimen of that simple, durable, massive grandeur, which -the early artists of the mistress of the world deemed suitable -to the character of a great man’s sepulchre; fit to outlive, -like its great Roman prototype, numerous generations of -men, and bear down the name of its honoured object to the -admiration of a most distant posterity. Napoleon’s tomb at -St Helena was of course the suggestion of the best taste of -France and Italy combined. It bears a close resemblance to -that of Scipio. The material of the latter is of an inferior description -of stone, greatly surpassed by that of Curran’s tomb, -which is composed of the best specimen, perhaps, extant, of -our finest Irish granite, and sparkles like silver in the sun. -The application of this product to sepulchral purposes is recent -and appropriate. The late palace of our dukes, the late -halls of our parliament, the testimonials commemorating the -victors who most exalted the glory of Britain on the ocean and -by land, our custom-house and post-office, our courts of justice, -the harbours of Wicklow, Howth, and Dunleary, the -spire of St Patrick’s, the grandest of our bridges, with most -other of our magnificent public edifices, have long displayed and -will long display the value of our granite for beauty and solidity. -It has superseded the use of Portland stone, for, capable -of being cut into the finer figures of architecture, it admits -of any shape, it withstands any weather; and harder than freestone, -and hardening in the air, and susceptible of every formation -from the chisel, the mallet, and the hammer, it stands of -all the mineral kingdom most faithful to the trust of monumental -fame. But it is not by such memorials, as was justly -observed by the eminent prelate already referred to; it is -not by such memorials as art may construct from marble or -brass, or our own enduring granite, that the immortality of -Curran’s fame can be achieved, it is in the great efforts of his -transcendant genius we best can contemplate his deathless -monument, and in that respect it may be said of him as Johnson -said on a like occasion,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“A mortal born, he met a mortal’s doom,</div> -<div class="verse">But left, like Egypt’s kings, a lasting tomb.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The tomb is in the form of a Sarcophagus, of the Doric order -of architecture, richly sculptured. The triglyphs are most -delicately wrought, and the metopes are ornamented with -pateras. It is erected so as to appear upon a tumulus, which -has a good effect. The dimensions are as follow:—</p> - -<table summary="Dimensions"> - <tr> - <td>The plinth</td> - <td class="right">11</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">2¼</td> - <td>inches</td> - <td>by</td> - <td class="right">5</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">6½</td> - <td>inches.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The dado</td> - <td class="right">8</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">11</td> - <td>inches</td> - <td>by</td> - <td class="right">3</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">8½</td> - <td>inches.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height</td> - <td class="right">8</td> - <td>feet</td> - <td class="right">2</td> - <td colspan="6">inches.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The blocks of granite of which the tomb has been formed -are perhaps the largest made use of in Ireland, each weighing -from 4 to 5 tons. The joints between the blocks have been so -managed as to be imperceptible, and the tomb thus appears -to be one entire mass of granite.</p> - -<p class="right">F.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This monument, if not influencing, has certainly been followed by -monuments now in progress of erection to the late Chief Baron Joy, Mr -Drummond, the Dean of St Patrick’s, Lord Clements, and others.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The contract has been made with Mr Christopher Moore, an Irish sculptor -of much celebrity. The foundation is laid to granite, the structure will -be marble, and the situation fronts the monument of the late Serjeant Ball.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE MARKET-WOMAN.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY M. C. R.</span></h2> - -<p>Some of the pleasantest of the many pleasant reminiscences -of my childhood are associated with the recollection of a very -ugly uncouth woman, with a very ugly uncouth name, “Moll -Miskellagh,” our market-woman. If the cognomen “Moll” -was intolerable to “ears polite,” what was it to the euphonious -appellation of her better half, “Mogue Miskellagh?” The English -groom of an Irish gentleman once overheard some person -calling “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue Miskellagh!” “Mogue -Miskellagh!” he thrice exclaimed, voice, eyes, and hands in -their various ways expressing astonishment, “does that ’ere -name belong to a Christian?”</p> - -<p>The home of my early days was situated five miles from the -nearest market-town; and as it was not always convenient to -send a servant and horse for the various commodities necessary -for a tolerably large family, a regular drudging market man or -woman was deemed indispensable. Moll Miskellagh heard of -“the lady’s” wants and wishes, and believing her own limbs -to be stout, and her memory retentive, offered herself as the -“beast of burden.”</p> - -<p>“Mistress, jew’l,” pleaded Moll, with the most persuasive -brogue imaginable, “sorra sitch a pair ov legs in the whole -counthry; an’ for my back, it bangs Banagher for the strinth! -As to my karracther, thank God I need say nothin’ about it, -as I may safely lave it to my naiburs for its honesty.”</p> - -<p>“And honesty must have its reward,” returned the amiable -and well-beloved “Misthress,” whose business it was to engage -the market-woman. “But do you read?”</p> - -<p>“Augh! sorra bit ov me, yer honour,” quoth Mrs Miskellagh, -with a groan; “larnin’ wasn’t the fashin in my young -days, or I ’spose I’d have got a lick ov it like the rest. But -what ov that, misthress?”</p> - -<p>“Why, it would be better for all parties that you did read, -as you will have so many notes to carry to different shops, -and you cannot fail to be sadly puzzled.”</p> - -<p>“Augh, lave out the notes, ma’am,” interrupted Moll, somewhat -impatiently, “an’ give me yer commands by word ov -mouth, an’ I’ll engage for it. I’ll go to the four quarthers ov -the town, an’ do yer errands widout a single mistake: bekase -why, if I wud happen to forget one or two, I have a way ov -me own to make me remimber agin. So, for God’s an’ me -childher’s sakes, yer honour, give me the berth, an’ I’ll sarve -ye faithful. Throth I’ll drag as much as an ass!”</p> - -<p>“Well, I believe I shall try you, Molly,” said the lady, smiling -kindly, the appeal of distress never lost upon her. “Thursdays -and Saturdays are the days we send to town; be you -ready to attend me at ten o’clock next Thursday.”</p> - -<p>I was present at this engagement, and though I was very -young at the time, never shall I forget the frightful grins -with which Moll Miskellagh graced her exuberant thanks, -nor her extra-extraordinary curtseys! I have seen an elephant -attempt such movements since, and I can declare that -the quadruped was the more graceful of the two. The -“quadruped!” do I say? I would not vow that our market-woman -was not akin to a camel: she was as enduring as one, -I am sure, and seldom have I seen her without her burthen -behind.</p> - -<p>Well, on Thursday Moll Miskellagh was punctual; she -came with eyes, ears, and hands all prepared for “town.”</p> - -<p>“I am sadly afraid——” began the lady, pausing, and -looking doubtfully at her messenger.</p> - -<p>“Of what, yer honour?” inquired Molly briskly.</p> - -<p>“That your memory cannot retain all the commissions I -must entrust you with, and not only me, but every one in the -house.”</p> - -<p>“Thry me, madam—go on, jew’l! Never fear me! Give -me a hundred ov them if you like, for I have a way ov me own -to remimber.”</p> - -<p>“Well, I wish to serve you at all events. Then you must -first carry this post-bag to the post-office.”</p> - -<p>“So I can, madam; an’ I need say nothin’ there, as the bag -will tell what it wants ov itself. Go on, darlint!”</p> - -<p>“Then you are to go to the baker’s in New-street, to the -butcher’s in Market-street, to F——’s for groceries, to Mrs -R—— of Church-street with this note, and to Mrs L—— of -Castle-hill with the other. And here is a list of articles you -are to purchase for me at any shop you please. But what -operation are you performing on your fingers?”