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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #55363 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55363)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon
-National Parks and Cedar Breaks Natio, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument
-
-Author: Carl Elmer Jepson
-        Leland Francis Allen
-
-Release Date: August 16, 2017 [EBook #55363]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD FLOWERS--ZION, BRYCE CANYON ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                                  WILD
-                                FLOWERS
-                                   of
-                         Zion and Bryce Canyon
-                             NATIONAL PARKS
-                                  and
-                              Cedar Breaks
-                           NATIONAL MONUMENT
-
-
-                     Text and Color Photographs by
-                             CARL E. JEPSON
-                         Chief Park Naturalist
-                                  and
-                            LELAND F. ALLEN
-                            Park Naturalist
-
-    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE]
-
-                          Published and Copyright 1958
-                                   by
-                 ZION-BRYCE NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION
-                        in cooperation with the
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                                  UTAH
-
-
-
-
-                              INTRODUCTION
-
-
-    [Illustration: Mount Zion]
-
-In these areas of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks
-National Monument, four life zones are found extending from low
-elevations of near 3,600 feet to extremes of over 11,300 feet. The area
-within elevations from the lowest point to 4,000 feet is the Lower
-Sonoran Zone; above that to 7,000 feet is the Upper Sonoran Zone; from
-7,000 to 8,500 feet is the Transition Zone; above that to 10,000 feet is
-the Canadian Zone; and from 10,000 feet to the highest point on Brian
-Head Peak is the Hudsonian Zone.
-
-Native plants typical of desert, mesa and mountain grow within these
-extremes of elevation and include a wide variety of species. Of the
-three areas featured, Cedar Breaks National Monument contains the
-greatest variety, and frequently exhibits marvelous displays, depending
-on the amount of rainfall from year to year.
-
-The purpose of this booklet is to help visitors in their enjoyment of
-the flowers they find along the roadways and trails—flowers they
-observe, appreciate and probably photograph but leave UNPICKED for the
-pleasure of others.
-
-Through the mediums of color photography and color lithography one
-hundred and six species of wild flowers and plants most commonly seen
-are presented in closeup detail as an aid to identification. Brief
-descriptions of size, habitat, blooming period, use, economic value and
-other details are given.
-
-The flowers have been arranged in a general order of families, except
-that occasionally, for the convenience of preparing the color plates,
-flowers of similar color or density have been grouped on a page although
-they are not in the same family nor closely related.
-
-The Standardized Plant Names of the American Joint Committee on
-Horticultural Nomenclature has been followed as the guide. In case of
-locally used common names, such has been indicated in the text.
-
-This booklet on Wild Flowers has been produced by the Zion-Bryce Natural
-History Association in cooperation with the National Park Service. The
-Association has for its objective the fuller interpretation of the
-scenic, scientific, aesthetic and historic values of these National
-Parks, to the end that park visitors are provided with such information,
-audio and visual aids as will help them gain a better understanding and
-greater appreciation of the phenomena they find in them.
-
-It is hoped that this brief treatise on the flora may prove helpful to
-many visitors in learning more about some of the important species of
-plant life that they may discover during their visits to the Zion and
-Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument.
-
-    [Illustration: Badlands]
-
-Credit for the photographic work goes to several individuals, all
-members of the interpretive staffs of these areas during the past few
-years. Park Naturalists Carl E. Jepson and Leland F. Allen have prepared
-the descriptive information given for each flower.
-
-The printing and color processing by the Wheelwright Lithographing
-Company, 975 So. West Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah.
-
-
-1. SEGOLILY MARIPOSA                                         Lily Family
-                        _Calochortus nuttallii_
-
-The Segolily Mariposa was chosen as the State Flower of Utah probably
-because of the important use early pioneers made of the root bulbs of
-this plant in supplementing their meager diets during the early
-settlement period. The name “Sego” (pronounced see-go) is of Shoshonean
-origin, and this flower was sacred in Indian legend long before the
-arrival of Utah pioneers in 1847.
-
-This plant is found in rather dry, rocky soils and puts on a very showy
-display during May and June. It is more commonly known as the Mariposa
-Lily in other sections of the country, but in Utah it is called the
-Segolily.
-
-There are three species in color of white, pink and yellow found in the
-Zion Region.
-
-    [Illustration: Segolily Mariposa]
-
-
-2. YELLOW MARIPOSA                                           Lily Family
-                  _Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus_
-
-Found only in the petrified forest of the Coalpits Wash section of Zion
-National Park, this plant is not very abundant and probably suffered
-from overgrazing by livestock during the settlement period before Zion
-became a National Park.
-
-Mariposa in Spanish means butterfly.
-
-This species with bright-yellow flowers is associated with a specific
-geologic stratum—the Petrified Forest member of the Chinle formation. It
-is found in great abundance in the Petrified Forest National Monument
-near Holbrook, Arizona.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Mariposa]
-
-
-3. PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT                                  Spiderwort Family
-                      _Tradescantia occidentalis_
-
-In the sandy areas at elevations above 4,000 feet you may find this
-pretty, three-petaled, deep-blue flower on its slender stalk about a
-foot or more in height blooming early in June. The flowers bloom at
-night, so are not easily found except early in the mornings. The plant
-is fairly abundant along the Narrows Trail, the East Rim Trail and near
-the East Entrance Station of Zion National Park.
-
-Indians used the entire plant for food.
-
-    [Illustration: Prairie Spiderwort]
-
-
-4. BLUEDICKS                                                 Lily Family
-                       _Dichelostemma pulchellum_
-
-This bright-blue flower, on its long, slender stalk, has a number of
-common names, such as Wild Hyacinth, Grass Nuts and Spanish Lily. The
-bulb of this plant has a nutty flavor. It was gathered by the Indians
-and early pioneers for food in some sections of the country. It is found
-sparingly in good soil areas.
-
-    [Illustration: Bluedicks]
-
-
-5. PURPLESPOT FRITILLARY                                     Lily Family
-                       _Fritillaria atropurpurea_
-
-A rather rare lily sometimes called Leopard Lily or Bronze Bell. Its
-drooping flowers on fairly tall stems are found growing in the Sagebrush
-areas or in alpine meadows. As they are not very conspicuous, they are
-often overlooked by visitors. The petals, with their mottled effect in
-brown, yellow and purple spots, present a remarkable pattern of beauty
-when observed closely. The odor of the plant is not pleasing to humans,
-but is no doubt attractive to insects.
-
-    [Illustration: Purplespot Fritillary]
-
-
-6. FINELEAF YUCCA                                            Lily Family
-                          _Yucca angustissima_
-
-The name “Our Lord’s Candlestick” was given to this tall, conspicuous
-plant of the desert by the early Spanish Padres, who were the first
-white men to see this region of Southern Utah. During May and June the
-waxy-white flowers bloom on tall stalks and soon mature into rather
-large seed pods.
-
-Indians made very good use of all parts of the plant. Its fiber was used
-for making sandals and clothing, the seeds provided food, and the roots
-were used for making soap. The Navajo Indian called it Yaybi-tsa-si,
-which means literally “Yucca of the Gods.”
-
-    [Illustration: Fineleaf Yucca]
-
-
-7. MOUNTAIN DEATHCAMAS                                       Lily Family
-                          _Zigadenus elegans_
-
-An onion-like plant with a long, loose cluster of small, creamy-white
-flowers. Its root is shaped much like that of the onion, but is
-odorless. The plant is poisonous to man and beast. Deathcamas is found
-mostly in meadows or wet places on the plateaus where it presents a
-serious danger to grazing cattle and sheep. At Cedar Breaks it blooms
-during July and August and is fairly common in the alpine meadows.
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain Deathcamas]
-
-
-8. WILD BUCKWHEAT                                       Buckwheat Family
-                         _Eriogonum umbellatum_
-
-Wild Buckwheat is commonly associated with Sagebrush and arid regions of
-the West. Many species of the genus are found blooming throughout the
-summer season.
-
-The spreading branches grow close to the ground and help reduce erosion,
-and the yearly accumulation of leaves adds humus to the soil. The flower
-head at the top of single stalks, with its many-branched, dense cluster
-in a lacy pattern, makes a fine floral display of yellow. The flowers
-are important to the honey bee, and the ripened seeds are diligently
-sought by the chipmunks, other rodents and several birds.
-
-    [Illustration: Wild Buckwheat]
-
-
-9. GREEN EPHEDRA                                         Jointfir Family
-                           _Ephedra viridis_
-
-Not a very showy plant with its pale-green stems, very small leaves and
-inconspicuous flowers. It is probably of greatest interest because of
-the use made of the plant by early pioneers in brewing a tea, which
-served as a tonic for various ailments. It was commonly called Brigham
-Tea, Squaw Tea or, more generally, Mormon tea.
-
-The plant is a relative of the Pines and Firs and is very able to
-withstand drouth. It is found fairly abundantly in the Sagebrush and
-Saltbush areas of the Upper Sonoran Zone.
-
-The drug ephedrine is obtained from some of the species of Ephedra found
-in China.
-
-    [Illustration: Green Ephedra]
-
-
-10. FOURWING SALTBUSH                                   Goosefoot Family
-                          _Atriplex canescens_
-
-A silvery-green, profusely branched shrub growing two to five feet high
-with conspicuous clusters (in late summer) of four-winged seeds about
-the same color as the leaves. It is very common in the Sonoran Zones and
-abundant in the alkaline flats of the Great Basin of Utah. In the lower
-portion of Zion Canyon it is abundant and often taken to be Sagebrush,
-which it resembles to some extent.
-
-This plant is of value as forage for livestock, and deer feed upon it to
-a limited extent.
-
-    [Illustration: Fourwing Saltbush]
-
-
-11. CALYPSO ORCHID                                         Orchid Family
-                           _Calypso bulbosa_
-
-If you travel to the mountains early in June or July, you may be lucky
-enough to find this beautiful flower, the dainty Calypso or Fairy
-Slipper Orchid, as it blooms in the dense woods of Spruce and Pine or in
-the deep canyons along shady streams at elevations above 6,000 feet. The
-flowers grow singly on stems 4 to 6 inches high and have only one large
-leaf. The plant takes part of its food from decaying wood or other
-organic matter.
-
-Thoughtless picking of this flower has made it very rare and in danger
-of becoming extinct. Please do your part to help save the Fairy Slipper
-Orchid.
-
-    [Illustration: Calypso Orchid]
-
-
-12. FOUR-O’CLOCK                                     Four-O’Clock Family
-                         _Mirabilis multiflora_
-
-Closely resembling the cultivated variety of Four-O’Clock, this plant,
-with its abundance of brilliant magenta-colored flowers, is one of the
-spectacular sights in May or early June. It is a sturdy perennial with
-thick, glossy-green leaves spreading low over the ground. The
-south-facing slopes in the Sonoran Zones are its most common habitat,
-but it is also found in the broken lava fields. Being a night bloomer,
-the flowers close during the bright daylight hours and open at about
-four o’clock in the afternoon. Its blooming season is generally brief,
-about two or three weeks, but it sometimes blooms twice in the same
-summer.
-
-    [Illustration: Four-O’Clock]
-
-
-13. SPRINGBEAUTY                                         Purslane Family
-                         _Claytonia lanceolata_
-
-Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during May and early June and also in
-the shady canyons of Zion in the Transition Zone. Each plant has two
-narrow leaves near the base, each about 2 inches long, above which are
-four to five practically leafless branches with a single flower at the
-top of each. The plant is rarely over 6 inches high; more commonly it is
-flat to the ground. Flowers vary in color from white to pink or
-sometimes the white blossoms have pink veins or stripes which tend to
-accentuate their beauty. Usually one of the early blooming flowers of
-the high plateaus, along with the Indianpotato and Buttercup.
-
-    [Illustration: Springbeauty]
-
-
-14. BITTERROOT                                          Portulaca Family
-                           _Lewisia rediviva_
-
-This beautiful, dwarfed plant, never more than an inch or two high, is
-found during May mostly on the lava fields of the Transition Zone in
-Zion National Park. Its flower of white petals with pink veins is about
-2 inches in diameter.
-
-The Bitterroot was discovered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark expedition
-while passing through western Montana. It was later named _Lewisia
-rediviva_ by the botanist Pursh.
-
-The plant is of economic importance to the Northwestern Indians, who
-discovered that the bitter, parsnip-shaped roots possess a nutritious
-heart of starch, which cooking reduces to a pasty mass, palatable, at
-least, to Indian taste.
-
-    [Illustration: Bitterroot]
-
-
-15. MARSHMARIGOLD                                       Buttercup Family
-                          _Caltha leptosepala_
-
-A plant of the high elevations, generally above 9,000 feet, and found
-abundantly at Cedar Breaks, where it comes into bloom almost as soon as
-the first patches of bare ground appear. Coming out usually in April or
-May, depending on the season, Marshmarigolds are among the earliest
-blooming flowers of the high elevations and often carpet the alpine
-meadows with a spread of white blossoms.
-
-The white sepals, that make up the showy flower, are often mistaken for
-petals, which are absent. The mass of anthers of the stamens give the
-flower its brilliant yellow center.
-
-    [Illustration: Marshmarigold]
-
-
-16. BUTTERCUP                                           Buttercup Family
-                            _Ranunculus sp._
-
-A number of species of Buttercups bloom in these areas in early April or
-May on the Plateaus and later in the shady canyons. In their respective
-areas they are often the first flowers of Spring and are followed
-closely by the Springbeauties or sometimes preceded by the tiny white
-Indianpotato of the Parsnip Family.
-
-A thrilling sight is to find the waxy flowers of the early Buttercups at
-the very edge of the receding snowbanks. The blooming season for
-Buttercups is very brief, as a general rule, but the different species
-come into bloom successively.
-
-    [Illustration: Buttercup]
-
-
-17. COLUMBINE                                           Buttercup Family
-                            _Aguilegia sp._
-
-These beautiful flowers are well known because of their wide
-distribution and common use as cultivated species in flower gardens.
-They have conspicuously shaped petals with long, hollow spurs, which
-contain honey and thereby attract certain insects and especially the
-hummingbirds. Columbines are probably the most beautiful of the native
-flowers of Zion, Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks, as they bring forth very
-attractive displays during the summer months. The White Columbine at
-Cedar Breaks is extremely large.
-
-    [Illustration: Columbine]
-
-
-18. LARKSPUR                                            Buttercup Family
-                            _Delphinium sp._
-
-Larkspurs are found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during July and August in
-the alpine meadows of the Monument. The leaves are very similar to those
-of the Monkshood, but the flowers differ in color and shape. The single
-spur of one of the sepals is the marked feature of the Larkspur. Color
-and size vary greatly for the different species; but the most common
-variety at Cedar Breaks is 2 to 3 feet tall, and the flowers are a
-purplish blue.
-
-    [Illustration: Larkspur]
-
-
-19. MONKSHOOD                                           Buttercup Family
-                         _Aconitum columbianum_
-
-Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks in the more open forested areas where
-there is partial shade and plenty of moisture. The purple Monkshood rank
-almost as high as their cousins the Columbines and Larkspurs in charm
-and beauty, with a quaintness and individuality all their own. The
-flower features a modified sepal shaped like a hood or helmet that
-protects the stamens. Extracts from the thick, turnip-shaped root are
-used medicinally in the treatment of certain heart diseases.
-
-    [Illustration: Monkshood]
-
-
-20. WESTERN BANEBERRY                                   Buttercup Family
-                            _Actaea arguta_
-
-This plant may be found in the shady forest of good moisture. It is
-about one to two feet tall with handsome leaves but rather inconspicuous
-heads of creamy-white flowers. The conspicuous bright-red or waxy-white
-berries about the size of peas in a dense cluster make a very attractive
-display in late summer. The berries are somewhat poisonous, hence the
-name Baneberry.
-
-    [Illustration: Baneberry]
-
-
-21. SAND BUTTERCUP                                      Buttercup Family
-                        _Ranunculus juniperinus_
-
-One of the very early blooming plants in Zion in the Transition or Upper
-Sonoran Zone, which often appears from mid-February to April, in bare
-sandy places among the Junipers and Pinyons, is the Sand Buttercup.
-Along the trail to the Canyon Overlook above the Great Arch is perhaps
-the best place to find this plant in Zion.
-
-The flowers, a pinkish white, are found on short stems or spreading
-branches close to the ground. As the plants are rather small and not
-very showy, it takes careful searching to find them.
-
-    [Illustration: Sand Buttercup]
-
-
-22. OREGON GRAPE                                         Barberry Family
-                           _Berberis repens_
-
-Because of its hollylike leaves, this dwarf shrub is sometimes called
-the Holly Grape, but it is more commonly known as the Oregon Grape. A
-rather prostrate growth form accounts for a third common name; namely,
-Creeping Barberry.
-
-This plant is found sparingly scattered over the areas and is probably
-more abundant in Zion than in Bryce Canyon or Cedar Breaks. The fruit
-looks very much like a cluster of grapes and is often gathered for the
-making of jellies or wine. The woody stems were used by the Indians in
-making a yellow dye.
-
-The plants are helpful in holding the soil, as they spread close to the
-ground.
-
-    [Illustration: Oregon Grape]
-
-
-23. FREMONT BARBERRY                                     Barberry Family
-                          _Berberis fremontii_
-
-This rather tall shrub of the Sonoran Zones puts on a remarkable display
-in April and May with its bright yellow flowers. It is most commonly
-seen along the highway leading to Zion National Park from the west.
-
-Since the plant is a secondary host of the Blackstem Rust of cereals, it
-is not cultivated as an ornamental shrub.
-
-Indians used the wood of this shrub for various implements or tools.
-They utilized the root, which contains berberine, for a tonic, and they
-also made from it a brilliant-yellow dye.
-
-    [Illustration: Fremont Barberry]
-
-
-24. ELK THISTLE                                         Sunflower Family
-                           _Cirsium foliosum_
-
-This Thistle is widely scattered in these areas but is not very
-abundant. It is a stout plant, 2 to 3 feet tall, with large, prickly
-leaves. Its freshly budding flowers in deep pink are very attractive
-during the early summer. Hummingbirds and numerous insects gather food
-from its colorful flower head made up of many individual flowers. Some
-Thistles are very obnoxious and detrimental to agriculture.
-
-    [Illustration: Elk Thistle]
-
-
-25. CONEFLOWER                                          Sunflower Family
-                        _Rudbeckia occidentalis_
-
-At Cedar Breaks and in the high elevations of Zion and Bryce Canyon you
-can find this rank-growing plant in fair abundance. Its thimblelike,
-dark-brown flower head has numerous, inconspicuously small, yellow
-flowers that come out progressively up the cone from its base. The
-dark-brown cones, towering above the foliage of the plant, make a
-spectacular display against the deep-blue sky. The ripened seeds are
-very much sought after by rodents and numerous birds.
-
-    [Illustration: Coneflower]
-
-
-26. DESERT PRINCESPLUME                                   Mustard Family
-                           _Stanleya pinnata_
-
-During the months of May and June this very conspicuous plant in Zion
-Canyon and throughout the Sonoran Zones may be found sending up its tall
-spikes of lemon-yellow flowers. On the same stalk can be found the
-ripened and opened seed pods (siliques), fresh-blooming flowers and
-unopened buds all at the same time. It has tall, stout stems, rather
-woody at the base, and differs from many plants in that it is tolerant
-of soils containing gypsum.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Princesplume]
-
-
-27. STONECROP                                           Stonecrop Family
-                          _Sedum stenopetalum_
-
-Found mostly in very dry, rocky soil, these small plants, with smooth,
-fleshy leaves and starry-yellow flowers, are fairly conspicuous as they
-bloom during the early summer months. These plants have the ability to
-store up moisture in their fleshy leaves and stems. They are, therefore,
-well adapted to withstanding long periods of drouth. The plants are
-sometimes gathered for treatment of certain ailments.
-
-    [Illustration: Stonecrop]
-
-
-28. PRICKLYPOPPY                                            Poppy Family
-                         _Argemone platyceras_
-
-You can find this plant, with its large, white flowers, most frequently
-along the road cuts or in abandoned fields where it has taken over as a
-weed. Its showy display is most abundant during midsummer or in July and
-August. The large, white flower, with its conspicuous yellow center, is
-sometimes called “The Cowboy’s Fried Egg.” The prickly leaves and stems
-account for another common name, Thistlepoppy. The plants are drought
-resistant and unpalatable to livestock. The seeds contain a narcotic
-drug more potent than opium.
-
-    [Illustration: Pricklypoppy]
-
-
-29. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEEPLANT                                 Caper Family
-                           _Cleome serrulata_
-
-Along the roadsides of Southern Utah near these areas of Zion, Bryce
-Canyon and Cedar Breaks you may find this pleasing floral display of
-orchid or purple presented by fields of the Rocky Mountain Beeplant.
-
-It is probably an exotic that has been brought in during recent years.
-Because of the unpleasant odor of crushed herbage, this plant is
-sometimes called skunk weed. The flowers are an important source of
-honey, and the seeds are eaten by a number of birds, especially the
-doves.
-
-    [Illustration: Rocky Mountain Beeplant]
-
-
-30. YELLOW SPIDERFLOWER                                     Caper Family
-                             _Cleome lutea_
-
-The plants of this genus are often called Beeplants. There are two
-species of Spiderflower in these areas. Yellow Spiderflower is not quite
-as common as the purplish-pink species commonly known as the Rocky
-Mountain Beeplant.
-
-Both species are conspicuous roadside flowers in June and July. Although
-they are important sources of honey, they are not very sweet scented to
-humans. No doubt the odor helps attract insects to the flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Spiderflower]
-
-
-31. ELDER                                             Honeysuckle Family
-                          _Sambucus racemosa_
-
-This red-berried Elder is found the most abundantly at Cedar Breaks. It
-is also common along the highways through forested areas of the region.
-
-The clusters of small white flowers that come on usually in June or July
-give way to bright-red berries in August and present a most attractive
-display.
-
-Most Elders are edible and are eaten by birds and rodents. Some people
-gather the berries for wines and jellies. This species, however, is
-considered poisonous, and cases of poisoning have been reported from
-eating the berries, flowers, roots and bark.
-
-The stalks of some Elders are pithy and fairly easily hollowed out.
-Indians used the stalks for making flutes.
-
-    [Illustration: Elder]
-
-
-32. LITTLELEAF MOUNTAINMAHOGANY                              Rose Family
-                        _Cercocarpus intricatus_
-
-This low-growing shrub is fairly important as winter browse for deer and
-other browsing animals. The leathery leaves are evergreen, rather
-narrow, pointed at both ends and curled backwards from the sides. The
-flowers are very small and inconspicuous, but the fruits, with their
-long plumes, present an interesting display. The dead wood of this shrub
-is very useful to campers, as it burns with extremely hot flame and
-gives off very little smoke.
-
-    [Illustration: Littleleaf Mountainmahagony]
-
-
-33. STANSBURY CLIFFROSE                                      Rose Family
-                         _Cowania stansburiana_
-
-In Zion this shrub is usually found at elevations above 4,000 feet, and
-it generally grows to be 6 to 8 feet high. During May and June its
-creamy-white flowers are suggestive of the Wild Rose. The habitat of the
-Cliffrose is the warm, dry slopes among the Pinyon and Juniper. Its
-twigs and evergreen leaves are browsed extensively by deer and other
-animals. The fragrance of this plant in bloom is remarkable and reminds
-one of Orange blossoms. The fruits are achenes and have pale,
-silky-haired tails 2 or more inches in length, which at times are very
-showy.
-
-    [Illustration: Stansbury Cliffrose]
-
-
-34. ANTELOPE BITTERBRUSH                                     Rose Family
-                          _Purshia tridentata_
-
-This shrub looks much like the Cliffrose, except for size. It is lower
-growing, has smaller pale-yellow flowers and its fruits are not plumed.
-The stubby, fan-shaped leaves are three pointed like those of the Big
-Sagebrush.
-
-Bitterbrush is found most commonly on the warm, dry slopes above 4,000
-feet, where it provides valuable year-round browse for deer and other
-animals. It is also known as Antelopebrush and Quininebush.
-
-    [Illustration: Antelope Bitterbrush]
-
-
-35. BLACKBRUSH                                               Rose Family
-                         _Colegyne ramosissima_
-
-A member of the Rose Family found mostly in the Sonoran Zones of Zion
-National Park. Several plants may be seen near the South Entrance
-Station. It is well named, as it has a burned and dead appearance during
-much of the year; however in late April and May it puts out minute
-grey-green leaves and creamy-yellow flowers made up of four sepals and
-no petals. The stamens are numerous. The Cliffrose, Bitterbrush and
-Mountain-mahogany are closely related to the Blackbrush.
-
-    [Illustration: Blackbrush]
-
-
-36. BUSH CINQUEFOIL                                          Rose Family
-                         _Potentilla fruticosa_
-
-Found most commonly at Cedar Breaks, this member of the Rose Family puts
-on a very showy display for a brief period of the summer, generally in
-July or earlier at lower elevations. It is a shrub commonly 2 to 3 feet
-high with leaves that are five-parted, hence the name Cinquefoil. The
-shrub is often dotted all over with rose-like flowers, about an inch
-across, with clear-yellow petals and deeper yellow anthers. The plant is
-common in the mountains, across the continent, up to altitudes of 10,000
-feet or more.
-
-    [Illustration: Bush Cinquefoil]
-
-
-37. PRAIRIESMOKE                                             Rose Family
-                     _Geum triflorum var. ciliatum_
-
-This graceful plant, with its nodding, bell-shaped, pink-colored
-flowers, is found fairly abundantly in the alpine meadows of Cedar
-Breaks National Monument.
-
-The plant has a number of common names such as: China Bells,
-Oldman-Whiskers, and Grandfather’s-beard. The silvery, plumose tails of
-the fruit present an attractive display, especially as the sun’s rays
-light the waving plumes in late afternoon or early morning.
-
-Prairiesmoke plants are considered good forage for several animals, and
-the bumblebees gather its pollen for honey.
-
-    [Illustration: Prairiesmoke]
-
-
-38. WILD ROSE                                                Rose Family
-                               _Rosa sp._
-
-There are two species of the Wild Rose in Zion and two other species in
-Bryce Canyon, three of which are found at Cedar Breaks National
-Monument.
-
-Wild Roses are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and are too
-familiar to need much description. The flowers are fairly fragrant and
-have bright-pink petals with a large cluster of yellow stamens. The
-fruit of the rose, shaped like a small apple, turns a deep-red color
-late in the season and adds beauty to this plant during autumn.
-
-    [Illustration: Wild Rose]
-
-
-39. SERVICEBERRY                                             Rose Family
-                        _Amelanchier alnifolia_
-
-One of the very early blooming shrubs or small trees in Zion Canyon, and
-often seen in March or April as conspicuous white masses on the canyon
-walls among the Pinyon and Juniper trees, is the Serviceberry.
-
-The white flowers occur in clusters and look much like a fruit tree in
-bloom. The berry is shaped like a very small apple, insipid to the
-taste, but nevertheless used extensively by the Indians and early
-settlers for food. The plant has a variety of common names, including
-the following: Juneberry, Shadbush, Saskatoon, Sarviceberry and
-Pigeonberry.
-
-    [Illustration: Serviceberry]
-
-
-40. CHOKECHERRY                                              Rose Family
-                          _Prunus virginiana_
-
-Chokecherry bushes or small trees are fairly common at elevations around
-6,000 feet in these areas. Early in May, and sometimes even earlier, the
-white and fragrant blossoms present a pleasing sight. In July or August
-the ripened cherries supply food for humans, many birds and small
-animals.
-
-The first autumn colors are often the Chokecherry leaves as they turn
-scarlet, brown and red.
