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diff --git a/old/55363.txt b/old/55363.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3957be3..0000000 --- a/old/55363.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2543 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon -National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument - -Author: Carl Elmer Jepson - Leland Francis Allen - -Release Date: August 16, 2017 [EBook #55363] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD FLOWERS--ZION, BRYCE CANYON *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - WILD - FLOWERS - of - Zion and Bryce Canyon - NATIONAL PARKS - and - Cedar Breaks - NATIONAL MONUMENT - - - Text and Color Photographs by - CARL E. JEPSON - Chief Park Naturalist - and - LELAND F. ALLEN - Park Naturalist - - [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE] - - Published and Copyright 1958 - by - ZION-BRYCE NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION - in cooperation with the - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - UTAH - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - - [Illustration: Mount Zion] - -In these areas of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks -National Monument, four life zones are found extending from low -elevations of near 3,600 feet to extremes of over 11,300 feet. The area -within elevations from the lowest point to 4,000 feet is the Lower -Sonoran Zone; above that to 7,000 feet is the Upper Sonoran Zone; from -7,000 to 8,500 feet is the Transition Zone; above that to 10,000 feet is -the Canadian Zone; and from 10,000 feet to the highest point on Brian -Head Peak is the Hudsonian Zone. - -Native plants typical of desert, mesa and mountain grow within these -extremes of elevation and include a wide variety of species. Of the -three areas featured, Cedar Breaks National Monument contains the -greatest variety, and frequently exhibits marvelous displays, depending -on the amount of rainfall from year to year. - -The purpose of this booklet is to help visitors in their enjoyment of -the flowers they find along the roadways and trails--flowers they -observe, appreciate and probably photograph but leave UNPICKED for the -pleasure of others. - -Through the mediums of color photography and color lithography one -hundred and six species of wild flowers and plants most commonly seen -are presented in closeup detail as an aid to identification. Brief -descriptions of size, habitat, blooming period, use, economic value and -other details are given. - -The flowers have been arranged in a general order of families, except -that occasionally, for the convenience of preparing the color plates, -flowers of similar color or density have been grouped on a page although -they are not in the same family nor closely related. - -The Standardized Plant Names of the American Joint Committee on -Horticultural Nomenclature has been followed as the guide. In case of -locally used common names, such has been indicated in the text. - -This booklet on Wild Flowers has been produced by the Zion-Bryce Natural -History Association in cooperation with the National Park Service. The -Association has for its objective the fuller interpretation of the -scenic, scientific, aesthetic and historic values of these National -Parks, to the end that park visitors are provided with such information, -audio and visual aids as will help them gain a better understanding and -greater appreciation of the phenomena they find in them. - -It is hoped that this brief treatise on the flora may prove helpful to -many visitors in learning more about some of the important species of -plant life that they may discover during their visits to the Zion and -Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument. - - [Illustration: Badlands] - -Credit for the photographic work goes to several individuals, all -members of the interpretive staffs of these areas during the past few -years. Park Naturalists Carl E. Jepson and Leland F. Allen have prepared -the descriptive information given for each flower. - -The printing and color processing by the Wheelwright Lithographing -Company, 975 So. West Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah. - - -1. SEGOLILY MARIPOSA Lily Family - _Calochortus nuttallii_ - -The Segolily Mariposa was chosen as the State Flower of Utah probably -because of the important use early pioneers made of the root bulbs of -this plant in supplementing their meager diets during the early -settlement period. The name "Sego" (pronounced see-go) is of Shoshonean -origin, and this flower was sacred in Indian legend long before the -arrival of Utah pioneers in 1847. - -This plant is found in rather dry, rocky soils and puts on a very showy -display during May and June. It is more commonly known as the Mariposa -Lily in other sections of the country, but in Utah it is called the -Segolily. - -There are three species in color of white, pink and yellow found in the -Zion Region. - - [Illustration: Segolily Mariposa] - - -2. YELLOW MARIPOSA Lily Family - _Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus_ - -Found only in the petrified forest of the Coalpits Wash section of Zion -National Park, this plant is not very abundant and probably suffered -from overgrazing by livestock during the settlement period before Zion -became a National Park. - -Mariposa in Spanish means butterfly. - -This species with bright-yellow flowers is associated with a specific -geologic stratum--the Petrified Forest member of the Chinle formation. -It is found in great abundance in the Petrified Forest National Monument -near Holbrook, Arizona. - - [Illustration: Yellow Mariposa] - - -3. PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT Spiderwort Family - _Tradescantia occidentalis_ - -In the sandy areas at elevations above 4,000 feet you may find this -pretty, three-petaled, deep-blue flower on its slender stalk about a -foot or more in height blooming early in June. The flowers bloom at -night, so are not easily found except early in the mornings. The plant -is fairly abundant along the Narrows Trail, the East Rim Trail and near -the East Entrance Station of Zion National Park. - -Indians used the entire plant for food. - - [Illustration: Prairie Spiderwort] - - -4. BLUEDICKS Lily Family - _Dichelostemma pulchellum_ - -This bright-blue flower, on its long, slender stalk, has a number of -common names, such as Wild Hyacinth, Grass Nuts and Spanish Lily. The -bulb of this plant has a nutty flavor. It was gathered by the Indians -and early pioneers for food in some sections of the country. It is found -sparingly in good soil areas. - - [Illustration: Bluedicks] - - -5. PURPLESPOT FRITILLARY Lily Family - _Fritillaria atropurpurea_ - -A rather rare lily sometimes called Leopard Lily or Bronze Bell. Its -drooping flowers on fairly tall stems are found growing in the Sagebrush -areas or in alpine meadows. As they are not very conspicuous, they are -often overlooked by visitors. The petals, with their mottled effect in -brown, yellow and purple spots, present a remarkable pattern of beauty -when observed closely. The odor of the plant is not pleasing to humans, -but is no doubt attractive to insects. - - [Illustration: Purplespot Fritillary] - - -6. FINELEAF YUCCA Lily Family - _Yucca angustissima_ - -The name "Our Lord's Candlestick" was given to this tall, conspicuous -plant of the desert by the early Spanish Padres, who were the first -white men to see this region of Southern Utah. During May and June the -waxy-white flowers bloom on tall stalks and soon mature into rather -large seed pods. - -Indians made very good use of all parts of the plant. Its fiber was used -for making sandals and clothing, the seeds provided food, and the roots -were used for making soap. The Navajo Indian called it Yaybi-tsa-si, -which means literally "Yucca of the Gods." - - [Illustration: Fineleaf Yucca] - - -7. MOUNTAIN DEATHCAMAS Lily Family - _Zigadenus elegans_ - -An onion-like plant with a long, loose cluster of small, creamy-white -flowers. Its root is shaped much like that of the onion, but is -odorless. The plant is poisonous to man and beast. Deathcamas is found -mostly in meadows or wet places on the plateaus where it presents a -serious danger to grazing cattle and sheep. At Cedar Breaks it blooms -during July and August and is fairly common in the alpine meadows. - - [Illustration: Mountain Deathcamas] - - -8. WILD BUCKWHEAT Buckwheat Family - _Eriogonum umbellatum_ - -Wild Buckwheat is commonly associated with Sagebrush and arid regions of -the West. Many species of the genus are found blooming throughout the -summer season. - -The spreading branches grow close to the ground and help reduce erosion, -and the yearly accumulation of leaves adds humus to the soil. The flower -head at the top of single stalks, with its many-branched, dense cluster -in a lacy pattern, makes a fine floral display of yellow. The flowers -are important to the honey bee, and the ripened seeds are diligently -sought by the chipmunks, other rodents and several birds. - - [Illustration: Wild Buckwheat] - - -9. GREEN EPHEDRA Jointfir Family - _Ephedra viridis_ - -Not a very showy plant with its pale-green stems, very small leaves and -inconspicuous flowers. It is probably of greatest interest because of -the use made of the plant by early pioneers in brewing a tea, which -served as a tonic for various ailments. It was commonly called Brigham -Tea, Squaw Tea or, more generally, Mormon tea. - -The plant is a relative of the Pines and Firs and is very able to -withstand drouth. It is found fairly abundantly in the Sagebrush and -Saltbush areas of the Upper Sonoran Zone. - -The drug ephedrine is obtained from some of the species of Ephedra found -in China. - - [Illustration: Green Ephedra] - - -10. FOURWING SALTBUSH Goosefoot Family - _Atriplex canescens_ - -A silvery-green, profusely branched shrub growing two to five feet high -with conspicuous clusters (in late summer) of four-winged seeds about -the same color as the leaves. It is very common in the Sonoran Zones and -abundant in the alkaline