</p> - -<p>“Augh, there’s my saicret!” quoth the market-woman -triumphantly. “Ye see, misthress, I have three sorts ov -thread, black, white, an’ grey; an’ when I am not sure that -I’ll think ov a thing parfectly, I tie one ov those threads on -one ov me fingers; an’ whin I am at a loss, I keep lookin’ at -the thread till I remimber what I tied it on for, an’ so at last -it comes into my mimory. Go on, misthress, if you plaise; the -day is gettin’ late with us.”</p> - -<p>“I have no more commissions, Molly; but here comes your -master with his.”</p> - -<p>“Well, Mrs Miskellagh, have you got all your <em>commandments</em>?” -inquired the “ministhur,” smiling.</p> - -<p>“Augh, be lanient, yer rivirince! the mistress has given me -a power to do to-day.”</p> - -<p>“Well, Moll, I will be lenient. I have only two or three -trifling commissions to give you. First, you must go to the -post-office, and then to B——’s for my boots; neither parson -nor priest can do without them, you know. Did you ever hear -of the ‘priest in his boots,’ Moll?”</p> - -<p>“Throth I have, an’ danced it too, sur. Go on, yer rivirince: -what next?”</p> - -<p>“Next you are to go to Mr W——, the attorney, with this -note, and be sure to wait for his answer. I have no more -commissions to-day. But now, Moll, take care of the youngsters; -and here they come, ready to overwhelm you!”</p> - -<p>“Ogh! Lard help me!” ejaculated the poor market-woman, -as a troop of laughing, romping children bounded into the -room and surrounded her.</p> - -<p>Now, grandpapa, for a little innocent mischief, privately slid -silver to each of the youngsters, to gratify their various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> -tastes in toys, purposely to test poor Moll’s system of mnemonics. -The eldest boy was about to give his orders in a loud -key, when Moll Miskellagh, with a proper reverence for her -own sex, pushed him aside, and desired the “young Miss” to -“spaik up first.”</p> - -<p>“A sixpenny doll, and two dishes for my baby-kitchen,” -squeaked miss.</p> - -<p>“Now, young masther, yours?”</p> - -<p>“A top, Moll—not a pegging-top, but a humming-top I -want.”</p> - -<p>“A hummin’-top!” cried the market-woman, impatiently; -“arrah, what the dhioul is a hummin’-top?”</p> - -<p>“Why, a humming-top is a-a-a-humming top,” quoth young -master, somewhat posed. “It makes a noise this way—hum, -hum, hum—for all the world like a droning beetle.”</p> - -<p>Poor Moll had no acquaintance with any beetle but a sort -of wooden instrument with which peasant maidens pound -their coarse clothes when washing them at a stream or river; -and “a dhronin’ beetle!” she ejaculated, opening wide her -small grey eyes, and looking from one to the other for an explanation; -while grandpapa, his face bathed with tears from -excessive laughter, prepared to make matters clear, but in -reality to make “confusion worse confounded.” But the hero -of the humming-top thought no one knew its peculiarities so -well as himself, and he ended the dilemma by describing a -humming-top to be “a great deal larger than a common top, -had a square hole in one side, and it was always painted red.”</p> - -<p>“That’ll do,” said Moll Miskellagh, trying to be satisfied. -“I’ll inquire about sitch a thing, any how. An’ now, little -masthers, what’s your pleasures?”</p> - -<p>One chose “a whip,” and the other “cakes,” and then we -thought poor Moll had her quantum, and that she might proceed -on her journey. But so thought not Moll. Confident of -her retentive powers and strength of frame, she seemed determined -to test herself to the utmost: and before she left the -house, she descended to the lower regions to offer her services -to the dignitaries of the kitchen. She was expected, it -seemed, for cook had a lot of “kitchen stuff” to be disposed -of in town, the butler to send for a new razor, the housemaid -to have a letter put into the post-office, directed to “John -Fitz-Garald, at Mr Crosbie’s, esquire, Dublin, Great Britain-street, -Ireland,” and the kitchen-maid to send for a wire comb -to support her redundant tresses.</p> - -<p>“Any thing else, now?” demanded the messenger, her foot -on the threshold of the outer door.</p> - -<p>“No! no! no!” exclaimed all the voices at once; “away -with ye, an’ God speed ye!”</p> - -<p>“Amin!” muttered the market-woman, striding up the steep -stone steps, through the yard, and down the avenue, without -“casting a longing, lingering look behind.”</p> - -<p>I will not say how often we children teased our dear, good, -angel-tempered grandmother with “when will Moll Miskellagh -return?” Suffice it to say, we thought of nothing but -Moll, looked for no one but Moll; and until we actually beheld -Moll panting up the steep avenue with a prodigious load -on her back, a huge basket on one arm, and the post-bag on -the other, her two pockets or rather wallets filled to the brim, -we never gave ourselves or others rest or peace!</p> - -<p>But the market-woman was triumphant! Not one single -commission did she forget, and every one was satisfied with -her dealings and bargains except the butler, whose razor was -base metal, instead of steel, or even iron! But who could -blame Moll Miskellagh? Abler persons, and of the sex that -used such scrapers, had been imposed on ere then. Witness—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Being well lathered from a dish or tub,</div> -<div class="verse">Hodge now began with grinning face to scrub,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Just like a hedger cutting furze;</div> -<div class="verse">’Twas a vile razor! Then the rest he tried—</div> -<div class="verse">All were imposters! “Ah!” Hodge sighed,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">“I wish my eighteen-pence within my purse!”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Yes! our market-woman was triumphant! and for many -years she retained her situation, exhibiting the same strength -of memory, fidelity, and honesty, to the last. But I must -mention how nicely we nicked our grandpapa for his indiscreet -attempt to puzzle our purveyor on her first essay. Ever after, -we regularly called upon him for “means to test the market-woman’s -memory,” and he good-humouredly always complied -with the demand. Then, oh! what an interesting object Moll -became to us! How we used to watch for the first glimpse of -the huge white load resting on her back, and rising considerably -above her head! And how often in our eagerness we -mistook white cows, ladies dressed in white, and white horses, -for our dearly beloved Moll Miskellagh!</p> - -<p>One evening we expected some particularly nice things by -our market-woman. It was somewhere about Christmas, when -our means swelled considerably by the addition of Christmas -gifts. Many times during the evening we had seen things very -like Moll in the distance, but which turned out most bitter -disappointments. All four were stuck in a window that commanded -a full view of the road to E——; and never did the -unfortunate lady of Bluebeard put more earnest eager inquiries -to her sister Anne, “is there any body coming?” than -we did to each other on this momentous occasion. At length, -oh, sight of joy! we beheld a white object descending the -opposite hill. “She is coming! she is coming!” screamed a -quartetto of young voices, and down we flew to the avenue -gate. Alas and alack! it was not Moll, but a gentleman on -a white horse! We gazed on each other in breathless dismay; -but one of the party, though sadly confounded, resolved -to hear of our messenger if possible, since he could not see -her, and, boldly advancing, demanded of the traveller “if he -were coming from E——?”</p> - -<p>The gentleman, for he was a gentleman, appeared somewhat -surprised at this address, but observing a group of rosy, -merry-looking children, he reined in his horse, and smiling -good-naturedly, replied that “he was then returning from that -town.”</p> - -<p>Emboldened by this condescension, the next query was, “had -he seen Moll Miskellagh?”</p> - -<p>The stranger laughed outright. “Really, my dear,” said -he, “I have not the pleasure to know any one of that name. -Pray who and what is Moll Miskellagh?’</p> - -<p>“Our market-woman, sir,” quoth our spokesman.</p> - -<p>“Ha! What sort of person is she, pray? Perhaps I did -see her.”</p> - -<p>We looked at one another doubtfully, the look plainly expressing -“How shall we describe her?” when at last the first -speaker, with the air of an incipient judge of female beauty, -took on himself to reply, “that Moll Miskellagh was a very -ugly woman indeed, that she had a pale yellow face, and a -great wart near her nose; that she wore a dark blue cloak, -an old black bonnet, and that she carried a prodigious, oh! a -very big load on her back.”</p> - -<p>“Never was description more graphic!” exclaimed the -traveller, still laughing. “I did indeed see your market-woman. -I passed her about a quarter of a mile from this; and -if you have patience, my dears, you will soon see her. You -expect some nice things by her, I am sure—Eh?”