-
-These shrubs are browsed heavily by cattle and some by deer, especially
-if other forage is scarce.
-
-    [Illustration: Chokecherry]
-
-
-41. HONEY MESQUITE                                            Pea Family
-                          _Prosopis juliflora_
-
-A low-growing tree of the Lower Sonoran Zone. Uncommon in Zion but
-fairly abundant in the desert area adjacent to the park. In early spring
-during March and April bright-green leaves cover the tree, and often it
-is laden with catkinlike clusters of greenish-yellow flowers, which
-attract myriads of insects including the honey bees.
-
-The wood of this tree was used extensively by early settlers for fuel,
-building corrals and in making furniture and utensils. The fruit of the
-Mesquite, resembling a string bean, is used for food by many animals.
-Indians also made wide use of it by grinding the beans into a meal
-called “Pinole.”
-
-    [Illustration: Honey Mesquite]
-
-
-42. LUPINE                                                    Pea Family
-                             _Lupinus sp._
-
-There are so many varieties of Lupine that it is most difficult to
-identify the numerous species. In this area they are found abundantly on
-the high plateaus, being especially plentiful at Cedar Breaks, where
-they fill whole meadows with a mass of blue color in midsummer.
-
-The Lupines range in color from pale pink to deep purple, with some
-white, cream or yellow, but most of them are blue. Like other plants of
-the Pea Family, Lupines add nitrogen to the soil and thereby improve the
-land on which they grow. The seeds of a few species contain alkaloids
-which are poisonous to livestock, especially sheep.
-
-    [Illustration: Lupine]
-
-
-43. LOCO                                                      Pea Family
-                            _Astragalus sp._
-
-This very large genus of plants ranges from the hottest parts of the
-desert to high mountain peaks and far to the North. More than a dozen
-species are found in the Zion Region.
-
-Some of the species contain a poisonous constituent causing, the often
-fatal, loco disease of livestock, particularly in horses.
-
-Loco is a Spanish word meaning “Crazy.” Other species known as
-Poisonvetch, prefer soils rich in selenium, and take up enough of that
-toxic mineral to make them poisonous to livestock, especially sheep. The
-harmless species are called Milkvetch.
-
-Nearly all the species are colorful and spectacular when in blossom, but
-some of them have a rank, disagreeable odor.
-
-    [Illustration: Loco]
-
-
-44. POISONVETCH                                               Pea Family
-                         _Astragalus sabulonum_
-
-This showy species of Astragalus is locally called Rattleweed because,
-when it is in fruit, its large, bladder-like, thin-walled pods become
-very brittle and give a distinct rattling sound when shaken. The pods
-are about one and a half inches long and heavily mottled reddish-brown
-in color.
-
-The genus of Astragalus has been divided into three groups: Loco,
-Milkvetch and Poisonvetch. The species poisonous to livestock are
-commonly called Loco Weeds.
-
-    [Illustration: Poisonvetch]
-
-
-45. NEW MEXICO LOCUST                                         Pea Family
-                         _Robinia neomexicana_
-
-This shrub or small tree is fairly common in Zion Canyon. It was
-probably brought in by the early settlers. Its large, showy flower grows
-in clusters at the ends of slender branches. The blooming season is
-during May and June.
-
-The tree is very thorny and has the habit of sprouting from roots or
-stumps and of forming dense thickets which are valuable in controlling
-erosion. The foliage serves as food for browsing animals, especially the
-deer.
-
-    [Illustration: New Mexico Locust]
-
-
-46. DESERTBEAUTY DALEA                                        Pea Family
-                            _Dalea johnsoni_
-
-Sometimes confused with the Desert Sage or more commonly called the
-Purple Sage, which it resembles to some extent, this small shrub with
-light-gray bark, small, gray-green leaves and terminal spikes of
-brilliant-purple flowers is one of the most pleasing sights in early
-summer.
-
-In Zion it is found mostly in the Coalpits Wash and Shunes Creek areas
-and blooms generally during May. Desertbeauty is a close relative of the
-“Smoke Tree” of the Desert.
-
-    [Illustration: Desertbeauty Dalea]
-
-
-47. FREMONT GERANIUM                                     Geranium Family
-                          _Geranium fremontii_
-
-This beautiful, midsummer-blooming plant, growing about two feet high,
-is common on the plateaus and in the cool canyons.
-
-The pink, veined petals, deeply lobed leaves and characteristic geranium
-odor help identify this plant. Some species have white flowers, but they
-are not common in this area. The flowers are perfect with five sepals,
-five petals, and five to ten stamens. The fruit is a long capsule and
-has given rise to the common name Cranesbill.
-
-Cultivated Geraniums are really Pelargoniums from South Africa.
-
-    [Illustration: Fremont Geranium]
-
-
-48. ALFILERIA                                            Geranium Family
-                          _Erodium cicutarium_
-
-This low-growing plant, spreading close to the ground, with its finely
-divided leaves and small, starry-pink flowers, puts on a remarkable
-display in the open meadows of the large canyons. It is one of the
-earliest blooming species in Zion Canyon, and in seasons of abundant
-rain it often presents the appearance of a pale-purple lawn.
-
-On ripening, the seed capsules split open and shoot out the seeds—each
-with a tiny hook in its nose and a tail with successive tight coils like
-a corkscrew. The seed is apparently screwed into the ground by
-alternating moisture and dryness which winds and unwinds the seed plume.
-
-    [Illustration: Alfileria]
-
-
-49. LEWIS FLAX                                               Flax Family
-                            _Linum lewisii_
-
-Here in Zion during May and June, growing along the trails on the
-plateaus and in cool canyons, you will find the beautiful and delicate
-blue flowers of the Wild Flax. The flower is nearly an inch across and
-has five sepals and five petals borne at the top of a slender stem
-having narrow leaves. At Bryce Canyon this plant is more abundant than
-at Zion or Cedar Breaks.
-
-Wild Flax was named in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis, who first
-discovered it, near the continental divide, during the famed Lewis and
-Clark expedition of 1804-1806.
-
-    [Illustration: Lewis Flax]
-
-
-50. CREOSOTEBUSH                                          Caltrop Family
-                          _Larrea tridentata_
-
-Probably the most characteristic shrub of the arid valleys and mesas of
-the Southwest is the Creosotebush, which is sometimes erroneously called
-Greasewood.
-
-At times this plant fills the air with a peculiar pungent aroma that
-gives rise to the common name Creosotebush. Mexicans call it
-“Hediondilla” the (Little Bad Smeller.)
-
-A sticky resin on the leaves is used as a poultice for bruises and
-sores. A resinous gum or lac deposited by scale insects on the branches
-is used by the Indians as a cement for fixing arrow points and mending
-of pottery.
-
-    [Illustration: Creosotebush]
-
-
-51. WHITEMARGIN EUPHORBIA                                  Spurge Family
-                       _Euphorbia albomarginata_
-
-This low-growing plant with abundant small, round or oval leaves and
-tiny white flowers is commonly called Carpetweed because of the manner
-in which it spreads over the ground.
-
-Found mostly in the dry sandy soils, this plant serves as an excellent
-soil binder and is very helpful in preventing erosion.
-
-The milky juice of this species is considered toxic and may cause
-dermatitis in susceptible persons. It is also known as Rattlesnake Feed
-and popularly supposed to be efficacious in treating snake bite.
-
-    [Illustration: Whitemargin Euphorbia]
-
-
-52. SCARLET GLOBEMALLOW                                    Mallow Family
-                         _Sphaeralcea coccinea_
-
-Very commonly found along the roadsides and especially prominent in the
-campgrounds or other disturbed areas. This member of the Mallow Family
-presents a lovely coral-red display as early as May, and it continues
-blooming throughout much of the summer.
-
-Cotton belongs to this large and important family, which also contains
-such ornamental plants as the Hollyhock. Extensive fields of this flower
-present brilliant displays of orange.
-
-    [Illustration: Scarlet Globemallow]
-
-
-53. DESERT GLOBEMALLOW                                     Mallow Family
-                         _Sphaeralcea ambigua_
-
-Found most commonly along the roads and trails, this member of the
-Mallow Family is known by a variety of common names such as: Rose of
-Sharon, False Mallow and Wild Hollyhock. It generally blooms in late
-summer, especially in the Cedar Breaks region. The plants sometimes grow
-to be 4 to 5 feet tall and have a great profusion of pink-colored
-flowers, really a very colorful and attractive display.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Globemallow]
-
-
-54. FIREWEED                                     Evening-primrose Family
-                       _Epilobium angustifolium_
-
-This tall, willowy plant, called Fireweed, is frequently the first plant
-to come in after a forest fire. Its colorful bloom gives new life to the
-blackened ground. Fireweed is one of the world’s most widely
-disseminated wild flowers, being found throughout much of northern North
-America, Europe and parts of Asia. Its seeds are scattered by the wind.
-In these areas it is found mostly on the high plateaus.
-
-    [Illustration: Fireweed]
-
-
-55. WOODLAND PINEDROPS                                Indian Pipe Family
-                        _Pterospora andromedea_
-
-In the rich soil of the Ponderosa Pine forest of the high plateaus you
-may occasionally see this peculiar plant called Pinedrops. It has a
-single reddish-brown stalk (no green parts at all) about a foot or two
-high, apparently without leaves (they are mere scales), and numerous
-round or bell-shaped blossoms or seed pods hanging from short stems. The
-stalk is generally sticky with a material much like the pitch of the
-pine trees. It is a parasite that lives on the roots of pine trees.
-
-    [Illustration: Woodland Pinedrops]
-
-
-56. YELLOW VIOLET                                          Violet Family
-                           _Viola praemorsa_
-
-There are five different species of Violets in Zion, two of them with
-yellow flowers and the others with white or purple. They are found
-blooming in May or June on the high plateaus or sometimes later in the
-wet meadows of Cedar Breaks or in shady canyons. Violets are closely
-related to the cultivated Pansies. The flowers are irregular, as one
-petal has a saclike spur which contains nectar. They have five sepals,
-five petals and five stamens. This species is found most commonly in the
-shady forest, while the purple and white species are more common in the
-very moist and cool areas of the shady canyons.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Violet]
-
-
-57. DESERT BLAZINGSTAR                                      Loasa Family
-                         _Mentzelia multiflora_
-
-Blazingstars, sometimes called “Stickleaf” because of their rough, hairy
-leaves, are plants well suited to the drought conditions of this area,
-as they adapt well to dry, rocky soil. They are often found in roadside
-cuts or other newly disturbed soils and are found blooming usually in
-July and August. They are conspicuous with their yellow flowers
-consisting of five long petals and a large number of stamens almost as
-long as the petals that attract the eye as they blaze forth in the
-bright sunlight of midsummer. These plants are found mostly in the
-Transition Zone.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Blazingstar]
-
-
-58. A HEDGEHOG CACTUS                                      Cactus Family
-                        _Echinocereus coccineus_
-
-This family is well represented in Zion, where ten prominent species are
-found, six of which are illustrated in this booklet. This species is
-sometimes called the Cucumber Cactus. It is found blooming in bright-red
-clumps as early as April or on occasion in March when the winters are
-not severe. Its favorite habitat appears to be the rocky slopes of the
-lava fields below 5,000 feet.
-
-As cactus flowers mature into fruit, they form bulb-like bodies called
-tunas. The fruits of this species are about an inch or more in diameter
-and serve as important food for many rodents.
-
-    [Illustration: A Hedgehog Cactus]
-
-
-59. PURPLETORCH CACTUS                                     Cactus Family
-                       _Echinocereus engelmannii_
-
-Found mostly on the rocky slopes in the Lower Sonoran Zone, this cactus
-is fairly common and distinguished chiefly by its waxy and brilliantly
-colored purple flowers. The stems of this species are similar to those
-of the Cucumber Cactus except for being generally taller. The fruits are
-also similar, but the flowers differ as they are much larger and bright
-purple instead of red in color. They bloom generally during the month of
-May.
-
-    [Illustration: Purple Torch Cactus]
-
-
-60. A PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS                                  Cactus Family
-                          _Opuntia rhodantha_
-
-The most common cactus in Zion is this species of the Prickly Pear. It
-is found in a great variety of habitats, even at the higher elevations.
-The flowers, large and spectacular in various shades of red, salmon or
-yellow, bloom late in May to July. Because of its long blooming season,
-this species is more often found in flower than any other cactus in the
-park. Its pear-shaped fruit, red to purple in color, is eaten by many
-animals as well as by the native peoples.
-
-    [Illustration: A Prickly Pear Cactus]
-
-
-61. BEAVERTAIL CACTUS                                      Cactus Family
-                          _Opuntia basilaris_
-
-One species of cactus that at first sight does not seem to be a cactus
-is the Beavertail, for it is lacking the long spines characteristic of
-most cacti. Upon close examination, however, you will find that it is
-protected by numerous, fine spines. The name of this species is derived
-from its flat stems shaped somewhat like a small beaver’s tail. The
-conspicuous magenta flowers mark this species as one of the most
-beautiful in the park. The fruit of this species is important as animal
-food, especially for chipmunks and ground squirrels.
-
-    [Illustration: Beavertail Cactus]
-
-
-62. BUCKHORN CHOLLA CACTUS                                 Cactus Family
-                         _Opuntia acanthocarpa_
-
-The Cholla (pronounced Choya) Cactus is the only “tree” cactus found in
-Zion. It is fairly common in the Lower Sonoran Zone, especially in
-Coalpits Wash. Strangely enough this plant is a favorite nesting place
-of some desert birds, including sparrows, wrens and finches. The
-spreading branches seem to reach out and grab the careless hiker, and
-the barbed spines stick so fast in the flesh that the joint of the plant
-is separated from the main stem before the spines can be withdrawn.
-Cholla blossoms come in many shades of color with the accent on yellows
-and reds.
-
-    [Illustration: Buckhorn Cholla Cactus]
-
-
-63. ENGLEMANN PRICKLYPEAR CACTUS                           Cactus Family
-                         _Opuntia engelmannii_
-
-As one of the largest of the flat-jointed or Pricklypear Cacti of Zion,
-this species is fairly abundant in Zion Canyon and is probably the most
-frequently observed species because of its dense growth in certain
-habitats and its fairly immense size as well as its colorful display of
-blossoms. It is locally called Elephant Ear Cactus. In June in produces
-large yellow flowers, very waxy in texture.
-
-(See Figure 64 for information concerning the fruit of this cactus.)
-
-    [Illustration: Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus]
-
-
-64. CACTUS FRUIT                                           Cactus Family
-                         _Opuntia engelmannii_
-
-The fruit of the Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus is similar to the fruits
-of many other species of cacti; it is conspicuous, being deep red in
-color and about the size of a large Crab Apple. It is called Tuna or
-locally “Cactus Apple” and ripens as early as June but more abundantly
-during July.
-
-Indians of the Southwest use this fruit as an important item of their
-diet. Many people living in the desert have come to learn that this
-cactus fruit makes excellent jellies and candies. It is also feasted
-upon by several rodents, especially the Antelope Ground Squirrel.
-
-    [Illustration: Cactus Fruit]
-
-
-65. ROUNDLEAF BUFFALOBERRY                               Oleaster Family
-                       _Shepherdia rotundifolia_
-
-A low, evergreen shrub with small, oval leaves that appear to have been
-painted with a thin coat of aluminum paint through which the green shows
-faintly. It is most common in the Upper Sonoran Zone and may be found
-along the Canyon Overlook and Emerald Pool Trails in Zion National Park.
-
-The pale-yellow flowers, not much over ¼ inch across, are often hidden
-by the leaves. They bloom early in April or sometimes in March. The
-fruit of a similar shrub has a tart berry that was gathered by the early
-pioneers and used as a sauce on Buffalo steaks, hence the name
-Buffaloberry.
-
-    [Illustration: Roundleaf Buffaloberry]
-
-
-66. WHITE EVENING-PRIMROSE                       Evening-primrose Family
-                         _Oenothera caespitosa_
-
-This member of the Evening-primrose Family, with its fragrant, large
-white flowers, bloom early in the evening and lasts only a few hours the
-next day, as it turns pink and wilts.
-
-The flowers grow close to the ground on stemless plants. They have long,
-slender and hairy calyx tubes that resemble stems. This plant is found
-mostly in very rocky and dry habitats, which are often devoid of all
-other plants.
-
-    [Illustration: White Evening-primrose]
-
-
-67. YELLOW EVENING-PRIMROSE                      Evening-primrose Family
-                          _Oenothera strigosa_
-
-You will find this plant most commonly in the road cuts or in places
-where the soil has been disturbed. This species and other members of
-this family have very showy flowers with four broad, thin petals.
-Generally they bloom at night but sometimes in the daytime if growing in
-deep shade.
-
-The Evening-primroses are among the comparatively few flowers blooming
-in Zion Canyon during the heat of midsummer, and many of them are
-usually found on sandy or rocky soil in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Evening-primrose]
-
-
-68. PORTER LIGUSTICUM                                     Parsley Family
-                          _Ligusticum porteri_
-
-Locally called “Wild Parsley,” this fairly tall plant, with its fernlike
-leaves, is very common at Cedar Breaks National Monument. It grows at
-very high elevations. Other plants in this family, useful as food, are
-the carrot, parsnip, dill and anise. However, one member of the family,
-the Water Hemlock, is very poisonous.
-
-    [Illustration: Porter Ligusticum]
-
-
-69. GREENLEAF MANZANITA                                     Heath Family
-                        _Arctostaphylos patula_
-
-Many people are attracted to this plant by its bright mahogany-red bark.
-Its oval-shaped leaves are a bright green throughout the year. The
-flowers grow in clusters and sometimes are very numerous on the shrub.
-The fruit resembles a tiny apple, and the name Manzanita is Spanish for
-“Little Apple.” Indians use the berries for food and for making a
-pleasant, sour drink.
-
-    [Illustration: Greenleaf Manzanita]
-
-
-70. GREEN GENTIAN                                         Gentian Family
-                           _Frasera speciosa_
-
-Found in the open meadows of the Cedar Breaks highlands and on the high
-plateaus of Zion and Bryce Canyon. The tall stalks, with their
-intermixture of pale-green leaves and similarly colored flowers, present
-a rather conspicuous sight as they tower to heights of 5 feet. The
-flowers have four sepals and four petals and nectar glands that attract
-many insects. The petals are flecked with brown and purple.
-
-    [Illustration: Green Gentian]
-
-
-71. PARRY PRIMROSE                                       Primrose Family
-                            _Primula parryi_
-
-This outstanding member of the Primrose Family is found only at high
-elevations, generally above 10,000 feet. In this region it grows fairly
-abundantly on Brian Head Peak but is found sparingly at Cedar Breaks.
-Its brilliant display of rose-red flowers is a remarkable and rewarding
-sight for those who gain the high places and see this alpine beauty. The
-smooth, thick leaves, which are quite long, all grow in a rosette at the
-base of the plant. The fragrance of this flower is disappointing, for it
-does not match its splendid color.
-
-    [Illustration: Parry Primrose]
-
-
-72. INDIANPOTATO                                          Parsnip Family
-                        _Orogenia linearifolia_
-
-As the snow melts on the plateaus, at elevations above 7,000 feet, you
-may find one of the very first flowers of spring. This member of the
-Parsnip Family often carpets the alpine meadows with a mass of tiny
-white flowers never more than an inch or two high.
-
-The root bulb was eaten by the Indians and gives rise to the common name
-Indianpotato. Another common name is Salt and Pepper Plant because of
-the speckled appearance of the flowers.
-
-The blooming period of this plant is very brief, and soon after the
-flowers have faded the leaves disappear and the plant lies dormant
-during most of the year.
-
-    [Illustration: Indianpotato]
-
-
-73. SHOOTINGSTAR                                         Primrose Family
-                       _Dodecatheon pauciflorum_
-
-Shootingstars are one of the early blooming flowers in the alpine
-meadows of Cedar Breaks and on the high plateaus. They also come on very
-early in the moist canyons of Zion. Along with the Columbine and
-Monkeyflower they are the predominant plants of the Hanging Gardens
-found on many of the Canyon Walls.
-
-The basal leaves spread close to the ground, while the flowers in a
-variety of colors, white, pink or purple grow on stems 6 to 8 inches
-high. The down-pointed stamens of the flower center and the reflexed or
-turned-back petals gives the flower its common name Shootingstar.
-
-    [Illustration: Shootingstar]
-
-
-74. FRINGED GENTIAN                                       Gentian Family
-                          _Gentiana thermalis_
-
-One of the most beautiful of all mountain flowers, the Fringed Gentian
-is commonly found in the moist meadows of Cedar Breaks at elevations
-near or above 10,500 feet. The flower stalks are generally 6 to 10
-inches tall, and each bears a handsome flower about two inches long with
-four fringed petals. At times the Fringed Gentian carpets the alpine
-meadows with a waving mass of deep-blue color. This species is the Park
-Flower of Yellowstone National Park.
-
-    [Illustration: Fringed Gentian]
-
-
-75. BUTTERFLY MILKWEED                                   Milkweed Family
-                          _Asclepias tuberosa_
-
-There are four fairly common species of Milkweed in Zion, but the one
-pictured is the most common. This variety is found in the dry places
-above 4,000 feet and is especially abundant in Birch Creek Canyon.
-
-The conspicuous orange flowers grow on fairly tall stalks about two feet
-in height and make this plant very easy to find. The stems are quite
-hairy, leafy and contain a milky juice. As the fruits develop in large
-boat-shaped pods, the seeds burst forth bearing long, silky hairs that
-assist the wind in scattering them over wide areas.
-
-    [Illustration: Butterfly Milkweed]
-
-
-76. PINK PHLOX                                              Phlox Family
-                           _Phlox canescens_
-
-Four kinds of phlox are common in Zion, and other species are found at
-Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. The plants are generally small, but the
-flowers are fairly showy with their five bright, pink-colored petals.
-They are found generally in dry, rocky soils and bloom mostly in early
-summer or during May and June. Sometimes Phlox will cover extensive
-areas with a bright carpet of pink or white. A special display of Phlox
-may be found on the summit of Brian Head Peak near Cedar Breaks. These
-plants are very helpful in holding the soil and in preventing erosion.
-
-    [Illustration: Pink Phlox]
-
-
-77. SKYROCKET GILIA                                         Phlox Family
-                           _Gilia aggregata_
-
-This plant is found most commonly in the Ponderosa Pine belt of these
-areas where its star-shaped, scarlet flower adds a bit of brilliance to
-the scene. The individual flowers, with their long, tubular corollas and
-star-shaped petals, are masterpieces of beauty. Their shape and color
-have given rise to such common names as Trumpet Phlox and Scarlet Gilia.
-
-In their search for nectar, hummingbirds are noticeably attracted to the
-flowers of the plant. Birds and insects in taking the nectar, help in
-the pollination of many flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: Skyrocket Gilia]
-
-
-78. MOUNTAIN BLUEBELLS                                     Borage Family
-                          _Mertensia ciliata_
-
-A fairly tall perennial growing to be from 2 to 3 feet high and found
-only in moist places at high elevations of the plateaus. It is common at
-and near Cedar Breaks along the streams or in the swampy meadows. The
-small clusters of drooping, delicate-blue flowers come mostly in May and
-June or even later at the higher elevations of Brian Head Peak near
-Cedar Breaks. Before maturing the flowers may be pinkish to white in
-color.
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain Bluebells]
-
-
-79. NARROWLEAF PUCCOON                                     Borage Family
-                         _Lithospermum incisum_
-
-This member of the Borage Family is well adapted to the dry habitats.
-The plants are commonly found in clumps, but they are generally widely
-scattered rather than in dense growths as in the case of the Bluebells
-or Mertensias that belong to the same Family. Its showy trumpetlike
-yellow flowers attract many insects as they bloom during April and May.
-The seeds are hard, white and shiny, hence the name Lithospermum,
-meaning stone seed.
-
-    [Illustration: Narrowleaf Puccoon]
-
-
-80. DESERT SAGE                                              Mint Family
-                            _Salvia carnosa_
-
-Although looking very much like a clump of Sagebrush, this small shrub
-is a member of the Mint Family and not closely related to the Common
-Sagebrush. The clusters of bright purple flowers, as they come on in May
-or June, certainly add brilliant adornment to this sage-green plant. It
-is fairly common in the Sonoran Zones and well scattered throughout much
-of the Southwest. This is the plant referred to in the storied Land of
-the Purple Sage. One of the best places to look for this plant is along
-the Emerald Pool Trail in Zion National Park.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Sage]
-
-
-81. MULLEIN                                               Figwort Family
-                          _Verbascum thapsus_
-
-This rather unusual-appearing plant is not a native but rather an
-introduced species from Europe that has spread over most of Western
-America. It is fairly common along the roads and trails.
-
-The Hopi Indians are said to dry and smoke the leaves, and this is
-thought to cure people who are mentally unbalanced.
-
-Early Greeks and Romans dipped dried mullein stalks in tallow to make
-lampwicks. The English named it “Torchweed” and the Spanish called it
-“Candelaria.”
-
-    [Illustration: Mullein]
-
-
-82. ROYAL PENSTEMON                                       Figwort Family
-                         _Penstemon speciosus_
-
-This species, also known as Purple Penstemon, is found in much the same
-habitats as the Blue Penstemon. It is generally abundant along roadsides
-at elevations above 4,500 feet. It is fairly common at Cedar Breaks and
-at Bryce Canyon. The flowers vary in color from deep blue to dark
-purple, and the stalks vary in height from 12 to 20 inches.
-
-    [Illustration: Royal Penstemon]
-
-
-83. EATON PENSTEMON                                       Figwort Family
-                           _Penstemon eatoni_
-
-Found mostly in the cool canyons, this plant is sometimes confused with
-the Skyrocket Gilia or the Western Cardinalflower, which it resembles
-somewhat. Penstemon usually has a greater number of blooms on each
-flower stalk than do these flowers that appear like it. This variety is
-not nearly as common as many other Penstemons in these areas. It is far
-more brilliantly colored, however, which accounts for such common names
-as Scarlet Bugler and Scarlet Penstemon.
-
-    [Illustration: Eaton Penstemon]
-
-
-84. THICKLEAF PENSTEMON                                   Figwort Family
-                        _Penstemon pachyphyllus_
-
-The penstemons are sometimes called Wild Snapdragons because of the
-close resemblance to related cultivated species. They are also called
-Beardstongue because one of the five stamens is covered with numerous
-hairs. This blue variety, Thickleaf Penstemon, is found mostly at higher
-elevations or on the plateaus where they bloom during June and July.
-
-    [Illustration: Thickleaf Penstemon]
-
-
-85. PALMER PENSTEMON                                      Figwort Family
-                          _Penstemon palmeri_
-
-This is one of the very beautiful and conspicuous flowers of Zion
-National Park. The flowers are borne on tall spikes and are brightly
-colored. This is the largest and most common Penstemon found along the
-trails and roadways of Zion below 6,000 feet. It is especially common in
-freshly disturbed soils as the road cuts. The leaves are grey-green, and
-each pair with the exception of the lower ones is joined at the base,
-creating the impression that it is one leaf with the stem growing
-through the center. The fairly large flowers, which are pale lavender in
-color, begin blooming in May and are found in bloom throughout most of
-the summer.
-
-    [Illustration: Palmer Penstemon]
-
-
-86. SACRED DATURA                                          Potato Family
-                          _Datura meteloides_
-
-A conspicuous plant with very large, white, sometimes lavender-tinted
-flowers that open at night and wilt in the bright morning sunlight. A
-single plant may have as many as 100 blooms at one time. Datura is one
-of the few plants that blooms during the hot summer in Zion Canyon. Many
-different names are locally applied to it, and include the following:
-Zion Lily, Moon Lily, Jimson Weed and Thornapple. The plant is poisonous
-to eat, especially the seeds, and was used by several Indian tribes to
-induce stupor and dreams as a part of a widespread religious cult. It
-contains a deadly narcotic principle akin to atropine.
