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diff --git a/old/55568-0.txt b/old/55568-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f4c0d00..0000000 --- a/old/55568-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4254 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 5, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Journal of Prison Discipline and Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 58) - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: September 17, 2017 [EBook #55568] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, 1919 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Wayne Hammond and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from scanned images of public domain -material from the Google Books project.) - - - - - - - - - - NEW SERIES No. 58 - - THE JOURNAL - OF - PRISON DISCIPLINE - AND - PHILANTHROPY - - REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE - - REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE - PRISON SYSTEMS - - MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS, ETC. - - 1919 - - ISSUED ANNUALLY BY - THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY - FORREST BUILDING, 119 SOUTH FOURTH STREET - PHILADELPHIA, PA. - - PRESS OF ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT, PHILADELPHIA. - - -OFFICIAL VISITORS. - -No person who is not an official visitor of the prison, or who has not -a written permission, according to such rules as the Inspector may -adopt as aforesaid, shall be allowed to visit the same; the official -visitors are: the Governor, the Speaker and members of the Senate; the -Speaker and members of the House of Representatives; the Secretary of -the Commonwealth; the Judges of the Supreme Court; the Attorney-General -and his Deputies; the President and Associate Judges of all the Courts -in the State; the Mayor and Recorders of the cities of Philadelphia, -Lancaster and Pittsburgh; Commissioners and Sheriffs of the several -Counties; and the “ACTING COMMITTEE OF THE PHILADELPHIA SOCIETY FOR -ALLEVIATING THE MISERIES OF PUBLIC PRISONS.” (Note: Now named “THE -PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.”)--_Section 7, Act of April 23, 1829._ - -The above was supplemented by the following Act, approved March 20, -1903: - - -AN ACT - - To make active or visiting committees of Societies incorporated - for the purpose of visiting and instructing prisoners official - visitors of penal and reformatory institutions. - -SECTION 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the active or visiting committee -of any society heretofore incorporated and now existing in the -Commonwealth for the purpose of visiting and instructing prisoners, -or persons confined in any penal or reformatory institution, and -alleviating their miseries, shall be and are hereby made official -visitors of any jail, penitentiary, or other penal or reformatory -institution in this Commonwealth, maintained at the public expense, -with the same powers, privileges and functions as are vested in the -official visitors of prisons and penitentiaries as now prescribed by -law: _Provided_, That no active or visiting committee of any such -society shall be entitled to visit such jails or penal institutions, -under this act unless notice of the names of the members of such -committee, and the terms of their appointment, is given by such society -in writing, under its corporate seal, to the warden, superintendent or -other officer in charge of such jail or other officer in charge of any -such jail or other penal institution. - -APPROVED--The 20th day of March, A. D. 1903. - - - - - NEW SERIES No. 58 - - THE JOURNAL - OF - PRISON DISCIPLINE - AND - PHILANTHROPY - - REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE - - REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE - PRISON SYSTEMS - - MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS, ETC. - - 1919 - - ISSUED ANNUALLY BY - THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY - FORREST BUILDING, 119 SOUTH FOURTH STREET - PHILADELPHIA, PA. - - -FORM OF BEQUEST OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. - - -I give and bequeath to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY” the sum -of................Dollars. - - -FORM OF DEVISE OF REAL ESTATE. - -I give and bequeath to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY” all that -certain piece and parcel of land. (Here enter the description.) - - - - - OFFICERS FOR THE SOCIETY FOR 1919 - - - PRESIDENT - - EDWARD M. WISTAR, Provident Building, Philadelphia. - - - VICE-PRESIDENT - - NORRIS J. SCOTT, Moylan, Pa. - - - SECRETARY - - ALBERT H. VOTAW, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia. - - - ASSISTANT SECRETARY - - CHARLES P. HASTINGS, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia. - - - TREASURER - - JOHN WAY, 409 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. - - - COUNSELORS - - FREDERICK L. CLARK, West End Trust Building, Philadelphia. - WILLIAM DRAPER LEWIS, Law Department, University of Pennsylvania. - - - GENERAL AGENT - - FREDERICK J. POOLEY, 119 S. Fourth Street, Philadelphia. - - -ACTING COMMITTEE - - FOR ONE YEAR - - Harrison Walton John A. Duncan Fred Swarts Brink - Charles P. Hastings Mrs. Mary S. Grigg Dr. B. Frank Kehler - Rev. F. H. Senft William Morris Dr. J. J. Mullowney - Isaac P. Miller Mrs. Emma L. Thompson Robert B. Haines, Jr. - Charles McDole Rev. Thomas Latimer H. Wellington Wood - - - FOR TWO YEARS - - Harry Kennedy George S. Wetherell Dr. Charles Williams - Henry C. Cassel Frank H. Longshore Charles C. Simmington - Mrs. Layyah Barakat C. Wilfred Conard Mrs. Eliza M. Cope - Rev. J. F. Ohl Rev. M. Reed Minnich Watson W. Dewees - Mary S. Wetherell Miss Emily Whelen George A. Coburn - - - FOR THREE YEARS - - Frederick J. Pooley Miss Annie McFedries Joseph P. Byers - William Koelle Dr. John Frazer Franklin S. Edmonds - Deborah C. Leeds Dr. J. Treichler Butz Leon J. Obermayer - Mrs. Clara Hodges Allen George W. Wilkins Miss M. N. Cochran, Jr. - Miss Rebecca P. Latimer Mrs. Mary Ella deLong Miss Florence B. Kane - - -ACTING COMMITTEE FOR THE STATE-AT-LARGE - -FOR ONE YEAR FOR TWO YEARS FOR THREE YEARS -BUCKS COUNTY ALLEGHENY COUNTY ALLEGHENY COUNTY -Mrs. Anna K. Garges Paul T. Beiswenger Rev. F. W. Beiswenger - -CHESTER COUNTY MONTGOMERY COUNTY CENTRE COUNTY -Mrs. B. K. C. Marshall Capt. Nicholas Baggs Hon. J. Linn Harris - -YORK COUNTY LUZERNE COUNTY -Miss Rhoda M. Starr Mrs. Anabel Wallace - - - - -STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1919 - - -_Visiting Committee--Eastern Penitentiary_: - - -MEN - - Rev. J. F. Ohl Charles P. Hastings Edward M. Wistar - Rev. F. H. Senft Charles McDole Fred Swarts Brink - Harry Kennedy John A. Duncan George W. Wilkins - William Koelle Albert H. Votaw Dr. B. F. Kehler - George S. Wetherell Rev. Thomas Latimer Leon J. Obermayer - Henry C. Cassel Isaac P. Miller Chas. C. Simmington - Harrison Walton Rev. M. Reed Minnich Geo. A. Coburn - Frank H. Longshore Dr. Charles Williams H. Wellington Wood - William Morris - - -WOMEN - - Deborah C. Leeds Miss R. P. Latimer Mrs. Mary Ella deLong - Mary S. Wetherell Miss Emily Whelen Mrs. Layyah Barakat - Mrs. Mary S. Grigg - - -_Visiting Committee_--_Philadelphia County Prison_--_Moyamensing_: - - John A. Duncan Norris J. Scott Deborah C. Leeds - Rev. J. F. Ohl H. Wellington Wood Mrs. Clara Hodges Allen - Frederick J. Pooley Albert H. Votaw Miss R. P. Latimer - - -_Visiting Committee_--_Philadelphia County Prison_--_Holmesburg_: - - Frederick J. Pooley William Koelle John A. Duncan - - -_Visiting Committee_--_House of Correction_: - - William Koelle Robert B. Haines, Jr. - Fred Swarts Brink Mrs. Layyah Barakat - - -_Committee on Discharged Prisoners_: - - Dr. Charles Williams George W. Wilkins - Miss Florence B. Kane Charles P. Hastings - - -_Committee on Legislation_: - - Rev. J. F. Ohl Mrs. E. M. Cope Hon. J. Linn Harris - C. Wilfred Conard Joseph P. Byers - - -_Committee on Membership_: - - Isaac P. Miller George W. Wilkins Miss M. N. Cochran, Jr. - John A. Duncan George S. Wetherell - - -_Committee on Police Matrons_: - - Mrs. Mary S. Grigg Miss Emily Whelen Mrs. Mary Ella deLong - - -_Editorial Committee_: - - Rev. J. F. Ohl Miss Florence B. Kane Joseph P. Byers - Rev. F. H. Senft Albert H. Votaw - - -_Finance Committee_: - - George S. Wetherell John A. Duncan - Robert B. Haines, Jr. Fred Swarts Brink - - -_Auditors_: - - John A. Duncan Isaac P. Miller Watson W. Dewees - - - - -THE JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE AND PHILANTHROPY - - -ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON -SOCIETY. - - -The 132d Annual Meeting of THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY was held -by appointment in Assembly Hall, Church Building, northwest corner -Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia, on the evening of January 14, -1919, President Edward M. Wistar in the Chair. - -Twenty-five members were present. - -The Minutes of the 131st Meeting were read and approved. - -The Report of the Acting Committee for the year 1918 was read by the -Secretary. It was approved and directed to be printed. (See pages 7-14.) - -The Treasurer, John Way, presented a detailed statement of the receipts -and payments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1918, accompanied -by a schedule of the securities held for the Society by the Fiscal -Agent, The Provident Life and Trust Company. The statement had been -audited and the securities had been examined by the auditors. (See page -15.) - -On behalf of the Committee on Nominations, the Secretary presented a -list of nominations for the Officers of the Society and for members of -the Acting Committee to succeed those whose terms expire on February -1. Watson W. Dewees and George S. Wetherell were appointed Tellers. -The election being duly held the persons nominated were elected to the -offices designated in the report of the Committee. (See page 3.) - -A communication was read, sent by Leonard G. Yoder, Esq., Solicitor -for the Berks County Prison, calling attention to the fact that the -Act of the Assembly, approved 1917, provided that prisoners in the -county prisons could be employed at agricultural labor only during the -continuance of the war which is now interrupted by the armistice. The -net profit of the labor of prisoners thus employed in Berks County in -1918 was $800, and the Solicitor recommends that this Act should apply -permanently and requests that this Society should exert an influence -on the present Assembly for the purpose of encouraging the continuation -of this beneficial measure for the employment of prisoners. By motion, -the communication was referred to the Legislative Committee of the -Acting Committee. - -Dr. George W. Kirchwey of New York delivered the Annual Address. He is -the Counsel for the Commission under appointment to investigate prisons -and to recommend such revision of our present penal system as may seem -advisable. While the report of the Commission was not yet entirely -prepared, he intimated that some scheme of Central Administration would -be proposed, not so much to take the management away from the present -Boards of Inspectors as to exercise advisory and supervisory powers and -to correlate our various correctional institutions. The conditions now -obtaining in regard to the employment of prisoners were deplorable in -this Keystone State, and it was the aim of the Commission to provide -some form of productive labor for all able-bodied prisoners. They were -prepared to recommend an extension of agricultural operations and -favored the early removal of the Eastern Penitentiary to a farm in the -eastern portion of the State. He deprecated every form of brutality in -the treatment of delinquents and evidently thought the old repressive -spirit and measures could still be found to have lodgment in some -of our prisons. He was sure that a large number of our prisoners, -possibly a majority, were mentally deficient and ought to have special -treatment adapted to their needs, which, under present circumstances -of incarceration, was impossible. If we wish to restore the men whom -we confine in our prisons, we must do more than simply restrain them -within certain limits; we must treat them as erring brothers and -sisters, not as dumb driven cattle. - -To nominate to our next Annual Meeting the officers of the Society -and members of the Acting Committee whose terms expire next year, the -President appointed William Biddle, Robert Dunning Dripps, John A. -Duncan, William C. Warren and Miss Emily Whelen. - - ALBERT H. VOTAW, - _Secretary_. - - -REPORT OF ACTING COMMITTEE FOR THE YEAR 1918. - -At a meeting which was held May 8, 1787, in Philadelphia, at which -the “Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Prisons” -was organized, provision was made for the appointment of an Acting -Committee which should discharge the executive functions of the -Society. It was composed of nine persons, the President, the two -Vice-Presidents, and six additional members. The first Acting Committee -was composed of - - Bishop William White, President, - Dr. Henry Helmuth, Vice-President, - Richard Wells, Vice-President. - - -Additional members: - - Tench Coxe, John Kaighn, - Dr. George Duffield, Benjamin Wynkoop, - William Rogers, George Krebs. - -From time to time, on account of additional duties, responsibilities -and opportunities for service, this Committee has been enlarged until -at the present time it is limited to sixty persons, and at the present -time is composed of fifty-six members. - -In 1886 the name of the Society was changed to “The Pennsylvania Prison -Society”--a name indicating no change of purpose, but rather a wider -scope of operations. - -In the year 1829, the Acting Committee, by Act of Assembly, were -appointed Official Visitors of all prisons in the Commonwealth. Our -Society was the only one having such duties until the year 1903, when, -by another Act of the Assembly, the privilege was granted to the Acting -Committee of the Catholic Society for the Visitation of Prisoners. - - -OFFICIAL VISITATION. - -While many members of our Visiting Committees have been zealous in -their endeavor to open the door of hope to the prisoners, and to -stimulate them to higher ideals of life, the general conditions -obtaining in the prisons have also claimed attention. It is a -prescribed function of the Visiting Committee of any prison, whether -State or County, to note the “condition of the buildings ... the -discipline and management,” and to make report of their observations. -Great discretion and a full understanding of the situation are -essential in publishing the results of such comments and observations. -In the early history of our organization, there were so many abuses -prevalent in the management of prisons that by far the larger part -of the activities of the Acting Committee consisted in the effort to -remedy the evils of management. These efforts were eminently successful -in those days of emergence from medieval methods; and while we all -rejoice in the very great amelioration of conditions, it must be -confessed that penal improvement has lagged behind all other agencies -for betterment. If we compare our educational system, hospitals, -transportation methods, agricultural development--any field of human -endeavor--with our correctional institutions, we are overwhelmed by the -extreme lack of corresponding progress. - - -PERSONAL VISITATION. - -The reports of the Visiting Committees for the year 1918 indicate that -there is no loss of interest or effort in seeking to restore men and -women to their better selves. In consequence of the quarantine caused -by the epidemic of influenza, which resulted in keeping visitors away -from four to six weeks, the statistics do not bulk as large as usual. - - Number of reported visits to the Eastern Penitentiary 337 - Number of reported interviews with the inmates 6,435 - Number of reported interviews with the inmates of the - Philadelphia County Prison 3,631 - Number of prisoners interviewed at Central Station - by Agent 15,933 - Number of discharged prisoners receiving direct aid 590 - -On practically every Sabbath one or more of our members take part in -the religious services in the prisons. - -We are convinced that many of those with whom we meet from time to time -are victims of circumstances, and also that many of them are defective -in mentality and in self control. At some time, we trust the General -Assembly will take up seriously the subject of the degenerates who need -treatment in accordance with the most approved psychiatric methods. -Some of them need institutional care for a much longer time than is -indicated by the Court sentence. Here they should be restrained until -they are deemed ready to become useful to the community. - - -EMPLOYMENT OF PRISONERS. - -In the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the most flagrant evil of -the prisons is the lack of wholesome employments for the inmates. -Even some of our laws designed to help conditions have aggravated the -evil. For instance, the law of 1913, which, with the best intentions, -repealed other laws for employment in the State Penal Institutions, -in order that the inmates might all be employed in making articles -for State use, did not create a sure market for the articles thus -manufactured, and therefore the number of prisoners profitably employed -in the penitentiaries is not so large as under a former law when 35 -per cent. of them could be kept at work in the manufacture of articles -or products to be sold in the open market. A simple remedy for this -deplorable state of affairs may be found in granting the privilege -of selling the surplus stock in the market at the prevailing price. -Organized labor found undesirable competition with the products of free -labor only when the prisoners were employed on the vicious contract -system. Under the present methods, the prisoners are to receive a fair -wage and the products are to be sold at the market price. Perhaps -we could make a beginning by listing certain industries in which -the convicts may be employed. Place no restrictions on agricultural -products, including canned goods, on the work of stone crushing and in -general the manufacture of road-making material, and also allow two or -three indoor industries, such as the manufacture of carpets and knit -goods. Thus the problem may be solved. When we consider the very small -number of persons so employed in comparison with the hordes of outside -workers, it appears very evident that the amount of real competition -would reduce to the vanishing point. No industry would be injured, the -tax-payers would be relieved from a large part of the expense, the -prisoners would earn their own maintenance, and thus the demoralizing -effects of idleness would be averted. - - -DISCHARGED PRISONERS. - -It has sometimes been stated that for some visitors, the prisoner -loses his charm when released from confinement. He may be decidedly -interesting behind the bars, or perhaps he may be simply an object -of curiosity, or a psychological specimen to be studied, like some -abnormal freak of nature. Within the wall the visitor may show warmth, -interest, cordiality, sympathy, a certain degree of familiarity, -but on the outside the atmosphere is below zero. This is a species -of charlatanism for which we have no sympathy. It is an exceedingly -important part of our mission to set the discharged man on his feet, -and to establish his goings. If ever any man needed sympathy and -material aid, it is when the man released from confinement again -becomes a member of the community. Not all the men and women who are -released seem to require special help, but those who are in need are -very greatly dependent upon human kindness till they have regained some -sense of confidence and have again become self-supporting. If aid and -good cheer are not forthcoming at this crucial time of testing, there -is imminent danger of a relapse into former bad habits. We believe that -all of our visitors realize the importance of maintaining our interest -and kindly feeling for the prisoner at the time of his release. - - -SECURING EMPLOYMENT. - -During the last two years there has been no difficulty in finding work -for any able-bodied man. There are some disappointments, but we are -learning not to become discouraged. Possibly we may allow ourselves to -dwell unduly on the failures, when we should recall the many instances -of reclamation. The saying “Once a crook, always a crook” has no -place either in our experience or in our philosophy. If this saying -represents a truth, we would become pessimistic regarding the human -race. Show us the man or woman who has never erred. Please note some -examples:-- - -The other day we met “A” on Market Street. Accompanied by his little -son, he was speeding away in his “flivver.” He stopped to give us a -greeting, and indicated that happiness and prosperity were his portion. - -“B” is a spick and span policeman in a neighboring city. Though you may -say “Set a thief to catch a thief,” this particular guardian of the -public peace is discharging his duty to the community. - -“C” seemed particularly pleased to meet us the other day uptown. He had -joined the church, and had attained to the dignity of usher. - -“D,” who was once an accomplished burglar, having served at least two -terms in prison, has built up a manufacturing industry, and is quite -prosperous. - -“E” is foreman in the jewelry department of a large department store -“somewhere in America.” - -“F,” a one-armed piece of ebon jollity, is one of the handiest men -employed on a certain prosperous truck farm. - -“G,” who began cooking for Blank Firm at $10 weekly wages, now reports -with a grin that he is getting $65 a month with board and lodging. - -“H” is one of the most popular clerks in the office of a mammoth -establishment. That he once fell from grace is known, but it is no -longer reckoned against him. - -“I” one year ago began as a solicitor and now his business has so -enlarged that he has taken a suite of rooms for his office. - -We could easily exhaust the alphabet with such cases. There are -failures, but we try to discount our disappointments when we take -account of those who are “making good.” The Parole Officers have -informed us that seventy-five per cent. are becoming satisfactory -citizens. By far the larger part of those whom we willingly assist, in -a short time are beyond our ken. They take with them our hopes and our -fears--our fears, that they may again yield to the manifold temptations -on every hand; our hopes, that they have learned their lesson, and with -courage and by the help of divine grace are performing their duty to -the community. - - -A REVOLVING RELIEF FUND. - -A few of those to whom we render assistance return a part, or all, -of the funds which we have advanced to them. We do not press them -for payment. Those who are invalids or who have families to support -are not expected to repay us. From many years of experience, we have -learned that it is not wise indiscriminately to make grants of cash -in hand. Old chums are waiting just around the corner for a treat. -Temptations of all sorts are manifold. We guarantee bills for board -and lodging, purchase tools and clothing, furnish transportation, and -provide outfits for those who are sent to the State Sanatoriums. But -there are some who should feel an obligation to return the value of the -assistance rendered. Thus we hope to create a sort of revolving fund -which may be used for cases of need, and when returned is ready for the -next man. Many of these released men have some natural pride or self -respect, and do not wish to be considered mendicants. - - -THE AMERICAN PRISON ASSOCIATION. - -On account of the epidemic of influenza so prevalent in the autumn, -the meeting of the American Prison Association was called off. At a -meeting of the Executive Committee held recently it was concluded to -postpone till next year the sessions of this body. New York had been -selected as the place, and it has been decided to meet in the same -city, October 20-24, 1919. - - -THE AGENT’S WORK AT THE CENTRAL POLICE STATION. - -One of the most important features of our relief work is under the -management of our Agent, Mr. Fred J. Pooley, at the Central Station, -City