</p> - -<p>“Oh dear, yes, sir”—and thereupon we eagerly enumerated -all that Moll was charged to purchase. The kind gentleman -seemed to enjoy our delightful anticipations, asked us our -names, and various other questions, and charitably kept us -employed till poor over-laden Moll actually came in sight, and -until he witnessed our clamorous welcomes, and saw us in -possession of our treasures. Nay, he lingered to laugh at our -expedient to facilitate Mrs Miskellagh’s tardy movements up -the very steep avenue—one and all of the four juveniles getting -behind her and pushing her up (much in the way the veritable -Captain Kearney’s fair but fat cousin was sent up the -companion-ladder, as described in “Peter Simple”), the boys -shouting “Yo heave ho!” as the good ship Old Moll got into -port.</p> - -<p>Peace to the poor market-woman! In some lone and humble -church-yard she now rests after her life of labour—in the -memory of those who knew her, her only epitaph,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Simple, faithful, honest, much-enduring Moll Miskellagh!”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">ANIMAL HEAT.</h2> - -<h3>Second Article.</h3> - -<p>In the last paper on this subject a few instances were quoted, -showing the great extremes of temperature which human -beings and the lower animals are capable of enduring without -injury, and in many cases without inconvenience. We -propose in the present article to notice briefly the means by -which it is believed living creatures are enabled to exhibit -this power; and although physiologists are not unanimous -in their opinions on the subject, yet the views we shall endeavour -to explain are those which are held by the majority of -scientific men, and which are best supported by experiment, -by analogy, and by the authority of illustrious names.</p> - -<p>For the purpose of making the subject clear to those who -may not be acquainted with the principles of physiology, “the -science of life,” as it has been happily termed, it may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> -useful to explain the <em>rationale</em> of an operation continually being -performed by all of us, and yet very little thought of or understood—we -mean the process of breathing. It is found that -the natural heat of animals depends on the perfection of the -apparatus by which respiration is performed; those animals -which have a complicated respiratory organization having a -high degree of bodily heat, while those which have more simple -and less delicately formed organs have a temperature very -little raised above the medium in which they live.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> It is necessary, -therefore, to have a clear idea of the process of respiration -before we can understand the connection between it -and animal heat.</p> - -<p>The object of respiration is to purify the blood and render -it fit for the various offices it performs in the animal economy. -When the blood leaves the heart to be distributed through the -body, it is of a very bright red colour, but as it proceeds in -its course it gradually loses this and assumes a purple hue; -and when, having completed its circulation through the body, -it is returned to the heart again by the veins, it has entirely -lost its former bright colour, and is then very dark, and, from -the impurities it has acquired in its course, unfit for the purposes -of life. To restore its former qualities it is necessary -that it should be brought into contact with the atmosphere, -and this takes place in the lungs. By the action of the muscles -of the chest and abdomen, the interior of the chest is increased -in size, an empty space is formed into which the air -instantly descends by the mouth or nostrils, constituting what -is termed the act of inspiration. At the same moment that the -muscles of the chest increase its size and make room for the -air to descend, at that very moment the heart contracts, or in -popular language pulsates or beats, the effect of which is -to force the dark-coloured (venous) blood from the portion of -the heart in which it was contained, into the lungs. The lungs -are composed almost entirely of an innumerable number of -vesicles, or minute air-bladders, into which the air descends, -as we have stated. These vesicles are covered with a network -of extremely fine blood-vessels. When the heart pulsates, -it fills these vessels with the dark-coloured blood; and -as the air is capable of passing through both the coats of the -vesicle and of the blood-vessels, it of course comes into direct -contact with the blood, and a chemical change immediately -takes place.</p> - -<p>This chemical change is necessary for life: the air is -changed in its qualities, and the blood is also changed in its -qualities. The air is changed by having one of its constituent -elements (oxygen) abstracted from it: and the blood is -changed by its being impregnated with this gas, and relieved -of another kind called carbonic acid. If from any circumstance -this process is interfered with, the individual dies of -suffocation. A person may be suffocated for want of air, or -for want of pure air. In the former case his death is caused -in this manner:—The wind-pipe being closed, either by pressure, -as in the case of criminals who die by hanging, or by -something entering and obstructing it, it happens that although -the muscles of the chest enlarge its internal area, as -before mentioned, the air cannot descend into it. This does -not, however, interfere with the action of the heart, which -forces the dark blood into the minute blood-vessels of the -chest, as usual; the blood passes onward unchanged; it receives -no oxygen, nor is its bright red colour restored. In -this state it reaches the chamber of the heart, from whence it -is to be distributed to the head and body; a portion of it is -forced up the vessels which convey it to the brain, and the -moment it reaches this organ, it produces violent convulsions, -insensibility, and in a few moments death. A similar result -takes place from breathing foul air. In this case, although -air may descend into the air-vessels of the lungs, yet, as the -grand element, the oxygen, is not present, no change is produced -in the blood; it pursues the same course as that just -pointed out, unchanged in its quality, and the same fatal result -is the inevitable consequence.</p> - -<p>The atmosphere in a state of purity is composed of two -gases mixed together; the one termed <em>oxygen</em>, the other -<em>nitrogen</em>. After escaping from the lungs, the air is found to -have undergone a remarkable change; the oxygen has disappeared, -and its place is supplied with an equal volume of another -gas called <em>carbonic acid</em>; while at the same time the air is -altogether altered in many of its more important qualities; it is -no longer fit for the purposes of life, nor will a light burn in it. -A person shut up in a confined place without a supply of fresh -air, very soon expires: and a candle placed under a glass -vessel filled with air that has been breathed, immediately -goes out. In short, respiration and combustion are similar -processes, and the same result is produced by both, namely, -carbonic acid gas.</p> - -<p>This gas is formed by the mixture of oxygen with carbon -(charcoal). It is absorbed very readily by water, and is perhaps -best known in the form of soda water; the aërated liquid -sold under that name being nothing more than water strongly -impregnated with carbonic acid gas. It is formed by a variety -of processes—by breathing, by combustion, by fermentation, -and otherwise. In every case, however, its formation is attended -with heat. And now, having thus briefly introduced -the subject, we may mention, that on this fact is founded the -theory which attempts to explain the means by which the -animal temperature is produced and maintained. It is founded -on the fact, that whenever oxygen enters into combination -with carbon, and forms carbonic acid gas, heat is always -produced.</p> - -<p>The most usual manner in which this is effected is by combustion; -the substance which burns, such as wood, or tallow, -or coal gas, for example, consists principally of carbon, and -on being ignited, the oxygen of the atmosphere is made to -combine with it, and carbonic acid is the result. Every body -knows that heat is produced by this process; but there are -many instances in which the same effect may take place without -being so readily understood. Heat and light are so constantly -found united, that we can hardly conceive how so -large a substance as the human body can be kept constantly -warm without the aid of fire. It is, however, effected by a -chemical process identically the same as combustion, except -that light is not produced. The lungs may be regarded as -the furnace of the body, from which it derives its supply of -heat; the fuel is the carbon in the blood; and the wind-pipe -is a chimney serving a double purpose: first, to allow of the -passage of fresh air for the process, and then to convey away -the vapour which is produced by it: for the breath which -issues from our lungs is just as much deteriorated in quality -as that which escapes from the chimney of a large furnace -after passing through the fire.