flats of the Great Basin of Utah. In the lower -portion of Zion Canyon it is abundant and often taken to be Sagebrush, -which it resembles to some extent. - -This plant is of value as forage for livestock, and deer feed upon it to -a limited extent. - - [Illustration: Fourwing Saltbush] - - -11. CALYPSO ORCHID Orchid Family - _Calypso bulbosa_ - -If you travel to the mountains early in June or July, you may be lucky -enough to find this beautiful flower, the dainty Calypso or Fairy -Slipper Orchid, as it blooms in the dense woods of Spruce and Pine or in -the deep canyons along shady streams at elevations above 6,000 feet. The -flowers grow singly on stems 4 to 6 inches high and have only one large -leaf. The plant takes part of its food from decaying wood or other -organic matter. - -Thoughtless picking of this flower has made it very rare and in danger -of becoming extinct. Please do your part to help save the Fairy Slipper -Orchid. - - [Illustration: Calypso Orchid] - - -12. FOUR-O'CLOCK Four-O'Clock Family - _Mirabilis multiflora_ - -Closely resembling the cultivated variety of Four-O'Clock, this plant, -with its abundance of brilliant magenta-colored flowers, is one of the -spectacular sights in May or early June. It is a sturdy perennial with -thick, glossy-green leaves spreading low over the ground. The -south-facing slopes in the Sonoran Zones are its most common habitat, -but it is also found in the broken lava fields. Being a night bloomer, -the flowers close during the bright daylight hours and open at about -four o'clock in the afternoon. Its blooming season is generally brief, -about two or three weeks, but it sometimes blooms twice in the same -summer. - - [Illustration: Four-O'Clock] - - -13. SPRINGBEAUTY Purslane Family - _Claytonia lanceolata_ - -Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during May and early June and also in -the shady canyons of Zion in the Transition Zone. Each plant has two -narrow leaves near the base, each about 2 inches long, above which are -four to five practically leafless branches with a single flower at the -top of each. The plant is rarely over 6 inches high; more commonly it is -flat to the ground. Flowers vary in color from white to pink or -sometimes the white blossoms have pink veins or stripes which tend to -accentuate their beauty. Usually one of the early blooming flowers of -the high plateaus, along with the Indianpotato and Buttercup. - - [Illustration: Springbeauty] - - -14. BITTERROOT Portulaca Family - _Lewisia rediviva_ - -This beautiful, dwarfed plant, never more than an inch or two high, is -found during May mostly on the lava fields of the Transition Zone in -Zion National Park. Its flower of white petals with pink veins is about -2 inches in diameter. - -The Bitterroot was discovered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark expedition -while passing through western Montana. It was later named _Lewisia -rediviva_ by the botanist Pursh. - -The plant is of economic importance to the Northwestern Indians, who -discovered that the bitter, parsnip-shaped roots possess a nutritious -heart of starch, which cooking reduces to a pasty mass, palatable, at -least, to Indian taste. - - [Illustration: Bitterroot] - - -15. MARSHMARIGOLD Buttercup Family - _Caltha leptosepala_ - -A plant of the high elevations, generally above 9,000 feet, and found -abundantly at Cedar Breaks, where it comes into bloom almost as soon as -the first patches of bare ground appear. Coming out usually in April or -May, depending on the season, Marshmarigolds are among the earliest -blooming flowers of the high elevations and often carpet the alpine -meadows with a spread of white blossoms. - -The white sepals, that make up the showy flower, are often mistaken for -petals, which are absent. The mass of anthers of the stamens give the -flower its brilliant yellow center. - - [Illustration: Marshmarigold] - - -16. BUTTERCUP Buttercup Family - _Ranunculus sp._ - -A number of species of Buttercups bloom in these areas in early April or -May on the Plateaus and later in the shady canyons. In their respective -areas they are often the first flowers of Spring and are followed -closely by the Springbeauties or sometimes preceded by the tiny white -Indianpotato of the Parsnip Family. - -A thrilling sight is to find the waxy flowers of the early Buttercups at -the very edge of the receding snowbanks. The blooming season for -Buttercups is very brief, as a general rule, but the different species -come into bloom successively. - - [Illustration: Buttercup] - - -17. COLUMBINE Buttercup Family - _Aguilegia sp._ - -These beautiful flowers are well known because of their wide -distribution and common use as cultivated species in flower gardens. -They have conspicuously shaped petals with long, hollow spurs, which -contain honey and thereby attract certain insects and especially the -hummingbirds. Columbines are probably the most beautiful of the native -flowers of Zion, Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks, as they bring forth very -attractive displays during the summer months. The White Columbine at -Cedar Breaks is extremely large. - - [Illustration: Columbine] - - -18. LARKSPUR Buttercup Family - _Delphinium sp._ - -Larkspurs are found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during July and August in -the alpine meadows of the Monument. The leaves are very similar to those -of the Monkshood, but the flowers differ in color and shape. The single -spur of one of the sepals is the marked feature of the Larkspur. Color -and size vary greatly for the different species; but the most common -variety at Cedar Breaks is 2 to 3 feet tall, and the flowers are a -purplish blue. - - [Illustration: Larkspur] - - -19. MONKSHOOD Buttercup Family - _Aconitum columbianum_ - -Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks in the more open forested areas where -there is partial shade and plenty of moisture. The purple Monkshood rank -almost as high as their cousins the Columbines and Larkspurs in charm -and beauty, with a quaintness and individuality all their own. The -flower features a modified sepal shaped like a hood or helmet that -protects the stamens. Extracts from the thick, turnip-shaped root are -used medicinally in the treatment of certain heart diseases. - - [Illustration: Monkshood] - - -20. WESTERN BANEBERRY Buttercup Family - _Actaea arguta_ - -This plant may be found in the shady forest of good moisture. It is -about one to two feet tall with handsome leaves but rather inconspicuous -heads of creamy-white flowers. The conspicuous bright-red or waxy-white -berries about the size of peas in a dense cluster make a very attractive -display in late summer. The berries are somewhat poisonous, hence the -name Baneberry. - - [Illustration: Baneberry] - - -21. SAND BUTTERCUP Buttercup Family - _Ranunculus juniperinus_ - -One of the very early blooming plants in Zion in the Transition or Upper -Sonoran Zone, which often appears from mid-February to April, in bare -sandy places among the Junipers and Pinyons, is the Sand Buttercup. -Along the trail to the Canyon Overlook above the Great Arch is perhaps -the best place to find this plant in Zion. - -The flowers, a pinkish white, are found on short stems or spreading -branches close to the ground. As the plants are rather small and not -very showy, it takes careful searching to find them. - - [Illustration: Sand Buttercup] - - -22. OREGON GRAPE Barberry Family - _Berberis repens_ - -Because of its hollylike leaves, this dwarf shrub is sometimes called -the Holly Grape, but it is more commonly known as the Oregon Grape. A -rather prostrate growth form accounts for a third common name; namely, -Creeping Barberry. - -This plant is found sparingly scattered over the areas and is probably -more abundant in Zion than in Bryce Canyon or Cedar Breaks. The fruit -looks very much like a cluster of grapes and is often gathered for the -making of jellies or wine. The woody stems were used by the Indians in -making a yellow dye. - -The plants are helpful in holding the soil, as they spread close to the -ground. - - [Illustration: Oregon Grape] - - -23. FREMONT BARBERRY Barberry Family - _Berberis fremontii_ - -This rather tall shrub of the Sonoran Zones puts on a remarkable display -in April and May with its bright yellow flowers. It is most commonly -seen along the highway leading to Zion National Park from the west. - -Since the plant is a secondary host of the Blackstem Rust of cereals, it -is not cultivated as an ornamental shrub. - -Indians used the wood of this shrub for various implements or tools. -They utilized the root, which contains berberine, for a tonic, and they -also made from it a brilliant-yellow dye. - - [Illustration: Fremont Barberry] - - -24. ELK THISTLE Sunflower Family - _Cirsium foliosum_ - -This Thistle is widely scattered in these areas but is not very -abundant. It is a stout plant, 2 to 3 feet tall, with large, prickly -leaves. Its freshly budding flowers in deep pink are very attractive -during the early summer. Hummingbirds and numerous insects gather food -from its colorful flower head made up of many individual flowers. Some -Thistles are very obnoxious and detrimental to agriculture. - - [Illustration: Elk Thistle] - - -25. CONEFLOWER Sunflower Family - _Rudbeckia occidentalis_ - -At Cedar Breaks and in the high elevations of Zion and Bryce Canyon you -can find this rank-growing plant in fair abundance. Its thimblelike, -dark-brown flower head has numerous, inconspicuously small, yellow -flowers that come out progressively up the cone from its base. The -dark-brown cones, towering above the foliage of the plant, make a -spectacular display against the deep-blue sky. The ripened seeds are -very much sought after by rodents and numerous birds. - - [Illustration: Coneflower] - - -26. DESERT PRINCESPLUME Mustard Family - _Stanleya pinnata_ - -During the months of May and June this very conspicuous plant in Zion -Canyon and throughout the Sonoran Zones may be found sending up its tall -spikes of lemon-yellow flowers. On the same stalk can be found the -ripened and opened seed pods (siliques), fresh-blooming flowers and -unopened buds all at the same time. It has tall, stout stems, rather -woody at the base, and differs from many plants in that it is tolerant -of soils containing gypsum. - - [Illustration: Desert Princesplume] - - -27. STONECROP Stonecrop Family - _Sedum stenopetalum_ - -Found mostly in very dry, rocky soil, these small plants, with smooth, -fleshy leaves and starry-yellow flowers, are fairly conspicuous as they -bloom during the early summer months. These plants have the ability to -store up moisture in their fleshy leaves and stems. They are, therefore, -well adapted to withstanding long periods of drouth. The plants are -sometimes gathered for treatment of certain ailments. - - [Illustration: Stonecrop] - - -28. PRICKLYPOPPY Poppy Family - _Argemone platyceras_ - -You can find this plant, with its large, white flowers, most frequently -along the road cuts or in abandoned fields where it has taken over as a -weed. Its showy display is most abundant during midsummer or in July and -August. The large, white flower, with its conspicuous yellow center, is -sometimes called "The Cowboy's Fried Egg." The prickly leaves and stems -account for another common name, Thistlepoppy. The plants are drought -resistant and unpalatable to livestock. The seeds contain a narcotic -drug more potent than opium. - - [Illustration: Pricklypoppy] - - -29. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEEPLANT Caper Family - _Cleome serrulata_ - -Along the roadsides of Southern Utah near these areas of Zion, Bryce -Canyon and Cedar Breaks you may find this pleasing floral display of -orchid or purple presented by fields of the Rocky Mountain Beeplant. - -It is probably an exotic that has been brought in during recent years. -Because of the unpleasant odor of crushed herbage, this plant is -sometimes called skunk weed. The flowers are an important source of -honey, and the seeds are eaten by a number of birds, especially the -doves. - - [Illustration: Rocky Mountain Beeplant] - - -30. YELLOW SPIDERFLOWER Caper Family - _Cleome lutea_ - -The plants of this genus are often called Beeplants. There are two -species of Spiderflower in these areas. Yellow Spiderflower is not quite -as common as the purplish-pink species commonly known as the Rocky -Mountain Beeplant. - -Both species are conspicuous roadside flowers in June and July. Although -they are important sources of honey, they are not very sweet scented to -humans. No doubt the odor helps attract insects to the flowers. - - [Illustration: Yellow Spiderflower] - - -31. ELDER Honeysuckle Family - _Sambucus racemosa_ - -This red-berried Elder is found the most abundantly at Cedar Breaks. It -is also common along the highways through forested areas of the region. - -The clusters of small white flowers that come on usually in June or July -give way to bright-red berries in August and present a most attractive -display. - -Most Elders are edible and are eaten by birds and rodents. Some people -gather the berries for wines and jellies. This species, however, is -considered poisonous, and cases of poisoning have been reported from -eating the berries, flowers, roots and bark. - -The stalks of some Elders are pithy and fairly easily hollowed out. -Indians used the stalks for making flutes. - - [Illustration: Elder] - - -32. LITTLELEAF MOUNTAINMAHOGANY Rose Family - _Cercocarpus intricatus_ - -This low-growing shrub is fairly important as winter browse for deer and -other browsing animals. The leathery leaves are evergreen, rather -narrow, pointed at both ends and curled backwards from the sides. The -flowers are very small and inconspicuous, but the fruits, with their -long plumes, present an interesting display. The dead wood of this shrub -is very useful to campers, as it burns with extremely hot flame and -gives off very little smoke. - - [Illustration: Littleleaf Mountainmahagony] - - -33. STANSBURY CLIFFROSE Rose Family - _Cowania stansburiana_ - -In Zion this shrub is usually found at elevations above 4,000 feet, and -it generally grows to be 6 to 8 feet high. During May and June its -creamy-white flowers are suggestive of the Wild Rose. The habitat of the -Cliffrose is the warm, dry slopes among the Pinyon and Juniper. Its -twigs and evergreen leaves are browsed extensively by deer and other -animals. The fragrance of this plant in bloom is remarkable and reminds -one of Orange blossoms. The fruits are achenes and have pale, -silky-haired tails 2 or more inches in length, which at times are very -showy. - - [Illustration: Stansbury Cliffrose] - - -34. ANTELOPE BITTERBRUSH Rose Family - _Purshia tridentata_ - -This shrub looks much like the Cliffrose, except for size. It is lower -growing, has smaller pale-yellow flowers and its fruits are not plumed. -The stubby, fan-shaped leaves are three pointed like those of the Big -Sagebrush. - -Bitterbrush is found most commonly on the warm, dry slopes above 4,000 -feet, where it provides valuable year-round browse for deer and other -animals. It is also known as Antelopebrush and Quininebush. - - [Illustration: Antelope Bitterbrush] - - -35. BLACKBRUSH Rose Family - _Colegyne ramosissima_ - -A member of the Rose Family found mostly in the Sonoran Zones of Zion -National Park. Several plants may be seen near the South Entrance -Station. It is well named, as it has a burned and dead appearance during -much of the year; however in late April and May it puts out minute -grey-green leaves and creamy-yellow flowers made up of four sepals and -no petals. The stamens are numerous. The Cliffrose, Bitterbrush and -Mountain-mahogany are closely related to the Blackbrush. - - [Illustration: Blackbrush] - - -36. BUSH CINQUEFOIL Rose Family - _Potentilla fruticosa_ - -Found most commonly at Cedar Breaks, this member of the Rose Family puts -on a very showy display for a brief period of the summer, generally in -July or earlier at lower elevations. It is a shrub commonly 2 to 3 feet -high with leaves that are five-parted, hence the name Cinquefoil. The -shrub is often dotted all over with rose-like flowers, about an inch -across, with clear-yellow petals and deeper yellow anthers. The plant is -common in the mountains, across the continent, up to altitudes of 10,000 -feet or more. - - [Illustration: Bush Cinquefoil] - - -37. PRAIRIESMOKE Rose Family - _Geum triflorum var. ciliatum_ - -This graceful plant, with its nodding, bell-shaped, pink-colored -flowers, is found fairly abundantly in the alpine meadows of Cedar -Breaks National Monument. - -The plant has a number of common names such as: China Bells, -Oldman-Whiskers, and Grandfather's-beard. The silvery, plumose tails of -the fruit present an attractive display, especially as the sun's rays -light the waving plumes in late afternoon or early morning. - -Prairiesmoke plants are considered good forage for several animals, and -the bumblebees gather its pollen for honey. - - [Illustration: Prairiesmoke] - - -38. WILD ROSE Rose Family - _Rosa sp._ - -There are two species of the Wild Rose in Zion and two other species in -Bryce Canyon, three of which are found at Cedar Breaks National -Monument. - -Wild Roses are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and are too -familiar to need much description. The flowers are fairly fragrant and -have bright-pink petals with a large cluster of yellow stamens. The -fruit of the rose, shaped like a small apple, turns a deep-red color -late in the season and adds beauty to this plant during autumn. - - [Illustration: Wild Rose] - - -39. SERVICEBERRY Rose Family - _Amelanchier alnifolia_ - -One of the very early blooming shrubs or small trees in Zion Canyon, and -often seen in March or April as conspicuous white masses on the canyon -walls among the Pinyon and Juniper trees, is the Serviceberry. - -The white flowers occur in clusters and look much like a fruit tree in -bloom. The berry is shaped like a very small apple, insipid to the -taste, but nevertheless used extensively by the Indians and early -settlers for food. The plant has a variety of common names, including -the following: Juneberry, Shadbush, Saskatoon, Sarviceberry and -Pigeonberry. - - [Illustration: Serviceberry] - - -40. CHOKECHERRY Rose Family - _Prunus virginiana_ - -Chokecherry bushes or small trees are fairly common at elevations around -6,000 feet in these areas. Early in May, and sometimes even earlier, the -white and fragrant blossoms present a pleasing sight. In July or August -the ripened cherries supply food for humans, many birds and small -animals. - -The first autumn colors are often the Chokecherry leaves as they turn -scarlet, brown and red. - -These shrubs are browsed heavily by cattle and some by deer, especially -if other forage is scarce. - - [Illustration: Chokecherry] - - -41. HONEY MESQUITE Pea Family - _Prosopis juliflora_ - -A low-growing tree of the Lower Sonoran Zone. Uncommon in Zion but -fairly abundant in the desert area adjacent to the park. In early spring -during March and April bright-green leaves cover the tree, and often it -is laden with catkinlike clusters of greenish-yellow flowers, which -attract myriads of insects including the honey bees. - -The wood of this tree was used extensively by early settlers for fuel, -building corrals and in making furniture and utensils. The fruit of the -Mesquite, resembling a string bean, is used for food by many animals. -Indians also made wide use of it by grinding the beans into a meal -called "Pinole." - - [Illustration: Honey Mesquite] - - -42. LUPINE Pea Family - _Lupinus sp._ - -There are so many varieties of Lupine that it is most difficult to -identify the numerous species. In this area they are found abundantly on -the high plateaus, being especially plentiful at Cedar Breaks, where -they fill whole meadows with a mass of blue color in midsummer. - -The Lupines range in color from pale pink to deep purple, with some -white, cream or yellow, but most of them are blue. Like other plants of -the Pea Family, Lupines add nitrogen to the soil and thereby improve the -land on which they grow. The seeds of a few species