-
-    [Illustration: Sacred Datura]
-
-
-87. MONKEYFLOWER                                          Figwort Family
-                          _Mimulus cardinalis_
-
-One of the very beautiful flowering plants along the Zion Narrows Trail
-and in cool, damp places of the shady canyons is this Crimson
-Monkeyflower with its orange-red blossoms and deep-green leaves. Its
-flowers are 1 to 2 inches long and the wide-toothed leaves are 3 to 5
-inches long. It is the largest Monkeyflower in the park. Some plants are
-found blooming throughout much of the summer season, especially along
-the canyon walls where there are seeps of water most of the year.
-
-    [Illustration: Monkeyflower]
-
-
-88. INDIAN PAINTBRUSH                                     Figwort Family
-                         _Castilleja coccinea_
-
-From early March until May the warm hillsides below 6,000 feet are made
-brilliant by clumps of deep-red flowers often found next to patches of
-Mountain Mahogany. They are the Dwarf Indian Paintbrush and are by far
-the most conspicuous early spring flower in Zion. Found very abundantly
-along the park road from the East Entrance to the Zion Tunnel, they
-present a most pleasing sight early in the season. Other species are
-very plentiful at Cedar Breaks and often carpet the meadows in showy
-orange or red. Several species are also found at Bryce Canyon National
-Park.
-
-    [Illustration: Indian Paintbrush]
-
-
-89. SNOWBERRY                                         Honeysuckle Family
-                       _Symphoricarpos utahensis_
-
-This low, spreading shrub is recognized by its shreddy bark, small,
-oval, opposite leaves on very short petioles, and in late summer or fall
-by its white berries. The small, pinkish flowers are not at all
-conspicuous and are often overlooked. The plant is browsed by deer and
-other animals and is sometimes called Buckbrush. It is found mostly in
-the high plateaus of Zion and is fairly common at Cedar Breaks and Bryce
-Canyon. The fruit, although very showy, is not very tasty.
-
-    [Illustration: Snowberry]
-
-
-90. BEARBERRY HONEYSUCKLE                             Honeysuckle Family
-                         _Lonicera involucrata_
-
-This member of the Honeysuckle Family has a number of common names such
-as Twinberry Honeysuckle, Ink-berry and Pigeon-bush.
-
-The flowers, which are yellow and always come in pairs, are very
-attractive to the hummingbirds. Mature fruits are black berries about
-the size of peas and are partially enclosed by reddish bracts. The
-plants are unpalatable and browsed very slightly, but the fruits are
-eaten by birds and chipmunks.
-
-    [Illustration: Bearberry Honeysuckle]
-
-
-91. ELEPHANTHEAD PEDICULARIS                              Figwort Family
-                       _Pedicularis groenlandica_
-
-You will find this strange-looking plant in the wet meadows of the
-alpine areas of Cedar Breaks and on the Plateaus of the Kolob Section
-and the Horse Pasture Plateau of Zion National Park. Its blooming season
-is July and August. The peculiarly modified petals of the corolla
-resemble the forehead, ears and waving trunk of an elephant, hence the
-common name Elephanthead.
-
-    [Illustration: Elephanthead Pedicularis]
-
-
-92. AMERICAN HAREBELL                                  Bellflower Family
-                        _Campanula rotundifolia_
-
-In the drier habitats of the alpine regions around Cedar Breaks and
-generally along the roadsides in large clumps you may find this
-beautiful blue flower. The lovely deep-blue flowers, drooping on their
-hairlike stems, have such perfect shape and simple grace. The Harebell
-is very wide spread, being found in Scotland, Northern Europe and Asia
-as well as over much of North America.
-
-    [Illustration: American Harebell]
-
-
-93. WESTERN CARDINALFLOWER                                Lobelia Family
-                          _Lobelia splendens_
-
-A pleasant surprise to many park visitors is to find this spectacular
-flower, with its abundant scarlet blooms on long stalks, presenting a
-colorful display during the late summer when most plants have ceased
-blooming. This colorful species, known also as Scarlet Lobelia, is very
-abundant along the Narrows Trail of Zion Canyon and also along water
-courses of other shady canyons. The long, tubular corollas and pointed
-petals arranged in irregular pattern of two and three identify this
-plant from the Scarlet Penstemon which it resembles.
-
-    [Illustration: Western Cardinalflower]
-
-
-94. RABBITBRUSH                                         Sunflower Family
-                          _Chrysothamnus sp._
-
-Rabbitbrush is fairly common along roadways and trails in the arid
-regions. Because rabbits find this plant a favorite shelter, it has been
-named Rabbitbrush. Indians boil the plant for yellow dye, and white man
-found certain species of Chrysothamnus to contain rubber.
-
-Consideration was given to the production of rubber from Rabbitbrush
-during the First World War and up until the discovery of synthetic
-rubber.
-
-    [Illustration: Rabbitbrush]
-
-
-95. CURLYCUP GUMWEED                                    Sunflower Family
-                         _Grindelia squarrosa_
-
-An exotic plant probably brought into the area by vehicles, as it is
-found most commonly along the roadways or in cultivated fields. Once
-started it spreads very rapidly along the highways or in cultivated
-areas.
-
-The plant is suspected to be toxic to livestock, but is rarely eaten. It
-is used in the treatment of asthma in humans. In addition, external use
-is made of it to relieve the irritation caused by Poison Ivy.
-
-The plants have probably migrated to this area from the central plains
-states.
-
-    [Illustration: Curlycup Gumweed]
-
-
-96. PURPLE ASTER                                        Sunflower Family
-                              _Aster sp._
-
-The Asters and Fleabanes are sometimes confused, but they can generally
-be recognized by the difference in the number of ray flowers. That is,
-Asters have only about half as many ray flowers as do the Fleabanes.
-
-Species of Purple Aster form an important part of the late summer floral
-display at Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. They come on after the Lupine,
-Columbine, Indian Paintbrush and other early bloomers have faded.
-
-    [Illustration: Purple Aster]
-
-
-97. FLEABANE                                            Sunflower Family
-                          _Erigeron speciosus_
-
-There are numerous species of Fleabane in this region. Some particular
-kind may be found at any time of the growing season, for certain species
-bloom very early and others continue late in autumn.
-
-Some species of Fleabane grow in dense masses and, in early spring,
-carpet the meadows and roadsides. The ray flowers of the Fleabanes are
-generally twice as numerous per head as are the ray flowers of the
-Asters. The plants are quite similar in other respects.
-
-    [Illustration: Fleabane]
-
-
-98. MOUNTAIN SUNFLOWER                                  Sunflower Family
-                        _Helianthella uniflora_
-
-Sunflowers abound in these parks during the late summer. As the early
-summer flowers, mostly in blues and purples, fade, the yellow and red
-flowers come on. This is especially true in the alpine meadows of Cedar
-Breaks in August when the predominant species are the Sunflowers.
-
-The seeds of the Sunflowers supply abundant food for many birds and
-small mammals.
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain Sunflower]
-
-
-99. COMMON SUNFLOWER                                    Sunflower Family
-                          _Helianthus annuus_
-
-The very large flowers of these plants sometimes present a colorful
-display as they take over the roadways or abandoned fields. Members of
-this group are generally considered weeds because of their habit of
-crowding out the more desirable species. Certain species of Sunflowers
-are now being developed for commercial purposes and produce oil for
-cooking and meal for livestock feed. Indians in some areas of North
-America cultivated sunflowers for food and for trade.
-
-    [Illustration: Common Sunflower]
-
-
-100. GAILLARDIA                                         Sunflower Family
-                          _Gaillardia parryi_
-
-This handsome and conspicuous plant is found growing in the Sonoran
-Zones of Zion. It has a slender, rough stalk, about a foot tall, and
-stiff, rather hairy, dull-green leaves growing mostly from the root. The
-beautiful flowers, about three inches across, have golden-yellow rays
-which are three pointed. The center of the flower is a shaded maroon and
-yellow, very velvety, and becoming an attractive fuzzy, round, purplish
-head when the rays drop off. This plant blooms mostly in May and June.
-
-    [Illustration: Gaillardia]
-
-
-101. DESERT MARIGOLD                                    Sunflower Family
-                         _Baileya multiradiata_
-
-These golden-yellow flowers, measuring about three inches across, are
-fairly common along the trails and roadways of Zion Canyon and in other
-low-elevation areas of the park. They bloom during May and June. The ray
-flowers become bleached and papery as they mature, thus accounting for
-the name Paper Daisy. This attractive composite is also known as Desert
-Baileya. In California this plant is cultivated for the flower trade. It
-has been found poisonous to sheep, although horses crop the flower
-heads, apparently without harmful effects.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Marigold]
-
-
-102. WESTERN YARROW                                     Sunflower Family
-                          _Achillea lanulosa_
-
-Western Yarrow is very widespread and can be found in much of Western
-America. It is more common at elevations above 5,000 feet in these
-areas. It grows to be 12 to 20 inches high, and the fernlike leaves,
-which have a pungent odor when crushed, and the umbrella-shaped clusters
-of flowers are characteristics of this plant that help to identify it.
-
-Since ancient times the plant has been highly regarded for its healing
-properties. Legend ascribed the discovery of this virtue to Achilles, in
-whose honor the plant is named.
-
-    [Illustration: Western Yarrow]
-
-
-103. HEARTLEAF ARNICA                                   Sunflower Family
-                          _Arnica cordifolia_
-
-A common flower in the Pine and Spruce forest of Cedar Breaks and the
-alpine areas of Zion and Bryce Canyon is the Heartleaf Arnica. The
-yellow ray flowers are few, while the disk or central flowers of the
-flower head are numerous. The flowers measure about three inches across
-and are often mistaken for sunflowers. The heart-shaped leaves help
-distinguish this flower from its close relatives.
-
-Tincture of arnica is obtained from certain species of Arnica.
-
-    [Illustration: Heartleaf Arnica]
-
-
-104. MEADOW SALSIFY                                     Sunflower Family
-                         _Tragopogon pratensis_
-
-This interesting plant, known also as Oyster Plant, has been naturalized
-from Europe and is now quite common in the West. It has a smooth, stout
-hollow stem about 2 feet tall, rather dark-green, smooth leaves clasping
-at the base, and handsome flowers from 2 to 4 inches across. The flowers
-open early in the morning, closing at midday, to remain closed until the
-next morning.
-
-Meadow Salsify is most commonly found along the roadways or in other
-places where the native soil has been disturbed.
-
-See Figure 105 for description of the seed of this flower.
-
-    [Illustration: Meadow Salsify]
-
-
-105. MEADOW SALSIFY                                     Sunflower Family
-                         _Tragopogon pratensis_
-
-This habitat view of the Meadow Salsify illustrates one of the important
-ways in which plants scatter their seeds about. As the flower matures
-into seeds in a conspicuous and very large, dandelion-like head, each
-seed is equipped with a perfect parachute of silky fibers. Winds often
-sweep these flight-equipped seeds for many miles and result in wide
-dissemination of this species, which was introduced into this country
-from Europe not very long ago.
-
-The seeds of many plants are scattered about in various ways—some by
-wind, others by water and many by the birds and animals.
-
-    [Illustration: Meadow Salsify Fruit]
-
-
-106. ARROWLEAF BALSAMROOT                               Sunflower Family
-                        _Balsamorhiza sagittata_
-
-This plant, with its large, showy yellow flowers, is often found on the
-southern exposures of steep hillsides or in the Sagebrush flats. It was
-first discovered by Lewis and Clark on their expedition across the
-continent in 1804-1806.
-
-The rind of the root contains a turpentiny balsam, but the heart of the
-root is edible and was used by the Indians and early pioneers. The plant
-is called Mormon Biscuit in Utah. The seeds of the plant were used by
-the Indians to make “Pinole” or meal, and the stems and leaves were
-eaten as greens.
-
-    [Illustration: Arrowleaf Balsamroot]
-
-
-107. WESTERN WALLFLOWER                                   Mustard Family
-                          _Erysimum capitatum_
-
-There are two kinds of Wallflowers in Zion National Park. Their
-bright-yellow flowers, which grow on stalks taller than those of most
-other mustards, make them among the most attractive members of this
-family. They are usually found on rather dry slopes in the Upper Sonoran
-and Transition Zones.
-
-Notice how the petals are arranged as a cross which is a characteristic
-of all members of the Cruciferae or Mustard Family.
-
-    [Illustration: Western Wallflower]
-
-
-108. BITTERCRESS                                          Mustard Family
-                          _Cardamine hirsuta_
-
-You may find this plant blooming during April and May in the Sonoran
-Zones of Zion National Park. Its habitat is generally the dry sandy
-hillsides rather than the deep canyons.
-
-The wide-spreading, circular, doom-shaped clumps present an attractive
-display in pure white flowers. The petals of four are arranged like a
-cross.
-
-Being a perennial, the clumps seem to expand from year to year and often
-reach a spread of four to five feet across. The plants are useful in
-building soil and in preventing erosion.
-
-    [Illustration: Bittercress]
-
-
-109. HUMMINGBIRD TRUMPET                         Evening-primrose Family
-                        _Zauschneria garrettii_
-
-One of the late blooming plants in Zion National Park is the Hummingbird
-Trumpet, also called Fire-chalice, or sometimes the Wild Fushia. It can
-often be found on the Canyon Overlook Trail or on the West Rim Trail at
-elevations near 6,000 feet.
-
-It can be identified by the narrow oval leaves pointed and toothed, and
-the fushialike flowers, narrowly funnel-shaped, with the pistil and
-stamens extending beyond the petals.
-
-The brilliant scarlet of this flower in fairly dense clusters makes a
-very attractive display in late August and September.
-
-    [Illustration: Hummingbird Trumpet]
-
-
-
-
-                                 INDEX
-
-
-          Common Name                   Scientific Name         Figure
-                                                                Number
-                                   A
-
- Alfilera                      Erodium circutraium                   48
- American Harebell             Campanula rotundifolia                92
- Antelope Bitterbrush          Purshia tridentata                    34
- Arnica, Heartleaf             Arnica cordifolia                    103
- Arrowleaf Balsamroot          Balsamorhiza sagittata               106
- Aster, Purple                 Aster sp.                             96
-
-                                   B
-
- Balsamroot, Arrowleaf         Balsamorhiza sagittata               106
- Baneberry, Western            Actaea arguta                         20
- Bearberry Honeysuckle         Lonicera involucrata                  90
- Beavertail Cactus             Opuntia basilaris                     61
- Bitterbrush, Antelope         Purshia tridentata                    34
- Bittercress                   Cardamine hirsuta                    108
- Bitterroot                    Lewisia rediviva                      14
- Blackbrush                    Coleogyne ramosissima                 35
- Blazingstar, Desert           Mentzelia multiflora                  57
- Bluebells, Mountain           Mertensia ciliata                     78
- Bluedicks                     Dichelostemma pulchellum               4
- Buckhorn Cholla Cactus        Opuntia acanthocarpa                  62
- Buckwheat, Wild               Eriogonum umbellatum                   8
- Buffaloberry, Roundleaf       Shepherdia rotundifolia               65
- Bush Cinquefoil               Potentilla fruticosa                  36
- Buttercup, Sand               Ranunculus juniperinus                21
- Buttercup                     Ranunculus sp.                        16
- Butterfly Milkweed            Asclepias tuberosa                    75
-
-                                   C
-
- Cactus Fruit                  Opuntia engelmannii 64
- Calypso Orchid                Calypso bulbosa                       11
- Cardinalflower, Western       Lobelia splendens                     93
- Cinquefoil, Bush              Potentilla fruticosa                  36
- Chokecherry                   Prunus virginiana                     40
- Cliffrose, Stansbury          Cowania stansburiana                  33
- Columbine                     Aquilegia sp.                         17
- Coneflower                    Rudbeckia occidentalis                25
- Creosotebush                  Larrea tridentata                     50
- Curlycup Gumweed              Grindelia squarrosa                   95
-
-                                   D
-
- Deathcamas, Mountain          Zigadenus elegans                      7
- Desertbeauty Dalea            Dalea johnsoni                        46
- Desert Blazingstar            Mentzelia multiflora                  57
- Desert Globemallow            Sphaeralcea ambigua                   53
- Desert Marigold               Baileya multiradiata                 101
- Desert Princesplume           Stanleya pinnata                      26
- Desert Sage                   Salvia carnosa                        80
-
-                                   E
-
- Eaton Penstemon               Penstemon eatoni                      83
- Elder, Red-berried            Sambucus racemosa                     31
- Elephanthead Pedicularis      Pedicularis groenlandica              91
- Elk Thistle                   Cirsium foliosum                      24
- Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus  Opuntia engelmannii                   64
- Ephedra, Green                Ephedra viridis                        9
- Euphorbia, Whitemargin        Euphorbia albomarginata               51
- Evening-primrose, White       Oenothera caespitosa                  66
- Evening-primrose, Yellow      Oenothera strigosa                    67
-
-                                   F
-
- Fineleaf Yucca                Yucca angustissima                     6
- Firechalice                   Zauschneria garrettii                109
- Fireweed                      Epilobium angustifolium               54
- Flax, Lewis                   Linum lewisii                         49
- Fleabane                      Erigeron speciosus                    97
- Four-O’Clock                  Mirabilis multiflora                  12
- Fourwing Saltbush             Atriplex canescens                    10
- Fremont Geranium              Geranium fremontii                    47
- Fremont Barberry              Berberis fremonti                     23
- Fringed Gentian               Gentiana thermalis                    74
- Fritillary, Purplespot        Fritillaria atropurpurea               5
-
-                                   G
-
- Gaillardia                    Gaillardia parryi                    100
- Gentian, Fringed              Gentiana thermalis                    74
- Gentian, Green                Frasera speciosa                      70
- Geranium, Fremont             Geranium fremontii                    47
- Gilia, Skyrocket              Gilia aggregata                       77
- Globemallow, Scarlet          Sphaeralcea coccinea                  52
- Globemallow, Desert           Sphaeralcea ambigua                   53
- Green Ephedra                 Ephedra viridis                        9
- Green Gentian                 Frasera speciosa                      70
- Greenleaf Manzanita           Arctostaphylis patula                 69
- Gumweed, Curlyleaf            Grindelia squarrosa                   95
-
-                                   H
-
- Harebell, American            Campanula petiolata                   92
- Heartleaf Arnica              Arnica cordifolia                    103
- Hedgehog Cactus               Echinocereus coccineus                58
- Honey Mesquite                Prosopis juliflora                    41
- Honeysuckle, Bearberry        Lonicera involucrata                  90
- Hummingbird Trumpet           Zauschneria garrettii                109
-
-                                   I
-
- Indianpotato                  Orogenia linearifolia                 72
- Indian Paintbrush             Castilleja coccinea                   88
-
-                                   L
-
- Larkspur                      Delphinium sp.                        18
- Lewis Flax                    Linum lewisii                         49
- Ligusticum, Porter            Ligusticum porteri                    68
- Littleleaf Mountainmahogany   Cercocarpus intricatus                32
- Loco                          Astragalus sp.                        43
- Locust, New Mexico            Robinia neomexicana                   45
- Lupine                        Lupinus sp.                           42
-
-                                   M
-
- Manzanita, Greenleaf          Arctostaphylis patula                 69
- Mariposa, Segolily            Calochortus nuttallii                  1
- Mariposa, Yellow              Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus      2
- Marigold, Desert              Baileya multiradiata                 101
- Marshmarigold                 Caltha leptosepala                    15
- Meadow Salsify                Tragopogon pratensis             104-105
- Mesquite, Honey               Prosopis juliflora                    41
- Milkweed, Butterfly           Asclepias tuberosa                    75
- Monkeyflower                  Mimulus cardinalis                    87
- Monkshood                     Aconitum columbianum                  19
- Mountain Bluebells            Mertensia ciliata                     78
- Mountain Deathcamas           Zigadenus elegans                      7
- Mountainmahogany, Littleleaf  Cercocarpus intricatus                32
- Mountain Sunflower            Helianthella uniflora                 98
- Mullein                       Verbascum thapsus                     81
-
-                                   N
-
- New Mexico Locust             Robinia neomexicana                   45
-
-                                   O
-
- Oregon Grape                  Berberis repens                       22
- Oysterplant - Meadow Salsify  Tragopogon pratensis             104-105
-
-                                   P
-
- Palmer Penstemon              Penstemon palmeri                     85
- Parry Primrose                Primula parryi                        71
- Penstemon, Eaton              Penstemon eatoni                      83
- Penstemon, Palmer             Penstemon palmeri                     85
- Penstemon, Royal              Penstemon speciosus                   82
- Penstemon, Thickleaf          Penstemon pachyphyllus                84
- Phlox, Pink                   Phlox canescens                       76
- Pinedrops, Woodland           Pterospora andromedea                 55
- Poisonvetch                   Astragalus sabulosus                  44
- Porter Ligusticum             Ligusticum porteri                    68
- Prairiesmoke                  Geum triflorum var. ciliatum          37
- Prairie Spiderwort            Tradescantia occidentalis              3
- Pricklepoppy                  Argemone platyceras                   28
- Pricklypear Cactus            Opuntia rhodantha                     60
- Princesplume, Desert          Stanleya pinnata                      26
- Puccoon, Narrowleaf           Lithospermum incisum                  79
- Purplespot Fritillary         Fritillaria atropurpurea               5
- Purple Torch Cactus           Echinocereus engelmanii               59
-
-                                   R
-
- Rabbitbrush                   Chrysothamnus sp.                     94
- Rocky Mountain Beeplant       Cleome serrulata                      29
- Rose, Wild                    Rosa sp.                              38
- Roundleaf Buffaloberry        Shepherdia rotundifolia               65
- Royal Penstemon               Penstemon speciosus                   82
-
-                                   S
-
- Sacred Datura                 Datura meteloides                     86
- Sage, Desert                  Salvia carnosa                        80
- Saltbush, Fourwing            Atriplex canescens                    10
- Sand Buttercup                Ranunculus juniperinus                21
- Scarlet Globemallow           Sphaeralcea coccinea                  52
- Segolily Mariposa             Calochortus nuttalli                   1
- Serviceberry                  Amelanchier alnifolia                 39
- Shootingstar                  Dodecatheon pauciflorum               73
- Skyrocket Gilia               Gilia aggregata                       77
- Spiderflower, Yellow          Cleome lutea                          30
- Snowberry                     Symphoricarpos utahensis              89
- Spiderwort, Prairie           Tradescantia occidentalis              3
- Springbeauty                  Claytonia lanceolata                  13
- Stansbury Cliffrose           Cowania stansburiana                  33
- Stonecrop                     Sedum stenopetalum                    27
- Sunflower, Common             Helianthus annuus                     99
- Sunflower, Mountain           Helianthella uniflora                 98
-
-                                   T
-
- Thickleaf Penstemon           Penstemon pachyphyllus                84
- Thistle, Elk                  Cirsium foliosum                     107
-
-                                   V
-
- Violet, Yellow                Viola praemorsa                       56
-
-                                   W
-
- Western Baneberry             Actaea arguta                         20
- Western Cardinalflower        Lobelia splendens                     93
- Western Wallflower            Erysimum capitatum                   107
- Western Yarrow                Achillea lanulosa                    102
- Whitemargin Euphorbia         Euphorbia albomarginata               51
- Wild Buckwheat                Eriogonum umbellatum                   8
- Wild Rose                     Rosa sp.                              38
- Woodland Pinedrops            Pterospora andromedea                 55
-
-                                   Y
-
- Yarrow, Western               Achillea lanulosa                    102
- Yellow Mariposa               Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus      2
- Yellow Spiderflower           Cleome lutea                          30
- Yellow Violet                 Viola praemorsa                       56
- Yucca, Fineleaf               Yucca angustissima                     6
-
-
-
-
-                               REFERENCES
-
-
-Arnberger, Leslie P. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)
-
-_Flowers of the Southwest Mountains_. Southwestern Monuments Assoc.,
-Globe, Arizona, 1952.
-
-Armstrong, Margaret
-
-_Field Book of Western Wild Flowers_. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915.
-
-Bailey, H. E. and Bailey, V. L.
-
-_Woody Plants of the Western National Parks_. The University Press,
-Notre Dame, Indiana, 1949.
-
-Benson, Lyman
-
-_The Cacti of Arizona_. University of New Mexico Press, 1950.
-
-Clements, Frederic E. and Clements, Edith S.
-
-_Rocky Mountain Flowers_. The H. W. Wilson Co., New York, 1928.
-
-Coulter, John M. and Nelson, Aven
-
-_New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains_. American Book
-Company, New York, 1919.
-
-Dodge, Natt N. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)
-
-_Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_. Southwestern Monuments Association,
-Globe, Arizona, 1954.
-
-Jaeger, Edmund C.
-
-_Desert Wild Flowers_. Stanford University Press, Revised Edition, 1944.
-
-Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature
-
-_Standardized Plant Names_. Second Edition 1942. J. Horace McFarland Co.
-
-Kearney, Thomas H. and Pebble, Robert H.
-
-_Arizona Flora_. University of California Press, 1951.
-
-McDougal, W. B. and Baggley, Herma A.
-
-_Plants of Yellowstone National Park_. Revised Edition, Yellowstone
-Library and Museum Association, 1956.
-
-McDougal, W. B. and Sperry, Omar E.
-
-_Plants of Big Bend National Park_. Government Printing Office, 1951.
-
-McDougal, W. B.
-
-_Checklist of Plants of Grand Canyon National Park_. Bulletin No. 10.
-Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1947.
-
-Patraw, Pauline M. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)
-
-_Flowers of the Southwest Mesas_. Southwestern Monuments Association,
-Globe, Arizona, 1954.
-
-Presnall, C. C. and Patraw, Pauline M.
-
-_Plants of Zion National Park_. Bulletin No. 1. Zion-Bryce Natural
-History Association, 1937.
-
-Preston, Richard J.
-
-_Rocky Mountain Trees_. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, 1947.
-
-Saunders, Charles Francis
-
-_Western Wild Flowers and Their Stories_. Doubleday, Doran Co., 1933.
-
-Tidestrom, Ivar
-
-_Flora of Utah and Nevada_. Government Printing Office, 1925.
-
-
-                   WHEELWRIGHT LITHOGRAPHING COMPANY
-                          SALT LAKE CITY UTAH
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain meadow]
-
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-
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-                              Transcriber’s Notes
-
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-—Silently corrected a few typos.
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-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
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-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
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-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon
-National Parks and Cedar Breaks Natio, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen
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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon
-National Parks and Cedar Breaks Natio, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument
-
-Author: Carl Elmer Jepson
-        Leland Francis Allen
-
-Release Date: August 16, 2017 [EBook #55363]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD FLOWERS--ZION, BRYCE CANYON ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Wild Flowers of Zion, Bryce Canyon, and Cedar Breaks" width="484" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><span class="large">WILD
-<br />FLOWERS</span>
-<br /><span class="smaller ss">of</span>
-<br />Zion and Bryce Canyon
-<br /><span class="smaller ss">NATIONAL PARKS
-<br />and</span>
-<br />Cedar Breaks
-<br /><span class="smaller ss">NATIONAL MONUMENT</span></h1>
-<p class="center">Text and Color Photographs by
-<br /><b>CARL E. JEPSON</b>
-<br />Chief Park Naturalist
-<br />and
-<br /><b>LELAND F. ALLEN</b>
-<br />Park Naturalist</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="NATIONAL PARK SERVICE" width="200" height="256" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">Published and Copyright 1958
-<br />by
-<br /><b>ZION-BRYCE NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION</b>
-<br />in cooperation with the
-<br /><b>NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-<br />UTAH</b></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h2><span class="small">INTRODUCTION</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="Mount Zion" width="410" height="600" />
-</div>
-<p>In these areas of Zion and
-Bryce Canyon National Parks
-and Cedar Breaks National
-Monument, four life zones are
-found extending from low elevations
-of near 3,600 feet to
-extremes of over 11,300 feet.
