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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc716a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55568 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55568) diff --git a/old/55568-0.txt b/old/55568-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f4c0d00..0000000 --- a/old/55568-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4254 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 5, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Journal of Prison Discipline and Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 58) - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: September 17, 2017 [EBook #55568] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, 1919 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from scanned images of public domain -material from the Google Books project.) - - - - - - - - - - NEW SERIES No. 58 - - THE JOURNAL - OF - PRISON DISCIPLINE - AND - PHILANTHROPY - - REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE - - REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE - PRISON SYSTEMS - - MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS, ETC. - - 1919 - - ISSUED ANNUALLY BY - THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY - FORREST BUILDING, 119 SOUTH FOURTH STREET - PHILADELPHIA, PA. - - PRESS OF ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT, PHILADELPHIA. - - -OFFICIAL VISITORS. - -No person who is not an official visitor of the prison, or who has not -a written permission, according to such rules as the Inspector may -adopt as aforesaid, shall be allowed to visit the same; the official -visitors are: the Governor, the Speaker and members of the Senate; the -Speaker and members of the House of Representatives; the Secretary of -the Commonwealth; the Judges of the Supreme Court; the Attorney-General -and his Deputies; the President and Associate Judges of all the Courts -in the State; the Mayor and Recorders of the cities of Philadelphia, -Lancaster and Pittsburgh; Commissioners and Sheriffs of the several -Counties; and the “ACTING COMMITTEE OF THE PHILADELPHIA SOCIETY FOR -ALLEVIATING THE MISERIES OF PUBLIC PRISONS.” (Note: Now named “THE -PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.”)--_Section 7, Act of April 23, 1829._ - -The above was supplemented by the following Act, approved March 20, -1903: - - -AN ACT - - To make active or visiting committees of Societies incorporated - for the purpose of visiting and instructing prisoners official - visitors of penal and reformatory institutions. - -SECTION 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the active or visiting committee -of any society heretofore incorporated and now existing in the -Commonwealth for the purpose of visiting and instructing prisoners, -or persons confined in any penal or reformatory institution, and -alleviating their miseries, shall be and are hereby made official -visitors of any jail, penitentiary, or other penal or reformatory -institution in this Commonwealth, maintained at the public expense, -with the same powers, privileges and functions as are vested in the -official visitors of prisons and penitentiaries as now prescribed by -law: _Provided_, That no active or visiting committee of any such -society shall be entitled to visit such jails or penal institutions, -under this act unless notice of the names of the members of such -committee, and the terms of their appointment, is given by such society -in writing, under its corporate seal, to the warden, superintendent or -other officer in charge of such jail or other officer in charge of any -such jail or other penal institution. - -APPROVED--The 20th day of March, A. D. 1903. - - - - - NEW SERIES No. 58 - - THE JOURNAL - OF - PRISON DISCIPLINE - AND - PHILANTHROPY - - REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE - - REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE - PRISON SYSTEMS - - MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS, ETC. - - 1919 - - ISSUED ANNUALLY BY - THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY - FORREST BUILDING, 119 SOUTH FOURTH STREET - PHILADELPHIA, PA. - - -FORM OF BEQUEST OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. - - -I give and bequeath to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY” the sum -of................Dollars. - - -FORM OF DEVISE OF REAL ESTATE. - -I give and bequeath to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY” all that -certain piece and parcel of land. (Here enter the description.) - - - - - OFFICERS FOR THE SOCIETY FOR 1919 - - - PRESIDENT - - EDWARD M. WISTAR, Provident Building, Philadelphia. - - - VICE-PRESIDENT - - NORRIS J. SCOTT, Moylan, Pa. - - - SECRETARY - - ALBERT H. VOTAW, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia. - - - ASSISTANT SECRETARY - - CHARLES P. HASTINGS, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia. - - - TREASURER - - JOHN WAY, 409 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. - - - COUNSELORS - - FREDERICK L. CLARK, West End Trust Building, Philadelphia. - WILLIAM DRAPER LEWIS, Law Department, University of Pennsylvania. - - - GENERAL AGENT - - FREDERICK J. POOLEY, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia. - - -ACTING COMMITTEE - - FOR ONE YEAR - - Harrison Walton John A. Duncan Fred Swarts Brink - Charles P. Hastings Mrs. Mary S. Grigg Dr. B. Frank Kehler - Rev. F. H. Senft William Morris Dr. J. J. Mullowney - Isaac P. Miller Mrs. Emma L. Thompson Robert B. Haines, Jr. - Charles McDole Rev. Thomas Latimer H. Wellington Wood - - - FOR TWO YEARS - - Harry Kennedy George S. Wetherell Dr. Charles Williams - Henry C. Cassel Frank H. Longshore Charles C. Simmington - Mrs. Layyah Barakat C. Wilfred Conard Mrs. Eliza M. Cope - Rev. J. F. Ohl Rev. M. Reed Minnich Watson W. Dewees - Mary S. Wetherell Miss Emily Whelen George A. Coburn - - - FOR THREE YEARS - - Frederick J. Pooley Miss Annie McFedries Joseph P. Byers - William Koelle Dr. John Frazer Franklin S. Edmonds - Deborah C. Leeds Dr. J. Treichler Butz Leon J. Obermayer - Mrs. Clara Hodges Allen George W. Wilkins Miss M. N. Cochran, Jr. - Miss Rebecca P. Latimer Mrs. Mary Ella deLong Miss Florence B. Kane - - -ACTING COMMITTEE FOR THE STATE-AT-LARGE - -FOR ONE YEAR FOR TWO YEARS FOR THREE YEARS -BUCKS COUNTY ALLEGHENY COUNTY ALLEGHENY COUNTY -Mrs. Anna K. Garges Paul T. Beiswenger Rev. F. W. Beiswenger - -CHESTER COUNTY MONTGOMERY COUNTY CENTRE COUNTY -Mrs. B. K. C. Marshall Capt. Nicholas Baggs Hon. J. Linn Harris - -YORK COUNTY LUZERNE COUNTY -Miss Rhoda M. Starr Mrs. Anabel Wallace - - - - -STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1919 - - -_Visiting Committee--Eastern Penitentiary_: - - -MEN - - Rev. J. F. Ohl Charles P. Hastings Edward M. Wistar - Rev. F. H. Senft Charles McDole Fred Swarts Brink - Harry Kennedy John A. Duncan George W. Wilkins - William Koelle Albert H. Votaw Dr. B. F. Kehler - George S. Wetherell Rev. Thomas Latimer Leon J. Obermayer - Henry C. Cassel Isaac P. Miller Chas. C. Simmington - Harrison Walton Rev. M. Reed Minnich Geo. A. Coburn - Frank H. Longshore Dr. Charles Williams H. Wellington Wood - William Morris - - -WOMEN - - Deborah C. Leeds Miss R. P. Latimer Mrs. Mary Ella deLong - Mary S. Wetherell Miss Emily Whelen Mrs. Layyah Barakat - Mrs. Mary S. Grigg - - -_Visiting Committee_--_Philadelphia County Prison_--_Moyamensing_: - - John A. Duncan Norris J. Scott Deborah C. Leeds - Rev. J. F. Ohl H. Wellington Wood Mrs. Clara Hodges Allen - Frederick J. Pooley Albert H. Votaw Miss R. P. Latimer - - -_Visiting Committee_--_Philadelphia County Prison_--_Holmesburg_: - - Frederick J. Pooley William Koelle John A. Duncan - - -_Visiting Committee_--_House of Correction_: - - William Koelle Robert B. Haines, Jr. - Fred Swarts Brink Mrs. Layyah Barakat - - -_Committee on Discharged Prisoners_: - - Dr. Charles Williams George W. Wilkins - Miss Florence B. Kane Charles P. Hastings - - -_Committee on Legislation_: - - Rev. J. F. Ohl Mrs. E. M. Cope Hon. J. Linn Harris - C. Wilfred Conard Joseph P. Byers - - -_Committee on Membership_: - - Isaac P. Miller George W. Wilkins Miss M. N. Cochran, Jr. - John A. Duncan George S. Wetherell - - -_Committee on Police Matrons_: - - Mrs. Mary S. Grigg Miss Emily Whelen Mrs. Mary Ella deLong - - -_Editorial Committee_: - - Rev. J. F. Ohl Miss Florence B. Kane Joseph P. Byers - Rev. F. H. Senft Albert H. Votaw - - -_Finance Committee_: - - George S. Wetherell John A. Duncan - Robert B. Haines, Jr. Fred Swarts Brink - - -_Auditors_: - - John A. Duncan Isaac P. Miller Watson W. Dewees - - - - -THE JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE AND PHILANTHROPY - - -ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON -SOCIETY. - - -The 132d Annual Meeting of THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY was held -by appointment in Assembly Hall, Church Building, northwest corner -Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia, on the evening of January 14, -1919, President Edward M. Wistar in the Chair. - -Twenty-five members were present. - -The Minutes of the 131st Meeting were read and approved. - -The Report of the Acting Committee for the year 1918 was read by the -Secretary. It was approved and directed to be printed. (See pages 7-14.) - -The Treasurer, John Way, presented a detailed statement of the receipts -and payments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1918, accompanied -by a schedule of the securities held for the Society by the Fiscal -Agent, The Provident Life and Trust Company. The statement had been -audited and the securities had been examined by the auditors. (See page -15.) - -On behalf of the Committee on Nominations, the Secretary presented a -list of nominations for the Officers of the Society and for members of -the Acting Committee to succeed those whose terms expire on February -1. Watson W. Dewees and George S. Wetherell were appointed Tellers. -The election being duly held the persons nominated were elected to the -offices designated in the report of the Committee. (See page 3.) - -A communication was read, sent by Leonard G. Yoder, Esq., Solicitor -for the Berks County Prison, calling attention to the fact that the -Act of the Assembly, approved 1917, provided that prisoners in the -county prisons could be employed at agricultural labor only during the -continuance of the war which is now interrupted by the armistice. The -net profit of the labor of prisoners thus employed in Berks County in -1918 was $800, and the Solicitor recommends that this Act should apply -permanently and requests that this Society should exert an influence -on the present Assembly for the purpose of encouraging the continuation -of this beneficial measure for the employment of prisoners. By motion, -the communication was referred to the Legislative Committee of the -Acting Committee. - -Dr. George W. Kirchwey of New York delivered the Annual Address. He is -the Counsel for the Commission under appointment to investigate prisons -and to recommend such revision of our present penal system as may seem -advisable. While the report of the Commission was not yet entirely -prepared, he intimated that some scheme of Central Administration would -be proposed, not so much to take the management away from the present -Boards of Inspectors as to exercise advisory and supervisory powers and -to correlate our various correctional institutions. The conditions now -obtaining in regard to the employment of prisoners were deplorable in -this Keystone State, and it was the aim of the Commission to provide -some form of productive labor for all able-bodied prisoners. They were -prepared to recommend an extension of agricultural operations and -favored the early removal of the Eastern Penitentiary to a farm in the -eastern portion of the State. He deprecated every form of brutality in -the treatment of delinquents and evidently thought the old repressive -spirit and measures could still be found to have lodgment in some -of our prisons. He was sure that a large number of our prisoners, -possibly a majority, were mentally deficient and ought to have special -treatment adapted to their needs, which, under present circumstances -of incarceration, was impossible. If we wish to restore the men whom -we confine in our prisons, we must do more than simply restrain them -within certain limits; we must treat them as erring brothers and -sisters, not as dumb driven cattle. - -To nominate to our next Annual Meeting the officers of the Society -and members of the Acting Committee whose terms expire next year, the -President appointed William Biddle, Robert Dunning Dripps, John A. -Duncan, William C. Warren and Miss Emily Whelen. - - ALBERT H. VOTAW, - _Secretary_. - - -REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR 1918. - -At a meeting which was held May 8, 1787, in Philadelphia, at which -the “Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Prisons” -was organized, provision was made for the appointment of an Acting -Committee which should discharge the executive functions of the -Society. It was composed of nine persons, the President, the two -Vice-Presidents, and six additional members. The first Acting Committee -was composed of - - Bishop William White, President, - Dr. Henry Helmuth, Vice-President, - Richard Wells, Vice-President. - - -Additional members: - - Tench Coxe, John Kaighn, - Dr. George Duffield, Benjamin Wynkoop, - William Rogers, George Krebs. - -From time to time, on account of additional duties, responsibilities -and opportunities for service, this Committee has been enlarged until -at the present time it is limited to sixty persons, and at the present -time is composed of fifty-six members. - -In 1886 the name of the Society was changed to “The Pennsylvania Prison -Society”--a name indicating no change of purpose, but rather a wider -scope of operations. - -In the year 1829, the Acting Committee, by Act of Assembly, were -appointed Official Visitors of all prisons in the Commonwealth. Our -Society was the only one having such duties until the year 1903, when, -by another Act of the Assembly, the privilege was granted to the Acting -Committee of the Catholic Society for the Visitation of Prisoners. - - -OFFICIAL VISITATION. - -While many members of our Visiting Committees have been zealous in -their endeavor to open the door of hope to the prisoners, and to -stimulate them to higher ideals of life, the general conditions -obtaining in the prisons have also claimed attention. It is a -prescribed function of the Visiting Committee of any prison, whether -State or County, to note the “condition of the buildings ... the -discipline and management,” and to make report of their observations. -Great discretion and a full understanding of the situation are -essential in publishing the results of such comments and observations. -In the early history of our organization, there were so many abuses -prevalent in the management of prisons that by far the larger part -of the activities of the Acting Committee consisted in the effort to -remedy the evils of management. These efforts were eminently successful -in those days of emergence from medieval methods; and while we all -rejoice in the very great amelioration of conditions, it must be -confessed that penal improvement has lagged behind all other agencies -for betterment. If we compare our educational system, hospitals, -transportation methods, agricultural development--any field of human -endeavor--with our correctional institutions, we are overwhelmed by the -extreme lack of corresponding progress. - - -PERSONAL VISITATION. - -The reports of the Visiting Committees for the year 1918 indicate that -there is no loss of interest or effort in seeking to restore men and -women to their better selves. In consequence of the quarantine caused -by the epidemic of influenza, which resulted in keeping visitors away -from four to six weeks, the statistics do not bulk as large as usual. - - Number of reported visits to the Eastern Penitentiary 337 - Number of reported interviews with the inmates 6,435 - Number of reported interviews with the inmates of the - Philadelphia County Prison 3,631 - Number of prisoners interviewed at Central Station - by Agent 15,933 - Number of discharged prisoners receiving direct aid 590 - -On practically every Sabbath one or more of our members take part in -the religious services in the prisons. - -We are convinced that many of those with whom we meet from time to time -are victims of circumstances, and also that many of them are defective -in mentality and in self control. At some time, we trust the General -Assembly will take up seriously the subject of the degenerates who need -treatment in accordance with the most approved psychiatric methods. -Some of them need institutional care for a much longer time than is -indicated by the Court sentence. Here they should be restrained until -they are deemed ready to become useful to the community. - - -EMPLOYMENT OF PRISONERS. - -In the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the most flagrant evil of -the prisons is the lack of wholesome employments for the inmates. -Even some of our laws designed to help conditions have aggravated the -evil. For instance, the law of 1913, which, with the best intentions, -repealed other laws for employment in the State Penal Institutions, -in order that the inmates might all be employed in making articles -for State use, did not create a sure market for the articles thus -manufactured, and therefore the number of prisoners profitably employed -in the penitentiaries is not so large as under a former law when 35 -per cent. of them could be kept at work in the manufacture of articles -or products to be sold in the open market. A simple remedy for this -deplorable state of affairs may be found in granting the privilege -of selling the surplus stock in the market at the prevailing price. -Organized labor found undesirable competition with the products of free -labor only when the prisoners were employed on the vicious contract -system. Under the present methods, the prisoners are to receive a fair -wage and the products are to be sold at the market price. Perhaps -we could make a beginning by listing certain industries in which -the convicts may be employed. Place no restrictions on agricultural -products, including canned goods, on the work of stone crushing and in -general the manufacture of road-making material, and also allow two or -three indoor industries, such as the manufacture of carpets and knit -goods. Thus the problem may be solved. When we consider the very small -number of persons so employed in comparison with the hordes of outside -workers, it appears very evident that the amount of real competition -would reduce to the vanishing point. No industry would be injured, the -tax-payers would be relieved from a large part of the expense, the -prisoners would earn their own maintenance, and thus the demoralizing -effects of idleness would be averted. - - -DISCHARGED PRISONERS. - -It has sometimes been stated that for some visitors, the prisoner -loses his charm when released from confinement. He may be decidedly -interesting behind the bars, or perhaps he may be simply an object -of curiosity, or a psychological specimen to be studied, like some -abnormal freak of nature. Within the wall the visitor may show warmth, -interest, cordiality, sympathy, a certain degree of familiarity, -but on the outside the atmosphere is below zero. This is a species -of charlatanism for which we have no sympathy. It is an exceedingly -important part of our mission to set the discharged man on his feet, -and to establish his goings. If ever any man needed sympathy and -material aid, it is when the man released from confinement again -becomes a member of the community. Not all the men and women who are -released seem to require special help, but those who are in need are -very greatly dependent upon human kindness till they have regained some -sense of confidence and have again become self-supporting. If aid and -good cheer are not forthcoming at this crucial time of testing, there -is imminent danger of a relapse into former bad habits. We believe that -all of our visitors realize the importance of maintaining our interest -and kindly feeling for the prisoner at the time of his release. - - -SECURING EMPLOYMENT. - -During the last two years there has been no difficulty in finding work -for any able-bodied man. There are some disappointments, but we are -learning not to become discouraged. Possibly we may allow ourselves to -dwell unduly on the failures, when we should recall the many instances -of reclamation. The saying “Once a crook, always a crook” has no -place either in our experience or in our philosophy. If this saying -represents a truth, we would become pessimistic regarding the human -race. Show us the man or woman who has never erred. Please note some -examples:-- - -The other day we met “A” on Market Street. Accompanied by his little -son, he was speeding away in his “flivver.” He stopped to give us a -greeting, and indicated that happiness and prosperity were his portion. - -“B” is a spick and span policeman in a neighboring city. Though you may -say “Set a thief to catch a thief,” this particular guardian of the -public peace is discharging his duty to the community. - -“C” seemed particularly pleased to meet us the other day uptown. He had -joined the church, and had attained to the dignity of usher. - -“D,” who was once an accomplished burglar, having served at least two -terms in prison, has built up a manufacturing industry, and is quite -prosperous. - -“E” is foreman in the jewelry department of a large department store -“somewhere in America.” - -“F,” a one-armed piece of ebon jollity, is one of the handiest men -employed on a certain prosperous truck farm. - -“G,” who began cooking for Blank Firm at $10 weekly wages, now reports -with a grin that he is getting $65 a month with board and lodging. - -“H” is one of the most popular clerks in the office of a mammoth -establishment. That he once fell from grace is known, but it is no -longer reckoned against him. - -“I” one year ago began as a solicitor and now his business has so -enlarged that he has taken a suite of rooms for his office. - -We could easily exhaust the alphabet with such cases. There are -failures, but we try to discount our disappointments when we take -account of those who are “making good.” The Parole Officers have -informed us that seventy-five per cent. are becoming satisfactory -citizens. By far the larger part of those whom we willingly assist, in -a short time are beyond our ken. They take with them our hopes and our -fears--our fears, that they may again yield to the manifold temptations -on every hand; our hopes, that they have learned their lesson, and with -courage and by the help of divine grace are performing their duty to -the community. - - -A REVOLVING RELIEF FUND. - -A few of those to whom we render assistance return a part, or all, -of the funds which we have advanced to them. We do not press them -for payment. Those who are invalids or who have families to support -are not expected to repay us. From many years of experience, we have -learned that it is not wise indiscriminately to make grants of cash -in hand. Old chums are waiting just around the corner for a treat. -Temptations of all sorts are manifold. We guarantee bills for board -and lodging, purchase tools and clothing, furnish transportation, and -provide outfits for those who are sent to the State Sanatoriums. But -there are some who should feel an obligation to return the value of the -assistance rendered. Thus we hope to create a sort of revolving fund -which may be used for cases of need, and when returned is ready for the -next man. Many of these released men have some natural pride or self -respect, and do not wish to be considered mendicants. - - -THE AMERICAN PRISON ASSOCIATION. - -On account of the epidemic of influenza so prevalent in the autumn, -the meeting of the American Prison Association was called off. At a -meeting of the Executive Committee held recently it was concluded to -postpone till next year the sessions of this body. New York had been -selected as the place, and it has been decided to meet in the same -city, October 20-24, 1919. - - -THE AGENT’S WORK AT THE CENTRAL POLICE STATION. - -One of the most important features of our relief work is under the -management of our Agent, Mr. Fred J. Pooley, at the Central Station, -City Hall. From the forty-two Police Stations throughout the city, -there arrive almost hourly at this Central Station van loads of human -freight which in some way or other must be quickly disposed of by the -Committing Magistrate. Most of these are petty offenders, but also -there are numerous cases of arrest on suspicion or for vagrancy, and -such as these need special care in order to prevent injustice, and to -be saved from criminal associations. Agent Pooley endeavors to have a -brief interview with these derelicts or victims of misfortune before -they are taken before the Magistrate. In ten months of last year he -thus interviewed 15,933 arrested persons, and on their behalf wrote to -their friends 1,937 letters. His experience for many years has taught -him to distinguish the ring of the true from the sound of the false, so -that when the cases come up before the Court, he is ready to interpose -a word on behalf of the accused person. Often the unfortunate man or -woman, boy or girl, is placed in the care of the agent, who sends them -to their homes or friends, or places them in some detention home until -he may verify their story or hear from their parents or relatives. No -day passes with a blank record in this work of rescue. - -In the Agent’s report, an abstract of which is printed in the Annual -Journal of which this report forms a part, a number of instances are -narrated, illustrating the importance of this service. - -During the time of the closing of the saloons on account of the -epidemic of influenza, the number of arrests for drunkenness and -disorderly conduct greatly decreased, thus clearly demonstrating that a -prohibitory law would have a decided tendency very greatly to diminish -crime and disorder in this city. - - -LEGISLATION. - -We have delayed the printing of our annual report in order to include -in the JOURNAL the Report of the Commission to Investigate Prison -Systems, of which the Secretary of the Society is a member. The -Legislative Committee of the Society has endorsed the findings of the -Commission and has urgently requested the General Assembly to take -favorable action on the bills presented by the Commission. A synopsis -of these bills presents the following desirable features. - -1. The enlargement of the functions of the State Board of Public -Charities so as to include the appointment from their number of a -Committee on Delinquency with supervisory power over all prisons of the -Commonwealth and with authority to condemn unsanitary conditions and -provide for betterment, and also to have especial direction over the -prison industries. Medical and psychiatric examination of convicts is -provided with power to transfer defective criminals to the institution -most suitable for their care and restoration. - -2. The establishment of State Industrial Farms to which those sentenced -to the county jails may be sent. - -3. An Amendment to the law of 1911 which deals with the imposition of -sentences by the Courts to the extent that convicted prisoners may be -eligible for parole when one-third of the maximum sentence has expired. - -4. Abolition of the fee system in county jails, a practice universally -condemned by all who have studied the problem. - -5. The removal of the Eastern Penitentiary to a farm in the eastern -part of the State. This suggestion is in line with the recommendation -of the Commission of 1915 of which the present Warden was a member. At -that time the purchase of a farm for the use of the institution was -proposed. - -6. The provision that goods and articles made by the labor of prisoners -shall be used whenever practicable by public institutions of the -Commonwealth, thus insuring a market for such products. - -The full report of the Commission is found in the present issue of the -JOURNAL, pages 19-46. - - -THE ROLL OF MEMBERS. - -During the last year we have to a considerable extent enlarged the -membership of our Society. We presented the matter to a number of our -citizens, many of whom had been contributors to our work for some time, -who very cordially accepted membership. Seventy-five persons have -been added to our membership during the year 1918, and we are deeply -gratified to place on our roll the names of so many estimable citizens. -The number of members at the present time, including life members, is -252. - - -MORTUARY NOTICES. - -During the last year four of the members of the Acting Committee have -been called away by death. - -In January our dear friend, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gormly, who has -faithfully visited for many years the prisoners in Pittsburgh, died -at an advanced age. She had been a member since 1903. She was also -connected with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, being the State -Superintendent of Evangelistic Work among Prisoners. - -In August, Mrs. Annie Fassitt, of Philadelphia, also of an advanced -age, passed from works to rewards. She had been a member from 1896, -and had given special assistance to hundreds of prisoners. She was -one of the founders of the “Door of Blessing,” and for many years -was prominent in the support and management of this effort for the -restoration of erring sisters. She was a real “Angel of Mercy.” - -John Smallzell, a member since 1905, also passed away in the month of -August. His visits to Eastern Penitentiary will long be remembered. -Wherever he went, he took a message of good cheer. He was most sincere -and devout, and carried with him everywhere the influence of a devoted -Christian life. - -In April, 1919, our esteemed Vice-President Joseph C. Noblit, in the -eighty-sixth year of his life, was called to his everlasting home. -He was elected a member of the Society in 1899 and was made a member -of the Acting Committee in 1900. In 1916 he was chosen as one of the -Vice-Presidents, and on occasion presided at the meetings of the Acting -Committee with dignity and a high sense of responsibility. He was a -diligent attender of the meetings and his judgment on the many matters -coming before the Committee was sound and discreet. He was a faithful -visitor to the inmates of our prisons, earnest in the endeavor to bring -to them a true gospel message and to induce them to choose the better -way of living. He knew the deep principles of experimental religion, -and was solicitous that all with whom he came in contact should know -for themselves the consolations of a devoted Christian life. “He giveth -his beloved sleep.” - -On behalf of the Acting Committee, - - EDWARD M. WISTAR, - _President_. - - ALBERT H. VOTAW, - _Secretary_. - - -FINANCIAL STATEMENT. - - RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR 1918. - - To Balance January 1, 1918 $1,716 94 - “ Contributions 3,439 00 - “ Dues from Annual Members 410 00 - “ Life Membership (Edw. M. Wistar) 50 00 - “ Income from Investments 2,152 60 - “ Income from I. V. Williamson Charities 720 00 - “ Income from Anna Blanchard Fund 220 50 - “ Income from Joshua L. Baily Fund 157 62 - “ Income from Henry A. Rogers Fund 25 20 - “ Income from Isaac Barton (Tool Fund) 80 33 - “ Interest on deposits 42 05 - “ Sale of Literature 90 - “ Returned by Discharged Prisoners 40 25 - “ Refund Account Wardens’ Conference 129 45 - --------- - Total Receipts $9,184 84 - - PAYMENTS. - - For Aid and Relief Discharged Prisoners $1,408 34 - “ Journal and other Publications 650 80 - “ Dues, various affiliated Associations 11 00 - “ Library, Periodicals 27 35 - “ Postage, Printing, Stationery 383 75 - “ Office Expenses, Telephone, Incidentals 275 89 - “ Traveling Expenses, Secretary and Agent 98 60 - “ Rent of Office 480 00 - “ Salaries of Officers 3,710 00 - “ Life Membership Fee Transferred to Fiscal Agent 50 00 - “ Balance, December 31, 1918 2,089 11 - --------- - Total Payments including balance $9,184 84 - - REPORT ON FUNDS HELD FOR HOME OF INDUSTRY. - - Receipts on Account of Income $361 28 - Payments to Home of Industry 361 28 - - Respectfully, - JOHN WAY, _Treasurer_. - -We the undersigned members of the Audit Committee, have examined the -foregoing account of John Way, Treasurer, compared the payments with -the vouchers, and believe the same to be correct. - -We have also examined securities in the hands of our agents, The -Provident Life and Trust Company of Philadelphia, and find them to -agree with the list thereto attached. - - Philadelphia January 1, 1919. JOHN A. DUNCAN, - ISAAC P. MILLER, - _Auditing Committee_. - - -REPORT OF GENERAL AGENT FREDERICK J. POOLEY. - -During the year 1918 the Agent made daily visits to the cell-room at -the Central Station at City Hall. Twenty thousand and thirty-nine -men and women prisoners were detained there for preliminary trial, -15,933 of whom the Agent visited while at the Central Station and the -remainder after they arrived at Moyamensing Prison. - - Number visited at County Prisons 2,829 - Number of notices and letters written on their behalf 1,888 - Number discharged prisoners receiving financial aid 345 - -The opportunities for helpful service are very numerous. In a large -number of cases of suspicion or of a trivial character, the Agent has -been instrumental in securing the discharge of the prisoners, or in -placing them under the care of the Probation Officer, thus saving their -family from disgrace and the County from expense. - -It might be of interest to mention a few cases of interest. - -No. 1. A young man from the west, arrested as a suspicious character, -had been from home nine years, and was held for a hearing. The Agent -got in touch with his relatives and he was discharged and sent home. - -No. 2. A young man from Pittsburgh, Pa., money all gone, while pawning -his watch was arrested; the pawnbroker thought he had stolen it, and -when your Agent received word from his mother that it was his own -watch, he was discharged and sent home. - -No. 3. Two young men from St. Louis, with no money, were held as -suspicious characters in order to give the Agent a chance to get in -touch with relatives. One mother came on, and the other sent ticket, -and they both went home. - -No. 4. A young man who had gone from town to town, ashamed to write -home, until he landed in our City Hall cell. A few words from the -Agent, brought tears to his eyes and he allowed a letter to be written. -The magistrate discharged him and he is now at home, and he writes: “I -am so glad you found me when you did, for your letter found my mother -and brought her to my rescue, and now _I am free_ and expect to keep in -the right path the remainder of my life.” - -With the close of the year 1918, your Agent completed 20 years of -service at the Philadelphia County Prison and eight years of service -at the Central Police Station, City Hall, and in all these years your -Agent has not lost sight of the fact that it is the kind word and a -kindly grasp of the hand, at the proper moment, that may be the means -of turning an unfortunate from the wrong to the right path. - - Very truly, - FREDERICK J. POOLEY, - 1/15/19. _General Agent._ - - -PAROLE STATISTICS--EASTERN PENITENTIARY. - - The whole number of prisoners released on - parole, including some who have been - re-paroled, from September, 1910, to January - 1, 1919 2,773 - - Number thus released in 1918 510 - Whole number returned to the Penitentiary - since September, 1910 515 - -Some of those paroled have died, some have been pardoned and some have -received final discharge. - - Number who should now be reporting 930 - Of these, the number actually reporting 728 - Number known to be in jail elsewhere 37 - Number whose present address is unknown 165 930 - -Less than six per cent. of the entire number have vanished. It must -not be considered that all of these have committed crime. Doubtless -many of them have been in the trenches. They have broken connection -with the parole officials in order to serve Uncle Sam, who has stated -that he will not accept those who have been guilty of felony. From -outside sources, we have known that a large number of former convicts -have thus endeavored to expiate their former offenses. Much praise -has been given to ex-convicts in Canada and Great Britain from which -countries many were released in order to join the army or navy. In -fact very few of these absconders are supposed to have again committed -crime. Nearly every penal institution of the country receives notice of -these decampers accompanied by their photographs, so they are easily -identified. The few who again committed some crime have thus been -detected and either returned whence they came or held with detainers. -Probably nearly all of them desire to get entirely away from any -restraint or semblance of authority. They make a grievous mistake for -they are liable at any time to be apprehended and to be brought back -in disgrace. They live the life of hunted animals. Never for one hour -can they feel secure. We believe that a penalty should be levied upon -those who abuse the privilege of parole. They have violated their word -of honor, and should serve additional time. - -There are some persons who will argue against the granting of parole -because some eight and one-half per cent. of these obtaining this -privilege have again been guilty of violations of law and order. Nearly -all these violations are of the nature of misdemeanors. Comparatively -few have been guilty of felonies. The problem involves a deep study -of human psychology. In order to determine who shall be released, -there are many elements to be considered. Mistakes are made both -within and outside the prison walls. Those on the inside often give -the applicant the benefit of their doubts when the logic of the case -seems to urge further detention. When the man is on the outside he is -often disappointed in the attitude of the community of which he really -desires to become a law-abiding citizen. The members of the community -assume a serious responsibility when they put stumbling-blocks in the -way of the man who is endeavoring to make good. “Woe to that man by -whom the offense cometh.” - -But the conclusion is irresistible that an argument against release on -parole, based on the fact that about eight per cent. have again become -lawbreakers, is a stronger argument against release at expiration of -sentence. - -For a much larger percentage than eight per cent. of those who are -released because their terms have expired and therefore can not longer -be detained, become recidivists. Often one-half of the prisoners at a -penal institution have served previously, and yet a comparatively small -percentage are parole violators. In other words, the same argument -which is used against release on parole will apply more strongly to any -release whatever. Again, it must be remembered that the paroled man or -woman is under watchful care, while the person absolutely released is -subject to no restraint. - -Out of every 100 persons reported January 1, 1919, as being on parole, -74 were making good. Of the remaining 26, barely two have committed -felonies. This record is better than Boards in some other States have -reported. Our Parole Officials are giving deep study to this subject -with a view to increasing the percentage of successful effort. - - A. H. V. - - - - -COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. - -REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE PENAL SYSTEMS. - - - _To the General Assembly_: - -Your Commission duly appointed pursuant to Act of the Legislature, No. -409, 1917, “to investigate the prison systems and the organization -and management of correctional institutions within this Commonwealth -and elsewhere; to recommend such revision of the existing prison -system within this Commonwealth, and the laws pertaining to the -establishment, maintenance and regulation of State and County -correctional institutions within this Commonwealth as it shall deem -wise, and to report the same to the General Assembly at the session of -1919,” respectfully submits the following report of its proceedings, -together with its conclusions and recommendations and proposed bills -for carrying the same into effect. - -The Commission was constituted as follows: - - Fletcher W. Stites, Narberth, Chairman, - Alfred E. Jones, Uniontown, - Mrs. Martha P. Falconer, Darling P. O., - Louis N. Robinson, Swarthmore, - Albert H. Votaw, Philadelphia. - -On November 1, 1917, the members of the Commission met in the City -of Philadelphia, for the purpose of organization and assigned the -work of investigation which had been committed to it to the several -members thereof. On July 1, 1918, the Commission retained Dr. George -W. Kirchwey, of New York City, as its counsel to direct the subsequent -course of the investigation and to aid the Commission with his counsel -and advice. - - -I. - -SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION. - -The Commission was fortunate in having in its personnel as thus -constituted four members, including its counsel, who had through -long experience and previous investigations acquired considerable -information as to penal institutions and their management in this and -other States. The investigation covered:-- - -(1) A careful study and analysis of the laws governing penal conditions -and institutions in this Commonwealth; - -(2) An examination of the six correctional institutions directly -controlled by the State, namely: - - The Eastern Penitentiary, at Philadelphia; - The Western Penitentiary, at Pittsburgh; - The New Central Penitentiary, at Bellefonte; - The State Industrial Reformatory, at Huntingdon; - The Pennsylvania Training School, at Morganza; - The State Industrial Home for Women, at Muncy; - -(3) A similar examination of the Glen Mills Schools--the Girls’ -Department, Sleighton Farms, at Darlington, and the Boys’ Department at -Glen Mills; - -(4) A similar examination of the Philadelphia House of Correction and -of the County Convict Prison at Holmesburg, Moyamensing Prison in -Philadelphia, the Allegheny County Workhouse at Hoboken and many other -county institutions; - -(5) A study of the constitution, organization and functions of the -State Board of Public Charities, and specifically of those of its -Committee on Lunacy; - -(6) A study of the powers and activities of the Prison Labor Commission -instituted under the Act of June 1, 1918; - -(7) A careful survey of the entire history of the penal system of the -Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from the colonial period down to the -present time, based on the historical research of Professor Harry E. -Barnes of Clark University, Massachusetts; - -(8) An investigation of significant correctional institutions in -several other States, notably in New York, New Jersey and Ohio. - -To supplement and enlarge the range of these inquiries and studies, the -Commission was permitted to avail itself of the results of previous -investigations conducted by two of its members; on the Employment -and Compensation of Prisoners in Pennsylvania, by Professor Louis N. -Robinson, as Secretary of the Penal Commission of 1913-1915, and on the -county jails and workhouses, made periodically from 1914 to 1918 by -Albert H. Votaw, as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. - -The Commission desires to express its sense of deep obligation to -the officials and inspectors of prisons in this Commonwealth for the -courtesy and hospitality extended to its members in the course of their -investigations. It also acknowledges its indebtedness to the Secretary -and members of the Board of Public Charities and to the Secretary of -the Public Charities Association for their helpful co-operation. - -The Commission has heretofore submitted to the Governor two preliminary -reports, one a Special Emergency Report on Prison Labor, bearing date -September 1, 1918, and a special report on the State Industrial Home -for Women, under date of September 15, 1918, both of which are hereto -appended. - -While both these reports were called out by war emergencies, the -former by the dearth of labor power to man the war industries of -the Commonwealth, the latter by the need of providing a place for -the detention and treatment of the large number of dissolute women -convicted of offenses against Federal and State laws enacted for the -protection of the soldiers in the training camps--the Commission -believes that they are still pertinent and that the recommendations -which they contain should form a part of any constructive scheme for -the improvement of the penal system of the Commonwealth. - - -II. - -DEVELOPMENT OF PENAL SYSTEM OF PENNSYLVANIA. - -The most inspiring and significant chapter in the history of penology -is not the achievement of John Howard in redeeming the common gaols -of England from the degradation into which they had fallen, nor of -Lord Romilly in his lifelong struggle against the barbarities of the -English penal laws, but the leadership which for more than a century -the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania gave to the world both in prison -reform and in the amelioration of the penal code. The two former were -the revolt of sensitive and humane natures against hoary abuses; -but the latter was all this and something more. It was a bold and -imaginative reconstruction of the whole basis of penal discipline. As -far back as the last quarter of the seventeenth century the Quaker -colonists of Pennsylvania introduced for the first time the practice -of employing imprisonment at hard labor as the ordinary method of -punishing anti-social action. After the reversion of the American -colonies for fifty years to the barbarous criminal jurisprudence of the -mother country, Pennsylvania was the first State, the first community -in the world, to break with this system and to substitute imprisonment -for the various brutal and degrading types of corporal punishment. -The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, in 1790, was the earliest -institution in America in which these more enlightened principles were -put into practice. From this second beginning, for a period of forty -years, Pennsylvania was elaborating and perfecting the first of the two -great systems of penal administration which were destined to dominate -the penology of the civilized world during the nineteenth century--the -separate confinement of malefactors. Visited, admired and imitated -by large numbers of eminent and enthusiastic European penologists, -the Eastern Penitentiary at Cherry Hill was the pivotal point linking -American and European penology for more than a generation after 1830. - -Then followed that long period of inertia, of lassitude, of marking -time, which is so apt to succeed to a period of ardent reforming energy -and which to this very day has maintained its spell over the State and -the Nation. - -Not that there have not in the last half century been notable -improvements in the theory and practice of penal administration, -some of them bold enough to bring America from time to time into the -forefront of interest and example to the penologists of the Old World, -but in most of these the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has been content -to play a secondary role. Throughout this era of slackened energy she -has not cared or dared to initiate, to lead, to “carry on,” but has -followed belatedly and afar off the progress of other States. Examples -of this are the Auburn congregate system, which divided with the -Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement the interest of European -as well as of American penologists, and which was adopted in the -Western Penitentiary in 1869, a full generation after its establishment -in New York State, and which has only recently conquered the parent -institution on Cherry Hill; the justly famous Elmira experiment -of progressive classification and industrial training of inmates -embodied in the Huntingdon Reformatory in 1889, and the long-promised -reformatory for women at Muncy, which, six years after its creation by -legislative action, has not yet been rendered available for the purpose -for which it was designed. - -The first step in the development of an intelligent conception of -delinquency and its treatment came not in an accurate conception of -the nature of crime and its causes, but in a clearer and more correct -notion of the function of punishment. By 1790 the element of deterrence -in punishment was recognized and emphasized. The element of reformation -was a cardinal point in the theory and practice of the Philadelphia -Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, and this -Society did its best to infuse this doctrine into the Pennsylvania -system of prison administration. Before 1830 it was very generally -asserted that reformation, as well as deterrence and social revenge, -was to be regarded as a chief aim of punishment, though the offender -was still regarded as an unregenerate free moral agent. - -This theory of crime received a severe shock in the “forties” from the -investigations of Dorothea L. Dix and others, who showed the great -prevalence of insanity and idiocy among the delinquent classes. It -could scarcely be denied even by the traditional jurists that the -exercise of free will was likely to be seriously impeded by insanity or -feeble-mindedness. From 1850 to the beginning of the present century -the most notable advances toward a more intelligent conception of crime -and its treatment consisted in the gradual but definite triumph of the -notion of detention and punishment as agencies for reformation rather -than as instruments of social revenge. - -For more than a century of its history the penal, reformatory and -correctional institutions of Pennsylvania were limited to the county -jails and the few and scattered workhouses, which were erected mainly -in conjunction with the almshouses. In the jails there could be no -approach to anything like a differentiated treatment of delinquents. -In them were herded promiscuously those imprisoned for debt, those -convicted of crime and those accused or held as witnesses; those of all -ages and both sexes; those convicted of all categories and grades of -crime punishable by imprisonment; those of all mental states--normal, -feeble-minded, neurotic, psychotic, epileptic. The few colonial -workhouses were employed as little more than an agency for suppressing -vagrancy. - -The first step in a differentiated treatment of crime and criminals -came with the erection of a semi-state prison in the Walnut Street -Jail in 1789-90. This provided for a partial differentiation between -those convicted of the more serious crimes and those convicted of -petty offenses or awaiting trial. It did not however, attempt any -scientific differentiation on the basis of age, sex or mental state. -Children and adults, male and female, sane and insane, were confined -in contiguity. The opening of the State penitentiaries at Allegheny -and Philadelphia in 1826 and 1829, with their fundamental principle of -solitary confinement, carried further the process of differentiation, -but still continued to apply the same general type of treatment to all -incarcerated inmates. It was a system of separation rather than of a -differentiated treatment of special types of prisoners. - -The second important development in the direction of specialization -in the provision of institutional treatment of delinquents appeared -in the establishment of a House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents in -Philadelphia in 1828. Though this was at first a private rather than -a State institution and was of very limited capacity, it marked an -epoch in the progress of Pennsylvania penology by making possible some -elementary differentiation on the basis of age, degree of criminality -and relative susceptibility to reformation. The next attempt at further -differentiation came with the erection of the State Hospital for -the Insane at Harrisburg between 1841 and 1851, chiefly as a result -of the agitation initiated by Dorothea L. Dix. This and the other -State hospitals for the insane, subsequently erected, provided for a -treatment of the more important types of mental disorder, though no -adequate provision was made for removing the insane from the prison. -Not until 1905 was an act passed providing for the erection of a State -hospital for the criminal insane at Fairview which was opened in 1912. - -During the quarter of a century following 1850 there was an active -agitation to provide a means of differentiating the treatment of -criminals on the basis of age, sex and degree of criminality. The first -important achievement in this direction was the further development -of reform schools for juvenile delinquents through the removal and -enlargement of the Philadelphia House of Refuge in 1850-54 and the -erection of the Western House of Refuge at Allegheny