Hall. From the forty-two Police Stations throughout the city, -there arrive almost hourly at this Central Station van loads of human -freight which in some way or other must be quickly disposed of by the -Committing Magistrate. Most of these are petty offenders, but also -there are numerous cases of arrest on suspicion or for vagrancy, and -such as these need special care in order to prevent injustice, and to -be saved from criminal associations. Agent Pooley endeavors to have a -brief interview with these derelicts or victims of misfortune before -they are taken before the Magistrate. In ten months of last year he -thus interviewed 15,933 arrested persons, and on their behalf wrote to -their friends 1,937 letters. His experience for many years has taught -him to distinguish the ring of the true from the sound of the false, so -that when the cases come up before the Court, he is ready to interpose -a word on behalf of the accused person. Often the unfortunate man or -woman, boy or girl, is placed in the care of the agent, who sends them -to their homes or friends, or places them in some detention home until -he may verify their story or hear from their parents or relatives. No -day passes with a blank record in this work of rescue. - -In the Agent’s report, an abstract of which is printed in the Annual -Journal of which this report forms a part, a number of instances are -narrated, illustrating the importance of this service. - -During the time of the closing of the saloons on account of the -epidemic of influenza, the number of arrests for drunkenness and -disorderly conduct greatly decreased, thus clearly demonstrating that a -prohibitory law would have a decided tendency very greatly to diminish -crime and disorder in this city. - - -LEGISLATION. - -We have delayed the printing of our annual report in order to include -in the JOURNAL the Report of the Commission to Investigate Prison -Systems, of which the Secretary of the Society is a member. The -Legislative Committee of the Society has endorsed the findings of the -Commission and has urgently requested the General Assembly to take -favorable action on the bills presented by the Commission. A synopsis -of these bills presents the following desirable features. - -1. The enlargement of the functions of the State Board of Public -Charities so as to include the appointment from their number of a -Committee on Delinquency with supervisory power over all prisons of the -Commonwealth and with authority to condemn unsanitary conditions and -provide for betterment, and also to have especial direction over the -prison industries. Medical and psychiatric examination of convicts is -provided with power to transfer defective criminals to the institution -most suitable for their care and restoration. - -2. The establishment of State Industrial Farms to which those sentenced -to the county jails may be sent. - -3. An Amendment to the law of 1911 which deals with the imposition of -sentences by the Courts to the extent that convicted prisoners may be -eligible for parole when one-third of the maximum sentence has expired. - -4. Abolition of the fee system in county jails, a practice universally -condemned by all who have studied the problem. - -5. The removal of the Eastern Penitentiary to a farm in the eastern -part of the State. This suggestion is in line with the recommendation -of the Commission of 1915 of which the present Warden was a member. At -that time the purchase of a farm for the use of the institution was -proposed. - -6. The provision that goods and articles made by the labor of prisoners -shall be used whenever practicable by public institutions of the -Commonwealth, thus insuring a market for such products. - -The full report of the Commission is found in the present issue of the -JOURNAL, pages 19-46. - - -THE ROLL OF MEMBERS. - -During the last year we have to a considerable extent enlarged the -membership of our Society. We presented the matter to a number of our -citizens, many of whom had been contributors to our work for some time, -who very cordially accepted membership. Seventy-five persons have -been added to our membership during the year 1918, and we are deeply -gratified to place on our roll the names of so many estimable citizens. -The number of members at the present time, including life members, is -252. - - -MORTUARY NOTICES. - -During the last year four of the members of the Acting Committee have -been called away by death. - -In January our dear friend, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gormly, who has -faithfully visited for many years the prisoners in Pittsburgh, died -at an advanced age. She had been a member since 1903. She was also -connected with the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, being the State -Superintendent of Evangelistic Work among Prisoners. - -In August, Mrs. Annie Fassitt, of Philadelphia, also of an advanced -age, passed from works to rewards. She had been a member from 1896, -and had given special assistance to hundreds of prisoners. She was -one of the founders of the “Door of Blessing,” and for many years -was prominent in the support and management of this effort for the -restoration of erring sisters. She was a real “Angel of Mercy.” - -John Smallzell, a member since 1905, also passed away in the month of -August. His visits to Eastern Penitentiary will long be remembered. -Wherever he went, he took a message of good cheer. He was most sincere -and devout, and carried with him everywhere the influence of a devoted -Christian life. - -In April, 1919, our esteemed Vice-President Joseph C. Noblit, in the -eighty-sixth year of his life, was called to his everlasting home. -He was elected a member of the Society in 1899 and was made a member -of the Acting Committee in 1900. In 1916 he was chosen as one of the -Vice-Presidents, and on occasion presided at the meetings of the Acting -Committee with dignity and a high sense of responsibility. He was a -diligent attender of the meetings and his judgment on the many matters -coming before the Committee was sound and discreet. He was a faithful -visitor to the inmates of our prisons, earnest in the endeavor to bring -to them a true gospel message and to induce them to choose the better -way of living. He knew the deep principles of experimental religion, -and was solicitous that all with whom he came in contact should know -for themselves the consolations of a devoted Christian life. “He giveth -his beloved sleep.” - -On behalf of the Acting Committee, - - EDWARD M. WISTAR, - _President_. - - ALBERT H. VOTAW, - _Secretary_. - - -FINANCIAL STATEMENT. - - RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR 1918. - - To Balance January 1, 1918 $1,716 94 - “ Contributions 3,439 00 - “ Dues from Annual Members 410 00 - “ Life Membership (Edw. M. Wistar) 50 00 - “ Income from Investments 2,152 60 - “ Income from I. V. Williamson Charities 720 00 - “ Income from Anna Blanchard Fund 220 50 - “ Income from Joshua L. Baily Fund 157 62 - “ Income from Henry A. Rogers Fund 25 20 - “ Income from Isaac Barton (Tool Fund) 80 33 - “ Interest on deposits 42 05 - “ Sale of Literature 90 - “ Returned by Discharged Prisoners 40 25 - “ Refund Account Wardens’ Conference 129 45 - --------- - Total Receipts $9,184 84 - - PAYMENTS. - - For Aid and Relief Discharged Prisoners $1,408 34 - “ Journal and other Publications 650 80 - “ Dues, various affiliated Associations 11 00 - “ Library, Periodicals 27 35 - “ Postage, Printing, Stationery 383 75 - “ Office Expenses, Telephone, Incidentals 275 89 - “ Traveling Expenses, Secretary and Agent 98 60 - “ Rent of Office 480 00 - “ Salaries of Officers 3,710 00 - “ Life Membership Fee Transferred to Fiscal Agent 50 00 - “ Balance, December 31, 1918 2,089 11 - --------- - Total Payments including balance $9,184 84 - - REPORT ON FUNDS HELD FOR HOME OF INDUSTRY. - - Receipts on Account of Income $361 28 - Payments to Home of Industry 361 28 - - Respectfully, - JOHN WAY, _Treasurer_. - -We the undersigned members of the Audit Committee, have examined the -foregoing account of John Way, Treasurer, compared the payments with -the vouchers, and believe the same to be correct. - -We have also examined securities in the hands of our agents, The -Provident Life and Trust Company of Philadelphia, and find them to -agree with the list thereto attached. - - Philadelphia January 1, 1919. JOHN A. DUNCAN, - ISAAC P. MILLER, - _Auditing Committee_. - - -REPORT OF GENERAL AGENT FREDERICK J. POOLEY. - -During the year 1918 the Agent made daily visits to the cell-room at -the Central Station at City Hall. Twenty thousand and thirty-nine -men and women prisoners were detained there for preliminary trial, -15,933 of whom the Agent visited while at the Central Station and the -remainder after they arrived at Moyamensing Prison. - - Number visited at County Prisons 2,829 - Number of notices and letters written on their behalf 1,888 - Number discharged prisoners receiving financial aid 345 - -The opportunities for helpful service are very numerous. In a large -number of cases of suspicion or of a trivial character, the Agent has -been instrumental in securing the discharge of the prisoners, or in -placing them under the care of the Probation Officer, thus saving their -family from disgrace and the County from expense. - -It might be of interest to mention a few cases of interest. - -No. 1. A young man from the west, arrested as a suspicious character, -had been from home nine years, and was held for a hearing. The Agent -got in touch with his relatives and he was discharged and sent home. - -No. 2. A young man from Pittsburgh, Pa., money all gone, while pawning -his watch was arrested; the pawnbroker thought he had stolen it, and -when your Agent received word from his mother that it was his own -watch, he was discharged and sent home. - -No. 3. Two young men from St. Louis, with no money, were held as -suspicious characters in order to give the Agent a chance to get in -touch with relatives. One mother came on, and the other sent ticket, -and they both went home. - -No. 4. A young man who had gone from town to town, ashamed to write -home, until he landed in our City Hall cell. A few words from the -Agent, brought tears to his eyes and he allowed a letter to be written. -The magistrate discharged him and he is now at home, and he writes: “I -am so glad you found me when you did, for your letter found my mother -and brought her to my rescue, and now _I am free_ and expect to keep in -the right path the remainder of my life.” - -With the close of the year 1918, your Agent completed 20 years of -service at the Philadelphia County Prison and eight years of service -at the Central Police Station, City Hall, and in all these years your -Agent has not lost sight of the fact that it is the kind word and a -kindly grasp of the hand, at the proper moment, that may be the means -of turning an unfortunate from the wrong to the right path. - - Very truly, - FREDERICK J. POOLEY, - 1/15/19. _General Agent._ - - -PAROLE STATISTICS--EASTERN PENITENTIARY. - - The whole number of prisoners released on - parole, including some who have been - re-paroled, from September, 1910, to January - 1, 1919 2,773 - - Number thus released in 1918 510 - Whole number returned to the Penitentiary - since September, 1910 515 - -Some of those paroled have died, some have been pardoned and some have -received final discharge. - - Number who should now be reporting 930 - Of these, the number actually reporting 728 - Number known to be in jail elsewhere 37 - Number whose present address is unknown 165 930 - -Less than six per cent. of the entire number have vanished. It must -not be considered that all of these have committed crime. Doubtless -many of them have been in the trenches. They have broken connection -with the parole officials in order to serve Uncle Sam, who has stated -that he will not accept those who have been guilty of felony. From -outside sources, we have known that a large number of former convicts -have thus endeavored to expiate their former offenses. Much praise -has been given to ex-convicts in Canada and Great Britain from which -countries many were released in order to join the army or navy. In -fact very few of these absconders are supposed to have again committed -crime. Nearly every penal institution of the country receives notice of -these decampers accompanied by their photographs, so they are easily -identified. The few who again committed some crime have thus been -detected and either returned whence they came or held with detainers. -Probably nearly all of them desire to get entirely away from any -restraint or semblance of authority. They make a grievous mistake for -they are liable at any time to be apprehended and to be brought back -in disgrace. They live the life of hunted animals. Never for one hour -can they feel secure. We believe that a penalty should be levied upon -those who abuse the privilege of parole. They have violated their word -of honor, and should serve additional time. - -There are some persons who will argue against the granting of parole -because some eight and one-half per cent. of these obtaining this -privilege have again been guilty of violations of law and order. Nearly -all these violations are of the nature of misdemeanors. Comparatively -few have been guilty of felonies. The problem involves a deep study -of human psychology. In order to determine who shall be released, -there are many elements to be considered. Mistakes are made both -within and outside the prison walls. Those on the inside often give -the applicant the benefit of their doubts when the logic of the case -seems to urge further detention. When the man is on the outside he is -often disappointed in the attitude of the community of which he really -desires to become a law-abiding citizen. The members of the community -assume a serious responsibility when they put stumbling-blocks in the -way of the man who is endeavoring to make good. “Woe to that man by -whom the offense cometh.” - -But the conclusion is irresistible that an argument against release on -parole, based on the fact that about eight per cent. have again become -lawbreakers, is a stronger argument against release at expiration of -sentence. - -For a much larger percentage than eight per cent. of those who are -released because their terms have expired and therefore can not longer -be detained, become recidivists. Often one-half of the prisoners at a -penal institution have served previously, and yet a comparatively small -percentage are parole violators. In other words, the same argument -which is used against release on parole will apply more strongly to any -release whatever. Again, it must be remembered that the paroled man or -woman is under watchful care, while the person absolutely released is -subject to no restraint. - -Out of every 100 persons reported January 1, 1919, as being on parole, -74 were making good. Of the remaining 26, barely two have committed -felonies. This record is better than Boards in some other States have -reported. Our Parole Officials are giving deep study to this subject -with a view to increasing the percentage of successful effort. - - A. H. V. - - - - -COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. - -REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE PENAL SYSTEMS. - - - _To the General Assembly_: - -Your Commission duly appointed pursuant to Act of the Legislature, No. -409, 1917, “to investigate the prison systems and the organization -and management of correctional institutions within this Commonwealth -and elsewhere; to recommend such revision of the existing prison -system within this Commonwealth, and the laws pertaining to the -establishment, maintenance and regulation of State and County -correctional institutions within this Commonwealth as it shall deem -wise, and to report the same to the General Assembly at the session of -1919,” respectfully submits the following report of its proceedings, -together with its conclusions and recommendations and proposed bills -for carrying the same into effect. - -The Commission was constituted as follows: - - Fletcher W. Stites, Narberth, Chairman, - Alfred E. Jones, Uniontown, - Mrs. Martha P. Falconer, Darling P. O., - Louis N. Robinson, Swarthmore, - Albert H. Votaw, Philadelphia. - -On November 1, 1917, the members of the Commission met in the City -of Philadelphia, for the purpose of organization and assigned the -work of investigation which had been committed to it to the several -members thereof. On July 1, 1918, the Commission retained Dr. George -W. Kirchwey, of New York City, as its counsel to direct the subsequent -course of the investigation and to aid the Commission with his counsel -and advice. - - -I. - -SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION. - -The Commission was fortunate in having in its personnel as thus -constituted four members, including its counsel, who had through -long experience and previous investigations acquired considerable -information as to penal institutions and their management in this and -other States. The investigation covered:-- - -(1) A careful study and analysis of the laws governing penal conditions -and institutions in this Commonwealth; - -(2) An examination of the six correctional institutions directly -controlled by the State, namely: - - The Eastern Penitentiary, at Philadelphia; - The Western Penitentiary, at Pittsburgh; - The New Central Penitentiary, at Bellefonte; - The State Industrial Reformatory, at Huntingdon; - The Pennsylvania Training School, at Morganza; - The State Industrial Home for Women, at Muncy; - -(3) A similar examination of the Glen Mills Schools--the Girls’ -Department, Sleighton Farms, at Darlington, and the Boys’ Department at -Glen Mills; - -(4) A similar examination of the Philadelphia House of Correction and -of the County Convict Prison at Holmesburg, Moyamensing Prison in -Philadelphia, the Allegheny County Workhouse at Hoboken and many other -county institutions; - -(5) A study of the constitution, organization and functions of the -State Board of Public Charities, and specifically of those of its -Committee on Lunacy; - -(6) A study of the powers and activities of the Prison Labor Commission -instituted under the Act of June 1, 1918; - -(7) A careful survey of the entire history of the penal system of the -Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from the colonial period down to the -present time, based on the historical research of Professor Harry E. -Barnes of Clark University, Massachusetts; - -(8) An investigation of significant correctional institutions in -several other States, notably in New York, New Jersey and Ohio. - -To supplement and enlarge the range of these inquiries and studies, the -Commission was permitted to avail itself of the results of previous -investigations conducted by two of its members; on the Employment -and Compensation of Prisoners in Pennsylvania, by Professor Louis N. -Robinson, as Secretary of the Penal Commission of 1913-1915, and on the -county jails and workhouses, made periodically from 1914 to 1918 by -Albert H. Votaw, as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. - -The Commission desires to express its sense of deep obligation to -the officials and inspectors of prisons in this Commonwealth for the -courtesy and hospitality extended to its members in the course of their -investigations. It also acknowledges its indebtedness to the Secretary -and members of the Board of Public Charities and to the Secretary of -the Public Charities Association for their helpful co-operation. - -The Commission has heretofore submitted to the Governor two preliminary -reports, one a Special Emergency Report on Prison Labor, bearing date -September 1, 1918, and a special report on the State Industrial Home -for Women, under date of September 15, 1918, both of which are hereto -appended. - -While both these reports were called out by war emergencies, the -former by the dearth of labor power to man the war industries of -the Commonwealth, the latter by the need of providing a place for -the detention and treatment of the large number of dissolute women -convicted of offenses against Federal and State laws enacted for the -protection of the soldiers in the training camps--the Commission -believes that they are still pertinent and that the recommendations -which they contain should form a part of any constructive scheme for -the improvement of the penal system of the Commonwealth. - - -II. - -DEVELOPMENT OF PENAL SYSTEM OF PENNSYLVANIA. - -The most inspiring and significant chapter in the history of penology -is not the achievement of John Howard in redeeming the common gaols -of England from the degradation into which they had fallen, nor of -Lord Romilly in his lifelong struggle against the barbarities of the -English penal laws, but the leadership which for more than a century -the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania gave to the world both in prison -reform and in the amelioration of the penal code. The two former were -the revolt of sensitive and humane natures against hoary abuses; -but the latter was all this and something more. It was a bold and -imaginative reconstruction of the whole basis of penal discipline. As -far back as the last quarter of the seventeenth century the Quaker -colonists of Pennsylvania introduced for the first time the practice -of employing imprisonment at hard labor as the ordinary method of -punishing anti-social action. After the reversion of the American -colonies for fifty years to the barbarous criminal jurisprudence of the -mother country, Pennsylvania was the first State, the first community -in the world, to break with this system and to substitute imprisonment -for the various brutal and degrading types of corporal punishment. -The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, in 1790, was the earliest -institution in America in which these more enlightened principles were -put into practice. From this second beginning, for a period of forty -years, Pennsylvania was elaborating and perfecting the first of the two -great systems of penal administration which were destined to dominate -the penology of the civilized world during the nineteenth century--the -separate confinement of malefactors. Visited, admired and imitated -by large numbers of eminent and enthusiastic European penologists, -the Eastern Penitentiary at Cherry Hill was the pivotal point linking -American and European penology for more than a generation after 1830. - -Then followed that long period of inertia, of lassitude, of marking -time, which is so apt to succeed to a period of ardent reforming energy -and which to this very day has maintained its spell over the State and -the Nation. - -Not that there have not in the last half century been notable -improvements in the theory and practice of penal administration, -some of them bold enough to bring America from time to time into the -forefront of interest and example to the penologists of the Old World, -but in most of these the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has been content -to play a secondary role. Throughout this era of slackened energy she -has not cared or dared to initiate, to lead, to “carry on,” but has -followed belatedly and afar off the progress of other States. Examples -of this are the Auburn congregate system, which divided with the -Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement the interest of European -as well as of American penologists, and which was adopted in the -Western Penitentiary in 1869, a full generation after its establishment -in New York State, and which has only recently conquered the parent -institution on Cherry Hill; the justly famous Elmira experiment -of progressive classification and industrial training of inmates -embodied in the Huntingdon Reformatory in 1889, and the long-promised -reformatory for women at Muncy, which, six years after its creation by -legislative action, has not yet been rendered available for the purpose -for which it was designed. - -The first step in the development of an intelligent conception of -delinquency and its treatment came not in an accurate conception of -the nature of crime and its causes, but in a clearer and more correct -notion of the function of punishment. By 1790 the element of deterrence -in punishment was recognized and