</p> - -<p>This, then, is the process by which the animal heat is maintained. -The blood comes to the lungs loaded with carbon; -the air descends the wind-pipe, consisting of one-third oxygen; -the carbon of the blood and the oxygen of the air unite; the -blood is purified, and carbonic acid gas is produced. This is -attended with heat; the purified blood is capable of absorbing -all this heat, and does so. In its progress through the body, -as the blood again becomes impure, it gradually parts with -the heat so acquired, and on again being purified, it receives a -fresh supply. Nothing can be more simple and beautiful than -this process; it is in accordance with every great operation in -nature, which is always effected in the most direct and simple -manner; and the proofs that this is the manner in which nature -effects her object in this instance, are numerous and -unanswerable.</p> - -<p>There are two circumstances which at first sight may appear -to interfere with the explanation above given of this -very beautiful phenomenon. First, the lungs are found to be -but very little warmer than any other part of the body, although, -as we have stated, the animal heat is produced in -them: and, secondly, the quantity of carbon produced by respiration -is very small compared with the genial heat produced -by its conversion into carbonic acid. With regard to the heat -of the lungs, a series of experiments instituted for the purpose -of ascertaining how they were kept at so moderate a degree -of temperature, led to the discovery of an extraordinary -change which takes place in the vital fluid after being purified, -which satisfactorily explains the circumstance. The pure -blood is found to have a greater capacity for heat than impure -blood: it will absorb more; and in consequence, all the heat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> -produced by its purification is immediately absorbed by it, -and carried away as fast as it is generated, to be distributed -over the body. As the blood becomes impure in its progress, -it gradually loses its power of retaining the heat it had so -imbibed; and the heat therefore is distributed during the circulation -of the blood, and every part receives a due supply. -This change in the power of the vital fluid to absorb heat, -according as it is more or less pure, is a fact that was not established -in the time of Paley, or he would have been able to -add another proof of design to his unequalled argument.</p> - -<p>The quantity of fuel (if we may use the expression) required -for generating the heat of the animal frame, is certainly -less than we might anticipate. All animal and vegetable food -contains a considerable portion of carbon, which of course, -after being digested, becomes a part of the vital fluid, and in -this way it is supplied for the process. It is well known also -that in cold climates, where a greater quantity of animal fuel -is required, the inhabitants are extremely fond of fat and oily -matters, which contain more carbon than any other kind of -food; yet it would hardly be imagined that so small a quantity -as the eighth part of an ounce of carbon per hour would -be sufficient to maintain the heat of the body at an uniform -temperature of 98 degrees. We are assured by the best chemists, -however, that the average quantity of carbonic acid -generated by a person in health in twenty-four hours is about -40,000 cubic inches, and this contains only about 11½ ounces -of pure carbon. Rather less than half an ounce is therefore -used per hour in preserving the body at its usual temperature.</p> - -<p>The limits of this article prevent our noticing other objections -which have been urged against the theory just described, -but the facts it rests upon can only be overturned by opposing -facts which have never yet been produced. It is certain that -carbonic acid is produced during respiration, that its production -is always attended with heat, that pure (arterial) blood is -capable of absorbing a greater portion of heat than impure -(venous) blood, and that the temperature of any part of the -body is according to the supply of blood which it receives; -an inflamed part, becoming very hot, and a limb in which the -circulation has been stopped by a bandage becoming cold. -These facts taken together sufficiently prove the truth of the -conclusion that has been drawn from them, and which we have -above very briefly illustrated.</p> - -<p>It remains to say a few words on the manner in which the -body is relieved of its superabundant heat, and enabled to -bear such high degrees of temperature as mentioned in the -former paper. Franklin was the first who gave a rational -explanation of the phenomenon. He observed that the evaporation -of a small quantity of a liquid from the surface of -any substance would reduce the temperature of a very large -body. If we place a little ether on our hand, and allow it to -evaporate, we shall soon become sensible how much cold may -be produced in this way. Wine-coolers are formed on this -principle: they are made of porous earth, through which the -water they contain oozes very gradually, and is evaporated -by the heat of the air: this cools the liquid within, and of -course the decanter of wine contained in it. Now, perspiration -cools the body in a similar manner. If any person looks -closely at the fleshy part of his hand, he will observe that the -minute ridges which lie nearly parallel to each other are covered -with an innumerable number of small pores, through -which the perspiration may be seen issuing when the hand is -warm. From microscopic observations it is calculated that -the skin is perforated by 1000 of those pores, or holes, in -every square inch, and that the whole surface of the body -therefore contains not less than 2,304,000 pores! When the -body is heated to a certain degree, the fluid portions are all -directed to the skin, and escape gradually through these pores -in the form of perspiration, and the cooling power thus produced -is capable of immediately removing the superabundant -heat. The moment perspiration broke out on the bodies of -the experimenters who ventured into the heated oven, all sense -of pain was removed; and in many fatal disorders to which -man is subject, the first symptom of returning health is a similar -occurrence. We may add, that a common cold is the -effect of the perspiration being suddenly checked, and that -the health of the body depends on the minute pores we have -referred to being kept open and in action.</p> - -<p class="right">J. S. D.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Animals are divided by naturalists into two classes, cold-blooded and -warm-blooded; the latter breathe by lungs, through which all the blood of -the body is continually passed, and which has direct communication with -the air. Cold-blooded creatures, such as fishes, breathe by means of gills, -and the air, instead of coming into direct contact with their vital fluid, is absorbed -from the water. In the case of reptiles, which are cold-blooded, -although the air may come into direct contact with the blood, as in the respiration -of the frog, yet, by the peculiar structure of his lungs, only half the -blood is sent to them to be purified; and thus his superiority over the fish -in receiving air direct, is balanced by the circumstance that his blood is only -half purified, in consequence of being only in part exposed to the action of -the air. The temperature of animals is found to have relation to their activity -and vital energy. The following list exhibits the temperature of the -animals mentioned.—</p> - -<table summary="Temperatures of different kinds of animal"> - <tr> - <td>Birds,</td> - <td class="right">105</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td>Fahrenheit,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sheep,</td> - <td class="right">100</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Worms,</td> - <td class="right">36</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frog,</td> - <td class="right">40</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Snail,</td> - <td class="right">36</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fish,</td> - <td class="right">60</td> - <td>degrees</td> - <td class="center">—</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class="gap4">Society makes criminals, and then punishes them for their -misdeeds.