during the same -period. Juvenile delinquents, if petty offenders, could thereafter be -removed from their degrading confinement in the state prison or worse -county jails and receive the properly specialized treatment which their -circumstances demanded. No provision for the differentiated treatment -of the less definite and confirmed types of adult delinquents was made -until the opening of the reformatory for men at Huntingdon in 1889 -and the authorization of the State Industrial Home for Women at Muncy -in 1913. The provision of reformatories and juvenile correctional -institutions marked a double process of differentiation, in that these -institutions not only called for a diversity of treatment according to -age, sex and degree of criminality, but also from the fact that they -were clearly differentiated from the State prisons and the county jails -in making reformation rather than punishment or detention their chief -aims. - -Along with this development of a properly differentiated system -of treating the delinquent population, has gone the growth of -specialized institutions for dealing with the closely related class -of defectives, which was once treated indiscriminately along with the -delinquent classes when its members were guilty of criminal action. -The State institution for feeble-minded at Polk, opened in 1893, and -at Spring City, provided by an act of 1903, and the State Village -for Feeble-minded Women at Laurelton, not yet available for use, are -designed to furnish scientific treatment for large numbers of those -who would today be confined in the state prisons or county jails, if -the ideas and institutions of 1840 prevailed. Even an institution for -inebriates was contemplated in an act of 1913. - -But this vital and all important process of the differentiation, -classification and specialized treatment of the delinquent and -defective classes has now proceeded far beyond that most elementary -stage of furnishing separate institutions for dealing with the most -general classes of delinquents and defectives. It has been found -that the terms defective, insane and criminal have only a legal -significance and are practically useless when involving the problem -of exact scientific analysis and treatment. Each general class of -delinquent boys, of defective girls or of criminal adults, for -instance, is made up of distinguishable and distinct types which demand -specialized treatment in the same way that it is required for one -general class as distinguished from another. Though it is as yet very -imperfectly developed, the present tendency is for each institution to -differentiate into a number of specialized departments, each designed -to provide the proper treatment for one of these types. - -Finally, within the last decade beginnings have been made in -what is likely to be an important future development, namely the -non-institutional care of the less pronounced and confirmed types of -delinquents, particularly of delinquent minors. The developments along -this line have, up to the present, consisted chiefly in the adoption -of parole systems in all the State penal, reformatory and correctional -institutions and in a more liberal use of the suspended sentence -and probation. The recently established Municipal Probation Court -of Philadelphia is a pioneer in Pennsylvania in this promising new -development in the preventive treatment of the less confirmed type of -delinquents. - -Looking at the whole matter as it stands today, it cannot be said -that conditions in Pennsylvania are in any material respect either -better or worse than in other progressive States, except in the one -matter of the useful employment of the convict population. Here, as -elsewhere, some lucky chance has placed a man or a woman of exceptional -qualifications at the head of an institution, one who has by his strong -personal initiative made the best of a bad situation, as in the case of -the Eastern Penitentiary, or who has, with something akin to genius, -seized upon a new opportunity, as in the case of the Girls’ School at -Darlington and the new Penitentiary foundation at Bellefonte. But these -are sporadic and exceptional developments and have furnished no new -principle of a revolutionary character to mark the dawn of a new era in -penal administration. - -Meanwhile the hopeless and demoralizing idleness to which most of -the inmates of the Eastern Penitentiary and of most of the county -institutions of the Commonwealth are doomed, is a spectacle in which -the people of Pennsylvania can take nothing but shame. But even if this -is remedied, as it should be at once by drastic legislative action, -Pennsylvania will have done no more than reach the level of penological -theory of the Quaker innovators of the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries. The step is an imperative one, but it will not restore to -the Commonwealth the proud position of leadership which once was hers, -which is still, by virtue of past achievements and by common fame, -attributed to her. - -While we have thus been dreaming, tardily and ineffectually putting -into effect the aspirations of a long-distant past, a new penology has -come into being, based not on humanitarian sentiment or on “the common -sense of most,” but on the scientific study of the delinquent and his -environment. New sciences of psychology, psychiatry and sociology -have been forged to meet the conditions of the new day and these have -furnished us with a new basis for penological experimentation. We -have learned that the criminal is not merely a person who has in the -exercise of an unfettered will chosen the evil rather than the good, -but a person of complex personality shaped by heredity and environment -to what he is, none the less a menace to society than the older -conception made him, not the less requiring restraint and correction, -but demanding and deserving individual treatment according to the -nature which has been developed in him. We have learned from recent -scientific study of the most rigorous and trustworthy sort that from -50 to 60 per cent. of the inmates of our correctional institutions -are abnormal--feeble-minded, insane, psychopathic--to the point of -irresponsibility, to all intents and purposes the same kind of people -that fill our hospitals for the insane and institutions for the -feeble-minded. We have also learned, from sociological case studies, -that a very large proportion of those that the psychiatrist would class -as normal are the victims of neglected childhood and of the depraving -influences of the institutions in which they have spent a great part of -their young lives. - -It seems clear that this new knowledge makes for a new classification, -based not, like that of the Elmira system, on behavior in confinement, -nor, like that of the current penology, on the character of the crime -committed, but on the exact study of the individual and that the -treatment accorded him must be adapted to the results of such study. - -Here, then, is the new opportunity for a further advance out of this -slough of despond--an opportunity not inferior to that which this -Commonwealth so superbly grasped in its heroic youth--to bring its -penal administration into conformity with the newer conceptions of -delinquency. Tinkering the old machine is not enough. It must be -remodeled altogether. Adding to the powers of a board of inspectors -here, curbing them there, setting up new boards and commissions to -direct the doing of this, to restrain the doing of that--all these -are but a part of the old game, which will after all continue to be -played in very much the old perfunctory way. What is demanded is a -genuine reconstruction of the penal system of the Commonwealth, one -which shall, with as little disturbance to the existing management of -the several institutions as possible, put at their service all the -resources of the new knowledge of crime and its treatment. It is the -purpose of this report to suggest the lines of this future development -of our penal system. - - -III. - -GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESENT PENAL SYSTEM. - -As the foregoing outline indicates, the several State institutions of -a penal, correctional and reformatory character, with the two Glen -Mills Schools (which, though largely under private management, are -essentially public institutions) have been developed at different -times, under the influence of changing conceptions of social -responsibility for different types of offenders. As a result of this -circumstance each is separately managed by a board of inspectors or -managers, which exercises complete control over the policy of the -institution to which its authority extends. This Board appoints the -Warden or Superintendent, fixes his or her compensation, determines -the industrial and educational policy of the institution and, under -the authority of the Legislature, disburses the funds appropriated -for its maintenance. The disciplinary policy of the institution is -almost invariably entrusted to the Warden or Superintendent and, -as is natural, if that official happens to be a person of strong -individuality and initiative, his policy in practice, if not in theory, -governs the entire administration. Nowhere is there a centralized -authority exercising a general control or an effective influence. The -only approach to such a general agency is the State Board of Public -Charities, which may investigate and require the submission of an -annual report, and the Prison Labor Commission, which exercises a -general supervision over the industries of the two penitentiaries and -the Huntingdon Reformatory, but which has no effective power to carry -its plans into execution. There is, accordingly, no uniform policy, -even in the case of institutions like the two Glen Mills schools, -which have a similar type of inmates and an identical aim, nor in the -case of all the institutions under consideration in matters where -their problems and needs are the same. That there are advantages in -this policy of separate control cannot be denied. It gives to an -energetic and progressive superintendent or board of managers a degree -of initiative in reform and experimentation which, under a highly -centralized control of all the institutions, it would be difficult to -secure. On the other hand it may have the effect of depriving the -individual institution, because of its poverty or because of the -reactionary character of its administration, of the benefits of an -advance which may have been made elsewhere. There could not be a better -illustration of the unevenness of development resulting from this lack -of co-ordination in the Pennsylvania prison system than the fact that -the Eastern Penitentiary was compelled to wait for the initiative of -its present Warden for the partial adoption of the congregate system, -which had for forty years existed in the Western Penitentiary, and -which had everywhere demonstrated its superiority over the system of -solitary confinement. - -Upon the whole, however, what strikes the thoughtful observer is not -the diversity of policy and management among these institutions, -even where they have avowedly different aims, but their conformity -to a common type, and that the prison type. With only two -exceptions--Sleighton Farms and the Training School at Morganza--the -persistent shadow of the Penitentiary rests upon them all. It is true -that in the new Central Penitentiary on its broad acreage at Bellefonte -and in the Eastern Penitentiary, so far as the physical and industrial -conditions render possible, the shadow has been lifted, but it is safe -to say of the penal system of the State as a whole, that it is still -too much dominated by the ancient ideal of demonstrating to the inmates -that “the way of the transgressor is hard.” Even in institutions of a -purely reformatory character, while they leave little to be desired -in the way of healthful conditions of living, orderly administration -and educational opportunities, the reformation of the wrong-doer is -still too much sought through a system of stern repression, of “iron -discipline”--a system which, as all experience shows, defeats its end -by crushing out the finer elements of character on which the redemption -of the individual must depend. An almost invariable incident of this -type of disciplinary control is the persistence of the policy of -securing good conduct through punishment--often severe punishment -for trivial offenses--rather than by the more enlightened and humane -method of holding out incentives to good behavior, either by the grant -of special privileges or by putting on the inmates themselves the -responsibility for the good behavior of all. - -Other instances of the persistence of the traditional attitude toward -the offender are the almost complete lack throughout our penal system -of a scientific, balanced ration, such as has in the experience of -prison administrators in other States, as notably at Sing Sing Prison -in 1916, and more recently in our army camps, demonstrated the value -both for health and efficiency and from the point of view of economy -of a scientific management of the problem of food supply for large -masses of men; the general indifference to outdoor recreation and -exercise, so essential to the health and morale of the inmate body; -the meagre provision for any education worthy of the name; the all but -complete lack of comprehensive and well rounded systems of vocational -or industrial training, on which the efficiency of prison labor and the -ability of the inmates to “make good” in the world of industry after -their release so largely depends; the demoralizing idleness which is -still after three decades of effort the most marked characteristic of -our prison system; and, finally, the insufficient care for the physical -and mental health of the inmates of our correctional institutions, -which still for the most part mingle indiscriminately together the -tuberculous and syphilitic with those who are sound in body and the -insane, psychopathic and defective with those who are sound in mind. - -Many of these conditions which continue to put the brand of the prison -on the inmates of our correctional institutions are doubtless due to -the survival of the Bastille type of prison architecture, which is -exemplified in the Eastern and Western Penitentiaries and in such -structures as Moyamensing Prison in Philadelphia, the Convict Prison at -Holmesburg, the Philadelphia House of Correction and many others. It is -scarcely too much to say that no human being is vile enough to deserve -confinement in such a place or dangerous enough to need it. Even the -most unbending of the old type of prison official will concede that -80 per cent. of the inmates neither need nor deserve to be confined -behind triple bars of steel or in cells like catacombs or within walls -like those of Egyptian tombs. Keepers and inmates alike lose half their -humanity by confinement in these grim and forbidding structures. No -reforming influence however humane and generous, can long survive in -their atmosphere. - -Public opinion is at last moving away from this antiquated type of -prison architecture to the newer type represented in the honor prison -at New Hampton Farms in New York and in our Commonwealth in the cottage -colonies at Sleighton Farms, Glen Mills, Morganza, and Muncy. The -change which comes over the men who are transferred from the Western -Penitentiary to the new prison site in Centre County is a sufficient -commentary on the older type of prison, and demonstrates beyond -peradventure the duty of affording to all of our convict population a -similar life of freedom and opportunity. This result, so desirable from -every point of view, could in large measure be attained in a short time -by equipping the Eastern Penitentiary with a suitable area of farm land -in the Eastern Section of the State and by making immediate provision -for the institution of State industrial farms for the convicts confined -in the county prisons, as is recommended elsewhere in this report. - - -IV. - -PRISON LABOR. - -The conditions existing in the penal institutions of the Commonwealth -with respect to the employment of the inmates in useful industry -have been so fully set forth in the Emergency Report submitted by -the Commission to the Governor in September last (a copy of which is -annexed to this report) and in the comprehensive study of the problem -by the Penal Commission of 1913-1915 (submitted to the General Assembly -under date of February 15, 1915) that it is not deemed necessary to go -into the matter at length in this place. It suffices to call attention -to the fact that the conditions described in those reports have not in -any material respect been improved. Of approximately 10,000 inmates -in the penal and correctional institutions of the State, less than -one-half are usefully employed, not more than one-fourth in productive -labor. The economic waste of such a system extended over a century is -scarcely less appalling than its inhumanity. By the law a large part of -this interminable procession of offending and suffering humanity has -been condemned to hard labor. In actual practice nearly all of it has -been doomed to wasteful and demoralizing idleness. - -The law of June 1, 1915, “providing a system of employment and -compensation for the inmates of the Eastern Penitentiary, Western -Penitentiary and the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon” -and creating a Prison Labor Commission to carry its provisions into -effect, has proved almost wholly inoperative, owing primarily to the -failure of the Legislature to provide for the compulsory purchase -of prison-made goods by the Commonwealth or the political divisions -thereof or by public institutions. As a consequence, out of a total -population of 3200 in the three institutions to which the authority of -the Commission extends, at the close of the year 1918 only 169 were -employed under the direction of the Commission. These were distributed -as follows:-- - - Eastern Penitentiary, population 1,371 - Caning chairs 16 - Cigarmaking 11 - Shoemaking 42 - Knitting hosiery 38 - ----- 107 - Absolutely idle 839 - - Western Penitentiary, population 720 - Broommaking 10 - Brushmaking 2 - Weaving 18 - ----- 30 - Absolutely idle 393 - - Huntingdon Reformatory, population 579 - Auto-tagmaking 32 - -Whether considered as a relief from the crushing burden of expense -that our penal establishments entail, or as a remedy for the physical -and moral degeneration resulting from enforced idleness, or as a means -to equip the inmates for lives of industry and usefulness after their -release, a system of prison labor which produces the results set forth -in these figures stands self condemned. - -To make the plan embodied in the law of 1915 effective, it should -further provide: - -(1) That municipalities as well as the Commonwealth and the political -divisions thereof and all public institutions shall be required, as -far as may be practicable, to supply their needs from the labor of the -penal and correctional institutions; - -(2) That the authority of the Commission or of any body in which its -powers may be vested shall extend to the reformatory institutions at -Darlington, Glen Mills, Morganza and Muncy and to all State, county -and municipal institutions of a penal or correctional character; - -(3) That the power of such Commission or body to regulate prison -industry be extended to all forms of labor activity of the inmates of -such institutions, including farming, roadmaking, land reclamation, -forestry, etc.; - -(4) That such Commission or body be empowered to determine the -compensation of prisoners for industrial and other work performed by -them and the method of applying such compensation to the use of such -prisoners or their dependents; - -(5) That the strict “State use” plan be modified by permitting the sale -in the open market, at not less than the market price, of any surplus -product resulting from the labor of the inmates over and above the -product disposed of as provided in the act. - - -V. - -THE COUNTY PRISONS. - -In Pennsylvania, as in most, if not all, of the other States of the -Union, the county jail is the despair of those who look for a better -day in the treatment of the wrong-doer. The admiration which our -experiments in the reformatory treatment of the young have excited -in eminent foreign penologists has turned to loathing when their -attention was directed to the county jails. Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, -the distinguished head of the English prison system, in an article -published a few months after his visit to this country in 1910, -described them in the following terms: - - “In these gaols it is hardly too much to say that many of the - features linger which called forth the wrath and indignation - of the great Howard at the end of the eighteenth century. - Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, absence of supervision, - idleness and corruption--these remain the features in many - places. Even the ‘fee’ system is still in vogue. The gaolers are - still paid by fees for the support of prisoners, and commitments - to gaol are common when some other disposition of the case would - have been imposed had not the commitment yielded a fee to the - sheriff, who is usually in charge of the gaol. In many gaols - there are not facilities for medical examination on reception, - for ventilation, for exercise, or for bathing.... The foreign - delegates were amazed at this startling inconsistency between the - management of the common gaols and that of the State prisons and - State reformatories. The evils to which I refer are well known - and deplored by that body of earnest and devoted men and women in - all sections of American society with whose lofty ideals on the - subject of prison reform and generous aspirations for the humane - treatment of the prisoner, the Washington Congress made us every - day familiar, but they seem helpless and almost hopeless.... - I was appealed to by leading men in more than one State, as - British representative, to publicly condemn the system, and this - I did, at a risk of giving considerable offense. Until the abuses - of the gaol system are removed, it is impossible for America to - have assigned to her by general consent a place in the vanguard - of progress in the domain of ‘_la science penitentiaire_.’” - -Your Commission desires to submit as its considered judgment that the -foregoing statement does no injustice to many of the county prisons of -this Commonwealth, and that the Legislature can do no greater service, -nor one that will reflect more credit on the Commonwealth, than to -sweep away the entire county jail system without delay. - -Attention has been called elsewhere in this report to the deplorable -conditions of idleness which prevail in the prisons of our -Commonwealth. These conditions are at their worst in the county -institutions. In the last six years the average daily number of -prisoners in the county jails of the Commonwealth has been about 6500. -Only about one-fourth of these have some form of employment other than -domestic service. But when all of the returns are in with regard to the -work accomplished, the number of days spent in complete idleness in the -course of a year will average more than one million. If we regard the -labor of the prisoners as worth fifty cents a day, the amount of waste -thus exceeds $500,000 annually. - -In order to obviate this condition of affairs, the General Assembly -in 1917 passed an Act (No. 337, P. L. 1917), vesting in the officers -in charge of county prisons the privilege of allowing the prisoners -to work on county and poorhouse farms. Although only twenty-seven -counties have taken advantage of this Act, its results have been very -beneficial. The workers have improved in health, strength and morale, -and the produce of their labor has been of material help in the -up-keep of the institutions. Unfortunately, the operation of this Act -terminates with the close of the war. - -A more comprehensive Act was proposed by the Penal Commission of -1913-1915, which recommended the establishment of six industrial farms -to be controlled by the State, to which all persons convicted of crime -or misdemeanor, and now committed to county institutions, should -hereafter be sent. This admirable measure was, however, amended in such -a way as to leave the initiative in the creation of such farms and -the control thereof to the County Commissioners of the nine groups of -counties into which the State was divided for the purpose (No. 399, P. -L. 1917). This legislation has fallen flat, not one of the industrial -districts having carried the scheme into effect. - -Your Commission submits that there is no remedy for the condition of -affairs above described other than the complete assumption by the -State of the custody and care of the offenders, whether felons or -misdemeanants, who are now committed to the county institutions. - -Farming for prisoners, as our investigations in other States have -clearly shown, has passed beyond the experimental stage. The State -of Massachusetts, some years ago, established a penal farm for -misdemeanants at Bridgewater. A large tract of ground was purchased, -consisting largely of swamp and abandoned land, which, by the use of -fertilizers and by drainage, has been brought to a high degree of -cultivation. This enterprise has been so signally successful that it is -now proposed to move the State Prison at Charlestown to this same farm -at Bridgewater. - -Perhaps the most successful experiment of the kind has been made in -Indiana, where the State has taken over the custody of misdemeanants -on the plan which was recommended by the Pennsylvania Penal Commission -of 1913-1915, a recommendation which is renewed in this report. The -Superintendent of the Indiana State Farm makes the following report:-- - - “The farm had an average daily population, in 1918, of four - hundred and sixty-two prisoners. All institution buildings and - outbuildings, the sewer system, power plant, heating and water - systems, land reclaiming, farming and gardening, has been done - with the labor of misdemeanants at a surprisingly low cost for - guards. The Indiana State Farm is allowed fifty-five cents per - man per day for its entire maintenance, while the same man in - jail, at the present time, will cost more than one dollar per - day for the gross maintenance. The fifty-five cents per man per - day pays the entire pay roll, subsistence, fuel, light, heat, - medical services, clothing, transportation, field and garden - seeds, fertilizers, common labor, tools and all other items of - maintenance.... - - “The effect that the Indiana State Farm has had on the jail - system of the State is indicated by the following figures: In - the year 1914 there were 18,130 commitments to county jails, in - 1915, 14,644, and in 1916, 9,896. The doors of the State Farm - were opened April 12, 1915, and the full effect of the State Farm - was not noticeable until the close of the year 1916. The moral - effect of the institution on the misdemeanant class was one very - important factor in reducing the jail commitments.” - -During the year ending September 30, 1918, this penal farm was -two-thirds self-supporting, and it is confidently expected that the -institution will soon be entirely self-supporting. - -New York City has established a reformatory farm of 630 acres at New -Hampton, N. Y., to which boys and men from sixteen to thirty years of -age are committed. They have no bars, no wall, no restraining thing, -except supervision. They have no cell for punishment. From the farm -they secure most of their provisions. In handling 2000 prisoners, they -have lost only five. The health of the inmates is greatly improved. It -is estimated that 45 per cent. of the prisoners there were addicted to -the drug habit. Most of them were sent away restored. What they needed -was to be built up by fresh air, good food and exercise, and to be -employed in wholesome work. In fact, they have been taught the dignity -of labor--a thing to which most of them had hitherto been strangers. - -But we need not go beyond the limits of our own State to prove the -benefit and success of farming for misdemeanants. The administration of -the Allegheny County Workhouse illustrates the economy of providing -employment for prisoners on an industrial farm. Here the average daily -number of inmates in 1918 was 722. The daily average cost of each -inmate was 81 cents, but after deducting the earnings of the inmates, -the net cost was only 32 cents. This means that the inmates earned 49 -cents a day toward their own maintenance. Their bookkeeping indicates -merely the cost of raising the crops. If the institution had charged -itself with the produce used by it at the prevailing market price, the -net cost would have been much less. The farm has 670 acres, of which -560 acres are farmed and used as pasture. The inmates are continually -coming and going. Many of them are committed for ten days or less, and -a large part are sentenced for 30 days, while comparatively few of them -remain longer than one year. This shows that a great deal of efficient -work can be secured, even from those who serve for short terms. - -A similarly striking result has been attained in Delaware County under -the law of 1911, empowering the judges of the Courts of Common Pleas -to release on parole convicts confined in county jails or workhouses -under the supervision of designated probation officers. Acting under -this law, the President Judge of that county has during the year 1918 -paroled a number of inmates of the county jail to work on farm lands -rented for the purpose with the remarkable result that only two of -the men so paroled made their escape (both being afterwards retaken) -and that nearly $14,000 worth of crops were sold for cash in addition -to the vegetables used and stored in the prison. The net profit is -estimated at $7,000. - -Logically, we cannot avoid the conclusion that the State ought to -assume the care of all offenders. The laws are made by the State, and -the indictments charge the accused with offences against the “peace -and dignity of the Commonwealth,” not against the peace and dignity of -the county, municipality or borough. The conclusion is inevitable that -the Commonwealth should assume the responsibility for the protection -of the community from both felons and misdemeanants. And since such -an arrangement as has been proposed will result in reduced taxation, -uniformity of management and in greater facilities for the education -and reformation of the delinquent, we feel that the establishment of -State industrial farms to receive the delinquents now committed to the -county prisons should receive your favorable consideration. - -The bill submitted to carry this recommendation into effect omits the -counties of Philadelphia and Allegheny from its operation. Allegheny -County already has a prison farm which in many ways may be considered -a model of its kind. Philadelphia has a farm in connection with the -House of Correction which furnishes employment to many prisoners and -supplies much produce for the institution. We recommend that at some -early date the City of Philadelphia may, by the purchase of more land, -extend the advantages of a penal farm to its convict prison and in -some way combine under one management the entire penal system of the -municipality. - -The fee system, whereby the sheriff or warden receives a stipulated -sum each day for the board of prisoners, is so liable to abuse that -we submit a proposition to abolish the practice in all our prisons. -Whenever the profits from boarding the prisoners is a part of the -remuneration of the officer in charge, the tendency is doubtless to -exploit the prisoners, or to reduce to a minimum the supply of food, in -order to derive the greater profit. - -In 1915 a comprehensive study of the cost of boarding the prisoners in -the largest 25 counties of the Commonwealth indicated that the average -daily cost of food per prisoner in the 15 prisons where the food was -purchased on the contract system was 12 cents, and in the 10 counties -where the fee system was in vogue 33.7 cents, the difference in favor -of the contract system being 21.7 cents per day for each prisoner. - -We estimate that in these 10 counties alone the saving to the taxpayers -by the adoption of the contract system will be at least $50,000 -annually. The economy of the proposition is evident, making due -allowance for providing in some counties additional compensation for -the official in charge of the prison. In all cases where a change has -been made from the fee system to the contract system, the food has -improved in character, thus tending to the betterment of the health and -morale of the inmates. - -Moved by these considerations, the General Assembly in 1909 provided -that in all counties having a population of 150,000 or more, the food -for the prisoners must be purchased by contract. We are now proposing -to extend this principle to all the counties of the Commonwealth, with -the understanding that no such change is to take place during the -incumbency of the officials who are at the present time in charge of -the prisons. - - -VI. - -PROBATION AND PAROLE. - -(_a_) Under the law of May 10, 1909, the several courts of criminal -jurisdiction are invested with the power of suspending sentence on -certain classes of convicted offenders and of placing such offenders -on probation instead of committing them for definite or indeterminate -periods of imprisonment. Probation officers, charged with the duty of -supervising the behavior of such probationers, are appointed by the -judges to serve in their respective counties. In this Commonwealth, -as in many others, experience has demonstrated that there is little -uniformity in the practice of the courts in suspending sentence or of -the probation officers in exercising their powers. - -Conceived as a mere incident of the sentencing power, to be exercised -only in exceptional cases, the suspended sentence and probation -are beginning to disclose themselves as a momentous, not to say -revolutionary step in the progress of penology, not less important -in its ultimate consequences than the substitution a century ago -of imprisonment for the death penalty and other forms of physical -punishment. Like the older forms of punishment which it superseded, -imprisonment too has proved a failure, so far at least, as the newer -aim of punishment, the reformation of the wrong-doer is concerned. And -we are coming to see that the protection which society enjoys through -the imprisonment for a few months or years of a small proportion of -the criminal class is dearly purchased by a system which returns the -offender to society less fitted than before to cope with the conditions -of a life of freedom. More and more, as we develop a probation service -worthy of the name, will the courts be reluctant to commit men, women -and children to the demoralizing associations and discipline of -institutional life and will give them their chance to redeem themselves -under competent guidance and supervision among the associations and -activities of everyday life. - -Even under existing conditions it is safe to say that far too -many adult and youthful offenders convicted of criminal offences -are committed to prison and far too many delinquent children to -reformatories and other correctional institutions. Your Commission -believes that the suspended sentence should be more liberally employed -by the courts of the Commonwealth under strict conditions requiring a -life of useful industry under careful supervision; that children under -12 years of age should never be committed to penal or correctional -institutions but rather, where institutional care is deemed necessary, -to parental schools such as have been established in other States as -a part of the regular educational system; and that children of larger -growth, say from 12 to 16, should, wherever possible, be placed on -probation or put under private guardianship. - -Those considerations have led the Commission to the conclusion that -the whole subject of the suspended sentence and probation in this -Commonwealth should be thoroughly studied in order that the principles -that should govern it may be carefully defined and its procedure -worked out, supervised and put on a uniform basis. New York and other -States have for this purpose created a permanent probation board or -commission and the success which has attended their labors suggests the -institution of a similar body in this Commonwealth. - -(_b_) The indeterminate sentence, which made its appearance in this -Commonwealth in the law of May 10, 1909, has passed through several -phases to a state in which its purpose is almost completely defeated. -In its original form it provided that the maximum term to be imposed -upon a convict who should be sentenced to imprisonment in either the -Eastern or the Western Penitentiaries should not exceed the maximum -time prescribed by law and that the minimum term when not fixed by law, -should not exceed one-fourth of the maximum time. This law was amended -by an Act approved June 19, 1911, striking out the restriction as to -the minimum sentence, thus leaving to the courts complete discretion -to fix the minimum to be served at any period short of the maximum. -Many of the courts have in frequent instances virtually nullified the -indeterminate sentence principle by imposing minimum sentences so -excessive as to bring the judicial office into disrepute. Sentences of -from 18 years to 20 and from 19 years to 20 have been common, and there -have been cases so grotesque as sentences of 19 years 11 months, or of -19 years, 11 months and 29 days to 20 years, of 23 years and 3 months -to 25 years and of 27 to 28 years. These are only the more extreme -illustrations of a practice which has been common enough to justify a -demand for a law which will result in greater uniformity in the matter -of imposing sentences for crime. - -At its best the maximum-minimum form of the indeterminate sentence is -an unsatisfactory compromise between the ideal aim of penologists and -the traditional attitude of the courts, which cling tenaciously to -their ancient prerogative of “making the punishment fit the crime.” -That the power of determining the period of imprisonment requisite to -meet the demands of justice and the interests of society may safely be -confided to other than judicial hands has been conceded in the case -of all offenders entitled to commitment to reformatories, who are -sentenced to an indeterminate term limited only by the maximum fixed by -law, or, in the case of minors, to the attainment of their majority, -and who may be released on parole in the discretion of the boards of -managers of the institutions to which they are committed. It is only -in the case of hardened offenders or of those guilty of certain major -offenses that a minimum sentence is imposed. - -For more than a generation prison reformers have urged the extension of -the pure indeterminate sentence to this class of offenders also. Their -logic is sound; it is the facts that are against them. The argument -runs like this: The offender should be kept in confinement only until -he is fitted by his prison experience to lead an honest and useful -life; when this end is attained he should be released. The answer -is that the prison doesn’t in fact reform the wrong-doer; that good -behavior under the conditions of prison life is no assurance of the -intention or capacity of the prisoner to lead an honest and useful life -after his release, and that the inspectors or other paroling authority -have no other guide to go by in determining the inmates’ fitness for -a life of freedom than his prison record. If the reformer makes the -obvious retort--“then reform your prison so that it shall reform its -inmates, and reform your paroling authority so that it shall make -its determination on all the facts of the inmate’s personal history -including a study of his mental conditions, his heredity and the social -influences that have shaped his character,” he is admitting that we are -not yet ready for the complete acceptance of the indeterminate sentence -in all classes of cases. - -But there is a middle ground between the position of the extreme -reformer and that which has been assumed by the courts of this -Commonwealth. If there is to be anything short of a fixed sentence, -declared by law, it should be a reasonable minimum which should also -be declared by law. The policy of the indeterminate sentence is that -the delinquent shall be supervised and guided and his capacity to lead -an honest and useful life tested by actual experience under normal -conditions of living for a period of years long enough to try out -his capacity to readjust himself to a life of freedom in society. For -this reason an adequate interval between the expiration of his minimum -sentence, when he becomes eligible to parole, and the expiration of his -maximum sentence, when he becomes free from judicial control, should be -guaranteed by law. - -There is great diversity of opinion as to the best form of paroling -authority. Generally, as in this Commonwealth, this power is lodged -in the inspectors or managers of the several institutions or, in the -case of commitments to county prisons, in the courts of criminal -jurisdiction. In some States, as in New York, a distinct Board of -Parole is constituted which visits the convict prisons at intervals and -hears and determines all applications for parole that may be awaiting -determination. Neither system has worked with complete satisfaction. -Under both the grant of parole is largely a perfunctory matter, the -inmates who have served their minimum sentences being generally -admitted to parole at once, except in those cases, comparatively rare -in number, where the applicant has been penalized for misconduct while -in confinement. It would seem, therefore, that the first step toward a -reform of the paroling system is not to set up a new paroling authority -but to devise some more effective machinery to put before the existing -authorities all the essential facts as to the applicant’s mental, moral -and physical capacity to conduct himself as a self-respecting, useful -member of the community. A second, but not less necessary step, is such -a change in the spirit and method of prison discipline as will develop -in the inmates by actual practice the qualities of self-respect and -self-reliance, the sense of honor and of responsibility and the habit -of co-operative action so essential to fit them for a life of freedom -and responsibility, and at the same time to equip them with the habits -of industry and the vocational skill which will enable them to make -good in the life that awaits them beyond the prison-wall. - - -VII. - -GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. - -In the foregoing analysis of the penal system of this Commonwealth, the -Commission has endeavored not only to present a picture of the existing -conditions in the light of modern conceptions of penology but to point -out, also, the lines of a sound and progressive development of the -system. Most of the suggestions thus made have already been embodied -in the penal systems of other states and of enlightened communities -beyond the seas. Especially is this the case in such matters as the -general employment of the prison population in useful and productive -labor and in the substitution of farm and cottage colonies for the old -type of prison. In a few of the larger cities and in some institutions -promising beginnings have been made in the mental examination of -delinquents with a view to the provision of specialized treatment for -those found to be mentally afflicted or seriously defective. But in -no State or country, as yet, have all these improvements been welded -into a comprehensive system which makes them available for the entire -delinquent population. The inertia or indifference which leaves the -extension of these benefits to chance or to the slow contagion of -example is unworthy of a great and progressive Commonwealth which has -in the past more than once demonstrated its capacity for leadership in -penal reform. - -It is evident that the general adoption in this State of these modern -improvements in the treatment of the criminal problem can be effected -only through the institution of a central agency adapted to secure a -co-ordination of effort and a uniformity of development which under -the present system of separate control has been demonstrated to be -impossible. It seems equally evident, however, that the system of -separate management of the several institutions with their diverse -aims and problems possesses advantages which we would not willingly -sacrifice to an ideal unity. For this reason the Commission has not -deemed it wise to recommend the example of other States which have -committed the management of all their correctional establishments to -a central board of control. Moreover, with such a body as the Board -of Public Charities already vested with a certain authority over the -penal institutions of the State, it has not been deemed desirable to -recommend the creation of a new and independent body to exercise a new -jurisdiction over such institutions. It seems better to utilize the -authority which already exists, to enlarge its range of functions to -meet the needs of the proposed development and to commit the exercise -of these functions to a standing committee analogous to the existing -Committee on Lunacy. Through such a committee of the Board of Public -Charities your Commission believes that the desired co-ordination and -future development of the penal system of the Commonwealth can best be -secured. - - -VIII. - -RECOMMENDATIONS. - -Upon the foregoing facts and conclusions the Commission submits the -following recommendations, which are herewith submitted for such action -as the General Assembly may deem proper:-- - -_First._--The Commission recommends that the General Assembly provide -for the enlargement of the Board of Public Charities by the addition -of two members thereto, at least one of whom shall be a woman, and by -the institution of a standing committee of five members of such Board, -at least one of whom shall be a woman, such committee, which shall be -chosen annually by a majority vote of the Board, to be known as the -“Committee on Delinquency” and to be vested with the following powers:-- - -(_a_) To inspect and investigate the condition and management of -all penal, correctional and reformatory institutions within the -Commonwealth and inquire into all complaints against the same and -report thereon, with recommendations of appropriate action, to the -Board of Public Charities, the Governor, the General Assembly, or the -Courts, as the circumstances may require; - -(_b_) To institute, maintain and supervise a medical service adapted -to the examination of the inmates of such institutions and the proper -professional treatment of all such as are mentally or physically -afflicted or deficient; - -(_c_) To make recommendations to the governing authorities of all -such institutions for the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic -conditions, the medical and hospital equipment, and the medical service -thereof; - -(_d_) To transfer inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction to -other institutions owned, managed or controlled by the Commonwealth or -any political subdivision thereof, or, if suitable arrangements can be -made, to other institutions, where such inmates may receive treatment -more suitable to their mental and physical condition; - -(_e_) To institute, maintain and supervise in institutions within its -jurisdiction a system of correctional and reformatory education; - -(_f_) To institute, maintain and supervise a system for the employment -of the inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction; - -(_g_) To prepare and submit to the Board of Public Charities not later -than the first day of December of each even-numbered year, a biennial -budget for the Committee and such of the institutions within its -jurisdiction as are wholly or partly supported by the Commonwealth, and -for that purpose to require of such institutions such reports from time -to time as the Committee shall deem necessary; and - -(_h_) To make rules and regulations establishing a uniform system of -accounting and bookkeeping in all institutions within its jurisdiction. - -It is also recommended that the Committee on Delinquency be authorized -and directed to choose a Secretary, not a member of the Board of -Public Charities, at a salary of $7500 per annum, who shall be the -executive officer of the Committee and an expert in the care and -treatment of delinquents, and who shall be known as the “Commissioner -of Delinquency.” - -_Second._--The Commission further recommends that the General Assembly -provide by appropriate legislation for the employment of all the -able-bodied convicts of the Commonwealth in useful and, so far as -possible, in productive labor, and especially, that it vest in the -Committee on Delinquency the powers of the Prison Labor Commission and -the functions of the Business Agent of such Commission and enlarge such -powers and functions as suggested on page 15 of this report. - -_Third._--The Commission further recommends the enactment of a law -establishing four State Industrial Farms, to receive, care for and -provide for the useful employment of the inmates of county prisons and -jails and of persons hereafter convicted of any offense punishable -by imprisonment in any county jail or prison who have been or shall -hereafter be sentenced for a term of thirty days or more. - -_Fourth._--The Commission further recommends that the Act of Assembly -approved July 17, 1917 (No. 337), providing for the employment, during -the continuance of the war, of inmates of county jails at agricultural -labor on any county or almshouse farm, be amended so as to continue its -operation indefinitely after the conclusion of peace. - -_Fifth._--The Commission further recommends that the General Assembly -provide for the purchase of a tract of land, of not less than 600 -nor more than 1200 acres, to be used for the benefit of the Eastern -Penitentiary as a prison farm. - -_Sixth._--The Commission further recommends that a law be enacted -prohibiting fees or allowances and contracts for furnishing meals -to the inmates of county jails or other penal institutions of the -Commonwealth. - -_Seventh._--The Commission further recommends that the Act approved -June 19, 1911, authorizing the courts in the case of a person sentenced -to a penitentiary to fix as the minimum term of imprisonment any period -less than the maximum prescribed by law for the offense of which such -person was convicted, be amended by a provision that the minimum limit -of the sentence imposed shall never exceed one-third of the maximum -prescribed by the Court. - - * * * * * - -In the foregoing recommendations the Commission has confined itself -to matters requiring legislative action and to such only as seem -to it to be essential to a consistent, integrated policy of penal -administration. All other matters with respect to which the Commission -has given expression to its views are either subsidiary to those on -which immediate legislative action is recommended or are such as -may be properly referred to the wisdom of the proposed Committee on -Delinquency for consideration and action. The greatest abuse of the -prevailing prison system--the lack of imagination and of understanding -which keeps alive in most of our penal establishments the methods of a -severe and repressive discipline--cannot be abolished by legislative -decree. The greatest reform of which the system is capable--the -awakening in the inmates of the new life which comes from active, -responsible participation in the life of the prison community--is -equally beyond the reach of legislative action. These will be the -fruits of a keener intelligence and of a deeper understanding than -have yet, except in a few rare instances, been brought to bear on -the problem. But your Commission believes that the plan of penal -administration which it has recommended, and which provides for the -most thorough-going study and the most intelligent treatment of the -individual delinquent which has yet been attempted, will gradually -prepare the way for these and other reforms in the penal system of the -Commonwealth. - - Respectfully submitted, - - January 1, 1919. - - FLETCHER W. STITES, _Chairman_, - ALFRED E. JONES, - MARTHA P. FALCONER, - LOUIS N. ROBINSON, - ALBERT H. VOTAW, - _Commissioners_. - - GEORGE W. KIRCHWEY, - _Counsel to the Commission_. - - -COMMITTEE ON DELINQUENCY ACT.