-The area within elevations
-from the lowest point to 4,000
-feet is the Lower Sonoran
-Zone; above that to 7,000 feet
-is the Upper Sonoran Zone;
-from 7,000 to 8,500 feet is the
-Transition Zone; above that to 10,000 feet is the Canadian
-Zone; and from 10,000 feet to the highest point on
-Brian Head Peak is the Hudsonian Zone.</p>
-<p>Native plants typical of desert, mesa and mountain
-grow within these extremes of elevation and include a
-wide variety of species. Of the three areas featured,
-Cedar Breaks National Monument contains the greatest
-variety, and frequently exhibits marvelous displays, depending
-on the amount of rainfall from year to year.</p>
-<p>The purpose of this booklet is to help visitors in
-their enjoyment of the flowers they find along the roadways
-and trails&mdash;flowers they observe, appreciate and
-probably photograph but leave UNPICKED for the
-pleasure of others.</p>
-<p>Through the mediums of color photography and
-color lithography one hundred and six species of wild
-flowers and plants most commonly seen are presented
-in closeup detail as an aid to identification. Brief descriptions
-of size, habitat, blooming period, use, economic
-value and other details are given.</p>
-<p>The flowers have been arranged in a general order
-of families, except that occasionally, for the convenience
-<span class="pb" id="Page_2">2</span>
-of preparing the color plates, flowers of similar color or
-density have been grouped on a page although they are
-not in the same family nor closely related.</p>
-<p>The Standardized Plant Names of the American
-Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature has
-been followed as the guide. In case of locally used common
-names, such has been indicated in the text.</p>
-<p>This booklet on Wild Flowers has been produced
-by the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association in cooperation
-with the National Park Service. The Association
-has for its objective the fuller interpretation of the
-scenic, scientific, aesthetic and historic values of these
-National Parks, to the end that park visitors are provided
-with such information, audio and visual aids as
-will help them gain a better understanding and greater
-appreciation of the phenomena they find in them.</p>
-<p>It is hoped that this brief treatise on the flora may
-prove helpful to many visitors in learning more about
-some of the important species of plant life that they
-may discover during their visits to the Zion and Bryce
-Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National
-Monument.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="Badlands" width="400" height="600" />
-</div>
-<p>Credit for the photographic work goes to several individuals, all members of
-the interpretive staffs of these areas during the past few
-years. Park Naturalists Carl E. Jepson and Leland F. Allen
-have prepared the descriptive information given for each flower.</p>
-<p>The printing and color processing by the Wheelwright Lithographing Company, 975
-So. West Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h3 id="c1"><span class="jl">1. SEGOLILY MARIPOSA</span>Lily Family
-<br /><i>Calochortus nuttallii</i></h3>
-<p>The Segolily Mariposa was chosen as the State
-Flower of Utah probably because of the important use
-early pioneers made of the root bulbs of this plant in
-supplementing their meager diets during the early settlement
-period. The name &ldquo;Sego&rdquo; (pronounced see-go)
-is of Shoshonean origin, and this flower was sacred in
-Indian legend long before the arrival of Utah pioneers
-in 1847.</p>
-<p>This plant is found in rather dry, rocky soils and
-puts on a very showy display during May and June. It
-is more commonly known as the Mariposa Lily in other
-sections of the country, but in Utah it is called the
-Segolily.</p>
-<p>There are three species in color of white, pink and
-yellow found in the Zion Region.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="374" />
-<p class="pcap">Segolily Mariposa</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c2"><span class="jl">2. YELLOW MARIPOSA</span>Lily Family
-<br /><i>Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus</i></h3>
-<p>Found only in the petrified forest of the Coalpits
-Wash section of Zion National Park, this plant is not
-very abundant and probably suffered from overgrazing
-by livestock during the settlement period before Zion
-became a National Park.</p>
-<p>Mariposa in Spanish means butterfly.</p>
-<p>This species with bright-yellow flowers is associated
-with a specific geologic stratum&mdash;the Petrified Forest
-member of the Chinle formation. It is found in great
-abundance in the Petrified Forest National Monument
-near Holbrook, Arizona.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="393" />
-<p class="pcap">Yellow Mariposa</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c3"><span class="jl">3. PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT</span>Spiderwort Family
-<br /><i>Tradescantia occidentalis</i></h3>
-<p>In the sandy areas at elevations above 4,000 feet you
-may find this pretty, three-petaled, deep-blue flower on
-its slender stalk about a foot or more in height blooming
-early in June. The flowers bloom at night, so are
-not easily found except early in the mornings. The plant
-is fairly abundant along the Narrows Trail, the East
-Rim Trail and near the East Entrance Station of Zion
-National Park.</p>
-<p>Indians used the entire plant for food.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p03b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="pcap">Prairie Spiderwort</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h3 id="c4"><span class="jl">4. BLUEDICKS</span>Lily Family
-<br /><i>Dichelostemma pulchellum</i></h3>
-<p>This bright-blue flower, on its long, slender stalk,
-has a number of common names, such as Wild Hyacinth,
-Grass Nuts and Spanish Lily. The bulb of this
-plant has a nutty flavor. It was gathered by the Indians
-and early pioneers for food in some sections of the
-country. It is found sparingly in good soil areas.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="373" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Bluedicks</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c5"><span class="jl">5. PURPLESPOT FRITILLARY</span>Lily Family
-<br /><i>Fritillaria atropurpurea</i></h3>
-<p>A rather rare lily sometimes called Leopard Lily or
-Bronze Bell. Its drooping flowers on fairly tall stems are
-found growing in the Sagebrush areas or in alpine meadows.
-As they are not very conspicuous, they are often
-overlooked by visitors. The petals, with their mottled
-effect in brown, yellow and purple spots, present a remarkable
-pattern of beauty when observed closely. The
-odor of the plant is not pleasing to humans, but is no
-doubt attractive to insects.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="387" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Purplespot Fritillary</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c6"><span class="jl">6. FINELEAF YUCCA</span>Lily Family
-<br /><i>Yucca angustissima</i></h3>
-<p>The name &ldquo;Our Lord&rsquo;s Candlestick&rdquo; was given to
-this tall, conspicuous plant of the desert by the early
-Spanish Padres, who were the first white men to see
-this region of Southern Utah. During May and June the
-waxy-white flowers bloom on tall stalks and soon mature
-into rather large seed pods.</p>
-<p>Indians made very good use of all parts of the plant.
-Its fiber was used for making sandals and clothing, the
-seeds provided food, and the roots were used for making
-soap. The Navajo Indian called it Yaybi-tsa-si, which
-means literally &ldquo;Yucca of the Gods.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="370" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Fineleaf Yucca</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c7"><span class="jl">7. MOUNTAIN DEATHCAMAS</span>Lily Family
-<br /><i>Zigadenus elegans</i></h3>
-<p>An onion-like plant with a long, loose cluster of
-small, creamy-white flowers. Its root is shaped much
-like that of the onion, but is odorless. The plant is
-poisonous to man and beast. Deathcamas is found
-mostly in meadows or wet places on the plateaus
-where it presents a serious danger to grazing cattle and
-sheep. At Cedar Breaks it blooms during July and
-August and is fairly common in the alpine meadows.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p04d.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Mountain Deathcamas</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h3 id="c8"><span class="jl">8. WILD BUCKWHEAT</span>Buckwheat Family
-<br /><i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i></h3>
-<p>Wild Buckwheat is commonly associated with Sagebrush
-and arid regions of the West. Many species of
-the genus are found blooming throughout the summer
-season.</p>
-<p>The spreading branches grow close to the ground
-and help reduce erosion, and the yearly accumulation
-of leaves adds humus to the soil. The flower head at the
-top of single stalks, with its many-branched, dense cluster
-in a lacy pattern, makes a fine floral display of yellow.
-The flowers are important to the honey bee, and
-the ripened seeds are diligently sought by the chipmunks,
-other rodents and several birds.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="380" />
-<p class="pcap">Wild Buckwheat</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c9"><span class="jl">9. GREEN EPHEDRA</span>Jointfir Family
-<br /><i>Ephedra viridis</i></h3>
-<p>Not a very showy plant with its pale-green stems,
-very small leaves and inconspicuous flowers. It is probably
-of greatest interest because of the use made of the
-plant by early pioneers in brewing a tea, which served
-as a tonic for various ailments. It was commonly called
-Brigham Tea, Squaw Tea or, more generally, Mormon
-tea.</p>
-<p>The plant is a relative of the Pines and Firs and is
-very able to withstand drouth. It is found fairly abundantly
-in the Sagebrush and Saltbush areas of the Upper
-Sonoran Zone.</p>
-<p>The drug ephedrine is obtained from some of the
-species of Ephedra found in China.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" />
-<p class="pcap">Green Ephedra</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c10"><span class="jl">10. FOURWING SALTBUSH</span>Goosefoot Family
-<br /><i>Atriplex canescens</i></h3>
-<p>A silvery-green, profusely branched shrub growing
-two to five feet high with conspicuous clusters (in late
-summer) of four-winged seeds about the same color as
-the leaves. It is very common in the Sonoran Zones and
-abundant in the alkaline flats of the Great Basin of
-Utah. In the lower portion of Zion Canyon it is abundant
-and often taken to be Sagebrush, which it resembles
-to some extent.</p>
-<p>This plant is of value as forage for livestock, and
-deer feed upon it to a limited extent.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap">Fourwing Saltbush</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h3 id="c11"><span class="jl">11. CALYPSO ORCHID</span>Orchid Family
-<br /><i>Calypso bulbosa</i></h3>
-<p>If you travel to the mountains early in June or July,
-you may be lucky enough to find this beautiful flower,
-the dainty Calypso or Fairy Slipper Orchid, as it blooms
-in the dense woods of Spruce and Pine or in the deep
-canyons along shady streams at elevations above 6,000
-feet. The flowers grow singly on stems 4 to 6 inches
-high and have only one large leaf. The plant takes part
-of its food from decaying wood or other organic matter.</p>
-<p>Thoughtless picking of this flower has made it very
-rare and in danger of becoming extinct. Please do your
-part to help save the Fairy Slipper Orchid.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="381" />
-<p class="pcap">Calypso Orchid</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c12"><span class="jl">12. FOUR-O&rsquo;CLOCK</span>Four-O&rsquo;Clock Family
-<br /><i>Mirabilis multiflora</i></h3>
-<p>Closely resembling the cultivated variety of Four-O&rsquo;Clock,
-this plant, with its abundance of brilliant
-magenta-colored flowers, is one of the spectacular sights
-in May or early June. It is a sturdy perennial with thick,
-glossy-green leaves spreading low over the ground. The
-south-facing slopes in the Sonoran Zones are its most
-common habitat, but it is also found in the broken lava
-fields. Being a night bloomer, the flowers close during
-the bright daylight hours and open at about four o&rsquo;clock
-in the afternoon. Its blooming season is generally brief,
-about two or three weeks, but it sometimes blooms
-twice in the same summer.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">Four-O&rsquo;Clock</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c13"><span class="jl">13. SPRINGBEAUTY</span>Purslane Family
-<br /><i>Claytonia lanceolata</i></h3>
-<p>Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during May and
-early June and also in the shady canyons of Zion in the
-Transition Zone. Each plant has two narrow leaves near
-the base, each about 2 inches long, above which are
-four to five practically leafless branches with a single
-flower at the top of each. The plant is rarely over 6
-inches high; more commonly it is flat to the ground.
-Flowers vary in color from white to pink or sometimes
-the white blossoms have pink veins or stripes which
-tend to accentuate their beauty. Usually one of the
-early blooming flowers of the high plateaus, along with
-the Indianpotato and Buttercup.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="378" />
-<p class="pcap">Springbeauty</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h3 id="c14"><span class="jl">14. BITTERROOT</span>Portulaca Family
-<br /><i>Lewisia rediviva</i></h3>
-<p>This beautiful, dwarfed plant, never more than an
-inch or two high, is found during May mostly on the
-lava fields of the Transition Zone in Zion National Park.
-Its flower of white petals with pink veins is about 2
-inches in diameter.</p>
-<p>The Bitterroot was discovered in 1805 by the Lewis
-and Clark expedition while passing through western
-Montana. It was later named <i>Lewisia rediviva</i> by the
-botanist Pursh.</p>
-<p>The plant is of economic importance to the Northwestern
-Indians, who discovered that the bitter, parsnip-shaped
-roots possess a nutritious heart of starch,
-which cooking reduces to a pasty mass, palatable, at
-least, to Indian taste.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" />
-<p class="pcap">Bitterroot</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c15"><span class="jl">15. MARSHMARIGOLD</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Caltha leptosepala</i></h3>
-<p>A plant of the high elevations, generally above 9,000
-feet, and found abundantly at Cedar Breaks, where it
-comes into bloom almost as soon as the first patches of
-bare ground appear. Coming out usually in April or
-May, depending on the season, Marshmarigolds are
-among the earliest blooming flowers of the high elevations
-and often carpet the alpine meadows with a
-spread of white blossoms.</p>
-<p>The white sepals, that make up the showy flower,
-are often mistaken for petals, which are absent. The
-mass of anthers of the stamens give the flower its brilliant
-yellow center.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Marshmarigold</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c16"><span class="jl">16. BUTTERCUP</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Ranunculus sp.</i></h3>
-<p>A number of species of Buttercups bloom in these
-areas in early April or May on the Plateaus and later
-in the shady canyons. In their respective areas they
-are often the first flowers of Spring and are followed
-closely by the Springbeauties or sometimes preceded by
-the tiny white Indianpotato of the Parsnip Family.</p>
-<p>A thrilling sight is to find the waxy flowers of the
-early Buttercups at the very edge of the receding snowbanks.
-The blooming season for Buttercups is very brief,
-as a general rule, but the different species come into
-bloom successively.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p07c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="379" />
-<p class="pcap">Buttercup</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h3 id="c17"><span class="jl">17. COLUMBINE</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Aguilegia sp.</i></h3>
-<p>These beautiful flowers are well known because of
-their wide distribution and common use as cultivated
-species in flower gardens. They have conspicuously
-shaped petals with long, hollow spurs, which contain
-honey and thereby attract certain insects and especially
-the hummingbirds. Columbines are probably the most
-beautiful of the native flowers of Zion, Bryce Canyon
-and Cedar Breaks, as they bring forth very attractive
-displays during the summer months. The White Columbine
-at Cedar Breaks is extremely large.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="374" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Columbine</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c18"><span class="jl">18. LARKSPUR</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Delphinium sp.</i></h3>
-<p>Larkspurs are found abundantly at Cedar Breaks
-during July and August in the alpine meadows of the
-Monument. The leaves are very similar to those of the
-Monkshood, but the flowers differ in color and shape.
-The single spur of one of the sepals is the marked feature
-of the Larkspur. Color and size vary greatly for the
-different species; but the most common variety at Cedar
-Breaks is 2 to 3 feet tall, and the flowers are a purplish
-blue.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Larkspur</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c19"><span class="jl">19. MONKSHOOD</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Aconitum columbianum</i></h3>
-<p>Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks in the more
-open forested areas where there is partial shade and
-plenty of moisture. The purple Monkshood rank almost
-as high as their cousins the Columbines and Larkspurs
-in charm and beauty, with a quaintness and individuality
-all their own. The flower features a modified sepal
-shaped like a hood or helmet that protects the stamens.
-Extracts from the thick, turnip-shaped root are used
-medicinally in the treatment of certain heart diseases.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p08c.jpg" alt="" width="370" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Monkshood</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c20"><span class="jl">20. WESTERN BANEBERRY</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Actaea arguta</i></h3>
-<p>This plant may be found in the shady forest of good
-moisture. It is about one to two feet tall with handsome
-leaves but rather inconspicuous heads of creamy-white
-flowers. The conspicuous bright-red or waxy-white berries
-about the size of peas in a dense cluster make a
-very attractive display in late summer. The berries are
-somewhat poisonous, hence the name Baneberry.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p08d.jpg" alt="" width="382" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Baneberry</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<h3 id="c21"><span class="jl">21. SAND BUTTERCUP</span>Buttercup Family
-<br /><i>Ranunculus juniperinus</i></h3>
-<p>One of the very early blooming plants in Zion in the
-Transition or Upper Sonoran Zone, which often appears
-from mid-February to April, in bare sandy places among
-the Junipers and Pinyons, is the Sand Buttercup. Along
-the trail to the Canyon Overlook above the Great Arch
-is perhaps the best place to find this plant in Zion.</p>
-<p>The flowers, a pinkish white, are found on short
-stems or spreading branches close to the ground. As the
-plants are rather small and not very showy, it takes
-careful searching to find them.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" />
-<p class="pcap">Sand Buttercup</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c22"><span class="jl">22. OREGON GRAPE</span>Barberry Family
-<br /><i>Berberis repens</i></h3>
-<p>Because of its hollylike leaves, this dwarf shrub is
-sometimes called the Holly Grape, but it is more commonly
-known as the Oregon Grape. A rather prostrate
-growth form accounts for a third common name;
-namely, Creeping Barberry.</p>
-<p>This plant is found sparingly scattered over the
-areas and is probably more abundant in Zion than in
-Bryce Canyon or Cedar Breaks. The fruit looks very
-much like a cluster of grapes and is often gathered for
-the making of jellies or wine. The woody stems were
-used by the Indians in making a yellow dye.</p>
-<p>The plants are helpful in holding the soil, as they
-spread close to the ground.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p09b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="pcap">Oregon Grape</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c23"><span class="jl">23. FREMONT BARBERRY</span>Barberry Family
-<br /><i>Berberis fremontii</i></h3>
-<p>This rather tall shrub of the Sonoran Zones puts on
-a remarkable display in April and May with its bright
-yellow flowers. It is most commonly seen along the
-highway leading to Zion National Park from the west.</p>
-<p>Since the plant is a secondary host of the Blackstem
-Rust of cereals, it is not cultivated as an ornamental
-shrub.</p>
-<p>Indians used the wood of this shrub for various implements
-or tools. They utilized the root, which contains
-berberine, for a tonic, and they also made from
-it a brilliant-yellow dye.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p09c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="379" />
-<p class="pcap">Fremont Barberry</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h3 id="c24"><span class="jl">24. ELK THISTLE</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Cirsium foliosum</i></h3>
-<p>This Thistle is widely scattered in these areas but
-is not very abundant. It is a stout plant, 2 to 3 feet tall,
-with large, prickly leaves. Its freshly budding flowers in
-deep pink are very attractive during the early summer.
-Hummingbirds and numerous insects gather food from
-its colorful flower head made up of many individual
-flowers. Some Thistles are very obnoxious and detrimental
-to agriculture.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="384" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Elk Thistle</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c25"><span class="jl">25. CONEFLOWER</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Rudbeckia occidentalis</i></h3>
-<p>At Cedar Breaks and in the high elevations of Zion
-and Bryce Canyon you can find this rank-growing plant
-in fair abundance. Its thimblelike, dark-brown flower
-head has numerous, inconspicuously small, yellow
-flowers that come out progressively up the cone from its
-base. The dark-brown cones, towering above the foliage
-of the plant, make a spectacular display against the
-deep-blue sky. The ripened seeds are very much sought
-after by rodents and numerous birds.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="371" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Coneflower</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c26"><span class="jl">26. DESERT PRINCESPLUME</span>Mustard Family
-<br /><i>Stanleya pinnata</i></h3>
-<p>During the months of May and June this very conspicuous
-plant in Zion Canyon and throughout the
-Sonoran Zones may be found sending up its tall spikes
-of lemon-yellow flowers. On the same stalk can be
-found the ripened and opened seed pods (siliques),
-fresh-blooming flowers and unopened buds all at the
-same time. It has tall, stout stems, rather woody at the
-base, and differs from many plants in that it is tolerant
-of soils containing gypsum.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p10c.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Desert Princesplume</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c27"><span class="jl">27. STONECROP</span>Stonecrop Family
-<br /><i>Sedum stenopetalum</i></h3>
-<p>Found mostly in very dry, rocky soil, these small
-plants, with smooth, fleshy leaves and starry-yellow
-flowers, are fairly conspicuous as they bloom during the
-early summer months. These plants have the ability to
-store up moisture in their fleshy leaves and stems. They
-are, therefore, well adapted to withstanding long periods
-of drouth. The plants are sometimes gathered for treatment
-of certain ailments.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p10d.jpg" alt="" width="378" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Stonecrop</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h3 id="c28"><span class="jl">28. PRICKLYPOPPY</span>Poppy Family
-<br /><i>Argemone platyceras</i></h3>
-<p>You can find this plant, with its large, white flowers,
-most frequently along the road cuts or in abandoned
-fields where it has taken over as a weed. Its showy display
-is most abundant during midsummer or in July
-and August. The large, white flower, with its conspicuous
-yellow center, is sometimes called &ldquo;The Cowboy&rsquo;s
-Fried Egg.&rdquo; The prickly leaves and stems account for
-another common name, Thistlepoppy. The plants are
-drought resistant and unpalatable to livestock. The
-seeds contain a narcotic drug more potent than opium.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="378" />
-<p class="pcap">Pricklypoppy</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c29"><span class="jl">29. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEEPLANT</span>Caper Family
-<br /><i>Cleome serrulata</i></h3>
-<p>Along the roadsides of Southern Utah near these
-areas of Zion, Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks you may
-find this pleasing floral display of orchid or purple presented
-by fields of the Rocky Mountain Beeplant.</p>
-<p>It is probably an exotic that has been brought in
-during recent years. Because of the unpleasant odor of
-crushed herbage, this plant is sometimes called skunk
-weed. The flowers are an important source of honey,
-and the seeds are eaten by a number of birds, especially
-the doves.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">Rocky Mountain Beeplant</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c30"><span class="jl">30. YELLOW SPIDERFLOWER</span>Caper Family
-<br /><i>Cleome lutea</i></h3>
-<p>The plants of this genus are often called Beeplants.
-There are two species of Spiderflower in these areas.
-Yellow Spiderflower is not quite as common as the
-purplish-pink species commonly known as the Rocky
-Mountain Beeplant.</p>
-<p>Both species are conspicuous roadside flowers in
-June and July. Although they are important sources of
-honey, they are not very sweet scented to humans. No
-doubt the odor helps attract insects to the flowers.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p11b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="379" />
-<p class="pcap">Yellow Spiderflower</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<h3 id="c31"><span class="jl">31. ELDER</span>Honeysuckle Family
-<br /><i>Sambucus racemosa</i></h3>
-<p>This red-berried Elder is found the most abundantly
-at Cedar Breaks. It is also common along the highways
-through forested areas of the region.</p>
-<p>The clusters of small white flowers that come on
-usually in June or July give way to bright-red berries in
-August and present a most attractive display.</p>
-<p>Most Elders are edible and are eaten by birds and
-rodents. Some people gather the berries for wines and
-jellies. This species, however, is considered poisonous,
-and cases of poisoning have been reported from eating
-the berries, flowers, roots and bark.</p>
-<p>The stalks of some Elders are pithy and fairly easily
-hollowed out. Indians used the stalks for making flutes.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" />
-<p class="pcap">Elder</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c32"><span class="jl">32. LITTLELEAF MOUNTAINMAHOGANY</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Cercocarpus intricatus</i></h3>
-<p>This low-growing shrub is fairly important as winter
-browse for deer and other browsing animals. The leathery
-leaves are evergreen, rather narrow, pointed at both
-ends and curled backwards from the sides. The flowers
-are very small and inconspicuous, but the fruits, with
-their long plumes, present an interesting display. The
-dead wood of this shrub is very useful to campers, as
-it burns with extremely hot flame and gives off very
-little smoke.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p12b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" />
-<p class="pcap">Littleleaf Mountainmahagony</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c33"><span class="jl">33. STANSBURY CLIFFROSE</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Cowania stansburiana</i></h3>
-<p>In Zion this shrub is usually found at elevations
-above 4,000 feet, and it generally grows to be 6 to 8
-feet high. During May and June its creamy-white flowers
-are suggestive of the Wild Rose. The habitat of the
-Cliffrose is the warm, dry slopes among the Pinyon and
-Juniper. Its twigs and evergreen leaves are browsed extensively
-by deer and other animals. The fragrance of
-this plant in bloom is remarkable and reminds one of
-Orange blossoms. The fruits are achenes and have pale,
-silky-haired tails 2 or more inches in length, which at
-times are very showy.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p12c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="386" />
-<p class="pcap">Stansbury Cliffrose</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<h3 id="c34"><span class="jl">34. ANTELOPE BITTERBRUSH</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Purshia tridentata</i></h3>
-<p>This shrub looks much like the Cliffrose, except for
-size. It is lower growing, has smaller pale-yellow flowers
-and its fruits are not plumed. The stubby, fan-shaped
-leaves are three pointed like those of the Big Sagebrush.</p>
-<p>Bitterbrush is found most commonly on the warm,
-dry slopes above 4,000 feet, where it provides valuable
-year-round browse for deer and other animals. It is
-also known as Antelopebrush and Quininebush.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="391" />
-<p class="pcap">Antelope Bitterbrush</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c35"><span class="jl">35. BLACKBRUSH</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Colegyne ramosissima</i></h3>
-<p>A member of the Rose Family found mostly in the
-Sonoran Zones of Zion National Park. Several plants
-may be seen near the South Entrance Station. It is well
-named, as it has a burned and dead appearance during
-much of the year; however in late April and May it
-puts out minute grey-green leaves and creamy-yellow
-flowers made up of four sepals and no petals. The stamens
-are numerous. The Cliffrose, Bitterbrush and
-Mountain-mahogany are closely related to the Blackbrush.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p13b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Blackbrush</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c36"><span class="jl">36. BUSH CINQUEFOIL</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Potentilla fruticosa</i></h3>
-<p>Found most commonly at Cedar Breaks, this member
-of the Rose Family puts on a very showy display for
-a brief period of the summer, generally in July or earlier
-at lower elevations. It is a shrub commonly 2 to 3 feet
-high with leaves that are five-parted, hence the name
-Cinquefoil. The shrub is often dotted all over with rose-like
-flowers, about an inch across, with clear-yellow
-petals and deeper yellow anthers. The plant is common
-in the mountains, across the continent, up to altitudes
-of 10,000 feet or more.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p13c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="379" />
-<p class="pcap">Bush Cinquefoil</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h3 id="c37"><span class="jl">37. PRAIRIESMOKE</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Geum triflorum var. ciliatum</i></h3>
-<p>This graceful plant, with its nodding, bell-shaped,
-pink-colored flowers, is found fairly abundantly in the
-alpine meadows of Cedar Breaks National Monument.</p>
-<p>The plant has a number of common names such as:
-China Bells, Oldman-Whiskers, and Grandfather&rsquo;s-beard.