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.</span></h2> - -<h3>The Seventh and Concluding Article.</h3> - -<p>At the present day very few of the original Irish names -remain without being translated into or assimilated with -those borne by the English. Of this I shall next furnish instances, -the truth and correctness of which cannot be controverted. -Among the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Cathal, -which is synonymous with the Welsh Cadell, and signifies -<em>warlike</em>, was changed to Charles after the accession of Charles -I. to the throne; for the Irish, who were attached to -this monarch, went great lengths to assimilate several of their -Christian names to Charles. Thus, while among the O’Conors -of Connaught, Cathal was manufactured into Charles -(with which, it will be readily granted, it has nothing in common, -either in meaning or sound), among the O’Conors of Faly -in Leinster, Cahir, which signifies <em>warrior</em>, was metamorphosed -into the same: and at the same time the Mac Carthys of -Desmond substituted it for their Cormac, and the O’Hagans -and other northern families for their Turlogh. This was -paying their court to the king with a vengeance!</p> - -<p>In the families of Mac Carthy, O’Sullivan and O’Driscol, -Finghin [Fineen], a name very general among them, and -which signifies <em>the fair offspring</em>, has been anglicised to Florence. -Among the same southern families the name Saerbrethach, -which prevails among the Mac Carthys in particular, -and which signifies the <em>noble justice</em>, is translated -Justin. In the family of O’Donovan, as the writer has had -every opportunity of knowing, the name Murrogh has been -metamorphosed to Morgan; Dermod, to Jeremiah; Teige, -to Timothy; Conor or Concovar, to Cornelius; Donogh, to -Denis; and Donnell, to Daniel. In the family of O’Brien, the -hereditary name of Turlogh has been changed to Terence; -Mahon, to Matthew; Murtogh or Moriertagh, to Mortimer -(but this very lately); and Lachtna and Laoiseach, to Lucius. -Among the O’Gradys the name Aneslis is rendered -Stanislaus and Standish. In the families of O’Donnell, -O’Kane, and others, in the province of Ulster, Manus, a name -borrowed by those families from the Danes, is now often rendered -Manasses. In the families of Mac Mahon and Mac Kenna, -in Ulster, the name Ardgal or Ardal, signifying <em>of high prowess -or valour</em>, is always anglicised Arnold. In the family of -O’Madden of Shilanamchy, in the south-east of the county of -Galway, the hereditary name of Anmcha, which is translated -Animosus by Colgan, is now always rendered Ambrose, to -which, it will be readily granted, it does not bear the slightest -analogy. Among the families of Doyle, Cavanagh, and others, -in the province of Leinster, the name Maidoc, or Mogue, -which they adopted from St Maidoc, or Aidan, the patron -saint of the diocese of Fernes, is now always rendered Moses -among the Roman Catholics, and Aidan among the Protestants! -(any thing to make a difference.) Among the -O’Neills in the province of Ulster, the name Felim, or Felimy, -explained as meaning <em>the ever good</em>, is now made Felix; Con, -signifying <em>strength</em>, is made Constantine; and Ferdoragh, -meaning <em>dark-visaged man</em>, is rendered Ferdinand. Among -the O’Conors of Connaught, the name Ruaidhri, or Rory, is -anglicised Roderic, but among most other families it is rendered -Roger. In the same family, Tomaltach is rendered -Thomas; Aodh, Hugh; and Eoghan, Owen. In the families -of Mac Donnell and others in Scotland, and in the north of -Ireland, the name Aengus, or Angus, is always rendered -Æneas. Among the O’Hanlys of Slieve Bawn, in the east of -the county of Roscommon, the name Berach, which they have -adopted from their patron saint, and which is translated by -Colgan, <i lang="la">directe ad scopum collimans</i>, is now always and correctly -enough rendered Barry. Throughout Ireland the old -name of Brian is now rendered Bernard, and vulgarised to -Barney, which is more properly an abbreviation of Barnaby -than of Bernard. Among the O’Haras and O’Garas in the -county of Sligo, the name Kian, which they have adopted from -their great ancestor Kian, the son of Olioll Olum, king of Munster, -is now rendered Kean; and I observe that the chief -O’Hara has suffered himself to be called Charles King O’Hara -in a book lately dedicated to him! In the family of Maguire, -Cuconnaught is rendered Constantine, while in other families -Cosnavy undergoes precisely the same change. In the family -of O’Kane, the name Cooey written Cu-maighe in the original -language, and signifying “<em>dog of the plain</em>,” is now rendered -Quintin. In the family of O’Dowd, the ancient name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> -of Dathi, which they have adopted from their great ancestor -of that name, who was the last Pagan king of Ireland, is now -rendered David, a name with which it is supposed to be synonymous. -In the north and west of Ireland the names Duval-tach, -Duv-da-lethe, and Duvdara, are all anglicised Dudley. -In the family of Mac Sweeny, the very ancient name of Heremon -is anglicised Irwin, but it is now almost obsolete as a Christian -name. In the families of O’Hanlon, O’Haran, and O’Heany, -in the province of Ulster, the name Eochy, signifying <em>horseman</em>, -and which was latinized Eochodius, Achaius, Euthichius, -and Equitius, is anglicised Auhy and Atty; but this name is -also almost obsolete, the writer having never met more than -one person who bore the name, in his travels through Ireland. -Among the O’Mulconrys, now Conrys, the names Flann, Fithil, -and Flaithri, have been anglicised Florence. In the family -of O’Daly, the name Baothghalach, which was formerly -latinized Boethius, is now always rendered Bowes; and in that -of O’Clery, the name Lughaidh is anglicised Lewy and Lewis. -Among the O’Reillys of Cavan, the hereditary name of Maelmora, -which signifies <em>majestic chief</em>, is now invariably rendered -Myles, and among the O’Kellys of Hy-Many, the name Fachtna -is rendered Festus. In every part of Ireland, Maelseachlainn, -or Melaghlin, which signifies <em>servant of St Secundinus</em>, has been -changed to Malachy, to which it bears no analogy whatever, -excepting some fancied resemblance in sound. In every part -of Ireland the name of Gilla-patrick has been changed to -Patrick; and, by the way, it is curious to observe, that common -as the name Patrick has now become in Ireland, especially -among the lower classes, it was never in use among the ancient -Irish, for they never called their children by the name -itself of the Irish apostle, deeming it more humble and more -auspicious to call them his <em>servants</em>; and hence we find the -ancient Irish calling their children, not Patrick, but Maelpatrick, -or Gillapatrick; and these names they latinized Patricianus, -not Patricius. The name of Patrick is now looked -upon as the most vulgar in use among the Irish, which is a -very strange and almost unaccountable prejudice, for Patricius -was one of the most honourable names in all antiquity, -as the reader will see if he will take the trouble to read the -work on the antiquity of British Churches, by Ussher, pp. -841-1046, in which that learned primate gives the history and -derivation of the name.</p> - -<p>The names of women have been also very much metamorphosed, -and many of the most curious of them entirely rejected. -I have now before me a list of the names of women, -drawn up from the authentic Irish annals, and from the -History of Remarkable Women—a curious tract in the -Book of Lecan, fol. 193; but as the limits allotted to me -in this Journal will not allow me to furnish such a list, I must -rest satisfied with giving such names as are still retained, -with a selection from the most curious of those which have -been rejected, adding their meanings as far as they are certain. -The following are the ancient Irish names of women -still retained, as the writer has determined by examining the -provinces of Ulster, Connaught, Leinster, and the greater -part of Munster:—</p> - -<p>1. <em>Ainé</em>, now Hannah.</p> - -<p>2. <em>Brighid</em>, now anglicised Bridget, from its resemblance -to the name of the celebrated Swedish virgin of that name. -Brighid is a woman’s name of pagan origin in Ireland; it has -been explained <em>fiery dart</em> by the Irish glossographers, especially -by Cormac, Archbishop of Cashel, who distinctly states -in his glossary that it was the name of the Muse who was -believed to preside over poetry in pagan times in Ireland. -<em>Brighid</em> is now very common in Ireland as the name of a woman, -in consequence of its being that of the most celebrated -of the female saints of Ireland—the patroness of Kildare—who -is well known all over Europe as the great patroness of -Ireland.