[1] - -SECTION 1. _Be it enacted, etc._, That the Board of Public Charities -shall appoint a standing committee of five of its members to be known -as the Committee on Delinquency. Such Committee shall be chosen within -thirty days after the approval of this Act, and annually thereafter, by -a majority vote of all of the members of the Board, and at least one -member of such Committee shall be a woman. Vacancies in the membership -of the Committee shall be filled in like manner. Within thirty days -after their selection, the Committee shall each year elect one of its -members as chairman. - -The members of the Committee shall serve without compensation but shall -receive all of their travelling and other necessary expenses incurred -in the performance of their official duties. - - -SECTION 2. The Committee selected under the provisions of this -Act shall appoint a secretary, who shall not be a member of the -Committee or of the Board of Public Charities. The secretary shall -be the executive officer of the Committee and shall be known as the -Commissioner of Delinquency. He shall be a person having expert -knowledge respecting delinquency, and the care and treatment of -delinquents and shall devote his entire time to the duties of his -office. He shall be appointed for a term of five years and shall -receive a salary of seven thousand, five hundred dollars per annum. The -Committee shall have the power to remove the Commissioner at any time -for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or misconduct in office, and shall, -whenever a vacancy occurs either by death, resignation, or removal from -office, appoint a Commissioner to fill the unexpired term. - - -SECTION 3. Subject to the approval of the Committee on Delinquency, -the Commissioner of Delinquency shall appoint a medical director, -an educational director, a director of industries, and such other -directors, experts, agents, and employees for such terms and at such -compensation as shall be fixed by the Committee on Delinquency. The -Commissioner with the approval of the Committee shall have the power at -any time to remove any director, or any expert, agent, or employee, so -appointed. - - -SECTION 4. The Board of Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings -shall provide the Committee on Delinquency with suitable rooms in the -State Capitol, and elsewhere if necessary,.... - - -SECTION 5. The Committee on Delinquency shall have jurisdiction for the -purposes of this act over all institutions within this Commonwealth -of a penal, correctional, or reformatory character now existing, -or which may hereafter be established including industrial farms, -workhouses, and reformatories, and reformatory institutions for minors -or women, whether managed by the Commonwealth, or any political -sub-division thereof or otherwise; _Provided_, That this act shall not -be interpreted to deprive any warden, superintendent, or other officer, -or board of inspectors, managers, or trustees, of any such institution -of the right to manage its affairs, but every such institution shall -make such reports to the Committee on Delinquency as the Committee -shall be authorized by this Act to require and shall obey the rules and -regulations established, and follow the recommendations made, by the -Committee as authorized by this Act. - - -SECTION 6. The Committee on Delinquency shall have the power and its -duty shall be:-- - -(_a_) To inspect and investigate the condition and management of -all institutions within its jurisdiction, and inquire into all -complaints against the same, and report thereon with recommendations of -appropriate action to the Board of Public Charities, the Governor, the -General Assembly, or the courts, as the circumstances may require; - -(_b_) To institute, maintain, and supervise a medical service to -accomplish the purposes enumerated in this Act; - -(_c_) To make recommendations to institutions within its jurisdiction -for the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic conditions, the -medical and hospital equipment, and the medical service thereof; - -(_d_) To transfer inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction to -other institutions owned, managed, or controlled by the Commonwealth or -any political sub-division thereof, or if suitable arrangements can be -made, to other institutions, where such inmates may receive treatment -more suitable to their mental and physical condition:.... - -(_e_) To institute, maintain, and supervise in institutions within its -jurisdiction a system of correctional and reformatory education to -accomplish the purposes enumerated in this Act; - -(_f_) To institute, maintain, and supervise a system for the employment -of the inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction as provided in -this Act; - -(_g_) To prepare and submit to the Board of Public Charities, not -later than the first day of December of each even-numbered year, a -biennial budget for the committee and such of the institutions within -its jurisdiction as are wholly or partly supported by the Commonwealth. -Such budget shall set forth the expenditures of the Committee and such -institutions during the preceding two years, their estimated financial -needs for the succeeding two years, and such other information as the -Committee shall deem appropriate. - -To enable it to prepare such budget, the Committee shall have the -power to require of institutions within its jurisdiction, and such -institutions shall prepare and submit, such reports from time to time -as the Committee shall deem necessary, but to the extent that reports -shall be required by the Committee for the purpose of preparing such -budget; institutions within the jurisdiction of the Committee shall not -be required to report to the Board of Public Charities; and, - -(_h_) To make rules and regulations establishing a uniform system of -accounting and bookkeeping in all institutions within its jurisdiction. - - -SECTION 7. The medical service which the Committee on Delinquency is by -this Act required to institute, maintain, and supervise shall include:-- - -(_a_) The prompt and thorough examination of all the inmates of -institutions within its jurisdiction with a view to the proper -diagnosis, classification, and treatment of all such persons; - -(_b_) The prescription and maintenance of standards in diagnosis -and treatment in all institutions within its jurisdiction and the -determination of the qualifications of those selected as physicians, -psychiatrists, stewards, or nurses, in such institutions; - -(_c_) The furnishing of instructions in personal and social hygiene -to the inmates of all institutions within its jurisdiction, and of -instruction in professional training to such officials, employees, -or inmates of such institutions as may be called upon to serve -as assistants, nurses, or otherwise, in the medical or hospital -departments thereof; - -(_d_) The frequent inspection of the institutions within its -jurisdiction with respect to their sanitary and hygienic condition, the -adequacy of their medical and hospital equipment, and the competency -and efficiency of their medical service; and, - -(_e_) The installation and supervision of a proper dietary adequate to -the maintenance of the health, efficiency, and morale, of the inmates -in all institutions within its jurisdiction. - -SECTION 8. The system of correctional and reformatory education which -the Committee on Delinquency is by this Act required to institute, -maintain, and supervise shall include:-- - -(_a_) The prescription and maintenance of standards of correctional and -reformatory education in all institutions within its jurisdiction and -the determination of the qualifications of those selected as teachers; -and, - -(_b_) The education in elementary branches of illiterate and -undeveloped inmates of such institutions; the instruction of all -inmates of such institutions in the principles, organization, and -practice of American government; and the furnishing of a thorough -industrial training to any of the inmates of such institutions for whom -such training shall be deemed useful and desirable. - - -SECTION 9. With respect to the labor of the inmates of any institutions -within its jurisdiction to which persons are committed for crime or -delinquency, the Committee on Delinquency shall have the power and its -duty shall be:-- - -(_a_) To require every such institution to afford to the inmates -thereof, who are physically capable, an opportunity to perform useful -labor in such institutions; - -(_b_) To determine what industries shall be established in such -institutions and to regulate and supervise the installation of -machinery and equipment therein; - -(_c_) To establish rules and regulations for the employment of inmates -of such institutions at road-building, quarrying, or crushing stone, -agricultural work, land reclamation, or forestry, or other suitable -work outside of such institution; and, - -(_d_) To establish rules with regard to the number of hours per day -during which such inmates shall be employed; Provided, That except in -agricultural work such inmates shall not be employed for more than -eight hours in any one day. - - -SECTION 10. With respect to the labor of inmates of such of the -institutions within its jurisdiction as are owned or managed and -controlled by the Commonwealth or any political sub-division thereof, -the committee shall, in addition to the powers and duties enumerated in -the preceding section of this act, have the power and its duty shall -be:-- - -(_a_) To maintain a manufacturing fund for the purposes specified in -this section. The original manufacturing fund of the committee shall -be the manufacturing fund paid to the committee by the Prison Board -Commission, as provided in this act, together with any and all sums -due and owing to such Commission, and the unexpended balance of any -appropriation made for the use of such commission. To such fund there -shall be added from time to time such amount or amounts as shall be -appropriated by the General Assembly; - -All receipts from the sale of the products, manufactured or produced -by the labor of the inmates of any such institution, shall be credited -to the manufacturing fund and used for the purchase of machinery, -equipment, raw materials, and supplies, and for the payment of wages to -such inmates; - -(_b_) To sell to the Commonwealth or to any political sub-division -thereof, or any institution, owned, managed, or controlled by the -Commonwealth, or any political subdivision thereof, at not more than -the prevailing market price the products of the labor of such inmates; -_Provided_, That institutions within the jurisdiction of the Committee -owned, or managed and controlled by the Commonwealth, or any political -subdivision thereof, shall have the privilege of selling directly such -of their agricultural products as they do not consume, but every such -institution selling agricultural products shall account for and pay to -such committee the proceeds of the sale of such products. - -Any surplus of the products of the labor of such inmates which cannot -be sold to the Commonwealth, etc., shall be sold in the open market, -but any such product sold in the open market shall not be sold for less -than the prevailing market price. - -Should any institution desire to use the products of the labor of its -inmates, other than agricultural products, it shall purchase the same -from the Committee on Delinquency; - -(_c_) From time to time to fix the compensation of such inmates for -labor performed by them; _Provided_, That the rate of compensation to -such inmates shall be based both upon the pecuniary value of the work -performed and on the willingness, industry, and good conduct of the -inmate performing the same; - -(_d_) To make rules and regulations governing the payment of -compensation earned by such inmates. Such rules and regulations may -provide for the payment of a part of their compensation to inmates -during their term of confinement to be used for such purchases as such -rules and regulations shall permit. They shall also provide for the -bi-monthly payment of such part of the compensation of such inmates -as the committee shall determine to the dependents of such inmates, -and for the payment of the unpaid balance of such compensation to such -inmates at the time of their discharge, or at periodic intervals on and -after their discharge; and, - -(_e_) To establish rules and regulations for the keeping of records and -accounts by all such institutions, showing the labor performed by the -inmates thereof, the value of the products thereof, and the wages paid -to inmates, or their dependents, or both. - - -SECTION 11. All wages paid to the inmates of institutions within -the jurisdiction of the Committee on Delinquency owned, or managed -and controlled by the Commonwealth, etc., shall be paid out of -the committee’s manufacturing fund upon the order of the warden, -superintendent, or other proper officer of the institution in, or in -connection with, which the labor shall have been performed. - - -SECTION 12. The Prison Labor Commission created by the act approved -the first day of June one thousand nine hundred and fifteen, ... is -hereby abolished, and shall cease to exist, thirty days after the -chairman of the committee on delinquency shall have notified the -Prison Labor Commission in writing that the Committee on Delinquency -has been duly organized as provided in this act. Within such period of -thirty days the Prison Labor Commission shall transfer and set over -to the Committee on Delinquency all books, papers, and records, and -all moneys and evidence of debt, in its possession, and the Auditor -General is hereby authorized and directed to draw a warrant on the -State Treasurer for the payment to the Committee on Delinquency of the -unexpended balance of any appropriation made for the use of the Prison -Labor Commission. - - -SECTION 13. For the purpose of inspecting any institution within the -jurisdiction of the Committee on Delinquency, such committee, the -Commissioner of Delinquency, and any director, expert, agent, or -employee, deputized by the Commissioner of Delinquency for the purpose, -shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books, -papers, and records of such institution, and all persons, connected -with any such institution, are hereby directed and required to give -such information and to afford such facilities for inspection as the -person making such inspection may require.... - - -SECTION 14. ... - -Should any institution within the jurisdiction of the Committee on -Delinquency which is not owned, or managed and controlled by the -Commonwealth, etc., fail to obey such rules and regulations, or make -such report, such institution shall not be entitled to receive any -financial assistance from the Commonwealth, and it shall be unlawful -for the Auditor General, after having received notice in writing from -the Committee on Delinquency that any such institution has failed to -obey such rules or regulations, or to make such report, to issue a -warrant for the payment of any money appropriated to such institution -so long as such institution shall continue to refuse to obey such rules -and regulations, or to make such report. - - -SECTION 15. All salaries, compensation, and expenses, payable under -this act, except wages for labor performed by inmates shall be paid by -the State Treasurer on the warrant of the Auditor General. - - -SECTION 16. To carry out the purposes of this act the sum of two -hundred thousand dollars, ($200,000), or such part thereof as shall be -necessary is hereby appropriated to the Committee on Delinquency. - - -SECTION 17. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby -repealed. - - -STATE INDUSTRIAL FARMS ACT.[2] - - -SECTION 1. _Be it enacted, etc._, That this act shall be known and -may be cited as “The State Industrial Farms Act of one thousand nine -hundred and nineteen.” - - -SECTION 2. There are hereby established four state industrial farms for -the first, second, third, and fourth districts respectively. - - -SECTION 3. The first district shall comprise the counties of Berks, -Bucks, Chester, Dauphin, Delaware, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, -Montgomery, Northampton, and York; and the state industrial farm -therein located shall be known as the “Southeastern Industrial Farm.” - -The second district shall comprise the counties of Bradford, -Carbon, Columbia, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, Monroe, Montour, -Northumberland, Pike, Schuylkill, Snyder, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Tioga, -Union, Wayne, and Wyoming; and the state industrial farm therein -located shall be known as the “Northeastern Industrial Farm.” - -The third district shall comprise the counties of Armstrong, Butler, -Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Crawford, Elk, Erie, -Forest, Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Mercer, Potter, Venango, and -Warren; and the state industrial farm therein located shall be known as -the “Northwestern Industrial Farm.” - -The fourth district shall comprise the counties of Adams, Beaver, -Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Cumberland, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, -Huntingdon, Indiana, Juniata, Mifflin, Perry, Somerset, Washington, and -Westmoreland; and the state industrial farm therein located shall be -known as the “Southwestern Industrial Farm.” - - -SECTION 4. Upon the approval of this act a board of managers for each -district shall be appointed by the Governor. Each board shall consist -of either five or seven reputable citizens, one or two of whom shall -be women. The members of such boards shall serve without compensation, -but all of their expenses actually and necessarily incurred shall be -paid by the State Treasurer on the warrant of the Auditor General, -which shall be issued upon the order of the board, countersigned by the -secretary of the Committee of Delinquency of this Commonwealth. The -members of the various boards shall serve for a term of five years and -their successors for the same period. The Governor may remove any of -the managers for misconduct, incompetency, or neglect of duty, and in -case of a vacancy for any cause shall fill such vacancy by appointment -for the unexpired term. - - -SECTION 5. The board of managers of each district is hereby authorized -by a majority vote to select a suitable site for the state industrial -farm of the district. Such site shall be within the district, and -shall either be chosen from lands donated to the Commonwealth for the -purpose or purchased by the board with moneys appropriated or donated -for the purpose; _Provided_, That any such site shall not contain -more than two thousand (2,000) acres. The title to land donated or -purchased as herein provided shall be taken and held in the name of -“The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,” and shall be examined and approved -by the Attorney General prior to the acceptance or purchase of the -land. In the selection of a site the board of managers shall take -into consideration the objects and purposes of the institution, the -accessibility of any proposed site to the counties included in the -district, and all or as many as practicable of the following enumerated -advantages and resources. The land selected and purchased shall be of -varied topography with natural resources and advantages for many forms -of husbandry, fruit growing, and stockraising; for brick-making, and -for the preparation of all other road and paving material; and shall -have good railroad drainage, sewage, and water facilities. Waste land -or land requiring drainage may be selected if deemed susceptible of -profitable cultivation after its improvement. - - -SECTION 6. All buildings constructed in pursuance of this act shall be -plain and inexpensive in character and the labor in constructing such -buildings, improvements and facilities shall be supplied by persons -committed to the state industrial farm or confined in State or county -penal, reformatory, or correctional institutions so far as found -practicable. - -The board of managers shall procure all necessary materials; erect and -equip such buildings; employ such skilled labor as cannot be furnished -by the persons committed to their respective industrial farms or by -persons confined in State, or county penal, reformatory or correctional -institutions and provide all proper facilities for their use and for -the practical use of the institution. - -When the board of managers of any State industrial farm shall have made -all preliminary arrangements for the construction of the buildings and -equipment therein, they shall notify the Governor who shall issue a -proclamation announcing such fact, and thereafter prisoners having more -than thirty days to serve shall be transferred to such State industrial -farm from any jail or workhouse in that district on the order of the -Governor. - - -SECTION 7. The boards of inspectors of the State penitentiaries, -and of the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, upon -the request of a board of managers of a State industrial farm, are -hereby authorized to transfer to such State industrial farm from their -respective institutions any prisoners of special or mechanical ability -therein who may be found in the judgment of such board and the board -of managers of such State industrial farm suitable for the purpose, -and provide transportation and proper guards for such prisoners and -while such prisoners remain at such State industrial farm they shall be -subject to the orders of the inspectors of the institution from which -they were transferred as to their return, and in all other respect, -except as to discipline and government. While at such State industrial -farm they shall be under the control, discipline, and government, -and subject to the orders, of the board of managers of such State -industrial farm and its executive officers. - -The expense of transporting and transferring prisoners used in -the construction of buildings and equipment to and from any State -industrial farm shall be paid by the State Treasurer upon the -warrant of the Auditor General out of any moneys appropriated for -the establishment of such State industrial farm. The Auditor General -shall issue warrants for such purpose upon the order of the executive -officers of the board of managers of such State industrial farm. - -The maintenance of such prisoners as are transferred from a State -penitentiary or reformatory shall be paid by the institution from -which they are transferred, but the cost of such maintenance in -excess of the average per capita cost of maintaining prisoners at the -institution from which such prisoners shall have been transferred shall -be refunded to any such institution out of any moneys appropriated for -the establishment of the State industrial farm. - - -SECTION 8. When any State industrial farm shall have been established -and ready for operation, a superintendent and matron and such other -officers as may be deemed necessary shall be appointed by the -proper board of managers. Any persons so appointed shall hold their -offices respectively during the pleasure of the board of managers. -The compensation of all such persons shall be fixed by the board of -managers. - - -SECTION 9. When in any district the arrangements for the reception of -inmates shall have been completed, the Court of quarter sessions of -every county embraced in such district shall transfer from the county -prisons and jails respectively to the State industrial farm of the -district all persons who shall have been sentenced to any of said -county prisons and jails for any crime, misdemeanor or felony, murder -and voluntary manslaughter excepted, or who shall have been committed -to any of such county prisons and jails for non-payment of any fine -or penalty, or for non-payment of costs, or for default in complying -with any order of court entered in any prosecution for desertion or -non-support, and any other persons legally confined in any of said -county jails or prisons except persons confined awaiting trial or -detained as witnesses; _Provided_, That any person whose term will -expire within thirty days shall not be transferred. - -Thereafter, when any person is convicted in any of the said courts -of any offense, crime, misdemeanor, or felony, murder and voluntary -manslaughter excepted, the punishment of which is or may hereafter be -imprisonment in any county jail or prison, the said court shall, if -sentence of imprisonment for thirty days or more be imposed upon such -person, commit such person to the State industrial farm of the district -in which said court may have jurisdiction. If sentence of imprisonment -for more than ten but less than thirty days be imposed, the court may -in its discretion commit such person to the State industrial farm for -the district. - -Courts of record and courts not of record of the counties included -in any such district shall hereafter commit to the State industrial -farm of the district all persons who might be lawfully committed to -the county jail or prison on charges of vagrancy, drunkenness, or -disorderly conduct, or for default or non-payment of any costs, fine, -or penalty, or for default in complying with any order of court entered -in any prosecution for desertion or non-support, where in any such -case the commitment will be for a period of thirty days or more. If the -commitment be from ten to thirty days the committing authority may in -its discretion commit any such person to the State industrial farm. - -The superintendent may under the direction of the court of quarter -sessions remove any inmate to the county jail for the unexpired term -of his or her term of commitment, or to the poorhouse of the proper -city or county, or to any hospital or lunatic asylum in such county as -circumstances may require. - - -SECTION 10. The cost of transporting any persons committed to a State -industrial farm shall be paid by the county from which the prisoner -is committed, and the sheriff of the county shall receive the same -mileage, and fees for prisoners committed to a State industrial farm -as are now allowed by law for transporting prisoners committed to the -State penitentiaries. When any prisoner is discharged from a State -industrial farm the superintendent thereof shall procure for him a -railroad ticket to any point to which said prisoner may desire to go -not farther from such State industrial farm than the point from which -he was sentenced, and it shall be the duty of the superintendent, or -his duly authorized agent, to accompany the prisoner to the railroad -station, deliver the ticket to the proper railroad conductor, and -formally release the prisoner on the train which he takes for his -destination. - - -SECTION 11. It shall be the purpose of every State industrial farm to -employ the prisoners committed, or transferred thereto, in work on -or about the buildings and farm, and in growing produce and supplies -for its own use, and for the other institutions of the Commonwealth, -in the preparation of road materials and in making brick, tile, -paving material, and such other products or materials as may be -found practicable for the use of the Commonwealth, or any political -subdivision therein, and in other industries which may be approved by -the board of managers of the State industrial farm and the Committee -on Delinquency of this Commonwealth. Should any State industrial farm -produce supplies or materials in excess of its needs and demands, or -in excess of the demands of the Commonwealth, or of any political -subdivision thereof, such surplus may be sold by the Committee on -Delinquency at the prevailing market price. - - -SECTION 12. Any State industrial farm shall make such reports and keep -such accounts as are now or may hereafter be required by law, and shall -in all such matters be subject to the rules and regulations established -by the Committee on Delinquency. - - -SECTION 13. The original cost of the site and buildings of any -State industrial farm, and all additions thereto, and all fixed -overhead charges in conducting the institution, shall be paid by the -Commonwealth out of moneys appropriated for the purpose by the General -Assembly. - -The cost of the care and maintenance of the inmates of such institution -shall be certified monthly to the counties from which inmates shall -have been committed. Such cost shall be paid by the counties in -proportion to the number of days spent by the inmates committed from -each county. All payments shall be on requisition of the board of -managers and on warrants of the county commissioners countersigned by -the county controller. - - -SECTION 14. (Provides for transferring prisoners from one institution -to another, if deemed advisable.) - - -SECTION 15. All the property real and personal authorized to be held by -virtue of this act shall be exempt from taxation by the Commonwealth or -any political subdivision thereof. - - -SECTION 16. The rules and regulations governing State industrial farms -shall be uniform and shall be made by the Committee on Delinquency. -They shall be general in character and the respective boards of -managers of each institution may add local rules not inconsistent with -the spirit and substance of the regulations adopted by the Committee on -Delinquency. - - -SECTION 17. To carry out the purposes of this act the sum of two -hundred thousand dollars ($200,000), or so much thereof as shall be -necessary, is hereby appropriated but not more than fifty thousand -dollars ($50,000) shall be expended for the purchase and equipment of -the State industrial farm of any district. - - -SECTION 18. (Repeals the Act of 1917, authorizing the establishment of -nine Industrial Farms.) - - -AGRICULTURAL PRISON LABOR. - -HARRY R. CAMPBELL. - -An article prepared for the County Commissioners’ Convention, -Pittsburgh, August 7, 1918. - -Agricultural prison labor is strongly advocated by prison authorities -and has been in general use in the penal institutions of Pennsylvania -for many years. The movement for outdoor work for prisoners has -grown rapidly, and as a result, the Pennsylvania legislature, at its -1917 session, extended the scope of agricultural work for prisoners, -and authorized by an Act approved July 17, 1917, the employment of -prisoners, undergoing sentence in county jails, on county or poor farms. - -There is no greater curse than idleness. An unemployed prisoner is a -future menace to society, and no effort should be spared to keep him -busy--to impress upon him the dignity and necessity of work, and to -make him know that he is stronger physically and better morally if he -is regularly employed. - -Prison labor should be approached with a desire to help the prisoner -and restore him to society cured of his criminal ailment. If the only -purpose in the minds of the authorities is to make a profit for their -district, they are in grave danger of reverting to the old convict -labor system, which at best was only a modified form of slavery. - -Agricultural prison labor offers the opportunity of a direct profit -to the district, and places the prisoner in an environment peculiarly -adapted to his own physical and mental betterment. I am informed that -it is used with great success in several counties, including Delaware, -Montgomery, Chester, Berks, Lehigh, Beaver, Bucks, Cambria, Fayette and -Westmoreland. - -Another important measure enacted by the Pennsylvania legislature and -approved July 20, 1917, requires the erection of an Industrial Farm, -Workhouse and Reformatory in each of nine districts created by the Act. -Each institution is to be built and managed by a Board of Trustees, -consisting of one County Commissioner from each county in the district, -appointed by the President Judge of the proper Court. - - * * * * * - -It is the purpose of the institution to keep all persons employed -about the farm and buildings, in growing all kinds of farm produce, -raising live stock and in manufacturing supplies for its own use, or -for the use of the several counties in the district, or any public or -charitable institution owned or managed by any of the district counties. - -Prisoners may also be employed in the making of brick, tile, and -concrete, or other road building supplies for the use of the several -counties. All material manufactured shall be sold at prices fixed -by the Trustees, preference being given in the sale to the counties -comprising the district, and to the cities, boroughs and townships -therein. - -The cost of the site, buildings and additions thereto, and all fixed -overhead charges are to be paid by the counties comprising the -district, in ratio to their population. All moneys received from the -sale of produce or manufactured articles or supplies shall be credited -to the overhead expenses. - -This, in brief, is a digest of the law which is designed to inaugurate -agricultural prison labor on a large scale in Pennsylvania. - -The Trustees were promptly appointed by the Courts of the State. The -Fourth district, organized in March with the election of Mr. George -W. Deeds, of Westmoreland County, as president. This board has been -actively engaged in inspecting proposed sites, a number of which have -been offered, but no selection has, as yet, been made. - - * * * * * - -Another phase of prison labor that must be taken into full -consideration in the establishment of industrial farms, is the -attitude of the Courts in reference to the parole law now in effect. -If the Judges believe that the ends of justice are best served by -paroling convicts, rather than committing them to some institution, -the necessary capacity of the proposed buildings would be materially -affected. In most of the counties but little has been done toward a -general use of the parole law, but in a few of them the Courts are -evidently giving it a trial. - -The parole law is regarded with especial favor in Washington County, -where the Courts have at the present time, 672 prisoners under parole. -Every one of this number is employed in the county and must report -monthly to the parole officer, who is also the Court’s employment -agent, and who places every paroled prisoner in a job suitable to his -ability and inclination. - -This might be called another phase of prison labor, as industry is one -of the conditions of the parole, and the labor is done by the paroled -prisoners for their own profit and advancement--with freedom to enjoy -their homes and pursue their own inclinations after working hours. So -far has the system been carried, that the Court House, once cleaned -entirely by prison labor, is now necessarily cared for by a paid force -of men outside the draft age. You may better understand why the Court -is going to this apparent extreme, when you know that practically every -industry in Washington County is engaged in war work, and that these -paroled men are placed on farms, and in mines, mills and factories, -where they are helping win the war, though only a small percentage of -them are American citizens and very few are native born. - -About 90 per cent. of these men are faithfully complying with all -the conditions of their paroles, 95 per cent. are paying in monthly -installments, the fine and costs imposed upon them by the Court, -and less than five per cent. are proving themselves unworthy of the -confidence reposed in them. - -Clearfield County has 10 paroled prisoners; Clinton, 25; Indiana 40; -Lycoming, 8; Lehigh, 104; Center, 6; McKean, 47; Butler, 35; and -Somerset, 64. It is doubtful if the entire number in all the other -counties in the State would equal the number paroled in Washington -County. - -Montgomery County has taken a unique step in the employment of prison -labor and uses the 80 inmates of its county jail in knitting socks, on -knitting machines, for the Red Cross. Many other counties employ their -prisoners, in their jails, in useful occupations. - -Agricultural prison labor has been tried out in many States with -gratifying success. Down in Alabama there are 325 men at work on State -farms, where they raised 2300 bushels of wheat last year, which is an -excellent record for a section where wheat is not supposed to grow. -Convicts down there are also worked in the Alabama coal mines, and -are producing 4500 tons of coal daily. Their farm prison labor is not -satisfactory, but in the mines it is pronounced superior to free labor. - -Nebraska is using agricultural prison labor in a small way outside -State institutions and is meeting with splendid success. Maryland is -having the same experience with about 75 convicts who are helping to -relieve the farm labor shortage. Georgia’s male convicts are employed -on the public roads, and the women prisoners are now engaged in light -farm work. - -Michigan is farming 4000 acres, but still found sufficient prison labor -to help the farmers with their harvest last year. Wisconsin has about -100 prison labor farmers and is of the opinion that their work is as -productive as free labor. - -New Hampshire objects to agricultural prison labor because it gives -the prisoners no winter employment, and continuous work is regarded -as desirable. Mississippi is meeting with good success on her State -controlled farms, but the law does not permit the use of prison labor -except at State institutions. - -Massachusetts is utilizing prison labor on farms, to relieve the -scarcity of farm labor caused by the war, successfully employing about -100 for that purpose. They regard convict labor, properly directed, as -efficient as free labor. - -Vermont believes that its present experience justifies a more extended -use of agricultural prison labor. - -Kansas uses its prison labor mostly in prison coal mines, but is -diverting some of its convicts to help the farmers during the war. Six -hundred convicts are employed in Florida on State owned farms. They are -meeting with great success and their prison labor is in considerable -demand. Tennessee has a number of convicts employed in agricultural -labor. The men have gained in health and earned a profit for the State. - -Connecticut uses her prison labor on roads and farms. They think it -is better and more efficient than available free farm labor, and the -farmers of the State are well satisfied with the results obtained. - -Minnesota uses prison labor on roads, and is conducting State -agricultural farms with success. Nevada uses prison labor to harvest -crops on shares. They report the cost disappointing and think their -best results are obtained with agricultural prison labor on State -farms. Virginia uses its prison labor for grinding agricultural lime -for fertilizer. The State employs about 250 convicts on its own farm, -in agricultural work, and finds the work beneficial to the prisoner as -well as to the State. - -Illinois is making a special effort to utilize its prison labor, not -only to relieve the scarcity of farm workers, but to help in all other -war industries. About 100 men have been paroled especially for farm -labor, and 350 are successfully employed in factories where equipment -for the government is being manufactured. - -The great war has brought forth one outstanding fact in -criminology--no matter what his instincts may be in times of peace, -the convict is a patriot, according to his lights, in time of war, and -in all my investigations, covering practically every eastern, southern -and middle western State, I have not learned of a single prisoner who -violated a parole given him to engage in work that would help win the -war. - -Iowa is operating nearly 3000 acres by agricultural prison labor, and -is making a wonderful success, not only from a financial viewpoint but -also in fitting the convicts to regain their place in society. - -Indiana has done wonders with prison labor along agricultural lines, -having established one large Industrial Farm for misdemeanants. In -addition, the State is utilizing its prisoners to a considerable -extent to relieve the scarcity of farm labor caused by the war. About -100 convicts built sidings to coal mines to get out fuel for the war. -At the time of a disastrous flood they worked day and night, without -guards, saving by their efforts thousands of dollars worth of private -property. They were also successfully used at the time of a severe -tornado, recovering the lost, and clearing away the debris. Indiana -does not favor the use of prison labor on public roads. - -North Carolina is working 500 prisoners on State owned farms with -excellent success, and in addition is helping out the farmers to some -extent. The State also employs about 100 men on the highways, but -believes road work by prison labor is good for the roads but bad for -the men. - -New York thinks that every available prisoner should be employed, but -because of constitutional limitation cannot use its convicts on private -farms. Practically every penitentiary and county jail in the State -is employing its prisoners either at gardening or farm work on State -or county owned or leased farms. Food production has been materially -increased by these concerted efforts towards agricultural products, -and the prisoners themselves are benefited by the outdoor work. Prison -labor is also extensively used on the public roads. - -A notable example of the successful employment of agricultural prison -labor, that is coming into more than local prominence, is in our own -State of Pennsylvania, where Warden Francies is working wonders with -his advanced methods at the new penitentiary at Bellefonte. - -WASHINGTON, PA., August 7, 1918. - - -THE FINANCIAL ARGUMENT FOR A COUNTY PRISON FARM. - -It will be generally granted that useful employment in the open air -will be beneficial, but let us also consider the financial side of -the proposition. It will be remembered that the General Assembly of -1917 passed a bill providing for the establishment of nine Industrial -Farms, to which convicts usually sent to the county jails may be -sent for discipline and employment. I am indebted to Mr. Harry J. -Campbell, of Washington, Pa., for some statistics from nine counties -in the southwestern part of the Commonwealth, constituting one of the -Districts in which an Industrial Prison was to be located. In order -to determine whether such a Prison Farm would be remunerative, Mr. -Campbell collected the statistics from these nine counties which afford -fairly conclusive proof of the economy of the proposition. - -These nine counties in 1917 sent:-- - - 179 prisoners to the Allegheny Co. Workhouse at a cost of $20,869 - 532 “ “ “ Western Penitentiary “ “ “ “ 102,401 - 313 “ “ “ Morganza (Boys & Girls) “ “ “ “ 60,267 - 122 “ “ “ Huntingdon Reformatory “ “ “ “ 13,742 - 409 “ “ “ County Prison “ “ “ “ 81,381 - ---- -------- - 1555 “ “ “ various prisons at a total cost of $278,660 - -If a Prison Farm were established, they would send none to the -Allegheny County Workhouse. - -It is estimated they would send to this farm one-fourth of those sent -to the Penitentiary. - -They would send to the Farm one-tenth of those sent to Morganza. - -Likewise, one-third of the number sent to the Reformatory (some have -estimated the number to be one-half). - -The number of prisoners held for trial at the County Jail varies from -one-tenth to one-half of the whole number imprisoned. However, we will -estimate those convicted at one-half of the number. Hence, to this -Penal Agricultural Institution a minimum number of 587 may be sent, -according to the last available statistics. - -The funds available for such Institution may be computed as follows:-- - - Money heretofore paid to the Allegheny County Workhouse $20,869 - One-fourth the cost of prisoners at the Western Penitentiary 25,600 - One-tenth the cost of prisoners at Morganza 6,026 - One-third the cost of prisoners at Huntingdon Reformatory 4,580 - At the County prisons there are certain overhead expenses - which must be taken into account. Estimating that one-half - the number in the County Jails would be removed to - the District Farm, and that the cost of maintenance - amounts to 50c daily for each prisoner, the saving would - amount to 30,782 - ------- - Total estimated sum available for the District Farm in one - year from nine counties $87,857 - Let us be entirely fair in our estimate. The 587 prisoners - are expected to earn a large part of their maintenance; - but should we estimate the net cost of maintenance at 25c - daily per prisoner, the cost amounts to 53,563 - ------- - Balance $34,294 - -This balance would go far toward meeting the expense of purchasing -and stocking the farm and providing the temporary buildings which -may be constructed by the prisoners themselves. The saving to these -counties in two or three years would suffice to purchase and equip the -plant, and with efficient management, the Penal Farm ought soon to -be self-supporting--a result not only satisfactory to taxpayers but, -what is far more important, in the highest degree beneficial to the -delinquent in whose restoration the community is vitally interested. - -These facts have been gleaned from a study of nine counties, but it -must be remembered that the bill now before the General Assembly -provides for the establishment of such an Institution by almost double -the number of counties, hence it is apparent that within two or three -years the entire expense of the farm and its equipment will be returned -to the managers and with self-support practically assured, the future -expense of caring for such delinquents will be reduced to a minimum or -will entirely vanish. - - A. V. H. - - -STATE BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES AND PRISON LABOR. - -We gladly present the following facts which have been gleaned from -interviews with Edward Wilson, Esq., one of the agents of this Board. - -So far as prison labor is involved, the Board of Public Charities has -been deeply interested in developing the possibilities of an Act which -on their initiative was passed and approved in 1917. This allows the -employment of prisoners on lands belonging to any county. - -In 1915 Judge Isaac Johnson, in Delaware County began a system of -employing prisoners which the Board desires to extend. In the year -1918, the receipts from the crops produced by the labor of prisoners -amounted to $14,000, in addition to a large amount of vegetable -products consumed at the prison. The net profit is near $7000. Report -comes that Berks County will be able to supply the prison with -vegetables for the winter. Northampton County employed fifteen to -twenty prisoners on a small farm recently purchased. Dauphin County had -a few prisoners at work on the almshouse farm. In Montgomery County -from fifteen to twenty prisoners have been employed on the Poor farm. -In Columbia County seven Italians are engaged in operating a war garden -which it is said has been very profitable. In one or two counties with -large population, there is no land available for such purpose. Mr. -Wilson states that little or nothing has been accomplished in this -direction in those counties whose jail population is small. At one time -in the year 1918, there were 13 counties without a prisoner. In some -counties prisoners have worked on the roads. A few counties have been -willing for selected prisoners to be paroled to farmers. - -Mr. Wilson is inclined to the belief that in some of our counties, the -prevailing type of prisoner is too vicious to be allowed the freedom -which belongs to the cultivation of the soil. From observations -elsewhere we are inclined to the belief that the vilest man or woman, -unless defective in mentality, will respond when treated with kindness -and made to feel that he or she is trusted. Granted, however, that it -may be considered unwise to send all prisoners without reservation -to work on the farm, under the system proposed by the Commission to -investigate Prison Systems, and whose Report to the General Assembly is -found elsewhere in this number of the Journal, all the State Industrial -Prison Farms are to foster some industry or industries aside from the -horticultural and agricultural employments. On these farms there will -be found opportunity for the employment of all prisoners, whatever may -be their character or temperament. - -Last year in a casual inspection of the prison at Wilkes-Barre, the -secretary announced that he considered 46 out of the 75 prisoners would -be available for an Industrial Farm. Mr. Wilson after a very careful -study of the situation concluded that 11 could be sent to work on the -outside. Now something depends on the viewpoint. If the State should -own an Industrial Farm fully equipped for the permanent accommodation -of prisoners with diverse industries, Mr. Wilson probably would add -materially to the number which might be sentenced to the penal farm -instead of to the county prison affording so little opportunity for -continuous profitable labor. The secretary consents to some reduction -of his estimates, if real employment with some remuneration can be -supplied at the county jail. The tendency of this practical age is to -give regular employment to all those whom we for a time exclude from -community freedom, and to place over them officials who will direct -these industries. - - -HOME OF INDUSTRY. - -This Institution which we allowed some 30 years ago to pass beyond our -control, perhaps to its advantage, has just issued a Report of its work -for the year 1918. There was some honest difference of opinion in 1890 -as to the value of this enterprise, but we believe the principal reason -for the abandonment of the project by The Pennsylvania Prison Society -was the lion in the way in the shape of a financial bugaboo. - -During the last year this institution cared for 275 men, keeping -them on an average of 32 days for each man. Their industries have -contributed $9,422 toward its own support. - -We have always thought that the institution should be removed to a -farm. In 1917 some of the men did work on land which they secured -and the results were very favorable. In 1918 they entered upon the -same work with high expectations, but from a variety of causes the -agricultural operations have not been prosperous. Labor went elsewhere. -We hope for better results next year. - -We recommend this Home as worthy of continued support. - - -MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS. - -The Committee on Public Information acting under the authority of the -United States Government have from time to time published and issued -pamphlets giving some extremely valuable facts and explanations with -regard to the Great War and dealing with its causes and results. Not -the least valuable among these circulars is No. 113, issued March, -1918, and devoted to “German Militarism and its German Critics.” This -handbook contains forty pages and is compiled from sources which the -Government regards as sufficiently reliable to justify extensive -circulation. It may be obtained by any one who will send request, -and refer to it by title, from the Committee on Public Information, -Washington, D. C. - -From this document we quote a few instances of brutality which have -been presented by credible witnesses:-- - - 1. “A Polish recruit was maltreated so fearfully by an officer - that he finally hanged himself. The officer induced the soldiers - to certify that they had seen nothing. - - 2. “An officer struck a sick recruit repeatedly on the chest so - that he screamed with pain and soon thereafter died in a hospital. - - 4. “Soldiers were struck in the face during instruction.... - Witness saw hundreds of times helmets pressed down and the bands - which held them under the chin pulled so that the soldiers grew - red in the face. Alsatians and Lorrainers particularly were - maltreated and frequently called ‘French Skulls’ and worse. The - officers warned the men against complaining, promising worse - treatment if they dared to report these outrages. - - 5. “During the maneuvers no day passed without brutality.... - Boxing of ears, blows, even with the sword and riding-whip, were - daily occurrences.... Complaints were omitted for fear of the - consequences.” - -Enough. In the circular it is stated that at a certain military trial -in Germany, held in 1914, 922 men from all parts of Germany had -signified their willingness to give testimony and were ready to report -some 30,000 separate instances of brutal treatment of soldiers. - -Hence it seems apparent that the spirit of dominant militarism is -arrogant, ferocious, brutal. It harks back to the time of medieval -tortures. By the circulation of Tract No. 113, the Government of the -United States has indicated its abhorrence and utter condemnation of -such cruel and inhuman methods of enforcing discipline. Naturally we -expected that our army officials would not for a moment countenance -such arbitrary and tyrannical treatment of offenders. - -When we take into consideration the inexperience of this nation with -large armies, there is cause for congratulation that the instances of -cruelty and unwarranted severity have been proportionately so few. And -yet there have been some instances of pitiless malevolence inflicted -upon a class of offenders who least deserve it. We are aware of the -penalties for disobedience to orders which naturally belong to a -military system. In accordance with the military code, disobedience is -a heinous crime. So when the officials were confronted with refusal to -obey orders, even though the offenders were of the highest character, -the mind of the militarist could view the offense from only one angle. -We are referring to the treatment accorded to some--not all--of the -“conscientious objectors.” They constituted an exceedingly small -proportion of the American Army which at the time the armistice was -signed numbered 3,665,000. The number altogether of those conscripted -whose religious convictions forbade them to use carnal weapons was -about 3,900--less than one-ninth of one per cent. of the vast American -Army.