emphasized. The element of reformation -was a cardinal point in the theory and practice of the Philadelphia -Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, and this -Society did its best to infuse this doctrine into the Pennsylvania -system of prison administration. Before 1830 it was very generally -asserted that reformation, as well as deterrence and social revenge, -was to be regarded as a chief aim of punishment, though the offender -was still regarded as an unregenerate free moral agent. - -This theory of crime received a severe shock in the “forties” from the -investigations of Dorothea L. Dix and others, who showed the great -prevalence of insanity and idiocy among the delinquent classes. It -could scarcely be denied even by the traditional jurists that the -exercise of free will was likely to be seriously impeded by insanity or -feeble-mindedness. From 1850 to the beginning of the present century -the most notable advances toward a more intelligent conception of crime -and its treatment consisted in the gradual but definite triumph of the -notion of detention and punishment as agencies for reformation rather -than as instruments of social revenge. - -For more than a century of its history the penal, reformatory and -correctional institutions of Pennsylvania were limited to the county -jails and the few and scattered workhouses, which were erected mainly -in conjunction with the almshouses. In the jails there could be no -approach to anything like a differentiated treatment of delinquents. -In them were herded promiscuously those imprisoned for debt, those -convicted of crime and those accused or held as witnesses; those of all -ages and both sexes; those convicted of all categories and grades of -crime punishable by imprisonment; those of all mental states--normal, -feeble-minded, neurotic, psychotic, epileptic. The few colonial -workhouses were employed as little more than an agency for suppressing -vagrancy. - -The first step in a differentiated treatment of crime and criminals -came with the erection of a semi-state prison in the Walnut Street -Jail in 1789-90. This provided for a partial differentiation between -those convicted of the more serious crimes and those convicted of -petty offenses or awaiting trial. It did not however, attempt any -scientific differentiation on the basis of age, sex or mental state. -Children and adults, male and female, sane and insane, were confined -in contiguity. The opening of the State penitentiaries at Allegheny -and Philadelphia in 1826 and 1829, with their fundamental principle of -solitary confinement, carried further the process of differentiation, -but still continued to apply the same general type of treatment to all -incarcerated inmates. It was a system of separation rather than of a -differentiated treatment of special types of prisoners. - -The second important development in the direction of specialization -in the provision of institutional treatment of delinquents appeared -in the establishment of a House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents in -Philadelphia in 1828. Though this was at first a private rather than -a State institution and was of very limited capacity, it marked an -epoch in the progress of Pennsylvania penology by making possible some -elementary differentiation on the basis of age, degree of criminality -and relative susceptibility to reformation. The next attempt at further -differentiation came with the erection of the State Hospital for -the Insane at Harrisburg between 1841 and 1851, chiefly as a result -of the agitation initiated by Dorothea L. Dix. This and the other -State hospitals for the insane, subsequently erected, provided for a -treatment of the more important types of mental disorder, though no -adequate provision was made for removing the insane from the prison. -Not until 1905 was an act passed providing for the erection of a State -hospital for the criminal insane at Fairview which was opened in 1912. - -During the quarter of a century following 1850 there was an active -agitation to provide a means of differentiating the treatment of -criminals on the basis of age, sex and degree of criminality. The first -important achievement in this direction was the further development -of reform schools for juvenile delinquents through the removal and -enlargement of the Philadelphia House of Refuge in 1850-54 and the -erection of the Western House of Refuge at Allegheny during the same -period. Juvenile delinquents, if petty offenders, could thereafter be -removed from their degrading confinement in the state prison or worse -county jails and receive the properly specialized treatment which their -circumstances demanded. No provision for the differentiated treatment -of the less definite and confirmed types of adult delinquents was made -until the opening of the reformatory for men at Huntingdon in 1889 -and the authorization of the State Industrial Home for Women at Muncy -in 1913. The provision of reformatories and juvenile correctional -institutions marked a double process of differentiation, in that these -institutions not only called for a diversity of treatment according to -age, sex and degree of criminality, but also from the fact that they -were clearly differentiated from the State prisons and the county jails -in making reformation rather than punishment or detention their chief -aims. - -Along with this development of a properly differentiated system -of treating the delinquent population, has gone the growth of -specialized institutions for dealing with the closely related class -of defectives, which was once treated indiscriminately along with the -delinquent classes when its members were guilty of criminal action. -The State institution for feeble-minded at Polk, opened in 1893, and -at Spring City, provided by an act of 1903, and the State Village -for Feeble-minded Women at Laurelton, not yet available for use, are -designed to furnish scientific treatment for large numbers of those -who would today be confined in the state prisons or county jails, if -the ideas and institutions of 1840 prevailed. Even an institution for -inebriates was contemplated in an act of 1913. - -But this vital and all important process of the differentiation, -classification and specialized treatment of the delinquent and -defective classes has now proceeded far beyond that most elementary -stage of furnishing separate institutions for dealing with the most -general classes of delinquents and defectives. It has been found -that the terms defective, insane and criminal have only a legal -significance and are practically useless when involving the problem -of exact scientific analysis and treatment. Each general class of -delinquent boys, of defective girls or of criminal adults, for -instance, is made up of distinguishable and distinct types which demand -specialized treatment in the same way that it is required for one -general class as distinguished from another. Though it is as yet very -imperfectly developed, the present tendency is for each institution to -differentiate into a number of specialized departments, each designed -to provide the proper treatment for one of these types. - -Finally, within the last decade beginnings have been made in -what is likely to be an important future development, namely the -non-institutional care of the less pronounced and confirmed types of -delinquents, particularly of delinquent minors. The developments along -this line have, up to the present, consisted chiefly in the adoption -of parole systems in all the State penal, reformatory and correctional -institutions and in a more liberal use of the suspended sentence -and probation. The recently established Municipal Probation Court -of Philadelphia is a pioneer in Pennsylvania in this promising new -development in the preventive treatment of the less confirmed type of -delinquents. - -Looking at the whole matter as it stands today, it cannot be said -that conditions in Pennsylvania are in any material respect either -better or worse than in other progressive States, except in the one -matter of the useful employment of the convict population. Here, as -elsewhere, some lucky chance has placed a man or a woman of exceptional -qualifications at the head of an institution, one who has by his strong -personal initiative made the best of a bad situation, as in the case of -the Eastern Penitentiary, or who has, with something akin to genius, -seized upon a new opportunity, as in the case of the Girls’ School at -Darlington and the new Penitentiary foundation at Bellefonte. But these -are sporadic and exceptional developments and have furnished no new -principle of a revolutionary character to mark the dawn of a new era in -penal administration. - -Meanwhile the hopeless and demoralizing idleness to which most of -the inmates of the Eastern Penitentiary and of most of the county -institutions of the Commonwealth are doomed, is a spectacle in which -the people of Pennsylvania can take nothing but shame. But even if this -is remedied, as it should be at once by drastic legislative action, -Pennsylvania will have done no more than reach the level of penological -theory of the Quaker innovators of the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries. The step is an imperative one, but it will not restore to -the Commonwealth the proud position of leadership which once was hers, -which is still, by virtue of past achievements and by common fame, -attributed to her. - -While we have thus been dreaming, tardily and ineffectually putting -into effect the aspirations of a long-distant past, a new penology has -come into being, based not on humanitarian sentiment or on “the common -sense of most,” but on the scientific study of the delinquent and his -environment. New sciences of psychology, psychiatry and sociology -have been forged to meet the conditions of the new day and these have -furnished us with a new basis for penological experimentation. We -have learned that the criminal is not merely a person who has in the -exercise of an unfettered will chosen the evil rather than the good, -but a person of complex personality shaped by heredity and environment -to what he is, none the less a menace to society than the older -conception made him, not the less requiring restraint and correction, -but demanding and deserving individual treatment according to the -nature which has been developed in him. We have learned from recent -scientific study of the most rigorous and trustworthy sort that from -50 to 60 per cent. of the inmates of our correctional institutions -are abnormal--feeble-minded, insane, psychopathic--to the point of -irresponsibility, to all intents and purposes the same kind of people -that fill our hospitals for the insane and institutions for the -feeble-minded. We have also learned, from sociological case studies, -that a very large proportion of those that the psychiatrist would class -as normal are the victims of neglected childhood and of the depraving -influences of the institutions in which they have spent a great part of -their young lives. - -It seems clear that this new knowledge makes for a new classification, -based not, like that of the Elmira system, on behavior in confinement, -nor, like that of the current penology, on the character of the crime -committed, but on the exact study of the individual and that the -treatment accorded him must be adapted to the results of such study. - -Here, then, is the new opportunity for a further advance out of this -slough of despond--an opportunity not inferior to that which this -Commonwealth so superbly grasped in its heroic youth--to bring its -penal administration into conformity with the newer conceptions of -delinquency. Tinkering the old machine is not enough. It must be -remodeled altogether. Adding to the powers of a board of inspectors -here, curbing them there, setting up new boards and commissions to -direct the doing of this, to restrain the doing of that--all these -are but a part of the old game, which will after all continue to be -played in very much the old perfunctory way. What is demanded is a -genuine reconstruction of the penal system of the Commonwealth, one -which shall, with as little disturbance to the existing management of -the several institutions as possible, put at their service all the -resources of the new knowledge of crime and its treatment. It is the -purpose of this report to suggest the lines of this future development -of our penal system. - - -III. - -GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESENT PENAL SYSTEM. - -As the foregoing outline indicates, the several State institutions of -a penal, correctional and reformatory character, with the two Glen -Mills Schools (which, though largely under private management, are -essentially public institutions) have been developed at different -times, under the influence of changing conceptions of social -responsibility for different types of offenders. As a result of this -circumstance each is separately managed by a board of inspectors or -managers, which exercises complete control over the policy of the -institution to which its authority extends. This Board appoints the -Warden or Superintendent, fixes his or her compensation, determines -the industrial and educational policy of the institution and, under -the authority of the Legislature, disburses the funds appropriated -for its maintenance. The disciplinary policy of the institution is -almost invariably entrusted to the Warden or Superintendent and, -as is natural, if that official happens to be a person of strong -individuality and initiative, his policy in practice, if not in theory, -governs the entire administration. Nowhere is there a centralized -authority exercising a general control or an effective influence. The -only approach to such a general agency is the State Board of Public -Charities, which may investigate and require the submission of an -annual report, and the Prison Labor Commission, which exercises a -general supervision over the industries of the two penitentiaries and -the Huntingdon Reformatory, but which has no effective power to carry -its plans into execution. There is, accordingly, no uniform policy, -even in the case of institutions like the two Glen Mills schools, -which have a similar type of inmates and an identical aim, nor in the -case of all the institutions under consideration in matters where -their problems and needs are the same. That there are advantages in -this policy of separate control cannot be denied. It gives to an -energetic and progressive superintendent or board of managers a degree -of initiative in reform and experimentation which, under a highly -centralized control of all the institutions, it would be difficult to -secure. On the other hand it may have the effect of depriving the -individual institution, because of its poverty or because of the -reactionary character of its administration, of the benefits of an -advance which may have been made elsewhere. There could not be a better -illustration of the unevenness of development resulting from this lack -of co-ordination in the Pennsylvania prison system than the fact that -the Eastern Penitentiary was compelled to wait for the initiative of -its present Warden for the partial adoption of the congregate system, -which had for forty years existed in the Western Penitentiary, and -which had everywhere demonstrated its superiority over the system of -solitary confinement. - -Upon the whole, however, what strikes the thoughtful observer is not -the diversity of policy and management among these institutions, -even where they have avowedly different aims, but their conformity -to a common type, and that the prison type. With only two -exceptions--Sleighton Farms and the Training School at Morganza--the -persistent shadow of the Penitentiary rests upon them all. It is true -that in the new Central Penitentiary on its broad acreage at Bellefonte -and in the Eastern Penitentiary, so far as the physical and industrial -conditions render possible, the shadow has been lifted, but it is safe -to say of the penal system of the State as a whole, that it is still -too much dominated by the ancient ideal of demonstrating to the inmates -that “the way of the transgressor is hard.” Even in institutions of a -purely reformatory character, while they leave little to be desired -in the way of healthful conditions of living, orderly administration -and educational opportunities, the reformation of the wrong-doer is -still too much sought through a system of stern repression, of “iron -discipline”--a system which, as all experience shows, defeats its end -by crushing out the finer elements of character on which the redemption -of the individual must depend. An almost invariable incident of this -type of disciplinary control is the persistence of the policy of -securing good conduct through punishment--often severe punishment -for trivial offenses--rather than by the more enlightened and humane -method of holding out incentives to good behavior, either by the grant -of special privileges or by putting on the inmates themselves the -responsibility for the good behavior of all. - -Other instances of the persistence of the traditional attitude toward -the offender are the almost complete lack throughout our penal system -of a scientific, balanced ration, such as has in the experience of -prison administrators in other States, as notably at Sing Sing Prison -in 1916, and more recently in our army camps, demonstrated the value -both for health and efficiency and from the point of view of economy -of a scientific management of the problem of food supply for large -masses of men; the general indifference to outdoor recreation and -exercise, so essential to the health and morale of the inmate body; -the meagre provision for any education worthy of the name; the all but -complete lack of comprehensive and well rounded systems of vocational -or industrial training, on which the efficiency of prison labor and the -ability of the inmates to “make good” in the world of industry after -their release so largely depends; the demoralizing idleness which is -still after three decades of effort the most marked characteristic of -our prison system; and, finally, the insufficient care for the physical -and mental health of the inmates of our correctional institutions, -which still for the most part mingle indiscriminately together the -tuberculous and syphilitic with those who are sound in body and the -insane, psychopathic and defective with those who are sound in mind. - -Many of these conditions which continue to put the brand of the prison -on the inmates of our correctional institutions are doubtless due to -the survival of the Bastille type of prison architecture, which is -exemplified in the Eastern and Western Penitentiaries and in such -structures as Moyamensing Prison in Philadelphia, the Convict Prison at -Holmesburg, the Philadelphia House of Correction and many others. It is -scarcely too much to say that no human being is vile enough to deserve -confinement in such a place or dangerous enough to need it. Even the -most unbending of the old type of prison official will concede that -80 per cent. of the inmates neither need nor deserve to be confined -behind triple bars of steel or in cells like catacombs or within walls -like those of Egyptian tombs. Keepers and inmates alike lose half their -humanity by confinement in these grim and forbidding structures. No -reforming influence however humane and generous, can long survive in -their atmosphere. - -Public opinion is at last moving away from this antiquated type of -prison architecture to the newer type represented in the honor prison -at New Hampton Farms in New York and in our Commonwealth in the cottage -colonies at Sleighton Farms, Glen Mills, Morganza, and Muncy. The -change which comes over the men who are transferred from the Western -Penitentiary to the new prison site in Centre County is a sufficient -commentary on the older type of prison, and demonstrates beyond -peradventure the duty of affording to all of our convict population a -similar life of freedom and opportunity. This result, so desirable from -every point of view, could in large measure be attained in a short time -by equipping the Eastern Penitentiary with a suitable area of farm land -in the Eastern Section of the State and by making immediate provision -for the institution of State industrial farms for the convicts confined -in the county prisons, as is recommended elsewhere in this report. - - -IV. - -PRISON LABOR. - -The conditions existing in the penal institutions of the Commonwealth -with respect to the employment of the inmates in useful industry -have been so fully set forth in the Emergency Report submitted by -the Commission to the Governor in September last (a copy of which is -annexed to this report) and in the comprehensive study of the problem -by the Penal Commission of 1913-1915 (submitted to the General Assembly -under date of February 15, 1915) that it is not deemed necessary to go -into the matter at length in this place. It suffices to call attention -to the fact that the conditions described in those reports have not in -any material respect been improved. Of approximately 10,000 inmates -in the penal and correctional institutions of the State, less than -one-half are usefully employed, not more than one-fourth in productive -labor. The economic waste of such a system extended over a century is -scarcely less appalling than its inhumanity. By the law a large part of -this interminable procession of offending and suffering humanity has -been condemned to hard labor. In actual practice nearly all of it has -been doomed to wasteful and demoralizing idleness. - -The law of June 1, 1915, “providing a system of employment and -compensation for the inmates of the Eastern Penitentiary, Western -Penitentiary and the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon” -and creating a Prison Labor Commission to carry its provisions into -effect, has proved almost wholly inoperative, owing primarily to the -failure of the Legislature to provide for the compulsory purchase -of prison-made goods by the Commonwealth or the political divisions -thereof or by public institutions. As a consequence, out of a total -population of 3200 in the three institutions to which the authority of -the Commission extends, at the close of the year 1918 only 169 were -employed under the direction of the Commission. These were distributed -as follows:-- - - Eastern Penitentiary, population 1,371 - Caning chairs 16 - Cigarmaking 11 - Shoemaking 42 - Knitting hosiery 38 - ----- 107 - Absolutely idle 839 - - Western Penitentiary, population 720 - Broommaking 10 - Brushmaking 2 - Weaving 18 - ----- 30 - Absolutely idle 393 - - Huntingdon Reformatory, population 579 - Auto-tagmaking 32 - -Whether considered as a relief from the crushing burden of expense -that our penal establishments entail, or as a remedy for the physical -and moral degeneration resulting from enforced idleness, or as a means -to equip the inmates for lives of industry and usefulness after their -release, a system of prison labor which produces the results set forth -in these figures stands self condemned. - -To make the plan embodied in the law of 1915 effective, it should -further provide: - -(1) That municipalities as well as the Commonwealth and the political -divisions thereof and all public institutions shall be required, as -far as may be practicable, to supply their needs from the labor of the -penal and correctional institutions; - -(2) That the authority of the Commission or of any body in which its -powers may be vested shall extend to the reformatory institutions at -Darlington, Glen Mills, Morganza and Muncy and to all State, county -and municipal institutions of a penal or correctional character; - -(3) That the power of such Commission or body to regulate prison -industry be extended to all forms of labor activity of the inmates of -such institutions, including farming, roadmaking, land reclamation, -forestry, etc.; - -(4) That such Commission or body be empowered to determine the -compensation of prisoners for industrial and other work performed by -them and the method of applying such compensation to the use of such -prisoners or their dependents; - -(5) That the strict “State use” plan be modified by permitting the sale -in the open market, at not less than the market price, of any surplus -product resulting from the labor of the inmates over and above the -product disposed of as provided in the act. - - -V. - -THE COUNTY PRISONS. - -In Pennsylvania, as in most, if not all, of the other States of the -Union, the county jail is the despair of those who look for a better -day in the treatment of the wrong-doer. The admiration which our -experiments in the reformatory treatment of the young have excited -in eminent foreign penologists has turned to loathing when their -attention was directed to the county jails. Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise, -the distinguished head of the English prison system, in an article -published a few months after his visit to this country in 1910, -described them in the following terms: - - “In these gaols it is hardly too much to say that many of the - features linger which called forth the wrath and indignation - of the great Howard at the end of the eighteenth century. - Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, absence of supervision, - idleness and corruption--these remain the features in many - places. Even the ‘fee’ system is still in vogue. The gaolers are - still paid by fees for the support of prisoners, and commitments - to gaol are common when some other disposition of the case would - have been imposed had not the commitment yielded a fee to the - sheriff, who is usually in charge of the gaol. In many gaols - there are not facilities for medical examination on reception, - for ventilation, for exercise, or for bathing.... The foreign - delegates were amazed at this startling inconsistency between the - management of the common gaols and that of the State prisons and - State reformatories. The evils to which I refer are well known - and deplored by that body of earnest and devoted men and women in - all sections of American society with whose lofty ideals on the - subject of prison reform and generous aspirations for the humane - treatment of the prisoner, the Washington Congress made us every - day familiar, but they seem helpless and almost hopeless.... - I was appealed to by leading men in more than one State, as - British representative, to publicly condemn the system, and this - I did, at a risk of giving considerable offense. Until the abuses - of the gaol system are removed, it is impossible for America to - have assigned to her by general consent a place in the vanguard - of progress in the domain of ‘_la science penitentiaire_.’” - -Your Commission desires to submit as its considered judgment that the -foregoing statement does no injustice to many of the county prisons of -this Commonwealth, and that the Legislature can do no greater service, -nor one that will reflect more credit on the Commonwealth, than to -sweep away the entire county jail system without delay. - -Attention has been called elsewhere in this report to the deplorable -conditions of idleness which prevail in the prisons of our -Commonwealth. These conditions are at their worst in the county -institutions. In the last six years the average daily number of -prisoners in the county jails of the Commonwealth has been about 6500. -Only about one-fourth of these have some form of employment other than -domestic service. But when all of the returns are in with regard to the -work accomplished, the number of days spent in complete idleness in the -course of a year will average more than one million. If we regard the -labor of the prisoners as worth fifty cents a day, the amount of waste -thus exceeds $500,000 annually. - -In order to obviate this condition of affairs, the General Assembly -in 1917 passed an Act (No. 337, P. L. 1917), vesting in the officers -in charge of county prisons the privilege of allowing the prisoners -to work on county and poorhouse farms. Although only twenty-seven -counties have taken advantage of this Act, its results have been very -beneficial. The workers have improved in health, strength and morale, -and the produce of their labor has been of material help in the -up-keep of the institutions. Unfortunately, the operation of this Act -terminates with the close of the war. - -A more comprehensive Act was proposed by the Penal Commission of -1913-1915, which recommended the establishment of six industrial farms -to be controlled by the State, to which all persons convicted of crime -or misdemeanor, and now committed to county institutions, should -hereafter be sent. This admirable measure was, however, amended in such -a way as to leave the initiative in the creation of such farms and -the control thereof to the County Commissioners of the nine groups of -counties into which the State was divided for the purpose (No. 399, P. -L. 1917). This legislation has fallen flat, not one of the industrial -districts having carried the scheme into effect. - -Your Commission submits that there is no remedy for the condition of -affairs above described other than the complete assumption by the -State of the custody and care of the offenders, whether felons or -misdemeanants, who are now committed to the county institutions. - -Farming for prisoners, as our investigations in other States have -clearly shown, has passed beyond the experimental stage. The State -of Massachusetts, some years ago, established a penal farm for -misdemeanants at Bridgewater. A large tract of ground was purchased, -consisting largely of swamp and abandoned land, which, by the use of -fertilizers and by drainage, has been brought to a high degree of -cultivation. This enterprise has been so signally successful that it is -now proposed to move the State Prison at Charlestown to this same farm -at Bridgewater. - -Perhaps the most successful experiment of the kind has been made in -Indiana, where the State has taken over the custody of misdemeanants -on the plan which was recommended by the Pennsylvania Penal Commission -of 1913-1915, a recommendation which is renewed in this report. The -Superintendent of the Indiana State Farm makes the following report:-- - - “The farm had an average daily population, in 1918, of four - hundred and sixty-two prisoners. All institution buildings and - outbuildings, the sewer system, power plant, heating and water - systems, land reclaiming, farming and gardening, has been done - with the labor of misdemeanants at a surprisingly low cost for - guards. The Indiana State Farm is allowed fifty-five cents per - man per day for its entire maintenance, while the same man in - jail, at the present time, will cost more than one dollar per - day for the gross maintenance. The fifty-five cents per man per - day pays the entire pay roll, subsistence, fuel, light, heat, - medical services, clothing, transportation, field and garden - seeds, fertilizers, common labor, tools and all other items of - maintenance.... - - “The effect that the Indiana State Farm has had on the jail - system of the State is indicated by the following figures: In - the year 1914 there were 18,130 commitments to county jails, in - 1915, 14,644, and in 1916, 9,896. The doors of the State Farm - were opened April 12, 1915, and the full effect of the State Farm - was not noticeable until the close of the year 1916. The moral - effect of the institution on the misdemeanant class was one very - important factor in reducing the jail commitments.” - -During the year ending September 30, 1918, this penal farm was -two-thirds self-supporting, and it is confidently expected that the -institution will soon be entirely self-supporting. - -New York City has established a reformatory farm of 630 acres at New -Hampton, N. Y., to which boys and men from sixteen to thirty years of -age are committed. They have no bars, no wall, no restraining thing, -except supervision. They have no cell for punishment. From the farm -they secure most of their provisions. In handling 2000 prisoners, they -have lost only five. The health of the inmates is greatly improved. It -is estimated that 45 per cent. of the prisoners there were addicted to -the drug habit. Most of them were sent away restored. What they needed -was to be built up by fresh air, good food and exercise, and to be -employed in wholesome work. In fact, they have been taught the dignity -of labor--a thing to which most of them had hitherto been strangers. - -But we need not go beyond the limits of our own State to prove the -benefit and success of farming for misdemeanants. The administration of -the Allegheny County Workhouse illustrates the economy of providing -employment for prisoners on an industrial farm. Here the average daily -number of inmates in 1918 was 722. The daily average cost of each -inmate was 81 cents, but after deducting the earnings of the inmates, -the net cost was only 32 cents. This means that the inmates earned 49 -cents a day toward their own maintenance. Their bookkeeping indicates -merely the cost of raising the crops. If the institution had charged -itself with the produce used by it at the prevailing market price, the -net cost would have been much less. The farm has 670 acres, of which -560 acres are farmed and used as pasture. The inmates are continually -coming and going. Many of them are committed for ten days or less, and -a large part are sentenced for 30 days, while comparatively few of them -remain longer than one year. This shows that a great deal of efficient -work can be secured, even from those who serve for short terms. - -A similarly striking result has been attained in Delaware County under -the law of 1911, empowering the judges of the Courts of Common Pleas -to release on parole convicts confined in county jails or workhouses -under the supervision of designated probation officers. Acting under -this law, the President Judge of that county has during the year 1918 -paroled a number of inmates of the county jail to work on farm lands -rented for the purpose with the remarkable result that only two of -the men so paroled made their escape (both being afterwards retaken) -and that nearly $14,000 worth of crops were sold for cash in addition -to the vegetables used and stored in the prison. The net profit is -estimated at $7,000. - -Logically, we cannot avoid the conclusion that the State ought to -assume the care of all offenders. The laws are made by the State, and -the indictments charge the accused with offences against the “peace -and dignity of the Commonwealth,” not against the peace and dignity of -the county, municipality or borough. The conclusion is inevitable that -the Commonwealth should assume the responsibility for the protection -of the community from both felons and misdemeanants. And since such -an arrangement as has been proposed will result in reduced taxation, -uniformity of management and in greater facilities for the education -and reformation of the delinquent, we feel that the establishment of -State industrial farms to receive the delinquents now committed to the -county prisons should receive your favorable consideration. - -The bill submitted to carry this recommendation into effect omits the -counties of Philadelphia and Allegheny from its operation. Allegheny -County already has a prison farm which in many ways may be considered -a model of its kind. Philadelphia has a farm in connection with the -House of Correction which furnishes employment to many prisoners and -supplies much produce for the institution. We recommend that at some -early date the City of Philadelphia may, by the purchase of more land, -extend the advantages of a penal farm to its convict prison and in -some way combine under one management the entire penal system of the -municipality. - -The fee system, whereby the sheriff or warden receives a stipulated -sum each day for the board of prisoners, is so liable to abuse that -we submit a proposition to abolish the practice in all our prisons. -Whenever the profits from boarding the prisoners is a part of the -remuneration of the officer in charge, the tendency is doubtless to -exploit the prisoners, or to reduce to a minimum the supply of food, in -order to derive the greater profit. - -In 1915 a comprehensive study of the cost of boarding the prisoners in -the largest 25 counties of the Commonwealth indicated that the average -daily cost of food per prisoner in the 15 prisons where the food was -purchased on the contract system was 12 cents, and in the 10 counties -where the fee system was in vogue 33.7 cents, the difference in favor -of the contract system being 21.7 cents per day for each prisoner. - -We estimate that in these 10 counties alone the saving to the taxpayers -by the adoption of the contract system will be at least $50,000 -annually. The economy of the proposition is evident, making due -allowance for providing in some counties additional compensation for -the official in charge of the prison. In all cases where a change has -been made from the fee system to the contract system, the food has -improved in character, thus tending to the betterment of the health and -morale of the inmates. - -Moved by these considerations, the General Assembly in 1909 provided -that in all counties having a population of 150,000 or more, the food -for the prisoners must be purchased by contract. We are now proposing -to extend this principle to all the counties of the Commonwealth, with -the understanding that no such change is to take place during the -incumbency of the officials who are at the present time in charge of -the prisons. - - -VI. - -PROBATION AND PAROLE. - -(_a_) Under the law of May 10, 1909, the several courts of criminal -jurisdiction are invested with the power of suspending sentence on -certain classes of convicted offenders and of placing such offenders -on probation instead of committing them for definite or indeterminate -periods of imprisonment. Probation officers, charged with the duty of -supervising the behavior of such probationers, are appointed by the -judges to serve in their respective counties. In this Commonwealth, -as in many others, experience has demonstrated that there is little -uniformity in the practice of the courts in suspending sentence or of -the probation officers in exercising their powers. - -Conceived as a mere incident of the sentencing power, to be exercised -only in exceptional cases, the suspended sentence and probation -are beginning to disclose themselves as a momentous, not to say -revolutionary step in the progress of penology, not less important -in its ultimate consequences than the substitution a century ago -of imprisonment for the death penalty and other forms of physical -punishment. Like the older forms of punishment which it superseded, -imprisonment too has proved a failure, so far at least, as the newer -aim of punishment, the reformation of the wrong-doer is concerned. And -we are coming to see that the protection which society enjoys through -the imprisonment for a few months or years of a small proportion of -the criminal class is dearly purchased by a system which returns the -offender to society less fitted than before to cope with the conditions -of a life of freedom. More and more, as we develop a probation service -worthy of the name, will the courts be reluctant to commit men, women -and children to the demoralizing associations and discipline of -institutional life and will give them their chance to redeem themselves -under competent guidance and supervision among the associations and -activities of everyday life. - -Even under existing conditions it is safe to say that far too -many adult and youthful offenders convicted of criminal offences -are committed to prison and far too many delinquent children to -reformatories and other correctional institutions. Your Commission -believes that the suspended sentence should be more liberally employed -by the courts of the Commonwealth under strict conditions requiring a -life of useful industry under careful supervision; that children under -12 years of age should never be committed to penal or correctional -institutions but rather, where institutional care is deemed necessary, -to parental schools such as have been established in other States as -a part of the regular educational system; and that children of larger -growth, say from 12 to 16, should, wherever possible, be placed on -probation or put under private guardianship. - -Those considerations have led the Commission to the conclusion that -the whole subject of the suspended sentence and probation in this -Commonwealth should be thoroughly studied in order that the principles -that should govern it may be carefully defined and its procedure -worked out, supervised and put on a uniform basis. New York and other -States have for this purpose created a permanent probation board or -commission and the success which has attended their labors suggests the -institution of a similar body in this Commonwealth. - -(_b_) The indeterminate sentence, which made its appearance in this -Commonwealth in the law of May 10, 1909, has passed through several -phases to a state in which its purpose is almost completely defeated. -In its original form it provided that the maximum term to be imposed -upon a convict who should be sentenced to imprisonment in either the -Eastern or the Western Penitentiaries should not exceed the maximum -time prescribed by law and that the minimum term when not fixed by law, -should not exceed one-fourth of the maximum time. This law was amended -by an Act approved June 19, 1911, striking out the restriction as to -the minimum sentence, thus leaving to the courts complete discretion -to fix the minimum to be served at any period short of the maximum. -Many of the courts have in frequent instances virtually nullified the -indeterminate sentence principle by imposing minimum sentences so -excessive as to bring the judicial office into disrepute. Sentences of -from 18 years to 20 and from 19 years to 20 have been common, and there -have been cases so grotesque as sentences of 19 years 11 months, or of -19 years, 11 months and 29 days to 20 years, of 23 years and 3 months -to 25 years and of 27 to 28 years. These are only the more extreme -illustrations of a practice which has been common enough to justify a -demand for a law which will result in greater uniformity in the matter -of imposing sentences for crime. - -At its best the maximum-minimum form of the indeterminate sentence is -an unsatisfactory compromise between the ideal aim of penologists and -the traditional attitude of the courts, which cling tenaciously to -their ancient prerogative of “making the punishment fit the crime.” -That the power of determining the period of imprisonment requisite to -meet the demands of justice and the interests of society may safely be -confided to other than judicial hands has been conceded in the case -of all offenders entitled to commitment to reformatories, who are -sentenced to an indeterminate term limited only by the maximum fixed by -law, or, in the case of minors, to the attainment of their majority, -and who may be released on parole in the discretion of the boards of -managers of the institutions to which they are committed. It is only -in the case of hardened offenders or of those guilty of certain major -offenses that a minimum sentence is imposed. - -For more than a generation prison reformers have urged the extension of -the pure indeterminate sentence to this class of offenders also. Their -logic is sound; it is the facts that are against them. The argument -runs like this: The offender should be kept in confinement only until -he is fitted by his prison experience to lead an honest and useful -life; when this end is attained he should be released. The answer -is that the prison doesn’t in fact reform the wrong-doer; that good -behavior under the conditions of prison life is no assurance of the -intention or capacity of the prisoner to lead an honest and useful life -after his release, and that the inspectors or other paroling authority -have no other guide to go by in determining the inmates’ fitness for -a life of freedom than his prison record. If the reformer makes the -obvious retort--“then reform your prison so that it shall reform its -inmates, and reform your paroling authority so that it shall make -its determination on all the facts of the inmate’s personal history -including a study of his mental conditions, his heredity and the social -influences that have shaped his character,” he is admitting that we are -not yet ready for the complete acceptance of the indeterminate sentence -in all classes of cases. - -But there is a middle ground between the position of the extreme -reformer and that which has been assumed by the courts of this -Commonwealth. If there is to be anything short of a fixed sentence, -declared by law, it should be a reasonable minimum which should also -be declared by law. The policy of the indeterminate sentence is that -the delinquent shall be supervised and guided and his capacity to lead -an honest and useful life tested by actual experience under normal -conditions of living for a period of years long enough to try out -his capacity to readjust himself to a life of freedom in society. For -this reason an adequate interval between the expiration of his minimum -sentence, when he becomes eligible to parole, and the expiration of his -maximum sentence, when he becomes free from judicial control, should be -guaranteed by law. - -There is great diversity of opinion as to the best form of paroling -authority. Generally, as in this Commonwealth, this power is lodged -in the inspectors or managers of the several institutions or, in the -case of commitments to county prisons, in the courts of criminal -jurisdiction. In some States, as in New York, a distinct Board of -Parole is constituted which visits the convict prisons at intervals and -hears and determines all applications for parole that may be awaiting -determination. Neither system has worked with complete satisfaction. -Under both the grant of parole is largely a perfunctory matter, the -inmates who have served their minimum sentences being generally -admitted to parole at once, except in those cases, comparatively rare -in number, where the applicant has been penalized for misconduct while -in confinement. It would seem, therefore, that the first step toward a -reform of the paroling system is not to set up a new paroling authority -but to devise some more effective machinery to put before the existing -authorities all the essential facts as to the applicant’s mental, moral -and physical capacity to conduct himself as a self-respecting, useful -member of the community. A second, but not less necessary step, is such -a change in the spirit and method of prison discipline as will develop -in the inmates by actual practice the qualities of self-respect and -self-reliance, the sense of honor and of responsibility and the habit -of co-operative action so essential to fit them for a life of freedom -and responsibility, and at the same time to equip them with the habits -of industry and the vocational skill which will enable them to make -good in the life that awaits them beyond the prison-wall. - - -VII. - -GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. - -In the foregoing analysis of the penal system of this Commonwealth, the -Commission has endeavored not only to present a picture of the existing -conditions in the light of modern conceptions of penology but to point -out, also, the lines of a sound and progressive development of the -system. Most of the suggestions thus made have already been embodied -in the penal systems of other states and of enlightened communities -beyond the seas. Especially is this the case in such matters as the -general employment of the prison population in useful and productive -labor and in the substitution of farm and cottage colonies for the old -type of prison. In a few of the larger cities and in some institutions -promising beginnings have been made in the mental examination of -delinquents with a view to the provision of specialized treatment for -those found to be mentally afflicted or seriously defective. But in -no State or country, as yet, have all these improvements been welded -into a comprehensive system which makes them available for the entire -delinquent population. The inertia or indifference which leaves the -extension of these benefits to chance or to the slow contagion of -example is unworthy of a great and progressive