</p> - -<p>3. <em>Finola</em>, though a beautiful name, has nearly become obsolete -since the beginning of the eighteenth century, but some -few still retain it in the abbreviated form of Nuala.</p> - -<p>4. <em>Graine</em>, now Grace.</p> - -<p>5. <em>Lassarina</em>, also, though in use not long since, has latterly -became obsolete.</p> - -<p>6. <em>Meadhbh</em>, pronounced Meave. This is still preserved -and anglicised Maud, Mab, and Mabby; and the writer is acquainted -with several old women of the Milesian race who -still retain it. This was the name of a celebrated queen of -Connaught, who flourished in the first century, and who is -now known in the legends of the mountainous districts of Ireland -as the queen of the fairies. From this country her spirit -found way into Scotland, and thence into the north of -England, where Shakspeare met with her, but in rather too -diminutive a form for the shade of the Irish heroine.</p> - -<p>7. <em>Mor</em>, pronounced More. The writer believes that there -are a few women of this name still living in Ireland; but he -is confident that there are but very few, though it was the -name of many honourable ladies in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, -and for a century later. In our own times, however, it -has been almost invariably anglicised Mary, with which it -is neither synonymous nor cognate.</p> - -<p>8. <em>Sadhbh</em>, pronounced Soyv, is the name of several women -of the old Irish races, and who are known to the writer. It is -now almost invariably anglicised Sally, to which it bears no -analogy.</p> - -<p>9. <em>Sorcha</em> is still the name of several women in Ireland, -especially in the province of Ulster; but the rising generation -are beginning to object to it as being too Irish, and are -determined on having it changed to Sarah or Sally. The -writer is acquainted with families in whom this name is hereditary, -and among whom the mother is always called Sorcha, -and the daughter Sally; and though the latter knows -that her own and her mother’s name are the same, still -would she blush to hear her own name pronounced <em>Sorcha</em>. -The name Sorcha signifies clear, bright, and might be well -rendered Lucy or <em>Lucinda</em>; but we should like to see it preserved -in its primitive form, which is not to be despised either -for its sound or signification.</p> - -<p>10. <em>Una.</em> This name is still in constant use among the -women of Ireland, but when speaking English, they invariably -anglicise it to Winifred or Winny.</p> - -<p>The writer is not aware that any other name which was -in use in the ancient Irish time is now retained, except the -foregoing.</p> - -<p>The names Catherine, Evlin, Eleanor, Isabella, Mary, Honora, -Sheela (Celia), and many others now in use, and supposed -to be of Irish origin, do not occur in the Account of -Remarkable Women above referred to, and there is no reason -to believe that they were ever in use in ancient Ireland.</p> - -<p>The following is a list of curious names of women which -occur in the authentic annals and in the History of Remarkable -Women. It is highly probable that a few of them are of -Danish origin:—</p> - -<p>1. Aevin, <i>i. e.</i> Amoena; 2, Africa; 3, Albi and Albin; 4, -Allin; 5, Alma, all good; 6, Alphin; 7, Athracta. This name -has been restored by the Mac Dermott of Coolavin. 8, Barduv, -blackhaired; 9, Bebail, woman of prosperity; 10, Bebin, melodious -woman; 11, Blanaid, Florinda, from blath, a blossom; -12, Brigh, vigour; 13, Cacht, bondmaid; 14, Cailleach-De, <i>i. e.</i> -female servant of God; 15, Cailleach-Kevin, the female servant -of St Kevin; 16, Cailleach-Aengus, the female servant of St -Aengus; 17, Caintigern, fair lady; 18, Keara, the ruddy; 19, -Cochrand; 20, Covfla, <i>i. e.</i> Victoria; 21, Coca; 22, Corcar, -the ruddy; 23, Crea; 24, Devnet; 25, Derval, the true request; -26, Derforgal, the true pledge, latinized Dervorgilla; -27, Dianiv and Diniv; 28, Dechter; 29, Derdrè, alarm; 30, -Dorenn, the sullen; 31, Duv-Covfla, victoria nigra; 32, Duvessa, -nigra nutrix; 33, Dunsa, the brown-haired; 34, Dunlah, -lady of the fort; 35, Edwina; 36, Eithné; 37, Elbrigh; -38, Emeria; 39, Eri; 40, Essa, nutrix; 41, Euginia, female of -Eogan; 42, Fedilmi, the over-good; 43, Finbil, the white -blossom; 44, Findelv, fair countenance; 45, Finnavor, of the -fair eye-lids; 46, Finni, the comely; 47, Finscoh, the fair -flower; 48, Findah, the fair colour; 49, Flanna, the ruddy; -50, Gelgés, swan-white; 51, Gemlorg, gem-like; 52, Gnahat; -53, Gobnet, female of Gobban; 54, Gormlah, the blue lady; 55, -Ida, the just; 56, Lann; 57, Lasser, a flame; 58, Lasserina, -flame or blush of the wine; 59, Lerthan; 60, Lithan; 61, -Luanmasi, beautiful as the moon; 62, Ligach, pearly, or like -a precious stone; 63, Maelmaiden, servant of the morning; -64, Mongfin, of the fair hair; 65, Moncha, the same as Monica; -66, Murgel, the fair one of the sea; 67, Murrin, crinita, -or of the long hair; 68, Neave, effulgence; 69, Orlah, -or Orflah, the golden lady; 70, Ranalt, female of Randal; -71, Ronat, female of Ronan; 72, Saraid, the excellent; -quere, the same as Sarah? 73, Selvlah, lady of possessions; -74, Shimah, the good tranquillity; 75, Sodelva, of the goodly -aspect; 76, So-Domina, the good lady; 77, Temar, the conspicuous; -78, Talilah, quere Dalilah? 79, Tindi, the tender; -80, Tressi, strength; 81, Tualah, the noble lady; 82, Uailsi, -the proud; 83, Uaisli, the gentle; 84, Uallach, the proud; 85, -Uchdelva, of the fair breast; 86, Unchi, the contentious.</p> - -<p>We have now seen the process by which the Irish people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> -have assimilated their names and surnames to those of the -English, and the reasons which have led them to do so. -I would not so much regret their having done so, if I -were not aware that some of the families who have thus anglicised -their names wish to conceal their Irish origin, as if -they were ashamed of their ancestors and country, and that -another result of these changes must soon be, that statistical -writers will be apt to infer from the small number of ancient -Irish surnames retained in Ireland, that all the old Irish race -were supplanted by the English.</p> - -<p>I shall close these notices of the surnames of the Irish people -by a remark which I should wish to be universally believed, -namely—That no ancient Irish surname is perfect unless it has -either O or Mac prefixed, excepting in those instances where -the soubriquet or cognomen of the ancestor is used as the surname, -as Cavanagh, &c., and, accordingly, that nine-tenths -of the surnames at present borne by the Irish people are incorrect, -as being mere mutilations of their original forms.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Per Mac atque O, tu veros cognoscis Hibernos</div> -<div class="verse">His duobus demptis, nullus Hibernus adest:</div> -<div class="verse indent5">By Mac and O</div> -<div class="verse indent5">You’ll surely know</div> -<div class="verse indent6">True Irishmen alway;</div> -<div class="verse indent5">But if they lack</div> -<div class="verse indent5">Both O and Mac,</div> -<div class="verse indent6">No Irishmen are they.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The truth of this well-known distich may now be questioned, -though it was correct a few centuries since.</p> - -<p>It is but natural to suppose that a conquered people should -look upon themselves as inferior to their conquerors; and this -rage for adopting English surnames which prevails at present, -is, in the opinion of the writer, a clear proof of the prevalence -of this feeling, that the Irish consider themselves -inferior to the English. Spenser, while he advises that the -Irish be compelled to reject their O’s and Macs, and to adopt -English surnames, dissuades his own countrymen from adopting -Irish ones, as some of them had done, in the following -words, which the writer, being as Irish as Spenser was English, -now adopts as his own:—“Is it possible that any should -so farre growe out of frame, that they should in so short -space, quite forget their countrey and their own names! that is -a most dangerous lethargie, much worse than that of Messala -Corvinus, who being a most learned man, thorough sickness -forgat his own name.”—<cite>State of Ireland, Dub. ed. p. 107.</cite></p> - -<p>And again:—</p> - -<p>“Could they ever conceive any such dislike of their own -natural countreys as that they would <em>be ashamed of their -name</em>, and byte at the dugge from which they sucked life?”—<cite>Ibid, -p. 108.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE ICHNEUMON.