[3] Of these 1,300 accepted non-combatant service and 1,500 were -allowed to be employed on farms or to aid France and Belgium in the -work of reconstruction of their ruined homes and devastated lands. -Our latest advices inform that 527 of these “conscientious objectors” -have been court-martialed and sent to the Military Prison at Fort -Leavenworth. A majority of these belong to religious bodies whose -creeds are opposed to war. These men were not hunting for trouble. -Conscription brought them from their peaceful homes and from their -farms where they were so much needed to aid in increasing the food -supply of the nation. They were living inoffensively and were brought -into difficulties by no overt act. It is not our intention to uphold -or combat their interpretation of “The Sermon on the Mount.” They were -men who were regarded as useful, upright members of the communities -where they resided. Some of them belonged to bodies whose members -have been foremost in every philanthropic effort for the last two -centuries. We may attach no special virtue to works of superogation, -yet we venture to suggest that men and women who in times of peace have -been foremost in honest industrial pursuits, who have been prominent -in all movements to advance the best interests of the community, who -have devoted their time and their means lavishly to social betterment, -should in time of war be entitled to some consideration on account of -their past services in the uplift of humanity. Between the ages of 21 -and 31, less than one to every 36,000 were found who claimed immunity -from military service on account of their creed, and as many of these -accepted some form of non-combatant service, the number absolutely -refusing to comply with any military command was less than one out of -60,000 conscripts. Would it not have been wiser to allow these men -to continue their lawful avocations on the farm, in the shop, in the -mills, than to support them in idleness, to detail a special force to -guard them, and to ruin their health by harsh treatment? - -The Hofers case is an authentic instance of an infliction of tortures -by methods which acknowledge no obligation outside of military -authority. Jacob Wipf and the three Hofer brothers were members -of the Huttrian sect, a small body residing in California, “They -believed, with an intense conviction, that their duty to their God -utterly precluded any submission to military command.... It must be -remembered that this was no degenerate whim, nor yet the stubbornness -of criminals--it was the highest spiritual conviction of deeply -religious men.” They refused to wear the uniform. A mere outline of -the penalties will suffice. Thrown into the “Hole,” 30 feet below -the base of the building at the level of the sea. Murky atmosphere. -Stripped to underwear. Handcuffed to an iron bar so that their feet -barely reached the floor. Remained strung up for 36 hours. No food; -one glass of water. Repeatedly beaten with clubs. Then for five days -exempted from “hanging up,” but confined without food, or sufficient -clothing. The authorities were finally broken, not these God-fearing -men. It seems like a tale from the “Book of Martyrs,” not an event in a -civilized nation. They were released from the dungeon broken in health, -afflicted with scurvy, and after suffering a lot of petty persecutions, -were transferred to another prison in a colder climate. Here they -were placed in “Solitary,” with diet of bread and water, strung up -for nine hours a day, forced to sleep on the floor. The cold draughts -had a natural effect. When it was learned that they were ill, they -were removed to a hospital where two of them died in a few days from -pneumonia. The surviving brother, though scarcely able to walk, was -mercifully released to accompany the dead bodies of the two brothers -to their homes. Military vengeance was satiated. It is incredible to -believe that such methods in this enlightened age are used. - -From the New York World, we note the following instances of treatment -accorded to “objectors” at Camp Funston. Sleeping on bare floor. No -food all day. Kicked repeatedly. Beaten with rifle butts, pricked with -bayonets, dragged over filth, choked till they are breathless, placed -under a cold shower at midnight, clothes and all, hung temporarily by -the neck, some rendered insane for the time. It is hard to realize -that such things could happen in America. Do we not speak of civilized -warfare? Does war necessarily make fiends of men prematurely? It is a -pleasure to report that the officers at Camp Funston responsible for -these outrages were either dismissed or removed to a different field. - -The larger proportion of those imprisoned at Fort Leavenworth belong to -the peace-loving, inoffensive, industrious Mennonites. Take the case -of the Amish Mennonites. Last summer 45 of these quiet people were -sentenced to life imprisonment for refusing to obey the orders of their -inferiors in many points of view except that of military rank. This -sentence was commuted to an imprisonment of 25 years. Twenty-seven of -the same sect were sentenced from 10 to 20 years each for a similar -offence. Virtually in every one of these 72 cases, the crimes consisted -in a refusal to don uniforms. Most of them have longer sentences than -are usually dispensed for manslaughter. - -The length of these sentences and also of many other sentences -pronounced upon others who have broken the regulations of the military -code has been made the special object of investigation by Congress. -The excuse that some of these excessively long sentences were military -bluff for the deterrent effect and were never intended to be carried -out in full is irrational. If such statement is correct, our system -of military court procedure ought to be overhauled and renovated. We -are not contending that offenders should go unpunished, we are merely -insisting that the penalties prescribed shall be commensurate with the -offense, and shall be consistent with modern jurisprudence. - -Let us be thankful that the instances of cruelty and preposterous -punishments have been so few. Grant that some of the reported instances -are a species of brutal hazing, that some few bone-headed young -officials “drest in some brief authority,” with an overweening sense -of their importance, have taken a narrow view of military discipline, -still there have been sufficient complaints to elicit the following -editorial in the sober Public Ledger of Philadelphia. - - -TORTURE FOR MILITARY PRISONERS? - - “If any branch of the Government’s military activities calls - for an instant and searching investigation, it is certainly the - treatment accorded the “conscientious objectors” in the military - prisons to which they have been sent by court-martial. Even if - half the allegations contained in the complaints concerning the - prisoners of this type, at Governor’s Island, New York, and - at Fort Leavenworth, are true, the conditions demand instant - correction and those responsible therefor summary punishment. - - “In times of war severity of treatment, within the limits of - humanity, is to be expected by those who refuse to fulfill - their obligations to the nation; but the term ‘severity of - treatment’ is an euphemism when used to describe the experiences - of conscientious objectors, shackled, unclothed, for hours to - cell doors, kept for days in dark cells, and forced for weeks to - subsist under physical conditions which the law would not permit - in the case of animals. If these charges are substantiated, and - the outraged sense of justice of the nation demands that they be - either substantiated or disproved, then the drastic revision of - military law and practice is an imperative duty of Congress which - it dare not ignore or neglect. - - “There is abundant reason to believe, in the severity of the - sentences permitted to be imposed by army courts-martial, that - there is lacking in the military mind that sense of fitness and - of humanity which is in accordance with the age in which we live. - The United States cannot with clean hands ask the nations with - which it is allied in the war to humanize the laws of war while - it tolerates inhumanity in the enforcement of its own military - regulations at home. Recalcitrant soldiers offer a difficult - problem, of course; but the fact is a greater reason for dealing - with such offenders with tact and, above all, with humanity. - Torture has no place in the penology of the day, and least of all - in the service which prides itself on its patriotism.” - -The Acting Committee of The Pennsylvania Society, having been informed -of some instances of punishment which seemed to resemble soulless -European autocratic methods, sent the following remonstrance to -Secretary Baker:-- - - “The Pennsylvania Prison Society learns with astonishment and - a profound sense of sorrow of the brutal methods of punishment - employed in some of our Federal Prisons upon military - offenders--especially upon so-called “Conscientious Objectors” - whose only offense is a consistent adherence to their sense of - duty. The studied attempt to break the spirit of prisoners at - Fort Leavenworth and elsewhere by unspeakable cruelty suggests - the practices of a barbaric past rather than those of a civilized - and enlightened people. Granting that a Nation must at times deal - firmly with political offenders, can any crime ever justify the - employment of cruel and inhumane treatment? If such barbarous - punishment has the sanction of law, then an outraged sense of - justice demands the immediate revision of our Military Code.” - -The following note was received, which indicates that the War -Department at Washington has taken measures to relieve the harsh -conditions. - - “FEBRUARY 6, 1919. - - “... The War Department immediately upon having conditions at - the Disciplinary Barracks called to its attention, instituted an - investigation. The report of that investigation disclosed the - fact that the trouble at Leavenworth was due, not at all to the - administration of the prison, but to the regulations which were - ill-adapted to the unusual type of prisoner that the Selective - Service Act brought to military prisons. The Secretary at once - made some appropriate modifications of those regulations and has - called a conference to consider further changes in disciplinary - regulations, not only to meet this unusual condition but to bring - the Army’s disciplinary methods up to the most modern penological - standards, in case they shall be found to be deficient. The - conference will also consider ways of meeting the immediate - emergency of the overcrowding of disciplinary barracks due to the - increased size of the Army during the war. The conference will - come to its conclusions in the near future and you may be assured - that action leading out of its conclusions will be promptly - taken.” - - “Very truly, - “F. P. KEPPEL, - “_Third Assistant Secretary_.” - -Confidential orders, recently made known, of the War Department, -issued in October, 1918, prescribed that those conscripts, refusing -on account of conscientious scruples to perform military service, -should not be treated as traitors or as guilty of rank insubordination. -The Government thus in some form recognized the validity of their -scruples. As a rule such persons were entirely segregated from the -other men. For a time solitary confinement was discontinued, but we -regret to report that at the military prison at Leavenworth some 25 of -these objectors have recently been remanded to cellular isolation. One -of these men has for some time been engaged in Christian work under -the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. Very recently he received a visit -from a gentleman in whose office he had often been a visitor, but his -mind seemed a blank, as he did not appear to recognize his visitor -who called to offer services. This mode of punishment was having its -logical effect. - -We fully endorse the attitude of the U. S. Government as indicated in -its Official Bulletin, No. 113, page 5:--“Accustomed as these leaders -have been for many years to universal military service, to a large -standing army, ... to marked class distinctions, they have absorbed, -and are now wedded to, certain notions which to us, who have grown -up under very different conditions, seem like worship of constituted -authority and the unwarranted surrender of individual responsibility. -The gradual development of these very notions has brought about an -inordinate influence of the military group in public affairs.” - -We rejoice that our Government so clearly sets forth the evils of a -military authority, the spirit of which is so manifestly opposed to the -genius of our free institutions. - - On behalf of the Editorial Committee, - - J. F. OHL, - FLORENCE BAYARD KANE, - ALBERT H. VOTAW. - - -PRISON EXPERIENCES. - -Within the last few years the general public has been informed of the -real life of the convict by intelligent observers who have suffered a -few days of incarceration in order to gain an insight into the actual -effects of imprisonment. The accounts were interesting and instructive, -but we now have another opportunity to acquire knowledge of prison -conditions from some intelligent and conscientious persons who have -been imprisoned without resorting to a fake process in order to have -such experience. We refer to a class of offenders who from religious -scruples and in some cases for other reasons have disobeyed the -military requirements. We hold no brief for these offenders, but the -observations of some of these persons are a decided contribution to the -science of penology. Making due allowance for hasty conclusions arrived -at from a brief period of incarceration, and also after insufficient -opportunity to grasp the subject in its entirety, nevertheless, the -facts related, and the arguments and deductions derived from their -experiences should appeal to all who have interest in the reformation -of criminals. - -Rev. Evan Thomas, a young man of deep religious conviction, and of a -keen sense of injustice, has recently published in _The Survey_ some -details of prison life in the Federal Prison at Leavenworth, Kansas. - -We quote some portions of his article. - -“The burden of prison life as I experienced it, however, was not the -physical hardships but the unspeakable moral filth and vice to which -one is constantly exposed. I could not have believed many of the things -I heard and witnessed at Fort Leavenworth had they been reported to me -before going there. No sexual vice or moral depravity is too low for -some of the men confined there. The Disciplinary Barracks have been -called the ‘cess pool for the dregs of the army.’ But many a fine young -soldier whose only offense was to overstay his leave or be the helpless -victim of the antiquated military law in this country, has found his -way among the ‘dregs’ of the army; and as for the others, the great -majority are the products of our reform schools, orphan asylums and -jails. These men are indiscriminately grouped together in the prison. -It is true that there are two so-called honor wings for prisoners -in the Disciplinary Barracks, but I was never able to discover just -what was necessary to be assigned to these wings. The information -generally given me by other prisoners was that it was necessary to do -‘some hand-shaking’ first. As a matter of fact, as nearly as I was -able to learn, the power lay very largely in the hands of a group of -prisoners, who through clever politics and the holding of certain -important jobs in the executive office and elsewhere, were able to -control things to a large extent. I was told that even in these honor -wings moral conditions were bad, but in the other wings where men were -indiscriminately alloted, it often happened that diseased men were -assigned to the same cells with others who had to share the same toilet -facilities. The sixth wing, composed of eight tiers of open cells, each -of which contains three double-decked cots and six occupants, is known -as the ‘mad-house’ by the prisoners. Any thoughtful reading, writing or -study in this wing is next to impossible. Before going into solitary -confinement as a protect against the severe treatment accorded to such -conscientious objectors as refused to work, I spent one day in this -wing and the thought of ‘solitary’ lost much of its dread for me. - -“It is certainly possible for the man of wide interests or strong -character to live in such surroundings without any great degree of -moral harm to himself, but for the young, the weak, the very immature, -such conditions are nothing short of ruinous. The conversation is -confined largely to sex, ‘booze’ and the personal daring of the -prisoners. No crime is too terrible and no feat too desperate for most -of these men in their talk. The menace of this sort of thing to those -whose interests are almost entirely within the prison walls is the -most insidious and destructive thing imaginable. Yet no real effort -is made by the authorities to group the prisoners so that at least -some of the men could be spared a great deal of temptation. Much more -serious is the fact that the prison life itself is not calculated to -give a man any interests but those of the basest sort. Self-government -is practically unknown at Fort Leavenworth except in the honor wings, -where I believe the occupants are allowed to elect their own orderlies. - -“At the Disciplinary Barracks there is a department of psychiatry which -takes a very careful record of every prisoner’s history and this record -is faithfully verified by the authorities through letters and other -means of information. But once this record is completed and on the -files, apparently everything has been done that is required. So far as -I was able to observe, at least, no really constructive efforts were -made to relieve the conditions in the wings which I have spoken of, -where a man of refined sensibilities is often quartered in the same -double-decked bunk with a degenerate or a moral pervert. - - -“THE FAILURE OF PUNISHMENT. - -“The condition of affairs which I have been attempting to describe -is greatly aggravated by the fact that the idea of punishment and -discipline reigns supreme in the prison. Much is said in the rules and -regulations about the aim of the institution being to improve every -prisoner and turn each man out a better and more useful individual than -when he came in. That is one of the standing jokes of the prisoners -and not without reason, for one has only to read the book of rules -itself to see that the military tradition of punishment and discipline -is the medicine which is expected to work this great transformation. -But unfortunately most of the occupants of a military prison are there -because of their failure or refusal to accept this military tradition. -They are there because they are weak, mentally and morally, or too -independent for the army or because they object to it on principle. - -“So far as I have had experience in life I have yet to observe anything -more absolutely negative in its purpose and effects than this method -of discipline. The prisoner who has the distinction of having been -longest at Fort Leavenworth, had only two more days of his sentence to -complete when a guard called him a vile name, and utterly regardless of -the inevitable consequences this prisoner knocked the guard down with -a brick. He has since received several extensions of sentence because -of other defiant acts. The ball and chain, solitary confinement and -all the other repressive measures of the prison system have some way -not succeeded as yet in turning this man out of prison a ‘better man -than when he came in.’ There unquestionably is a criminal element in -prison that is a menace to society, but depraved or vicious as some -of these men may be, there is yet some good in every one of them and -possibilities of truly chivalrous conduct in all of them when properly -treated. But the ball and chain, the iron rule, the cursing and foul -threats by guards do not seem to bring out the good side of these men. - -“Not long before I was released two men were caught fighting in the -corridor of the wing near my cell. These two men were not equally -guilty. To go into the details of the case would require more space -than I have, but the point I wish to bring out is that they both were -at once taken to the executive officer of the prison and in ten minutes -were back, sentenced alike, to ten days in the ‘hole’ on bread and -water. The great object of such prison punishment is to break a man, -make him humble, meek and obedient. When this is done the process of -making a man of the prisoner seems to be considered completed. A guard -once told me while I was in solitary that when he chained a man up -backwards as punishment for talking in solitary, as used to be done, he -was generally kind-hearted enough to let the man down if he repented -and asked for it in the ‘right spirit,’ but if the man was too ‘damned -proud to show how much it hurt him he would let him take his medicine.’ -I mention this because to my mind it is typical of the punishment and -discipline idea of the prison. Actually what happens in this process of -breaking is that the prisoner in the great majority of cases is shoved -still further down the scale of degradation and lack of self-respect. -He becomes either flabby or vicious. This is especially true of such -criminal types as need the helpful, sympathetic and human advice and -correction of trained men above everything else. - -“It is my belief that at the bottom of all that I have been trying to -tell, lies not the dishonesty or cruelty of individual officials but -a state of mind shared largely by us all, even prisoners themselves -oftentimes, viz., the idea that the convict is something apart, -something taboo, a person who has forfeited all the rights of normal -human beings, and with this idea goes that of punishment, the ingrained -belief that the only way to deal with viciousness or wrong-doing is to -keep the big stick constantly at hand. This certainly is the theory -of our prisons if one is to judge from the products of our reform -schools and jails whom I met at Fort Leavenworth. These men very -largely had grown up with no other idea of life than that of the big -stick. Put one of these prisoners in authority over others and in the -majority of cases he can be more dictatorial and cruel than any guard. -The supposition is that to make this outcast--the prisoner--bow to -authority will make a man of him. - -“Prison reform is no easy matter. It must be the work of devoted and -expertly trained men and women. Sentimentalism can play no part in it -and certainly discipline, properly understood, will always have its -place, but it will be discipline in which mutual responsibility, human -sympathy and understanding will replace autocracy and indifference to -the individual and personal element at stake. It is, perhaps, only -fair to say that with the arrival of Major Adler at Fort Leavenworth -at the beginning of this year certain very important reforms have been -started. But it is going to be a long, uphill fight which will require -the enlightened support of the public if prisons are ever to cease -being a degrading influence in the prisoner’s life to say nothing of -becoming the constructive help that they should be and can be.” - - -PROHIBITION AND ARRESTS. - -HARRY M. CHALFANT. - -... We have a detailed report of the number of arrests in Detroit -during the last eight months of license as compared with the first -eight months under prohibition. Detroit became dry May 1, 1918, and -this report covers the two periods of eight months each, preceding and -following that date. It is issued by George H. Walters, deputy police -commissioner. Detroit is the largest city in the world to experiment -with prohibition, it having close to 1,000,000 people. - -We have grouped kindred offenses to secure brevity. The first column -shows the number of arrests during the wet period and the second column -shows arrests for the same offenses during the dry regime. In the third -column we have worked out the percentage of reduction. Under the dry -period there were 1511 arrests for violation of the prohibition law -and 550 convictions resulted. These are omitted from the list because, -obviously, no comparison on this offense could be made. The following -figures tell their own story: - - -NUMBER OF ARRESTS. - - Under Under Percentage - license. prohibition. reduction. - 28,156 10,543 64 - -It is worthy of note that these results are not materially different -from what happened in the cities of Denver and Seattle, which became -dry January 1, 1916. They afford a hint of what may be possible, at -least to a degree, in Philadelphia after the 1st of next July. - -PHILADELPHIA, February 20, 1919. - - -HONORARY MEMBERS. - - Maud Ballington Booth (1909) New York City. - Judge Ben B. Lindsey (1909) Denver, Colo. - [4]Frederick Howard Wines (1909) - Judge McKenzie Cleland (1909) Chicago, Ill. - [4]Gen. R. Brinkerhoff - Z. R. Brockway (1909) Elmira, N. Y. - [4]Prof. Charles Richmond Henderson (1910) - Dr. Hastings H. Hart (1914) New York City. - [4]James A. Leonard (1914) - Timothy Nicholson (1915) Richmond, Ind. - Amos W. Butler (1915) Indianapolis, Ind. - - -LIFE MEMBERS. - - [4]Ashmead, Henry B., [4]Lewis, Howard W., - [4]Bailey, Joel J., Lewis, Mrs. Sarah A., - [4]Baily, Joshua L., Longstreth, W. W., - [4]Bartol, B. H., [4]Love, Alfred H., - [4]Benson, E. N., [4]Lytle, John J., - [4]Bergdoll, Louis, [4]Maginnis, Edw. I., - [4]Betts, Richard K., [4]Manderson, James, - Bonham, Eleanor M., [4]Milne, Caleb J., - [4]Bonsall, E. H., [4]McAllister, Jas. W., - [4]Brooke, F. M., [4]Nicholson, Robert P., - [4]Brown, Alexander, [4]Osborne, Hon. F. W., - [4]Brown, T. Wistar, Patterson, Robert, - Brush, C. H., [4]Pennock, George, - Buckley, Daniel, [4]Perot, Joseph, - Carter, John E., Perot, T. Morris, Jr., - [4]Cattell, Henry S., Pooley, Fred. J., - [4]Childs, George W., [4]Potter, Thomas, - Cochran, Miss Mary N., Jr., [4]Powers, Thomas H., - Coles, Miss Mary, [4]Price, Thomas W., - [4]Collins, Alfred M., Randolph, Miss Anna, - Coxe, Eckley B., Jr., Rhoads, Joseph R., - [4]Downing, Richard H., [4]Roach, Joseph H., - [4]Dreer, Edw. G., [4]Saul, Rev. James, - Dreer, Ferd. J., Jr., [4]Santee, Charles, - [4]Douredore, B. L., [4]Seybert, Henry, - [4]Duhring, D. D., Rev. H. L., [4]Sharpless, Townsend, - Duncan, John A., [4]Steedman, Rosa, - [4]Elkinton, Joseph S., Stephens, Emily J. I., M. D., - Elwyn, Alfred, [4]Stokes, Wm. C., - [4]Elwyn, Mrs. Helen M., [4]Sulzberger, David, - [4]Fotterall, Stephen G., [4]Thomas, Geo. C., - Frazer, Dr. John, Thompson, Emma L., - Frazier, W. W., [4]Tracey, Charles A., - [4]Goodwin, M. H., [4]Townsend, Henry T., - Grigg, Mary S., Tyler, W. Graham, - [4]Hall, George W., Votaw, Albert H., - Harrison, Alfred C., [4]Waln, L. Morris, - Harrison, Chas. C., [4]Walk, Jas. W., M. D., - [4]Hockley, Thomas, Warren, E. Burgess, - Ingram, Wm. S., [4]Watson, Jas. V., - [4]Jeans, Joshua T., Way, John, - Jenks, John Story, [4]Weightman, William, - [4]Jones, Mary T., [4]Weston, Harry, - [4]Jordan, John, Jr., Wetherell, William Henry, - [4]Justice, W. W., Whelen, Emily, - [4]Kinke, J., [4]Whelen, Mary S., - [4]Knight, Reeve L., [4]Williams, Henry J., - [4]Laing, Anna T., [4]Williamson, I. V., - [4]Laing, Henry M., [4]Willits, Jeremiah, - Lea, M. Carey, [4]Willits, Jeremiah, Jr., - [4]Leaming, J. Fisher, Wistar, Edward M., - Leeds, Deborah C., Wood, Walter. - [4]Lewis, F. Mortimer, - - -ANNUAL MEMBERS. - - Adger, Miss Willian, Kaufman, John G., - Allen, Clara Hodges, Kehler, Dr. B. Frank, - Allen, H. Percival, Keith, Elsie Wister, - Arrison, Anna D., Kennedy, Harry, - Ashton, Tabor, Koelle, William, - Baggs, Nicholas, Capt., Lamartine, Rev. Phillip, - Baily, Albert L., Landis, Dr. H. R. M., - Baird, John E., Latimer, Emilie T., - Baldwin, Harriet H., Latimer, George A., - Barakat, Layyah, Latimer, Rebecca P., - Barnes, Rev. R. Heber, Latimer, Rev. Thomas, - Bartram, T. E., Leeds, Austin C., - Beiswenger, Paul F., Lewis, William Draper, - Beiswenger, Rev. F., Longshore, Frank H., - Belfield, T. Broom, Lovett, Louisa D., - Biddle, Miss Christine W., Lowry, Wm. C., - Biddle, Mrs. Clement M., McCord, Rufus, - Biddle, William, McFedries, Miss Annie. - Boggs, Samuel R., Magee, George W., - Bok, Mrs. Mary Louise, Maier, Paul D. I., - Booth, Henry D., Mallery, Otto T., - Borden, G. W., Marshall, Bertha K. C., - Bowers, Virginia R., Martin, Hon. J. Willis, - Bradford, Miss Annie, Mayer, Mrs. Henry C., - Brewer, Franklin N., Mellor, Alfred, - Brink, Fred Swarts, Miller, Isaac P., - Brinton, Joseph Hill, Miller, Mrs. Benj., - Brown, Ellis, Y., Minnich, Rev. M. Reed, - Browning, Mrs. G. G., Montgomery, Henry S., - Buckley, Mrs. Edward S., Morris, Anna Wharton, - Burnham, George, Jr., Morris, C. Christopher, - Butterworth, Elizabeth W., Morris, Marriott C., - Butz, J. Treichler, M. D., Morris, William, - Byers, Joseph P., Mullowney, John J., M. D., - Canby, W. Marriott, Murphy, William T., - Carpenter, Mrs. E. Payson, Newkirk, John B., - Cassell, Henry C., Newlin, Sarah, - Chichester, S. E., Nichols, Carroll B., - Clark, Frederic L., Niles, Henry C., - Clark, E. W., Obermayer, Leon J., - Coale, Thomas E., Oetinger, Albert, - Coburn, George A., Ohl, Rev. J. F, - Collins, Henry H., Paisley, Harry E., - Collins, Henry H., Jr., Palmer, T. Chalkley, - Colton, Mrs. Mary R., Pancoast, Linda H., - Colton, Mrs. S. W., Jr., Park, Richard G., - Comfort, Henry W., Patterson, T. H. Hoge, - Conard, C. Wilfred, Perot, Mary William, - Cope, Mrs. Edward, Platt, Miss L. N., - Cope, Mrs. Eliza M., Purves, G. Colesbury, - Cope, Miss Margaret, Rakestraw, Frederick A., - Daniel, C. A., Randolph, Mrs. Evan, - de Benedetto, Rev. A., Reeves, Francis B., - De Haven, Miss Clara B., Reilly, Anna L., - De Haven, Miss Sarah Cole, Rhoads, William E., - deLong, Mary Ella, Richardson, Charles, - Develin, James Aylward, Roberts, Charles C., - Dewees, J. H., Roberts, Owen J., - Dewees, Watson W., Robinson, Anthony W., - d’Invilliers, Charles E., Robinson, Louis N., - Disston, Albert H., Rosengarten, Joseph G., - Disston, Jennie C., Roser, William, - Drexel, Mary S. Irick, Rouse, Wm. M., - Dripps, Robert Dunning, Schaeffer, Paul N., - Ecroyd, Charles E., Schoch, Mrs. Parke, - Edmonds, Franklin S., Schwarz, G. A., - Elkinton, Joseph, Scott, Norris J., - Emlen, Samuel, Scull, E. Marshall, - Emlen, Miss Dorothea, Senft, Rev. F. H., - Fernberger, Henry, Shoemaker, Comly B., - Fisher, Geo. Harrison, Simmington, Charles C., - Fleisher, Samuel S., Snellenburg, Samuel, - Fleisher, Moyer, Starr, Miss Rhoda, - Frick, Esther, Steele, Joseph M., - Funk, Lawson C., Stewart, Henry C., - Galenbeck, Louis C., Stone, Mrs. Virginia G., - Garges, Anna K., Tatum, Joseph W., - Garrett, Elizabeth N., Thesen, Oluf, - Gerhard, Luther, Thomas, Mrs. George C., - Gerhard, Arthur H., Tomkins, Rev. Floyd W., - Gerhard, Mrs. Arthur H., Turner, Mrs. Charles P., - Gillingham, Anna H., Vaux, Miss Meta, - Graff, Charles F., Wallace, Mrs. C. Jaquins, - Greene, Sallie H., Walton, Harrison, - Haines, Dr. H. I., Warren, William C., - Haines, Henry E., Wentz, Catharine A., - Haines, Robert B., Jr., Wetherell, George S., - Hallowell, William S., Wetherell, Mary S., - Haney, Rein G., Wetherill, Rev. Francis Macomb, - Harding, Miss M. W., White, Elias H., - Harris, Rev. J. Andrews, White, Elizabeth W., - Harris, Mrs. J. Campbell, Wilkins, George W., - Harris, J. Linn, Williams, Charles, - Hastings, Charles P., Williams, Ellis D., - Heller, Clyde A., Williams, Henry S., - Henderson, George R., Wilson, James L., - Hill, Miss Elizabeth A., Wing, Asa S., - Hodge, Mrs. Lydia B. Penrose, Wood, H. Wellington, - Hoffman, Jacob, Yarnall, William S., - Howe, Mrs. Mary W. F., Yarrow, George R., - Hutton, George S., Yarrow, Mrs. George R., - Jenkins, Theodore F., Ziegler, J. W. - Kane, Miss Florence Bayard, - - - - -INDEX. - - - PAGE - Acting Committee, report of, 7 - - Agricultural Prison Labor, 60 - - Annual Meeting, minutes of, 5 - - - Board of Public Charities and Prison Labor, 67 - - - Commission to Investigate Penal Systems, 19 - - Committee on Delinquency, act providing for, 47 - - Committees, standing, 4 - - County Prisons, 33 - - - Financial Argument for Prison Farms, 65 - - - General Agent, report of, 16 - - - Home of Industry, 68 - - - Industrial Farms, act providing for, 54 - - - Members, lists of, 81 - - Military Discipline and Punishments, 69 - - - Obituaries, 14 - - Officers, list of, 3 - - Official Visitors, Page 2 of cover - - - Parole Work, Eastern Penitentiary, 17 - - Penal Systems, report of Commission, 19 - - Prison Experiences, 76 - - Probation and Parole, 39 - - Prohibition, effect of, on arrests, 80 - - - Treasurer, report of, 15 - -The Pennsylvania Prison Society was founded under the name -“Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons,” -May 8, 1787. - - It was incorporated under same name April 6, 1833. - - The objects named in the Charter were three: - - 1. Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. - - 2. Improvement of Prison Discipline. - - 3. Relief of Discharged Prisoners. - -By order of the Court, the corporate title was changed January 27, -1886, to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.” - - * * * * * - -Copies of this JOURNAL will be forwarded on request to any address -without charge. - -Financial contributions are needed to carry on the work of this Society. - -All correspondence and contributions should be addressed to The -Pennsylvania Prison Society at 119 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, -Pa. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - - -[1] Approved and proposed by the Commission on Penal Systems. - -[2] Approved and proposed by the Commission on Penal Systems. - -[3] Information taken from Major W. S. Kellog’s “The Conscientious -Objector,” 1919. - -[4] Deceased. - - -[Transcriber’s Note: - -Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. -Printing errors, such as backwards or upside down letters, were -corrected; duplicate words were deleted; missing punctuation was added.] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 5, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, 1919 *** - -***** This file should be named 55568-0.txt or 55568-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/6/55568/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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-} - -.label { - width: 2em; - display: inline-block; - text-align: right; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - color: #004200; - position: absolute; - right: 5px; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - border: #000 double; - color: black; - margin: 1em auto; - padding: 1em; -} - -@media handheld { - body { - padding: 4px; - } -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 5, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Journal of Prison Discipline and Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 58) - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: September 17, 2017 [EBook #55568] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, 1919 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from scanned images of public domain -material from the Google Books project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<p class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">i</span></p> - -<h1 class="bbox"> -<span class="table medium w100"> - <span class="tcell">NEW SERIES</span> - <span class="tcell tdr">No. 58</span> -</span> -<br /> -<span class="x-large">THE JOURNAL</span><br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -PRISON DISCIPLINE<br /> -<small>AND</small><br /> -<span class="x-large">PHILANTHROPY</span><br /> -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> -<span class="large table">REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE</span><br /> - -<span class="large table">REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE<br /> -PRISON SYSTEMS</span><br /> - -<span class="large">MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS, ETC.</span><br /> -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> -<span class="large">1919</span><br /> -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> - -<span class="medium table">ISSUED ANNUALLY BY<br /> -THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY<br /> -FORREST BUILDING, 119 SOUTH FOURTH STREET<br /> -PHILADELPHIA, PA.</span> -</h1> - -<p class="copy"><span class="smcap">Press of Allen, Lane & Scott, Philadelphia.</span> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> - -<h3 id="OFFICIAL_VISITORS">OFFICIAL VISITORS.</h3> - -<p>No person who is not an official visitor of the prison, or who -has not a written permission, according to such rules as the -Inspector may adopt as aforesaid, shall be allowed to visit the -same; the official visitors are: the Governor, the Speaker and -members of the Senate; the Speaker and members of the House -of Representatives; the Secretary of the Commonwealth; the -Judges of the Supreme Court; the Attorney-General and his -Deputies; the President and Associate Judges of all the Courts in -the State; the Mayor and Recorders of the cities of Philadelphia, -Lancaster and Pittsburgh; Commissioners and Sheriffs of the -several Counties; and the “<span class="smcap">Acting Committee of the Philadelphia -Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public -Prisons</span>.” (Note: Now named “<span class="smcap">The Pennsylvania Prison -Society</span>.”)—<i>Section 7, Act of April 23, 1829.</i></p> - -<p>The above was supplemented by the following Act, approved -March 20, 1903:</p> - -<h3>AN ACT</h3> - -<p class="hang">To make active or visiting committees of Societies incorporated -for the purpose of visiting and instructing prisoners official -visitors of penal and reformatory institutions.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Be it enacted, etc., That the active or visiting -committee of any society heretofore incorporated and now existing -in the Commonwealth for the purpose of visiting and instructing -prisoners, or persons confined in any penal or reformatory -institution, and alleviating their miseries, shall be and are hereby -made official visitors of any jail, penitentiary, or other penal or -reformatory institution in this Commonwealth, maintained at the -public expense, with the same powers, privileges and functions -as are vested in the official visitors of prisons and penitentiaries -as now prescribed by law: <i>Provided</i>, That no active or visiting -committee of any such society shall be entitled to visit such jails -or penal institutions, under this act unless notice of the names -of the members of such committee, and the terms of their appointment, -is given by such society in writing, under its corporate -seal, to the warden, superintendent or other officer in charge of -such jail or other officer in charge of any such jail or other penal -institution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Approved</span>—The 20th day of March, A. D. 1903. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 class="xx-large"> -<span class="table medium w100"> - <span class="tcell">NEW SERIES</span> - <span class="tcell tdr">No. 58</span> -</span> -<br /> -<span class="x-large">THE JOURNAL</span><br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -PRISON DISCIPLINE<br /> -<small>AND</small><br /> -<span class="x-large">PHILANTHROPY</span><br /> -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> -<span class="large table">REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE</span><br /> - -<span class="large table">REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE<br /> -PRISON SYSTEMS</span><br /> - -<span class="large">MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS, ETC.</span><br /> -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> -<span class="large">1919</span><br /> -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> - -<span class="medium table">ISSUED ANNUALLY BY<br /> -THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY<br /> -FORREST BUILDING, 119 SOUTH FOURTH STREET<br /> -PHILADELPHIA, PA.</span> -</h2> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span></p> - -<h3>FORM OF BEQUEST OF PERSONAL PROPERTY.</h3> - -<p>I give and bequeath to “<span class="smcap">The Pennsylvania Prison Society</span>” the sum -of<span class="nowrap">................</span>Dollars.</p> - -<hr class="short" /> - -<h3>FORM OF DEVISE OF REAL ESTATE.</h3> - -<p>I give and bequeath to “<span class="smcap">The Pennsylvania Prison Society</span>” all that -certain piece and parcel of land. (Here enter the description.) -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p> - -<h3 id="OFFICERS_LIST"> -OFFICERS FOR THE SOCIETY FOR 1919<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">President</span><br /> -EDWARD M. WISTAR, Provident Building, Philadelphia.<br /> - -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Vice-President</span><br /> -NORRIS J. SCOTT, Moylan, Pa.<br /> - -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Secretary</span><br /> -ALBERT H. VOTAW, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia.<br /> - -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Assistant Secretary</span><br /> -CHARLES P. HASTINGS, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia.<br /> - -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Treasurer</span><br /> -JOHN WAY, 409 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.<br /> - -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Counselors</span><br /> -FREDERICK L. CLARK, West End Trust Building, Philadelphia.<br /> -WILLIAM DRAPER LEWIS, Law Department, University of Pennsylvania.<br /> - -<br /> -<span class="smcap">General Agent</span><br /> -FREDERICK J. POOLEY, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia.<br /> -</h3> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Acting Committee</span></h3> - -<table> -<caption>FOR ONE YEAR</caption> - <tr> - <td>Harrison Walton</td> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - <td>Fred Swarts Brink</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Charles P. Hastings</td> - <td>Mrs. Mary S. Grigg</td> - <td>Dr. B. Frank Kehler</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rev. F. H. Senft</td> - <td>William Morris</td> - <td>Dr. J. J. Mullowney</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Isaac P. Miller</td> - <td>Mrs. Emma L. Thompson</td> - <td>Robert B. Haines, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Charles McDole</td> - <td>Rev. Thomas Latimer</td> - <td>H. Wellington Wood</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption>FOR TWO YEARS</caption> - <tr> - <td>Harry Kennedy</td> - <td>George S. Wetherell</td> - <td>Dr. Charles Williams</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Henry C. Cassel</td> - <td>Frank H. Longshore</td> - <td>Charles C. Simmington</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mrs. Layyah Barakat</td> - <td>C. Wilfred Conard</td> - <td>Mrs. Eliza M. Cope</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rev. J. F. Ohl</td> - <td>Rev. M. Reed Minnich</td> - <td>Watson W. Dewees</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mary S. Wetherell</td> - <td>Miss Emily Whelen</td> - <td>George A. Coburn</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption>FOR THREE YEARS</caption> - <tr> - <td>Frederick J. Pooley</td> - <td>Miss Annie McFedries</td> - <td>Joseph P. Byers</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>William Koelle</td> - <td>Dr. John Frazer</td> - <td>Franklin S. Edmonds</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Deborah C. Leeds</td> - <td>Dr. J. Treichler Butz</td> - <td>Leon J. Obermayer</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mrs. Clara Hodges Allen</td> - <td>George W. Wilkins</td> - <td>Miss M. N. Cochran, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Miss Rebecca P. Latimer</td> - <td>Mrs. Mary Ella deLong</td> - <td>Miss Florence B. Kane</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><span class="smcap">Acting Committee for the State-at-Large</span></caption> - <tr> - <th>FOR ONE YEAR</th> - <th>FOR TWO YEARS</th> - <th>FOR THREE YEARS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>BUCKS COUNTY</th> - <th>ALLEGHENY COUNTY</th> - <th>ALLEGHENY COUNTY</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mrs. Anna K.</td> - <td>Garges Paul T. Beiswenger</td> - <td>Rev. F. W. Beiswenger</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>CHESTER COUNTY</th> - <th>MONTGOMERY COUNTY</th> - <th>CENTRE COUNTY</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mrs. B. K. C. Marshall</td> - <td>Capt. Nicholas Baggs</td> - <td>Hon. J. Linn Harris</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>YORK COUNTY</th> - <th>LUZERNE COUNTY</th> - <th /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Miss Rhoda M. Starr</td> - <td>Mrs. Anabel Wallace</td> - <td /> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="STANDING_COMMITTEES_FOR_1919">STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1919<br /> - -<span class="center medium"><i>Visiting Committee—Eastern Penitentiary</i>:</span></h2> - -<table> -<caption><span class="smcap">Men</span></caption> - <tr> - <td>Rev. J. F. Ohl</td> - <td>Charles P. Hastings</td> - <td>Edward M. Wistar</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rev. F. H. Senft</td> - <td>Charles McDole</td> - <td>Fred Swarts Brink</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Harry Kennedy</td> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - <td>George W. Wilkins</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>William Koelle</td> - <td>Albert H. Votaw</td> - <td>Dr. B. F. Kehler</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>George S. Wetherell</td> - <td>Rev. Thomas Latimer</td> - <td>Leon J. Obermayer</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Henry C. Cassel</td> - <td>Isaac P. Miller</td> - <td>Chas. C. Simmington</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Harrison Walton</td> - <td>Rev. M. Reed Minnich</td> - <td>Geo. A. Coburn</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frank H. Longshore</td> - <td>Dr. Charles Williams</td> - <td>H. Wellington Wood</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>William Morris</td> - <td /> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><span class="smcap">Women</span></caption> - <tr> - <td>Deborah C. Leeds</td> - <td>Miss R. P. Latimer</td> - <td>Mrs. Mary Ella deLong</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mary S. Wetherell</td> - <td>Miss Emily Whelen</td> - <td>Mrs. Layyah Barakat</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Mrs. Mary S. Grigg</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Visiting Committee</i>—<i>Philadelphia County Prison</i>—<i>Moyamensing</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - <td>Norris J. Scott</td> - <td>Deborah C. Leeds</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rev. J. F. Ohl</td> - <td>H. Wellington Wood</td> - <td>Mrs. Clara Hodges Allen</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Frederick J. Pooley</td> - <td>Albert H. Votaw</td> - <td>Miss R. P. Latimer</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Visiting Committee</i>—<i>Philadelphia County Prison</i>—<i>Holmesburg</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>Frederick J. Pooley</td> - <td>William Koelle</td> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Visiting Committee</i>—<i>House of Correction</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>William Koelle</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>Robert B. Haines, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fred Swarts Brink</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>Mrs. Layyah Barakat</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Committee on Discharged Prisoners</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>Dr. Charles Williams</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>George W. Wilkins</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Miss Florence B. Kane</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>Charles P. Hastings</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Committee on Legislation</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>Rev. J. F. Ohl</td> - <td>Mrs. E. M. Cope</td> - <td>Hon. J. Linn Harris</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>C. Wilfred Conard</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>Joseph P. Byers</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Committee on Membership</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>Isaac P. Miller</td> - <td>George W. Wilkins</td> - <td>Miss M. N. Cochran, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>George S. Wetherell</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Committee on Police Matrons</i>:</caption> -<tr> - <td>Mrs. Mary S. Grigg</td> - <td>Miss Emily Whelen</td> - <td>Mrs. Mary Ella deLong</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Editorial Committee</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>Rev. J. F. Ohl</td> - <td>Miss Florence B. Kane</td> - <td>Joseph P. Byers</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rev. F. H. Senft</td> - <td /> - <td>Albert H. Votaw</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Finance Committee</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>George S. Wetherell</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Robert B. Haines, Jr.</td> - <td style="width: 10em"></td> - <td>Fred Swarts Brink</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption><i>Auditors</i>:</caption> - <tr> - <td>John A. Duncan</td> - <td>Isaac P. Miller</td> - <td>Watson W. Dewees</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="MINUTES_OF_ANNUAL_MEETING">THE JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE -AND PHILANTHROPY<br /> - -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> - -<span class="large">ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL -MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.</span></h2> - -<p>The 132d Annual Meeting of THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON -SOCIETY was held by appointment in Assembly Hall, Church -Building, northwest corner Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia, -on the evening of January 14, 1919, President Edward -M. Wistar in the Chair.</p> - -<p>Twenty-five members were present.</p> - -<p>The Minutes of the 131st Meeting were read and approved.</p> - -<p>The Report of the Acting Committee for the year 1918 was -read by the Secretary. It was approved and directed to be printed. -(See pages 7-14.)</p> - -<p>The Treasurer, John Way, presented a detailed statement of -the receipts and payments for the fiscal year ending December 31, -1918, accompanied by a schedule of the securities held for the -Society by the Fiscal Agent, The Provident Life and Trust Company. -The statement had been audited and the securities had been examined -by the auditors. (See page 15.)</p> - -<p>On behalf of the Committee on Nominations, the Secretary -presented a list of nominations for the Officers of the Society and -for members of the Acting Committee to succeed those whose terms -expire on February 1. Watson W. Dewees and George S. Wetherell -were appointed Tellers. The election being duly held the persons -nominated were elected to the offices designated in the report of -the Committee. (See page 3.)</p> - -<p>A communication was read, sent by Leonard G. Yoder, Esq., -Solicitor for the Berks County Prison, calling attention to the fact -that the Act of the Assembly, approved 1917, provided that prisoners -in the county prisons could be employed at agricultural labor only -during the continuance of the war which is now interrupted by the -armistice. The net profit of the labor of prisoners thus employed -in Berks County in 1918 was $800, and the Solicitor recommends -that this Act should apply permanently and requests that this -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -Society should exert an influence on the present Assembly for the -purpose of encouraging the continuation of this beneficial measure -for the employment of prisoners. By motion, the communication -was referred to the Legislative Committee of the Acting Committee.