-The silvery, plumose tails of the fruit present an
-attractive display, especially as the sun&rsquo;s rays light the
-waving plumes in late afternoon or early morning.</p>
-<p>Prairiesmoke plants are considered good forage for
-several animals, and the bumblebees gather its pollen
-for honey.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="386" />
-<p class="pcap">Prairiesmoke</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c38"><span class="jl">38. WILD ROSE</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Rosa sp.</i></h3>
-<p>There are two species of the Wild Rose in Zion and
-two other species in Bryce Canyon, three of which are
-found at Cedar Breaks National Monument.</p>
-<p>Wild Roses are widely distributed in the northern
-hemisphere and are too familiar to need much description.
-The flowers are fairly fragrant and have bright-pink
-petals with a large cluster of yellow stamens. The
-fruit of the rose, shaped like a small apple, turns a
-deep-red color late in the season and adds beauty to
-this plant during autumn.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" />
-<p class="pcap">Wild Rose</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c39"><span class="jl">39. SERVICEBERRY</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i></h3>
-<p>One of the very early blooming shrubs or small
-trees in Zion Canyon, and often seen in March or April
-as conspicuous white masses on the canyon walls among
-the Pinyon and Juniper trees, is the Serviceberry.</p>
-<p>The white flowers occur in clusters and look much
-like a fruit tree in bloom. The berry is shaped like a
-very small apple, insipid to the taste, but nevertheless
-used extensively by the Indians and early settlers for
-food. The plant has a variety of common names, including
-the following: Juneberry, Shadbush, Saskatoon,
-Sarviceberry and Pigeonberry.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p14b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="371" />
-<p class="pcap">Serviceberry</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<h3 id="c40"><span class="jl">40. CHOKECHERRY</span>Rose Family
-<br /><i>Prunus virginiana</i></h3>
-<p>Chokecherry bushes or small trees are fairly common
-at elevations around 6,000 feet in these areas.
-Early in May, and sometimes even earlier, the white
-and fragrant blossoms present a pleasing sight. In July
-or August the ripened cherries supply food for humans,
-many birds and small animals.</p>
-<p>The first autumn colors are often the Chokecherry
-leaves as they turn scarlet, brown and red.</p>
-<p>These shrubs are browsed heavily by cattle and
-some by deer, especially if other forage is scarce.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" />
-<p class="pcap">Chokecherry</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c41"><span class="jl">41. HONEY MESQUITE</span>Pea Family
-<br /><i>Prosopis juliflora</i></h3>
-<p>A low-growing tree of the Lower Sonoran Zone.
-Uncommon in Zion but fairly abundant in the desert
-area adjacent to the park. In early spring during March
-and April bright-green leaves cover the tree, and often
-it is laden with catkinlike clusters of greenish-yellow
-flowers, which attract myriads of insects including the
-honey bees.</p>
-<p>The wood of this tree was used extensively by early
-settlers for fuel, building corrals and in making furniture
-and utensils. The fruit of the Mesquite, resembling
-a string bean, is used for food by many animals. Indians
-also made wide use of it by grinding the beans into a
-meal called &ldquo;Pinole.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p15a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="383" />
-<p class="pcap">Honey Mesquite</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c42"><span class="jl">42. LUPINE</span>Pea Family
-<br /><i>Lupinus sp.</i></h3>
-<p>There are so many varieties of Lupine that it is most
-difficult to identify the numerous species. In this area
-they are found abundantly on the high plateaus, being
-especially plentiful at Cedar Breaks, where they fill
-whole meadows with a mass of blue color in midsummer.</p>
-<p>The Lupines range in color from pale pink to deep
-purple, with some white, cream or yellow, but most
-of them are blue. Like other plants of the Pea Family,
-Lupines add nitrogen to the soil and thereby improve
-the land on which they grow. The seeds of a few species
-contain alkaloids which are poisonous to livestock,
-especially sheep.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p15b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="364" />
-<p class="pcap">Lupine</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<h3 id="c43"><span class="jl">43. LOCO</span>Pea Family
-<br /><i>Astragalus sp.</i></h3>
-<p>This very large genus of plants ranges from the hottest
-parts of the desert to high mountain peaks and far
-to the North. More than a dozen species are found in
-the Zion Region.</p>
-<p>Some of the species contain a poisonous constituent
-causing, the often fatal, loco disease of livestock, particularly
-in horses.</p>
-<p>Loco is a Spanish word meaning &ldquo;Crazy.&rdquo; Other
-species known as Poisonvetch, prefer soils rich in selenium,
-and take up enough of that toxic mineral to make
-them poisonous to livestock, especially sheep. The
-harmless species are called Milkvetch.</p>
-<p>Nearly all the species are colorful and spectacular
-when in blossom, but some of them have a rank, disagreeable
-odor.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Loco</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c44"><span class="jl">44. POISONVETCH</span>Pea Family
-<br /><i>Astragalus sabulonum</i></h3>
-<p>This showy species of Astragalus is locally called
-Rattleweed because, when it is in fruit, its large, bladder-like,
-thin-walled pods become very brittle and give a
-distinct rattling sound when shaken. The pods are
-about one and a half inches long and heavily mottled
-reddish-brown in color.</p>
-<p>The genus of Astragalus has been divided into three
-groups: Loco, Milkvetch and Poisonvetch. The species
-poisonous to livestock are commonly called Loco Weeds.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="pcap">Poisonvetch</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c45"><span class="jl">45. NEW MEXICO LOCUST</span>Pea Family
-<br /><i>Robinia neomexicana</i></h3>
-<p>This shrub or small tree is fairly common in Zion
-Canyon. It was probably brought in by the early settlers.
-Its large, showy flower grows in clusters at the ends of
-slender branches. The blooming season is during May
-and June.</p>
-<p>The tree is very thorny and has the habit of sprouting
-from roots or stumps and of forming dense thickets
-which are valuable in controlling erosion. The foliage
-serves as food for browsing animals, especially the deer.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p16b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="372" />
-<p class="pcap">New Mexico Locust</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<h3 id="c46"><span class="jl">46. DESERTBEAUTY DALEA</span>Pea Family
-<br /><i>Dalea johnsoni</i></h3>
-<p>Sometimes confused with the Desert Sage or more
-commonly called the Purple Sage, which it resembles
-to some extent, this small shrub with light-gray bark,
-small, gray-green leaves and terminal spikes of brilliant-purple
-flowers is one of the most pleasing sights in early
-summer.</p>
-<p>In Zion it is found mostly in the Coalpits Wash and
-Shunes Creek areas and blooms generally during May.
-Desertbeauty is a close relative of the &ldquo;Smoke Tree&rdquo;
-of the Desert.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="393" />
-<p class="pcap">Desertbeauty Dalea</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c47"><span class="jl">47. FREMONT GERANIUM</span>Geranium Family
-<br /><i>Geranium fremontii</i></h3>
-<p>This beautiful, midsummer-blooming plant, growing
-about two feet high, is common on the plateaus and in
-the cool canyons.</p>
-<p>The pink, veined petals, deeply lobed leaves and
-characteristic geranium odor help identify this plant.
-Some species have white flowers, but they are not common
-in this area. The flowers are perfect with five sepals,
-five petals, and five to ten stamens. The fruit is a
-long capsule and has given rise to the common name
-Cranesbill.</p>
-<p>Cultivated Geraniums are really Pelargoniums from
-South Africa.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="393" />
-<p class="pcap">Fremont Geranium</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c48"><span class="jl">48. ALFILERIA</span>Geranium Family
-<br /><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></h3>
-<p>This low-growing plant, spreading close to the
-ground, with its finely divided leaves and small, starry-pink
-flowers, puts on a remarkable display in the open
-meadows of the large canyons. It is one of the earliest
-blooming species in Zion Canyon, and in seasons of
-abundant rain it often presents the appearance of a
-pale-purple lawn.</p>
-<p>On ripening, the seed capsules split open and shoot
-out the seeds&mdash;each with a tiny hook in its nose and
-a tail with successive tight coils like a corkscrew. The
-seed is apparently screwed into the ground by alternating
-moisture and dryness which winds and unwinds
-the seed plume.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p17b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="375" />
-<p class="pcap">Alfileria</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<h3 id="c49"><span class="jl">49. LEWIS FLAX</span>Flax Family
-<br /><i>Linum lewisii</i></h3>
-<p>Here in Zion during May and June, growing along
-the trails on the plateaus and in cool canyons, you will
-find the beautiful and delicate blue flowers of the Wild
-Flax. The flower is nearly an inch across and has five
-sepals and five petals borne at the top of a slender stem
-having narrow leaves. At Bryce Canyon this plant is
-more abundant than at Zion or Cedar Breaks.</p>
-<p>Wild Flax was named in honor of Captain Meriwether
-Lewis, who first discovered it, near the continental
-divide, during the famed Lewis and Clark expedition
-of 1804-1806.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="407" />
-<p class="pcap">Lewis Flax</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c50"><span class="jl">50. CREOSOTEBUSH</span>Caltrop Family
-<br /><i>Larrea tridentata</i></h3>
-<p>Probably the most characteristic shrub of the arid
-valleys and mesas of the Southwest is the Creosotebush,
-which is sometimes erroneously called Greasewood.</p>
-<p>At times this plant fills the air with a peculiar pungent
-aroma that gives rise to the common name Creosotebush.
-Mexicans call it &ldquo;Hediondilla&rdquo; the (Little
-Bad Smeller.)</p>
-<p>A sticky resin on the leaves is used as a poultice for
-bruises and sores. A resinous gum or lac deposited by
-scale insects on the branches is used by the Indians as
-a cement for fixing arrow points and mending of pottery.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="404" />
-<p class="pcap">Creosotebush</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c51"><span class="jl">51. WHITEMARGIN EUPHORBIA</span>Spurge Family
-<br /><i>Euphorbia albomarginata</i></h3>
-<p>This low-growing plant with abundant small, round
-or oval leaves and tiny white flowers is commonly called
-Carpetweed because of the manner in which it spreads
-over the ground.</p>
-<p>Found mostly in the dry sandy soils, this plant serves
-as an excellent soil binder and is very helpful in preventing
-erosion.</p>
-<p>The milky juice of this species is considered toxic
-and may cause dermatitis in susceptible persons. It is
-also known as Rattlesnake Feed and popularly supposed
-to be efficacious in treating snake bite.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/p18c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="365" />
-<p class="pcap">Whitemargin Euphorbia</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<h3 id="c52"><span class="jl">52. SCARLET GLOBEMALLOW</span>Mallow Family
-<br /><i>Sphaeralcea coccinea</i></h3>
-<p>Very commonly found along the roadsides and especially
-prominent in the campgrounds or other disturbed
-areas. This member of the Mallow Family
-presents a lovely coral-red display as early as May, and
-it continues blooming throughout much of the summer.</p>
-<p>Cotton belongs to this large and important family,
-which also contains such ornamental plants as the Hollyhock.
-Extensive fields of this flower present brilliant
-displays of orange.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="375" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Scarlet Globemallow</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c53"><span class="jl">53. DESERT GLOBEMALLOW</span>Mallow Family
-<br /><i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i></h3>
-<p>Found most commonly along the roads and trails,
-this member of the Mallow Family is known by a variety
-of common names such as: Rose of Sharon, False
-Mallow and Wild Hollyhock. It generally blooms in
-late summer, especially in the Cedar Breaks region. The
-plants sometimes grow to be 4 to 5 feet tall and have a
-great profusion of pink-colored flowers, really a very
-colorful and attractive display.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Desert Globemallow</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c54"><span class="jl">54. FIREWEED</span>Evening-primrose Family
-<br /><i>Epilobium angustifolium</i></h3>
-<p>This tall, willowy plant, called Fireweed, is frequently
-the first plant to come in after a forest fire. Its
-colorful bloom gives new life to the blackened ground.
-Fireweed is one of the world&rsquo;s most widely disseminated
-wild flowers, being found throughout much of northern
-North America, Europe and parts of Asia. Its seeds are
-scattered by the wind. In these areas it is found mostly
-on the high plateaus.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/p19c.jpg" alt="" width="382" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Fireweed</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c55"><span class="jl">55. WOODLAND PINEDROPS</span>Indian Pipe Family
-<br /><i>Pterospora andromedea</i></h3>
-<p>In the rich soil of the Ponderosa Pine forest of the
-high plateaus you may occasionally see this peculiar
-plant called Pinedrops. It has a single reddish-brown
-stalk (no green parts at all) about a foot or two high,
-apparently without leaves (they are mere scales), and
-numerous round or bell-shaped blossoms or seed pods
-hanging from short stems. The stalk is generally sticky
-with a material much like the pitch of the pine trees.
-It is a parasite that lives on the roots of pine trees.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/p19d.jpg" alt="" width="388" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Woodland Pinedrops</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<h3 id="c56"><span class="jl">56. YELLOW VIOLET</span>Violet Family
-<br /><i>Viola praemorsa</i></h3>
-<p>There are five different species of Violets in Zion,
-two of them with yellow flowers and the others with
-white or purple. They are found blooming in May or
-June on the high plateaus or sometimes later in the wet
-meadows of Cedar Breaks or in shady canyons. Violets
-are closely related to the cultivated Pansies. The flowers
-are irregular, as one petal has a saclike spur which contains
-nectar. They have five sepals, five petals and five
-stamens. This species is found most commonly in the
-shady forest, while the purple and white species are
-more common in the very moist and cool areas of the
-shady canyons.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig56">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">Yellow Violet</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c57"><span class="jl">57. DESERT BLAZINGSTAR</span>Loasa Family
-<br /><i>Mentzelia multiflora</i></h3>
-<p>Blazingstars, sometimes called &ldquo;Stickleaf&rdquo; because of
-their rough, hairy leaves, are plants well suited to the
-drought conditions of this area, as they adapt well to
-dry, rocky soil. They are often found in roadside cuts
-or other newly disturbed soils and are found blooming
-usually in July and August. They are conspicuous with
-their yellow flowers consisting of five long petals and a
-large number of stamens almost as long as the petals
-that attract the eye as they blaze forth in the bright
-sunlight of midsummer. These plants are found mostly
-in the Transition Zone.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig57">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">Desert Blazingstar</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c58"><span class="jl">58. A HEDGEHOG CACTUS</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Echinocereus coccineus</i></h3>
-<p>This family is well represented in Zion, where ten
-prominent species are found, six of which are illustrated
-in this booklet. This species is sometimes called the Cucumber
-Cactus. It is found blooming in bright-red
-clumps as early as April or on occasion in March when
-the winters are not severe. Its favorite habitat appears
-to be the rocky slopes of the lava fields below 5,000 feet.</p>
-<p>As cactus flowers mature into fruit, they form bulb-like
-bodies called tunas. The fruits of this species are
-about an inch or more in diameter and serve as important
-food for many rodents.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig58">
-<img src="images/p20c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="376" />
-<p class="pcap">A Hedgehog Cactus</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<h3 id="c59"><span class="jl">59. PURPLETORCH CACTUS</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Echinocereus engelmannii</i></h3>
-<p>Found mostly on the rocky slopes in the Lower
-Sonoran Zone, this cactus is fairly common and distinguished
-chiefly by its waxy and brilliantly colored
-purple flowers. The stems of this species are similar to
-those of the Cucumber Cactus except for being generally
-taller. The fruits are also similar, but the flowers
-differ as they are much larger and bright purple instead
-of red in color. They bloom generally during the month
-of May.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig59">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Purple Torch Cactus</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c60"><span class="jl">60. A PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Opuntia rhodantha</i></h3>
-<p>The most common cactus in Zion is this species of
-the Prickly Pear. It is found in a great variety of habitats,
-even at the higher elevations. The flowers, large
-and spectacular in various shades of red, salmon or
-yellow, bloom late in May to July. Because of its long
-blooming season, this species is more often found in
-flower than any other cactus in the park. Its pear-shaped
-fruit, red to purple in color, is eaten by many
-animals as well as by the native peoples.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig60">
-<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="402" />
-<p class="pcap">A Prickly Pear Cactus</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c61"><span class="jl">61. BEAVERTAIL CACTUS</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Opuntia basilaris</i></h3>
-<p>One species of cactus that at first sight does not
-seem to be a cactus is the Beavertail, for it is lacking
-the long spines characteristic of most cacti. Upon close
-examination, however, you will find that it is protected
-by numerous, fine spines. The name of this species is
-derived from its flat stems shaped somewhat like a
-small beaver&rsquo;s tail. The conspicuous magenta flowers
-mark this species as one of the most beautiful in the
-park. The fruit of this species is important as animal
-food, especially for chipmunks and ground squirrels.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig61">
-<img src="images/p21c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="379" />
-<p class="pcap">Beavertail Cactus</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<h3 id="c62"><span class="jl">62. BUCKHORN CHOLLA CACTUS</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Opuntia acanthocarpa</i></h3>
-<p>The Cholla (pronounced Choya) Cactus is the only
-&ldquo;tree&rdquo; cactus found in Zion. It is fairly common in the
-Lower Sonoran Zone, especially in Coalpits Wash.
-Strangely enough this plant is a favorite nesting place
-of some desert birds, including sparrows, wrens and
-finches. The spreading branches seem to reach out and
-grab the careless hiker, and the barbed spines stick so
-fast in the flesh that the joint of the plant is separated
-from the main stem before the spines can be withdrawn.
-Cholla blossoms come in many shades of color with
-the accent on yellows and reds.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig62">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" />
-<p class="pcap">Buckhorn Cholla Cactus</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c63"><span class="jl">63. ENGLEMANN PRICKLYPEAR CACTUS</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Opuntia engelmannii</i></h3>
-<p>As one of the largest of the flat-jointed or Pricklypear
-Cacti of Zion, this species is fairly abundant in
-Zion Canyon and is probably the most frequently observed
-species because of its dense growth in certain
-habitats and its fairly immense size as well as its colorful
-display of blossoms. It is locally called Elephant Ear
-Cactus. In June in produces large yellow flowers, very
-waxy in texture.</p>
-<p>(See <a href="#c64">Figure 64</a> for information concerning the fruit
-of this cactus.)</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig63">
-<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="406" />
-<p class="pcap">Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c64"><span class="jl">64. CACTUS FRUIT</span>Cactus Family
-<br /><i>Opuntia engelmannii</i></h3>
-<p>The fruit of the Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus is
-similar to the fruits of many other species of cacti; it is
-conspicuous, being deep red in color and about the size
-of a large Crab Apple. It is called Tuna or locally
-&ldquo;Cactus Apple&rdquo; and ripens as early as June but more
-abundantly during July.</p>
-<p>Indians of the Southwest use this fruit as an important
-item of their diet. Many people living in the
-desert have come to learn that this cactus fruit makes
-excellent jellies and candies. It is also feasted upon by
-several rodents, especially the Antelope Ground Squirrel.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig64">
-<img src="images/p22c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="378" />
-<p class="pcap">Cactus Fruit</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<h3 id="c65"><span class="jl">65. ROUNDLEAF BUFFALOBERRY</span>Oleaster Family
-<br /><i>Shepherdia rotundifolia</i></h3>
-<p>A low, evergreen shrub with small, oval leaves that
-appear to have been painted with a thin coat of aluminum
-paint through which the green shows faintly. It is
-most common in the Upper Sonoran Zone and may be
-found along the Canyon Overlook and Emerald Pool
-Trails in Zion National Park.</p>
-<p>The pale-yellow flowers, not much over &frac14; inch
-across, are often hidden by the leaves. They bloom early
-in April or sometimes in March. The fruit of a similar
-shrub has a tart berry that was gathered by the early
-pioneers and used as a sauce on Buffalo steaks, hence
-the name Buffaloberry.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig65">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" />
-<p class="pcap">Roundleaf Buffaloberry</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c66"><span class="jl">66. WHITE EVENING-PRIMROSE</span>Evening-primrose Family
-<br /><i>Oenothera caespitosa</i></h3>
-<p>This member of the Evening-primrose Family, with
-its fragrant, large white flowers, bloom early in the
-evening and lasts only a few hours the next day, as it
-turns pink and wilts.</p>
-<p>The flowers grow close to the ground on stemless
-plants. They have long, slender and hairy calyx tubes
-that resemble stems. This plant is found mostly in very
-rocky and dry habitats, which are often devoid of all
-other plants.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig66">
-<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="402" />
-<p class="pcap">White Evening-primrose</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c67"><span class="jl">67. YELLOW EVENING-PRIMROSE</span>Evening-primrose Family
-<br /><i>Oenothera strigosa</i></h3>
-<p>You will find this plant most commonly in the road
-cuts or in places where the soil has been disturbed. This
-species and other members of this family have very
-showy flowers with four broad, thin petals. Generally
-they bloom at night but sometimes in the daytime if
-growing in deep shade.</p>
-<p>The Evening-primroses are among the comparatively
-few flowers blooming in Zion Canyon during the
-heat of midsummer, and many of them are usually
-found on sandy or rocky soil in the Upper Sonoran
-Zone.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig67">
-<img src="images/p23b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap">Yellow Evening-primrose</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<h3 id="c68"><span class="jl">68. PORTER LIGUSTICUM</span>Parsley Family
-<br /><i>Ligusticum porteri</i></h3>
-<p>Locally called &ldquo;Wild Parsley,&rdquo; this fairly tall plant,
-with its fernlike leaves, is very common at Cedar Breaks
-National Monument. It grows at very high elevations.
-Other plants in this family, useful as food, are the carrot,
-parsnip, dill and anise. However, one member of
-the family, the Water Hemlock, is very poisonous.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig68">
-<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="376" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Porter Ligusticum</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c69"><span class="jl">69. GREENLEAF MANZANITA</span>Heath Family
-<br /><i>Arctostaphylos patula</i></h3>
-<p>Many people are attracted to this plant by its bright
-mahogany-red bark. Its oval-shaped leaves are a bright
-green throughout the year. The flowers grow in clusters
-and sometimes are very numerous on the shrub. The
-fruit resembles a tiny apple, and the name Manzanita
-is Spanish for &ldquo;Little Apple.&rdquo; Indians use the berries
-for food and for making a pleasant, sour drink.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig69">
-<img src="images/p24a.jpg" alt="" width="375" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Greenleaf Manzanita</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c70"><span class="jl">70. GREEN GENTIAN</span>Gentian Family
-<br /><i>Frasera speciosa</i></h3>
-<p>Found in the open meadows of the Cedar Breaks
-highlands and on the high plateaus of Zion and Bryce
-Canyon. The tall stalks, with their intermixture of pale-green
-leaves and similarly colored flowers, present a
-rather conspicuous sight as they tower to heights of 5
-feet. The flowers have four sepals and four petals and
-nectar glands that attract many insects. The petals are
-flecked with brown and purple.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig70">
-<img src="images/p24c.jpg" alt="" width="379" height="594" />
-<p class="pcap">Green Gentian</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c71"><span class="jl">71. PARRY PRIMROSE</span>Primrose Family
-<br /><i>Primula parryi</i></h3>
-<p>This outstanding member of the Primrose Family is
-found only at high elevations, generally above 10,000
-feet. In this region it grows fairly abundantly on Brian
-Head Peak but is found sparingly at Cedar Breaks. Its
-brilliant display of rose-red flowers is a remarkable and
-rewarding sight for those who gain the high places and
-see this alpine beauty. The smooth, thick leaves, which
-are quite long, all grow in a rosette at the base of the
-plant. The fragrance of this flower is disappointing, for
-it does not match its splendid color.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig71">
-<img src="images/p24d.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Parry Primrose</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<h3 id="c72"><span class="jl">72. INDIANPOTATO</span>Parsnip Family
-<br /><i>Orogenia linearifolia</i></h3>
-<p>As the snow melts on the plateaus, at elevations
-above 7,000 feet, you may find one of the very first
-flowers of spring. This member of the Parsnip Family
-often carpets the alpine meadows with a mass of tiny
-white flowers never more than an inch or two high.</p>
-<p>The root bulb was eaten by the Indians and gives
-rise to the common name Indianpotato. Another common
-name is Salt and Pepper Plant because of the
-speckled appearance of the flowers.</p>
-<p>The blooming period of this plant is very brief, and
-soon after the flowers have faded the leaves disappear
-and the plant lies dormant during most of the year.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig72">
-<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="402" />
-<p class="pcap">Indianpotato</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c73"><span class="jl">73. SHOOTINGSTAR</span>Primrose Family
-<br /><i>Dodecatheon pauciflorum</i></h3>
-<p>Shootingstars are one of the early blooming flowers
-in the alpine meadows of Cedar Breaks and on the high
-plateaus. They also come on very early in the moist
-canyons of Zion. Along with the Columbine and Monkeyflower
-they are the predominant plants of the Hanging
-Gardens found on many of the Canyon Walls.</p>
-<p>The basal leaves spread close to the ground, while
-the flowers in a variety of colors, white, pink or purple
-grow on stems 6 to 8 inches high. The down-pointed
-stamens of the flower center and the reflexed or turned-back
-petals gives the flower its common name Shootingstar.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig73">
-<img src="images/p25a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="402" />
-<p class="pcap">Shootingstar</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c74"><span class="jl">74. FRINGED GENTIAN</span>Gentian Family
-<br /><i>Gentiana thermalis</i></h3>
-<p>One of the most beautiful of all mountain flowers,
-the Fringed Gentian is commonly found in the moist
-meadows of Cedar Breaks at elevations near or above
-10,500 feet. The flower stalks are generally 6 to 10
-inches tall, and each bears a handsome flower about
-two inches long with four fringed petals. At times the
-Fringed Gentian carpets the alpine meadows with a
-waving mass of deep-blue color. This species is the Park
-Flower of Yellowstone National Park.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig74">
-<img src="images/p25c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="380" />
-<p class="pcap">Fringed Gentian</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<h3 id="c75"><span class="jl">75. BUTTERFLY MILKWEED</span>Milkweed Family
-<br /><i>Asclepias tuberosa</i></h3>
-<p>There are four fairly common species of Milkweed
-in Zion, but the one pictured is the most common. This
-variety is found in the dry places above 4,000 feet and
-is especially abundant in Birch Creek Canyon.</p>
-<p>The conspicuous orange flowers grow on fairly tall
-stalks about two feet in height and make this plant very
-easy to find. The stems are quite hairy, leafy and contain
-a milky juice. As the fruits develop in large boat-shaped
-pods, the seeds burst forth bearing long, silky
-hairs that assist the wind in scattering them over wide
-areas.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig75">
-<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Butterfly Milkweed</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c76"><span class="jl">76. PINK PHLOX</span>Phlox Family
-<br /><i>Phlox canescens</i></h3>
-<p>Four kinds of phlox are common in Zion, and other
-species are found at Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon.
-The plants are generally small, but the flowers are fairly
-showy with their five bright, pink-colored petals. They
-are found generally in dry, rocky soils and bloom mostly
-in early summer or during May and June. Sometimes
-Phlox will cover extensive areas with a bright carpet of
-pink or white. A special display of Phlox may be found
-on the summit of Brian Head Peak near Cedar Breaks.
-These plants are very helpful in holding the soil and
-in preventing erosion.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig76">
-<img src="images/p26a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap">Pink Phlox</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c77"><span class="jl">77. SKYROCKET GILIA</span>Phlox Family
-<br /><i>Gilia aggregata</i></h3>
-<p>This plant is found most commonly in the Ponderosa
-Pine belt of these areas where its star-shaped, scarlet
-flower adds a bit of brilliance to the scene. The
-individual flowers, with their long, tubular corollas and
-star-shaped petals, are masterpieces of beauty. Their
-shape and color have given rise to such common names
-as Trumpet Phlox and Scarlet Gilia.</p>
-<p>In their search for nectar, hummingbirds are noticeably
-attracted to the flowers of the plant. Birds and insects
-in taking the nectar, help in the pollination of
-many flowers.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig77">
-<img src="images/p26b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="373" />
-<p class="pcap">Skyrocket Gilia</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<h3 id="c78"><span class="jl">78. MOUNTAIN BLUEBELLS</span>Borage Family
-<br /><i>Mertensia ciliata</i></h3>
-<p>A fairly tall perennial growing to be from 2 to 3
-feet high and found only in moist places at high elevations
-of the plateaus. It is common at and near Cedar
-Breaks along the streams or in the swampy meadows.