Commonwealth which has -in the past more than once demonstrated its capacity for leadership in -penal reform. - -It is evident that the general adoption in this State of these modern -improvements in the treatment of the criminal problem can be effected -only through the institution of a central agency adapted to secure a -co-ordination of effort and a uniformity of development which under -the present system of separate control has been demonstrated to be -impossible. It seems equally evident, however, that the system of -separate management of the several institutions with their diverse -aims and problems possesses advantages which we would not willingly -sacrifice to an ideal unity. For this reason the Commission has not -deemed it wise to recommend the example of other States which have -committed the management of all their correctional establishments to -a central board of control. Moreover, with such a body as the Board -of Public Charities already vested with a certain authority over the -penal institutions of the State, it has not been deemed desirable to -recommend the creation of a new and independent body to exercise a new -jurisdiction over such institutions. It seems better to utilize the -authority which already exists, to enlarge its range of functions to -meet the needs of the proposed development and to commit the exercise -of these functions to a standing committee analogous to the existing -Committee on Lunacy. Through such a committee of the Board of Public -Charities your Commission believes that the desired co-ordination and -future development of the penal system of the Commonwealth can best be -secured. - - -VIII. - -RECOMMENDATIONS. - -Upon the foregoing facts and conclusions the Commission submits the -following recommendations, which are herewith submitted for such action -as the General Assembly may deem proper:-- - -_First._--The Commission recommends that the General Assembly provide -for the enlargement of the Board of Public Charities by the addition -of two members thereto, at least one of whom shall be a woman, and by -the institution of a standing committee of five members of such Board, -at least one of whom shall be a woman, such committee, which shall be -chosen annually by a majority vote of the Board, to be known as the -“Committee on Delinquency” and to be vested with the following powers:-- - -(_a_) To inspect and investigate the condition and management of -all penal, correctional and reformatory institutions within the -Commonwealth and inquire into all complaints against the same and -report thereon, with recommendations of appropriate action, to the -Board of Public Charities, the Governor, the General Assembly, or the -Courts, as the circumstances may require; - -(_b_) To institute, maintain and supervise a medical service adapted -to the examination of the inmates of such institutions and the proper -professional treatment of all such as are mentally or physically -afflicted or deficient; - -(_c_) To make recommendations to the governing authorities of all -such institutions for the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic -conditions, the medical and hospital equipment, and the medical service -thereof; - -(_d_) To transfer inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction to -other institutions owned, managed or controlled by the Commonwealth or -any political subdivision thereof, or, if suitable arrangements can be -made, to other institutions, where such inmates may receive treatment -more suitable to their mental and physical condition; - -(_e_) To institute, maintain and supervise in institutions within its -jurisdiction a system of correctional and reformatory education; - -(_f_) To institute, maintain and supervise a system for the employment -of the inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction; - -(_g_) To prepare and submit to the Board of Public Charities not later -than the first day of December of each even-numbered year, a biennial -budget for the Committee and such of the institutions within its -jurisdiction as are wholly or partly supported by the Commonwealth, and -for that purpose to require of such institutions such reports from time -to time as the Committee shall deem necessary; and - -(_h_) To make rules and regulations establishing a uniform system of -accounting and bookkeeping in all institutions within its jurisdiction. - -It is also recommended that the Committee on Delinquency be authorized -and directed to choose a Secretary, not a member of the Board of -Public Charities, at a salary of $7500 per annum, who shall be the -executive officer of the Committee and an expert in the care and -treatment of delinquents, and who shall be known as the “Commissioner -of Delinquency.” - -_Second._--The Commission further recommends that the General Assembly -provide by appropriate legislation for the employment of all the -able-bodied convicts of the Commonwealth in useful and, so far as -possible, in productive labor, and especially, that it vest in the -Committee on Delinquency the powers of the Prison Labor Commission and -the functions of the Business Agent of such Commission and enlarge such -powers and functions as suggested on page 15 of this report. - -_Third._--The Commission further recommends the enactment of a law -establishing four State Industrial Farms, to receive, care for and -provide for the useful employment of the inmates of county prisons and -jails and of persons hereafter convicted of any offense punishable -by imprisonment in any county jail or prison who have been or shall -hereafter be sentenced for a term of thirty days or more. - -_Fourth._--The Commission further recommends that the Act of Assembly -approved July 17, 1917 (No. 337), providing for the employment, during -the continuance of the war, of inmates of county jails at agricultural -labor on any county or almshouse farm, be amended so as to continue its -operation indefinitely after the conclusion of peace. - -_Fifth._--The Commission further recommends that the General Assembly -provide for the purchase of a tract of land, of not less than 600 -nor more than 1200 acres, to be used for the benefit of the Eastern -Penitentiary as a prison farm. - -_Sixth._--The Commission further recommends that a law be enacted -prohibiting fees or allowances and contracts for furnishing meals -to the inmates of county jails or other penal institutions of the -Commonwealth. - -_Seventh._--The Commission further recommends that the Act approved -June 19, 1911, authorizing the courts in the case of a person sentenced -to a penitentiary to fix as the minimum term of imprisonment any period -less than the maximum prescribed by law for the offense of which such -person was convicted, be amended by a provision that the minimum limit -of the sentence imposed shall never exceed one-third of the maximum -prescribed by the Court. - - * * * * * - -In the foregoing recommendations the Commission has confined itself -to matters requiring legislative action and to such only as seem -to it to be essential to a consistent, integrated policy of penal -administration. All other matters with respect to which the Commission -has given expression to its views are either subsidiary to those on -which immediate legislative action is recommended or are such as -may be properly referred to the wisdom of the proposed Committee on -Delinquency for consideration and action. The greatest abuse of the -prevailing prison system--the lack of imagination and of understanding -which keeps alive in most of our penal establishments the methods of a -severe and repressive discipline--cannot be abolished by legislative -decree. The greatest reform of which the system is capable--the -awakening in the inmates of the new life which comes from active, -responsible participation in the life of the prison community--is -equally beyond the reach of legislative action. These will be the -fruits of a keener intelligence and of a deeper understanding than -have yet, except in a few rare instances, been brought to bear on -the problem. But your Commission believes that the plan of penal -administration which it has recommended, and which provides for the -most thorough-going study and the most intelligent treatment of the -individual delinquent which has yet been attempted, will gradually -prepare the way for these and other reforms in the penal system of the -Commonwealth. - - Respectfully submitted, - - January 1, 1919. - - FLETCHER W. STITES, _Chairman_, - ALFRED E. JONES, - MARTHA P. FALCONER, - LOUIS N. ROBINSON, - ALBERT H. VOTAW, - _Commissioners_. - - GEORGE W. KIRCHWEY, - _Counsel to the Commission_. - - -COMMITTEE ON DELINQUENCY ACT.[1] - -SECTION 1. _Be it enacted, etc._, That the Board of Public Charities -shall appoint a standing committee of five of its members to be known -as the Committee on Delinquency. Such Committee shall be chosen within -thirty days after the approval of this Act, and annually thereafter, by -a majority vote of all of the members of the Board, and at least one -member of such Committee shall be a woman. Vacancies in the membership -of the Committee shall be filled in like manner. Within thirty days -after their selection, the Committee shall each year elect one of its -members as chairman. - -The members of the Committee shall serve without compensation but shall -receive all of their travelling and other necessary expenses incurred -in the performance of their official duties. - - -SECTION 2. The Committee selected under the provisions of this -Act shall appoint a secretary, who shall not be a member of the -Committee or of the Board of Public Charities. The secretary shall -be the executive officer of the Committee and shall be known as the -Commissioner of Delinquency. He shall be a person having expert -knowledge respecting delinquency, and the care and treatment of -delinquents and shall devote his entire time to the duties of his -office. He shall be appointed for a term of five years and shall -receive a salary of seven thousand, five hundred dollars per annum. The -Committee shall have the power to remove the Commissioner at any time -for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or misconduct in office, and shall, -whenever a vacancy occurs either by death, resignation, or removal from -office, appoint a Commissioner to fill the unexpired term. - - -SECTION 3. Subject to the approval of the Committee on Delinquency, -the Commissioner of Delinquency shall appoint a medical director, -an educational director, a director of industries, and such other -directors, experts, agents, and employees for such terms and at such -compensation as shall be fixed by the Committee on Delinquency. The -Commissioner with the approval of the Committee shall have the power at -any time to remove any director, or any expert, agent, or employee, so -appointed. - - -SECTION 4. The Board of Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings -shall provide the Committee on Delinquency with suitable rooms in the -State Capitol, and elsewhere if necessary,.... - - -SECTION 5. The Committee on Delinquency shall have jurisdiction for the -purposes of this act over all institutions within this Commonwealth -of a penal, correctional, or reformatory character now existing, -or which may hereafter be established including industrial farms, -workhouses, and reformatories, and reformatory institutions for minors -or women, whether managed by the Commonwealth, or any political -sub-division thereof or otherwise; _Provided_, That this act shall not -be interpreted to deprive any warden, superintendent, or other officer, -or board of inspectors, managers, or trustees, of any such institution -of the right to manage its affairs, but every such institution shall -make such reports to the Committee on Delinquency as the Committee -shall be authorized by this Act to require and shall obey the rules and -regulations established, and follow the recommendations made, by the -Committee as authorized by this Act. - - -SECTION 6. The Committee on Delinquency shall have the power and its -duty shall be:-- - -(_a_) To inspect and investigate the condition and management of -all institutions within its jurisdiction, and inquire into all -complaints against the same, and report thereon with recommendations of -appropriate action to the Board of Public Charities, the Governor, the -General Assembly, or the courts, as the circumstances may require; - -(_b_) To institute, maintain, and supervise a medical service to -accomplish the purposes enumerated in this Act; - -(_c_) To make recommendations to institutions within its jurisdiction -for the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic conditions, the -medical and hospital equipment, and the medical service thereof; - -(_d_) To transfer inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction to -other institutions owned, managed, or controlled by the Commonwealth or -any political sub-division thereof, or if suitable arrangements can be -made, to other institutions, where such inmates may receive treatment -more suitable to their mental and physical condition:.... - -(_e_) To institute, maintain, and supervise in institutions within its -jurisdiction a system of correctional and reformatory education to -accomplish the purposes enumerated in this Act; - -(_f_) To institute, maintain, and supervise a system for the employment -of the inmates of institutions within its jurisdiction as provided in -this Act; - -(_g_) To prepare and submit to the Board of Public Charities, not -later than the first day of December of each even-numbered year, a -biennial budget for the committee and such of the institutions within -its jurisdiction as are wholly or partly supported by the Commonwealth. -Such budget shall set forth the expenditures of the Committee and such -institutions during the preceding two years, their estimated financial -needs for the succeeding two years, and such other information as the -Committee shall deem appropriate. - -To enable it to prepare such budget, the Committee shall have the -power to require of institutions within its jurisdiction, and such -institutions shall prepare and submit, such reports from time to time -as the Committee shall deem necessary, but to the extent that reports -shall be required by the Committee for the purpose of preparing such -budget; institutions within the jurisdiction of the Committee shall not -be required to report to the Board of Public Charities; and, - -(_h_) To make rules and regulations establishing a uniform system of -accounting and bookkeeping in all institutions within its jurisdiction. - - -SECTION 7. The medical service which the Committee on Delinquency is by -this Act required to institute, maintain, and supervise shall include:-- - -(_a_) The prompt and thorough examination of all the inmates of -institutions within its jurisdiction with a view to the proper -diagnosis, classification, and treatment of all such persons; - -(_b_) The prescription and maintenance of standards in diagnosis -and treatment in all institutions within its jurisdiction and the -determination of the qualifications of those selected as physicians, -psychiatrists, stewards, or nurses, in such institutions; - -(_c_) The furnishing of instructions in personal and social hygiene -to the inmates of all institutions within its jurisdiction, and of -instruction in professional training to such officials, employees, -or inmates of such institutions as may be called upon to serve -as assistants, nurses, or otherwise, in the medical or hospital -departments thereof; - -(_d_) The frequent inspection of the institutions within its -jurisdiction with respect to their sanitary and hygienic condition, the -adequacy of their medical and hospital equipment, and the competency -and efficiency of their medical service; and, - -(_e_) The installation and supervision of a proper dietary adequate to -the maintenance of the health, efficiency, and morale, of the inmates -in all institutions within its jurisdiction. - -SECTION 8. The system of correctional and reformatory education which -the Committee on Delinquency is by this Act required to institute, -maintain, and supervise shall include:-- - -(_a_) The prescription and maintenance of standards of correctional and -reformatory education in all institutions within its jurisdiction and -the determination of the qualifications of those selected as teachers; -and, - -(_b_) The education in elementary branches of illiterate and -undeveloped inmates of such institutions; the instruction of all -inmates of such institutions in the principles, organization, and -practice of American government; and the furnishing of a thorough -industrial training to any of the inmates of such institutions for whom -such training shall be deemed useful and desirable. - - -SECTION 9. With respect to the labor of the inmates of any institutions -within its jurisdiction to which persons are committed for crime or -delinquency, the Committee on Delinquency shall have the power and its -duty shall be:-- - -(_a_) To require every such institution to afford to the inmates -thereof, who are physically capable, an opportunity to perform useful -labor in such institutions; - -(_b_) To determine what industries shall be established in such -institutions and to regulate and supervise the installation of -machinery and equipment therein; - -(_c_) To establish rules and regulations for the employment of inmates -of such institutions at road-building, quarrying, or crushing stone, -agricultural work, land reclamation, or forestry, or other suitable -work outside of such institution; and, - -(_d_) To establish rules with regard to the number of hours per day -during which such inmates shall be employed; Provided, That except in -agricultural work such inmates shall not be employed for more than -eight hours in any one day. - - -SECTION 10. With respect to the labor of inmates of such of the -institutions within its jurisdiction as are owned or managed and -controlled by the Commonwealth or any political sub-division thereof, -the committee shall, in addition to the powers and duties enumerated in -the preceding section of this act, have the power and its duty shall -be:-- - -(_a_) To maintain a manufacturing fund for the purposes specified in -this section. The original manufacturing fund of the committee shall -be the manufacturing fund paid to the committee by the Prison Board -Commission, as provided in this act, together with any and all sums -due and owing to such Commission, and the unexpended balance of any -appropriation made for the use of such commission. To such fund there -shall be added from time to time such amount or amounts as shall be -appropriated by the General Assembly; - -All receipts from the sale of the products, manufactured or produced -by the labor of the inmates of any such institution, shall be credited -to the manufacturing fund and used for the purchase of machinery, -equipment, raw materials, and supplies, and for the payment of wages to -such inmates; - -(_b_) To sell to the Commonwealth or to any political sub-division -thereof, or any institution, owned, managed, or controlled by the -Commonwealth, or any political subdivision thereof, at not more than -the prevailing market price the products of the labor of such inmates; -_Provided_, That institutions within the jurisdiction of the Committee -owned, or managed and controlled by the Commonwealth, or any political -subdivision thereof, shall have the privilege of selling directly such -of their agricultural products as they do not consume, but every such -institution selling agricultural products shall account for and pay to -such committee the proceeds of the sale of such products. - -Any surplus of the products of the labor of such inmates which cannot -be sold to the Commonwealth, etc., shall be sold in the open market, -but any such product sold in the open market shall not be sold for less -than the prevailing market price. - -Should any institution desire to use the products of the labor of its -inmates, other than agricultural products, it shall purchase the same -from the Committee on Delinquency; - -(_c_) From time to time to fix the compensation of such inmates for -labor performed by them; _Provided_, That the rate of compensation to -such inmates shall be based both upon the pecuniary value of the work -performed and on the willingness, industry, and good conduct of the -inmate performing the same; - -(_d_) To make rules and regulations governing the payment of -compensation earned by such inmates. Such rules and regulations may -provide for the payment of a part of their compensation to inmates -during their term of confinement to be used for such purchases as such -rules and regulations shall permit. They shall also provide for the -bi-monthly payment of such part of the compensation of such inmates -as the committee shall determine to the dependents of such inmates, -and for the payment of the unpaid balance of such compensation to such -inmates at the time of their discharge, or at periodic intervals on and -after their discharge; and, - -(_e_) To establish rules and regulations for the keeping of records and -accounts by all such institutions, showing the labor performed by the -inmates thereof, the value of the products thereof, and the wages paid -to inmates, or their dependents, or both. - - -SECTION 11. All wages paid to the inmates of institutions within -the jurisdiction of the Committee on Delinquency owned, or managed -and controlled by the Commonwealth, etc., shall be paid out of -the committee’s manufacturing fund upon the order of the warden, -superintendent, or other proper officer of the institution in, or in -connection with, which the labor shall have been performed. - - -SECTION 12. The Prison Labor Commission created by the act approved -the first day of June one thousand nine hundred and fifteen, ... is -hereby abolished, and shall cease to exist, thirty days after the -chairman of the committee on delinquency shall have notified the -Prison Labor Commission in writing that the Committee on Delinquency -has been duly organized as provided in this act. Within such period of -thirty days the Prison Labor Commission shall transfer and set over -to the Committee on Delinquency all books, papers, and records, and -all moneys and evidence of debt, in its possession, and the Auditor -General is hereby authorized and directed to draw a warrant on the -State Treasurer for the payment to the Committee on Delinquency of the -unexpended balance of any appropriation made for the use of the Prison -Labor Commission. - - -SECTION 13. For the purpose of inspecting any institution within the -jurisdiction of the Committee on Delinquency, such committee, the -Commissioner of Delinquency, and any director, expert, agent, or -employee, deputized by the Commissioner of Delinquency for the purpose, -shall have free access to the grounds, buildings, and all books, -papers, and records of such institution, and all persons, connected -with any such institution, are hereby directed and required to give -such information and to afford such facilities for inspection as the -person making such inspection may require.... - - -SECTION 14. ... - -Should any institution within the jurisdiction of the Committee on -Delinquency which is not owned, or managed and controlled by the -Commonwealth, etc., fail to obey such rules and regulations, or make -such report, such institution shall not be entitled to receive any -financial assistance from the Commonwealth, and it shall be unlawful -for the Auditor General, after having received notice in writing from -the Committee on Delinquency that any such institution has failed to -obey such rules or regulations, or to make such report, to issue a -warrant for the payment of any money appropriated to such institution -so long as such institution shall continue to refuse to obey such rules -and regulations, or to make such report. - - -SECTION 15. All salaries, compensation, and expenses, payable under -this act, except wages for labor performed by inmates shall be paid by -the State Treasurer on the warrant of the Auditor General. - - -SECTION 16. To carry out the purposes of this act the sum of two -hundred thousand dollars, ($200,000), or such part thereof as shall be -necessary is hereby appropriated to the Committee on Delinquency. - - -SECTION 17. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby -repealed. - - -STATE INDUSTRIAL FARMS ACT.[2] - - -SECTION 1. _Be it enacted, etc._, That this act shall be known and -may be cited as “The State Industrial Farms Act of one thousand nine -hundred and nineteen.” - - -SECTION 2. There are hereby established four state industrial farms for -the first, second, third, and fourth districts respectively. - - -SECTION 3. The first district shall comprise the counties of Berks, -Bucks, Chester, Dauphin, Delaware, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, -Montgomery, Northampton, and York; and the state industrial farm -therein located shall be known as the “Southeastern Industrial Farm.” - -The second district shall comprise the counties of Bradford, -Carbon, Columbia, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, Monroe, Montour, -Northumberland, Pike, Schuylkill, Snyder, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Tioga, -Union, Wayne, and Wyoming; and the state industrial farm therein -located shall be known as the “Northeastern Industrial Farm.” - -The third district shall comprise the counties of Armstrong, Butler, -Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Crawford, Elk, Erie, -Forest, Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Mercer, Potter, Venango, and -Warren; and the state industrial farm therein located shall be known as -the “Northwestern Industrial Farm.” - -The fourth district shall comprise the counties of Adams, Beaver, -Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Cumberland, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, -Huntingdon, Indiana, Juniata, Mifflin, Perry, Somerset, Washington, and -Westmoreland; and the state industrial farm therein located shall be -known as the “Southwestern Industrial Farm.” - - -SECTION 4. Upon the approval of this act a board of managers for each -district shall be appointed by the Governor. Each board shall consist -of either five or seven reputable citizens, one or two of whom shall -be women. The members of such boards shall serve without compensation, -but all of their expenses actually and necessarily incurred shall be -paid by the State Treasurer on the warrant of the Auditor General, -which shall be issued upon the order of the board, countersigned by the -secretary of the Committee of Delinquency of this Commonwealth. The -members of the various boards shall serve for a term of five years and -their successors for the same period. The Governor may remove any of -the managers for misconduct, incompetency, or neglect of duty, and in -case of a vacancy for any cause shall fill such vacancy by appointment -for the unexpired term. - - -SECTION 5. The board of managers of each district is hereby authorized -by a majority vote to select a suitable site for the state industrial -farm of the district. Such site shall be within the district, and -shall either be chosen from lands donated to the Commonwealth for the -purpose or purchased by the board with moneys appropriated or donated -for the purpose; _Provided_, That any such site shall not contain -more than two thousand (2,000) acres. The title to land donated or -purchased as herein provided shall be taken and held in the name of -“The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,” and shall be examined and approved -by the Attorney General prior to the acceptance or purchase of the -land. In the selection of a site the board of managers shall take -into consideration the objects and purposes of the institution, the -accessibility of any proposed site to the counties included in the -district, and all or as many as practicable of the following enumerated -advantages and resources. The land selected and purchased shall be of -varied topography with natural resources and advantages for many forms -of husbandry, fruit growing, and stockraising; for brick-making, and -for the preparation of all other road and paving material; and shall -have good railroad drainage, sewage, and water facilities. Waste land -or land requiring drainage may be selected if deemed susceptible of -profitable cultivation after its improvement. - - -SECTION 6. All buildings constructed in pursuance of this act shall be -plain and inexpensive in character and the labor in constructing such -buildings, improvements and facilities shall be supplied by persons -committed to the state industrial farm or confined in State or county -penal, reformatory, or correctional institutions so far as found -practicable. - -The board of managers shall procure all necessary materials; erect and -equip such buildings; employ such skilled labor as cannot be furnished -by the persons committed to their respective industrial farms or by -persons confined in State, or county penal, reformatory or correctional -institutions and provide all proper facilities for their use and for -the practical use of the institution. - -When the board of managers of any State industrial farm shall have made -all preliminary arrangements for the construction of the buildings and -equipment therein, they shall notify the Governor who shall issue a -proclamation announcing such fact, and thereafter prisoners having more -than thirty days to serve shall be transferred to such State industrial -farm from any jail or workhouse in that district on the order of the -Governor. - - -SECTION 7. The boards of inspectors of the State penitentiaries, -and of the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, upon -the request of a board of managers of a State industrial farm, are -hereby authorized to transfer to such State industrial farm from their -respective institutions any prisoners of special or mechanical ability -therein who may be found in the judgment of such board and the board -of managers of such State industrial farm suitable for the purpose, -and provide transportation and proper guards for such prisoners and -while such prisoners remain at such State industrial farm they shall be -subject to the orders of the inspectors of the institution from which -they were transferred as to their return, and in all other respect, -except as to discipline and government. While at such State industrial -farm they shall be under the control, discipline, and government, -and subject to the orders, of the board of managers of such State -industrial farm and its executive officers. - -The expense of transporting and transferring prisoners used in -the construction of buildings and equipment to and from any State -industrial farm shall be paid by the State Treasurer upon the -warrant of the Auditor General out of any moneys appropriated for -the establishment of such State industrial farm. The Auditor General -shall issue warrants for such purpose upon the order of the executive -officers of the board of managers of such State industrial farm. - -The maintenance of such prisoners as are transferred from a State -penitentiary or reformatory shall be paid by the institution from -which they are transferred, but the cost of such maintenance in -excess of the average per capita cost of maintaining prisoners at the -institution from which such prisoners shall have been transferred shall -be refunded to any such institution out of any moneys appropriated for -the establishment of the State industrial farm. - - -SECTION 8. When any State industrial farm shall have been established -and ready for operation, a superintendent and matron and such other -officers as may be deemed necessary shall be appointed by the -proper board of managers. Any persons so appointed shall hold their -offices respectively during the pleasure of the board of managers. -The compensation of all such persons shall be fixed by the board of -managers. - - -SECTION 9. When in any district the arrangements for the reception of -inmates shall have been completed, the Court of quarter sessions of -every county embraced in such district shall transfer from the county -prisons and jails respectively to the State industrial farm of the -district all persons who shall have been sentenced to any of said -county prisons and jails for any crime, misdemeanor or felony, murder -and voluntary manslaughter excepted, or who shall have been committed -to any of such county prisons and jails for non-payment of any fine -or penalty, or for non-payment of costs, or for default in complying -with any order of court entered in any prosecution for desertion or -non-support, and any other persons legally confined in any of said -county jails or prisons except persons confined awaiting trial or -detained as witnesses; _Provided_, That any person whose term will -expire within thirty days shall not be transferred. - -Thereafter, when any person is convicted in any of the said courts -of any offense, crime, misdemeanor, or felony, murder and voluntary -manslaughter excepted, the punishment of which is or may hereafter be -imprisonment in any county jail or prison, the said court shall, if -sentence of imprisonment for thirty days or more be imposed upon such -person, commit such person to the State industrial farm of the district -in which said court may have jurisdiction. If sentence of imprisonment -for more than ten but less than thirty days be imposed, the court may -in its discretion commit such person to the State industrial farm for -the district. - -Courts of record and courts not of record of the counties included -in any such district shall hereafter commit to the State industrial -farm of the district all persons who might be lawfully committed to -the county jail or prison on charges of vagrancy, drunkenness, or -disorderly conduct, or for default or non-payment of any costs, fine, -or penalty, or for default in complying with any order of court entered -in any prosecution for desertion or non-support, where in any such -case the commitment will be for a period of thirty days or more. If the -commitment be from ten to thirty days the committing authority may in -its discretion commit any such person to the State industrial farm. - -The superintendent may under the direction of the court of quarter -sessions remove any inmate to the county jail for the unexpired term -of his or her term of commitment, or to the poorhouse of the proper -city or county, or to any hospital or lunatic asylum in such county as -circumstances may require. - - -SECTION 10. The cost of transporting any persons committed to a State -industrial farm shall be paid by the county from which the prisoner -is committed, and the sheriff of the county shall receive the same -mileage, and fees for prisoners committed to a State industrial farm -as are now allowed by law for transporting prisoners committed to the -State penitentiaries. When any prisoner is discharged from a State -industrial farm the superintendent thereof shall procure for him a -railroad ticket to any point to which said prisoner may desire to go -not farther from such State industrial farm than the point from which -he was sentenced, and it shall be the duty of the superintendent, or -his duly authorized agent, to accompany the prisoner to the railroad -station, deliver the ticket to the proper railroad conductor, and -formally release the prisoner on the train which he takes for his -destination. - - -SECTION 11. It shall be the purpose of every State industrial farm to -employ the prisoners committed, or transferred thereto, in work on -or about the buildings and farm, and in growing produce and supplies -for its own use, and for the other institutions of the Commonwealth, -in the preparation of road materials and in making brick, tile, -paving material, and such other products or materials as may be -found practicable for the use of the Commonwealth, or any political -subdivision therein, and in other industries which may be approved by -the board of managers of the State industrial farm and the Committee -on Delinquency of this Commonwealth. Should any State industrial farm -produce supplies or materials in excess of its needs and demands, or -in excess of the demands of the Commonwealth, or of any political -subdivision thereof, such surplus may be sold by the Committee on -Delinquency at the prevailing market price. - - -SECTION 12. Any State industrial farm shall make such reports and keep -such accounts as are now or may hereafter be required by law, and shall -in all such matters be subject to the rules and regulations established -by the Committee on Delinquency. - - -SECTION 13. The original cost of the site and buildings of any -State industrial farm, and all additions thereto, and all fixed -overhead charges in conducting the institution, shall be paid by the -Commonwealth out of moneys appropriated for the purpose by the General -Assembly. - -The cost of the care and maintenance of the inmates of such institution -shall be certified monthly to the counties from which inmates shall -have been committed. Such cost shall be paid by the counties in -proportion to the number of days spent by the inmates committed from -each county. All payments shall be on requisition of the board of -managers and on warrants of the county commissioners countersigned by -the county controller. - - -SECTION 14. (Provides for transferring prisoners from one institution -to another, if deemed advisable.) - - -SECTION 15. All the property real and personal authorized to be held by -virtue of this act shall be exempt from taxation by the Commonwealth or -any political subdivision thereof. - - -SECTION 16. The rules and regulations governing State industrial farms -shall be uniform and shall be made by the Committee on Delinquency. -They shall be general in character and the respective boards of -managers of each institution may add local rules not inconsistent with -the spirit and substance of the regulations adopted by the Committee on -Delinquency. - - -SECTION 17. To carry out the purposes of this act the sum of two -hundred thousand dollars ($200,000), or so much thereof as shall be -necessary, is hereby appropriated but not more than fifty thousand -dollars ($50,000) shall be expended for the purchase and equipment of -the State industrial farm of any district. - - -SECTION 18. (Repeals the Act of 1917, authorizing the establishment of -nine Industrial Farms.) - - -AGRICULTURAL PRISON LABOR. - -HARRY R. CAMPBELL. - -An article prepared for the County Commissioners’ Convention, -Pittsburgh, August 7, 1918. - -Agricultural prison labor is strongly advocated by prison authorities -and has been in general use in the penal institutions of Pennsylvania -for many years. The movement for outdoor work for prisoners has -grown rapidly, and as a result, the Pennsylvania legislature, at its -1917 session, extended the scope of agricultural work for prisoners, -and authorized by an Act approved July 17, 1917, the employment of -prisoners, undergoing sentence in county jails, on county or poor farms. - -There is no greater curse than idleness. An unemployed prisoner is a -future menace to society, and no effort should be spared to keep him -busy--to impress upon him the dignity and necessity of work, and to -make him know that he is stronger physically and better morally if he -is regularly employed. - -Prison labor should be approached with a desire to help the prisoner -and restore him to society cured of his criminal ailment. If the only -purpose in the minds of the authorities is to make a profit for their -district, they are in grave danger of reverting to the old convict -labor system, which at best was only a modified form of slavery. - -Agricultural prison labor offers the opportunity of a direct profit -to the district, and places the prisoner in an environment peculiarly -adapted to his own physical and mental betterment. I am informed that -it is used with great success in several counties, including Delaware, -Montgomery, Chester, Berks, Lehigh, Beaver, Bucks, Cambria, Fayette and -Westmoreland. - -Another important measure enacted by the Pennsylvania legislature and -approved July 20, 1917, requires the erection of an Industrial Farm, -Workhouse and Reformatory in each of nine districts created by the Act. -Each institution is to be built and managed by a Board of Trustees, -consisting of one County Commissioner from each county in the district, -appointed by the President Judge of the proper Court. - - * * * * * - -It is the purpose of the institution to keep all persons employed -about the farm and buildings, in growing all kinds of farm produce, -raising live stock and in manufacturing supplies for its own use, or -for the use of the several counties in the district, or any public or -charitable institution owned or managed by any of the district counties. - -Prisoners may also be employed in the making of brick, tile, and -concrete, or other road building supplies for the use of the several -counties. All material manufactured shall be sold at prices fixed -by the Trustees, preference being given in the sale to the counties -comprising the district, and to the cities, boroughs and townships -therein. - -The cost of the site, buildings and additions thereto, and all fixed -overhead charges are to be paid by the counties comprising the -district, in ratio to their population. All moneys received from the -sale of produce or manufactured articles or supplies shall be credited -to the overhead expenses. - -This, in brief, is a digest of the law which is designed to inaugurate -agricultural prison labor on a large scale in Pennsylvania. - -The Trustees were promptly appointed by the Courts of the State. The -Fourth district, organized in March with the election of Mr. George -W. Deeds, of Westmoreland County, as president. This board has been -actively engaged in inspecting proposed sites, a number of which have -been offered, but no selection has, as yet, been made. - - * * * * * - -Another phase of prison labor that must be taken into full -consideration in the establishment of industrial farms, is the -attitude of the Courts in reference to the parole law now in effect. -If the Judges believe that the ends of justice are best served by -paroling convicts, rather than committing them to some institution, -the necessary capacity of the proposed buildings would be materially -affected. In most of the counties but little has been done toward a -general use of the parole law, but in a few of them the Courts are -evidently giving it a trial. - -The parole law is regarded with especial favor in Washington County, -where the Courts have at the present time, 672 prisoners under parole. -Every one of this number is employed in the county and must report -monthly to the parole officer, who is also the Court’s employment -agent, and who places every paroled prisoner in a job suitable to his -ability and inclination. - -This might be called another phase of prison labor, as industry is one -of the conditions of the parole, and the labor is done by the paroled -prisoners for their own profit and advancement--with freedom to enjoy -their homes and pursue their own inclinations after working hours. So -far has the system been carried, that the Court House, once cleaned -entirely by prison labor, is now necessarily cared for by a paid force -of men outside the draft age. You may better understand why the Court -is going to this apparent extreme, when you know that practically every -industry in Washington County is engaged in war work, and that these -paroled men are placed on farms, and in mines, mills and factories, -where they are helping win the war, though only a small percentage of -them are American citizens and very few are native born. - -About 90 per cent. of these men are faithfully complying with all -the conditions of their paroles, 95 per cent. are paying in monthly -installments, the fine and costs imposed upon them by the Court, -and less than five per cent. are proving themselves unworthy of the -confidence reposed in them. - -Clearfield County has 10 paroled prisoners; Clinton, 25; Indiana 40; -Lycoming, 8; Lehigh, 104; Center, 6; McKean, 47; Butler, 35; and -Somerset, 64. It is doubtful if the entire number in all the other -counties in the State would equal the number paroled in Washington -County. - -Montgomery County has taken a unique step in the employment of prison -labor and uses the 80 inmates of its county jail in knitting socks, on -knitting machines, for the Red Cross. Many other counties employ their -prisoners, in their jails, in useful occupations. - -Agricultural prison labor has been tried out in many States with -gratifying success. Down in Alabama there are 325 men at work on State -farms, where they raised 2300 bushels of wheat last year, which is an -excellent record for a section where wheat is not supposed to grow. -Convicts down there are also worked in the Alabama coal mines, and -are producing 4500 tons of coal daily. Their farm prison labor is not -satisfactory, but in the mines it is pronounced superior to free labor. - -Nebraska is using agricultural prison labor in a small way outside -State institutions and is meeting with splendid success. Maryland is -having the same experience with about 75 convicts who are helping to -relieve the farm labor shortage. Georgia’s male convicts are employed -on the public roads, and the women prisoners are now engaged in light -farm work. - -Michigan is farming 4000 acres, but still found sufficient prison labor -to help the farmers with their harvest last year. Wisconsin has about -100 prison labor farmers and is of the opinion that their work is as -productive as free labor. - -New Hampshire objects to agricultural prison labor because it gives -the prisoners no winter employment, and continuous work is regarded -as desirable. Mississippi is meeting with good success on her State -controlled farms, but the law does not permit the use of prison labor -except at State institutions. - -Massachusetts is utilizing prison labor on farms, to relieve the -scarcity of farm labor caused by the war, successfully employing about -100 for that purpose. They regard convict labor, properly directed, as -efficient as free labor. - -Vermont believes that its present experience justifies a more extended -use of agricultural prison labor. - -Kansas uses its prison labor mostly in prison coal mines, but is -diverting some of its convicts to help the farmers during the war. Six -hundred convicts are employed in Florida on State owned farms. They are -meeting with great success and their prison labor is in considerable -demand. Tennessee has a number of convicts employed in agricultural -labor. The men have gained in health and earned a profit for the State. - -Connecticut uses her prison labor on roads and farms. They think it -is better and more efficient than available free farm labor, and the -farmers of the State are well satisfied with the results obtained. - -Minnesota uses prison labor on roads, and is conducting State -agricultural farms with success. Nevada uses prison labor to harvest -crops on shares. They report the cost disappointing and think their -best results are obtained with agricultural prison labor on State -farms. Virginia uses its prison labor for grinding agricultural lime -for fertilizer. The State employs about 250 convicts on its own farm, -in agricultural work, and finds the work beneficial to the prisoner as -well as to the State. - -Illinois is making a special effort to utilize its prison labor, not -only to relieve the scarcity of farm workers, but to help in all other -war industries. About 100 men have been paroled especially for farm -labor, and 350 are successfully employed in factories where equipment -for the government is being manufactured. - -The great war has brought forth one outstanding fact in -criminology--no matter what his instincts may be in times of peace, -the convict is a patriot, according to his lights, in time of war, and -in all my investigations, covering practically every eastern, southern -and middle western State, I have not learned of a single prisoner who -violated a parole given him to engage in work that would help win the -war. - -Iowa is operating nearly 3000 acres by agricultural prison labor, and -is making a wonderful success, not only from a financial viewpoint but -also in fitting the convicts to regain their place in society. - -Indiana has done wonders with prison labor along agricultural lines, -having established one large Industrial Farm for