</p> - -<p>Dr. George W. Kirchwey of New York delivered the Annual -Address. He is the Counsel for the Commission under appointment -to investigate prisons and to recommend such revision of our -present penal system as may seem advisable. While the report of -the Commission was not yet entirely prepared, he intimated that -some scheme of Central Administration would be proposed, not so -much to take the management away from the present Boards of -Inspectors as to exercise advisory and supervisory powers and to -correlate our various correctional institutions. The conditions -now obtaining in regard to the employment of prisoners were deplorable -in this Keystone State, and it was the aim of the Commission -to provide some form of productive labor for all able-bodied -prisoners. They were prepared to recommend an extension of -agricultural operations and favored the early removal of the Eastern -Penitentiary to a farm in the eastern portion of the State. He -deprecated every form of brutality in the treatment of delinquents -and evidently thought the old repressive spirit and measures could -still be found to have lodgment in some of our prisons. He was -sure that a large number of our prisoners, possibly a majority, -were mentally deficient and ought to have special treatment adapted -to their needs, which, under present circumstances of incarceration, -was impossible. If we wish to restore the men whom we confine -in our prisons, we must do more than simply restrain them within -certain limits; we must treat them as erring brothers and sisters, -not as dumb driven cattle.</p> - -<p>To nominate to our next Annual Meeting the officers of the -Society and members of the Acting Committee whose terms expire -next year, the President appointed William Biddle, Robert Dunning -Dripps, John A. Duncan, William C. Warren and Miss Emily Whelen.</p> - -<p class="author"> -ALBERT H. VOTAW,<br /> -<i>Secretary</i>.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p> - -<h3 id="REPORT_OF_ACTING_COMMITTEE">REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR 1918.</h3> - -<p>At a meeting which was held May 8, 1787, in Philadelphia, at -which the “Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of -Prisons” was organized, provision was made for the appointment of -an Acting Committee which should discharge the executive functions -of the Society. It was composed of nine persons, the President, the -two Vice-Presidents, and six additional members. The first Acting -Committee was composed of</p> - -<p class="table"> -Bishop William White, President,<br /> -Dr. Henry Helmuth, Vice-President,<br /> -Richard Wells, Vice-President.<br /> -</p> - -<table> -<caption>Additional members:</caption> - <tr> - <td>Tench Coxe,</td> - <td>John Kaighn,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dr. George Duffield,</td> - <td>Benjamin Wynkoop,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>William Rogers,</td> - <td>George Krebs.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>From time to time, on account of additional duties, responsibilities -and opportunities for service, this Committee has been enlarged until -at the present time it is limited to sixty persons, and at the present -time is composed of fifty-six members.</p> - -<p>In 1886 the name of the Society was changed to “The Pennsylvania -Prison Society”—a name indicating no change of purpose, -but rather a wider scope of operations.</p> - -<p>In the year 1829, the Acting Committee, by Act of Assembly, -were appointed Official Visitors of all prisons in the Commonwealth. -Our Society was the only one having such duties until the year 1903, -when, by another Act of the Assembly, the privilege was granted to -the Acting Committee of the Catholic Society for the Visitation of -Prisoners.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Official Visitation.</span></h3> - -<p>While many members of our Visiting Committees have been -zealous in their endeavor to open the door of hope to the prisoners, -and to stimulate them to higher ideals of life, the general conditions -obtaining in the prisons have also claimed attention. It is a prescribed -function of the Visiting Committee of any prison, whether -State or County, to note the “condition of the buildings <span class="nowrap">...</span> -the discipline and management,” and to make report of their observations. -Great discretion and a full understanding of the situation -are essential in publishing the results of such comments and observations. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> -In the early history of our organization, there were so -many abuses prevalent in the management of prisons that by far -the larger part of the activities of the Acting Committee consisted -in the effort to remedy the evils of management. These efforts were -eminently successful in those days of emergence from medieval -methods; and while we all rejoice in the very great amelioration of -conditions, it must be confessed that penal improvement has lagged -behind all other agencies for betterment. If we compare our educational -system, hospitals, transportation methods, agricultural development—any -field of human endeavor—with our correctional institutions, -we are overwhelmed by the extreme lack of corresponding -progress.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Personal Visitation.</span></h3> - -<p>The reports of the Visiting Committees for the year 1918 indicate -that there is no loss of interest or effort in seeking to restore men and -women to their better selves. In consequence of the quarantine -caused by the epidemic of influenza, which resulted in keeping -visitors away from four to six weeks, the statistics do not bulk as -large as usual.</p> - -<table class="toc2col"> - <tr> - <td>Number of reported visits to the Eastern Penitentiary</td> - <td>337</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of reported interviews with the inmates</td> - <td>6,435</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of reported interviews with the inmates of the Philadelphia County Prison</td> - <td>3,631</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of prisoners interviewed at Central Station by Agent</td> - <td>15,933</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of discharged prisoners receiving direct aid</td> - <td>590</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>On practically every Sabbath one or more of our members take part -in the religious services in the prisons.</p> - -<p>We are convinced that many of those with whom we meet from -time to time are victims of circumstances, and also that many of -them are defective in mentality and in self control. At some time, -we trust the General Assembly will take up seriously the subject of -the degenerates who need treatment in accordance with the most -approved psychiatric methods. Some of them need institutional -care for a much longer time than is indicated by the Court sentence. -Here they should be restrained until they are deemed ready to become -useful to the community. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Employment of Prisoners.</span></h3> - -<p>In the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the most flagrant -evil of the prisons is the lack of wholesome employments for the -inmates. Even some of our laws designed to help conditions have -aggravated the evil. For instance, the law of 1913, which, with the -best intentions, repealed other laws for employment in the State -Penal Institutions, in order that the inmates might all be employed -in making articles for State use, did not create a sure market for the -articles thus manufactured, and therefore the number of prisoners -profitably employed in the penitentiaries is not so large as under a -former law when 35 per cent. of them could be kept at work in the -manufacture of articles or products to be sold in the open market. -A simple remedy for this deplorable state of affairs may be found in -granting the privilege of selling the surplus stock in the market at the -prevailing price. Organized labor found undesirable competition -with the products of free labor only when the prisoners were employed -on the vicious contract system. Under the present methods, the -prisoners are to receive a fair wage and the products are to be sold -at the market price. Perhaps we could make a beginning by listing -certain industries in which the convicts may be employed. Place no -restrictions on agricultural products, including canned goods, on the -work of stone crushing and in general the manufacture of road-making -material, and also allow two or three indoor industries, such as the -manufacture of carpets and knit goods. Thus the problem may be -solved. When we consider the very small number of persons so -employed in comparison with the hordes of outside workers, it appears -very evident that the amount of real competition would reduce to -the vanishing point. No industry would be injured, the tax-payers -would be relieved from a large part of the expense, the prisoners -would earn their own maintenance, and thus the demoralizing effects -of idleness would be averted.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Discharged Prisoners.</span></h3> - -<p>It has sometimes been stated that for some visitors, the prisoner -loses his charm when released from confinement. He may be decidedly -interesting behind the bars, or perhaps he may be simply -an object of curiosity, or a psychological specimen to be studied, -like some abnormal freak of nature. Within the wall the visitor -may show warmth, interest, cordiality, sympathy, a certain degree -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -of familiarity, but on the outside the atmosphere is below zero. -This is a species of charlatanism for which we have no sympathy. -It is an exceedingly important part of our mission to set the discharged -man on his feet, and to establish his goings. If ever any -man needed sympathy and material aid, it is when the man released -from confinement again becomes a member of the community. Not -all the men and women who are released seem to require special -help, but those who are in need are very greatly dependent upon -human kindness till they have regained some sense of confidence and -have again become self-supporting. If aid and good cheer are not -forthcoming at this crucial time of testing, there is imminent danger -of a relapse into former bad habits. We believe that all of our -visitors realize the importance of maintaining our interest and -kindly feeling for the prisoner at the time of his release.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Securing Employment.</span></h3> - -<p>During the last two years there has been no difficulty in finding -work for any able-bodied man. There are some disappointments, -but we are learning not to become discouraged. Possibly we may -allow ourselves to dwell unduly on the failures, when we should -recall the many instances of reclamation. The saying “Once a -crook, always a crook” has no place either in our experience or in -our philosophy. If this saying represents a truth, we would become -pessimistic regarding the human race. Show us the man or woman -who has never erred. Please note some examples:—</p> - -<p>The other day we met “A” on Market Street. Accompanied -by his little son, he was speeding away in his “flivver.” He stopped -to give us a greeting, and indicated that happiness and prosperity -were his portion.</p> - -<p>“B” is a spick and span policeman in a neighboring city. Though -you may say “Set a thief to catch a thief,” this particular guardian -of the public peace is discharging his duty to the community.</p> - -<p>“C” seemed particularly pleased to meet us the other day -uptown. He had joined the church, and had attained to the dignity -of usher.</p> - -<p>“D,” who was once an accomplished burglar, having served at -least two terms in prison, has built up a manufacturing industry, -and is quite prosperous.</p> - -<p>“E” is foreman in the jewelry department of a large department -store “somewhere in America.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span></p> - -<p>“F,” a one-armed piece of ebon jollity, is one of the handiest -men employed on a certain prosperous truck farm.</p> - -<p>“G,” who began cooking for Blank Firm at $10 weekly wages, -now reports with a grin that he is getting $65 a month with board -and lodging.</p> - -<p>“H” is one of the most popular clerks in the office of a mammoth -establishment. That he once fell from grace is known, but it -is no longer reckoned against him.</p> - -<p>“I” one year ago began as a solicitor and now his business has -so enlarged that he has taken a suite of rooms for his office.</p> - -<p>We could easily exhaust the alphabet with such cases. There -are failures, but we try to discount our disappointments when we -take account of those who are “making good.” The Parole Officers -have informed us that seventy-five per cent. are becoming satisfactory -citizens. By far the larger part of those whom we willingly -assist, in a short time are beyond our ken. They take with them -our hopes and our fears—our fears, that they may again yield to the -manifold temptations on every hand; our hopes, that they have -learned their lesson, and with courage and by the help of divine -grace are performing their duty to the community.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Revolving Relief Fund.</span></h3> - -<p>A few of those to whom we render assistance return a part, or -all, of the funds which we have advanced to them. We do not -press them for payment. Those who are invalids or who have -families to support are not expected to repay us. From many years -of experience, we have learned that it is not wise indiscriminately -to make grants of cash in hand. Old chums are waiting just around -the corner for a treat. Temptations of all sorts are manifold. We -guarantee bills for board and lodging, purchase tools and clothing, -furnish transportation, and provide outfits for those who are sent to -the State Sanatoriums. But there are some who should feel an obligation -to return the value of the assistance rendered. Thus we hope -to create a sort of revolving fund which may be used for cases of -need, and when returned is ready for the next man. Many of these -released men have some natural pride or self respect, and do not -wish to be considered mendicants.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The American Prison Association.</span></h3> - -<p>On account of the epidemic of influenza so prevalent in the -autumn, the meeting of the American Prison Association was called -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -off. At a meeting of the Executive Committee held recently it was -concluded to postpone till next year the sessions of this body. New -York had been selected as the place, and it has been decided to -meet in the same city, October 20-24, 1919.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Agent’s Work at the Central Police Station.</span></h3> - -<p>One of the most important features of our relief work is under -the management of our Agent, Mr. Fred J. Pooley, at the Central -Station, City Hall. From the forty-two Police Stations throughout -the city, there arrive almost hourly at this Central Station van -loads of human freight which in some way or other must be quickly -disposed of by the Committing Magistrate. Most of these are -petty offenders, but also there are numerous cases of arrest on suspicion -or for vagrancy, and such as these need special care in order -to prevent injustice, and to be saved from criminal associations. -Agent Pooley endeavors to have a brief interview with these derelicts -or victims of misfortune before they are taken before the -Magistrate. In ten months of last year he thus interviewed 15,933 -arrested persons, and on their behalf wrote to their friends 1,937 -letters. His experience for many years has taught him to distinguish -the ring of the true from the sound of the false, so that -when the cases come up before the Court, he is ready to interpose -a word on behalf of the accused person. Often the unfortunate -man or woman, boy or girl, is placed in the care of the agent, who -sends them to their homes or friends, or places them in some detention -home until he may verify their story or hear from their parents -or relatives. No day passes with a blank record in this work of -rescue.</p> - -<p>In the Agent’s report, an abstract of which is printed in the -Annual Journal of which this report forms a part, a number of -instances are narrated, illustrating the importance of this service.</p> - -<p>During the time of the closing of the saloons on account of the -epidemic of influenza, the number of arrests for drunkenness and -disorderly conduct greatly decreased, thus clearly demonstrating -that a prohibitory law would have a decided tendency very greatly -to diminish crime and disorder in this city.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Legislation.</span></h3> - -<p>We have delayed the printing of our annual report in order to -include in the <span class="smcap">Journal</span> the Report of the Commission to Investigate -Prison Systems, of which the Secretary of the Society is a member. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -The Legislative Committee of the Society has endorsed the findings -of the Commission and has urgently requested the General Assembly -to take favorable action on the bills presented by the Commission. -A synopsis of these bills presents the following desirable features.</p> - -<p>1. The enlargement of the functions of the State Board of Public -Charities so as to include the appointment from their number of a -Committee on Delinquency with supervisory power over all prisons -of the Commonwealth and with authority to condemn unsanitary -conditions and provide for betterment, and also to have especial -direction over the prison industries. Medical and psychiatric examination -of convicts is provided with power to transfer defective criminals -to the institution most suitable for their care and restoration.</p> - -<p>2. The establishment of State Industrial Farms to which those -sentenced to the county jails may be sent.</p> - -<p>3. An Amendment to the law of 1911 which deals with the -imposition of sentences by the Courts to the extent that convicted -prisoners may be eligible for parole when one-third of the maximum -sentence has expired.</p> - -<p>4. Abolition of the fee system in county jails, a practice universally -condemned by all who have studied the problem.</p> - -<p>5. The removal of the Eastern Penitentiary to a farm in the -eastern part of the State. This suggestion is in line with the recommendation -of the Commission of 1915 of which the present Warden -was a member. At that time the purchase of a farm for the use of -the institution was proposed.</p> - -<p>6. The provision that goods and articles made by the labor of -prisoners shall be used whenever practicable by public institutions -of the Commonwealth, thus insuring a market for such products.</p> - -<p>The full report of the Commission is found in the present issue of -the <span class="smcap">Journal</span>, pages 19-46.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Roll of Members.</span></h3> - -<p>During the last year we have to a considerable extent enlarged -the membership of our Society. We presented the matter to a -number of our citizens, many of whom had been contributors to -our work for some time, who very cordially accepted membership. -Seventy-five persons have been added to our membership during the -year 1918, and we are deeply gratified to place on our roll the names -of so many estimable citizens. The number of members at the present -time, including life members, is 252. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span></p> - -<h3 id="OBITUARIES"><span class="smcap">Mortuary Notices.</span></h3> - -<p>During the last year four of the members of the Acting Committee -have been called away by death.</p> - -<p>In January our dear friend, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gormly, who has -faithfully visited for many years the prisoners in Pittsburgh, died at -an advanced age. She had been a member since 1903. She was also -connected with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, being -the State Superintendent of Evangelistic Work among Prisoners.</p> - -<p>In August, Mrs. Annie Fassitt, of Philadelphia, also of an -advanced age, passed from works to rewards. She had been a -member from 1896, and had given special assistance to hundreds of -prisoners. She was one of the founders of the “Door of Blessing,” -and for many years was prominent in the support and management -of this effort for the restoration of erring sisters. She was a real -“Angel of Mercy.”</p> - -<p>John Smallzell, a member since 1905, also passed away in the -month of August. His visits to Eastern Penitentiary will long be -remembered. Wherever he went, he took a message of good cheer. -He was most sincere and devout, and carried with him everywhere -the influence of a devoted Christian life.</p> - -<p>In April, 1919, our esteemed Vice-President Joseph C. Noblit, -in the eighty-sixth year of his life, was called to his everlasting home. -He was elected a member of the Society in 1899 and was made a -member of the Acting Committee in 1900. In 1916 he was chosen -as one of the Vice-Presidents, and on occasion presided at the meetings -of the Acting Committee with dignity and a high sense of -responsibility. He was a diligent attender of the meetings and his -judgment on the many matters coming before the Committee was -sound and discreet. He was a faithful visitor to the inmates of our -prisons, earnest in the endeavor to bring to them a true gospel -message and to induce them to choose the better way of living. -He knew the deep principles of experimental religion, and was -solicitous that all with whom he came in contact should know for -themselves the consolations of a devoted Christian life. “He giveth -his beloved sleep.”</p> - -<p>On behalf of the Acting Committee,</p> - -<p class="author"> -EDWARD M. WISTAR,<br /> -<i>President</i>.<br /> -<br /> -ALBERT H. VOTAW,<br /> -<i>Secretary</i>.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></p> - -<table id="REPORT_OF_TREASURER" class="financial"> -<caption>FINANCIAL STATEMENT.</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Receipts for the Year 1918.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To</td> - <td>Balance January 1, 1918</td> - <td>$1,716 94</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Contributions</td> - <td>3,439 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Dues from Annual Members</td> - <td>410 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Life Membership (Edw. M. Wistar)</td> - <td>50 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Income from Investments</td> - <td>2,152 60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Income from I. V. Williamson Charities</td> - <td>720 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Income from Anna Blanchard Fund</td> - <td>220 50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Income from Joshua L. Baily Fund</td> - <td>157 62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Income from Henry A. Rogers Fund</td> - <td>25 20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Income from Isaac Barton (Tool Fund)</td> - <td>80 33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Interest on deposits</td> - <td>42 05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Sale of Literature</td> - <td>90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Returned by Discharged Prisoners</td> - <td>40 25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Refund Account Wardens’ Conference</td> - <td>129 45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td /> - <td>—————</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Total Receipts</td> - <td>$9,184 84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Payments.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>For</td> - <td>Aid and Relief Discharged Prisoners</td> - <td>$1,408 34</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Journal and other Publications</td> - <td>650 80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Dues, various affiliated Associations</td> - <td>11 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Library, Periodicals</td> - <td>27 35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Postage, Printing, Stationery</td> - <td>383 75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Office Expenses, Telephone, Incidentals</td> - <td>275 89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Traveling Expenses, Secretary and Agent</td> - <td>98 60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Rent of Office</td> - <td>480 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Salaries of Officers</td> - <td>3,710 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Life Membership Fee Transferred to Fiscal Agent</td> - <td>50 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>“</td> - <td>Balance, December 31, 1918</td> - <td>2,089 11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td /> - <td>—————</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Total Payments including balance</td> - <td>$9,184 84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Report on Funds Held for Home of Industry.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Receipts on Account of Income</td> - <td>$361 28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Payments to Home of Industry</td> - <td>361 28</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="author"> -Respectfully,<br /> -<span class="smcap">John Way</span>, <i>Treasurer</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>We the undersigned members of the Audit Committee, have -examined the foregoing account of John Way, Treasurer, compared -the payments with the vouchers, and believe the same to be correct.</p> - -<p>We have also examined securities in the hands of our agents, -The Provident Life and Trust Company of Philadelphia, and find -them to agree with the list thereto attached.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>Philadelphia January 1, 1919.</td> - <td>JOHN A. DUNCAN,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>ISAAC P. MILLER,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td class="author"><i>Auditing Committee</i>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3 id="REPORT_OF_GENERAL_AGENT">REPORT OF GENERAL AGENT FREDERICK J. POOLEY.</h3> - -<p>During the year 1918 the Agent made daily visits to the cell-room -at the Central Station at City Hall. Twenty thousand and -thirty-nine men and women prisoners were detained there for -preliminary trial, 15,933 of whom the Agent visited while at the -Central Station and the remainder after they arrived at -Moyamensing Prison.</p> - -<table class="toc2col"> - <tr> - <td>Number visited at County Prisons</td> - <td>2,829</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of notices and letters written on their behalf</td> - <td>1,888</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number discharged prisoners receiving financial aid</td> - <td>345</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The opportunities for helpful service are very numerous. In a -large number of cases of suspicion or of a trivial character, the Agent -has been instrumental in securing the discharge of the prisoners, -or in placing them under the care of the Probation Officer, thus -saving their family from disgrace and the County from expense.</p> - -<p>It might be of interest to mention a few cases of interest.</p> - -<p>No. 1. A young man from the west, arrested as a suspicious -character, had been from home nine years, and was held for a hearing. -The Agent got in touch with his relatives and he was discharged -and sent home.</p> - -<p>No. 2. A young man from Pittsburgh, Pa., money all gone, -while pawning his watch was arrested; the pawnbroker thought he -had stolen it, and when your Agent received word from his mother -that it was his own watch, he was discharged and sent home.</p> - -<p>No. 3. Two young men from St. Louis, with no money, were -held as suspicious characters in order to give the Agent a chance -to get in touch with relatives. One mother came on, and the other -sent ticket, and they both went home.</p> - -<p>No. 4. A young man who had gone from town to town, ashamed -to write home, until he landed in our City Hall cell. A few words -from the Agent, brought tears to his eyes and he allowed a letter to -be written. The magistrate discharged him and he is now at home, -and he writes: “I am so glad you found me when you did, for -your letter found my mother and brought her to my rescue, and -now <i>I am free</i> and expect to keep in the right path the remainder -of my life.”</p> - -<p>With the close of the year 1918, your Agent completed 20 years -of service at the Philadelphia County Prison and eight years of -service at the Central Police Station, City Hall, and in all these -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -years your Agent has not lost sight of the fact that it is the kind -word and a kindly grasp of the hand, at the proper moment, that -may be the means of turning an unfortunate from the wrong to the -right path.</p> - -<table class="w100"> - <tr> - <td class="w50"> </td> - <td>Very truly,</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td colspan="2">FREDERICK J. POOLEY,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td class="author"><i>General Agent.</i></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>1/15/19.</p> - -<hr class="short" /> - -<table id="PAROLE_WORK_EASTERN_PENITENTIARY" class="toc2col"> - <caption>PAROLE STATISTICS—EASTERN PENITENTIARY.</caption> - <tr> - <td>The whole number of prisoners released on - parole, including some who have been - re-paroled, from September, 1910, to January - 1, 1919</td> - <td>2,773</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number thus released in 1918</td> - <td>510</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Whole number returned to the Penitentiary since September, 1910</td> - <td>515</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Some of those paroled have died, some have been pardoned and -some have received final discharge.</p> - -<table class="stat3col"> - <tr> - <td>Number who should now be reporting</td> - <td /> - <td>930</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Of these, the number actually reporting</td> - <td>728</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number known to be in jail elsewhere</td> - <td>37</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number whose present address is unknown</td> - <td>165</td> - <td>930</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Less than six per cent. of the entire number have vanished. It -must not be considered that all of these have committed crime. -Doubtless many of them have been in the trenches. They have -broken connection with the parole officials in order to serve Uncle -Sam, who has stated that he will not accept those who have been -guilty of felony. From outside sources, we have known that a large -number of former convicts have thus endeavored to expiate their -former offenses. Much praise has been given to ex-convicts in -Canada and Great Britain from which countries many were released -in order to join the army or navy. In fact very few of these -absconders are supposed to have again committed crime. Nearly -every penal institution of the country receives notice of these -decampers accompanied by their photographs, so they are easily -identified. The few who again committed some crime have thus -been detected and either returned whence they came or held with -detainers. Probably nearly all of them desire to get entirely away -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -from any restraint or semblance of authority. They make a grievous -mistake for they are liable at any time to be apprehended and to be -brought back in disgrace. They live the life of hunted animals. -Never for one hour can they feel secure. We believe that a penalty -should be levied upon those who abuse the privilege of parole. They -have violated their word of honor, and should serve additional time.</p> - -<p>There are some persons who will argue against the granting of -parole because some eight and one-half per cent. of these obtaining this -privilege have again been guilty of violations of law and order. Nearly -all these violations are of the nature of misdemeanors. Comparatively -few have been guilty of felonies. The problem involves a deep study -of human psychology. In order to determine who shall be released, -there are many elements to be considered. Mistakes are made both -within and outside the prison walls. Those on the inside often give -the applicant the benefit of their doubts when the logic of the case -seems to urge further detention. When the man is on the outside -he is often disappointed in the attitude of the community of which he -really desires to become a law-abiding citizen. The members of the -community assume a serious responsibility when they put stumbling-blocks -in the way of the man who is endeavoring to make good. -“Woe to that man by whom the offense cometh.”</p> - -<p>But the conclusion is irresistible that an argument against release -on parole, based on the fact that about eight per cent. have again -become lawbreakers, is a stronger argument against release at expiration -of sentence.</p> - -<p>For a much larger percentage than eight per cent. of those who -are released because their terms have expired and therefore can not -longer be detained, become recidivists. Often one-half of the -prisoners at a penal institution have served previously, and yet a -comparatively small percentage are parole violators. In other words, -the same argument which is used against release on parole will apply -more strongly to any release whatever. Again, it must be remembered -that the paroled man or woman is under watchful care, while -the person absolutely released is subject to no restraint.</p> - -<p>Out of every 100 persons reported January 1, 1919, as being on -parole, 74 were making good. Of the remaining 26, barely two have -committed felonies. This record is better than Boards in some other -States have reported. Our Parole Officials are giving deep study to -this subject with a view to increasing the percentage of successful -effort.</p> - -<p class="author"> -A. H. V.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="COMMISSION_TO_INVESTIGATE_PENAL_SYSTEMS">COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.<br /> - -<img class="figcenter" src="images/hr.jpg" alt="" /> - -<span id="PENAL_SYSTEMS_REPORT_OF_COMMISSION" class="large">REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE -PENAL SYSTEMS.</span></h2> - -<p><i>To the General Assembly</i>:</p> - -<p>Your Commission duly appointed pursuant to Act of the Legislature, -No. 409, 1917, “to investigate the prison systems and the -organization and management of correctional institutions within -this Commonwealth and elsewhere; to recommend such revision -of the existing prison system within this Commonwealth, and the -laws pertaining to the establishment, maintenance and regulation -of State and County correctional institutions within this Commonwealth -as it shall deem wise, and to report the same to the General -Assembly at the session of 1919,” respectfully submits the following -report of its proceedings, together with its conclusions and recommendations -and proposed bills for carrying the same into effect.</p> - -<p>The Commission was constituted as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Fletcher W. Stites, Narberth, Chairman,<br /> -Alfred E. Jones, Uniontown,<br /> -Mrs. Martha P. Falconer, Darling P. O.,<br /> -Louis N. Robinson, Swarthmore,<br /> -Albert H. Votaw, Philadelphia.</p></blockquote> - -<p>On November 1, 1917, the members of the Commission met in -the City of Philadelphia, for the purpose of organization and assigned -the work of investigation which had been committed to it to the -several members thereof. On July 1, 1918, the Commission retained -Dr. George W. Kirchwey, of New York City, as its counsel to direct -the subsequent course of the investigation and to aid the Commission -with his counsel and advice.</p> - -<h3>I.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Scope of Investigation.</span></h3> - -<p>The Commission was fortunate in having in its personnel as -thus constituted four members, including its counsel, who had -through long experience and previous investigations acquired considerable -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -information as to penal institutions and their management -in this and other States. The investigation covered:—</p> - -<p>(1) A careful study and analysis of the laws governing penal -conditions and institutions in this Commonwealth;</p> - -<p>(2) An examination of the six correctional institutions directly -controlled by the State, namely:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p> -The Eastern Penitentiary, at Philadelphia;<br /> -The Western Penitentiary, at Pittsburgh;<br /> -The New Central Penitentiary, at Bellefonte;<br /> -The State Industrial Reformatory, at Huntingdon;<br /> -The Pennsylvania Training School, at Morganza;<br /> -The State Industrial Home for Women, at Muncy;<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p>(3) A similar examination of the Glen Mills Schools—the Girls’ -Department, Sleighton Farms, at Darlington, and the Boys’ Department -at Glen Mills;</p> - -<p>(4) A similar examination of the Philadelphia House of Correction -and of the County Convict Prison at Holmesburg, Moyamensing -Prison in Philadelphia, the Allegheny County Workhouse at Hoboken -and many other county institutions;</p> - -<p>(5) A study of the constitution, organization and functions of -the State Board of Public Charities, and specifically of those of its -Committee on Lunacy;</p> - -<p>(6) A study of the powers and activities of the Prison Labor -Commission instituted under the Act of June 1, 1918;</p> - -<p>(7) A careful survey of the entire history of the penal system -of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from the colonial period -down to the present time, based on the historical research of Professor -Harry E. Barnes of Clark University, Massachusetts;</p> - -<p>(8) An investigation of significant correctional institutions in -several other States, notably in New York, New Jersey and Ohio.</p> - -<p>To supplement and enlarge the range of these inquiries and -studies, the Commission was permitted to avail itself of the results -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -of previous investigations conducted by two of its members; on the -Employment and Compensation of Prisoners in Pennsylvania, -by Professor Louis N. Robinson, as Secretary of the Penal Commission -of 1913-1915, and on the county jails and workhouses, -made periodically from 1914 to 1918 by Albert H. Votaw, as Secretary -of the Pennsylvania Prison Society.</p> - -<p>The Commission desires to express its sense of deep obligation -to the officials and inspectors of prisons in this Commonwealth for -the courtesy and hospitality extended to its members in the course -of their investigations. It also acknowledges its indebtedness to the -Secretary and members of the Board of Public Charities and to the -Secretary of the Public Charities Association for their helpful co-operation.</p> - -<p>The Commission has heretofore submitted to the Governor two -preliminary reports, one a Special Emergency Report on Prison -Labor, bearing date September 1, 1918, and a special report on the -State Industrial Home for Women, under date of September 15, -1918, both of which are hereto appended.</p> - -<p>While both these reports were called out by war emergencies, -the former by the dearth of labor power to man the war industries -of the Commonwealth, the latter by the need of providing a place -for the detention and treatment of the large number of dissolute -women convicted of offenses against Federal and State laws enacted -for the protection of the soldiers in the training camps—the Commission -believes that they are still pertinent and that the recommendations -which they contain should form a part of any constructive -scheme for the improvement of the penal system of the Commonwealth.</p> - -<h3>II.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Development of Penal System of Pennsylvania.</span></h3> - -<p>The most inspiring and significant chapter in the history of -penology is not the achievement of John Howard in redeeming the -common gaols of England from the degradation into which they had -fallen, nor of Lord Romilly in his lifelong struggle against the barbarities -of the English penal laws, but the leadership which for more -than a century the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania gave to the -world both in prison reform and in the amelioration of the penal code. -The two former were the revolt of sensitive and humane natures -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -against hoary abuses; but the latter was all this and something -more. It was a bold and imaginative reconstruction of the whole -basis of penal discipline. As far back as the last quarter of the -seventeenth century the Quaker colonists of Pennsylvania introduced -for the first time the practice of employing imprisonment at hard -labor as the ordinary method of punishing anti-social action. After -the reversion of the American colonies for fifty years to the barbarous -criminal jurisprudence of the mother country, Pennsylvania was the -first State, the first community in the world, to break with this -system and to substitute imprisonment for the various brutal and -degrading types of corporal punishment. The Walnut Street Jail -in Philadelphia, in 1790, was the earliest institution in America in -which these more enlightened principles were put into practice. -From this second beginning, for a period of forty years, Pennsylvania -was elaborating and perfecting the first of the two great systems of -penal administration which were destined to dominate the penology -of the civilized world during the nineteenth century—the separate -confinement of malefactors. Visited, admired and imitated by large -numbers of eminent and enthusiastic European penologists, the Eastern -Penitentiary at Cherry Hill was the pivotal point linking American -and European penology for more than a generation after -1830.</p> - -<p>Then followed that long period of inertia, of lassitude, of marking -time, which is so apt to succeed to a period of ardent reforming -energy and which to this very day has maintained its spell over -the State and the Nation.</p> - -<p>Not that there have not in the last half century been notable -improvements in the theory and practice of penal administration, -some of them bold enough to bring America from time to time into -the forefront of interest and example to the penologists of the Old -World, but in most of these the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania -has been content to play a secondary role. Throughout this era of -slackened energy she has not cared or dared to initiate, to lead, to -“carry on,” but has followed belatedly and afar off the progress of -other States. Examples of this are the Auburn congregate system, -which divided with the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement -the interest of European as well as of American penologists, -and which was adopted in the Western Penitentiary in 1869, a full -generation after its establishment in New York State, and which -has only recently conquered the parent institution on Cherry Hill; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -the justly famous Elmira experiment of progressive classification -and industrial training of inmates embodied in the Huntingdon -Reformatory in 1889, and the long-promised reformatory for women -at Muncy, which, six years after its creation by legislative action, -has not yet been rendered available for the purpose for which it was -designed.</p> - -<p>The first step in the development of an intelligent conception -of delinquency and its treatment came not in an accurate conception -of the nature of crime and its causes, but in a clearer and more -correct notion of the function of punishment. By 1790 the element -of deterrence in punishment was recognized and emphasized. The -element of reformation was a cardinal point in the theory and -practice of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of -Public Prisons, and this Society did its best to infuse this doctrine -into the Pennsylvania system of prison administration. Before -1830 it was very generally asserted that reformation, as well as -deterrence and social revenge, was to be regarded as a chief aim of -punishment, though the offender was still regarded as an unregenerate -free moral agent.</p> - -<p>This theory of crime received a severe shock in the “forties” -from the investigations of Dorothea L. Dix and others, who showed -the great prevalence of insanity and idiocy among the delinquent -classes. It could scarcely be denied even by the traditional jurists -that the exercise of free will was likely to be seriously impeded by -insanity or feeble-mindedness. From 1850 to the beginning of the -present century the most notable advances toward a more intelligent -conception of crime and its treatment consisted in the gradual but -definite triumph of the notion of detention and punishment as -agencies for reformation rather than as instruments of social -revenge.</p> - -<p>For more than a century of its history the penal, reformatory -and correctional institutions of Pennsylvania were limited to the -county jails and the few and scattered workhouses, which were -erected mainly in conjunction with the almshouses. In the jails -there could be no approach to anything like a differentiated treatment -of delinquents. In them were herded promiscuously those -imprisoned for debt, those convicted of crime and those accused or -held as witnesses; those of all ages and both sexes; those convicted -of all categories and grades of crime punishable by imprisonment; -those of all mental states—normal, feeble-minded, neurotic, psychotic, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -epileptic. The few colonial workhouses were employed as -little more than an agency for suppressing vagrancy.</p> - -<p>The first step in a differentiated treatment of crime and criminals -came with the erection of a semi-state prison in the Walnut Street -Jail in 1789-90. This provided for a partial differentiation between -those convicted of the more serious crimes and those convicted of -petty offenses or awaiting trial. It did not however, attempt any -scientific differentiation on the basis of age, sex or mental state. -Children and adults, male and female, sane and insane, were confined -in contiguity. The opening of the State penitentiaries at Allegheny -and Philadelphia in 1826 and 1829, with their fundamental principle -of solitary confinement, carried further the process of differentiation, -but still continued to apply the same general type of treatment -to all incarcerated inmates. It was a system of separation rather -than of a differentiated treatment of special types of prisoners.</p> - -<p>The second important development in the direction of specialization -in the provision of institutional treatment of delinquents -appeared in the establishment of a House of Refuge for juvenile -delinquents in Philadelphia in 1828. Though this was at first a -private rather than a State institution and was of very limited -capacity, it marked an epoch in the progress of Pennsylvania penology -by making possible some elementary differentiation on the basis -of age, degree of criminality and relative susceptibility to reformation. -The next attempt at further differentiation came with the erection -of the State Hospital for the Insane at Harrisburg between 1841 and -1851, chiefly as a result of the agitation initiated by Dorothea L. Dix. -This and the other State hospitals for the insane, subsequently -erected, provided for a treatment of the more important types of -mental disorder, though no adequate provision was made for removing -the insane from the prison. Not until 1905 was an act passed -providing for the erection of a State hospital for the criminal insane -at Fairview which was opened in 1912.</p> - -<p>During the quarter of a century following 1850 there was an -active agitation to provide a means of differentiating the treatment -of criminals on the basis of age, sex and degree of criminality. The -first important achievement in this direction was the further development -of reform schools for juvenile delinquents through the removal -and enlargement of the Philadelphia House of Refuge in 1850-54 -and the erection of the Western House of Refuge at Allegheny during -the same period. Juvenile delinquents, if petty offenders, could -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -thereafter be removed from their degrading confinement in the -state prison or worse county jails and receive the properly specialized -treatment which their circumstances demanded. No provision for -the differentiated treatment of the less definite and confirmed types -of adult delinquents was made until the opening of the reformatory -for men at Huntingdon in 1889 and the authorization of the State -Industrial Home for Women at Muncy in 1913. The provision of -reformatories and juvenile correctional institutions marked a double -process of differentiation, in that these institutions not only called -for a diversity of treatment according to age, sex and degree of -criminality, but also from the fact that they were clearly differentiated -from the State prisons and the county jails in making reformation -rather than punishment or detention their chief aims.</p> - -<p>Along with this development of a properly differentiated system -of treating the delinquent population, has gone the growth of specialized -institutions for dealing with the closely related class of defectives, -which was once treated indiscriminately along with the delinquent -classes when its members were guilty of criminal action. -The State institution for feeble-minded at Polk, opened in 1893, and -at Spring City, provided by an act of 1903, and the State Village for -Feeble-minded Women at Laurelton, not yet available for use, are -designed to furnish scientific treatment for large numbers of those -who would today be confined in the state prisons or county jails, if -the ideas and institutions of 1840 prevailed. Even an institution for -inebriates was contemplated in an act of 1913.</p> - -<p>But this vital and all important process of the differentiation, -classification and specialized treatment of the delinquent and -defective classes has now proceeded far beyond that most elementary -stage of furnishing separate institutions for dealing with the most -general classes of delinquents and defectives. It has been found -that the terms defective, insane and criminal have only a legal -significance and are practically useless when involving the problem -of exact scientific analysis and treatment. Each general class of -delinquent boys, of defective girls or of criminal adults, for instance, -is made up of distinguishable and distinct types which demand -specialized treatment in the same way that it is required for one -general class as distinguished from another. Though it is as yet very -imperfectly developed, the present tendency is for each institution -to differentiate into a number of specialized departments, each -designed to provide the proper treatment for one of these types. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></p> - -<p>Finally, within the last decade beginnings have been made in -what is likely to be an important future development, namely the -non-institutional care of the less pronounced and confirmed types of -delinquents, particularly of delinquent minors. The developments -along this line have, up to the present, consisted chiefly in the -adoption of parole systems in all the State penal, reformatory and -correctional institutions and in a more liberal use of the suspended -sentence and probation. The recently established Municipal Probation -Court of Philadelphia is a pioneer in Pennsylvania in this -promising new development in the preventive treatment of the less -confirmed type of delinquents.</p> - -<p>Looking at the whole matter as it stands today, it cannot be -said that conditions in Pennsylvania are in any material respect -either better or worse than in other progressive States, except in -the one matter of the useful employment of the convict population. -Here, as elsewhere, some lucky chance has placed a man or a woman -of exceptional qualifications at the head of an institution, one who -has by his strong personal initiative made the best of a bad situation, -as in the case of the Eastern Penitentiary, or who has, with -something akin to genius, seized upon a new opportunity, as in the -case of the Girls’ School at Darlington and the new Penitentiary -foundation at Bellefonte. But these are sporadic and exceptional -developments and have furnished no new principle of a revolutionary -character to mark the dawn of a new era in penal administration.