-The small clusters of drooping, delicate-blue flowers
-come mostly in May and June or even later at the
-higher elevations of Brian Head Peak near Cedar
-Breaks. Before maturing the flowers may be pinkish to
-white in color.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig78">
-<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap">Mountain Bluebells</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c79"><span class="jl">79. NARROWLEAF PUCCOON</span>Borage Family
-<br /><i>Lithospermum incisum</i></h3>
-<p>This member of the Borage Family is well adapted
-to the dry habitats. The plants are commonly found in
-clumps, but they are generally widely scattered rather
-than in dense growths as in the case of the Bluebells
-or Mertensias that belong to the same Family. Its showy
-trumpetlike yellow flowers attract many insects as they
-bloom during April and May. The seeds are hard, white
-and shiny, hence the name Lithospermum, meaning
-stone seed.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig79">
-<img src="images/p27a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" />
-<p class="pcap">Narrowleaf Puccoon</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c80"><span class="jl">80. DESERT SAGE</span>Mint Family
-<br /><i>Salvia carnosa</i></h3>
-<p>Although looking very much like a clump of Sagebrush,
-this small shrub is a member of the Mint Family
-and not closely related to the Common Sagebrush. The
-clusters of bright purple flowers, as they come on in
-May or June, certainly add brilliant adornment to this
-sage-green plant. It is fairly common in the Sonoran
-Zones and well scattered throughout much of the
-Southwest. This is the plant referred to in the storied
-Land of the Purple Sage. One of the best places to look
-for this plant is along the Emerald Pool Trail in Zion
-National Park.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig80">
-<img src="images/p27b.jpg" alt="" width="599" height="377" />
-<p class="pcap">Desert Sage</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<h3 id="c81"><span class="jl">81. MULLEIN</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Verbascum thapsus</i></h3>
-<p>This rather unusual-appearing plant is not a native
-but rather an introduced species from Europe that has
-spread over most of Western America. It is fairly common
-along the roads and trails.</p>
-<p>The Hopi Indians are said to dry and smoke the
-leaves, and this is thought to cure people who are
-mentally unbalanced.</p>
-<p>Early Greeks and Romans dipped dried mullein
-stalks in tallow to make lampwicks. The English named
-it &ldquo;Torchweed&rdquo; and the Spanish called it &ldquo;Candelaria.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig81">
-<img src="images/p28.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Mullein</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c82"><span class="jl">82. ROYAL PENSTEMON</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Penstemon speciosus</i></h3>
-<p>This species, also known as Purple Penstemon, is
-found in much the same habitats as the Blue Penstemon.
-It is generally abundant along roadsides at elevations
-above 4,500 feet. It is fairly common at Cedar
-Breaks and at Bryce Canyon. The flowers vary in color
-from deep blue to dark purple, and the stalks vary in
-height from 12 to 20 inches.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig82">
-<img src="images/p28a.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Royal Penstemon</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c83"><span class="jl">83. EATON PENSTEMON</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Penstemon eatoni</i></h3>
-<p>Found mostly in the cool canyons, this plant is sometimes
-confused with the Skyrocket Gilia or the Western
-Cardinalflower, which it resembles somewhat. Penstemon
-usually has a greater number of blooms on each
-flower stalk than do these flowers that appear like it.
-This variety is not nearly as common as many other
-Penstemons in these areas. It is far more brilliantly
-colored, however, which accounts for such common
-names as Scarlet Bugler and Scarlet Penstemon.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig83">
-<img src="images/p28b.jpg" alt="" width="378" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Eaton Penstemon</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c84"><span class="jl">84. THICKLEAF PENSTEMON</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Penstemon pachyphyllus</i></h3>
-<p>The penstemons are sometimes called Wild Snapdragons
-because of the close resemblance to related cultivated
-species. They are also called Beardstongue
-because one of the five stamens is covered with numerous
-hairs. This blue variety, Thickleaf Penstemon, is
-found mostly at higher elevations or on the plateaus
-where they bloom during June and July.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig84">
-<img src="images/p28c.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Thickleaf Penstemon</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<h3 id="c85"><span class="jl">85. PALMER PENSTEMON</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Penstemon palmeri</i></h3>
-<p>This is one of the very beautiful and conspicuous
-flowers of Zion National Park. The flowers are borne
-on tall spikes and are brightly colored. This is the
-largest and most common Penstemon found along the
-trails and roadways of Zion below 6,000 feet. It is especially
-common in freshly disturbed soils as the road
-cuts. The leaves are grey-green, and each pair with the
-exception of the lower ones is joined at the base, creating
-the impression that it is one leaf with the stem
-growing through the center. The fairly large flowers,
-which are pale lavender in color, begin blooming in
-May and are found in bloom throughout most of the
-summer.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig85">
-<img src="images/p29.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Palmer Penstemon</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c86"><span class="jl">86. SACRED DATURA</span>Potato Family
-<br /><i>Datura meteloides</i></h3>
-<p>A conspicuous plant with very large, white, sometimes
-lavender-tinted flowers that open at night and
-wilt in the bright morning sunlight. A single plant may
-have as many as 100 blooms at one time. Datura is one
-of the few plants that blooms during the hot summer
-in Zion Canyon. Many different names are locally applied
-to it, and include the following: Zion Lily, Moon
-Lily, Jimson Weed and Thornapple. The plant is poisonous
-to eat, especially the seeds, and was used by
-several Indian tribes to induce stupor and dreams as
-a part of a widespread religious cult. It contains a deadly
-narcotic principle akin to atropine.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig86">
-<img src="images/p29a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Sacred Datura</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c87"><span class="jl">87. MONKEYFLOWER</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Mimulus cardinalis</i></h3>
-<p>One of the very beautiful flowering plants along the
-Zion Narrows Trail and in cool, damp places of the
-shady canyons is this Crimson Monkeyflower with its
-orange-red blossoms and deep-green leaves. Its flowers
-are 1 to 2 inches long and the wide-toothed leaves are
-3 to 5 inches long. It is the largest Monkeyflower in the
-park. Some plants are found blooming throughout much
-of the summer season, especially along the canyon walls
-where there are seeps of water most of the year.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig87">
-<img src="images/p29b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="378" />
-<p class="pcap">Monkeyflower</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<h3 id="c88"><span class="jl">88. INDIAN PAINTBRUSH</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Castilleja coccinea</i></h3>
-<p>From early March until May the warm hillsides below
-6,000 feet are made brilliant by clumps of deep-red
-flowers often found next to patches of Mountain Mahogany.
-They are the Dwarf Indian Paintbrush and are
-by far the most conspicuous early spring flower in Zion.
-Found very abundantly along the park road from the
-East Entrance to the Zion Tunnel, they present a most
-pleasing sight early in the season. Other species are
-very plentiful at Cedar Breaks and often carpet the
-meadows in showy orange or red. Several species are
-also found at Bryce Canyon National Park.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig88">
-<img src="images/p30.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="393" />
-<p class="pcap">Indian Paintbrush</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c89"><span class="jl">89. SNOWBERRY</span>Honeysuckle Family
-<br /><i>Symphoricarpos utahensis</i></h3>
-<p>This low, spreading shrub is recognized by its shreddy
-bark, small, oval, opposite leaves on very short petioles,
-and in late summer or fall by its white berries. The
-small, pinkish flowers are not at all conspicuous and are
-often overlooked. The plant is browsed by deer and
-other animals and is sometimes called Buckbrush. It is
-found mostly in the high plateaus of Zion and is fairly
-common at Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. The fruit,
-although very showy, is not very tasty.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig89">
-<img src="images/p30a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">Snowberry</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c90"><span class="jl">90. BEARBERRY HONEYSUCKLE</span>Honeysuckle Family
-<br /><i>Lonicera involucrata</i></h3>
-<p>This member of the Honeysuckle Family has a number
-of common names such as Twinberry Honeysuckle,
-Ink-berry and Pigeon-bush.</p>
-<p>The flowers, which are yellow and always come in
-pairs, are very attractive to the hummingbirds. Mature
-fruits are black berries about the size of peas and are
-partially enclosed by reddish bracts. The plants are unpalatable
-and browsed very slightly, but the fruits are
-eaten by birds and chipmunks.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig90">
-<img src="images/p30b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="374" />
-<p class="pcap">Bearberry Honeysuckle</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<h3 id="c91"><span class="jl">91. ELEPHANTHEAD PEDICULARIS</span>Figwort Family
-<br /><i>Pedicularis groenlandica</i></h3>
-<p>You will find this strange-looking plant in the wet
-meadows of the alpine areas of Cedar Breaks and on
-the Plateaus of the Kolob Section and the Horse Pasture
-Plateau of Zion National Park. Its blooming season
-is July and August. The peculiarly modified petals of
-the corolla resemble the forehead, ears and waving
-trunk of an elephant, hence the common name Elephanthead.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig91">
-<img src="images/p31.jpg" alt="" width="379" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Elephanthead Pedicularis</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c92"><span class="jl">92. AMERICAN HAREBELL</span>Bellflower Family
-<br /><i>Campanula rotundifolia</i></h3>
-<p>In the drier habitats of the alpine regions around
-Cedar Breaks and generally along the roadsides in large
-clumps you may find this beautiful blue flower. The
-lovely deep-blue flowers, drooping on their hairlike
-stems, have such perfect shape and simple grace. The
-Harebell is very wide spread, being found in Scotland,
-Northern Europe and Asia as well as over much of
-North America.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig92">
-<img src="images/p31a.jpg" alt="" width="394" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">American Harebell</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c93"><span class="jl">93. WESTERN CARDINALFLOWER</span>Lobelia Family
-<br /><i>Lobelia splendens</i></h3>
-<p>A pleasant surprise to many park visitors is to find
-this spectacular flower, with its abundant scarlet blooms
-on long stalks, presenting a colorful display during the
-late summer when most plants have ceased blooming.
-This colorful species, known also as Scarlet Lobelia, is
-very abundant along the Narrows Trail of Zion Canyon
-and also along water courses of other shady canyons.
-The long, tubular corollas and pointed petals arranged
-in irregular pattern of two and three identify this plant
-from the Scarlet Penstemon which it resembles.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig93">
-<img src="images/p31b.jpg" alt="" width="376" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">Western Cardinalflower</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c94"><span class="jl">94. RABBITBRUSH</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Chrysothamnus sp.</i></h3>
-<p>Rabbitbrush is fairly common along roadways and
-trails in the arid regions. Because rabbits find this plant
-a favorite shelter, it has been named Rabbitbrush. Indians
-boil the plant for yellow dye, and white man
-found certain species of Chrysothamnus to contain
-rubber.</p>
-<p>Consideration was given to the production of rubber
-from Rabbitbrush during the First World War and
-up until the discovery of synthetic rubber.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig94">
-<img src="images/p31c.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="599" />
-<p class="pcap">Rabbitbrush</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<h3 id="c95"><span class="jl">95. CURLYCUP GUMWEED</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Grindelia squarrosa</i></h3>
-<p>An exotic plant probably brought into the area by
-vehicles, as it is found most commonly along the roadways
-or in cultivated fields. Once started it spreads
-very rapidly along the highways or in cultivated areas.</p>
-<p>The plant is suspected to be toxic to livestock, but
-is rarely eaten. It is used in the treatment of asthma in
-humans. In addition, external use is made of it to relieve
-the irritation caused by Poison Ivy.</p>
-<p>The plants have probably migrated to this area from
-the central plains states.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig95">
-<img src="images/p32.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="404" />
-<p class="pcap">Curlycup Gumweed</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c96"><span class="jl">96. PURPLE ASTER</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Aster sp.</i></h3>
-<p>The Asters and Fleabanes are sometimes confused,
-but they can generally be recognized by the difference
-in the number of ray flowers. That is, Asters have only
-about half as many ray flowers as do the Fleabanes.</p>
-<p>Species of Purple Aster form an important part of
-the late summer floral display at Cedar Breaks and
-Bryce Canyon. They come on after the Lupine, Columbine,
-Indian Paintbrush and other early bloomers have
-faded.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig96">
-<img src="images/p32a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Purple Aster</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c97"><span class="jl">97. FLEABANE</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Erigeron speciosus</i></h3>
-<p>There are numerous species of Fleabane in this region.
-Some particular kind may be found at any time
-of the growing season, for certain species bloom very
-early and others continue late in autumn.</p>
-<p>Some species of Fleabane grow in dense masses and,
-in early spring, carpet the meadows and roadsides. The
-ray flowers of the Fleabanes are generally twice as numerous
-per head as are the ray flowers of the Asters. The
-plants are quite similar in other respects.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig97">
-<img src="images/p32b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="376" />
-<p class="pcap">Fleabane</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<h3 id="c98"><span class="jl">98. MOUNTAIN SUNFLOWER</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Helianthella uniflora</i></h3>
-<p>Sunflowers abound in these parks during the late
-summer. As the early summer flowers, mostly in blues
-and purples, fade, the yellow and red flowers come on.
-This is especially true in the alpine meadows of Cedar
-Breaks in August when the predominant species are
-the Sunflowers.</p>
-<p>The seeds of the Sunflowers supply abundant food
-for many birds and small mammals.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig98">
-<img src="images/p33.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="405" />
-<p class="pcap">Mountain Sunflower</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c99"><span class="jl">99. COMMON SUNFLOWER</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Helianthus annuus</i></h3>
-<p>The very large flowers of these plants sometimes present
-a colorful display as they take over the roadways or
-abandoned fields. Members of this group are generally
-considered weeds because of their habit of crowding out
-the more desirable species. Certain species of Sunflowers
-are now being developed for commercial purposes and
-produce oil for cooking and meal for livestock feed. Indians
-in some areas of North America cultivated sunflowers
-for food and for trade.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig99">
-<img src="images/p33a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">Common Sunflower</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c100"><span class="jl">100. GAILLARDIA</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Gaillardia parryi</i></h3>
-<p>This handsome and conspicuous plant is found
-growing in the Sonoran Zones of Zion. It has a slender,
-rough stalk, about a foot tall, and stiff, rather hairy,
-dull-green leaves growing mostly from the root. The
-beautiful flowers, about three inches across, have golden-yellow
-rays which are three pointed. The center of the
-flower is a shaded maroon and yellow, very velvety,
-and becoming an attractive fuzzy, round, purplish head
-when the rays drop off. This plant blooms mostly in
-May and June.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig100">
-<img src="images/p33b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="383" />
-<p class="pcap">Gaillardia</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div>
-<h3 id="c101"><span class="jl">101. DESERT MARIGOLD</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Baileya multiradiata</i></h3>
-<p>These golden-yellow flowers, measuring about three
-inches across, are fairly common along the trails and
-roadways of Zion Canyon and in other low-elevation
-areas of the park. They bloom during May and June.
-The ray flowers become bleached and papery as they
-mature, thus accounting for the name Paper Daisy. This
-attractive composite is also known as Desert Baileya.
-In California this plant is cultivated for the flower
-trade. It has been found poisonous to sheep, although
-horses crop the flower heads, apparently without harmful
-effects.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig101">
-<img src="images/p34.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="387" />
-<p class="pcap">Desert Marigold</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c102"><span class="jl">102. WESTERN YARROW</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Achillea lanulosa</i></h3>
-<p>Western Yarrow is very widespread and can be
-found in much of Western America. It is more common
-at elevations above 5,000 feet in these areas. It
-grows to be 12 to 20 inches high, and the fernlike leaves,
-which have a pungent odor when crushed, and the
-umbrella-shaped clusters of flowers are characteristics
-of this plant that help to identify it.</p>
-<p>Since ancient times the plant has been highly regarded
-for its healing properties. Legend ascribed the
-discovery of this virtue to Achilles, in whose honor the
-plant is named.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig102">
-<img src="images/p34a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="406" />
-<p class="pcap">Western Yarrow</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c103"><span class="jl">103. HEARTLEAF ARNICA</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Arnica cordifolia</i></h3>
-<p>A common flower in the Pine and Spruce forest of
-Cedar Breaks and the alpine areas of Zion and Bryce
-Canyon is the Heartleaf Arnica. The yellow ray flowers
-are few, while the disk or central flowers of the flower
-head are numerous. The flowers measure about three
-inches across and are often mistaken for sunflowers.
-The heart-shaped leaves help distinguish this flower
-from its close relatives.</p>
-<p>Tincture of arnica is obtained from certain species
-of Arnica.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig103">
-<img src="images/p34b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Heartleaf Arnica</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div>
-<h3 id="c104"><span class="jl">104. MEADOW SALSIFY</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Tragopogon pratensis</i></h3>
-<p>This interesting plant, known also as Oyster Plant,
-has been naturalized from Europe and is now quite
-common in the West. It has a smooth, stout hollow
-stem about 2 feet tall, rather dark-green, smooth leaves
-clasping at the base, and handsome flowers from 2 to 4
-inches across. The flowers open early in the morning,
-closing at midday, to remain closed until the next
-morning.</p>
-<p>Meadow Salsify is most commonly found along the
-roadways or in other places where the native soil has
-been disturbed.</p>
-<p>See <a href="#c105">Figure 105</a> for description of the seed of this
-flower.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig104">
-<img src="images/p35.jpg" alt="" width="595" height="374" />
-<p class="pcap">Meadow Salsify</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c105"><span class="jl">105. MEADOW SALSIFY</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Tragopogon pratensis</i></h3>
-<p>This habitat view of the Meadow Salsify illustrates
-one of the important ways in which plants scatter their
-seeds about. As the flower matures into seeds in a conspicuous
-and very large, dandelion-like head, each seed
-is equipped with a perfect parachute of silky fibers.
-Winds often sweep these flight-equipped seeds for many
-miles and result in wide dissemination of this species,
-which was introduced into this country from Europe
-not very long ago.</p>
-<p>The seeds of many plants are scattered about in
-various ways&mdash;some by wind, others by water and
-many by the birds and animals.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig105">
-<img src="images/p35a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="397" />
-<p class="pcap">Meadow Salsify Fruit</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c106"><span class="jl">106. ARROWLEAF BALSAMROOT</span>Sunflower Family
-<br /><i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i></h3>
-<p>This plant, with its large, showy yellow flowers, is
-often found on the southern exposures of steep hillsides
-or in the Sagebrush flats. It was first discovered by
-Lewis and Clark on their expedition across the continent
-in 1804-1806.</p>
-<p>The rind of the root contains a turpentiny balsam,
-but the heart of the root is edible and was used by the
-Indians and early pioneers. The plant is called Mormon
-Biscuit in Utah. The seeds of the plant were used by
-the Indians to make &ldquo;Pinole&rdquo; or meal, and the stems
-and leaves were eaten as greens.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig106">
-<img src="images/p35b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap">Arrowleaf Balsamroot</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div>
-<h3 id="c107"><span class="jl">107. WESTERN WALLFLOWER</span>Mustard Family
-<br /><i>Erysimum capitatum</i></h3>
-<p>There are two kinds of Wallflowers in Zion National
-Park. Their bright-yellow flowers, which grow on stalks
-taller than those of most other mustards, make them
-among the most attractive members of this family. They
-are usually found on rather dry slopes in the Upper
-Sonoran and Transition Zones.</p>
-<p>Notice how the petals are arranged as a cross which
-is a characteristic of all members of the Cruciferae or
-Mustard Family.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig107">
-<img src="images/p36.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="371" />
-<p class="pcap">Western Wallflower</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c108"><span class="jl">108. BITTERCRESS</span>Mustard Family
-<br /><i>Cardamine hirsuta</i></h3>
-<p>You may find this plant blooming during April and
-May in the Sonoran Zones of Zion National Park. Its
-habitat is generally the dry sandy hillsides rather than
-the deep canyons.</p>
-<p>The wide-spreading, circular, doom-shaped clumps
-present an attractive display in pure white flowers. The
-petals of four are arranged like a cross.</p>
-<p>Being a perennial, the clumps seem to expand from
-year to year and often reach a spread of four to five
-feet across. The plants are useful in building soil and in
-preventing erosion.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig108">
-<img src="images/p36a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">Bittercress</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c109"><span class="jl">109. HUMMINGBIRD TRUMPET</span>Evening-primrose Family
-<br /><i>Zauschneria garrettii</i></h3>
-<p>One of the late blooming plants in Zion National
-Park is the Hummingbird Trumpet, also called Fire-chalice,
-or sometimes the Wild Fushia. It can often be
-found on the Canyon Overlook Trail or on the West
-Rim Trail at elevations near 6,000 feet.</p>
-<p>It can be identified by the narrow oval leaves pointed
-and toothed, and the fushialike flowers, narrowly funnel-shaped,
-with the pistil and stamens extending beyond
-the petals.</p>
-<p>The brilliant scarlet of this flower in fairly dense
-clusters makes a very attractive display in late August
-and September.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig109">
-<img src="images/p36b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" />
-<p class="pcap">Hummingbird Trumpet</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div>
-<h2 id="c110"><span class="small">INDEX</span></h2>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th>Common Name </th><th>Scientific Name </th><th>Figure Number</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">A</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Alfilera </td><td class="li">Erodium circutraium </td><td class="r"><a href="#c48">48</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">American Harebell </td><td class="li">Campanula rotundifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c92">92</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Antelope Bitterbrush </td><td class="li">Purshia tridentata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c34">34</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Arnica, Heartleaf </td><td class="li">Arnica cordifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c103">103</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Arrowleaf Balsamroot </td><td class="li">Balsamorhiza sagittata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c106">106</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Aster, Purple </td><td class="li">Aster sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c96">96</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">B</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Balsamroot, Arrowleaf </td><td class="li">Balsamorhiza sagittata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c106">106</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Baneberry, Western </td><td class="li">Actaea arguta </td><td class="r"><a href="#c20">20</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bearberry Honeysuckle </td><td class="li">Lonicera involucrata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c90">90</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Beavertail Cactus </td><td class="li">Opuntia basilaris </td><td class="r"><a href="#c61">61</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bitterbrush, Antelope </td><td class="li">Purshia tridentata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c34">34</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bittercress </td><td class="li">Cardamine hirsuta </td><td class="r"><a href="#c108">108</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bitterroot </td><td class="li">Lewisia rediviva </td><td class="r"><a href="#c14">14</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Blackbrush </td><td class="li">Coleogyne ramosissima </td><td class="r"><a href="#c35">35</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Blazingstar, Desert </td><td class="li">Mentzelia multiflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c57">57</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bluebells, Mountain </td><td class="li">Mertensia ciliata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c78">78</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bluedicks </td><td class="li">Dichelostemma pulchellum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c4">4</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buckhorn Cholla Cactus </td><td class="li">Opuntia acanthocarpa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c62">62</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buckwheat, Wild </td><td class="li">Eriogonum umbellatum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c8">8</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buffaloberry, Roundleaf </td><td class="li">Shepherdia rotundifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c65">65</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bush Cinquefoil </td><td class="li">Potentilla fruticosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c36">36</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buttercup, Sand </td><td class="li">Ranunculus juniperinus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c21">21</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buttercup </td><td class="li">Ranunculus sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c16">16</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Butterfly Milkweed </td><td class="li">Asclepias tuberosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c75">75</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cactus Fruit </td><td class="li">Opuntia engelmannii <a href="#c64">64</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Calypso Orchid </td><td class="li">Calypso bulbosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c11">11</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cardinalflower, Western </td><td class="li">Lobelia splendens </td><td class="r"><a href="#c93">93</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cinquefoil, Bush </td><td class="li">Potentilla fruticosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c36">36</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Chokecherry </td><td class="li">Prunus virginiana </td><td class="r"><a href="#c40">40</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cliffrose, Stansbury </td><td class="li">Cowania stansburiana </td><td class="r"><a href="#c33">33</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Columbine </td><td class="li">Aquilegia sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c17">17</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Coneflower </td><td class="li">Rudbeckia occidentalis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c25">25</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Creosotebush </td><td class="li">Larrea tridentata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c50">50</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Curlycup Gumweed </td><td class="li">Grindelia squarrosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c95">95</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deathcamas, Mountain </td><td class="li">Zigadenus elegans </td><td class="r"><a href="#c7">7</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desertbeauty Dalea </td><td class="li">Dalea johnsoni </td><td class="r"><a href="#c46">46</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert Blazingstar </td><td class="li">Mentzelia multiflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c57">57</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert Globemallow </td><td class="li">Sphaeralcea ambigua </td><td class="r"><a href="#c53">53</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert Marigold </td><td class="li">Baileya multiradiata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c101">101</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert Princesplume </td><td class="li">Stanleya pinnata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c26">26</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert Sage </td><td class="li">Salvia carnosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c80">80</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Eaton Penstemon </td><td class="li">Penstemon eatoni </td><td class="r"><a href="#c83">83</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elder, Red-berried </td><td class="li">Sambucus racemosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c31">31</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elephanthead Pedicularis </td><td class="li">Pedicularis groenlandica </td><td class="r"><a href="#c91">91</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elk Thistle </td><td class="li">Cirsium foliosum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c24">24</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus </td><td class="li">Opuntia engelmannii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c64">64</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ephedra, Green </td><td class="li">Ephedra viridis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c9">9</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Euphorbia, Whitemargin </td><td class="li">Euphorbia albomarginata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c51">51</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Evening-primrose, White </td><td class="li">Oenothera caespitosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c66">66</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Evening-primrose, Yellow </td><td class="li">Oenothera strigosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c67">67</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fineleaf Yucca </td><td class="li">Yucca angustissima </td><td class="r"><a href="#c6">6</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Firechalice </td><td class="li">Zauschneria garrettii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c109">109</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fireweed </td><td class="li">Epilobium angustifolium </td><td class="r"><a href="#c54">54</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Flax, Lewis </td><td class="li">Linum lewisii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c49">49</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fleabane </td><td class="li">Erigeron speciosus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c97">97</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Four-O&rsquo;Clock </td><td class="li">Mirabilis multiflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c12">12</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fourwing Saltbush </td><td class="li">Atriplex canescens </td><td class="r"><a href="#c10">10</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fremont Geranium </td><td class="li">Geranium fremontii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c47">47</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fremont Barberry </td><td class="li">Berberis fremonti </td><td class="r"><a href="#c23">23</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fringed Gentian </td><td class="li">Gentiana thermalis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c74">74</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fritillary, Purplespot </td><td class="li">Fritillaria atropurpurea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c5">5</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">G</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gaillardia </td><td class="li">Gaillardia parryi </td><td class="r"><a href="#c100">100</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gentian, Fringed </td><td class="li">Gentiana thermalis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c74">74</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gentian, Green </td><td class="li">Frasera speciosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c70">70</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Geranium, Fremont </td><td class="li">Geranium fremontii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c47">47</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gilia, Skyrocket </td><td class="li">Gilia aggregata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c77">77</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Globemallow, Scarlet </td><td class="li">Sphaeralcea coccinea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c52">52</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Globemallow, Desert </td><td class="li">Sphaeralcea ambigua </td><td class="r"><a href="#c53">53</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Green Ephedra </td><td class="li">Ephedra viridis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c9">9</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Green Gentian </td><td class="li">Frasera speciosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c70">70</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Greenleaf Manzanita </td><td class="li">Arctostaphylis patula </td><td class="r"><a href="#c69">69</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gumweed, Curlyleaf </td><td class="li">Grindelia squarrosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c95">95</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">H</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Harebell, American </td><td class="li">Campanula petiolata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c92">92</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Heartleaf