contain alkaloids -which are poisonous to livestock, especially sheep. - - [Illustration: Lupine] - - -43. LOCO Pea Family - _Astragalus sp._ - -This very large genus of plants ranges from the hottest parts of the -desert to high mountain peaks and far to the North. More than a dozen -species are found in the Zion Region. - -Some of the species contain a poisonous constituent causing, the often -fatal, loco disease of livestock, particularly in horses. - -Loco is a Spanish word meaning "Crazy." Other species known as -Poisonvetch, prefer soils rich in selenium, and take up enough of that -toxic mineral to make them poisonous to livestock, especially sheep. The -harmless species are called Milkvetch. - -Nearly all the species are colorful and spectacular when in blossom, but -some of them have a rank, disagreeable odor. - - [Illustration: Loco] - - -44. POISONVETCH Pea Family - _Astragalus sabulonum_ - -This showy species of Astragalus is locally called Rattleweed because, -when it is in fruit, its large, bladder-like, thin-walled pods become -very brittle and give a distinct rattling sound when shaken. The pods -are about one and a half inches long and heavily mottled reddish-brown -in color. - -The genus of Astragalus has been divided into three groups: Loco, -Milkvetch and Poisonvetch. The species poisonous to livestock are -commonly called Loco Weeds. - - [Illustration: Poisonvetch] - - -45. NEW MEXICO LOCUST Pea Family - _Robinia neomexicana_ - -This shrub or small tree is fairly common in Zion Canyon. It was -probably brought in by the early settlers. Its large, showy flower grows -in clusters at the ends of slender branches. The blooming season is -during May and June. - -The tree is very thorny and has the habit of sprouting from roots or -stumps and of forming dense thickets which are valuable in controlling -erosion. The foliage serves as food for browsing animals, especially the -deer. - - [Illustration: New Mexico Locust] - - -46. DESERTBEAUTY DALEA Pea Family - _Dalea johnsoni_ - -Sometimes confused with the Desert Sage or more commonly called the -Purple Sage, which it resembles to some extent, this small shrub with -light-gray bark, small, gray-green leaves and terminal spikes of -brilliant-purple flowers is one of the most pleasing sights in early -summer. - -In Zion it is found mostly in the Coalpits Wash and Shunes Creek areas -and blooms generally during May. Desertbeauty is a close relative of the -"Smoke Tree" of the Desert. - - [Illustration: Desertbeauty Dalea] - - -47. FREMONT GERANIUM Geranium Family - _Geranium fremontii_ - -This beautiful, midsummer-blooming plant, growing about two feet high, -is common on the plateaus and in the cool canyons. - -The pink, veined petals, deeply lobed leaves and characteristic geranium -odor help identify this plant. Some species have white flowers, but they -are not common in this area. The flowers are perfect with five sepals, -five petals, and five to ten stamens. The fruit is a long capsule and -has given rise to the common name Cranesbill. - -Cultivated Geraniums are really Pelargoniums from South Africa. - - [Illustration: Fremont Geranium] - - -48. ALFILERIA Geranium Family - _Erodium cicutarium_ - -This low-growing plant, spreading close to the ground, with its finely -divided leaves and small, starry-pink flowers, puts on a remarkable -display in the open meadows of the large canyons. It is one of the -earliest blooming species in Zion Canyon, and in seasons of abundant -rain it often presents the appearance of a pale-purple lawn. - -On ripening, the seed capsules split open and shoot out the seeds--each -with a tiny hook in its nose and a tail with successive tight coils like -a corkscrew. The seed is apparently screwed into the ground by -alternating moisture and dryness which winds and unwinds the seed plume. - - [Illustration: Alfileria] - - -49. LEWIS FLAX Flax Family - _Linum lewisii_ - -Here in Zion during May and June, growing along the trails on the -plateaus and in cool canyons, you will find the beautiful and delicate -blue flowers of the Wild Flax. The flower is nearly an inch across and -has five sepals and five petals borne at the top of a slender stem -having narrow leaves. At Bryce Canyon this plant is more abundant than -at Zion or Cedar Breaks. - -Wild Flax was named in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis, who first -discovered it, near the continental divide, during the famed Lewis and -Clark expedition of 1804-1806. - - [Illustration: Lewis Flax] - - -50. CREOSOTEBUSH Caltrop Family - _Larrea tridentata_ - -Probably the most characteristic shrub of the arid valleys and mesas of -the Southwest is the Creosotebush, which is sometimes erroneously called -Greasewood. - -At times this plant fills the air with a peculiar pungent aroma that -gives rise to the common name Creosotebush. Mexicans call it -"Hediondilla" the (Little Bad Smeller.) - -A sticky resin on the leaves is used as a poultice for bruises and -sores. A resinous gum or lac deposited by scale insects on the branches -is used by the Indians as a cement for fixing arrow points and mending -of pottery. - - [Illustration: Creosotebush] - - -51. WHITEMARGIN EUPHORBIA Spurge Family - _Euphorbia albomarginata_ - -This low-growing plant with abundant small, round or oval leaves and -tiny white flowers is commonly called Carpetweed because of the manner -in which it spreads over the ground. - -Found mostly in the dry sandy soils, this plant serves as an excellent -soil binder and is very helpful in preventing erosion. - -The milky juice of this species is considered toxic and may cause -dermatitis in susceptible persons. It is also known as Rattlesnake Feed -and popularly supposed to be efficacious in treating snake bite. - - [Illustration: Whitemargin Euphorbia] - - -52. SCARLET GLOBEMALLOW Mallow Family - _Sphaeralcea coccinea_ - -Very commonly found along the roadsides and especially prominent in the -campgrounds or other disturbed areas. This member of the Mallow Family -presents a lovely coral-red display as early as May, and it continues -blooming throughout much of the summer. - -Cotton belongs to this large and important family, which also contains -such ornamental plants as the Hollyhock. Extensive fields of this flower -present brilliant displays of orange. - - [Illustration: Scarlet Globemallow] - - -53. DESERT GLOBEMALLOW Mallow Family - _Sphaeralcea ambigua_ - -Found most commonly along the roads and trails, this member of the -Mallow Family is known by a variety of common names such as: Rose of -Sharon, False Mallow and Wild Hollyhock. It generally blooms in late -summer, especially in the Cedar Breaks region. The plants sometimes grow -to be 4 to 5 feet tall and have a great profusion of pink-colored -flowers, really a very colorful and attractive display. - - [Illustration: Desert Globemallow] - - -54. FIREWEED Evening-primrose Family - _Epilobium angustifolium_ - -This tall, willowy plant, called Fireweed, is frequently the first plant -to come in after a forest fire. Its colorful bloom gives new life to the -blackened ground. Fireweed is one of the world's most widely -disseminated wild flowers, being found throughout much of northern North -America, Europe and parts of Asia. Its seeds are scattered by the wind. -In these areas it is found mostly on the high plateaus. - - [Illustration: Fireweed] - - -55. WOODLAND PINEDROPS Indian Pipe Family - _Pterospora andromedea_ - -In the rich soil of the Ponderosa Pine forest of the high plateaus you -may occasionally see this peculiar plant called Pinedrops. It has a -single reddish-brown stalk (no green parts at all) about a foot or two -high, apparently without leaves (they are mere scales), and numerous -round or bell-shaped blossoms or seed pods hanging from short stems. The -stalk is generally sticky with a material much like the pitch of the -pine trees. It is a parasite that lives on the roots of pine trees. - - [Illustration: Woodland Pinedrops] - - -56. YELLOW VIOLET Violet Family - _Viola praemorsa_ - -There are five different species of Violets in Zion, two of them with -yellow flowers and the others with white or purple. They are found -blooming in May or June on the high plateaus or sometimes later in the -wet meadows of Cedar Breaks or in shady canyons. Violets are closely -related to the cultivated Pansies. The flowers are irregular, as one -petal has a saclike spur which contains nectar. They have five sepals, -five petals and five stamens. This species is found most commonly in the -shady forest, while the purple and white species are more common in the -very moist and cool areas of the shady canyons. - - [Illustration: Yellow Violet] - - -57. DESERT BLAZINGSTAR Loasa Family - _Mentzelia multiflora_ - -Blazingstars, sometimes called "Stickleaf" because of their rough, hairy -leaves, are plants well suited to the drought conditions of this area, -as they adapt well to dry, rocky soil. They are often found in roadside -cuts or other newly disturbed soils and are found blooming usually in -July and August. They are conspicuous with their yellow flowers -consisting of five long petals and a large number of stamens almost as -long as the petals that attract the eye as they blaze forth in the -bright sunlight of midsummer. These plants are found mostly in the -Transition Zone. - - [Illustration: Desert Blazingstar] - - -58. A HEDGEHOG CACTUS Cactus Family - _Echinocereus coccineus_ - -This family is well represented in Zion, where ten prominent species are -found, six of which are illustrated in this booklet. This species is -sometimes called the Cucumber Cactus. It is found blooming in bright-red -clumps as early as April or on occasion in March when the winters are -not severe. Its favorite habitat appears to be the rocky slopes of the -lava fields below 5,000 feet. - -As cactus flowers mature into fruit, they form bulb-like bodies called -tunas. The fruits of this species are about an inch or more in diameter -and serve as important food for many rodents. - - [Illustration: A Hedgehog Cactus] - - -59. PURPLETORCH CACTUS Cactus Family - _Echinocereus