misdemeanants. In -addition, the State is utilizing its prisoners to a considerable -extent to relieve the scarcity of farm labor caused by the war. About -100 convicts built sidings to coal mines to get out fuel for the war. -At the time of a disastrous flood they worked day and night, without -guards, saving by their efforts thousands of dollars worth of private -property. They were also successfully used at the time of a severe -tornado, recovering the lost, and clearing away the debris. Indiana -does not favor the use of prison labor on public roads. - -North Carolina is working 500 prisoners on State owned farms with -excellent success, and in addition is helping out the farmers to some -extent. The State also employs about 100 men on the highways, but -believes road work by prison labor is good for the roads but bad for -the men. - -New York thinks that every available prisoner should be employed, but -because of constitutional limitation cannot use its convicts on private -farms. Practically every penitentiary and county jail in the State -is employing its prisoners either at gardening or farm work on State -or county owned or leased farms. Food production has been materially -increased by these concerted efforts towards agricultural products, -and the prisoners themselves are benefited by the outdoor work. Prison -labor is also extensively used on the public roads. - -A notable example of the successful employment of agricultural prison -labor, that is coming into more than local prominence, is in our own -State of Pennsylvania, where Warden Francies is working wonders with -his advanced methods at the new penitentiary at Bellefonte. - -WASHINGTON, PA., August 7, 1918. - - -THE FINANCIAL ARGUMENT FOR A COUNTY PRISON FARM. - -It will be generally granted that useful employment in the open air -will be beneficial, but let us also consider the financial side of -the proposition. It will be remembered that the General Assembly of -1917 passed a bill providing for the establishment of nine Industrial -Farms, to which convicts usually sent to the county jails may be -sent for discipline and employment. I am indebted to Mr. Harry J. -Campbell, of Washington, Pa., for some statistics from nine counties -in the southwestern part of the Commonwealth, constituting one of the -Districts in which an Industrial Prison was to be located. In order -to determine whether such a Prison Farm would be remunerative, Mr. -Campbell collected the statistics from these nine counties which afford -fairly conclusive proof of the economy of the proposition. - -These nine counties in 1917 sent:-- - - 179 prisoners to the Allegheny Co. Workhouse at a cost of $20,869 - 532 “ “ “ Western Penitentiary “ “ “ “ 102,401 - 313 “ “ “ Morganza (Boys & Girls) “ “ “ “ 60,267 - 122 “ “ “ Huntingdon Reformatory “ “ “ “ 13,742 - 409 “ “ “ County Prison “ “ “ “ 81,381 - ---- -------- - 1555 “ “ “ various prisons at a total cost of $278,660 - -If a Prison Farm were established, they would send none to the -Allegheny County Workhouse. - -It is estimated they would send to this farm one-fourth of those sent -to the Penitentiary. - -They would send to the Farm one-tenth of those sent to Morganza. - -Likewise, one-third of the number sent to the Reformatory (some have -estimated the number to be one-half). - -The number of prisoners held for trial at the County Jail varies from -one-tenth to one-half of the whole number imprisoned. However, we will -estimate those convicted at one-half of the number. Hence, to this -Penal Agricultural Institution a minimum number of 587 may be sent, -according to the last available statistics. - -The funds available for such Institution may be computed as follows:-- - - Money heretofore paid to the Allegheny County Workhouse $20,869 - One-fourth the cost of prisoners at the Western Penitentiary 25,600 - One-tenth the cost of prisoners at Morganza 6,026 - One-third the cost of prisoners at Huntingdon Reformatory 4,580 - At the County prisons there are certain overhead expenses - which must be taken into account. Estimating that one-half - the number in the County Jails would be removed to - the District Farm, and that the cost of maintenance - amounts to 50c daily for each prisoner, the saving would - amount to 30,782 - ------- - Total estimated sum available for the District Farm in one - year from nine counties $87,857 - Let us be entirely fair in our estimate. The 587 prisoners - are expected to earn a large part of their maintenance; - but should we estimate the net cost of maintenance at 25c - daily per prisoner, the cost amounts to 53,563 - ------- - Balance $34,294 - -This balance would go far toward meeting the expense of purchasing -and stocking the farm and providing the temporary buildings which -may be constructed by the prisoners themselves. The saving to these -counties in two or three years would suffice to purchase and equip the -plant, and with efficient management, the Penal Farm ought soon to -be self-supporting--a result not only satisfactory to taxpayers but, -what is far more important, in the highest degree beneficial to the -delinquent in whose restoration the community is vitally interested. - -These facts have been gleaned from a study of nine counties, but it -must be remembered that the bill now before the General Assembly -provides for the establishment of such an Institution by almost double -the number of counties, hence it is apparent that within two or three -years the entire expense of the farm and its equipment will be returned -to the managers and with self-support practically assured, the future -expense of caring for such delinquents will be reduced to a minimum or -will entirely vanish. - - A. V. H. - - -STATE BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES AND PRISON LABOR. - -We gladly present the following facts which have been gleaned from -interviews with Edward Wilson, Esq., one of the agents of this Board. - -So far as prison labor is involved, the Board of Public Charities has -been deeply interested in developing the possibilities of an Act which -on their initiative was passed and approved in 1917. This allows the -employment of prisoners on lands belonging to any county. - -In 1915 Judge Isaac Johnson, in Delaware County began a system of -employing prisoners which the Board desires to extend. In the year -1918, the receipts from the crops produced by the labor of prisoners -amounted to $14,000, in addition to a large amount of vegetable -products consumed at the prison. The net profit is near $7000. Report -comes that Berks County will be able to supply the prison with -vegetables for the winter. Northampton County employed fifteen to -twenty prisoners on a small farm recently purchased. Dauphin County had -a few prisoners at work on the almshouse farm. In Montgomery County -from fifteen to twenty prisoners have been employed on the Poor farm. -In Columbia County seven Italians are engaged in operating a war garden -which it is said has been very profitable. In one or two counties with -large population, there is no land available for such purpose. Mr. -Wilson states that little or nothing has been accomplished in this -direction in those counties whose jail population is small. At one time -in the year 1918, there were 13 counties without a prisoner. In some -counties prisoners have worked on the roads. A few counties have been -willing for selected prisoners to be paroled to farmers. - -Mr. Wilson is inclined to the belief that in some of our counties, the -prevailing type of prisoner is too vicious to be allowed the freedom -which belongs to the cultivation of the soil. From observations -elsewhere we are inclined to the belief that the vilest man or woman, -unless defective in mentality, will respond when treated with kindness -and made to feel that he or she is trusted. Granted, however, that it -may be considered unwise to send all prisoners without reservation -to work on the farm, under the system proposed by the Commission to -investigate Prison Systems, and whose Report to the General Assembly is -found elsewhere in this number of the Journal, all the State Industrial -Prison Farms are to foster some industry or industries aside from the -horticultural and agricultural employments. On these farms there will -be found opportunity for the employment of all prisoners, whatever may -be their character or temperament. - -Last year in a casual inspection of the prison at Wilkes-Barre, the -secretary announced that he considered 46 out of the 75 prisoners would -be available for an Industrial Farm. Mr. Wilson after a very careful -study of the situation concluded that 11 could be sent to work on the -outside. Now something depends on the viewpoint. If the State should -own an Industrial Farm fully equipped for the permanent accommodation -of prisoners with diverse industries, Mr. Wilson probably would add -materially to the number which might be sentenced to the penal farm -instead of to the county prison affording so little opportunity for -continuous profitable labor. The secretary consents to some reduction -of his estimates, if real employment with some remuneration can be -supplied at the county jail. The tendency of this practical age is to -give regular employment to all those whom we for a time exclude from -community freedom, and to place over them officials who will direct -these industries. - - -HOME OF INDUSTRY. - -This Institution which we allowed some 30 years ago to pass beyond our -control, perhaps to its advantage, has just issued a Report of its work -for the year 1918. There was some honest difference of opinion in 1890 -as to the value of this enterprise, but we believe the principal reason -for the abandonment of the project by The Pennsylvania Prison Society -was the lion in the way in the shape of a financial bugaboo. - -During the last year this institution cared for 275 men, keeping -them on an average of 32 days for each man. Their industries have -contributed $9,422 toward its own support. - -We have always thought that the institution should be removed to a -farm. In 1917 some of the men did work on land which they secured -and the results were very favorable. In 1918 they entered upon the -same work with high expectations, but from a variety of causes the -agricultural operations have not been prosperous. Labor went elsewhere. -We hope for better results next year. - -We recommend this Home as worthy of continued support. - - -MILITARY DISCIPLINE AND PUNISHMENTS. - -The Committee on Public Information acting under the authority of the -United States Government have from time to time published and issued -pamphlets giving some extremely valuable facts and explanations with -regard to the Great War and dealing with its causes and results. Not -the least valuable among these circulars is No. 113, issued March, -1918, and devoted to “German Militarism and its German Critics.” This -handbook contains forty pages and is compiled from sources which the -Government regards as sufficiently reliable to justify extensive -circulation. It may be obtained by any one who will send request, -and refer to it by title, from the Committee on Public Information, -Washington, D. C. - -From this document we quote a few instances of brutality which have -been presented by credible witnesses:-- - - 1. “A Polish recruit was maltreated so fearfully by an officer - that he finally hanged himself. The officer induced the soldiers - to certify that they had seen nothing. - - 2. “An officer struck a sick recruit repeatedly on the chest so - that he screamed with pain and soon thereafter died in a hospital. - - 4. “Soldiers were struck in the face during instruction.... - Witness saw hundreds of times helmets pressed down and the bands - which held them under the chin pulled so that the soldiers grew - red in the face. Alsatians and Lorrainers particularly were - maltreated and frequently called ‘French Skulls’ and worse. The - officers warned the men against complaining, promising worse - treatment if they dared to report these outrages. - - 5. “During the maneuvers no day passed without brutality.... - Boxing of ears, blows, even with the sword and riding-whip, were - daily occurrences.... Complaints were omitted for fear of the - consequences.” - -Enough. In the circular it is stated that at a certain military trial -in Germany, held in 1914, 922 men from all parts of Germany had -signified their willingness to give testimony and were ready to report -some 30,000 separate instances of brutal treatment of soldiers. - -Hence it seems apparent that the spirit of dominant militarism is -arrogant, ferocious, brutal. It harks back to the time of medieval -tortures. By the circulation of Tract No. 113, the Government of the -United States has indicated its abhorrence and utter condemnation of -such cruel and inhuman methods of enforcing discipline. Naturally we -expected that our army officials would not for a moment countenance -such arbitrary and tyrannical treatment of offenders. - -When we take into consideration the inexperience of this nation with -large armies, there is cause for congratulation that the instances of -cruelty and unwarranted severity have been proportionately so few. And -yet there have been some instances of pitiless malevolence inflicted -upon a class of offenders who least deserve it. We are aware of the -penalties for disobedience to orders which naturally belong to a -military system. In accordance with the military code, disobedience is -a heinous crime. So when the officials were confronted with refusal to -obey orders, even though the offenders were of the highest character, -the mind of the militarist could view the offense from only one angle. -We are referring to the treatment accorded to some--not all--of the -“conscientious objectors.” They constituted an exceedingly small -proportion of the American Army which at the time the armistice was -signed numbered 3,665,000. The number altogether of those conscripted -whose religious convictions forbade them to use carnal weapons was -about 3,900--less than one-ninth of one per cent. of the vast American -Army.[3] Of these 1,300 accepted non-combatant service and 1,500 were -allowed to be employed on farms or to aid France and Belgium in the -work of reconstruction of their ruined homes and devastated lands. -Our latest advices inform that 527 of these “conscientious objectors” -have been court-martialed and sent to the Military Prison at Fort -Leavenworth. A majority of these belong to religious bodies whose -creeds are opposed to war. These men were not hunting for trouble. -Conscription brought them from their peaceful homes and from their -farms where they were so much needed to aid in increasing the food -supply of the nation. They were living inoffensively and were brought -into difficulties by no overt act. It is not our intention to uphold -or combat their interpretation of “The Sermon on the Mount.” They were -men who were regarded as useful, upright members of the communities -where they resided. Some of them belonged to bodies whose members -have been foremost in every philanthropic effort for the last two -centuries. We may attach no special virtue to works of superogation, -yet we venture to suggest that men and women who in times of peace have -been foremost in honest industrial pursuits, who have been prominent -in all movements to advance the best interests of the community, who -have devoted their time and their means lavishly to social betterment, -should in time of war be entitled to some consideration on account of -their past services in the uplift of humanity. Between the ages of 21 -and 31, less than one to every 36,000 were found who claimed immunity -from military service on account of their creed, and as many of these -accepted some form of non-combatant service, the number absolutely -refusing to comply with any military command was less than one out of -60,000 conscripts. Would it not have been wiser to allow these men -to continue their lawful avocations on the farm, in the shop, in the -mills, than to support them in idleness, to detail a special force to -guard them, and to ruin their health by harsh treatment? - -The Hofers case is an authentic instance of an infliction of tortures -by methods which acknowledge no obligation outside of military -authority. Jacob Wipf and the three Hofer brothers were members -of the Huttrian sect, a small body residing in California, “They -believed, with an intense conviction, that their duty to their God -utterly precluded any submission to military command.... It must be -remembered that this was no degenerate whim, nor yet the stubbornness -of criminals--it was the highest spiritual conviction of deeply -religious men.” They refused to wear the uniform. A mere outline of -the penalties will suffice. Thrown into the “Hole,” 30 feet below -the base of the building at the level of the sea. Murky atmosphere. -Stripped to underwear. Handcuffed to an iron bar so that their feet -barely reached the floor. Remained strung up for 36 hours. No food; -one glass of water. Repeatedly beaten with clubs. Then for five days -exempted from “hanging up,” but confined without food, or sufficient -clothing. The authorities were finally broken, not these God-fearing -men. It seems like a tale from the “Book of Martyrs,” not an event in a -civilized nation. They were released from the dungeon broken in health, -afflicted with scurvy, and after suffering a lot of petty persecutions, -were transferred to another prison in a colder climate. Here they -were placed in “Solitary,” with diet of bread and water, strung up -for nine hours a day, forced to sleep on the floor. The cold draughts -had a natural effect. When it was learned that they were ill, they -were removed to a hospital where two of them died in a few days from -pneumonia. The surviving brother, though scarcely able to walk, was -mercifully released to accompany the dead bodies of the two brothers -to their homes. Military vengeance was satiated. It is incredible to -believe that such methods in this enlightened age are used. - -From the New York World, we note the following instances of treatment -accorded to “objectors” at Camp Funston. Sleeping on bare floor. No -food all day. Kicked repeatedly. Beaten with rifle butts, pricked with -bayonets, dragged over filth, choked till they are breathless, placed -under a cold shower at midnight, clothes and all, hung temporarily by -the neck, some rendered insane for the time. It is hard to realize -that such things could happen in America. Do we not speak of civilized -warfare? Does war necessarily make fiends of men prematurely? It is a -pleasure to report that the officers at Camp Funston responsible for -these outrages were either dismissed or removed to a different field. - -The larger proportion of those imprisoned at Fort Leavenworth belong to -the peace-loving, inoffensive, industrious Mennonites. Take the case -of the Amish Mennonites. Last summer 45 of these quiet people were -sentenced to life imprisonment for refusing to obey the orders of their -inferiors in many points of view except that of military rank. This -sentence was commuted to an imprisonment of 25 years. Twenty-seven of -the same sect were sentenced from 10 to 20 years each for a similar -offence. Virtually in every one of these 72 cases, the crimes consisted -in a refusal to don uniforms. Most of them have longer sentences than -are usually dispensed for manslaughter. - -The length of these sentences and also of many other sentences -pronounced upon others who have broken the regulations of the military -code has been made the special object of investigation by Congress. -The excuse that some of these excessively long sentences were military -bluff for the deterrent effect and were never intended to be carried -out in full is irrational. If such statement is correct, our system -of military court procedure ought to be overhauled and renovated. We -are not contending that offenders should go unpunished, we are merely -insisting that the penalties prescribed shall be commensurate with the -offense, and shall be consistent with modern jurisprudence. - -Let us be thankful that the instances of cruelty and preposterous -punishments have been so few. Grant that some of the reported instances -are a species of brutal hazing, that some few bone-headed young -officials “drest in some brief authority,” with an overweening sense -of their importance, have taken a narrow view of military discipline, -still there have been sufficient complaints to elicit the following -editorial in the sober Public Ledger of Philadelphia. - - -TORTURE FOR MILITARY PRISONERS? - - “If any branch of the Government’s military activities calls - for an instant and searching investigation, it is certainly the - treatment accorded the “conscientious objectors” in the military - prisons to which they have been sent by court-martial. Even if - half the allegations contained in the complaints concerning the - prisoners of this type, at Governor’s Island, New York, and - at Fort Leavenworth, are true, the conditions demand instant - correction and those responsible therefor summary punishment. - - “In times of war severity of treatment, within the limits of - humanity, is to be expected by those who refuse to fulfill - their obligations to the nation; but the term ‘severity of - treatment’ is an euphemism when used to describe the experiences - of conscientious objectors, shackled, unclothed, for hours to - cell doors, kept for days in dark cells, and forced for weeks to - subsist under physical conditions which the law would not permit - in the case of animals. If these charges are substantiated, and - the outraged sense of justice of the nation demands that they be - either substantiated or disproved, then the drastic revision of - military law and practice is an imperative duty of Congress which - it dare not ignore or neglect. - - “There is abundant reason to believe, in the severity of the - sentences permitted to be imposed by army courts-martial, that - there is lacking in the military mind that sense of fitness and - of humanity which is in accordance with the age in which we live. - The United States cannot with clean hands ask the nations with - which it is allied in the war to humanize the laws of war while - it tolerates inhumanity in the enforcement of its own military - regulations at home. Recalcitrant soldiers offer a difficult - problem, of course; but the fact is a greater reason for dealing - with such offenders with tact and, above all, with humanity. - Torture has no place in the penology of the day, and least of all - in the service which prides itself on its patriotism.” - -The Acting Committee of The Pennsylvania Society, having been informed -of some instances of punishment which seemed to resemble soulless -European autocratic methods, sent the following remonstrance to -Secretary Baker:-- - - “The Pennsylvania Prison Society learns with astonishment and - a profound sense of sorrow of the brutal methods of punishment - employed in some of our Federal Prisons upon military - offenders--especially upon so-called “Conscientious Objectors” - whose only offense is a consistent adherence to their sense of - duty. The studied attempt to break the spirit of prisoners at - Fort Leavenworth and elsewhere by unspeakable cruelty suggests - the practices of a barbaric past rather than those of a civilized - and enlightened people. Granting that a Nation must at times deal - firmly with political offenders, can any crime ever justify the - employment of cruel and inhumane treatment? If such barbarous - punishment has the sanction of law, then an outraged sense of - justice demands the immediate revision of our Military Code.” - -The following note was received, which indicates that the War -Department at Washington has taken measures to relieve the harsh -conditions. - - “FEBRUARY 6, 1919. - - “... The War Department immediately upon having conditions at - the Disciplinary Barracks called to its attention, instituted an - investigation. The report of that investigation disclosed the - fact that the trouble at Leavenworth was due, not at all to the - administration of the prison, but to the regulations which were - ill-adapted to the unusual type of prisoner that the Selective - Service Act brought to military prisons. The Secretary at once - made some