</h2> - -<p>Of this animal many very absurd stories have been told, -amongst which not the least ridiculous is, that it watches its -opportunity when the huge crocodile of the Nile slumbers upon -the river bank, and, artfully inducing the monster to yawn by -tickling his nostril with its tail, rushes fearlessly and with wondrous -agility between the terrible jaws and their formidable -rows of teeth, and, forcing its daring way down its throat, retains -possession of its strange citadel until it has destroyed its -unwieldy victim, when it gnaws its way out, and leaves the -carcase to wither in the sun. Other travellers have pretended -to contradict the above story, but their mode of doing so involves -a piece of absurdity no less glaring than the equally unfounded -legend they assume to themselves the merit of correcting; -for by their account the Ichneumon does not enter the -throat of the crocodile with a hostile intent at all, neither does -it use its tail to cause that creature to open its jaws, for of -that is there no need, seeing that the crocodile opens them of -his own will, and likewise with pleasure allows the Ichneumon -to enter for the purpose of clearing his throat of swarms of -tormenting insects which lodge therein, and by their stinging -produce intolerable pain. I can however assure my readers -that this subject has been, since the above conflicting statements -reached us, effectually cleared up; and you may confidently -rely upon it that the Ichneumon no more enters the -crocodile’s mouth whether as a friend or as an enemy, whether -to destroy him or destroy his tormentors the flies, than that -he attacks him while awake.</p> - -<p>The Ichneumon is shaped somewhat like a ferret, but is rather -more slender in its form, and its head is likewise longer and -narrower; it is also an animal of far greater activity and -lightness of movement, being able to clear at one spring a -distance of a couple of yards. It is further a most expert -climber, and it will be a very high wall indeed that will confine -it within an enclosure. The colour of the Ichneumon is a -brownish grey, or a light brown barred with white; the animal -indeed appears speckled with a dirty white, but it is so -only in appearance, the fact being, that each several hair has -brown and white rings upon it. Upon the back, sides, and tail, -these rings are small, and the hair longer than upon the head -and extremities of its limbs; hence these latter parts appear of -a darker hue. The hair upon the feet is very short and thin, -and they are nearly as naked as those of the common rat. -The tail of the Ichneumon is very long, usually one-sixth -longer than its body, and upon its extremity is a tuft of very -long black hair. The hair of this creature is drier, thicker, -and weaker, than in any other member of the same genus.</p> - -<p>The length of a full-grown Ichneumon, from the tip of the -nose to the end of the tail, is about two feet six inches, of -which the tail occupies about sixteen inches, and the body -fourteen. The length of the head is about three inches, measuring -from the back of the ears to the point of the muzzle. -The height of the Ichneumon at the most elevated part of -the back is about six inches; but this of course varies according -to the animal’s position at the time of measurement.</p> - -<p>The habits of the Ichneumon present a sort of admixture -of those of the ferret and the cat; like the former, it delights -in blood, and where it has once fastened itself, maintains a tenacious -hold; but like the latter, and unlike the former, it has -but little stomach for braving danger, and will rather go without -its dinner than run the chance of a battle in obtaining it. He -is strictly a nocturnal animal, and usually remains in his covert -until the shades of evening begin to fall around, when he -sallies forth on his career of havoc and blood. Were it not -necessary for the satisfying of his appetite, I doubt whether -he would leave his haunt at all, so timid is he: he steals along -the ground with light and cautious steps, his motions resembling -the gliding of the snake rather than the progressive steps -of the quadruped. His sharp, vigilant, sparkling black eyes -are anxiously reconnoitring every side of him, and carefully -examining the character and bearings of every object which -meets his view; stealthily he creeps along until he comes upon -the spot where the crocodile has hidden her eggs in the sand; -nimbly and cleverly he pounces upon them, guided to their -place of concealment by his exquisite sense of smell, and, -biting a hole in their side, banquets on their contents. It is -thus that the Ichneumon thins the numbers of that formidable -reptile the crocodile, not by directing its attacks against -that creature himself, but by insidiously searching after and -destroying his embryo offspring. The Ichneumon likewise -kills and devours with extreme greediness such small snakes -and lizards as are common in its native country, many of -which are highly dangerous, and all annoying enough to make -their destruction desirable, to which the Ichneumon appears -guided by a powerful instinct. It is sometimes bitten in these -encounters, when it is said immediately to search for and devour -the root of a certain plant, said to be an antidote against -the bite of the most venomous reptile. It is alleged that this -little animal will frequently kill even the Cobra di Capello. -Lucan in his Pharsalia describes the manner in which it contrives -to destroy the Asp, one of the most poisonous serpents -in existence. The passage I refer to has been translated -thus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Thus oft, the Ichneumon on the banks of Nile</div> -<div class="verse">Invades the deadly Aspic by a wile;</div> -<div class="verse">While artfully his slender tail is play’d,</div> -<div class="verse">The serpent darts upon the dancing shade.</div> -<div class="verse">Then turning on the foe with swift surprise,</div> -<div class="verse">Full on the throat the nimble seizer flies.</div> -<div class="verse">The gasping snake expires beneath the wound,</div> -<div class="verse">His gushing jaws with poisonous floods abound,</div> -<div class="verse">And shed the fruitless mischief on the ground.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>In consequence of the vigilance and success of this little -animal in destroying these noxious creatures, he was held in -great veneration by the Egyptians and Hindoos; but by the -former he was actually regarded as a disguised divinity, -clothed in that form for the purpose of putting his benevolent -purposes into practice with the greater readiness; and we -accordingly find him occupying a prominent position in the -sacred symbols of that people, who were indeed commonly in -the habit of deifying whatever afforded them peculiar benefit -of any kind, as they likewise adored the river Nile, on account -of the fertilizing effect produced by its periodical inundations.</p> - -<p>The Ichneumon is said, if taken young, to be capable of -perfect domestication, to form a strong attachment to the -person who reared him, as well as to the house he inhabits;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> -whence from his zeal and activity in the destruction of rats and -mice, he forms a valuable substitute for the cat, which indeed -he is in Egypt used instead of. He is also said to be very domestic -in his habits, quite a tarry-at-home kind of gentleman, -and, unlike puss, never on any account given to ramble; when -lost, he is said to seek his patron with indefatigable zeal until -he finds him, and to express his joy at rejoining him by the most -tender and affectionate caresses. When he eats, however, -nature asserts her prerogative, and the natural disposition of -the animal resumes its place, whence it had for a time been -driven by artificial means.</p> - -<p>Indeed it requires but little to awaken in this creature all -its natural fierceness and love of slaughter, notwithstanding -that so much has been said and written of its amiability and -docility. Mr D’Obsonville, in his “Essay on the Nature of -Animals,” gives an account of a domesticated individual which -he had in his possession, which places its disposition in a correct -point of view. He got the animal very young, and fed it -upon milk, and as it grew older, upon baked meat, mixed with -rice. He states that it soon became even tamer than a cat, -would come to his call, and if at liberty, follow him everywhere, -even in his walks. One day Mr D’Obsonville brought him a -small living water-serpent, curious to ascertain how far his -instinct would carry him against a creature with which he had -been hitherto totally unacquainted. “His emotion,” says Mr -D’Obsonville, “seemed at first to be that of astonishment mixed -with anger, for his hair became erect; but in an instant after, -he slipped behind the reptile, and with remarkable swiftness -and agility leaped upon its head, seized it, and crushed it between -his teeth. This essay and new aliment seemed to have -awakened in him his innate and destructive voracity, which -till then had given way to the gentleness he had acquired -from his education. I had about my house several curious -kinds of fowls, among which he had been brought up, and -which till then he had suffered to go and come unmolested -and unregarded; but a few days after, when he found himself -alone, he strangled them every one, ate a little, and, as it appeared, -drank the blood of two.”