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the hopeless and demoralizing idleness to which most -of the inmates of the Eastern Penitentiary and of most of the county -institutions of the Commonwealth are doomed, is a spectacle in -which the people of Pennsylvania can take nothing but shame. -But even if this is remedied, as it should be at once by drastic -legislative action, Pennsylvania will have done no more than reach -the level of penological theory of the Quaker innovators of the -seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The step is an imperative -one, but it will not restore to the Commonwealth the proud position -of leadership which once was hers, which is still, by virtue of past -achievements and by common fame, attributed to her.</p> - -<p>While we have thus been dreaming, tardily and ineffectually -putting into effect the aspirations of a long-distant past, a new -penology has come into being, based not on humanitarian sentiment -or on “the common sense of most,” but on the scientific study -of the delinquent and his environment. New sciences of psychology, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -psychiatry and sociology have been forged to meet the -conditions of the new day and these have furnished us with a new -basis for penological experimentation. We have learned that the -criminal is not merely a person who has in the exercise of an unfettered -will chosen the evil rather than the good, but a person of -complex personality shaped by heredity and environment to what -he is, none the less a menace to society than the older conception -made him, not the less requiring restraint and correction, but -demanding and deserving individual treatment according to the -nature which has been developed in him. We have learned from -recent scientific study of the most rigorous and trustworthy sort -that from 50 to 60 per cent. of the inmates of our correctional institutions -are abnormal—feeble-minded, insane, psychopathic—to -the point of irresponsibility, to all intents and purposes the same -kind of people that fill our hospitals for the insane and institutions -for the feeble-minded. We have also learned, from sociological -case studies, that a very large proportion of those that the psychiatrist -would class as normal are the victims of neglected childhood -and of the depraving influences of the institutions in which -they have spent a great part of their young lives.</p> - -<p>It seems clear that this new knowledge makes for a new classification, -based not, like that of the Elmira system, on behavior in -confinement, nor, like that of the current penology, on the character -of the crime committed, but on the exact study of the individual -and that the treatment accorded him must be adapted to the results -of such study.</p> - -<p>Here, then, is the new opportunity for a further advance out of -this slough of despond—an opportunity not inferior to that which -this Commonwealth so superbly grasped in its heroic youth—to -bring its penal administration into conformity with the newer -conceptions of delinquency. Tinkering the old machine is not -enough. It must be remodeled altogether. Adding to the powers -of a board of inspectors here, curbing them there, setting up new -boards and commissions to direct the doing of this, to restrain the -doing of that—all these are but a part of the old game, which will -after all continue to be played in very much the old perfunctory -way. What is demanded is a genuine reconstruction of the penal -system of the Commonwealth, one which shall, with as little disturbance -to the existing management of the several institutions as -possible, put at their service all the resources of the new knowledge -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -of crime and its treatment. It is the purpose of this report -to suggest the lines of this future development of our penal -system.</p> - -<h3>III.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">General Characteristics of Present Penal System.</span></h3> - -<p>As the foregoing outline indicates, the several State institutions -of a penal, correctional and reformatory character, with the two -Glen Mills Schools (which, though largely under private management, -are essentially public institutions) have been developed at -different times, under the influence of changing conceptions of social -responsibility for different types of offenders. As a result of this -circumstance each is separately managed by a board of inspectors or -managers, which exercises complete control over the policy of the institution -to which its authority extends. This Board appoints the -Warden or Superintendent, fixes his or her compensation, determines -the industrial and educational policy of the institution and, under -the authority of the Legislature, disburses the funds appropriated -for its maintenance. The disciplinary policy of the institution is -almost invariably entrusted to the Warden or Superintendent and, -as is natural, if that official happens to be a person of strong individuality -and initiative, his policy in practice, if not in theory, governs -the entire administration. Nowhere is there a centralized authority -exercising a general control or an effective influence. The only -approach to such a general agency is the State Board of Public Charities, -which may investigate and require the submission of an annual -report, and the Prison Labor Commission, which exercises a general -supervision over the industries of the two penitentiaries and the -Huntingdon Reformatory, but which has no effective power to carry -its plans into execution. There is, accordingly, no uniform policy, -even in the case of institutions like the two Glen Mills schools, which -have a similar type of inmates and an identical aim, nor in the case -of all the institutions under consideration in matters where their -problems and needs are the same. That there are advantages in -this policy of separate control cannot be denied. It gives to an energetic -and progressive superintendent or board of managers a degree -of initiative in reform and experimentation which, under a highly -centralized control of all the institutions, it would be difficult to -secure. On the other hand it may have the effect of depriving the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -individual institution, because of its poverty or because of the -reactionary character of its administration, of the benefits of an -advance which may have been made elsewhere. There could not -be a better illustration of the unevenness of development resulting -from this lack of co-ordination in the Pennsylvania prison system -than the fact that the Eastern Penitentiary was compelled to wait -for the initiative of its present Warden for the partial adoption -of the congregate system, which had for forty years existed in -the Western Penitentiary, and which had everywhere demonstrated -its superiority over the system of solitary confinement.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, however, what strikes the thoughtful observer -is not the diversity of policy and management among these institutions, -even where they have avowedly different aims, but their -conformity to a common type, and that the prison type. With only -two exceptions—Sleighton Farms and the Training School at Morganza—the -persistent shadow of the Penitentiary rests upon them all. -It is true that in the new Central Penitentiary on its broad acreage -at Bellefonte and in the Eastern Penitentiary, so far as the physical -and industrial conditions render possible, the shadow has been -lifted, but it is safe to say of the penal system of the State as a whole, -that it is still too much dominated by the ancient ideal of demonstrating -to the inmates that “the way of the transgressor is hard.” -Even in institutions of a purely reformatory character, while they -leave little to be desired in the way of healthful conditions of living, -orderly administration and educational opportunities, the reformation -of the wrong-doer is still too much sought through a system of -stern repression, of “iron discipline”—a system which, as all experience -shows, defeats its end by crushing out the finer elements of -character on which the redemption of the individual must depend. -An almost invariable incident of this type of disciplinary control -is the persistence of the policy of securing good conduct through -punishment—often severe punishment for trivial offenses—rather -than by the more enlightened and humane method of holding out -incentives to good behavior, either by the grant of special privileges -or by putting on the inmates themselves the responsibility for the -good behavior of all.</p> - -<p>Other instances of the persistence of the traditional attitude -toward the offender are the almost complete lack throughout our -penal system of a scientific, balanced ration, such as has in the -experience of prison administrators in other States, as notably at -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -Sing Sing Prison in 1916, and more recently in our army camps, -demonstrated the value both for health and efficiency and from the -point of view of economy of a scientific management of the problem -of food supply for large masses of men; the general indifference to -outdoor recreation and exercise, so essential to the health and morale -of the inmate body; the meagre provision for any education worthy of -the name; the all but complete lack of comprehensive and well -rounded systems of vocational or industrial training, on which the -efficiency of prison labor and the ability of the inmates to “make -good” in the world of industry after their release so largely depends; -the demoralizing idleness which is still after three decades of effort -the most marked characteristic of our prison system; and, finally, -the insufficient care for the physical and mental health of the inmates -of our correctional institutions, which still for the most part mingle -indiscriminately together the tuberculous and syphilitic with those -who are sound in body and the insane, psychopathic and defective -with those who are sound in mind.</p> - -<p>Many of these conditions which continue to put the brand of the -prison on the inmates of our correctional institutions are doubtless -due to the survival of the Bastille type of prison architecture, which -is exemplified in the Eastern and Western Penitentiaries and in -such structures as Moyamensing Prison in Philadelphia, the Convict -Prison at Holmesburg, the Philadelphia House of Correction and -many others. It is scarcely too much to say that no human being -is vile enough to deserve confinement in such a place or dangerous -enough to need it. Even the most unbending of the old type of -prison official will concede that 80 per cent. of the inmates neither -need nor deserve to be confined behind triple bars of steel or in cells -like catacombs or within walls like those of Egyptian tombs. Keepers -and inmates alike lose half their humanity by confinement in these -grim and forbidding structures. No reforming influence however -humane and generous, can long survive in their atmosphere.</p> - -<p>Public opinion is at last moving away from this antiquated type -of prison architecture to the newer type represented in the honor -prison at New Hampton Farms in New York and in our Commonwealth -in the cottage colonies at Sleighton Farms, Glen Mills, Morganza, -and Muncy. The change which comes over the men who are -transferred from the Western Penitentiary to the new prison site in -Centre County is a sufficient commentary on the older type of prison, -and demonstrates beyond peradventure the duty of affording to all -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -of our convict population a similar life of freedom and opportunity. -This result, so desirable from every point of view, could in large -measure be attained in a short time by equipping the Eastern Penitentiary -with a suitable area of farm land in the Eastern Section of -the State and by making immediate provision for the institution of -State industrial farms for the convicts confined in the county prisons, -as is recommended elsewhere in this report.</p> - -<h3>IV.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Prison Labor.</span></h3> - -<p>The conditions existing in the penal institutions of the Commonwealth -with respect to the employment of the inmates in useful -industry have been so fully set forth in the Emergency Report -submitted by the Commission to the Governor in September last -(a copy of which is annexed to this report) and in the comprehensive -study of the problem by the Penal Commission of 1913-1915 (submitted -to the General Assembly under date of February 15, 1915) -that it is not deemed necessary to go into the matter at length in -this place. It suffices to call attention to the fact that the conditions -described in those reports have not in any material respect -been improved. Of approximately 10,000 inmates in the penal -and correctional institutions of the State, less than one-half are -usefully employed, not more than one-fourth in productive labor. -The economic waste of such a system extended over a century is -scarcely less appalling than its inhumanity. By the law a large -part of this interminable procession of offending and suffering -humanity has been condemned to hard labor. In actual practice -nearly all of it has been doomed to wasteful and demoralizing -idleness.</p> - -<p>The law of June 1, 1915, “providing a system of employment -and compensation for the inmates of the Eastern Penitentiary, -Western Penitentiary and the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory -at Huntingdon” and creating a Prison Labor Commission to carry -its provisions into effect, has proved almost wholly inoperative, -owing primarily to the failure of the Legislature to provide for the -compulsory purchase of prison-made goods by the Commonwealth -or the political divisions thereof or by public institutions. As -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -a consequence, out of a total population of 3200 in the three institutions -to which the authority of the Commission extends, at the -close of the year 1918 only 169 were employed under the direction -of the Commission. These were distributed as follows:—</p> - -<table class="stat3col"> - <tr> - <td>Eastern Penitentiary, population</td> - <td /> - <td>1,371</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Caning chairs</span></td> - <td>16</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Cigarmaking</span></td> - <td>11</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Shoemaking</span></td> - <td>42</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Knitting hosiery</span></td> - <td>38</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>——</td> - <td>107</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Absolutely idle</td> - <td /> - <td>839</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Penitentiary, population</td> - <td /> - <td>720</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Broommaking</span></td> - <td>10</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Brushmaking</span></td> - <td>2</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Weaving</span></td> - <td>18</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>——</td> - <td>30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Absolutely idle</td> - <td /> - <td>393</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Huntingdon Reformatory, population</td> - <td /> - <td>579</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i4">Auto-tagmaking</span></td> - <td /> - <td>32</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Whether considered as a relief from the crushing burden of -expense that our penal establishments entail, or as a remedy for the -physical and moral degeneration resulting from enforced idleness, -or as a means to equip the inmates for lives of industry and usefulness -after their release, a system of prison labor which produces -the results set forth in these figures stands self condemned.</p> - -<p>To make the plan embodied in the law of 1915 effective, it should -further provide:</p> - -<p>(1) That municipalities as well as the Commonwealth and the -political divisions thereof and all public institutions shall be required, -as far as may be practicable, to supply their needs from the -labor of the penal and correctional institutions;</p> - -<p>(2) That the authority of the Commission or of any body in -which its powers may be vested shall extend to the reformatory -institutions at Darlington, Glen Mills, Morganza and Muncy and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -to all State, county and municipal institutions of a penal or correctional -character;</p> - -<p>(3) That the power of such Commission or body to regulate -prison industry be extended to all forms of labor activity of the -inmates of such institutions, including farming, roadmaking, land -reclamation, forestry, etc.;</p> - -<p>(4) That such Commission or body be empowered to determine -the compensation of prisoners for industrial and other work performed -by them and the method of applying such compensation to -the use of such prisoners or their dependents;</p> - -<p>(5) That the strict “State use” plan be modified by permitting -the sale in the open market, at not less than the market price, of any -surplus product resulting from the labor of the inmates over and -above the product disposed of as provided in the act.</p> - -<h3 id="COUNTY_PRISONS">V.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">The County Prisons.</span></h3> - -<p>In Pennsylvania, as in most, if not all, of the other States of -the Union, the county jail is the despair of those who look for a -better day in the treatment of the wrong-doer. The admiration -which our experiments in the reformatory treatment of the young -have excited in eminent foreign penologists has turned to loathing -when their attention was directed to the county jails. Sir Evelyn -Ruggles-Brise, the distinguished head of the English prison system, -in an article published a few months after his visit to this country -in 1910, described them in the following terms:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“In these gaols it is hardly too much to say that many -of the features linger which called forth the wrath and indignation -of the great Howard at the end of the eighteenth -century. Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, absence of -supervision, idleness and corruption—these remain the features -in many places. Even the ‘fee’ system is still in vogue. -The gaolers are still paid by fees for the support of prisoners, -and commitments to gaol are common when some other -disposition of the case would have been imposed had not -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> -the commitment yielded a fee to the sheriff, who is usually -in charge of the gaol. In many gaols there are not facilities -for medical examination on reception, for ventilation, for -exercise, or for bathing<span class="nowrap">....</span> The foreign delegates -were amazed at this startling inconsistency between the -management of the common gaols and that of the State -prisons and State reformatories. The evils to which I refer -are well known and deplored by that body of earnest and -devoted men and women in all sections of American society -with whose lofty ideals on the subject of prison reform and -generous aspirations for the humane treatment of the prisoner, -the Washington Congress made us every day familiar, but -they seem helpless and almost hopeless<span class="nowrap">....</span> I was -appealed to by leading men in more than one State, as British -representative, to publicly condemn the system, and this I -did, at a risk of giving considerable offense. Until the -abuses of the gaol system are removed, it is impossible for -America to have assigned to her by general consent a place -in the vanguard of progress in the domain of ‘<i>la science -penitentiaire</i>.’”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Your Commission desires to submit as its considered judgment -that the foregoing statement does no injustice to many of the county -prisons of this Commonwealth, and that the Legislature can do no -greater service, nor one that will reflect more credit on the Commonwealth, -than to sweep away the entire county jail system without -delay.</p> - -<p>Attention has been called elsewhere in this report to the deplorable -conditions of idleness which prevail in the prisons of our -Commonwealth. These conditions are at their worst in the county -institutions. In the last six years the average daily number of -prisoners in the county jails of the Commonwealth has been about -6500. Only about one-fourth of these have some form of employment -other than domestic service. But when all of the returns -are in with regard to the work accomplished, the number of days -spent in complete idleness in the course of a year will average more -than one million. If we regard the labor of the prisoners as worth -fifty cents a day, the amount of waste thus exceeds $500,000 annually.</p> - -<p>In order to obviate this condition of affairs, the General Assembly -in 1917 passed an Act (No. 337, P. L. 1917), vesting in the officers -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -in charge of county prisons the privilege of allowing the prisoners -to work on county and poorhouse farms. Although only twenty-seven -counties have taken advantage of this Act, its results have -been very beneficial. The workers have improved in health, -strength and morale, and the produce of their labor has been of -material help in the up-keep of the institutions. Unfortunately, -the operation of this Act terminates with the close of the war.</p> - -<p>A more comprehensive Act was proposed by the Penal Commission -of 1913-1915, which recommended the establishment of six -industrial farms to be controlled by the State, to which all persons -convicted of crime or misdemeanor, and now committed to county -institutions, should hereafter be sent. This admirable measure -was, however, amended in such a way as to leave the initiative in -the creation of such farms and the control thereof to the County -Commissioners of the nine groups of counties into which the State -was divided for the purpose (No. 399, P. L. 1917). This legislation -has fallen flat, not one of the industrial districts having carried -the scheme into effect.</p> - -<p>Your Commission submits that there is no remedy for the condition -of affairs above described other than the complete assumption -by the State of the custody and care of the offenders, whether felons -or misdemeanants, who are now committed to the county institutions.</p> - -<p>Farming for prisoners, as our investigations in other States -have clearly shown, has passed beyond the experimental stage. -The State of Massachusetts, some years ago, established a penal -farm for misdemeanants at Bridgewater. A large tract of ground -was purchased, consisting largely of swamp and abandoned land, -which, by the use of fertilizers and by drainage, has been brought -to a high degree of cultivation. This enterprise has been so signally -successful that it is now proposed to move the State Prison at -Charlestown to this same farm at Bridgewater.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most successful experiment of the kind has been -made in Indiana, where the State has taken over the custody of -misdemeanants on the plan which was recommended by the Pennsylvania -Penal Commission of 1913-1915, a recommendation which -is renewed in this report. The Superintendent of the Indiana State -Farm makes the following report:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The farm had an average daily population, in 1918, of -four hundred and sixty-two prisoners. All institution buildings -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span> -and outbuildings, the sewer system, power plant, heating -and water systems, land reclaiming, farming and gardening, -has been done with the labor of misdemeanants at a surprisingly -low cost for guards. The Indiana State Farm is -allowed fifty-five cents per man per day for its entire maintenance, -while the same man in jail, at the present time, will -cost more than one dollar per day for the gross maintenance. -The fifty-five cents per man per day pays the entire pay roll, -subsistence, fuel, light, heat, medical services, clothing, transportation, -field and garden seeds, fertilizers, common labor, -tools and all other items of maintenance<span class="nowrap">....</span></p> - -<p>“The effect that the Indiana State Farm has had on the -jail system of the State is indicated by the following figures: -In the year 1914 there were 18,130 commitments to county -jails, in 1915, 14,644, and in 1916, 9,896. The doors of the -State Farm were opened April 12, 1915, and the full effect -of the State Farm was not noticeable until the close of the -year 1916. The moral effect of the institution on the misdemeanant -class was one very important factor in reducing -the jail commitments.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>During the year ending September 30, 1918, this penal farm -was two-thirds self-supporting, and it is confidently expected that -the institution will soon be entirely self-supporting.</p> - -<p>New York City has established a reformatory farm of 630 acres -at New Hampton, N. Y., to which boys and men from sixteen to -thirty years of age are committed. They have no bars, no wall, no -restraining thing, except supervision. They have no cell for punishment. -From the farm they secure most of their provisions. In -handling 2000 prisoners, they have lost only five. The -health of the inmates is greatly improved. It is estimated that -45 per cent. of the prisoners there were addicted to the drug -habit. Most of them were sent away restored. What they needed -was to be built up by fresh air, good food and exercise, and to be -employed in wholesome work. In fact, they have been taught the -dignity of labor—a thing to which most of them had hitherto been -strangers.</p> - -<p>But we need not go beyond the limits of our own State to prove -the benefit and success of farming for misdemeanants. The administration -of the Allegheny County Workhouse illustrates the economy -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -of providing employment for prisoners on an industrial farm. Here -the average daily number of inmates in 1918 was 722. The daily -average cost of each inmate was 81 cents, but after deducting the -earnings of the inmates, the net cost was only 32 cents. This means -that the inmates earned 49 cents a day toward their own maintenance. -Their bookkeeping indicates merely the cost of raising the -crops. If the institution had charged itself with the produce used -by it at the prevailing market price, the net cost would have been -much less. The farm has 670 acres, of which 560 acres are farmed -and used as pasture. The inmates are continually coming and going. -Many of them are committed for ten days or less, and a large part -are sentenced for 30 days, while comparatively few of them remain -longer than one year. This shows that a great deal of efficient work -can be secured, even from those who serve for short terms.</p> - -<p>A similarly striking result has been attained in Delaware County -under the law of 1911, empowering the judges of the Courts of -Common Pleas to release on parole convicts confined in county jails -or workhouses under the supervision of designated probation officers. -Acting under this law, the President Judge of that county has during -the year 1918 paroled a number of inmates of the county jail to work -on farm lands rented for the purpose with the remarkable result that -only two of the men so paroled made their escape (both being afterwards -retaken) and that nearly $14,000 worth of crops were sold -for cash in addition to the vegetables used and stored in the prison. -The net profit is estimated at $7,000.</p> - -<p>Logically, we cannot avoid the conclusion that the State ought -to assume the care of all offenders. The laws are made by the State, -and the indictments charge the accused with offences against the -“peace and dignity of the Commonwealth,” not against the peace -and dignity of the county, municipality or borough. The conclusion -is inevitable that the Commonwealth should assume the -responsibility for the protection of the community from both felons -and misdemeanants. And since such an arrangement as has been -proposed will result in reduced taxation, uniformity of management -and in greater facilities for the education and reformation -of the delinquent, we feel that the establishment of State industrial -farms to receive the delinquents now committed to the county prisons -should receive your favorable consideration.</p> - -<p>The bill submitted to carry this recommendation into effect omits -the counties of Philadelphia and Allegheny from its operation. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -Allegheny County already has a prison farm which in many ways -may be considered a model of its kind. Philadelphia has a farm in -connection with the House of Correction which furnishes employment -to many prisoners and supplies much produce for the institution. -We recommend that at some early date the City of Philadelphia -may, by the purchase of more land, extend the advantages of -a penal farm to its convict prison and in some way combine under -one management the entire penal system of the municipality.</p> - -<p>The fee system, whereby the sheriff or warden receives a stipulated -sum each day for the board of prisoners, is so liable to abuse -that we submit a proposition to abolish the practice in all our prisons. -Whenever the profits from boarding the prisoners is a part of the -remuneration of the officer in charge, the tendency is doubtless to -exploit the prisoners, or to reduce to a minimum the supply of food, -in order to derive the greater profit.</p> - -<p>In 1915 a comprehensive study of the cost of boarding the -prisoners in the largest 25 counties of the Commonwealth indicated -that the average daily cost of food per prisoner in the 15 prisons -where the food was purchased on the contract system was 12 cents, -and in the 10 counties where the fee system was in vogue 33.7 cents, -the difference in favor of the contract system being 21.7 cents per -day for each prisoner.</p> - -<p>We estimate that in these 10 counties alone the saving to the -taxpayers by the adoption of the contract system will be at least -$50,000 annually. The economy of the proposition is evident, -making due allowance for providing in some counties additional -compensation for the official in charge of the prison. In all cases -where a change has been made from the fee system to the contract -system, the food has improved in character, thus tending to the -betterment of the health and morale of the inmates.</p> - -<p>Moved by these considerations, the General Assembly in 1909 -provided that in all counties having a population of 150,000 or more, -the food for the prisoners must be purchased by contract. We are -now proposing to extend this principle to all the counties of the -Commonwealth, with the understanding that no such change is to -take place during the incumbency of the officials who are at the -present time in charge of the prisons. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p> - -<h3>VI.<br /> - -<span id="PROBATION_AND_PAROLE" class="smcap">Probation and Parole.</span></h3> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) Under the law of May 10, 1909, the several courts of -criminal jurisdiction are invested with the power of suspending -sentence on certain classes of convicted offenders and of placing -such offenders on probation instead of committing them for definite -or indeterminate periods of imprisonment. Probation officers, -charged with the duty of supervising the behavior of such probationers, -are appointed by the judges to serve in their respective -counties. In this Commonwealth, as in many others, experience has -demonstrated that there is little uniformity in the practice of the -courts in suspending sentence or of the probation officers in exercising -their powers.</p> - -<p>Conceived as a mere incident of the sentencing power, to be -exercised only in exceptional cases, the suspended sentence and -probation are beginning to disclose themselves as a momentous, -not to say revolutionary step in the progress of penology, not less -important in its ultimate consequences than the substitution a -century ago of imprisonment for the death penalty and other forms -of physical punishment. Like the older forms of punishment which -it superseded, imprisonment too has proved a failure, so far at least, -as the newer aim of punishment, the reformation of the wrong-doer -is concerned. And we are coming to see that the protection which -society enjoys through the imprisonment for a few months or years of -a small proportion of the criminal class is dearly purchased by a -system which returns the offender to society less fitted than before -to cope with the conditions of a life of freedom. More and more, -as we develop a probation service worthy of the name, will the courts -be reluctant to commit men, women and children to the demoralizing -associations and discipline of institutional life and will give them -their chance to redeem themselves under competent guidance and -supervision among the associations and activities of everyday life.</p> - -<p>Even under existing conditions it is safe to say that far too many -adult and youthful offenders convicted of criminal offences are -committed to prison and far too many delinquent children to reformatories -and other correctional institutions. Your Commission believes -that the suspended sentence should be more liberally employed by -the courts of the Commonwealth under strict conditions requiring -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -a life of useful industry under careful supervision; that children -under 12 years of age should never be committed to penal or -correctional institutions but rather, where institutional care is -deemed necessary, to parental schools such as have been established -in other States as a part of the regular educational system; and that -children of larger growth, say from 12 to 16, should, wherever -possible, be placed on probation or put under private guardianship.</p> - -<p>Those considerations have led the Commission to the conclusion -that the whole subject of the suspended sentence and probation in -this Commonwealth should be thoroughly studied in order that the -principles that should govern it may be carefully defined and its -procedure worked out, supervised and put on a uniform basis. New -York and other States have for this purpose created a permanent -probation board or commission and the success which has attended -their labors suggests the institution of a similar body in this Commonwealth.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) The indeterminate sentence, which made its appearance in -this Commonwealth in the law of May 10, 1909, has passed through -several phases to a state in which its purpose is almost completely -defeated. In its original form it provided that the maximum term -to be imposed upon a convict who should be sentenced to imprisonment -in either the Eastern or the Western Penitentiaries should not -exceed the maximum time prescribed by law and that the minimum -term when not fixed by law, should not exceed one-fourth of the -maximum time. This law was amended by an Act approved June 19, -1911, striking out the restriction as to the minimum sentence, thus -leaving to the courts complete discretion to fix the minimum to be -served at any period short of the maximum. Many of the courts -have in frequent instances virtually nullified the indeterminate -sentence principle by imposing minimum sentences so excessive as -to bring the judicial office into disrepute. Sentences of from 18 years -to 20 and from 19 years to 20 have been common, and there have -been cases so grotesque as sentences of 19 years 11 months, or of -19 years, 11 months and 29 days to 20 years, of 23 years and 3 months -to 25 years and of 27 to 28 years. These are only the more extreme -illustrations of a practice which has been common enough to justify -a demand for a law which will result in greater uniformity in the -matter of imposing sentences for crime.</p> - -<p>At its best the maximum-minimum form of the indeterminate -sentence is an unsatisfactory compromise between the ideal aim of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -penologists and the traditional attitude of the courts, which cling -tenaciously to their ancient prerogative of “making the punishment -fit the crime.” That the power of determining the period of imprisonment -requisite to meet the demands of justice and the interests of -society may safely be confided to other than judicial hands has been -conceded in the case of all offenders entitled to commitment to -reformatories, who are sentenced to an indeterminate term limited -only by the maximum fixed by law, or, in the case of minors, to the -attainment of their majority, and who may be released on parole in -the discretion of the boards of managers of the institutions to which -they are committed. It is only in the case of hardened offenders or -of those guilty of certain major offenses that a minimum sentence is -imposed.</p> - -<p>For more than a generation prison reformers have urged the -extension of the pure indeterminate sentence to this class of offenders -also. Their logic is sound; it is the facts that are against them. The -argument runs like this: The offender should be kept in confinement -only until he is fitted by his prison experience to lead an honest -and useful life; when this end is attained he should be released. The -answer is that the prison doesn’t in fact reform the wrong-doer; -that good behavior under the conditions of prison life is no assurance -of the intention or capacity of the prisoner to lead an honest and -useful life after his release, and that the inspectors or other paroling -authority have no other guide to go by in determining the inmates’ -fitness for a life of freedom than his prison record. If the reformer -makes the obvious retort—“then reform your prison so that it shall -reform its inmates, and reform your paroling authority so that it -shall make its determination on all the facts of the inmate’s personal -history including a study of his mental conditions, his heredity and -the social influences that have shaped his character,” he is admitting -that we are not yet ready for the complete acceptance of the indeterminate -sentence in all classes of cases.</p> - -<p>But there is a middle ground between the position of the extreme -reformer and that which has been assumed by the courts of this -Commonwealth. If there is to be anything short of a fixed sentence, -declared by law, it should be a reasonable minimum which should -also be declared by law. The policy of the indeterminate sentence is -that the delinquent shall be supervised and guided and his capacity -to lead an honest and useful life tested by actual experience under -normal conditions of living for a period of years long enough to try -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -out his capacity to readjust himself to a life of freedom in society. -For this reason an adequate interval between the expiration of his -minimum sentence, when he becomes eligible to parole, and the -expiration of his maximum sentence, when he becomes free from -judicial control, should be guaranteed by law.</p> - -<p>There is great diversity of opinion as to the best form of paroling -authority. Generally, as in this Commonwealth, this power is lodged -in the inspectors or managers of the several institutions or, in the -case of commitments to county prisons, in the courts of criminal -jurisdiction. In some States, as in New York, a distinct Board of -Parole is constituted which visits the convict prisons at intervals and -hears and determines all applications for parole that may be awaiting -determination. Neither system has worked with complete satisfaction. -Under both the grant of parole is largely a perfunctory matter, -the inmates who have served their minimum sentences being generally -admitted to parole at once, except in those cases, comparatively rare -in number, where the applicant has been penalized for misconduct -while in confinement. It would seem, therefore, that the first step -toward a reform of the paroling system is not to set up a new paroling -authority but to devise some more effective machinery to put before -the existing authorities all the essential facts as to the applicant’s -mental, moral and physical capacity to conduct himself as a self-respecting, -useful member of the community. A second, but not less -necessary step, is such a change in the spirit and method of prison -discipline as will develop in the inmates by actual practice the -qualities of self-respect and self-reliance, the sense of honor and of -responsibility and the habit of co-operative action so essential to fit -them for a life of freedom and responsibility, and at the same time -to equip them with the habits of industry and the vocational skill -which will enable them to make good in the life that awaits them -beyond the prison-wall.</p> - -<h3>VII.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">General Conclusions.</span></h3> - -<p>In the foregoing analysis of the penal system of this Commonwealth, -the Commission has endeavored not only to present a picture -of the existing conditions in the light of modern conceptions of -penology but to point out, also, the lines of a sound and progressive -development of the system. Most of the suggestions -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -thus made have already been embodied in the penal systems of other -states and of enlightened communities beyond the seas. Especially -is this the case in such matters as the general employment of the -prison population in useful and productive labor and in the substitution -of farm and cottage colonies for the old type of prison. In a few -of the larger cities and in some institutions promising beginnings have -been made in the mental examination of delinquents with a view to -the provision of specialized treatment for those found to be mentally -afflicted or seriously defective. But in no State or country, as yet, -have all these improvements been welded into a comprehensive -system which makes them available for the entire delinquent population. -The inertia or indifference which leaves the extension of -these benefits to chance or to the slow contagion of example is -unworthy of a great and progressive Commonwealth which has in -the past more than once demonstrated its capacity for leadership -in penal reform.</p> - -<p>It is evident that the general adoption in this State of these -modern improvements in the treatment of the criminal problem can -be effected only through the institution of a central agency adapted -to secure a co-ordination of effort and a uniformity of development -which under the present system of separate control has been demonstrated -to be impossible. It seems equally evident, however, that the -system of separate management of the several institutions with their -diverse aims and problems possesses advantages which we would -not willingly sacrifice to an ideal unity. For this reason the Commission -has not deemed it wise to recommend the example of other -States which have committed the management of all their correctional -establishments to a central board of control. Moreover, with -such a body as the Board of Public Charities already vested with -a certain authority over the penal institutions of the State, it has not -been deemed desirable to recommend the creation of a new and -independent body to exercise a new jurisdiction over such institutions. -It seems better to utilize the authority which already exists, -to enlarge its range of functions to meet the needs of the proposed -development and to commit the exercise of these functions to a -standing committee analogous to the existing Committee on Lunacy. -Through such a committee of the Board of Public Charities your -Commission believes that the desired co-ordination and future development -of the penal system of the Commonwealth can best be -secured. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p> - -<h3>VIII.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Recommendations.</span></h3> - -<p>Upon the foregoing facts and conclusions the Commission submits -the following recommendations, which are herewith submitted for -such action as the General Assembly may deem proper:—</p> - -<p><i>First.</i>—The Commission recommends that the General Assembly -provide for the enlargement of the Board of Public Charities by the -addition of two members thereto, at least one of whom shall be a -woman, and by the institution of a standing committee of five -members of such Board, at least one of whom shall be a woman, -such committee, which shall be chosen annually by a majority vote -of the Board, to be known as the “Committee on Delinquency” and -to be vested with the following powers:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) To inspect and investigate the condition and management of -all penal, correctional and reformatory institutions within the -Commonwealth and inquire into all complaints against the same and -report thereon, with recommendations of appropriate action, to the -Board of Public Charities, the Governor, the General Assembly, or -the Courts, as the circumstances may require;</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) To institute, maintain and supervise a medical service adapted -to the examination of the inmates of such institutions and the proper -professional treatment of all such as are mentally or physically -afflicted or deficient;</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) To make recommendations to the governing authorities of all -such institutions for the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic -conditions, the medical and hospital equipment, and the medical -service thereof;</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) To transfer inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction to -other institutions owned, managed or controlled by the Commonwealth -or any political subdivision thereof, or, if suitable arrangements -can be made, to other institutions, where such inmates may -receive treatment more suitable to their mental and physical condition;</p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) To institute, maintain and supervise in institutions within -its jurisdiction a system of correctional and reformatory education;</p> - -<p>(<i>f</i>) To institute, maintain and supervise a system for the employment -of the inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction;</p> - -<p>(<i>g</i>) To prepare and submit to the Board of Public Charities not -later than the first day of December of each even-numbered year, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> -a biennial budget for the Committee and such of the institutions -within its jurisdiction as are wholly or partly supported by the -Commonwealth, and for that purpose to require of such institutions -such reports from time to time as the Committee shall deem necessary; -and</p> - -<p>(<i>h</i>) To make rules and regulations establishing a uniform system of -accounting and bookkeeping in all institutions within its jurisdiction.</p> - -<p>It is also recommended that the Committee on Delinquency be -authorized and directed to choose a Secretary, not a member of the -Board of Public Charities, at a salary of $7500 per annum, who shall -be the executive officer of the Committee and an expert in the care -and treatment of delinquents, and who shall be known as the “Commissioner -of Delinquency.”</p> - -<p><i>Second.</i>—The Commission further recommends that the General -Assembly provide by appropriate legislation for the employment of -all the able-bodied convicts of the Commonwealth in useful and, so -far as possible, in productive labor, and especially, that it vest in the -Committee on Delinquency the powers of the Prison Labor Commission -and the functions of the Business Agent of such Commission -and enlarge such powers and functions as suggested on page 15 -of this report.</p> - -<p><i>Third.</i>—The Commission further recommends the enactment of a -law establishing four State Industrial Farms, to receive, care for and -provide for the useful employment of the inmates of county prisons -and jails and of persons hereafter convicted of any offense punishable -by imprisonment in any county jail or prison who have been or -shall hereafter be sentenced for a term of thirty days or more.</p> - -<p><i>Fourth.</i>—The Commission further recommends that the Act of -Assembly approved July 17, 1917 (No. 337), providing for the employment, -during the continuance of the war, of inmates of county jails -at agricultural labor on any county or almshouse farm, be amended so -as to continue its operation indefinitely after the conclusion of peace.</p> - -<p><i>Fifth.</i>—The Commission further recommends that the General -Assembly provide for the purchase of a tract of land, of not less than -600 nor more than 1200 acres, to be used for the benefit of the Eastern -Penitentiary as a prison farm.</p> - -<p><i>Sixth.</i>—The Commission further recommends that a law be -enacted prohibiting fees or allowances and contracts for furnishing -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -meals to the inmates of county jails or other penal institutions of -the Commonwealth.</p> - -<p><i>Seventh.</i>—The Commission further recommends that the Act -approved June 19, 1911, authorizing the courts in the case of a person -sentenced to a penitentiary to fix as the minimum term of imprisonment -any period less than the maximum prescribed by law for the -offense of which such person was convicted, be amended by a provision -that the minimum limit of the sentence imposed shall never -exceed one-third of the maximum prescribed by the Court.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>In the foregoing recommendations the Commission has confined -itself to matters requiring legislative action and to such only as seem -to it to be essential to a consistent, integrated policy of penal administration. -All other matters with respect to which the Commission has -given expression to its views are either subsidiary to those on which -immediate legislative action is recommended or are such as may be -properly referred to the wisdom of the proposed Committee on -Delinquency for consideration and action. The greatest abuse of the -prevailing prison system—the lack of imagination and of understanding -which keeps alive in most of our penal establishments the -methods of a severe and repressive discipline—cannot be abolished -by legislative decree. The greatest reform of which the system is -capable—the awakening in the inmates of the new life which comes -from active, responsible participation in the life of the prison community—is -equally beyond the reach of legislative action. These -will be the fruits of a keener intelligence and of a deeper understanding -than have yet, except in a few rare instances, been brought to -bear on the problem. But your Commission believes that the plan -of penal administration which it has recommended, and which provides -for the most thorough-going study and the most intelligent -treatment of the individual delinquent which has yet been attempted, -will gradually prepare the way for these and other reforms in the -penal system of the Commonwealth.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">Respectfully submitted,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>January 1, 1919.</td> - <td>FLETCHER W. STITES, <i>Chairman</i>,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>ALFRED E. JONES,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>MARTHA P. FALCONER,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>LOUIS N. ROBINSON,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>ALBERT H. VOTAW,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td /> - <td><i>Commissioners</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">George W. Kirchwey</span>,</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="i4"><i>Counsel to the Commission</i>. - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span></td> - <td /> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3 id="ACT_PROVIDING_FOR_COMMITTEE_ON_DELINQUENCY">COMMITTEE ON DELINQUENCY ACT.