Arnica </td><td class="li">Arnica cordifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c103">103</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hedgehog Cactus </td><td class="li">Echinocereus coccineus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c58">58</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Honey Mesquite </td><td class="li">Prosopis juliflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c41">41</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Honeysuckle, Bearberry </td><td class="li">Lonicera involucrata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c90">90</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hummingbird Trumpet </td><td class="li">Zauschneria garrettii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c109">109</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">I</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Indianpotato </td><td class="li">Orogenia linearifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c72">72</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Indian Paintbrush </td><td class="li">Castilleja coccinea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c88">88</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">L</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Larkspur </td><td class="li">Delphinium sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c18">18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lewis Flax </td><td class="li">Linum lewisii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c49">49</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ligusticum, Porter </td><td class="li">Ligusticum porteri </td><td class="r"><a href="#c68">68</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Littleleaf Mountainmahogany </td><td class="li">Cercocarpus intricatus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c32">32</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Loco </td><td class="li">Astragalus sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c43">43</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Locust, New Mexico </td><td class="li">Robinia neomexicana </td><td class="r"><a href="#c45">45</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lupine </td><td class="li">Lupinus sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c42">42</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">M</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Manzanita, Greenleaf </td><td class="li">Arctostaphylis patula </td><td class="r"><a href="#c69">69</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mariposa, Segolily </td><td class="li">Calochortus nuttallii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c1">1</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mariposa, Yellow </td><td class="li">Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c2">2</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Marigold, Desert </td><td class="li">Baileya multiradiata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c101">101</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Marshmarigold </td><td class="li">Caltha leptosepala </td><td class="r"><a href="#c15">15</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Meadow Salsify </td><td class="li">Tragopogon pratensis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c104">104</a>-<a href="#c105">105</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mesquite, Honey </td><td class="li">Prosopis juliflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c41">41</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Milkweed, Butterfly </td><td class="li">Asclepias tuberosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c75">75</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Monkeyflower </td><td class="li">Mimulus cardinalis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c87">87</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Monkshood </td><td class="li">Aconitum columbianum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c19">19</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mountain Bluebells </td><td class="li">Mertensia ciliata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c78">78</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mountain Deathcamas </td><td class="li">Zigadenus elegans </td><td class="r"><a href="#c7">7</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mountainmahogany, Littleleaf </td><td class="li">Cercocarpus intricatus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c32">32</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mountain Sunflower </td><td class="li">Helianthella uniflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c98">98</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mullein </td><td class="li">Verbascum thapsus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c81">81</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">N</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">New Mexico Locust </td><td class="li">Robinia neomexicana </td><td class="r"><a href="#c45">45</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">O</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Oregon Grape </td><td class="li">Berberis repens </td><td class="r"><a href="#c22">22</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Oysterplant - Meadow Salsify </td><td class="li">Tragopogon pratensis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c104">104</a>-<a href="#c105">105</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">P</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Palmer Penstemon </td><td class="li">Penstemon palmeri </td><td class="r"><a href="#c85">85</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Parry Primrose </td><td class="li">Primula parryi </td><td class="r"><a href="#c71">71</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Penstemon, Eaton </td><td class="li">Penstemon eatoni </td><td class="r"><a href="#c83">83</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Penstemon, Palmer </td><td class="li">Penstemon palmeri </td><td class="r"><a href="#c85">85</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Penstemon, Royal </td><td class="li">Penstemon speciosus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c82">82</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Penstemon, Thickleaf </td><td class="li">Penstemon pachyphyllus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c84">84</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Phlox, Pink </td><td class="li">Phlox canescens </td><td class="r"><a href="#c76">76</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pinedrops, Woodland </td><td class="li">Pterospora andromedea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c55">55</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Poisonvetch </td><td class="li">Astragalus sabulosus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c44">44</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Porter Ligusticum </td><td class="li">Ligusticum porteri </td><td class="r"><a href="#c68">68</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prairiesmoke </td><td class="li">Geum triflorum var. ciliatum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c37">37</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prairie Spiderwort </td><td class="li">Tradescantia occidentalis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c3">3</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pricklepoppy </td><td class="li">Argemone platyceras </td><td class="r"><a href="#c28">28</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pricklypear Cactus </td><td class="li">Opuntia rhodantha </td><td class="r"><a href="#c60">60</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Princesplume, Desert </td><td class="li">Stanleya pinnata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c26">26</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Puccoon, Narrowleaf </td><td class="li">Lithospermum incisum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c79">79</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Purplespot Fritillary </td><td class="li">Fritillaria atropurpurea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c5">5</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Purple Torch Cactus </td><td class="li">Echinocereus engelmanii </td><td class="r"><a href="#c59">59</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">R</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rabbitbrush </td><td class="li">Chrysothamnus sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c94">94</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rocky Mountain Beeplant </td><td class="li">Cleome serrulata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c29">29</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rose, Wild </td><td class="li">Rosa sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c38">38</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Roundleaf Buffaloberry </td><td class="li">Shepherdia rotundifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c65">65</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Royal Penstemon </td><td class="li">Penstemon speciosus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c82">82</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sacred Datura </td><td class="li">Datura meteloides </td><td class="r"><a href="#c86">86</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sage, Desert </td><td class="li">Salvia carnosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c80">80</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Saltbush, Fourwing </td><td class="li">Atriplex canescens </td><td class="r"><a href="#c10">10</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sand Buttercup </td><td class="li">Ranunculus juniperinus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c21">21</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Scarlet Globemallow </td><td class="li">Sphaeralcea coccinea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c52">52</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Segolily Mariposa </td><td class="li">Calochortus nuttalli </td><td class="r"><a href="#c1">1</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Serviceberry </td><td class="li">Amelanchier alnifolia </td><td class="r"><a href="#c39">39</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Shootingstar </td><td class="li">Dodecatheon pauciflorum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c73">73</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Skyrocket Gilia </td><td class="li">Gilia aggregata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c77">77</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Spiderflower, Yellow </td><td class="li">Cleome lutea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c30">30</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Snowberry </td><td class="li">Symphoricarpos utahensis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c89">89</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Spiderwort, Prairie </td><td class="li">Tradescantia occidentalis </td><td class="r"><a href="#c3">3</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Springbeauty </td><td class="li">Claytonia lanceolata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c13">13</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Stansbury Cliffrose </td><td class="li">Cowania stansburiana </td><td class="r"><a href="#c33">33</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Stonecrop </td><td class="li">Sedum stenopetalum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c27">27</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sunflower, Common </td><td class="li">Helianthus annuus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c99">99</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sunflower, Mountain </td><td class="li">Helianthella uniflora </td><td class="r"><a href="#c98">98</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Thickleaf Penstemon </td><td class="li">Penstemon pachyphyllus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c84">84</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Thistle, Elk </td><td class="li">Cirsium foliosum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c107">107</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">V</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Violet, Yellow </td><td class="li">Viola praemorsa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c56">56</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">W</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Western Baneberry </td><td class="li">Actaea arguta </td><td class="r"><a href="#c20">20</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Western Cardinalflower </td><td class="li">Lobelia splendens </td><td class="r"><a href="#c93">93</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Western Wallflower </td><td class="li">Erysimum capitatum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c107">107</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Western Yarrow </td><td class="li">Achillea lanulosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c102">102</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Whitemargin Euphorbia </td><td class="li">Euphorbia albomarginata </td><td class="r"><a href="#c51">51</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wild Buckwheat </td><td class="li">Eriogonum umbellatum </td><td class="r"><a href="#c8">8</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wild Rose </td><td class="li">Rosa sp. </td><td class="r"><a href="#c38">38</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Woodland Pinedrops </td><td class="li">Pterospora andromedea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c55">55</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">Y</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yarrow, Western </td><td class="li">Achillea lanulosa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c102">102</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow Mariposa </td><td class="li">Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus </td><td class="r"><a href="#c2">2</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow Spiderflower </td><td class="li">Cleome lutea </td><td class="r"><a href="#c30">30</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow Violet </td><td class="li">Viola praemorsa </td><td class="r"><a href="#c56">56</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yucca, Fineleaf </td><td class="li">Yucca angustissima </td><td class="r"><a href="#c6">6</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div>
-<h2 id="c111"><span class="small">REFERENCES</span></h2>
-<p class="bauthor">Arnberger, Leslie P. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Flowers of the Southwest Mountains</i>. Southwestern Monuments
-Assoc., Globe, Arizona, 1952.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Armstrong, Margaret</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Field Book of Western Wild Flowers</i>. G. P. Putnam&rsquo;s Sons, 1915.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Bailey, H. E. and Bailey, V. L.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Woody Plants of the Western National Parks</i>. The University
-Press, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1949.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Benson, Lyman</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>The Cacti of Arizona</i>. University of New Mexico Press, 1950.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Clements, Frederic E. and Clements, Edith S.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Rocky Mountain Flowers</i>. The H. W. Wilson Co., New York, 1928.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Coulter, John M. and Nelson, Aven</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains</i>.
-American Book Company, New York, 1919.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Dodge, Natt N. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Flowers of the Southwest Deserts</i>. Southwestern Monuments
-Association, Globe, Arizona, 1954.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Jaeger, Edmund C.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Desert Wild Flowers</i>. Stanford University Press, Revised Edition,
-1944.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Standardized Plant Names</i>. Second Edition 1942. J. Horace McFarland
-Co.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Kearney, Thomas H. and Pebble, Robert H.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Arizona Flora</i>. University of California Press, 1951.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">McDougal, W. B. and Baggley, Herma A.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Plants of Yellowstone National Park</i>. Revised Edition, Yellowstone
-Library and Museum Association, 1956.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">McDougal, W. B. and Sperry, Omar E.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Plants of Big Bend National Park</i>. Government Printing Office,
-1951.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">McDougal, W. B.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Checklist of Plants of Grand Canyon National Park</i>. Bulletin No.
-10. Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1947.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Patraw, Pauline M. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Flowers of the Southwest Mesas</i>. Southwestern Monuments Association,
-Globe, Arizona, 1954.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Presnall, C. C. and Patraw, Pauline M.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Plants of Zion National Park</i>. Bulletin No. 1. Zion-Bryce Natural
-History Association, 1937.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Preston, Richard J.</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Rocky Mountain Trees</i>. The Iowa State College Press, Ames,
-Iowa, 1947.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Saunders, Charles Francis</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Western Wild Flowers and Their Stories</i>. Doubleday, Doran Co.,
-1933.</p>
-<p class="bauthor">Tidestrom, Ivar</p>
-<p class="bbook"><i>Flora of Utah and Nevada</i>. Government Printing Office, 1925.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="small">WHEELWRIGHT LITHOGRAPHING COMPANY
-<br />SALT LAKE CITY UTAH</span></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p37.jpg" alt="Mountain meadow" width="725" height="600" />
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon
-National Parks and Cedar Breaks Natio, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen
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@@ -1,2543 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon
-National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument
-
-Author: Carl Elmer Jepson
-        Leland Francis Allen
-
-Release Date: August 16, 2017 [EBook #55363]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD FLOWERS--ZION, BRYCE CANYON ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                                  WILD
-                                FLOWERS
-                                   of
-                         Zion and Bryce Canyon
-                             NATIONAL PARKS
-                                  and
-                              Cedar Breaks
-                           NATIONAL MONUMENT
-
-
-                     Text and Color Photographs by
-                             CARL E. JEPSON
-                         Chief Park Naturalist
-                                  and
-                            LELAND F. ALLEN
-                            Park Naturalist
-
-    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE]
-
-                          Published and Copyright 1958
-                                   by
-                 ZION-BRYCE NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION
-                        in cooperation with the
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                                  UTAH
-
-
-
-
-                              INTRODUCTION
-
-
-    [Illustration: Mount Zion]
-
-In these areas of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks
-National Monument, four life zones are found extending from low
-elevations of near 3,600 feet to extremes of over 11,300 feet. The area
-within elevations from the lowest point to 4,000 feet is the Lower
-Sonoran Zone; above that to 7,000 feet is the Upper Sonoran Zone; from
-7,000 to 8,500 feet is the Transition Zone; above that to 10,000 feet is
-the Canadian Zone; and from 10,000 feet to the highest point on Brian
-Head Peak is the Hudsonian Zone.
-
-Native plants typical of desert, mesa and mountain grow within these
-extremes of elevation and include a wide variety of species. Of the
-three areas featured, Cedar Breaks National Monument contains the
-greatest variety, and frequently exhibits marvelous displays, depending
-on the amount of rainfall from year to year.
-
-The purpose of this booklet is to help visitors in their enjoyment of
-the flowers they find along the roadways and trails--flowers they
-observe, appreciate and probably photograph but leave UNPICKED for the
-pleasure of others.
-
-Through the mediums of color photography and color lithography one
-hundred and six species of wild flowers and plants most commonly seen
-are presented in closeup detail as an aid to identification. Brief
-descriptions of size, habitat, blooming period, use, economic value and
-other details are given.
-
-The flowers have been arranged in a general order of families, except
-that occasionally, for the convenience of preparing the color plates,
-flowers of similar color or density have been grouped on a page although
-they are not in the same family nor closely related.
-
-The Standardized Plant Names of the American Joint Committee on
-Horticultural Nomenclature has been followed as the guide. In case of
-locally used common names, such has been indicated in the text.
-
-This booklet on Wild Flowers has been produced by the Zion-Bryce Natural
-History Association in cooperation with the National Park Service. The
-Association has for its objective the fuller interpretation of the
-scenic, scientific, aesthetic and historic values of these National
-Parks, to the end that park visitors are provided with such information,
-audio and visual aids as will help them gain a better understanding and
-greater appreciation of the phenomena they find in them.
-
-It is hoped that this brief treatise on the flora may prove helpful to
-many visitors in learning more about some of the important species of
-plant life that they may discover during their visits to the Zion and
-Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument.
-
-    [Illustration: Badlands]
-
-Credit for the photographic work goes to several individuals, all
-members of the interpretive staffs of these areas during the past few
-years. Park Naturalists Carl E. Jepson and Leland F. Allen have prepared
-the descriptive information given for each flower.
-
-The printing and color processing by the Wheelwright Lithographing
-Company, 975 So. West Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah.
-
-
-1. SEGOLILY MARIPOSA                                         Lily Family
-                        _Calochortus nuttallii_
-
-The Segolily Mariposa was chosen as the State Flower of Utah probably
-because of the important use early pioneers made of the root bulbs of
-this plant in supplementing their meager diets during the early
-settlement period. The name "Sego" (pronounced see-go) is of Shoshonean
-origin, and this flower was sacred in Indian legend long before the
-arrival of Utah pioneers in 1847.
-
-This plant is found in rather dry, rocky soils and puts on a very showy
-display during May and June. It is more commonly known as the Mariposa
-Lily in other sections of the country, but in Utah it is called the
-Segolily.
-
-There are three species in color of white, pink and yellow found in the
-Zion Region.
-
-    [Illustration: Segolily Mariposa]
-
-
-2. YELLOW MARIPOSA                                           Lily Family
-                  _Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus_
-
-Found only in the petrified forest of the Coalpits Wash section of Zion
-National Park, this plant is not very abundant and probably suffered
-from overgrazing by livestock during the settlement period before Zion
-became a National Park.
-
-Mariposa in Spanish means butterfly.
-
-This species with bright-yellow flowers is associated with a specific
-geologic stratum--the Petrified Forest member of the Chinle formation.
-It is found in great abundance in the Petrified Forest National Monument
-near Holbrook, Arizona.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Mariposa]
-
-
-3. PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT                                  Spiderwort Family
-                      _Tradescantia occidentalis_
-
-In the sandy areas at elevations above 4,000 feet you may find this
-pretty, three-petaled, deep-blue flower on its slender stalk about a
-foot or more in height blooming early in June. The flowers bloom at
-night, so are not easily found except early in the mornings. The plant
-is fairly abundant along the Narrows Trail, the East Rim Trail and near
-the East Entrance Station of Zion National Park.
-
-Indians used the entire plant for food.
-
-    [Illustration: Prairie Spiderwort]
-
-
-4. BLUEDICKS                                                 Lily Family
-                       _Dichelostemma pulchellum_
-
-This bright-blue flower, on its long, slender stalk, has a number of
-common names, such as Wild Hyacinth, Grass Nuts and Spanish Lily. The
-bulb of this plant has a nutty flavor. It was gathered by the Indians
-and early pioneers for food in some sections of the country. It is found
-sparingly in good soil areas.
-
-    [Illustration: Bluedicks]
-
-
-5. PURPLESPOT FRITILLARY                                     Lily Family
-                       _Fritillaria atropurpurea_
-
-A rather rare lily sometimes called Leopard Lily or Bronze Bell. Its
-drooping flowers on fairly tall stems are found growing in the Sagebrush
-areas or in alpine meadows. As they are not very conspicuous, they are
-often overlooked by visitors. The petals, with their mottled effect in
-brown, yellow and purple spots, present a remarkable pattern of beauty
-when observed closely. The odor of the plant is not pleasing to humans,
-but is no doubt attractive to insects.
-
-    [Illustration: Purplespot Fritillary]
-
-
-6. FINELEAF YUCCA                                            Lily Family
-                          _Yucca angustissima_
-
-The name "Our Lord's Candlestick" was given to this tall, conspicuous
-plant of the desert by the early Spanish Padres, who were the first
-white men to see this region of Southern Utah. During May and June the
-waxy-white flowers bloom on tall stalks and soon mature into rather
-large seed pods.
-
-Indians made very good use of all parts of the plant. Its fiber was used
-for making sandals and clothing, the seeds provided food, and the roots
-were used for making soap. The Navajo Indian called it Yaybi-tsa-si,
-which means literally "Yucca of the Gods."
-
-    [Illustration: Fineleaf Yucca]
-
-
-7. MOUNTAIN DEATHCAMAS                                       Lily Family
-                          _Zigadenus elegans_
-
-An onion-like plant with a long, loose cluster of small, creamy-white
-flowers. Its root is shaped much like that of the onion, but is
-odorless. The plant is poisonous to man and beast. Deathcamas is found
-mostly in meadows or wet places on the plateaus where it presents a
-serious danger to grazing cattle and sheep. At Cedar Breaks it blooms
-during July and August and is fairly common in the alpine meadows.
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain Deathcamas]
-
-
-8. WILD BUCKWHEAT                                       Buckwheat Family
-                         _Eriogonum umbellatum_
-
-Wild Buckwheat is commonly associated with Sagebrush and arid regions of
-the West. Many species of the genus are found blooming throughout the
-summer season.
-
-The spreading branches grow close to the ground and help reduce erosion,
-and the yearly accumulation of leaves adds humus to the soil. The flower
-head at the top of single stalks, with its many-branched, dense cluster
-in a lacy pattern, makes a fine floral display of yellow. The flowers
-are important to the honey bee, and the ripened seeds are diligently
-sought by the chipmunks, other rodents and several birds.
-
-    [Illustration: Wild Buckwheat]
-
-
-9. GREEN EPHEDRA                                         Jointfir Family
-                           _Ephedra viridis_
-
-Not a very showy plant with its pale-green stems, very small leaves and
-inconspicuous flowers. It is probably of greatest interest because of
-the use made of the plant by early pioneers in brewing a tea, which
-served as a tonic for various ailments. It was commonly called Brigham
-Tea, Squaw Tea or, more generally, Mormon tea.
-
-The plant is a relative of the Pines and Firs and is very able to
-withstand drouth. It is found fairly abundantly in the Sagebrush and
-Saltbush areas of the Upper Sonoran Zone.
-
-The drug ephedrine is obtained from some of the species of Ephedra found
-in China.
-
-    [Illustration: Green Ephedra]
-
-
-10. FOURWING SALTBUSH                                   Goosefoot Family
-                          _Atriplex canescens_
-
-A silvery-green, profusely branched shrub growing two to five feet high
-with conspicuous clusters (in late summer) of four-winged seeds about
-the same color as the leaves. It is very common in the Sonoran Zones and
-abundant in the alkaline flats of the Great Basin of Utah. In the lower
-portion of Zion Canyon it is abundant and often taken to be Sagebrush,
-which it resembles to some extent.
-
-This plant is of value as forage for livestock, and deer feed upon it to
-a limited extent.
-
-    [Illustration: Fourwing Saltbush]
-
-
-11. CALYPSO ORCHID                                         Orchid Family
-                           _Calypso bulbosa_
-
-If you travel to the mountains early in June or July, you may be lucky
-enough to find this beautiful flower, the dainty Calypso or Fairy
-Slipper Orchid, as it blooms in the dense woods of Spruce and Pine or in
-the deep canyons along shady streams at elevations above 6,000 feet. The
-flowers grow singly on stems 4 to 6 inches high and have only one large
-leaf. The plant takes part of its food from decaying wood or other
-organic matter.
-
-Thoughtless picking of this flower has made it very rare and in danger
-of becoming extinct. Please do your part to help save the Fairy Slipper
-Orchid.
-
-    [Illustration: Calypso Orchid]
-
-
-12. FOUR-O'CLOCK                                     Four-O'Clock Family
-                         _Mirabilis multiflora_
-
-Closely resembling the cultivated variety of Four-O'Clock, this plant,
-with its abundance of brilliant magenta-colored flowers, is one of the
-spectacular sights in May or early June. It is a sturdy perennial with
-thick, glossy-green leaves spreading low over the ground. The
-south-facing slopes in the Sonoran Zones are its most common habitat,
-but it is also found in the broken lava fields. Being a night bloomer,
-the flowers close during the bright daylight hours and open at about
-four o'clock in the afternoon. Its blooming season is generally brief,
-about two or three weeks, but it sometimes blooms twice in the same
-summer.
-
-    [Illustration: Four-O'Clock]
-
-
-13. SPRINGBEAUTY                                         Purslane Family
-                         _Claytonia lanceolata_
-
-Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during May and early June and also in
-the shady canyons of Zion in the Transition Zone. Each plant has two
-narrow leaves near the base, each about 2 inches long, above which are
-four to five practically leafless branches with a single flower at the
-top of each. The plant is rarely over 6 inches high; more commonly it is
-flat to the ground. Flowers vary in color from white to pink or
-sometimes the white blossoms have pink veins or stripes which tend to
-accentuate their beauty. Usually one of the early blooming flowers of
-the high plateaus, along with the Indianpotato and Buttercup.
-
-    [Illustration: Springbeauty]
-
-
-14. BITTERROOT                                          Portulaca Family
-                           _Lewisia rediviva_
-
-This beautiful, dwarfed plant, never more than an inch or two high, is
-found during May mostly on the lava fields of the Transition Zone in
-Zion National Park. Its flower of white petals with pink veins is about
-2 inches in diameter.
-
-The Bitterroot was discovered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark expedition
-while passing through western Montana. It was later named _Lewisia
-rediviva_ by the botanist Pursh.
-
-The plant is of economic importance to the Northwestern Indians, who
-discovered that the bitter, parsnip-shaped roots possess a nutritious
-heart of starch, which cooking reduces to a pasty mass, palatable, at
-least, to Indian taste.
-
-    [Illustration: Bitterroot]
-
-
-15. MARSHMARIGOLD                                       Buttercup Family
-                          _Caltha leptosepala_
-
-A plant of the high elevations, generally above 9,000 feet, and found
-abundantly at Cedar Breaks, where it comes into bloom almost as soon as
-the first patches of bare ground appear. Coming out usually in April or
-May, depending on the season, Marshmarigolds are among the earliest
-blooming flowers of the high elevations and often carpet the alpine
-meadows with a spread of white blossoms.
-
-The white sepals, that make up the showy flower, are often mistaken for
-petals, which are absent. The mass of anthers of the stamens give the
-flower its brilliant yellow center.
-
-    [Illustration: Marshmarigold]
-
-
-16. BUTTERCUP                                           Buttercup Family
-                            _Ranunculus sp._
-
-A number of species of Buttercups bloom in these areas in early April or
-May on the Plateaus and later in the shady canyons. In their respective
-areas they are often the first flowers of Spring and are followed
-closely by the Springbeauties or sometimes preceded by the tiny white
-Indianpotato of the Parsnip Family.
-
-A thrilling sight is to find the waxy flowers of the early Buttercups at
-the very edge of the receding snowbanks. The blooming season for
-Buttercups is very brief, as a general rule, but the different species
-come into bloom successively.
-
-    [Illustration: Buttercup]
-
-
-17. COLUMBINE                                           Buttercup Family
-                            _Aguilegia sp._
-
-These beautiful flowers are well known because of their wide
-distribution and common use as cultivated species in flower gardens.
-They have conspicuously shaped petals with long, hollow spurs, which
-contain honey and thereby attract certain insects and especially the
-hummingbirds. Columbines are probably the most beautiful of the native
-flowers of Zion, Bryce Canyon and Cedar Breaks, as they bring forth very
-attractive displays during the summer months. The White Columbine at
-Cedar Breaks is extremely large.
-
-    [Illustration: Columbine]
-
-
-18. LARKSPUR                                            Buttercup Family
-                            _Delphinium sp._
-
-Larkspurs are found abundantly at Cedar Breaks during July and August in
-the alpine meadows of the Monument. The leaves are very similar to those
-of the Monkshood, but the flowers differ in color and shape. The single
-spur of one of the sepals is the marked feature of the Larkspur. Color
-and size vary greatly for the different species; but the most common
-variety at Cedar Breaks is 2 to 3 feet tall, and the flowers are a
-purplish blue.
-
-    [Illustration: Larkspur]
-
-
-19. MONKSHOOD                                           Buttercup Family
-                         _Aconitum columbianum_
-
-Found abundantly at Cedar Breaks in the more open forested areas where
-there is partial shade and plenty of moisture. The purple Monkshood rank
-almost as high as their cousins the Columbines and Larkspurs in charm
-and beauty, with a quaintness and individuality all their own. The
-flower features a modified sepal shaped like a hood or helmet that
-protects the stamens. Extracts from the thick, turnip-shaped root are
-used medicinally in the treatment of certain heart diseases.
-
-    [Illustration: Monkshood]
-
-
-20. WESTERN BANEBERRY                                   Buttercup Family
-                            _Actaea arguta_
-
-This plant may be found in the shady forest of good moisture. It is
-about one to two feet tall with handsome leaves but rather inconspicuous
-heads of creamy-white flowers. The conspicuous bright-red or waxy-white
-berries about the size of peas in a dense cluster make a very attractive
-display in late summer. The berries are somewhat poisonous, hence the
-name Baneberry.
-
-    [Illustration: Baneberry]
-
-
-21. SAND BUTTERCUP                                      Buttercup Family
-                        _Ranunculus juniperinus_
-
-One of the very early blooming plants in Zion in the Transition or Upper
-Sonoran Zone, which often appears from mid-February to April, in bare
-sandy places among the Junipers and Pinyons, is the Sand Buttercup.
-Along the trail to the Canyon Overlook above the Great Arch is perhaps
-the best place to find this plant in Zion.
-
-The flowers, a pinkish white, are found on short stems or spreading
-branches close to the ground. As the plants are rather small and not
-very showy, it takes careful searching to find them.
-
-    [Illustration: Sand Buttercup]
-
-
-22. OREGON GRAPE                                         Barberry Family
-                           _Berberis repens_
-
-Because of its hollylike leaves, this dwarf shrub is sometimes called
-the Holly Grape, but it is more commonly known as the Oregon Grape. A
-rather prostrate growth form accounts for a third common name; namely,
-Creeping Barberry.