engelmannii_ - -Found mostly on the rocky slopes in the Lower Sonoran Zone, this cactus -is fairly common and distinguished chiefly by its waxy and brilliantly -colored purple flowers. The stems of this species are similar to those -of the Cucumber Cactus except for being generally taller. The fruits are -also similar, but the flowers differ as they are much larger and bright -purple instead of red in color. They bloom generally during the month of -May. - - [Illustration: Purple Torch Cactus] - - -60. A PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS Cactus Family - _Opuntia rhodantha_ - -The most common cactus in Zion is this species of the Prickly Pear. It -is found in a great variety of habitats, even at the higher elevations. -The flowers, large and spectacular in various shades of red, salmon or -yellow, bloom late in May to July. Because of its long blooming season, -this species is more often found in flower than any other cactus in the -park. Its pear-shaped fruit, red to purple in color, is eaten by many -animals as well as by the native peoples. - - [Illustration: A Prickly Pear Cactus] - - -61. BEAVERTAIL CACTUS Cactus Family - _Opuntia basilaris_ - -One species of cactus that at first sight does not seem to be a cactus -is the Beavertail, for it is lacking the long spines characteristic of -most cacti. Upon close examination, however, you will find that it is -protected by numerous, fine spines. The name of this species is derived -from its flat stems shaped somewhat like a small beaver's tail. The -conspicuous magenta flowers mark this species as one of the most -beautiful in the park. The fruit of this species is important as animal -food, especially for chipmunks and ground squirrels. - - [Illustration: Beavertail Cactus] - - -62. BUCKHORN CHOLLA CACTUS Cactus Family - _Opuntia acanthocarpa_ - -The Cholla (pronounced Choya) Cactus is the only "tree" cactus found in -Zion. It is fairly common in the Lower Sonoran Zone, especially in -Coalpits Wash. Strangely enough this plant is a favorite nesting place -of some desert birds, including sparrows, wrens and finches. The -spreading branches seem to reach out and grab the careless hiker, and -the barbed spines stick so fast in the flesh that the joint of the plant -is separated from the main stem before the spines can be withdrawn. -Cholla blossoms come in many shades of color with the accent on yellows -and reds. - - [Illustration: Buckhorn Cholla Cactus] - - -63. ENGLEMANN PRICKLYPEAR CACTUS Cactus Family - _Opuntia engelmannii_ - -As one of the largest of the flat-jointed or Pricklypear Cacti of Zion, -this species is fairly abundant in Zion Canyon and is probably the most -frequently observed species because of its dense growth in certain -habitats and its fairly immense size as well as its colorful display of -blossoms. It is locally called Elephant Ear Cactus. In June in produces -large yellow flowers, very waxy in texture. - -(See Figure 64 for information concerning the fruit of this cactus.) - - [Illustration: Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus] - - -64. CACTUS FRUIT Cactus Family - _Opuntia engelmannii_ - -The fruit of the Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus is similar to the fruits -of many other species of cacti; it is conspicuous, being deep red in -color and about the size of a large Crab Apple. It is called Tuna or -locally "Cactus Apple" and ripens as early as June but more abundantly -during July. - -Indians of the Southwest use this fruit as an important item of their -diet. Many people living in the desert have come to learn that this -cactus fruit makes excellent jellies and candies. It is also feasted -upon by several rodents, especially the Antelope Ground Squirrel. - - [Illustration: Cactus Fruit] - - -65. ROUNDLEAF BUFFALOBERRY Oleaster Family - _Shepherdia rotundifolia_ - -A low, evergreen shrub with small, oval leaves that appear to have been -painted with a thin coat of aluminum paint through which the green shows -faintly. It is most common in the Upper Sonoran Zone and may be found -along the Canyon Overlook and Emerald Pool Trails in Zion National Park. - -The pale-yellow flowers, not much over 1/4 inch across, are often hidden -by the leaves. They bloom early in April or sometimes in March. The -fruit of a similar shrub has a tart berry that was gathered by the early -pioneers and used as a sauce on Buffalo steaks, hence the name -Buffaloberry. - - [Illustration: Roundleaf Buffaloberry] - - -66. WHITE EVENING-PRIMROSE Evening-primrose Family - _Oenothera caespitosa_ - -This member of the Evening-primrose Family, with its fragrant, large -white flowers, bloom early in the evening and lasts only a few hours the -next day, as it turns pink and wilts. - -The flowers grow close to the ground on stemless plants. They have long, -slender and hairy calyx tubes that resemble stems. This plant is found -mostly in very rocky and dry habitats, which are often devoid of all -other plants. - - [Illustration: White Evening-primrose] - - -67. YELLOW EVENING-PRIMROSE Evening-primrose Family - _Oenothera strigosa_ - -You will find this plant most commonly in the road cuts or in places -where the soil has been disturbed. This species and other members of -this family have very showy flowers with four broad, thin petals. -Generally they bloom at night but sometimes in the daytime if growing in -deep shade. - -The Evening-primroses are among the comparatively few flowers blooming -in Zion Canyon during the heat of midsummer, and many of them are -usually found on sandy or rocky soil in the Upper Sonoran Zone. - - [Illustration: Yellow Evening-primrose] - - -68. PORTER LIGUSTICUM Parsley Family - _Ligusticum porteri_ - -Locally called "Wild Parsley," this fairly tall plant, with its fernlike -leaves, is very common at Cedar Breaks National Monument. It grows at -very high elevations. Other plants in this family, useful as food, are -the carrot, parsnip, dill and anise. However, one member of the family, -the Water Hemlock, is very poisonous. - - [Illustration: Porter Ligusticum] - - -69. GREENLEAF MANZANITA Heath Family - _Arctostaphylos patula_ - -Many people are attracted to this plant by its bright mahogany-red bark. -Its oval-shaped leaves are a bright green throughout the year. The -flowers grow in clusters and sometimes are very numerous on the shrub. -The fruit resembles a tiny apple, and the name Manzanita is Spanish for -"Little Apple." Indians use the berries for food and for making a -pleasant, sour drink. - - [Illustration: Greenleaf Manzanita] - - -70. GREEN GENTIAN Gentian Family - _Frasera speciosa_ - -Found in the open meadows of the Cedar Breaks highlands and on the high -plateaus of Zion and Bryce Canyon. The tall stalks, with their -intermixture of pale-green leaves and similarly colored flowers, present -a rather conspicuous sight as they tower to heights of 5 feet. The -flowers have four sepals and four petals and nectar glands that attract -many insects. The petals are flecked with brown and purple. - - [Illustration: Green Gentian] - - -71. PARRY PRIMROSE Primrose Family - _Primula parryi_ - -This outstanding member of the Primrose Family is found only at high -elevations, generally above 10,000 feet. In this region it grows fairly -abundantly on Brian Head Peak but is found sparingly at Cedar Breaks. -Its brilliant display of rose-red flowers is a remarkable and rewarding -sight for those who gain the high places and see this alpine beauty. The -smooth, thick leaves, which are quite long, all grow in a rosette at the -base of the plant. The fragrance of this flower is disappointing, for it -does not match its splendid color. - - [Illustration: Parry Primrose] - - -72. INDIANPOTATO Parsnip Family - _Orogenia linearifolia_ - -As the snow melts on the plateaus, at elevations above 7,000 feet, you -may find one of the very first flowers of spring. This member of the -Parsnip Family often carpets the alpine meadows with a mass of tiny -white flowers never more than an inch or two high. - -The root bulb was eaten by the Indians and gives rise to the common name -Indianpotato. Another common name is Salt and Pepper Plant because of -the speckled appearance of the flowers. - -The blooming period of this plant is very brief, and soon after the -flowers have faded the leaves disappear and the plant lies dormant -during most of the year. - - [Illustration: Indianpotato] - - -73. SHOOTINGSTAR Primrose Family - _Dodecatheon pauciflorum_ - -Shootingstars are one of the early blooming flowers in the alpine -meadows of Cedar Breaks and on the high plateaus. They also come on very -early in the moist canyons of Zion. Along with the Columbine and -Monkeyflower they are the predominant plants of the Hanging Gardens -found on many of the Canyon Walls. - -The basal leaves spread close to the ground, while the flowers in a -variety of colors, white, pink or purple grow on stems 6 to 8 inches -high. The down-pointed stamens of the flower center and the reflexed or -turned-back petals gives the flower its common name Shootingstar. - - [Illustration: Shootingstar] - - -74. FRINGED GENTIAN Gentian Family - _Gentiana thermalis_ - -One of the most beautiful of all mountain flowers, the Fringed Gentian -is commonly found in the moist meadows of Cedar Breaks at elevations -near or above 10,500 feet. The flower stalks are generally 6 to 10 -inches tall, and each bears a handsome flower about two inches long with -four fringed petals. At times the Fringed Gentian carpets the alpine -meadows with a waving mass of deep-blue color. This species is the Park -Flower of Yellowstone National Park. - - [Illustration: Fringed Gentian] - - -75. BUTTERFLY MILKWEED Milkweed Family - _Asclepias tuberosa_ - -There are four fairly common species of Milkweed in Zion, but the one -pictured is the most common. This variety is found in the dry places -above 4,000 feet and is especially abundant in Birch Creek Canyon. - -The conspicuous orange flowers grow on fairly tall stalks about two feet -in height and make this plant very easy to find. The stems are quite -hairy, leafy and contain a milky