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> <i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, That the Board of Public Charities -shall appoint a standing committee of five of its members to be -known as the Committee on Delinquency. Such Committee shall -be chosen within thirty days after the approval of this Act, and -annually thereafter, by a majority vote of all of the members of the -Board, and at least one member of such Committee shall be a woman. -Vacancies in the membership of the Committee shall be filled in -like manner. Within thirty days after their selection, the Committee -shall each year elect one of its members as chairman.</p> - -<p>The members of the Committee shall serve without compensation -but shall receive all of their travelling and other necessary expenses -incurred in the performance of their official duties.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> The Committee selected under the provisions of this -Act shall appoint a secretary, who shall not be a member of the -Committee or of the Board of Public Charities. The secretary -shall be the executive officer of the Committee and shall be known -as the Commissioner of Delinquency. He shall be a person having -expert knowledge respecting delinquency, and the care and treatment -of delinquents and shall devote his entire time to the duties of his -office. He shall be appointed for a term of five years and shall -receive a salary of seven thousand, five hundred dollars per annum. -The Committee shall have the power to remove the Commissioner -at any time for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or misconduct in office, -and shall, whenever a vacancy occurs either by death, resignation, -or removal from office, appoint a Commissioner to fill the unexpired -term.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 3.</span> Subject to the approval of the Committee on Delinquency, -the Commissioner of Delinquency shall appoint a medical -director, an educational director, a director of industries, and such -other directors, experts, agents, and employees for such terms and -at such compensation as shall be fixed by the Committee on Delinquency. -The Commissioner with the approval of the Committee -shall have the power at any time to remove any director, or any -expert, agent, or employee, so appointed. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 4.</span> The Board of Commissioners of Public Grounds and -Buildings shall provide the Committee on Delinquency with suitable -rooms in the State Capitol, and elsewhere if necessary, <span class="nowrap">....</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 5.</span> The Committee on Delinquency shall have jurisdiction -for the purposes of this act over all institutions within -this Commonwealth of a penal, correctional, or reformatory character -now existing, or which may hereafter be established including -industrial farms, workhouses, and reformatories, and reformatory -institutions for minors or women, whether managed by the Commonwealth, -or any political sub-division thereof or otherwise; <i>Provided</i>, -That this act shall not be interpreted to deprive any warden, superintendent, -or other officer, or board of inspectors, managers, or -trustees, of any such institution of the right to manage its affairs, -but every such institution shall make such reports to the Committee -on Delinquency as the Committee shall be authorized by this Act -to require and shall obey the rules and regulations established, and -follow the recommendations made, by the Committee as authorized -by this Act.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 6.</span> The Committee on Delinquency shall have the -power and its duty shall be:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) To inspect and investigate the condition and management -of all institutions within its jurisdiction, and inquire into all complaints -against the same, and report thereon with recommendations -of appropriate action to the Board of Public Charities, the Governor, -the General Assembly, or the courts, as the circumstances may -require;</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) To institute, maintain, and supervise a medical service -to accomplish the purposes enumerated in this Act;</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) To make recommendations to institutions within its jurisdiction -for the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic conditions, -the medical and hospital equipment, and the medical service thereof;</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) To transfer inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction -to other institutions owned, managed, or controlled by the Commonwealth -or any political sub-division thereof, or if suitable arrangements -can be made, to other institutions, where such inmates may -receive treatment more suitable to their mental and physical condition:.... -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) To institute, maintain, and supervise in institutions within -its jurisdiction a system of correctional and reformatory education -to accomplish the purposes enumerated in this Act;</p> - -<p>(<i>f</i>) To institute, maintain, and supervise a system for the employment -of the inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction as provided -in this Act;</p> - -<p>(<i>g</i>) To prepare and submit to the Board of Public Charities, -not later than the first day of December of each even-numbered -year, a biennial budget for the committee and such of the institutions -within its jurisdiction as are wholly or partly supported by the -Commonwealth. Such budget shall set forth the expenditures of -the Committee and such institutions during the preceding two years, -their estimated financial needs for the succeeding two years, and such -other information as the Committee shall deem appropriate.</p> - -<p>To enable it to prepare such budget, the Committee shall have -the power to require of institutions within its jurisdiction, and -such institutions shall prepare and submit, such reports from time -to time as the Committee shall deem necessary, but to the extent -that reports shall be required by the Committee for the purpose -of preparing such budget; institutions within the jurisdiction of -the Committee shall not be required to report to the Board of Public -Charities; and,</p> - -<p>(<i>h</i>) To make rules and regulations establishing a uniform -system of accounting and bookkeeping in all institutions within -its jurisdiction.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 7.</span> The medical service which the Committee on Delinquency -is by this Act required to institute, maintain, and supervise -shall include:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) The prompt and thorough examination of all the inmates -of institutions within its jurisdiction with a view to the proper -diagnosis, classification, and treatment of all such persons;</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) The prescription and maintenance of standards in diagnosis -and treatment in all institutions within its jurisdiction and -the determination of the qualifications of those selected as physicians, -psychiatrists, stewards, or nurses, in such institutions;</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) The furnishing of instructions in personal and social hygiene -to the inmates of all institutions within its jurisdiction, and of -instruction in professional training to such officials, employees, or -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -inmates of such institutions as may be called upon to serve as -assistants, nurses, or otherwise, in the medical or hospital departments -thereof;</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) The frequent inspection of the institutions within its jurisdiction -with respect to their sanitary and hygienic condition, the -adequacy of their medical and hospital equipment, and the competency -and efficiency of their medical service; and,</p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) The installation and supervision of a proper dietary adequate -to the maintenance of the health, efficiency, and morale, of -the inmates in all institutions within its jurisdiction.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 8.</span> The system of correctional and reformatory education -which the Committee on Delinquency is by this Act required -to institute, maintain, and supervise shall include:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) The prescription and maintenance of standards of correctional -and reformatory education in all institutions within its -jurisdiction and the determination of the qualifications of those -selected as teachers; and,</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) The education in elementary branches of illiterate and undeveloped -inmates of such institutions; the instruction of all -inmates of such institutions in the principles, organization, and -practice of American government; and the furnishing of a thorough -industrial training to any of the inmates of such institutions for -whom such training shall be deemed useful and desirable.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 9.</span> With respect to the labor of the inmates of any -institutions within its jurisdiction to which persons are committed -for crime or delinquency, the Committee on Delinquency shall -have the power and its duty shall be:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) To require every such institution to afford to the inmates -thereof, who are physically capable, an opportunity to perform -useful labor in such institutions;</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) To determine what industries shall be established in such -institutions and to regulate and supervise the installation of -machinery and equipment therein;</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) To establish rules and regulations for the employment of -inmates of such institutions at road-building, quarrying, or crushing -stone, agricultural work, land reclamation, or forestry, or other -suitable work outside of such institution; and, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) To establish rules with regard to the number of hours per -day during which such inmates shall be employed; Provided, That -except in agricultural work such inmates shall not be employed for -more than eight hours in any one day.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 10.</span> With respect to the labor of inmates of such of -the institutions within its jurisdiction as are owned or managed -and controlled by the Commonwealth or any political sub-division -thereof, the committee shall, in addition to the powers and duties -enumerated in the preceding section of this act, have the power -and its duty shall be:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) To maintain a manufacturing fund for the purposes specified -in this section. The original manufacturing fund of the committee -shall be the manufacturing fund paid to the committee by the -Prison Board Commission, as provided in this act, together with -any and all sums due and owing to such Commission, and the unexpended -balance of any appropriation made for the use of such -commission. To such fund there shall be added from time to time -such amount or amounts as shall be appropriated by the General -Assembly;</p> - -<p>All receipts from the sale of the products, manufactured or produced -by the labor of the inmates of any such institution, shall be -credited to the manufacturing fund and used for the purchase of -machinery, equipment, raw materials, and supplies, and for the -payment of wages to such inmates;</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) To sell to the Commonwealth or to any political sub-division -thereof, or any institution, owned, managed, or controlled by the -Commonwealth, or any political subdivision thereof, at not more -than the prevailing market price the products of the labor of such -inmates; <i>Provided</i>, That institutions within the jurisdiction of the -Committee owned, or managed and controlled by the Commonwealth, -or any political subdivision thereof, shall have the privilege -of selling directly such of their agricultural products as they do not -consume, but every such institution selling agricultural products -shall account for and pay to such committee the proceeds of the -sale of such products.</p> - -<p>Any surplus of the products of the labor of such inmates which -cannot be sold to the Commonwealth, etc., shall be sold in the open -market, but any such product sold in the open market shall not be -sold for less than the prevailing market price. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p> - -<p>Should any institution desire to use the products of the labor -of its inmates, other than agricultural products, it shall purchase -the same from the Committee on Delinquency;</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) From time to time to fix the compensation of such inmates -for labor performed by them; <i>Provided</i>, That the rate of compensation -to such inmates shall be based both upon the pecuniary value -of the work performed and on the willingness, industry, and good -conduct of the inmate performing the same;</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) To make rules and regulations governing the payment of -compensation earned by such inmates. Such rules and regulations -may provide for the payment of a part of their compensation to -inmates during their term of confinement to be used for such purchases -as such rules and regulations shall permit. They shall also -provide for the bi-monthly payment of such part of the compensation -of such inmates as the committee shall determine to the dependents -of such inmates, and for the payment of the unpaid balance -of such compensation to such inmates at the time of their discharge, -or at periodic intervals on and after their discharge; and,</p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) To establish rules and regulations for the keeping of records -and accounts by all such institutions, showing the labor performed -by the inmates thereof, the value of the products thereof, and the -wages paid to inmates, or their dependents, or both.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 11.</span> All wages paid to the inmates of institutions within -the jurisdiction of the Committee on Delinquency owned, or managed -and controlled by the Commonwealth, etc., shall be paid out -of the committee’s manufacturing fund upon the order of the warden, -superintendent, or other proper officer of the institution in, or in -connection with, which the labor shall have been performed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 12.</span> The Prison Labor Commission created by the act -approved the first day of June one thousand nine hundred and -fifteen, ... is hereby abolished, and shall cease to exist, -thirty days after the chairman of the committee on delinquency -shall have notified the Prison Labor Commission in writing that the -Committee on Delinquency has been duly organized as provided in -this act. Within such period of thirty days the Prison Labor Commission -shall transfer and set over to the Committee on Delinquency -all books, papers, and records, and all moneys and evidence of -debt, in its possession, and the Auditor General is hereby authorized -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -and directed to draw a warrant on the State Treasurer for the -payment to the Committee on Delinquency of the unexpended -balance of any appropriation made for the use of the Prison -Labor Commission.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 13.</span> For the purpose of inspecting any institution within -the jurisdiction of the Committee on Delinquency, such committee, -the Commissioner of Delinquency, and any director, expert, agent, -or employee, deputized by the Commissioner of Delinquency for -the purpose, shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and -all books, papers, and records of such institution, and all persons, -connected with any such institution, are hereby directed and required -to give such information and to afford such facilities for inspection -as the person making such inspection may require....</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 14.</span> ...</p> - -<p>Should any institution within the jurisdiction of the Committee -on Delinquency which is not owned, or managed and controlled -by the Commonwealth, etc., fail to obey such rules and regulations, -or make such report, such institution shall not be entitled to receive -any financial assistance from the Commonwealth, and it shall be -unlawful for the Auditor General, after having received notice in -writing from the Committee on Delinquency that any such institution -has failed to obey such rules or regulations, or to make such report, -to issue a warrant for the payment of any money appropriated to -such institution so long as such institution shall continue to refuse -to obey such rules and regulations, or to make such report.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 15.</span> All salaries, compensation, and expenses, payable -under this act, except wages for labor performed by inmates shall -be paid by the State Treasurer on the warrant of the Auditor General.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 16.</span> To carry out the purposes of this act the sum of -two hundred thousand dollars, ($200,000), or such part thereof -as shall be necessary is hereby appropriated to the Committee on -Delinquency.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 17.</span> All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are -hereby repealed. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p> - -<h3 id="INDUSTRIAL_FARMS_ACT">STATE INDUSTRIAL FARMS ACT.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a></h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> <i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, That this act shall be known and -may be cited as “The State Industrial Farms Act of one thousand -nine hundred and nineteen.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> There are hereby established four state industrial -farms for the first, second, third, and fourth districts respectively.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 3.</span> The first district shall comprise the counties of -Berks, Bucks, Chester, Dauphin, Delaware, Lancaster, Lebanon, -Lehigh, Montgomery, Northampton, and York; and the state -industrial farm therein located shall be known as the “Southeastern -Industrial Farm.”</p> - -<p>The second district shall comprise the counties of Bradford, -Carbon, Columbia, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, Monroe, -Montour, Northumberland, Pike, Schuylkill, Snyder, Sullivan, -Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Wayne, and Wyoming; and the state -industrial farm therein located shall be known as the “Northeastern -Industrial Farm.”</p> - -<p>The third district shall comprise the counties of Armstrong, -Butler, Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Crawford, -Elk, Erie, Forest, Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Mercer, Potter, -Venango, and Warren; and the state industrial farm therein located -shall be known as the “Northwestern Industrial Farm.”</p> - -<p>The fourth district shall comprise the counties of Adams, Beaver, -Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Cumberland, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, -Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Juniata, Mifflin, Perry, Somerset, -Washington, and Westmoreland; and the state industrial farm -therein located shall be known as the “Southwestern Industrial -Farm.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 4.</span> Upon the approval of this act a board of managers -for each district shall be appointed by the Governor. Each board -shall consist of either five or seven reputable citizens, one or two of -whom shall be women. The members of such boards shall serve -without compensation, but all of their expenses actually and necessarily -incurred shall be paid by the State Treasurer on the warrant -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -of the Auditor General, which shall be issued upon the order of the -board, countersigned by the secretary of the Committee of Delinquency -of this Commonwealth. The members of the various boards -shall serve for a term of five years and their successors for the same -period. The Governor may remove any of the managers for misconduct, -incompetency, or neglect of duty, and in case of a vacancy -for any cause shall fill such vacancy by appointment for the unexpired -term.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 5.</span> The board of managers of each district is hereby -authorized by a majority vote to select a suitable site for the state -industrial farm of the district. Such site shall be within the district, -and shall either be chosen from lands donated to the Commonwealth -for the purpose or purchased by the board with moneys -appropriated or donated for the purpose; <i>Provided</i>, That any such -site shall not contain more than two thousand (2,000) acres. The -title to land donated or purchased as herein provided shall be taken -and held in the name of “The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,” -and shall be examined and approved by the Attorney General prior -to the acceptance or purchase of the land. In the selection of a site -the board of managers shall take into consideration the objects and -purposes of the institution, the accessibility of any proposed site to -the counties included in the district, and all or as many as practicable -of the following enumerated advantages and resources. The land -selected and purchased shall be of varied topography with natural -resources and advantages for many forms of husbandry, fruit growing, -and stockraising; for brick-making, and for the preparation of -all other road and paving material; and shall have good railroad -drainage, sewage, and water facilities. Waste land or land requiring -drainage may be selected if deemed susceptible of profitable cultivation -after its improvement.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 6.</span> All buildings constructed in pursuance of this act -shall be plain and inexpensive in character and the labor in constructing -such buildings, improvements and facilities shall be supplied by -persons committed to the state industrial farm or confined in State -or county penal, reformatory, or correctional institutions so far as -found practicable.</p> - -<p>The board of managers shall procure all necessary materials; -erect and equip such buildings; employ such skilled labor as cannot -be furnished by the persons committed to their respective industrial -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -farms or by persons confined in State, or county penal, reformatory -or correctional institutions and provide all proper facilities for their -use and for the practical use of the institution.</p> - -<p>When the board of managers of any State industrial farm shall -have made all preliminary arrangements for the construction of the -buildings and equipment therein, they shall notify the Governor -who shall issue a proclamation announcing such fact, and thereafter -prisoners having more than thirty days to serve shall be transferred -to such State industrial farm from any jail or workhouse in that -district on the order of the Governor.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 7.</span> The boards of inspectors of the State penitentiaries, -and of the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, -upon the request of a board of managers of a State industrial farm, -are hereby authorized to transfer to such State industrial farm from -their respective institutions any prisoners of special or mechanical -ability therein who may be found in the judgment of such board and -the board of managers of such State industrial farm suitable for the -purpose, and provide transportation and proper guards for such -prisoners and while such prisoners remain at such State industrial -farm they shall be subject to the orders of the inspectors of the institution -from which they were transferred as to their return, and in all -other respect, except as to discipline and government. While at -such State industrial farm they shall be under the control, discipline, -and government, and subject to the orders, of the board of managers -of such State industrial farm and its executive officers.</p> - -<p>The expense of transporting and transferring prisoners used in -the construction of buildings and equipment to and from any State -industrial farm shall be paid by the State Treasurer upon the warrant -of the Auditor General out of any moneys appropriated for the -establishment of such State industrial farm. The Auditor General -shall issue warrants for such purpose upon the order of the executive -officers of the board of managers of such State industrial farm.</p> - -<p>The maintenance of such prisoners as are transferred from a -State penitentiary or reformatory shall be paid by the institution -from which they are transferred, but the cost of such maintenance -in excess of the average per capita cost of maintaining prisoners at -the institution from which such prisoners shall have been transferred -shall be refunded to any such institution out of any moneys appropriated -for the establishment of the State industrial farm. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 8.</span> When any State industrial farm shall have been -established and ready for operation, a superintendent and matron -and such other officers as may be deemed necessary shall be appointed -by the proper board of managers. Any persons so appointed -shall hold their offices respectively during the pleasure of -the board of managers. The compensation of all such persons shall -be fixed by the board of managers.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 9.</span> When in any district the arrangements for the -reception of inmates shall have been completed, the Court of quarter -sessions of every county embraced in such district shall transfer -from the county prisons and jails respectively to the State industrial -farm of the district all persons who shall have been sentenced to -any of said county prisons and jails for any crime, misdemeanor or -felony, murder and voluntary manslaughter excepted, or who shall -have been committed to any of such county prisons and jails for -non-payment of any fine or penalty, or for non-payment of costs, -or for default in complying with any order of court entered in any -prosecution for desertion or non-support, and any other persons -legally confined in any of said county jails or prisons except -persons confined awaiting trial or detained as witnesses; <i>Provided</i>, -That any person whose term will expire within thirty days shall not -be transferred.</p> - -<p>Thereafter, when any person is convicted in any of the said -courts of any offense, crime, misdemeanor, or felony, murder and -voluntary manslaughter excepted, the punishment of which is or -may hereafter be imprisonment in any county jail or prison, the -said court shall, if sentence of imprisonment for thirty days or -more be imposed upon such person, commit such person to the -State industrial farm of the district in which said court may have -jurisdiction. If sentence of imprisonment for more than ten but -less than thirty days be imposed, the court may in its discretion -commit such person to the State industrial farm for the district.</p> - -<p>Courts of record and courts not of record of the counties included -in any such district shall hereafter commit to the State industrial -farm of the district all persons who might be lawfully committed -to the county jail or prison on charges of vagrancy, drunkenness, -or disorderly conduct, or for default or non-payment of any -costs, fine, or penalty, or for default in complying with any order -of court entered in any prosecution for desertion or non-support, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -where in any such case the commitment will be for a period of -thirty days or more. If the commitment be from ten to thirty -days the committing authority may in its discretion commit any -such person to the State industrial farm.</p> - -<p>The superintendent may under the direction of the court of -quarter sessions remove any inmate to the county jail for the unexpired -term of his or her term of commitment, or to the poorhouse -of the proper city or county, or to any hospital or lunatic -asylum in such county as circumstances may require.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 10.</span> The cost of transporting any persons committed -to a State industrial farm shall be paid by the county from which -the prisoner is committed, and the sheriff of the county shall receive -the same mileage, and fees for prisoners committed to a State -industrial farm as are now allowed by law for transporting prisoners -committed to the State penitentiaries. When any prisoner is -discharged from a State industrial farm the superintendent thereof -shall procure for him a railroad ticket to any point to which said -prisoner may desire to go not farther from such State industrial -farm than the point from which he was sentenced, and it shall be -the duty of the superintendent, or his duly authorized agent, to -accompany the prisoner to the railroad station, deliver the ticket -to the proper railroad conductor, and formally release the prisoner -on the train which he takes for his destination.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 11.</span> It shall be the purpose of every State industrial -farm to employ the prisoners committed, or transferred thereto, -in work on or about the buildings and farm, and in growing produce -and supplies for its own use, and for the other institutions of the -Commonwealth, in the preparation of road materials and in making -brick, tile, paving material, and such other products or materials -as may be found practicable for the use of the Commonwealth, or -any political subdivision therein, and in other industries which -may be approved by the board of managers of the State industrial -farm and the Committee on Delinquency of this Commonwealth. -Should any State industrial farm produce supplies or materials in -excess of its needs and demands, or in excess of the demands of -the Commonwealth, or of any political subdivision thereof, such -surplus may be sold by the Committee on Delinquency at the -prevailing market price. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 12.</span> Any State industrial farm shall make such reports -and keep such accounts as are now or may hereafter be required -by law, and shall in all such matters be subject to the rules and -regulations established by the Committee on Delinquency.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 13.</span> The original cost of the site and buildings of any -State industrial farm, and all additions thereto, and all fixed overhead -charges in conducting the institution, shall be paid by the -Commonwealth out of moneys appropriated for the purpose by the -General Assembly.</p> - -<p>The cost of the care and maintenance of the inmates of such -institution shall be certified monthly to the counties from which -inmates shall have been committed. Such cost shall be paid by -the counties in proportion to the number of days spent by the inmates -committed from each county. All payments shall be on requisition -of the board of managers and on warrants of the county commissioners -countersigned by the county controller.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 14.</span> (Provides for transferring prisoners from one -institution to another, if deemed advisable.)</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 15.</span> All the property real and personal authorized to -be held by virtue of this act shall be exempt from taxation by the -Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 16.</span> The rules and regulations governing State industrial -farms shall be uniform and shall be made by the Committee on -Delinquency. They shall be general in character and the respective -boards of managers of each institution may add local rules not -inconsistent with the spirit and substance of the regulations adopted -by the Committee on Delinquency.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 17.</span> To carry out the purposes of this act the sum of -two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000), or so much thereof as -shall be necessary, is hereby appropriated but not more than fifty -thousand dollars ($50,000) shall be expended for the purchase and -equipment of the State industrial farm of any district.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 18.</span> (Repeals the Act of 1917, authorizing the establishment -of nine Industrial Farms.) -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p> - -<h3 id="AGRICULTURAL_PRISON_LABOR">AGRICULTURAL PRISON LABOR.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Harry R. Campbell.</span></h3> - -<p>An article prepared for the County Commissioners’ Convention, Pittsburgh, -August 7, 1918.</p> - -<p>Agricultural prison labor is strongly advocated by prison authorities -and has been in general use in the penal institutions of Pennsylvania -for many years. The movement for outdoor work for -prisoners has grown rapidly, and as a result, the Pennsylvania -legislature, at its 1917 session, extended the scope of agricultural -work for prisoners, and authorized by an Act approved July 17, -1917, the employment of prisoners, undergoing sentence in county -jails, on county or poor farms.</p> - -<p>There is no greater curse than idleness. An unemployed prisoner -is a future menace to society, and no effort should be spared to keep -him busy—to impress upon him the dignity and necessity of work, -and to make him know that he is stronger physically and better -morally if he is regularly employed.</p> - -<p>Prison labor should be approached with a desire to help the -prisoner and restore him to society cured of his criminal ailment. -If the only purpose in the minds of the authorities is to make a -profit for their district, they are in grave danger of reverting to the -old convict labor system, which at best was only a modified form -of slavery.</p> - -<p>Agricultural prison labor offers the opportunity of a direct profit -to the district, and places the prisoner in an environment peculiarly -adapted to his own physical and mental betterment. I am informed -that it is used with great success in several counties, including Delaware, -Montgomery, Chester, Berks, Lehigh, Beaver, Bucks, Cambria, -Fayette and Westmoreland.</p> - -<p>Another important measure enacted by the Pennsylvania legislature -and approved July 20, 1917, requires the erection of an -Industrial Farm, Workhouse and Reformatory in each of nine -districts created by the Act. Each institution is to be built and -managed by a Board of Trustees, consisting of one County Commissioner -from each county in the district, appointed by the President -Judge of the proper Court.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>It is the purpose of the institution to keep all persons employed -about the farm and buildings, in growing all kinds of farm produce, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -raising live stock and in manufacturing supplies for its own use, -or for the use of the several counties in the district, or any public or -charitable institution owned or managed by any of the district -counties.</p> - -<p>Prisoners may also be employed in the making of brick, tile, -and concrete, or other road building supplies for the use of the -several counties. All material manufactured shall be sold at prices -fixed by the Trustees, preference being given in the sale to the -counties comprising the district, and to the cities, boroughs and -townships therein.</p> - -<p>The cost of the site, buildings and additions thereto, and all -fixed overhead charges are to be paid by the counties comprising -the district, in ratio to their population. All moneys received from -the sale of produce or manufactured articles or supplies shall be -credited to the overhead expenses.</p> - -<p>This, in brief, is a digest of the law which is designed to inaugurate -agricultural prison labor on a large scale in Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>The Trustees were promptly appointed by the Courts of the -State. The Fourth district, organized in March with the election -of Mr. George W. Deeds, of Westmoreland County, as president. -This board has been actively engaged in inspecting proposed sites, -a number of which have been offered, but no selection has, as yet, -been made.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Another phase of prison labor that must be taken into full consideration -in the establishment of industrial farms, is the attitude -of the Courts in reference to the parole law now in effect. If the -Judges believe that the ends of justice are best served by paroling -convicts, rather than committing them to some institution, the -necessary capacity of the proposed buildings would be materially -affected. In most of the counties but little has been done toward a -general use of the parole law, but in a few of them the Courts are -evidently giving it a trial.</p> - -<p>The parole law is regarded with especial favor in Washington -County, where the Courts have at the present time, 672 prisoners -under parole. Every one of this number is employed in the county -and must report monthly to the parole officer, who is also the Court’s -employment agent, and who places every paroled prisoner in a job -suitable to his ability and inclination.</p> - -<p>This might be called another phase of prison labor, as industry -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -is one of the conditions of the parole, and the labor is done by the -paroled prisoners for their own profit and advancement—with -freedom to enjoy their homes and pursue their own inclinations -after working hours. So far has the system been carried, that the -Court House, once cleaned entirely by prison labor, is now necessarily -cared for by a paid force of men outside the draft age. You may -better understand why the Court is going to this apparent extreme, -when you know that practically every industry in Washington -County is engaged in war work, and that these paroled men are -placed on farms, and in mines, mills and factories, where they are -helping win the war, though only a small percentage of them are -American citizens and very few are native born.</p> - -<p>About 90 per cent. of these men are faithfully complying with -all the conditions of their paroles, 95 per cent. are paying in monthly -installments, the fine and costs imposed upon them by the Court, -and less than five per cent. are proving themselves unworthy of -the confidence reposed in them.</p> - -<p>Clearfield County has 10 paroled prisoners; Clinton, 25; Indiana -40; Lycoming, 8; Lehigh, 104; Center, 6; McKean, 47; Butler, -35; and Somerset, 64. It is doubtful if the entire number in all -the other counties in the State would equal the number paroled in -Washington County.</p> - -<p>Montgomery County has taken a unique step in the employment -of prison labor and uses the 80 inmates of its county jail in knitting -socks, on knitting machines, for the Red Cross. Many other counties -employ their prisoners, in their jails, in useful occupations.</p> - -<p>Agricultural prison labor has been tried out in many States with -gratifying success. Down in Alabama there are 325 men at work -on State farms, where they raised 2300 bushels of wheat last year, -which is an excellent record for a section where wheat is not supposed -to grow. Convicts down there are also worked in the Alabama coal -mines, and are producing 4500 tons of coal daily. Their farm prison -labor is not satisfactory, but in the mines it is pronounced superior -to free labor.</p> - -<p>Nebraska is using agricultural prison labor in a small way outside -State institutions and is meeting with splendid success. Maryland -is having the same experience with about 75 convicts who are -helping to relieve the farm labor shortage. Georgia’s male convicts -are employed on the public roads, and the women prisoners are now -engaged in light farm work. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span></p> - -<p>Michigan is farming 4000 acres, but still found sufficient prison -labor to help the farmers with their harvest last year. Wisconsin -has about 100 prison labor farmers and is of the opinion that their -work is as productive as free labor.</p> - -<p>New Hampshire objects to agricultural prison labor because it -gives the prisoners no winter employment, and continuous work -is regarded as desirable. Mississippi is meeting with good success -on her State controlled farms, but the law does not permit the use -of prison labor except at State institutions.</p> - -<p>Massachusetts is utilizing prison labor on farms, to relieve the -scarcity of farm labor caused by the war, successfully employing -about 100 for that purpose. They regard convict labor, properly -directed, as efficient as free labor.</p> - -<p>Vermont believes that its present experience justifies a more -extended use of agricultural prison labor.</p> - -<p>Kansas uses its prison labor mostly in prison coal mines, but -is diverting some of its convicts to help the farmers during the war. -Six hundred convicts are employed in Florida on State owned farms. -They are meeting with great success and their prison labor is in -considerable demand. Tennessee has a number of convicts employed -in agricultural labor. The men have gained in health and -earned a profit for the State.</p> - -<p>Connecticut uses her prison labor on roads and farms. They -think it is better and more efficient than available free farm labor, -and the farmers of the State are well satisfied with the results -obtained.</p> - -<p>Minnesota uses prison labor on roads, and is conducting State -agricultural farms with success. Nevada uses prison labor to harvest -crops on shares. They report the cost disappointing and think -their best results are obtained with agricultural prison labor on -State farms. Virginia uses its prison labor for grinding agricultural -lime for fertilizer. The State employs about 250 convicts on its -own farm, in agricultural work, and finds the work beneficial to -the prisoner as well as to the State.</p> - -<p>Illinois is making a special effort to utilize its prison labor, not -only to relieve the scarcity of farm workers, but to help in all other -war industries. About 100 men have been paroled especially for -farm labor, and 350 are successfully employed in factories where -equipment for the government is being manufactured.</p> - -<p>The great war has brought forth one outstanding fact in criminology—no -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -matter what his instincts may be in times of peace, -the convict is a patriot, according to his lights, in time of war, and -in all my investigations, covering practically every eastern, southern -and middle western State, I have not learned of a single prisoner -who violated a parole given him to engage in work that would help -win the war.</p> - -<p>Iowa is operating nearly 3000 acres by agricultural prison labor, -and is making a wonderful success, not only from a financial viewpoint -but also in fitting the convicts to regain their place in society.</p> - -<p>Indiana has done wonders with prison labor along agricultural -lines, having established one large Industrial Farm for misdemeanants. -In addition, the State is utilizing its prisoners to a considerable -extent to relieve the scarcity of farm labor caused by the war. -About 100 convicts built sidings to coal mines to get out fuel for the -war. At the time of a disastrous flood they worked day and night, -without guards, saving by their efforts thousands of dollars worth of -private property. They were also successfully used at the time of -a severe tornado, recovering the lost, and clearing away the debris. -Indiana does not favor the use of prison labor on public roads.</p> - -<p>North Carolina is working 500 prisoners on State owned farms -with excellent success, and in addition is helping out the farmers -to some extent. The State also employs about 100 men on the -highways, but believes road work by prison labor is good for the -roads but bad for the men.</p> - -<p>New York thinks that every available prisoner should be employed, -but because of constitutional limitation cannot use its -convicts on private farms. Practically every penitentiary and -county jail in the State is employing its prisoners either at gardening -or farm work on State or county owned or leased farms. Food -production has been materially increased by these concerted efforts -towards agricultural products, and the prisoners themselves are -benefited by the outdoor work. Prison labor is also extensively -used on the public roads.</p> - -<p>A notable example of the successful employment of agricultural -prison labor, that is coming into more than local prominence, is in -our own State of Pennsylvania, where Warden Francies is working -wonders with his advanced methods at the new penitentiary at -Bellefonte.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Washington, Pa.</span>, August 7, 1918. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span></p> - -<h3 id="FINANCIAL_ARGUMENT_FOR_PRISON_FARMS">THE FINANCIAL ARGUMENT FOR A COUNTY -PRISON FARM.</h3> - -<p>It will be generally granted that useful employment in the open -air will be beneficial, but let us also consider the financial side of -the proposition. It will be remembered that the General Assembly -of 1917 passed a bill providing for the establishment of nine Industrial -Farms, to which convicts usually sent to the county jails may be -sent for discipline and employment. I am indebted to Mr. Harry -J. Campbell, of Washington, Pa., for some statistics from nine -counties in the southwestern part of the Commonwealth, constituting -one of the Districts in which an Industrial Prison was to be located. -In order to determine whether such a Prison Farm would be remunerative, -Mr. Campbell collected the statistics from these nine -counties which afford fairly conclusive proof of the economy of the -proposition.</p> - -<p>These nine counties in 1917 sent:—</p> - -<table class="small"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">179</td> - <td>prisoners</td> - <td>to</td> - <td>the</td> - <td>Allegheny Co. Workhouse</td> - <td>at</td> - <td>a</td> - <td>cost</td> - <td>of</td> - <td class="tdr">$20,869</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">532</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td>Western Penitentiary</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">102,401</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">313</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td>Morganza (Boys & Girls)</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">60,267</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">122</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td>Huntingdon Reformatory</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">13,742</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">409</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td>County Prison</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdr">81,381</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">——</td> - <td colspan="8" /> - <td class="tdr">————</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1555</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td class="tdc">“</td> - <td colspan="5">various prisons at a total cost of</td> - <td class="tdr">$278,660</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>If a Prison Farm were established, they would send none to the -Allegheny County Workhouse.</p> - -<p>It is estimated they would send to this farm one-fourth of those -sent to the Penitentiary.</p> - -<p>They would send to the Farm one-tenth of those sent to Morganza.</p> - -<p>Likewise, one-third of the number sent to the Reformatory -(some have estimated the number to be one-half).</p> - -<p>The number of prisoners held for trial at the County Jail varies -from one-tenth to one-half of the whole number imprisoned. However, -we will estimate those convicted at one-half of the number. -Hence, to this Penal Agricultural Institution a minimum number of -587 may be sent, according to the last available statistics. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p> - -<p>The funds available for such Institution may be computed as -follows:—</p> - -<table class="toc2col"> - <tr> - <td>Money heretofore paid to the Allegheny County Workhouse</td> - <td>$20,869</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>One-fourth the cost of prisoners at the Western Penitentiary</td> - <td>25,600</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>One-tenth the cost of prisoners at Morganza</td> - <td>6,026</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>One-third the cost of prisoners at Huntingdon Reformatory</td> - <td>4,580</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>At the County prisons there are certain overhead expenses - which must be taken into account. Estimating that one-half - the number in the County Jails would be removed to - the District Farm, and that the cost of maintenance - amounts to 50c daily for each prisoner, the saving would - amount to</td> - <td>30,782</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>———</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total estimated sum available for the District Farm in one<br /> - year from nine counties</td> - <td>$87,857</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Let us be entirely fair in our estimate. The 587 prisoners - are expected to earn a large part of their maintenance; - but should we estimate the net cost of maintenance at 25c - daily per prisoner, the cost amounts to</td> - <td>53,563</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>———</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="i2">Balance</span></td> - <td>$34,294</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This balance would go far toward meeting the expense of purchasing -and stocking the farm and providing the temporary buildings -which may be constructed by the prisoners themselves. The saving -to these counties in two or three years would suffice to purchase -and equip the plant, and with efficient management, the Penal -Farm ought soon to be self-supporting—a result not only satisfactory -to taxpayers but, what is far more important, in the highest degree -beneficial to the delinquent in whose restoration the community is -vitally interested.</p> - -<p>These facts have been gleaned from a study of nine counties, -but it must be remembered that the bill now before the General -Assembly provides for the establishment of such an Institution by -almost double the number of counties, hence it is apparent that -within two or three years the entire expense of the farm and its -equipment will be returned to the managers and with self-support -practically assured, the future expense of caring for such delinquents -will be reduced to a minimum or will entirely vanish.</p> - -<p class="author"> -A. V. H.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span></p> - -<h3 id="BOARD_OF_PUBLIC_CHARITIES_AND_PRISON_LABOR">STATE BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES AND -PRISON LABOR.</h3> - -<p>We gladly present the following facts which have been gleaned -from interviews with Edward Wilson, Esq., one of the agents of -this Board.</p> - -<p>So far as prison labor is involved, the Board of Public Charities -has been deeply interested in developing the possibilities of an Act -which on their initiative was passed and approved in 1917. This -allows the employment of prisoners on lands belonging to any county.</p> - -<p>In 1915 Judge Isaac Johnson, in Delaware County began a -system of employing prisoners which the Board desires to extend. -In the year 1918, the receipts from the crops produced by the labor -of prisoners amounted to $14,000, in addition to a large amount of -vegetable products consumed at the prison. The net profit is near -$7000. Report comes that Berks County will be able to supply -the prison with vegetables for the winter. Northampton County -employed fifteen to twenty prisoners on a small farm recently purchased. -Dauphin County had a few prisoners at work on the almshouse -farm. In Montgomery County from fifteen to twenty prisoners -have been employed on the Poor farm. In Columbia County -seven Italians are engaged in operating a war garden which it is -said has been very profitable. In one or two counties with large -population, there is no land available for such purpose. Mr. Wilson -states that little or nothing has been accomplished in this direction -in those counties whose jail population is small. At one time -in the year 1918, there were 13 counties without a prisoner. In -some counties prisoners have worked on the roads. A few counties -have been willing for selected prisoners to be paroled to farmers.