</p> - -<p>I have already stated that the Ichneumon is said to eat of the -leaves or root of a certain plant in the event of his being bitten -by a poisonous serpent. I revert to the circumstance, because -it is an extraordinary one, inasmuch as the Indians follow the -example of the animal, and use the same plant successfully as -an antidote when they themselves happen to get a bite, and -call the plant after the animal. This is curious, as being parallel -with the case of the Guacomithy or Serpent Hawk of -South America, mentioned in one of my papers on Serpent -Charming; nor is it upon light authority that I relate this fact -of the Ichneumon. Mr Percival, that close and scrupulous -observer, saw the experiment tried of presenting a snake to -the animal in a closed room, when, instead of attacking, it did -all in its power to avoid it. On the snake, however, being carried -out of the house, and laid near its antagonist in a plantation, -he immediately darted at and soon destroyed it. The -Ichneumon then retired to a wood, and ate a portion of that -plant which is said to be an antidote to the serpent’s bite, -and no harm came to him, although he had received a bite in -the encounter.</p> - -<p>I for my part can speak but little for the gentleness of the -Ichneumon, or the facility with which it may be tamed, having -one in my own possession, which has now for a considerable -period baffled all my endeavours to domesticate it, and will not -even now suffer me to approach the case in which it is kept, -without growling fiercely at me, and spitting in the manner -of an enraged cat, springing also against the bars of its prison, -and using its utmost endeavours to fly in my face. I have -tried starvation, high feeding, kindness, chastisement, hard -usage, and tenderness, all by turns, and as yet unsuccessfully. -I was never so baffled in taming an animal before, though the -polecat, weasel, fox, and badger, have with the otter successively -owned my mastery, and acknowledged me as their subjugator. -I have not even handled this animal yet, unless with -a thick glove upon my hand, and even with that protection I -have received several severe bites. I saw one, however, in -the Royal Zoological Gardens some time ago, which was very -tame, and would suffer itself to be caressed even by strangers; -so I shall persevere; and should I eventually succeed in taming -the little savage, depend upon it the reader shall be advertised -of the fact, and of all the circumstances attendant thereupon.</p> - -<p>Until lately the Ichneumon had not a well-determined name -in the methodical catalogues. Naturalists have mostly described -it rather by character than figure. Figures were -indeed given by Gesner, Aldrovandi, and others, but not sufficiently -distinct to guard against mistake. Even Buffon mistook -the Mangouste for it, to which he has applied all the descriptions -properly belonging to the Ichneumon. The name -“Ichneumon” is Greek, and is indicative of the habits of the -animal, and was first applied to it by Herodotus.</p> - -<p>I trust that the above sketch may serve to point out the -animal and its habits to the reader with sufficient distinctness.</p> - -<p class="right">H. D. R.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Modern Education.</span>—“Larning—larning—larning,” is -the cry of father an’ mother—if my boy had the “larning,” -what a janius he’d be! In coorse, ye old fools, your <i lang="ga">bouchal</i> -would be a swan among the goslins; but it isn’t “larning” -half the world want: instead of “larning,” by which they -mean cobwebs picked out of dead men’s brains, if they would -get some discipline. Discipline—discipline—discipline, that’s -the only education I ever saw that brought a boy to any good. -What’s the use of battering a man’s brains full of Greek and -Latin pothooks, that he forgets before he doffs his last round -jacket, to put on his first long-tailed blue, if ye don’t teach -him the old Spartan virtue of obedience, hard living, early -rising, and them sort of classics? Where’s the use of instructing -him in hexameters and pentameters, if you leave -him ignorant of the value of a penny piece? What height of -bletherin’ stupidity it is to be fillin’ a boy’s brains with the -wisdom of the ancients, and then turn him out like an <i lang="ga">omadhaun</i> -to pick up his victuals among the moderns!—<cite>Blackwood’s -Magazine.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">TO OUR READERS.</h2> - -<p>It becomes our duty to acquaint our readers that the present Number of -the <span class="smcap">Irish Penny Journal</span>, which will complete a volume, will also be the -last presented to them, at least by its original projectors and prevent proprietors. -Our readers will hardly deem it necessary that we should trouble -them with any detail of the circumstances which have led to this determination; -it will be sufficient to state, that while the success of the work has -in some respects even exceeded the anticipations of its proprietors, it has -disappointed them in others. The sale of the Journal, although great and -steadily progressing in those distant localities where any increase of sale was -least to be expected, has been either stationary or diminishing in those portions -of the kingdom for whose use and advantage it was especially intended, -and to which, therefore, the proprietors naturally looked for the greatest -degree of encouragement. However humbling it may be to the national -feeling of most of our Irish readers, the fact must be acknowledged, that -the sale of the Journal in London alone has exceeded that in the four provinces -of Ireland, not including Dublin; and that in other cities at the -other side of the Channel it has been nearly equal to half the Irish provincial -sale. And it may be added that in London, as well as in most other -cities in the sister island, the sale has to the present moment continued to -increase, while in all parts of Ireland, with the exception of the metropolis, -it has gradually declined. In short, nearly two-thirds of the amount of sales -of the <span class="smcap">Irish Penny Journal</span> have been effected out of Ireland. Whatever -may be the cause of this result, it is sufficient for the proprietors to -have ascertained, that the object which they had originally in view in starting -this little publication, have not been attained to the extent which they -had anticipated, and that, under such circumstances, it would be visionary -in them further to indulge hopes which there is so little probability of -ever being realised.</p> - -<p>The proprietors have only therefore to take a respectful leave of their -numerous readers and supporters, and return their grateful acknowledgments -to all who have taken an interest in their publication. To the -Press of the British Empire such an expression of gratitude is especially -due, for from those influential organs of public opinion it has received -during its progress the most cheering encouragement, and this, too, wholly -unmingled with even a portion of censure or dispraise. That such commendations -have not been altogether undeserved, and that the promises made -in the original prospectus have not been left unfulfilled, the proprietors -fondly anticipate will be the permanent opinion of the public; and they -indulge, moreover, the pleasing conviction, that the volume now brought -to a termination will live in the literature of Ireland as one almost exclusively -Irish, and possessing what may be considered as no trifling distinction -for such a work—a spirit throughout its pages wholly national, and untinctured -by the slightest admixture of prejudices either political or sectarian.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool, <span class="smcap">John Menzies</span>, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; -and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -52, June 26, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 26, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55604-h.htm or 55604-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/6/0/55604/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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