juice. As the fruits develop in large -boat-shaped pods, the seeds burst forth bearing long, silky hairs that -assist the wind in scattering them over wide areas. - - [Illustration: Butterfly Milkweed] - - -76. PINK PHLOX Phlox Family - _Phlox canescens_ - -Four kinds of phlox are common in Zion, and other species are found at -Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. The plants are generally small, but the -flowers are fairly showy with their five bright, pink-colored petals. -They are found generally in dry, rocky soils and bloom mostly in early -summer or during May and June. Sometimes Phlox will cover extensive -areas with a bright carpet of pink or white. A special display of Phlox -may be found on the summit of Brian Head Peak near Cedar Breaks. These -plants are very helpful in holding the soil and in preventing erosion. - - [Illustration: Pink Phlox] - - -77. SKYROCKET GILIA Phlox Family - _Gilia aggregata_ - -This plant is found most commonly in the Ponderosa Pine belt of these -areas where its star-shaped, scarlet flower adds a bit of brilliance to -the scene. The individual flowers, with their long, tubular corollas and -star-shaped petals, are masterpieces of beauty. Their shape and color -have given rise to such common names as Trumpet Phlox and Scarlet Gilia. - -In their search for nectar, hummingbirds are noticeably attracted to the -flowers of the plant. Birds and insects in taking the nectar, help in -the pollination of many flowers. - - [Illustration: Skyrocket Gilia] - - -78. MOUNTAIN BLUEBELLS Borage Family - _Mertensia ciliata_ - -A fairly tall perennial growing to be from 2 to 3 feet high and found -only in moist places at high elevations of the plateaus. It is common at -and near Cedar Breaks along the streams or in the swampy meadows. The -small clusters of drooping, delicate-blue flowers come mostly in May and -June or even later at the higher elevations of Brian Head Peak near -Cedar Breaks. Before maturing the flowers may be pinkish to white in -color. - - [Illustration: Mountain Bluebells] - - -79. NARROWLEAF PUCCOON Borage Family - _Lithospermum incisum_ - -This member of the Borage Family is well adapted to the dry habitats. -The plants are commonly found in clumps, but they are generally widely -scattered rather than in dense growths as in the case of the Bluebells -or Mertensias that belong to the same Family. Its showy trumpetlike -yellow flowers attract many insects as they bloom during April and May. -The seeds are hard, white and shiny, hence the name Lithospermum, -meaning stone seed. - - [Illustration: Narrowleaf Puccoon] - - -80. DESERT SAGE Mint Family - _Salvia carnosa_ - -Although looking very much like a clump of Sagebrush, this small shrub -is a member of the Mint Family and not closely related to the Common -Sagebrush. The clusters of bright purple flowers, as they come on in May -or June, certainly add brilliant adornment to this sage-green plant. It -is fairly common in the Sonoran Zones and well scattered throughout much -of the Southwest. This is the plant referred to in the storied Land of -the Purple Sage. One of the best places to look for this plant is along -the Emerald Pool Trail in Zion National Park. - - [Illustration: Desert Sage] - - -81. MULLEIN Figwort Family - _Verbascum thapsus_ - -This rather unusual-appearing plant is not a native but rather an -introduced species from Europe that has spread over most of Western -America. It is fairly common along the roads and trails. - -The Hopi Indians are said to dry and smoke the leaves, and this is -thought to cure people who are mentally unbalanced. - -Early Greeks and Romans dipped dried mullein stalks in tallow to make -lampwicks. The English named it "Torchweed" and the Spanish called it -"Candelaria." - - [Illustration: Mullein] - - -82. ROYAL PENSTEMON Figwort Family - _Penstemon speciosus_ - -This species, also known as Purple Penstemon, is found in much the same -habitats as the Blue Penstemon. It is generally abundant along roadsides -at elevations above 4,500 feet. It is fairly common at Cedar Breaks and -at Bryce Canyon. The flowers vary in color from deep blue to dark -purple, and the stalks vary in height from 12 to 20 inches. - - [Illustration: Royal Penstemon] - - -83. EATON PENSTEMON Figwort Family - _Penstemon eatoni_ - -Found mostly in the cool canyons, this plant is sometimes confused with -the Skyrocket Gilia or the Western Cardinalflower, which it resembles -somewhat. Penstemon usually has a greater number of blooms on each -flower stalk than do these flowers that appear like it. This variety is -not nearly as common as many other Penstemons in these areas. It is far -more brilliantly colored, however, which accounts for such common names -as Scarlet Bugler and Scarlet Penstemon. - - [Illustration: Eaton Penstemon] - - -84. THICKLEAF PENSTEMON Figwort Family - _Penstemon pachyphyllus_ - -The penstemons are sometimes called Wild Snapdragons because of the -close resemblance to related cultivated species. They are also called -Beardstongue because one of the five stamens is covered with numerous -hairs. This blue variety, Thickleaf Penstemon, is found mostly at higher -elevations or on the plateaus where they bloom during June and July. - - [Illustration: Thickleaf Penstemon] - - -85. PALMER PENSTEMON Figwort Family - _Penstemon palmeri_ - -This is one of the very beautiful and conspicuous flowers of Zion -National Park. The flowers are borne on tall spikes and are brightly -colored. This is the largest and most common Penstemon found along the -trails and roadways of Zion below 6,000 feet. It is especially common in -freshly disturbed soils as the road cuts. The leaves are grey-green, and -each pair with the exception of the lower ones is joined at the base, -creating the impression that it is one leaf with the stem growing -through the center. The fairly large flowers, which are pale lavender in -color, begin blooming in May and are found in bloom throughout most of -the summer. - - [Illustration: Palmer Penstemon] - - -86. SACRED DATURA Potato Family - _Datura meteloides_ - -A conspicuous plant with very large, white, sometimes lavender-tinted -flowers that open at night and wilt in the bright morning sunlight. A -single plant may have as many as 100 blooms at one time. Datura is one -of the few plants that blooms during the hot summer in Zion Canyon. Many -different names are locally applied to it, and include the following: -Zion Lily, Moon Lily, Jimson Weed and Thornapple. The plant is poisonous -to eat, especially the seeds, and was used by several Indian tribes to -induce stupor and dreams as a part of a widespread religious cult. It -contains a deadly narcotic principle akin to atropine. - - [Illustration: Sacred Datura] - - -87. MONKEYFLOWER Figwort Family - _Mimulus cardinalis_ - -One of the very beautiful flowering plants along the Zion Narrows Trail -and in cool, damp places of the shady canyons is this Crimson -Monkeyflower with its orange-red blossoms and deep-green leaves. Its -flowers are 1 to 2 inches long and the wide-toothed leaves are 3 to 5 -inches long. It is the largest Monkeyflower in the park. Some plants are -found blooming throughout much of the summer season, especially along -the canyon walls where there are seeps of water most of the year. - - [Illustration: Monkeyflower] - - -88. INDIAN PAINTBRUSH Figwort Family - _Castilleja coccinea_ - -From early March until May the warm hillsides below 6,000 feet are made -brilliant by clumps of deep-red flowers often found next to patches of -Mountain Mahogany. They are the Dwarf Indian Paintbrush and are by far -the most conspicuous early spring flower in Zion. Found very abundantly -along the park road from the East Entrance to the Zion Tunnel, they -present a most pleasing sight early in the season. Other species are -very plentiful at Cedar Breaks and often carpet the meadows in showy -orange or red. Several species are also found at Bryce Canyon National -Park. - - [Illustration: Indian Paintbrush] - - -89. SNOWBERRY Honeysuckle Family - _Symphoricarpos utahensis_ - -This low, spreading shrub is recognized by its shreddy bark, small, -oval, opposite leaves on very short petioles, and in late summer or fall -by its white berries. The small, pinkish flowers are not at all -conspicuous and are often overlooked. The plant is browsed by deer and -other animals and is sometimes called Buckbrush. It is found mostly in -the high plateaus of Zion and is fairly common at Cedar Breaks and Bryce -Canyon. The fruit, although very showy, is not very tasty. - - [Illustration: Snowberry] - - -90. BEARBERRY HONEYSUCKLE Honeysuckle Family - _Lonicera involucrata_ - -This member of the Honeysuckle Family has a number of common names such -as Twinberry Honeysuckle, Ink-berry and Pigeon-bush. - -The flowers, which are yellow and always come in pairs, are very -attractive to the hummingbirds. Mature fruits are black berries about -the size of peas and are partially enclosed by reddish bracts. The -plants are unpalatable and browsed very slightly, but the fruits are -eaten by birds and chipmunks. - - [Illustration: Bearberry Honeysuckle] - - -91. ELEPHANTHEAD PEDICULARIS Figwort Family - _Pedicularis groenlandica_ - -You will find this strange-looking plant in the wet meadows of the -alpine areas of Cedar Breaks and on the Plateaus of the Kolob Section -and the Horse Pasture Plateau of Zion National Park. Its blooming season -is July and August. The peculiarly modified petals of the corolla -resemble the forehead, ears and waving trunk of an elephant, hence the -common name Elephanthead. - - [Illustration: Elephanthead Pedicularis] - - -92. AMERICAN HAREBELL Bellflower Family - _Campanula rotundifolia_ - -In the drier habitats of the alpine regions around Cedar Breaks and -generally along the roadsides in large clumps you may find this -beautiful blue flower. The lovely deep-blue flowers, drooping on their -hairlike stems, have such perfect shape and simple grace. The Harebell -is very wide spread, being found in Scotland, Northern Europe and Asia -as well as over much of North America. - - [Illustration: American Harebell] - - -93. WESTERN CARDINALFLOWER Lobelia Family - _Lobelia splendens_ - -A pleasant surprise to many park visitors is to find this spectacular -flower, with its abundant scarlet blooms on long stalks, presenting a -colorful display during the late summer when most plants have ceased -blooming. This colorful species, known also as Scarlet Lobelia, is very -abundant along the Narrows Trail of Zion Canyon and also along water -courses of other shady canyons. The long, tubular corollas and pointed -petals arranged in irregular pattern of two and three identify this -plant from the Scarlet Penstemon which it resembles. - - [Illustration: Western Cardinalflower] - - -94. RABBITBRUSH Sunflower Family - _Chrysothamnus sp._ - -Rabbitbrush is fairly common along roadways and trails in the arid -regions. Because rabbits find this plant a favorite shelter, it has been -named Rabbitbrush. Indians boil the plant for yellow dye, and white man -found certain species of Chrysothamnus to contain rubber. - -Consideration was given to the production of rubber from Rabbitbrush -during the First World War and up until the discovery of synthetic -rubber. - - [Illustration: Rabbitbrush] - - -95. CURLYCUP GUMWEED Sunflower Family - _Grindelia squarrosa_ - -An exotic plant probably brought into the area by vehicles, as it is -found most commonly along the roadways or in cultivated fields. Once -started it spreads very rapidly along the highways or in cultivated -areas. - -The plant is suspected to be toxic to livestock, but is rarely eaten. It -is used in the treatment of asthma in humans. In addition, external use -is made of it to relieve the irritation caused by Poison Ivy. - -The plants have probably migrated to this area from the central plains -states. - - [Illustration: Curlycup Gumweed] - - -96. PURPLE ASTER Sunflower Family - _Aster sp._ - -The Asters and Fleabanes are sometimes confused, but they can generally -be recognized by the difference in the number of ray flowers. That is, -Asters have only about half as many ray flowers as do the Fleabanes. - -Species of Purple Aster form an important part of the late summer floral -display at Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. They come on after the Lupine, -Columbine, Indian Paintbrush and other early bloomers have faded. - - [Illustration: Purple Aster] - - -97. FLEABANE Sunflower Family - _Erigeron speciosus_ - -There are numerous species of Fleabane in this region. Some particular -kind may be found at any time of the growing season, for certain species -bloom very early and others continue late in autumn. - -Some species of Fleabane grow in dense masses and, in early spring, -carpet the meadows and roadsides. The ray flowers of the Fleabanes are -generally twice as numerous per head as are the ray flowers of the -Asters. The plants are quite similar in other respects. - - [Illustration: Fleabane] - - -98. MOUNTAIN SUNFLOWER Sunflower Family - _Helianthella uniflora_ - -Sunflowers abound in these parks during the late summer. As the early -summer flowers, mostly in blues and purples, fade, the yellow and red -flowers come on. This is especially true in the alpine meadows of Cedar -Breaks in August when the predominant species are the Sunflowers. - -The seeds of the Sunflowers supply abundant food for many birds and -small mammals. - - [Illustration: Mountain Sunflower] - - -99. COMMON SUNFLOWER Sunflower Family - _Helianthus annuus_ - -The very large flowers of these plants sometimes present a colorful -display as they take over the roadways or abandoned fields. Members of -this group are generally considered weeds because of their habit of -crowding out the more desirable species. Certain species of Sunflowers -are now being developed for commercial purposes and produce oil for -cooking and meal for livestock feed. Indians in some areas of North -America cultivated sunflowers for food and for trade. - - [Illustration: Common Sunflower] - - -100. GAILLARDIA Sunflower Family - _Gaillardia parryi_ - -This handsome and conspicuous plant is found growing in the Sonoran -Zones of Zion. It has a slender, rough stalk, about a foot tall, and -stiff, rather hairy, dull-green leaves growing mostly from the root. The -beautiful flowers, about three inches across, have golden-yellow rays -which are three pointed. The center of the flower is a shaded maroon and -yellow, very velvety, and becoming an attractive fuzzy, round, purplish -head when the rays drop off. This plant blooms mostly in May and June. - - [Illustration: Gaillardia] - - -101. DESERT MARIGOLD Sunflower Family - _Baileya multiradiata_ - -These golden-yellow flowers, measuring about three inches across, are -fairly common along the trails and roadways of Zion Canyon and in other -low-elevation areas of the park. They bloom during May and June. The ray -flowers become bleached and papery as they mature, thus accounting for -the name Paper Daisy. This attractive composite is also known as Desert -Baileya. In California this plant is cultivated for the flower trade. It -has been found poisonous to sheep, although horses crop the flower -heads, apparently without harmful effects. - - [Illustration: Desert Marigold] - - -102. WESTERN YARROW Sunflower Family - _Achillea lanulosa_ - -Western Yarrow is very widespread and can be found in much of Western -America. It is more common at elevations above 5,000 feet in these -areas. It grows to be 12 to 20 inches high, and the fernlike leaves, -which have a pungent odor when crushed, and the umbrella-shaped clusters -of flowers are characteristics of this plant that help to identify it. - -Since ancient times the plant has been highly regarded for its healing -properties. Legend ascribed the discovery of this virtue to Achilles, in -whose honor the plant is named. - - [Illustration: Western Yarrow] - - -103. HEARTLEAF ARNICA Sunflower Family - _Arnica cordifolia_ - -A common flower in the Pine and Spruce forest of Cedar Breaks and the -alpine areas of Zion and Bryce Canyon is the Heartleaf Arnica. The -yellow ray flowers are few, while the disk or central flowers of the -flower head are numerous. The flowers measure about three inches across -and are often mistaken for sunflowers. The heart-shaped leaves help -distinguish this flower from its close relatives. - -Tincture of arnica is obtained from certain species of Arnica. - - [Illustration: Heartleaf Arnica] - - -104. MEADOW SALSIFY Sunflower Family - _Tragopogon pratensis_ - -This interesting plant, known also as Oyster Plant, has been naturalized -from Europe and is now quite common in the West. It has a smooth, stout -hollow stem about 2 feet tall, rather dark-green, smooth leaves clasping -at the base, and handsome flowers from 2 to 4 inches across. The flowers -open early in the morning, closing at midday, to remain closed until the -next morning. - -Meadow Salsify is most commonly found along the roadways or in other -places where the native soil has been disturbed. - -See Figure 105 for description of the seed of this flower. - - [Illustration: Meadow Salsify] - - -105. MEADOW SALSIFY Sunflower Family - _Tragopogon pratensis_ - -This habitat view of the Meadow Salsify illustrates one of the important -ways in which plants scatter their seeds about. As the flower matures -into seeds in a conspicuous and very large, dandelion-like head, each -seed is equipped with a perfect parachute of silky fibers. Winds often -sweep these flight-equipped seeds for many miles and result in wide -dissemination of this species, which was introduced into this country -from Europe not very long ago. - -The seeds of many plants are scattered about in various ways--some by -wind, others by water and many by the birds and animals. - - [Illustration: Meadow Salsify Fruit] - - -106. ARROWLEAF BALSAMROOT Sunflower Family - _Balsamorhiza sagittata_ - -This plant, with its large, showy yellow flowers, is often found on the -southern exposures of steep hillsides or in the Sagebrush flats. It was -first discovered by Lewis and Clark on their expedition across the -continent in 1804-1806. - -The rind of the root contains a turpentiny balsam, but the heart of the -root is edible and was used by the Indians and early pioneers. The plant -is called Mormon Biscuit in Utah. The seeds of the plant were used by -the Indians to make "Pinole" or meal, and the stems and leaves were -eaten as greens. - - [Illustration: Arrowleaf Balsamroot] - - -107. WESTERN WALLFLOWER Mustard Family - _Erysimum capitatum_ - -There are two kinds of Wallflowers in Zion National Park. Their -bright-yellow flowers, which grow on stalks taller than those of most -other mustards, make them among the most attractive members of this -family. They are usually found on rather dry slopes in the Upper Sonoran -and Transition Zones. - -Notice how the petals are arranged as a cross which is a characteristic -of all members of the Cruciferae or Mustard Family. - - [Illustration: Western Wallflower] - - -108. BITTERCRESS Mustard Family - _Cardamine hirsuta_ - -You may find this plant blooming during April and May in the Sonoran -Zones of Zion National Park. Its habitat is generally the dry sandy -hillsides rather than the deep canyons. - -The wide-spreading, circular, doom-shaped clumps present an attractive -display in pure white flowers. The petals of four are arranged like a -cross. - -Being a perennial, the clumps seem to expand from year to year and often -reach a spread of four to five feet across. The plants are useful in -building soil and in preventing erosion. - - [Illustration: Bittercress] - - -109. HUMMINGBIRD TRUMPET Evening-primrose Family - _Zauschneria garrettii_ - -One of the late blooming plants in Zion National Park is the Hummingbird -Trumpet, also called Fire-chalice, or sometimes the Wild Fushia. It can -often be found on the Canyon Overlook Trail or on the West Rim Trail at -elevations near 6,000 feet. - -It can be identified by the narrow oval leaves pointed and toothed, and -the fushialike flowers, narrowly funnel-shaped, with the pistil and -stamens extending beyond the petals. - -The brilliant scarlet