</p> - -<p>Mr. Wilson is inclined to the belief that in some of our counties, -the prevailing type of prisoner is too vicious to be allowed the -freedom which belongs to the cultivation of the soil. From observations -elsewhere we are inclined to the belief that the vilest man -or woman, unless defective in mentality, will respond when treated -with kindness and made to feel that he or she is trusted. Granted, -however, that it may be considered unwise to send all prisoners -without reservation to work on the farm, under the system proposed -by the Commission to investigate Prison Systems, and whose Report -to the General Assembly is found elsewhere in this number of the -Journal, all the State Industrial Prison Farms are to foster some -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -industry or industries aside from the horticultural and agricultural -employments. On these farms there will be found opportunity for -the employment of all prisoners, whatever may be their character -or temperament.</p> - -<p>Last year in a casual inspection of the prison at Wilkes-Barre, -the secretary announced that he considered 46 out of the 75 prisoners -would be available for an Industrial Farm. Mr. Wilson after a -very careful study of the situation concluded that 11 could be sent -to work on the outside. Now something depends on the viewpoint. -If the State should own an Industrial Farm fully equipped for the -permanent accommodation of prisoners with diverse industries, Mr. -Wilson probably would add materially to the number which might -be sentenced to the penal farm instead of to the county prison -affording so little opportunity for continuous profitable labor. The -secretary consents to some reduction of his estimates, if real employment -with some remuneration can be supplied at the county -jail. The tendency of this practical age is to give regular employment -to all those whom we for a time exclude from community -freedom, and to place over them officials who will direct these -industries.</p> - -<h3 id="HOME_OF_INDUSTRY">HOME OF INDUSTRY.</h3> - -<p>This Institution which we allowed some 30 years ago to -pass beyond our control, perhaps to its advantage, has just issued -a Report of its work for the year 1918. There was some honest -difference of opinion in 1890 as to the value of this enterprise, but -we believe the principal reason for the abandonment of the project -by The Pennsylvania Prison Society was the lion in the way in -the shape of a financial bugaboo.</p> - -<p>During the last year this institution cared for 275 men, keeping -them on an average of 32 days for each man. Their industries -have contributed $9,422 toward its own support.</p> - -<p>We have always thought that the institution should be removed -to a farm. In 1917 some of the men did work on land which -they secured and the results were very favorable. In 1918 they -entered upon the same work with high expectations, but from a -variety of causes the agricultural operations have not been prosperous. -Labor went elsewhere. We hope for better results next year.</p> - -<p>We recommend this Home as worthy of continued support. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> - -<h3 id="MILITARY_DISCIPLINE_AND_PUNISHMENTS">MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS.</h3> - -<p>The Committee on Public Information acting under the authority -of the United States Government have from time to time published -and issued pamphlets giving some extremely valuable facts and -explanations with regard to the Great War and dealing with its -causes and results. Not the least valuable among these circulars is -No. 113, issued March, 1918, and devoted to “German Militarism -and its German Critics.” This handbook contains forty pages and -is compiled from sources which the Government regards as sufficiently -reliable to justify extensive circulation. It may be obtained -by any one who will send request, and refer to it by title, from the -Committee on Public Information, Washington, D. C.</p> - -<p>From this document we quote a few instances of brutality which -have been presented by credible witnesses:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>1. “A Polish recruit was maltreated so fearfully by an -officer that he finally hanged himself. The officer induced -the soldiers to certify that they had seen nothing.</p> - -<p>2. “An officer struck a sick recruit repeatedly on the -chest so that he screamed with pain and soon thereafter -died in a hospital.</p> - -<p>4. “Soldiers were struck in the face during instruction. -<span class="nowrap">...</span> Witness saw hundreds of times helmets pressed -down and the bands which held them under the chin pulled -so that the soldiers grew red in the face. Alsatians and -Lorrainers particularly were maltreated and frequently -called ‘French Skulls’ and worse. The officers warned the -men against complaining, promising worse treatment if they -dared to report these outrages.</p> - -<p>5. “During the maneuvers no day passed without -brutality<span class="nowrap">....</span> Boxing of ears, blows, even with the -sword and riding-whip, were daily occurrences<span class="nowrap">....</span> -Complaints were omitted for fear of the consequences.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Enough. In the circular it is stated that at a certain military -trial in Germany, held in 1914, 922 men from all parts of Germany -had signified their willingness to give testimony and were ready to -report some 30,000 separate instances of brutal treatment of soldiers.</p> - -<p>Hence it seems apparent that the spirit of dominant militarism is -arrogant, ferocious, brutal. It harks back to the time of medieval -tortures. By the circulation of Tract No. 113, the Government of -the United States has indicated its abhorrence and utter condemnation -of such cruel and inhuman methods of enforcing discipline. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -Naturally we expected that our army officials would not for a moment -countenance such arbitrary and tyrannical treatment of offenders.</p> - -<p>When we take into consideration the inexperience of this nation -with large armies, there is cause for congratulation that the instances -of cruelty and unwarranted severity have been proportionately so -few. And yet there have been some instances of pitiless malevolence -inflicted upon a class of offenders who least deserve it. We are -aware of the penalties for disobedience to orders which naturally -belong to a military system. In accordance with the military code, -disobedience is a heinous crime. So when the officials were confronted -with refusal to obey orders, even though the offenders were -of the highest character, the mind of the militarist could view the -offense from only one angle. We are referring to the treatment -accorded to some—not all—of the “conscientious objectors.” They -constituted an exceedingly small proportion of the American Army -which at the time the armistice was signed numbered 3,665,000. -The number altogether of those conscripted whose religious convictions -forbade them to use carnal weapons was about 3,900—less -than one-ninth of one per cent. of the vast American Army.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> Of -these 1,300 accepted non-combatant service and 1,500 were allowed -to be employed on farms or to aid France and Belgium in the work -of reconstruction of their ruined homes and devastated lands. -Our latest advices inform that 527 of these “conscientious objectors” -have been court-martialed and sent to the Military Prison at Fort -Leavenworth. A majority of these belong to religious bodies whose -creeds are opposed to war. These men were not hunting for trouble. -Conscription brought them from their peaceful homes and from their -farms where they were so much needed to aid in increasing the food -supply of the nation. They were living inoffensively and were -brought into difficulties by no overt act. It is not our intention to -uphold or combat their interpretation of “The Sermon on the -Mount.” They were men who were regarded as useful, upright -members of the communities where they resided. Some of them -belonged to bodies whose members have been foremost in every -philanthropic effort for the last two centuries. We may attach no -special virtue to works of superogation, yet we venture to suggest -that men and women who in times of peace have been foremost in -honest industrial pursuits, who have been prominent in all movements -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -to advance the best interests of the community, who have devoted -their time and their means lavishly to social betterment, should in -time of war be entitled to some consideration on account of their -past services in the uplift of humanity. Between the ages of 21 and -31, less than one to every 36,000 were found who claimed immunity -from military service on account of their creed, and as many of these -accepted some form of non-combatant service, the number absolutely -refusing to comply with any military command was less than -one out of 60,000 conscripts. Would it not have been wiser to allow -these men to continue their lawful avocations on the farm, in the -shop, in the mills, than to support them in idleness, to detail a special -force to guard them, and to ruin their health by harsh treatment?</p> - -<p>The Hofers case is an authentic instance of an infliction of tortures -by methods which acknowledge no obligation outside of military -authority. Jacob Wipf and the three Hofer brothers were members -of the Huttrian sect, a small body residing in California, “They -believed, with an intense conviction, that their duty to their God -utterly precluded any submission to military command<span class="nowrap">....</span> -It must be remembered that this was no degenerate whim, nor yet -the stubbornness of criminals—it was the highest spiritual conviction -of deeply religious men.” They refused to wear the uniform. A -mere outline of the penalties will suffice. Thrown into the “Hole,” -30 feet below the base of the building at the level of the sea. Murky -atmosphere. Stripped to underwear. Handcuffed to an iron bar -so that their feet barely reached the floor. Remained strung up -for 36 hours. No food; one glass of water. Repeatedly beaten -with clubs. Then for five days exempted from “hanging up,” -but confined without food, or sufficient clothing. The authorities -were finally broken, not these God-fearing men. It seems like a -tale from the “Book of Martyrs,” not an event in a civilized nation. -They were released from the dungeon broken in health, afflicted -with scurvy, and after suffering a lot of petty persecutions, were -transferred to another prison in a colder climate. Here they were -placed in “Solitary,” with diet of bread and water, strung up for -nine hours a day, forced to sleep on the floor. The cold draughts had -a natural effect. When it was learned that they were ill, they were -removed to a hospital where two of them died in a few days from -pneumonia. The surviving brother, though scarcely able to walk, -was mercifully released to accompany the dead bodies of the two -brothers to their homes. Military vengeance was satiated. It is -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -incredible to believe that such methods in this enlightened age are -used.</p> - -<p>From the New York World, we note the following instances of -treatment accorded to “objectors” at Camp Funston. Sleeping -on bare floor. No food all day. Kicked repeatedly. Beaten with -rifle butts, pricked with bayonets, dragged over filth, choked till -they are breathless, placed under a cold shower at midnight, clothes -and all, hung temporarily by the neck, some rendered insane for the -time. It is hard to realize that such things could happen in America. -Do we not speak of civilized warfare? Does war necessarily make -fiends of men prematurely? It is a pleasure to report that the -officers at Camp Funston responsible for these outrages were either -dismissed or removed to a different field.</p> - -<p>The larger proportion of those imprisoned at Fort Leavenworth -belong to the peace-loving, inoffensive, industrious Mennonites. -Take the case of the Amish Mennonites. Last summer 45 -of these quiet people were sentenced to life imprisonment for refusing -to obey the orders of their inferiors in many points of view -except that of military rank. This sentence was commuted to an -imprisonment of 25 years. Twenty-seven of the same sect were -sentenced from 10 to 20 years each for a similar offence. Virtually -in every one of these 72 cases, the crimes consisted in a refusal to -don uniforms. Most of them have longer sentences than are usually -dispensed for manslaughter.</p> - -<p>The length of these sentences and also of many other sentences -pronounced upon others who have broken the regulations of the -military code has been made the special object of investigation by -Congress. The excuse that some of these excessively long sentences -were military bluff for the deterrent effect and were never intended -to be carried out in full is irrational. If such statement is correct, -our system of military court procedure ought to be overhauled and -renovated. We are not contending that offenders should go unpunished, -we are merely insisting that the penalties prescribed shall -be commensurate with the offense, and shall be consistent with -modern jurisprudence.</p> - -<p>Let us be thankful that the instances of cruelty and preposterous -punishments have been so few. Grant that some of the reported -instances are a species of brutal hazing, that some few bone-headed -young officials “drest in some brief authority,” with an overweening -sense of their importance, have taken a narrow view of military -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -discipline, still there have been sufficient complaints to elicit the -following editorial in the sober Public Ledger of Philadelphia.</p> - -<h3>TORTURE FOR MILITARY PRISONERS?</h3> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“If any branch of the Government’s military activities -calls for an instant and searching investigation, it is certainly -the treatment accorded the “conscientious objectors” -in the military prisons to which they have been sent by -court-martial. Even if half the allegations contained in the -complaints concerning the prisoners of this type, at Governor’s -Island, New York, and at Fort Leavenworth, are -true, the conditions demand instant correction and those -responsible therefor summary punishment.</p> - -<p>“In times of war severity of treatment, within the limits -of humanity, is to be expected by those who refuse to fulfill -their obligations to the nation; but the term ‘severity of -treatment’ is an euphemism when used to describe the -experiences of conscientious objectors, shackled, unclothed, -for hours to cell doors, kept for days in dark cells, -and forced for weeks to subsist under physical conditions -which the law would not permit in the case of animals. -If these charges are substantiated, and the outraged sense of -justice of the nation demands that they be either substantiated -or disproved, then the drastic revision of military law -and practice is an imperative duty of Congress which it dare -not ignore or neglect.</p> - -<p>“There is abundant reason to believe, in the severity -of the sentences permitted to be imposed by army courts-martial, -that there is lacking in the military mind that sense -of fitness and of humanity which is in accordance with the -age in which we live. The United States cannot with clean -hands ask the nations with which it is allied in the war to -humanize the laws of war while it tolerates inhumanity in the -enforcement of its own military regulations at home. Recalcitrant -soldiers offer a difficult problem, of course; but the -fact is a greater reason for dealing with such offenders with -tact and, above all, with humanity. Torture has no place -in the penology of the day, and least of all in the service -which prides itself on its patriotism.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Acting Committee of The Pennsylvania Society, having -been informed of some instances of punishment which seemed to -resemble soulless European autocratic methods, sent the following -remonstrance to Secretary Baker:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The Pennsylvania Prison Society learns with astonishment -and a profound sense of sorrow of the brutal -methods of punishment employed in some of our Federal -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -Prisons upon military offenders—especially upon so-called -“Conscientious Objectors” whose only offense is a consistent -adherence to their sense of duty. The studied -attempt to break the spirit of prisoners at Fort Leavenworth -and elsewhere by unspeakable cruelty suggests the -practices of a barbaric past rather than those of a civilized -and enlightened people. Granting that a Nation must at -times deal firmly with political offenders, can any crime ever -justify the employment of cruel and inhumane treatment? -If such barbarous punishment has the sanction of law, then -an outraged sense of justice demands the immediate revision -of our Military Code.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The following note was received, which indicates that the War -Department at Washington has taken measures to relieve the -harsh conditions.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="author"> -“<span class="smcap">February 6, 1919.</span></p> - -<p>“<span class="nowrap">...</span> The War Department immediately upon -having conditions at the Disciplinary Barracks called to its -attention, instituted an investigation. The report of that -investigation disclosed the fact that the trouble at Leavenworth -was due, not at all to the administration of the -prison, but to the regulations which were ill-adapted to the -unusual type of prisoner that the Selective Service Act -brought to military prisons. The Secretary at once made -some appropriate modifications of those regulations and -has called a conference to consider further changes in -disciplinary regulations, not only to meet this unusual -condition but to bring the Army’s disciplinary methods up -to the most modern penological standards, in case they -shall be found to be deficient. The conference will also -consider ways of meeting the immediate emergency of the -overcrowding of disciplinary barracks due to the increased -size of the Army during the war. The conference will -come to its conclusions in the near future and you may be -assured that action leading out of its conclusions will be -promptly taken.”</p> - -<p class="author"> -“Very truly,<br /> -“F. P. KEPPEL,<br /> -“<i>Third Assistant Secretary</i>.”<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p>Confidential orders, recently made known, of the War Department, -issued in October, 1918, prescribed that those conscripts, -refusing on account of conscientious scruples to perform military -service, should not be treated as traitors or as guilty of rank insubordination. -The Government thus in some form recognized the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -validity of their scruples. As a rule such persons were entirely -segregated from the other men. For a time solitary confinement -was discontinued, but we regret to report that at the military prison -at Leavenworth some 25 of these objectors have recently been -remanded to cellular isolation. One of these men has for some -time been engaged in Christian work under the auspices of the -Y. M. C. A. Very recently he received a visit from a gentleman in -whose office he had often been a visitor, but his mind seemed a -blank, as he did not appear to recognize his visitor who called to -offer services. This mode of punishment was having its logical effect.</p> - -<p>We fully endorse the attitude of the U. S. Government as indicated -in its Official Bulletin, No. 113, page 5:—“Accustomed as -these leaders have been for many years to universal military service, -to a large standing army, <span class="nowrap">...</span> to marked class distinctions, -they have absorbed, and are now wedded to, certain notions which -to us, who have grown up under very different conditions, seem like -worship of constituted authority and the unwarranted surrender -of individual responsibility. The gradual development of these -very notions has brought about an inordinate influence of the -military group in public affairs.”</p> - -<p>We rejoice that our Government so clearly sets forth the evils -of a military authority, the spirit of which is so manifestly opposed -to the genius of our free institutions.</p> - -<p class="author"> -On behalf of the Editorial Committee,<br /> -<br /> -J. F. OHL,<br /> -FLORENCE BAYARD KANE,<br /> -ALBERT H. VOTAW.<br /> -</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p> - -<h3 id="PRISON_EXPERIENCES">PRISON EXPERIENCES.</h3> - -<p>Within the last few years the general public has been informed -of the real life of the convict by intelligent observers who have -suffered a few days of incarceration in order to gain an insight into -the actual effects of imprisonment. The accounts were interesting -and instructive, but we now have another opportunity to acquire -knowledge of prison conditions from some intelligent and conscientious -persons who have been imprisoned without resorting to a -fake process in order to have such experience. We refer to a class -of offenders who from religious scruples and in some cases for other -reasons have disobeyed the military requirements. We hold no -brief for these offenders, but the observations of some of these persons -are a decided contribution to the science of penology. Making due -allowance for hasty conclusions arrived at from a brief period of -incarceration, and also after insufficient opportunity to grasp the -subject in its entirety, nevertheless, the facts related, and the -arguments and deductions derived from their experiences should -appeal to all who have interest in the reformation of criminals.</p> - -<p>Rev. Evan Thomas, a young man of deep religious conviction, -and of a keen sense of injustice, has recently published in <i>The -Survey</i> some details of prison life in the Federal Prison at Leavenworth, -Kansas.</p> - -<p>We quote some portions of his article.</p> - -<p>“The burden of prison life as I experienced it, however, was -not the physical hardships but the unspeakable moral filth and vice -to which one is constantly exposed. I could not have believed many -of the things I heard and witnessed at Fort Leavenworth had they -been reported to me before going there. No sexual vice or moral -depravity is too low for some of the men confined there. The Disciplinary -Barracks have been called the ‘cess pool for the dregs of -the army.’ But many a fine young soldier whose only offense was -to overstay his leave or be the helpless victim of the antiquated -military law in this country, has found his way among the ‘dregs’ -of the army; and as for the others, the great majority are the products -of our reform schools, orphan asylums and jails. These men are -indiscriminately grouped together in the prison. It is true that -there are two so-called honor wings for prisoners in the Disciplinary -Barracks, but I was never able to discover just what was necessary -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -to be assigned to these wings. The information generally given me -by other prisoners was that it was necessary to do ‘some hand-shaking’ -first. As a matter of fact, as nearly as I was able to learn, -the power lay very largely in the hands of a group of prisoners, who -through clever politics and the holding of certain important jobs in -the executive office and elsewhere, were able to control things to -a large extent. I was told that even in these honor wings moral -conditions were bad, but in the other wings where men were indiscriminately -alloted, it often happened that diseased men were -assigned to the same cells with others who had to share the same -toilet facilities. The sixth wing, composed of eight tiers of open -cells, each of which contains three double-decked cots and six occupants, -is known as the ‘mad-house’ by the prisoners. Any thoughtful -reading, writing or study in this wing is next to impossible. Before -going into solitary confinement as a protect against the severe treatment -accorded to such conscientious objectors as refused to work, I -spent one day in this wing and the thought of ‘solitary’ lost much of -its dread for me.</p> - -<p>“It is certainly possible for the man of wide interests or strong -character to live in such surroundings without any great degree of -moral harm to himself, but for the young, the weak, the very immature, -such conditions are nothing short of ruinous. The conversation -is confined largely to sex, ‘booze’ and the personal daring of the -prisoners. No crime is too terrible and no feat too desperate for most -of these men in their talk. The menace of this sort of thing to those -whose interests are almost entirely within the prison walls is the most -insidious and destructive thing imaginable. Yet no real effort is -made by the authorities to group the prisoners so that at least some -of the men could be spared a great deal of temptation. Much more -serious is the fact that the prison life itself is not calculated to give a -man any interests but those of the basest sort. Self-government is -practically unknown at Fort Leavenworth except in the honor -wings, where I believe the occupants are allowed to elect their own -orderlies.</p> - -<p>“At the Disciplinary Barracks there is a department of psychiatry -which takes a very careful record of every prisoner’s history and this -record is faithfully verified by the authorities through letters and -other means of information. But once this record is completed and -on the files, apparently everything has been done that is required. -So far as I was able to observe, at least, no really constructive efforts -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -were made to relieve the conditions in the wings which I have spoken -of, where a man of refined sensibilities is often quartered in the same -double-decked bunk with a degenerate or a moral pervert.</p> - -<h3>“<span class="smcap">The Failure of Punishment.</span></h3> - -<p>“The condition of affairs which I have been attempting to describe -is greatly aggravated by the fact that the idea of punishment and -discipline reigns supreme in the prison. Much is said in the rules and -regulations about the aim of the institution being to improve every -prisoner and turn each man out a better and more useful individual -than when he came in. That is one of the standing jokes of the -prisoners and not without reason, for one has only to read the book -of rules itself to see that the military tradition of punishment and -discipline is the medicine which is expected to work this great transformation. -But unfortunately most of the occupants of a military -prison are there because of their failure or refusal to accept this -military tradition. They are there because they are weak, mentally -and morally, or too independent for the army or because they object -to it on principle.</p> - -<p>“So far as I have had experience in life I have yet to observe -anything more absolutely negative in its purpose and effects than -this method of discipline. The prisoner who has the distinction of -having been longest at Fort Leavenworth, had only two more days -of his sentence to complete when a guard called him a vile name, -and utterly regardless of the inevitable consequences this prisoner -knocked the guard down with a brick. He has since received several -extensions of sentence because of other defiant acts. The ball and -chain, solitary confinement and all the other repressive measures of -the prison system have some way not succeeded as yet in turning -this man out of prison a ‘better man than when he came in.’ There -unquestionably is a criminal element in prison that is a menace to -society, but depraved or vicious as some of these men may be, there -is yet some good in every one of them and possibilities of truly -chivalrous conduct in all of them when properly treated. But the -ball and chain, the iron rule, the cursing and foul threats by guards -do not seem to bring out the good side of these men.</p> - -<p>“Not long before I was released two men were caught fighting in -the corridor of the wing near my cell. These two men were not -equally guilty. To go into the details of the case would require more -space than I have, but the point I wish to bring out is that they both -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -were at once taken to the executive officer of the prison and in ten -minutes were back, sentenced alike, to ten days in the ‘hole’ on -bread and water. The great object of such prison punishment is to -break a man, make him humble, meek and obedient. When this is -done the process of making a man of the prisoner seems to be considered -completed. A guard once told me while I was in solitary that -when he chained a man up backwards as punishment for talking -in solitary, as used to be done, he was generally kind-hearted enough -to let the man down if he repented and asked for it in the ‘right -spirit,’ but if the man was too ‘damned proud to show how much -it hurt him he would let him take his medicine.’ I mention this -because to my mind it is typical of the punishment and discipline -idea of the prison. Actually what happens in this process of breaking -is that the prisoner in the great majority of cases is shoved still further -down the scale of degradation and lack of self-respect. He becomes -either flabby or vicious. This is especially true of such criminal types -as need the helpful, sympathetic and human advice and correction -of trained men above everything else.</p> - -<p>“It is my belief that at the bottom of all that I have been trying -to tell, lies not the dishonesty or cruelty of individual officials but -a state of mind shared largely by us all, even prisoners themselves -oftentimes, viz., the idea that the convict is something apart, something -taboo, a person who has forfeited all the rights of normal -human beings, and with this idea goes that of punishment, the -ingrained belief that the only way to deal with viciousness or wrong-doing -is to keep the big stick constantly at hand. This certainly is -the theory of our prisons if one is to judge from the products of our -reform schools and jails whom I met at Fort Leavenworth. These -men very largely had grown up with no other idea of life than that -of the big stick. Put one of these prisoners in authority over others -and in the majority of cases he can be more dictatorial and cruel than -any guard. The supposition is that to make this outcast—the -prisoner—bow to authority will make a man of him.</p> - -<p>“Prison reform is no easy matter. It must be the work of devoted -and expertly trained men and women. Sentimentalism can play no -part in it and certainly discipline, properly understood, will always -have its place, but it will be discipline in which mutual responsibility, -human sympathy and understanding will replace autocracy and -indifference to the individual and personal element at stake. It is, -perhaps, only fair to say that with the arrival of Major Adler at Fort -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span> -Leavenworth at the beginning of this year certain very important -reforms have been started. But it is going to be a long, uphill fight -which will require the enlightened support of the public if prisons are -ever to cease being a degrading influence in the prisoner’s life to say -nothing of becoming the constructive help that they should be and -can be.”</p> - -<h3 id="PROHIBITION_AND_ARRESTS">PROHIBITION AND ARRESTS.<br /> - -<span class="medium smcap">Harry M. Chalfant.</span></h3> - -<p>... We have a detailed report of the number of arrests -in Detroit during the last eight months of license as compared with -the first eight months under prohibition. Detroit became dry -May 1, 1918, and this report covers the two periods of eight months -each, preceding and following that date. It is issued by George H. -Walters, deputy police commissioner. Detroit is the largest city in -the world to experiment with prohibition, it having close to 1,000,000 -people.</p> - -<p>We have grouped kindred offenses to secure brevity. The first -column shows the number of arrests during the wet period and the -second column shows arrests for the same offenses during the dry -regime. In the third column we have worked out the percentage -of reduction. Under the dry period there were 1511 arrests for -violation of the prohibition law and 550 convictions resulted. These -are omitted from the list because, obviously, no comparison on this -offense could be made. The following figures tell their own story:</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Number of Arrests.</span></h3> - -<table> - <tr> - <th>Under<br />license.</th> - <th>Under<br />prohibition.</th> - <th>Percentage<br />reduction.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">28,156</td> - <td class="tdc">10,543</td> - <td class="tdc">64</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>It is worthy of note that these results are not materially different -from what happened in the cities of Denver and Seattle, which became -dry January 1, 1916. They afford a hint of what may be possible, -at least to a degree, in Philadelphia after the 1st of next July.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, February 20, 1919. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p> - - -<table id="MEMBERS_LIST"> -<caption>HONORARY MEMBERS.</caption> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Maud Ballington Booth (1909)</td> - <td>New York City.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Judge Ben B. Lindsey (1909)</td> - <td>Denver, Colo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Frederick Howard Wines (1909)</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Judge McKenzie Cleland (1909)</td> - <td>Chicago, Ill.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Gen. R. Brinkerhoff</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Z. R. Brockway (1909)</td> - <td>Elmira, N. Y.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Prof. Charles Richmond Henderson (1910)</td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Dr. Hastings H. Hart (1914)</td> - <td>New York City.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>James A. Leonard (1914)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Timothy Nicholson (1915)</td> - <td>Richmond, Ind.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Amos W. Butler (1915)</td> - <td>Indianapolis, Ind.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table> -<caption>LIFE MEMBERS.</caption> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Ashmead, Henry B.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Lewis, Howard W.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Bailey, Joel J.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Lewis, Mrs. Sarah A.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Baily, Joshua L.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Longstreth, W. W.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Bartol, B. H.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Love, Alfred H.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Benson, E. N.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Lytle, John J.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Bergdoll, Louis,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Maginnis, Edw. I.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Betts, Richard K.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Manderson, James,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Bonham, Eleanor M.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Milne, Caleb J.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Bonsall, E. H.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>McAllister, Jas. W.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Brooke, F. M.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Nicholson, Robert P.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Brown, Alexander,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Osborne, Hon. F. W.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Brown, T. Wistar,</td> - <td /> - <td>Patterson, Robert,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Brush, C. H.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Pennock, George,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Buckley, Daniel,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Perot, Joseph,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Carter, John E.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Perot, T. Morris, Jr.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Cattell, Henry S.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Pooley, Fred. J.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Childs, George W.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Potter, Thomas,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Cochran, Miss Mary N., Jr.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Powers, Thomas H.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Coles, Miss Mary,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Price, Thomas W.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Collins, Alfred M.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Randolph, Miss Anna,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Coxe, Eckley B., Jr.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Rhoads, Joseph R.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Downing, Richard H.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Roach, Joseph H.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Dreer, Edw. G.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Saul, Rev. James,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Dreer, Ferd. J., Jr.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Santee, Charles,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Douredore, B. L.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Seybert, Henry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Duhring, D. D., Rev. H. L.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Sharpless, Townsend,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Duncan, John A.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Steedman, Rosa,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Elkinton, Joseph S.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Stephens, Emily J. I., M. D.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Elwyn, Alfred,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Stokes, Wm. C.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Elwyn, Mrs. Helen M.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Sulzberger, David,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Fotterall, Stephen G.,</td> - <td><a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Thomas, Geo. C.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Frazer, Dr. John,</td> - <td /> - <td>Thompson, Emma L.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Frazier, W. W.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Tracey, Charles A.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Goodwin, M. H.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Townsend, Henry T.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Grigg, Mary S.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Tyler, W. Graham,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Hall, George W.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Votaw, Albert H.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Harrison, Alfred C.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Waln, L. Morris,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Harrison, Chas. C.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Walk, Jas. W., M. D.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Hockley, Thomas,</td> - <td /> - <td>Warren, E. Burgess,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Ingram, Wm. S.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Watson, Jas. V.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Jeans, Joshua T.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Way, John,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Jenks, John Story,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Weightman, William, - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Jones, Mary T.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Weston, Harry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Jordan, John, Jr.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Wetherell, William Henry,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Justice, W. W.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Whelen, Emily,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Kinke, J.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Whelen, Mary S.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Knight, Reeve L.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Williams, Henry J.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Laing, Anna T.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Williamson, I. V.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Laing, Henry M.,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Willits, Jeremiah,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Lea, M. Carey,</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Willits, Jeremiah, Jr.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Leaming, J. Fisher,</td> - <td /> - <td>Wistar, Edward M.,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td /> - <td>Leeds, Deborah C.,</td> - <td /> - <td>Wood, Walter.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></td> - <td>Lewis, F. Mortimer,</td> - <td /> - <td /> - </tr> -</table> - -<table id="ANNUAL_MEMBERS"> -<caption>ANNUAL MEMBERS.</caption> -<tr> -<td> -Adger, Miss Willian,<br /> -Allen, Clara Hodges,<br /> -Allen, H. Percival,<br /> -Arrison, Anna D.,<br /> -Ashton, Tabor,<br /> -Baggs, Nicholas, Capt.,<br /> -Baily, Albert L.,<br /> -Baird, John E.,<br /> -Baldwin, Harriet H.,<br /> -Barakat, Layyah,<br /> -Barnes, Rev. R. Heber,<br /> -Bartram, T. E.,<br /> -Beiswenger, Paul F.,<br /> -Beiswenger, Rev. F.,<br /> -Belfield, T. Broom,<br /> -Biddle, Miss Christine W.,<br /> -Biddle, Mrs. Clement M.,<br /> -Biddle, William,<br /> -Boggs, Samuel R.,<br /> -Bok, Mrs. Mary Louise,<br /> -Booth, Henry D.,<br /> -Borden, G. W.,<br /> -Bowers, Virginia R.,<br /> -Bradford, Miss Annie,<br /> -Brewer, Franklin N.,<br /> -Brink, Fred Swarts,<br /> -Brinton, Joseph Hill,<br /> -Brown, Ellis, Y.,<br /> -Browning, Mrs. G. G.,<br /> -Buckley, Mrs. Edward S.,<br /> -Burnham, George, Jr.,<br /> -Butterworth, Elizabeth W.,<br /> -Butz, J. Treichler, M. D.,<br /> -Byers, Joseph P.,<br /> -Canby, W. Marriott,<br /> -Carpenter, Mrs. E. Payson,<br /> -Cassell, Henry C.,<br /> -Chichester, S. E.,<br /> -Clark, Frederic L.,<br /> -Clark, E. W.,<br /> -Coale, Thomas E.,<br /> -Coburn, George A.,<br /> -Collins, Henry H.,<br /> -Collins, Henry H., Jr.,<br /> -Colton, Mrs. Mary R.,<br /> -Colton, Mrs. S. W., Jr.,<br /> -Comfort, Henry W.,<br /> -Conard, C. Wilfred,<br /> -Cope, Mrs. Edward,<br /> -Cope, Mrs. Eliza M.,<br /> -Cope, Miss Margaret,<br /> -Daniel, C. A.,<br /> -de Benedetto, Rev. A.,<br /> -De Haven, Miss Clara B.,<br /> -De Haven, Miss Sarah Cole,<br /> -deLong, Mary Ella,<br /> -Develin, James Aylward,<br /> -Dewees, J. H.,<br /> -Dewees, Watson W.,<br /> -d’Invilliers, Charles E.,<br /> -Disston, Albert H.,<br /> -Disston, Jennie C.,<br /> -Drexel, Mary S. Irick,<br /> -Dripps, Robert Dunning,<br /> -Ecroyd, Charles E.,<br /> -Edmonds, Franklin S.,<br /> -Elkinton, Joseph,<br /> -Emlen, Samuel,<br /> -Emlen, Miss Dorothea,<br /> -Fernberger, Henry,<br /> -Fisher, Geo. Harrison,<br /> -Fleisher, Samuel S.,<br /> -Fleisher, Moyer,<br /> -Frick, Esther,<br /> -Funk, Lawson C.,<br /> -Galenbeck, Louis C.,<br /> -Garges, Anna K.,<br /> -Garrett, Elizabeth N.,<br /> -Gerhard, Luther,<br /> -Gerhard, Arthur H.,<br /> -Gerhard, Mrs. Arthur H.,<br /> -Gillingham, Anna H.,<br /> -Graff, Charles F.,<br /> -Greene, Sallie H.,<br /> -Haines, Dr. H. I.,<br /> -Haines, Henry E.,<br /> -Haines, Robert B., Jr.,<br /> -Hallowell, William S.,<br /> -Haney, Rein G.,<br /> -Harding, Miss M. W.,<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -Harris, Rev. J. Andrews,<br /> -Harris, Mrs. J. Campbell,<br /> -Harris, J. Linn,<br /> -Hastings, Charles P.,<br /> -Heller, Clyde A.,<br /> -Henderson, George R.,<br /> -Hill, Miss Elizabeth A.,<br /> -Hodge, Mrs. Lydia B. Penrose,<br /> -Hoffman, Jacob,<br /> -Howe, Mrs. Mary W. F.,<br /> -Hutton, George S.,<br /> -Jenkins, Theodore F.,<br /> -Kane, Miss Florence Bayard,<br /> -</td> -<td> -Kaufman, John G.,<br /> -Kehler, Dr. B. Frank,<br /> -Keith, Elsie Wister,<br /> -Kennedy, Harry,<br /> -Koelle, William,<br /> -Lamartine, Rev. Phillip,<br /> -Landis, Dr. H. R. M.,<br /> -Latimer, Emilie T.,<br /> -Latimer, George A.,<br /> -Latimer, Rebecca P.,<br /> -Latimer, Rev. Thomas,<br /> -Leeds, Austin C.,<br /> -Lewis, William Draper,<br /> -Longshore, Frank H.,<br /> -Lovett, Louisa D.,<br /> -Lowry, Wm. C.,<br /> -McCord, Rufus,<br /> -McFedries, Miss Annie.<br /> -Magee, George W.,<br /> -Maier, Paul D. I.,<br /> -Mallery, Otto T.,<br /> -Marshall, Bertha K. C.,<br /> -Martin, Hon. J. Willis,<br /> -Mayer, Mrs. Henry C.,<br /> -Mellor, Alfred,<br /> -Miller, Isaac P.,<br /> -Miller, Mrs. Benj.,<br /> -Minnich, Rev. M. Reed,<br /> -Montgomery, Henry S.,<br /> -Morris, Anna Wharton,<br /> -Morris, C. Christopher,<br /> -Morris, Marriott C.,<br /> -Morris, William,<br /> -Mullowney, John J., M. D.,<br /> -Murphy, William T.,<br /> -Newkirk, John B.,<br /> -Newlin, Sarah,<br /> -Nichols, Carroll B.,<br /> -Niles, Henry C.,<br /> -Obermayer, Leon J.,<br /> -Oetinger, Albert,<br /> -Ohl, Rev. J. F,<br /> -Paisley, Harry E.,<br /> -Palmer, T. Chalkley,<br /> -Pancoast, Linda H.,<br /> -Park, Richard G.,<br /> -Patterson, T. H. Hoge,<br /> -Perot, Mary William,<br /> -Platt, Miss L. N.,<br /> -Purves, G. Colesbury,<br /> -Rakestraw, Frederick A.,<br /> -Randolph, Mrs. Evan,<br /> -Reeves, Francis B.,<br /> -Reilly, Anna L.,<br /> -Rhoads, William E.,<br /> -Richardson, Charles,<br /> -Roberts, Charles C.,<br /> -Roberts, Owen J.,<br /> -Robinson, Anthony W.,<br /> -Robinson, Louis N.,<br /> -Rosengarten, Joseph G.,<br /> -Roser, William,<br /> -Rouse, Wm. M.,<br /> -Schaeffer, Paul N.,<br /> -Schoch, Mrs. Parke,<br /> -Schwarz, G. A.,<br /> -Scott, Norris J.,<br /> -Scull, E. Marshall,<br /> -Senft, Rev. F. H.,<br /> -Shoemaker, Comly B.,<br /> -Simmington, Charles C.,<br /> -Snellenburg, Samuel,<br /> -Starr, Miss Rhoda,<br /> -Steele, Joseph M.,<br /> -Stewart, Henry C.,<br /> -Stone, Mrs. Virginia G.,<br /> -Tatum, Joseph W.,<br /> -Thesen, Oluf,<br /> -Thomas, Mrs. George C.,<br /> -Tomkins, Rev. Floyd W.,<br /> -Turner, Mrs. Charles P.,<br /> -Vaux, Miss Meta,<br /> -Wallace, Mrs. C. Jaquins,<br /> -Walton, Harrison,<br /> -Warren, William C.,<br /> -Wentz, Catharine A.,<br /> -Wetherell, George S.,<br /> -Wetherell, Mary S.,<br /> -Wetherill, Rev. Francis Macomb,<br /> -White, Elias H.,<br /> -White, Elizabeth W.,<br /> -Wilkins, George W.,<br /> -Williams, Charles,<br /> -Williams, Ellis D.,<br /> -Williams, Henry S.,<br /> -Wilson, James L.,<br /> -Wing, Asa S.,<br /> -Wood, H. Wellington,<br /> -Yarnall, William S.,<br /> -Yarrow, George R.,<br /> -Yarrow, Mrs. George R.,<br /> -Ziegler, J. W.<br /></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="INDEX">INDEX.</h2> - -<table class="toc2col"> - <tr> - <td /> - <td><small>PAGE</small></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#REPORT_OF_ACTING_COMMITTEE">Acting Committee, report of,</a></td> - <td>7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#AGRICULTURAL_PRISON_LABOR">Agricultural Prison Labor,</a></td> - <td>60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#MINUTES_OF_ANNUAL_MEETING">Annual Meeting, minutes of,</a></td> - <td>5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#BOARD_OF_PUBLIC_CHARITIES_AND_PRISON_LABOR">Board of Public Charities and Prison Labor,</a></td> - <td>67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#COMMISSION_TO_INVESTIGATE_PENAL_SYSTEMS">Commission to Investigate Penal Systems,</a></td> - <td>19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#ACT_PROVIDING_FOR_COMMITTEE_ON_DELINQUENCY">Committee on Delinquency, act providing for,</a></td> - <td>47</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#STANDING_COMMITTEES_FOR_1919">Committees, standing,</a></td> - <td>4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#COUNTY_PRISONS">County Prisons,</a></td> - <td>33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#FINANCIAL_ARGUMENT_FOR_PRISON_FARMS">Financial Argument for Prison Farms,</a></td> - <td>65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#REPORT_OF_GENERAL_AGENT">General Agent, report of,</a></td> - <td>16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#HOME_OF_INDUSTRY">Home of Industry,</a></td> - <td>68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#INDUSTRIAL_FARMS_ACT">Industrial Farms, act providing for,</a></td> - <td>54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#MEMBERS_LIST">Members, lists of,</a></td> - <td>81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#MILITARY_DISCIPLINE_AND_PUNISHMENTS">Military Discipline and Punishments,</a></td> - <td>69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#OBITUARIES">Obituaries,</a></td> - <td>14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#OFFICERS_LIST">Officers, list of,</a></td> - <td>3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#OFFICIAL_VISITORS">Official Visitors,</a></td> - <td>Page 2 of cover</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#PAROLE_WORK_EASTERN_PENITENTIARY">Parole Work, Eastern Penitentiary,</a></td> - <td>17</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#PENAL_SYSTEMS_REPORT_OF_COMMISSION">Penal Systems, report of Commission,</a></td> - <td>19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#PRISON_EXPERIENCES">Prison Experiences,</a></td> - <td>76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#PROBATION_AND_PAROLE">Probation and Parole,</a></td> - <td>39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#PROHIBITION_AND_ARRESTS">Prohibition, effect of, on arrests,</a></td> - <td>80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td /> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#REPORT_OF_TREASURER">Treasurer, report of,</a></td> - <td>15</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p> - -<p>The Pennsylvania Prison Society was founded under the -name “Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public -Prisons,” May 8, 1787.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It was incorporated under same name April 6, 1833.</p> - -<p>The objects named in the Charter were three:</p> - -<p>1. Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.</p> - -<p>2. Improvement of Prison Discipline.</p> - -<p>3. Relief of Discharged Prisoners.</p></blockquote> - -<p>By order of the Court, the corporate title was changed -January 27, 1886, to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON -SOCIETY.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Copies of this <span class="smcap">Journal</span> will be forwarded on request to any -address without charge.</p> - -<p>Financial contributions are needed to carry on the work of -this Society.</p> - -<p>All correspondence and contributions should be addressed -to The Pennsylvania Prison Society at 119 South Fourth Street, -Philadelphia, Pa.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<hr class="short" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> -Approved and proposed by the Commission on Penal Systems.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> -Approved and proposed by the Commission on Penal Systems.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> -Information taken from Major W. S. Kellog’s “The Conscientious -Objector,” 1919.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> -Deceased.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber’s Note:</h3> - -<p>Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. -Printing errors, such as backwards or upside down letters, were -corrected; duplicate words were deleted; missing punctuation was added.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 5, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, 1919 *** - -***** This file should be named 55568-h.htm or 55568-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/6/55568/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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