appropriate modifications of those regulations and has - called a conference to consider further changes in disciplinary - regulations, not only to meet this unusual condition but to bring - the Army’s disciplinary methods up to the most modern penological - standards, in case they shall be found to be deficient. The - conference will also consider ways of meeting the immediate - emergency of the overcrowding of disciplinary barracks due to the - increased size of the Army during the war. The conference will - come to its conclusions in the near future and you may be assured - that action leading out of its conclusions will be promptly - taken.” - - “Very truly, - “F. P. KEPPEL, - “_Third Assistant Secretary_.” - -Confidential orders, recently made known, of the War Department, -issued in October, 1918, prescribed that those conscripts, refusing -on account of conscientious scruples to perform military service, -should not be treated as traitors or as guilty of rank insubordination. -The Government thus in some form recognized the validity of their -scruples. As a rule such persons were entirely segregated from the -other men. For a time solitary confinement was discontinued, but we -regret to report that at the military prison at Leavenworth some 25 of -these objectors have recently been remanded to cellular isolation. One -of these men has for some time been engaged in Christian work under -the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. Very recently he received a visit -from a gentleman in whose office he had often been a visitor, but his -mind seemed a blank, as he did not appear to recognize his visitor -who called to offer services. This mode of punishment was having its -logical effect. - -We fully endorse the attitude of the U. S. Government as indicated in -its Official Bulletin, No. 113, page 5:--“Accustomed as these leaders -have been for many years to universal military service, to a large -standing army, ... to marked class distinctions, they have absorbed, -and are now wedded to, certain notions which to us, who have grown -up under very different conditions, seem like worship of constituted -authority and the unwarranted surrender of individual responsibility. -The gradual development of these very notions has brought about an -inordinate influence of the military group in public affairs.” - -We rejoice that our Government so clearly sets forth the evils of a -military authority, the spirit of which is so manifestly opposed to the -genius of our free institutions. - - On behalf of the Editorial Committee, - - J. F. OHL, - FLORENCE BAYARD KANE, - ALBERT H. VOTAW. - - -PRISON EXPERIENCES. - -Within the last few years the general public has been informed of the -real life of the convict by intelligent observers who have suffered a -few days of incarceration in order to gain an insight into the actual -effects of imprisonment. The accounts were interesting and instructive, -but we now have another opportunity to acquire knowledge of prison -conditions from some intelligent and conscientious persons who have -been imprisoned without resorting to a fake process in order to have -such experience. We refer to a class of offenders who from religious -scruples and in some cases for other reasons have disobeyed the -military requirements. We hold no brief for these offenders, but the -observations of some of these persons are a decided contribution to the -science of penology. Making due allowance for hasty conclusions arrived -at from a brief period of incarceration, and also after insufficient -opportunity to grasp the subject in its entirety, nevertheless, the -facts related, and the arguments and deductions derived from their -experiences should appeal to all who have interest in the reformation -of criminals. - -Rev. Evan Thomas, a young man of deep religious conviction, and of a -keen sense of injustice, has recently published in _The Survey_ some -details of prison life in the Federal Prison at Leavenworth, Kansas. - -We quote some portions of his article. - -“The burden of prison life as I experienced it, however, was not the -physical hardships but the unspeakable moral filth and vice to which -one is constantly exposed. I could not have believed many of the things -I heard and witnessed at Fort Leavenworth had they been reported to me -before going there. No sexual vice or moral depravity is too low for -some of the men confined there. The Disciplinary Barracks have been -called the ‘cess pool for the dregs of the army.’ But many a fine young -soldier whose only offense was to overstay his leave or be the helpless -victim of the antiquated military law in this country, has found his -way among the ‘dregs’ of the army; and as for the others, the great -majority are the products of our reform schools, orphan asylums and -jails. These men are indiscriminately grouped together in the prison. -It is true that there are two so-called honor wings for prisoners -in the Disciplinary Barracks, but I was never able to discover just -what was necessary to be assigned to these wings. The information -generally given me by other prisoners was that it was necessary to do -‘some hand-shaking’ first. As a matter of fact, as nearly as I was -able to learn, the power lay very largely in the hands of a group of -prisoners, who through clever politics and the holding of certain -important jobs in the executive office and elsewhere, were able to -control things to a large extent. I was told that even in these honor -wings moral conditions were bad, but in the other wings where men were -indiscriminately alloted, it often happened that diseased men were -assigned to the same cells with others who had to share the same toilet -facilities. The sixth wing, composed of eight tiers of open cells, each -of which contains three double-decked cots and six occupants, is known -as the ‘mad-house’ by the prisoners. Any thoughtful reading, writing or -study in this wing is next to impossible. Before going into solitary -confinement as a protect against the severe treatment accorded to such -conscientious objectors as refused to work, I spent one day in this -wing and the thought of ‘solitary’ lost much of its dread for me. - -“It is certainly possible for the man of wide interests or strong -character to live in such surroundings without any great degree of -moral harm to himself, but for the young, the weak, the very immature, -such conditions are nothing short of ruinous. The conversation is -confined largely to sex, ‘booze’ and the personal daring of the -prisoners. No crime is too terrible and no feat too desperate for most -of these men in their talk. The menace of this sort of thing to those -whose interests are almost entirely within the prison walls is the -most insidious and destructive thing imaginable. Yet no real effort -is made by the authorities to group the prisoners so that at least -some of the men could be spared a great deal of temptation. Much more -serious is the fact that the prison life itself is not calculated to -give a man any interests but those of the basest sort. Self-government -is practically unknown at Fort Leavenworth except in the honor wings, -where I believe the occupants are allowed to elect their own orderlies. - -“At the Disciplinary Barracks there is a department of psychiatry which -takes a very careful record of every prisoner’s history and this record -is faithfully verified by the authorities through letters and other -means of information. But once this record is completed and on the -files, apparently everything has been done that is required. So far as -I was able to observe, at least, no really constructive efforts were -made to relieve the conditions in the wings which I have spoken of, -where a man of refined sensibilities is often quartered in the same -double-decked bunk with a degenerate or a moral pervert. - - -“THE FAILURE OF PUNISHMENT. - -“The condition of affairs which I have been attempting to describe -is greatly aggravated by the fact that the idea of punishment and -discipline reigns supreme in the prison. Much is said in the rules and -regulations about the aim of the institution being to improve every -prisoner and turn each man out a better and more useful individual than -when he came in. That is one of the standing jokes of the prisoners -and not without reason, for one has only to read the book of rules -itself to see that the military tradition of punishment and discipline -is the medicine which is expected to work this great transformation. -But unfortunately most of the occupants of a military prison are there -because of their failure or refusal to accept this military tradition. -They are there because they are weak, mentally and morally, or too -independent for the army or because they object to it on principle. - -“So far as I have had experience in life I have yet to observe anything -more absolutely negative in its purpose and effects than this method -of discipline. The prisoner who has the distinction of having been -longest at Fort Leavenworth, had only two more days of his sentence to -complete when a guard called him a vile name, and utterly regardless of -the inevitable consequences this prisoner knocked the guard down with -a brick. He has since received several extensions of sentence because -of other defiant acts. The ball and chain, solitary confinement and -all the other repressive measures of the prison system have some way -not succeeded as yet in turning this man out of prison a ‘better man -than when he came in.’ There unquestionably is a criminal element in -prison that is a menace to society, but depraved or vicious as some -of these men may be, there is yet some good in every one of them and -possibilities of truly chivalrous conduct in all of them when properly -treated. But the ball and chain, the iron rule, the cursing and foul -threats by guards do not seem to bring out the good side of these men. - -“Not long before I was released two men were caught fighting in the -corridor of the wing near my cell. These two men were not equally -guilty. To go into the details of the case would require more space -than I have, but the point I wish to bring out is that they both were -at once taken to the executive officer of the prison and in ten minutes -were back, sentenced alike, to ten days in the ‘hole’ on bread and -water. The great object of such prison punishment is to break a man, -make him humble, meek and obedient. When this is done the process of -making a man of the prisoner seems to be considered completed. A guard -once told me while I was in solitary that when he chained a man up -backwards as punishment for talking in solitary, as used to be done, he -was generally kind-hearted enough to let the man down if he repented -and asked for it in the ‘right spirit,’ but if the man was too ‘damned -proud to show how much it hurt him he would let him take his medicine.’ -I mention this because to my mind it is typical of the punishment and -discipline idea of the prison. Actually what happens in this process of -breaking is that the prisoner in the great majority of cases is shoved -still further down the scale of degradation and lack of self-respect. -He becomes either flabby or vicious. This is especially true of such -criminal types as need the helpful, sympathetic and human advice and -correction of trained men above everything else. - -“It is my belief that at the bottom of all that I have been trying to -tell, lies not the dishonesty or cruelty of individual officials but -a state of mind shared largely by us all, even prisoners themselves -oftentimes, viz., the idea that the convict is something apart, -something taboo, a person who has forfeited all the rights of normal -human beings, and with this idea goes that of punishment, the ingrained -belief that the only way to deal with viciousness or wrong-doing is to -keep the big stick constantly at hand. This certainly is the theory -of our prisons if one is to judge from the products of our reform -schools and jails whom I met at Fort Leavenworth. These men very -largely had grown up with no other idea of life than that of the big -stick. Put one of these prisoners in authority over others and in the -majority of cases he can be more dictatorial and cruel than any guard. -The supposition is that to make this outcast--the prisoner--bow to -authority will make a man of him. - -“Prison reform is no easy matter. It must be the work of devoted and -expertly trained men and women. Sentimentalism can play no part in it -and certainly discipline, properly understood, will always have its -place, but it will be discipline in which mutual responsibility, human -sympathy and understanding will replace autocracy and indifference to -the individual and personal element at stake. It is, perhaps, only -fair to say that with the arrival of Major Adler at Fort Leavenworth -at the beginning of this year certain very important reforms have been -started. But it is going to be a long, uphill fight which will require -the enlightened support of the public if prisons are ever to cease -being a degrading influence in the prisoner’s life to say nothing of -becoming the constructive help that they should be and can be.” - - -PROHIBITION AND ARRESTS. - -HARRY M. CHALFANT. - -... We have a detailed report of the number of arrests in Detroit -during the last eight months of license as compared with the first -eight months under prohibition. Detroit became dry May 1, 1918, and -this report covers the two periods of eight months each, preceding and -following that date. It is issued by George H. Walters, deputy police -commissioner. Detroit is the largest city in the world to experiment -with prohibition, it having close to 1,000,000 people. - -We have grouped kindred offenses to secure brevity. The first column -shows the number of arrests during the wet period and the second column -shows arrests for the same offenses during the dry regime. In the third -column we have worked out the percentage of reduction. Under the dry -period there were 1511 arrests for violation of the prohibition law -and 550 convictions resulted. These are omitted from the list because, -obviously, no comparison on this offense could be made. The following -figures tell their own story: - - -NUMBER OF ARRESTS. - - Under Under Percentage - license. prohibition. reduction. - 28,156 10,543 64 - -It is worthy of note that these results are not materially different -from what happened in the cities of Denver and Seattle, which became -dry January 1, 1916. They afford a hint of what may be possible, at -least to a degree, in Philadelphia after the 1st of next July. - -PHILADELPHIA, February 20, 1919. - - -HONORARY MEMBERS. - - Maud Ballington Booth (1909) New York City. - Judge Ben B. Lindsey (1909) Denver, Colo. - [4]Frederick Howard Wines (1909) - Judge McKenzie Cleland (1909) Chicago, Ill. - [4]Gen. R. Brinkerhoff - Z. R. Brockway (1909) Elmira, N. Y. - [4]Prof. Charles Richmond Henderson (1910) - Dr. Hastings H. Hart (1914) New York City. - [4]James A. Leonard (1914) - Timothy Nicholson (1915) Richmond, Ind. - Amos W. Butler (1915) Indianapolis, Ind. - - -LIFE MEMBERS. - - [4]Ashmead, Henry B., [4]Lewis, Howard W., - [4]Bailey, Joel J., Lewis, Mrs. Sarah A., - [4]Baily, Joshua L., Longstreth, W. W., - [4]Bartol, B. H., [4]Love, Alfred H., - [4]Benson, E. N., [4]Lytle, John J., - [4]Bergdoll, Louis, [4]Maginnis, Edw. I., - [4]Betts, Richard K., [4]Manderson, James, - Bonham, Eleanor M., [4]Milne, Caleb J., - [4]Bonsall, E. H., [4]McAllister, Jas. W., - [4]Brooke, F. M., [4]Nicholson, Robert P., - [4]Brown, Alexander, [4]Osborne, Hon. F. W., - [4]Brown, T. Wistar, Patterson, Robert, - Brush, C. H., [4]Pennock, George, - Buckley, Daniel, [4]Perot, Joseph, - Carter, John E., Perot, T. Morris, Jr., - [4]Cattell, Henry S., Pooley, Fred. J., - [4]Childs, George W., [4]Potter, Thomas, - Cochran, Miss Mary N., Jr., [4]Powers, Thomas H., - Coles, Miss Mary, [4]Price, Thomas W., - [4]Collins, Alfred M., Randolph, Miss Anna, - Coxe, Eckley B., Jr., Rhoads, Joseph R., - [4]Downing, Richard H., [4]Roach, Joseph H., - [4]Dreer, Edw. G., [4]Saul, Rev. James, - Dreer, Ferd. J., Jr., [4]Santee, Charles, - [4]Douredore, B. L., [4]Seybert, Henry, - [4]Duhring, D. D., Rev. H. L., [4]Sharpless, Townsend, - Duncan, John A., [4]Steedman, Rosa, - [4]Elkinton, Joseph S., Stephens, Emily J. I., M. D., - Elwyn, Alfred, [4]Stokes, Wm. C., - [4]Elwyn, Mrs. Helen M., [4]Sulzberger, David, - [4]Fotterall, Stephen G., [4]Thomas, Geo. C., - Frazer, Dr. John, Thompson, Emma L., - Frazier, W. W., [4]Tracey, Charles A., - [4]Goodwin, M. H., [4]Townsend, Henry T., - Grigg, Mary S., Tyler, W. Graham, - [4]Hall, George W., Votaw, Albert H., - Harrison, Alfred C., [4]Waln, L. Morris, - Harrison, Chas. C., [4]Walk, Jas. W., M. D., - [4]Hockley, Thomas, Warren, E. Burgess, - Ingram, Wm. S., [4]Watson, Jas. V., - [4]Jeans, Joshua T., Way, John, - Jenks, John Story, [4]Weightman, William, - [4]Jones, Mary T., [4]Weston, Harry, - [4]Jordan, John, Jr., Wetherell, William Henry, - [4]Justice, W. W., Whelen, Emily, - [4]Kinke, J., [4]Whelen, Mary S., - [4]Knight, Reeve L., [4]Williams, Henry J., - [4]Laing, Anna T., [4]Williamson, I. V., - [4]Laing, Henry M., [4]Willits, Jeremiah, - Lea, M. Carey, [4]Willits, Jeremiah, Jr., - [4]Leaming, J. Fisher, Wistar, Edward M., - Leeds, Deborah C., Wood, Walter. - [4]Lewis, F. Mortimer, - - -ANNUAL MEMBERS. - - Adger, Miss Willian, Kaufman, John G., - Allen, Clara Hodges, Kehler, Dr. B. Frank, - Allen, H. Percival, Keith, Elsie Wister, - Arrison, Anna D., Kennedy, Harry, - Ashton, Tabor, Koelle, William, - Baggs, Nicholas, Capt., Lamartine, Rev. Phillip, - Baily, Albert L., Landis, Dr. H. R. M., - Baird, John E., Latimer, Emilie T., - Baldwin, Harriet H., Latimer, George A., - Barakat, Layyah, Latimer, Rebecca P., - Barnes, Rev. R. Heber, Latimer, Rev. Thomas, - Bartram, T. E., Leeds, Austin C., - Beiswenger, Paul F., Lewis, William Draper, - Beiswenger, Rev. F., Longshore, Frank H., - Belfield, T. Broom, Lovett, Louisa D., - Biddle, Miss Christine W., Lowry, Wm. C., - Biddle, Mrs. Clement M., McCord, Rufus, - Biddle, William, McFedries, Miss Annie. - Boggs, Samuel R., Magee, George W., - Bok, Mrs. Mary Louise, Maier, Paul D. I., - Booth, Henry D., Mallery, Otto T., - Borden, G. W., Marshall, Bertha K. C., - Bowers, Virginia R., Martin, Hon. J. Willis, - Bradford, Miss Annie, Mayer, Mrs. Henry C., - Brewer, Franklin N., Mellor, Alfred, - Brink, Fred Swarts, Miller, Isaac P., - Brinton, Joseph Hill, Miller, Mrs. Benj., - Brown, Ellis, Y., Minnich, Rev. M. Reed, - Browning, Mrs. G. G., Montgomery, Henry S., - Buckley, Mrs. Edward S., Morris, Anna Wharton, - Burnham, George, Jr., Morris, C. Christopher, - Butterworth, Elizabeth W., Morris, Marriott C., - Butz, J. Treichler, M. D., Morris, William, - Byers, Joseph P., Mullowney, John J., M. D., - Canby, W. Marriott, Murphy, William T., - Carpenter, Mrs. E. Payson, Newkirk, John B., - Cassell, Henry C., Newlin, Sarah, - Chichester, S. E., Nichols, Carroll B., - Clark, Frederic L., Niles, Henry C., - Clark, E. W., Obermayer, Leon J., - Coale, Thomas E., Oetinger, Albert, - Coburn, George A., Ohl, Rev. J. F, - Collins, Henry H., Paisley, Harry E., - Collins, Henry H., Jr., Palmer, T. Chalkley, - Colton, Mrs. Mary R., Pancoast, Linda H., - Colton, Mrs. S. W., Jr., Park, Richard G., - Comfort, Henry W., Patterson, T. H. Hoge, - Conard, C. Wilfred, Perot, Mary William, - Cope, Mrs. Edward, Platt, Miss L. N., - Cope, Mrs. Eliza M., Purves, G. Colesbury, - Cope, Miss Margaret, Rakestraw, Frederick A., - Daniel, C. A., Randolph, Mrs. Evan, - de Benedetto, Rev. A., Reeves, Francis B., - De Haven, Miss Clara B., Reilly, Anna L., - De Haven, Miss Sarah Cole, Rhoads, William E., - deLong, Mary Ella, Richardson, Charles, - Develin, James Aylward, Roberts, Charles C., - Dewees, J. H., Roberts, Owen J., - Dewees, Watson W., Robinson, Anthony W., - d’Invilliers, Charles E., Robinson, Louis N., - Disston, Albert H., Rosengarten, Joseph G., - Disston, Jennie C., Roser, William, - Drexel, Mary S. Irick, Rouse, Wm. M., - Dripps, Robert Dunning, Schaeffer, Paul N., - Ecroyd, Charles E., Schoch, Mrs. Parke, - Edmonds, Franklin S., Schwarz, G. A., - Elkinton, Joseph, Scott, Norris J., - Emlen, Samuel, Scull, E. Marshall, - Emlen, Miss Dorothea, Senft, Rev. F. H., - Fernberger, Henry, Shoemaker, Comly B., - Fisher, Geo. Harrison, Simmington, Charles C., - Fleisher, Samuel S., Snellenburg, Samuel, - Fleisher, Moyer, Starr, Miss Rhoda, - Frick, Esther, Steele, Joseph M., - Funk, Lawson C., Stewart, Henry C., - Galenbeck, Louis C., Stone, Mrs. Virginia G., - Garges, Anna K., Tatum, Joseph W., - Garrett, Elizabeth N., Thesen, Oluf, - Gerhard, Luther, Thomas, Mrs. George C., - Gerhard, Arthur H., Tomkins, Rev. Floyd W., - Gerhard, Mrs. Arthur H., Turner, Mrs. Charles P., - Gillingham, Anna H., Vaux, Miss Meta, - Graff, Charles F., Wallace, Mrs. C. Jaquins, - Greene, Sallie H., Walton, Harrison, - Haines, Dr. H. I., Warren, William C., - Haines, Henry E., Wentz, Catharine A., - Haines, Robert B., Jr., Wetherell, George S., - Hallowell, William S., Wetherell, Mary S., - Haney, Rein G., Wetherill, Rev. Francis Macomb, - Harding, Miss M. W., White, Elias H., - Harris, Rev. J. Andrews, White, Elizabeth W., - Harris, Mrs. J. Campbell, Wilkins, George W., - Harris, J. Linn, Williams, Charles, - Hastings, Charles P., Williams, Ellis D., - Heller, Clyde A., Williams, Henry S., - Henderson, George R., Wilson, James L., - Hill, Miss Elizabeth A., Wing, Asa S., - Hodge, Mrs. Lydia B. Penrose, Wood, H. Wellington, - Hoffman, Jacob, Yarnall, William S., - Howe, Mrs. Mary W. F., Yarrow, George R., - Hutton, George S., Yarrow, Mrs. George R., - Jenkins, Theodore F., Ziegler, J. W. - Kane, Miss Florence Bayard, - - - - -INDEX. - - - PAGE - Acting Committee, report of, 7 - - Agricultural Prison Labor, 60 - - Annual Meeting, minutes of, 5 - - - Board of Public Charities and Prison Labor, 67 - - - Commission to Investigate Penal Systems, 19 - - Committee on Delinquency, act providing for, 47 - - Committees, standing, 4 - - County Prisons, 33 - - - Financial Argument for Prison Farms, 65 - - - General Agent, report of, 16 - - - Home of Industry, 68 - - - Industrial Farms, act providing for, 54 - - - Members, lists of, 81 - - Military Discipline and Punishments, 69 - - - Obituaries, 14 - - Officers, list of, 3 - - Official Visitors, Page 2 of cover - - - Parole Work, Eastern Penitentiary, 17 - - Penal Systems, report of Commission, 19 - - Prison Experiences, 76 - - Probation and Parole, 39 - - Prohibition, effect of, on arrests, 80 - - - Treasurer, report of, 15 - -The Pennsylvania Prison Society was founded under the name -“Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons,” -May 8, 1787. - - It was incorporated under same name April 6, 1833. - - The objects named in the Charter were three: - - 1. Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. - - 2. Improvement of Prison Discipline. - - 3. Relief of Discharged Prisoners. - -By order of the Court, the corporate title was changed January 27, -1886, to “THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.” - - * * * * * - -Copies of this JOURNAL will be forwarded on request to any address -without charge. - -Financial contributions are needed to carry on the work of this Society. - -All correspondence and contributions should be addressed to The -Pennsylvania Prison Society at 119 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, -Pa. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - - -[1] Approved and proposed by the Commission on Penal Systems. - -[2] Approved and proposed by the Commission on Penal Systems. - -[3] Information taken from Major W. S. Kellog’s “The Conscientious -Objector,” 1919. - -[4] Deceased. - - -[Transcriber’s Note: - -Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. -Printing errors, such as backwards or upside down letters, were -corrected; duplicate words were deleted; missing punctuation was added.] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Prison Discipline and -Philanthropy 1919 (New Series, No. 5, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE, 1919 *** - -***** This file should be named 55568-0.txt or 55568-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/6/55568/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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