of this flower in fairly dense clusters makes a -very attractive display in late August and September. - - [Illustration: Hummingbird Trumpet] - - - - - INDEX - - - Common Name Scientific Name Figure - Number - A - - Alfilera Erodium circutraium 48 - American Harebell Campanula rotundifolia 92 - Antelope Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata 34 - Arnica, Heartleaf Arnica cordifolia 103 - Arrowleaf Balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata 106 - Aster, Purple Aster sp. 96 - - B - - Balsamroot, Arrowleaf Balsamorhiza sagittata 106 - Baneberry, Western Actaea arguta 20 - Bearberry Honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata 90 - Beavertail Cactus Opuntia basilaris 61 - Bitterbrush, Antelope Purshia tridentata 34 - Bittercress Cardamine hirsuta 108 - Bitterroot Lewisia rediviva 14 - Blackbrush Coleogyne ramosissima 35 - Blazingstar, Desert Mentzelia multiflora 57 - Bluebells, Mountain Mertensia ciliata 78 - Bluedicks Dichelostemma pulchellum 4 - Buckhorn Cholla Cactus Opuntia acanthocarpa 62 - Buckwheat, Wild Eriogonum umbellatum 8 - Buffaloberry, Roundleaf Shepherdia rotundifolia 65 - Bush Cinquefoil Potentilla fruticosa 36 - Buttercup, Sand Ranunculus juniperinus 21 - Buttercup Ranunculus sp. 16 - Butterfly Milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 75 - - C - - Cactus Fruit Opuntia engelmannii 64 - Calypso Orchid Calypso bulbosa 11 - Cardinalflower, Western Lobelia splendens 93 - Cinquefoil, Bush Potentilla fruticosa 36 - Chokecherry Prunus virginiana 40 - Cliffrose, Stansbury Cowania stansburiana 33 - Columbine Aquilegia sp. 17 - Coneflower Rudbeckia occidentalis 25 - Creosotebush Larrea tridentata 50 - Curlycup Gumweed Grindelia squarrosa 95 - - D - - Deathcamas, Mountain Zigadenus elegans 7 - Desertbeauty Dalea Dalea johnsoni 46 - Desert Blazingstar Mentzelia multiflora 57 - Desert Globemallow Sphaeralcea ambigua 53 - Desert Marigold Baileya multiradiata 101 - Desert Princesplume Stanleya pinnata 26 - Desert Sage Salvia carnosa 80 - - E - - Eaton Penstemon Penstemon eatoni 83 - Elder, Red-berried Sambucus racemosa 31 - Elephanthead Pedicularis Pedicularis groenlandica 91 - Elk Thistle Cirsium foliosum 24 - Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus Opuntia engelmannii 64 - Ephedra, Green Ephedra viridis 9 - Euphorbia, Whitemargin Euphorbia albomarginata 51 - Evening-primrose, White Oenothera caespitosa 66 - Evening-primrose, Yellow Oenothera strigosa 67 - - F - - Fineleaf Yucca Yucca angustissima 6 - Firechalice Zauschneria garrettii 109 - Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium 54 - Flax, Lewis Linum lewisii 49 - Fleabane Erigeron speciosus 97 - Four-O'Clock Mirabilis multiflora 12 - Fourwing Saltbush Atriplex canescens 10 - Fremont Geranium Geranium fremontii 47 - Fremont Barberry Berberis fremonti 23 - Fringed Gentian Gentiana thermalis 74 - Fritillary, Purplespot Fritillaria atropurpurea 5 - - G - - Gaillardia Gaillardia parryi 100 - Gentian, Fringed Gentiana thermalis 74 - Gentian, Green Frasera speciosa 70 - Geranium, Fremont Geranium fremontii 47 - Gilia, Skyrocket Gilia aggregata 77 - Globemallow, Scarlet Sphaeralcea coccinea 52 - Globemallow, Desert Sphaeralcea ambigua 53 - Green Ephedra Ephedra viridis 9 - Green Gentian Frasera speciosa 70 - Greenleaf Manzanita Arctostaphylis patula 69 - Gumweed, Curlyleaf Grindelia squarrosa 95 - - H - - Harebell, American Campanula petiolata 92 - Heartleaf Arnica Arnica cordifolia 103 - Hedgehog Cactus Echinocereus coccineus 58 - Honey Mesquite Prosopis juliflora 41 - Honeysuckle, Bearberry Lonicera involucrata 90 - Hummingbird Trumpet Zauschneria garrettii 109 - - I - - Indianpotato Orogenia linearifolia 72 - Indian Paintbrush Castilleja coccinea 88 - - L - - Larkspur Delphinium sp. 18 - Lewis Flax Linum lewisii 49 - Ligusticum, Porter Ligusticum porteri 68 - Littleleaf Mountainmahogany Cercocarpus intricatus 32 - Loco Astragalus sp. 43 - Locust, New Mexico Robinia neomexicana 45 - Lupine Lupinus sp. 42 - - M - - Manzanita, Greenleaf Arctostaphylis patula 69 - Mariposa, Segolily Calochortus nuttallii 1 - Mariposa, Yellow Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus 2 - Marigold, Desert Baileya multiradiata 101 - Marshmarigold Caltha leptosepala 15 - Meadow Salsify Tragopogon pratensis 104-105 - Mesquite, Honey Prosopis juliflora 41 - Milkweed, Butterfly Asclepias tuberosa 75 - Monkeyflower Mimulus cardinalis 87 - Monkshood Aconitum columbianum 19 - Mountain Bluebells Mertensia ciliata 78 - Mountain Deathcamas Zigadenus elegans 7 - Mountainmahogany, Littleleaf Cercocarpus intricatus 32 - Mountain Sunflower Helianthella uniflora 98 - Mullein Verbascum thapsus 81 - - N - - New Mexico Locust Robinia neomexicana 45 - - O - - Oregon Grape Berberis repens 22 - Oysterplant - Meadow Salsify Tragopogon pratensis 104-105 - - P - - Palmer Penstemon Penstemon palmeri 85 - Parry Primrose Primula parryi 71 - Penstemon, Eaton Penstemon eatoni 83 - Penstemon, Palmer Penstemon palmeri 85 - Penstemon, Royal Penstemon speciosus 82 - Penstemon, Thickleaf Penstemon pachyphyllus 84 - Phlox, Pink Phlox canescens 76 - Pinedrops, Woodland Pterospora andromedea 55 - Poisonvetch Astragalus sabulosus 44 - Porter Ligusticum Ligusticum porteri 68 - Prairiesmoke Geum triflorum var. ciliatum 37 - Prairie Spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis 3 - Pricklepoppy Argemone platyceras 28 - Pricklypear Cactus Opuntia rhodantha 60 - Princesplume, Desert Stanleya pinnata 26 - Puccoon, Narrowleaf Lithospermum incisum 79 - Purplespot Fritillary Fritillaria atropurpurea 5 - Purple Torch Cactus Echinocereus engelmanii 59 - - R - - Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus sp. 94 - Rocky Mountain Beeplant Cleome serrulata 29 - Rose, Wild Rosa sp. 38 - Roundleaf Buffaloberry Shepherdia rotundifolia 65 - Royal Penstemon Penstemon speciosus 82 - - S - - Sacred Datura Datura meteloides 86 - Sage, Desert Salvia carnosa 80 - Saltbush, Fourwing Atriplex canescens 10 - Sand Buttercup Ranunculus juniperinus 21 - Scarlet Globemallow Sphaeralcea coccinea 52 - Segolily Mariposa Calochortus nuttalli 1 - Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia 39 - Shootingstar Dodecatheon pauciflorum 73 - Skyrocket Gilia Gilia aggregata 77 - Spiderflower, Yellow Cleome lutea 30 - Snowberry Symphoricarpos utahensis 89 - Spiderwort, Prairie Tradescantia occidentalis 3 - Springbeauty Claytonia lanceolata 13 - Stansbury Cliffrose Cowania stansburiana 33 - Stonecrop Sedum stenopetalum 27 - Sunflower, Common Helianthus annuus 99 - Sunflower, Mountain Helianthella uniflora 98 - - T - - Thickleaf Penstemon Penstemon pachyphyllus 84 - Thistle, Elk Cirsium foliosum 107 - - V - - Violet, Yellow Viola praemorsa 56 - - W - - Western Baneberry Actaea arguta 20 - Western Cardinalflower Lobelia splendens 93 - Western Wallflower Erysimum capitatum 107 - Western Yarrow Achillea lanulosa 102 - Whitemargin Euphorbia Euphorbia albomarginata 51 - Wild Buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum 8 - Wild Rose Rosa sp. 38 - Woodland Pinedrops Pterospora andromedea 55 - - Y - - Yarrow, Western Achillea lanulosa 102 - Yellow Mariposa Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus 2 - Yellow Spiderflower Cleome lutea 30 - Yellow Violet Viola praemorsa 56 - Yucca, Fineleaf Yucca angustissima 6 - - - - - REFERENCES - - -Arnberger, Leslie P. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish) - -_Flowers of the Southwest Mountains_. Southwestern Monuments Assoc., -Globe, Arizona, 1952. - -Armstrong, Margaret - -_Field Book of Western Wild Flowers_. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915. - -Bailey, H. E. and Bailey, V. L. - -_Woody Plants of the Western National Parks_. The University Press, -Notre Dame, Indiana, 1949. - -Benson, Lyman - -_The Cacti of Arizona_. University of New Mexico Press, 1950. - -Clements, Frederic E. and Clements, Edith S. - -_Rocky Mountain Flowers_. The H. W. Wilson Co., New York, 1928. - -Coulter, John M. and Nelson, Aven - -_New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains_. American Book -Company, New York, 1919. - -Dodge, Natt N. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish) - -_Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_. Southwestern Monuments Association, -Globe, Arizona, 1954. - -Jaeger, Edmund C. - -_Desert Wild Flowers_. Stanford University Press, Revised Edition, 1944. - -Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature - -_Standardized Plant Names_. Second Edition 1942. J. Horace McFarland Co. - -Kearney, Thomas H. and Pebble, Robert H. - -_Arizona Flora_. University of California Press, 1951. - -McDougal, W. B. and Baggley, Herma A. - -_Plants of Yellowstone National Park_. Revised Edition, Yellowstone -Library and Museum Association, 1956. - -McDougal, W. B. and Sperry, Omar E. - -_Plants of Big Bend National Park_. Government Printing Office, 1951. - -McDougal, W. B. - -_Checklist of Plants of Grand Canyon National Park_. Bulletin No. 10. -Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1947. - -Patraw, Pauline M. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish) - -_Flowers of the Southwest Mesas_. Southwestern Monuments Association, -Globe, Arizona, 1954. - -Presnall, C. C. and Patraw, Pauline M. - -_Plants of Zion National Park_. Bulletin No. 1. Zion-Bryce Natural -History Association, 1937. - -Preston, Richard J. - -_Rocky Mountain Trees_. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, 1947. - -Saunders, Charles Francis - -_Western Wild Flowers and Their Stories_. Doubleday, Doran Co., 1933. - -Tidestrom, Ivar - -_Flora of Utah and Nevada_. Government Printing Office, 1925. - - - WHEELWRIGHT LITHOGRAPHING COMPANY - SALT LAKE CITY UTAH - - [Illustration: Mountain meadow] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon -National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD FLOWERS--ZION, BRYCE CANYON *** - -***** This file should be named 55363.txt or 55363.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/3/6/55363/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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