-
-This plant is found sparingly scattered over the areas and is probably
-more abundant in Zion than in Bryce Canyon or Cedar Breaks. The fruit
-looks very much like a cluster of grapes and is often gathered for the
-making of jellies or wine. The woody stems were used by the Indians in
-making a yellow dye.
-
-The plants are helpful in holding the soil, as they spread close to the
-ground.
-
-    [Illustration: Oregon Grape]
-
-
-23. FREMONT BARBERRY                                     Barberry Family
-                          _Berberis fremontii_
-
-This rather tall shrub of the Sonoran Zones puts on a remarkable display
-in April and May with its bright yellow flowers. It is most commonly
-seen along the highway leading to Zion National Park from the west.
-
-Since the plant is a secondary host of the Blackstem Rust of cereals, it
-is not cultivated as an ornamental shrub.
-
-Indians used the wood of this shrub for various implements or tools.
-They utilized the root, which contains berberine, for a tonic, and they
-also made from it a brilliant-yellow dye.
-
-    [Illustration: Fremont Barberry]
-
-
-24. ELK THISTLE                                         Sunflower Family
-                           _Cirsium foliosum_
-
-This Thistle is widely scattered in these areas but is not very
-abundant. It is a stout plant, 2 to 3 feet tall, with large, prickly
-leaves. Its freshly budding flowers in deep pink are very attractive
-during the early summer. Hummingbirds and numerous insects gather food
-from its colorful flower head made up of many individual flowers. Some
-Thistles are very obnoxious and detrimental to agriculture.
-
-    [Illustration: Elk Thistle]
-
-
-25. CONEFLOWER                                          Sunflower Family
-                        _Rudbeckia occidentalis_
-
-At Cedar Breaks and in the high elevations of Zion and Bryce Canyon you
-can find this rank-growing plant in fair abundance. Its thimblelike,
-dark-brown flower head has numerous, inconspicuously small, yellow
-flowers that come out progressively up the cone from its base. The
-dark-brown cones, towering above the foliage of the plant, make a
-spectacular display against the deep-blue sky. The ripened seeds are
-very much sought after by rodents and numerous birds.
-
-    [Illustration: Coneflower]
-
-
-26. DESERT PRINCESPLUME                                   Mustard Family
-                           _Stanleya pinnata_
-
-During the months of May and June this very conspicuous plant in Zion
-Canyon and throughout the Sonoran Zones may be found sending up its tall
-spikes of lemon-yellow flowers. On the same stalk can be found the
-ripened and opened seed pods (siliques), fresh-blooming flowers and
-unopened buds all at the same time. It has tall, stout stems, rather
-woody at the base, and differs from many plants in that it is tolerant
-of soils containing gypsum.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Princesplume]
-
-
-27. STONECROP                                           Stonecrop Family
-                          _Sedum stenopetalum_
-
-Found mostly in very dry, rocky soil, these small plants, with smooth,
-fleshy leaves and starry-yellow flowers, are fairly conspicuous as they
-bloom during the early summer months. These plants have the ability to
-store up moisture in their fleshy leaves and stems. They are, therefore,
-well adapted to withstanding long periods of drouth. The plants are
-sometimes gathered for treatment of certain ailments.
-
-    [Illustration: Stonecrop]
-
-
-28. PRICKLYPOPPY                                            Poppy Family
-                         _Argemone platyceras_
-
-You can find this plant, with its large, white flowers, most frequently
-along the road cuts or in abandoned fields where it has taken over as a
-weed. Its showy display is most abundant during midsummer or in July and
-August. The large, white flower, with its conspicuous yellow center, is
-sometimes called "The Cowboy's Fried Egg." The prickly leaves and stems
-account for another common name, Thistlepoppy. The plants are drought
-resistant and unpalatable to livestock. The seeds contain a narcotic
-drug more potent than opium.
-
-    [Illustration: Pricklypoppy]
-
-
-29. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEEPLANT                                 Caper Family
-                           _Cleome serrulata_
-
-Along the roadsides of Southern Utah near these areas of Zion, Bryce
-Canyon and Cedar Breaks you may find this pleasing floral display of
-orchid or purple presented by fields of the Rocky Mountain Beeplant.
-
-It is probably an exotic that has been brought in during recent years.
-Because of the unpleasant odor of crushed herbage, this plant is
-sometimes called skunk weed. The flowers are an important source of
-honey, and the seeds are eaten by a number of birds, especially the
-doves.
-
-    [Illustration: Rocky Mountain Beeplant]
-
-
-30. YELLOW SPIDERFLOWER                                     Caper Family
-                             _Cleome lutea_
-
-The plants of this genus are often called Beeplants. There are two
-species of Spiderflower in these areas. Yellow Spiderflower is not quite
-as common as the purplish-pink species commonly known as the Rocky
-Mountain Beeplant.
-
-Both species are conspicuous roadside flowers in June and July. Although
-they are important sources of honey, they are not very sweet scented to
-humans. No doubt the odor helps attract insects to the flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Spiderflower]
-
-
-31. ELDER                                             Honeysuckle Family
-                          _Sambucus racemosa_
-
-This red-berried Elder is found the most abundantly at Cedar Breaks. It
-is also common along the highways through forested areas of the region.
-
-The clusters of small white flowers that come on usually in June or July
-give way to bright-red berries in August and present a most attractive
-display.
-
-Most Elders are edible and are eaten by birds and rodents. Some people
-gather the berries for wines and jellies. This species, however, is
-considered poisonous, and cases of poisoning have been reported from
-eating the berries, flowers, roots and bark.
-
-The stalks of some Elders are pithy and fairly easily hollowed out.
-Indians used the stalks for making flutes.
-
-    [Illustration: Elder]
-
-
-32. LITTLELEAF MOUNTAINMAHOGANY                              Rose Family
-                        _Cercocarpus intricatus_
-
-This low-growing shrub is fairly important as winter browse for deer and
-other browsing animals. The leathery leaves are evergreen, rather
-narrow, pointed at both ends and curled backwards from the sides. The
-flowers are very small and inconspicuous, but the fruits, with their
-long plumes, present an interesting display. The dead wood of this shrub
-is very useful to campers, as it burns with extremely hot flame and
-gives off very little smoke.
-
-    [Illustration: Littleleaf Mountainmahagony]
-
-
-33. STANSBURY CLIFFROSE                                      Rose Family
-                         _Cowania stansburiana_
-
-In Zion this shrub is usually found at elevations above 4,000 feet, and
-it generally grows to be 6 to 8 feet high. During May and June its
-creamy-white flowers are suggestive of the Wild Rose. The habitat of the
-Cliffrose is the warm, dry slopes among the Pinyon and Juniper. Its
-twigs and evergreen leaves are browsed extensively by deer and other
-animals. The fragrance of this plant in bloom is remarkable and reminds
-one of Orange blossoms. The fruits are achenes and have pale,
-silky-haired tails 2 or more inches in length, which at times are very
-showy.
-
-    [Illustration: Stansbury Cliffrose]
-
-
-34. ANTELOPE BITTERBRUSH                                     Rose Family
-                          _Purshia tridentata_
-
-This shrub looks much like the Cliffrose, except for size. It is lower
-growing, has smaller pale-yellow flowers and its fruits are not plumed.
-The stubby, fan-shaped leaves are three pointed like those of the Big
-Sagebrush.
-
-Bitterbrush is found most commonly on the warm, dry slopes above 4,000
-feet, where it provides valuable year-round browse for deer and other
-animals. It is also known as Antelopebrush and Quininebush.
-
-    [Illustration: Antelope Bitterbrush]
-
-
-35. BLACKBRUSH                                               Rose Family
-                         _Colegyne ramosissima_
-
-A member of the Rose Family found mostly in the Sonoran Zones of Zion
-National Park. Several plants may be seen near the South Entrance
-Station. It is well named, as it has a burned and dead appearance during
-much of the year; however in late April and May it puts out minute
-grey-green leaves and creamy-yellow flowers made up of four sepals and
-no petals. The stamens are numerous. The Cliffrose, Bitterbrush and
-Mountain-mahogany are closely related to the Blackbrush.
-
-    [Illustration: Blackbrush]
-
-
-36. BUSH CINQUEFOIL                                          Rose Family
-                         _Potentilla fruticosa_
-
-Found most commonly at Cedar Breaks, this member of the Rose Family puts
-on a very showy display for a brief period of the summer, generally in
-July or earlier at lower elevations. It is a shrub commonly 2 to 3 feet
-high with leaves that are five-parted, hence the name Cinquefoil. The
-shrub is often dotted all over with rose-like flowers, about an inch
-across, with clear-yellow petals and deeper yellow anthers. The plant is
-common in the mountains, across the continent, up to altitudes of 10,000
-feet or more.
-
-    [Illustration: Bush Cinquefoil]
-
-
-37. PRAIRIESMOKE                                             Rose Family
-                     _Geum triflorum var. ciliatum_
-
-This graceful plant, with its nodding, bell-shaped, pink-colored
-flowers, is found fairly abundantly in the alpine meadows of Cedar
-Breaks National Monument.
-
-The plant has a number of common names such as: China Bells,
-Oldman-Whiskers, and Grandfather's-beard. The silvery, plumose tails of
-the fruit present an attractive display, especially as the sun's rays
-light the waving plumes in late afternoon or early morning.
-
-Prairiesmoke plants are considered good forage for several animals, and
-the bumblebees gather its pollen for honey.
-
-    [Illustration: Prairiesmoke]
-
-
-38. WILD ROSE                                                Rose Family
-                               _Rosa sp._
-
-There are two species of the Wild Rose in Zion and two other species in
-Bryce Canyon, three of which are found at Cedar Breaks National
-Monument.
-
-Wild Roses are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and are too
-familiar to need much description. The flowers are fairly fragrant and
-have bright-pink petals with a large cluster of yellow stamens. The
-fruit of the rose, shaped like a small apple, turns a deep-red color
-late in the season and adds beauty to this plant during autumn.
-
-    [Illustration: Wild Rose]
-
-
-39. SERVICEBERRY                                             Rose Family
-                        _Amelanchier alnifolia_
-
-One of the very early blooming shrubs or small trees in Zion Canyon, and
-often seen in March or April as conspicuous white masses on the canyon
-walls among the Pinyon and Juniper trees, is the Serviceberry.
-
-The white flowers occur in clusters and look much like a fruit tree in
-bloom. The berry is shaped like a very small apple, insipid to the
-taste, but nevertheless used extensively by the Indians and early
-settlers for food. The plant has a variety of common names, including
-the following: Juneberry, Shadbush, Saskatoon, Sarviceberry and
-Pigeonberry.
-
-    [Illustration: Serviceberry]
-
-
-40. CHOKECHERRY                                              Rose Family
-                          _Prunus virginiana_
-
-Chokecherry bushes or small trees are fairly common at elevations around
-6,000 feet in these areas. Early in May, and sometimes even earlier, the
-white and fragrant blossoms present a pleasing sight. In July or August
-the ripened cherries supply food for humans, many birds and small
-animals.
-
-The first autumn colors are often the Chokecherry leaves as they turn
-scarlet, brown and red.
-
-These shrubs are browsed heavily by cattle and some by deer, especially
-if other forage is scarce.
-
-    [Illustration: Chokecherry]
-
-
-41. HONEY MESQUITE                                            Pea Family
-                          _Prosopis juliflora_
-
-A low-growing tree of the Lower Sonoran Zone. Uncommon in Zion but
-fairly abundant in the desert area adjacent to the park. In early spring
-during March and April bright-green leaves cover the tree, and often it
-is laden with catkinlike clusters of greenish-yellow flowers, which
-attract myriads of insects including the honey bees.
-
-The wood of this tree was used extensively by early settlers for fuel,
-building corrals and in making furniture and utensils. The fruit of the
-Mesquite, resembling a string bean, is used for food by many animals.
-Indians also made wide use of it by grinding the beans into a meal
-called "Pinole."
-
-    [Illustration: Honey Mesquite]
-
-
-42. LUPINE                                                    Pea Family
-                             _Lupinus sp._
-
-There are so many varieties of Lupine that it is most difficult to
-identify the numerous species. In this area they are found abundantly on
-the high plateaus, being especially plentiful at Cedar Breaks, where
-they fill whole meadows with a mass of blue color in midsummer.
-
-The Lupines range in color from pale pink to deep purple, with some
-white, cream or yellow, but most of them are blue. Like other plants of
-the Pea Family, Lupines add nitrogen to the soil and thereby improve the
-land on which they grow. The seeds of a few species contain alkaloids
-which are poisonous to livestock, especially sheep.
-
-    [Illustration: Lupine]
-
-
-43. LOCO                                                      Pea Family
-                            _Astragalus sp._
-
-This very large genus of plants ranges from the hottest parts of the
-desert to high mountain peaks and far to the North. More than a dozen
-species are found in the Zion Region.
-
-Some of the species contain a poisonous constituent causing, the often
-fatal, loco disease of livestock, particularly in horses.
-
-Loco is a Spanish word meaning "Crazy." Other species known as
-Poisonvetch, prefer soils rich in selenium, and take up enough of that
-toxic mineral to make them poisonous to livestock, especially sheep. The
-harmless species are called Milkvetch.
-
-Nearly all the species are colorful and spectacular when in blossom, but
-some of them have a rank, disagreeable odor.
-
-    [Illustration: Loco]
-
-
-44. POISONVETCH                                               Pea Family
-                         _Astragalus sabulonum_
-
-This showy species of Astragalus is locally called Rattleweed because,
-when it is in fruit, its large, bladder-like, thin-walled pods become
-very brittle and give a distinct rattling sound when shaken. The pods
-are about one and a half inches long and heavily mottled reddish-brown
-in color.
-
-The genus of Astragalus has been divided into three groups: Loco,
-Milkvetch and Poisonvetch. The species poisonous to livestock are
-commonly called Loco Weeds.
-
-    [Illustration: Poisonvetch]
-
-
-45. NEW MEXICO LOCUST                                         Pea Family
-                         _Robinia neomexicana_
-
-This shrub or small tree is fairly common in Zion Canyon. It was
-probably brought in by the early settlers. Its large, showy flower grows
-in clusters at the ends of slender branches. The blooming season is
-during May and June.
-
-The tree is very thorny and has the habit of sprouting from roots or
-stumps and of forming dense thickets which are valuable in controlling
-erosion. The foliage serves as food for browsing animals, especially the
-deer.
-
-    [Illustration: New Mexico Locust]
-
-
-46. DESERTBEAUTY DALEA                                        Pea Family
-                            _Dalea johnsoni_
-
-Sometimes confused with the Desert Sage or more commonly called the
-Purple Sage, which it resembles to some extent, this small shrub with
-light-gray bark, small, gray-green leaves and terminal spikes of
-brilliant-purple flowers is one of the most pleasing sights in early
-summer.
-
-In Zion it is found mostly in the Coalpits Wash and Shunes Creek areas
-and blooms generally during May. Desertbeauty is a close relative of the
-"Smoke Tree" of the Desert.
-
-    [Illustration: Desertbeauty Dalea]
-
-
-47. FREMONT GERANIUM                                     Geranium Family
-                          _Geranium fremontii_
-
-This beautiful, midsummer-blooming plant, growing about two feet high,
-is common on the plateaus and in the cool canyons.
-
-The pink, veined petals, deeply lobed leaves and characteristic geranium
-odor help identify this plant. Some species have white flowers, but they
-are not common in this area. The flowers are perfect with five sepals,
-five petals, and five to ten stamens. The fruit is a long capsule and
-has given rise to the common name Cranesbill.
-
-Cultivated Geraniums are really Pelargoniums from South Africa.
-
-    [Illustration: Fremont Geranium]
-
-
-48. ALFILERIA                                            Geranium Family
-                          _Erodium cicutarium_
-
-This low-growing plant, spreading close to the ground, with its finely
-divided leaves and small, starry-pink flowers, puts on a remarkable
-display in the open meadows of the large canyons. It is one of the
-earliest blooming species in Zion Canyon, and in seasons of abundant
-rain it often presents the appearance of a pale-purple lawn.
-
-On ripening, the seed capsules split open and shoot out the seeds--each
-with a tiny hook in its nose and a tail with successive tight coils like
-a corkscrew. The seed is apparently screwed into the ground by
-alternating moisture and dryness which winds and unwinds the seed plume.
-
-    [Illustration: Alfileria]
-
-
-49. LEWIS FLAX                                               Flax Family
-                            _Linum lewisii_
-
-Here in Zion during May and June, growing along the trails on the
-plateaus and in cool canyons, you will find the beautiful and delicate
-blue flowers of the Wild Flax. The flower is nearly an inch across and
-has five sepals and five petals borne at the top of a slender stem
-having narrow leaves. At Bryce Canyon this plant is more abundant than
-at Zion or Cedar Breaks.
-
-Wild Flax was named in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis, who first
-discovered it, near the continental divide, during the famed Lewis and
-Clark expedition of 1804-1806.
-
-    [Illustration: Lewis Flax]
-
-
-50. CREOSOTEBUSH                                          Caltrop Family
-                          _Larrea tridentata_
-
-Probably the most characteristic shrub of the arid valleys and mesas of
-the Southwest is the Creosotebush, which is sometimes erroneously called
-Greasewood.
-
-At times this plant fills the air with a peculiar pungent aroma that
-gives rise to the common name Creosotebush. Mexicans call it
-"Hediondilla" the (Little Bad Smeller.)
-
-A sticky resin on the leaves is used as a poultice for bruises and
-sores. A resinous gum or lac deposited by scale insects on the branches
-is used by the Indians as a cement for fixing arrow points and mending
-of pottery.
-
-    [Illustration: Creosotebush]
-
-
-51. WHITEMARGIN EUPHORBIA                                  Spurge Family
-                       _Euphorbia albomarginata_
-
-This low-growing plant with abundant small, round or oval leaves and
-tiny white flowers is commonly called Carpetweed because of the manner
-in which it spreads over the ground.
-
-Found mostly in the dry sandy soils, this plant serves as an excellent
-soil binder and is very helpful in preventing erosion.
-
-The milky juice of this species is considered toxic and may cause
-dermatitis in susceptible persons. It is also known as Rattlesnake Feed
-and popularly supposed to be efficacious in treating snake bite.
-
-    [Illustration: Whitemargin Euphorbia]
-
-
-52. SCARLET GLOBEMALLOW                                    Mallow Family
-                         _Sphaeralcea coccinea_
-
-Very commonly found along the roadsides and especially prominent in the
-campgrounds or other disturbed areas. This member of the Mallow Family
-presents a lovely coral-red display as early as May, and it continues
-blooming throughout much of the summer.
-
-Cotton belongs to this large and important family, which also contains
-such ornamental plants as the Hollyhock. Extensive fields of this flower
-present brilliant displays of orange.
-
-    [Illustration: Scarlet Globemallow]
-
-
-53. DESERT GLOBEMALLOW                                     Mallow Family
-                         _Sphaeralcea ambigua_
-
-Found most commonly along the roads and trails, this member of the
-Mallow Family is known by a variety of common names such as: Rose of
-Sharon, False Mallow and Wild Hollyhock. It generally blooms in late
-summer, especially in the Cedar Breaks region. The plants sometimes grow
-to be 4 to 5 feet tall and have a great profusion of pink-colored
-flowers, really a very colorful and attractive display.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Globemallow]
-
-
-54. FIREWEED                                     Evening-primrose Family
-                       _Epilobium angustifolium_
-
-This tall, willowy plant, called Fireweed, is frequently the first plant
-to come in after a forest fire. Its colorful bloom gives new life to the
-blackened ground. Fireweed is one of the world's most widely
-disseminated wild flowers, being found throughout much of northern North
-America, Europe and parts of Asia. Its seeds are scattered by the wind.
-In these areas it is found mostly on the high plateaus.
-
-    [Illustration: Fireweed]
-
-
-55. WOODLAND PINEDROPS                                Indian Pipe Family
-                        _Pterospora andromedea_
-
-In the rich soil of the Ponderosa Pine forest of the high plateaus you
-may occasionally see this peculiar plant called Pinedrops. It has a
-single reddish-brown stalk (no green parts at all) about a foot or two
-high, apparently without leaves (they are mere scales), and numerous
-round or bell-shaped blossoms or seed pods hanging from short stems. The
-stalk is generally sticky with a material much like the pitch of the
-pine trees. It is a parasite that lives on the roots of pine trees.
-
-    [Illustration: Woodland Pinedrops]
-
-
-56. YELLOW VIOLET                                          Violet Family
-                           _Viola praemorsa_
-
-There are five different species of Violets in Zion, two of them with
-yellow flowers and the others with white or purple. They are found
-blooming in May or June on the high plateaus or sometimes later in the
-wet meadows of Cedar Breaks or in shady canyons. Violets are closely
-related to the cultivated Pansies. The flowers are irregular, as one
-petal has a saclike spur which contains nectar. They have five sepals,
-five petals and five stamens. This species is found most commonly in the
-shady forest, while the purple and white species are more common in the
-very moist and cool areas of the shady canyons.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Violet]
-
-
-57. DESERT BLAZINGSTAR                                      Loasa Family
-                         _Mentzelia multiflora_
-
-Blazingstars, sometimes called "Stickleaf" because of their rough, hairy
-leaves, are plants well suited to the drought conditions of this area,
-as they adapt well to dry, rocky soil. They are often found in roadside
-cuts or other newly disturbed soils and are found blooming usually in
-July and August. They are conspicuous with their yellow flowers
-consisting of five long petals and a large number of stamens almost as
-long as the petals that attract the eye as they blaze forth in the
-bright sunlight of midsummer. These plants are found mostly in the
-Transition Zone.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Blazingstar]
-
-
-58. A HEDGEHOG CACTUS                                      Cactus Family
-                        _Echinocereus coccineus_
-
-This family is well represented in Zion, where ten prominent species are
-found, six of which are illustrated in this booklet. This species is
-sometimes called the Cucumber Cactus. It is found blooming in bright-red
-clumps as early as April or on occasion in March when the winters are
-not severe. Its favorite habitat appears to be the rocky slopes of the
-lava fields below 5,000 feet.
-
-As cactus flowers mature into fruit, they form bulb-like bodies called
-tunas. The fruits of this species are about an inch or more in diameter
-and serve as important food for many rodents.
-
-    [Illustration: A Hedgehog Cactus]
-
-
-59. PURPLETORCH CACTUS                                     Cactus Family
-                       _Echinocereus engelmannii_
-
-Found mostly on the rocky slopes in the Lower Sonoran Zone, this cactus
-is fairly common and distinguished chiefly by its waxy and brilliantly
-colored purple flowers. The stems of this species are similar to those
-of the Cucumber Cactus except for being generally taller. The fruits are
-also similar, but the flowers differ as they are much larger and bright
-purple instead of red in color. They bloom generally during the month of
-May.
-
-    [Illustration: Purple Torch Cactus]
-
-
-60. A PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS                                  Cactus Family
-                          _Opuntia rhodantha_
-
-The most common cactus in Zion is this species of the Prickly Pear. It
-is found in a great variety of habitats, even at the higher elevations.
-The flowers, large and spectacular in various shades of red, salmon or
-yellow, bloom late in May to July. Because of its long blooming season,
-this species is more often found in flower than any other cactus in the
-park. Its pear-shaped fruit, red to purple in color, is eaten by many
-animals as well as by the native peoples.
-
-    [Illustration: A Prickly Pear Cactus]
-
-
-61. BEAVERTAIL CACTUS                                      Cactus Family
-                          _Opuntia basilaris_
-
-One species of cactus that at first sight does not seem to be a cactus
-is the Beavertail, for it is lacking the long spines characteristic of
-most cacti. Upon close examination, however, you will find that it is
-protected by numerous, fine spines. The name of this species is derived
-from its flat stems shaped somewhat like a small beaver's tail. The
-conspicuous magenta flowers mark this species as one of the most
-beautiful in the park. The fruit of this species is important as animal
-food, especially for chipmunks and ground squirrels.
-
-    [Illustration: Beavertail Cactus]
-
-
-62. BUCKHORN CHOLLA CACTUS                                 Cactus Family
-                         _Opuntia acanthocarpa_
-
-The Cholla (pronounced Choya) Cactus is the only "tree" cactus found in
-Zion. It is fairly common in the Lower Sonoran Zone, especially in
-Coalpits Wash. Strangely enough this plant is a favorite nesting place
-of some desert birds, including sparrows, wrens and finches. The
-spreading branches seem to reach out and grab the careless hiker, and
-the barbed spines stick so fast in the flesh that the joint of the plant
-is separated from the main stem before the spines can be withdrawn.
-Cholla blossoms come in many shades of color with the accent on yellows
-and reds.
-
-    [Illustration: Buckhorn Cholla Cactus]
-
-
-63. ENGLEMANN PRICKLYPEAR CACTUS                           Cactus Family
-                         _Opuntia engelmannii_
-
-As one of the largest of the flat-jointed or Pricklypear Cacti of Zion,
-this species is fairly abundant in Zion Canyon and is probably the most
-frequently observed species because of its dense growth in certain
-habitats and its fairly immense size as well as its colorful display of
-blossoms. It is locally called Elephant Ear Cactus. In June in produces
-large yellow flowers, very waxy in texture.
-
-(See Figure 64 for information concerning the fruit of this cactus.)
-
-    [Illustration: Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus]
-
-
-64. CACTUS FRUIT                                           Cactus Family
-                         _Opuntia engelmannii_
-
-The fruit of the Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus is similar to the fruits
-of many other species of cacti; it is conspicuous, being deep red in
-color and about the size of a large Crab Apple. It is called Tuna or
-locally "Cactus Apple" and ripens as early as June but more abundantly
-during July.
-
-Indians of the Southwest use this fruit as an important item of their
-diet. Many people living in the desert have come to learn that this
-cactus fruit makes excellent jellies and candies. It is also feasted
-upon by several rodents, especially the Antelope Ground Squirrel.
-
-    [Illustration: Cactus Fruit]
-
-
-65. ROUNDLEAF BUFFALOBERRY                               Oleaster Family
-                       _Shepherdia rotundifolia_
-
-A low, evergreen shrub with small, oval leaves that appear to have been
-painted with a thin coat of aluminum paint through which the green shows
-faintly. It is most common in the Upper Sonoran Zone and may be found
-along the Canyon Overlook and Emerald Pool Trails in Zion National Park.
-
-The pale-yellow flowers, not much over 1/4 inch across, are often hidden
-by the leaves. They bloom early in April or sometimes in March. The
-fruit of a similar shrub has a tart berry that was gathered by the early
-pioneers and used as a sauce on Buffalo steaks, hence the name
-Buffaloberry.
-
-    [Illustration: Roundleaf Buffaloberry]
-
-
-66. WHITE EVENING-PRIMROSE                       Evening-primrose Family
-                         _Oenothera caespitosa_
-
-This member of the Evening-primrose Family, with its fragrant, large
-white flowers, bloom early in the evening and lasts only a few hours the
-next day, as it turns pink and wilts.
-
-The flowers grow close to the ground on stemless plants. They have long,
-slender and hairy calyx tubes that resemble stems. This plant is found
-mostly in very rocky and dry habitats, which are often devoid of all
-other plants.
-
-    [Illustration: White Evening-primrose]
-
-
-67. YELLOW EVENING-PRIMROSE                      Evening-primrose Family
-                          _Oenothera strigosa_
-
-You will find this plant most commonly in the road cuts or in places
-where the soil has been disturbed. This species and other members of
-this family have very showy flowers with four broad, thin petals.
-Generally they bloom at night but sometimes in the daytime if growing in
-deep shade.
-
-The Evening-primroses are among the comparatively few flowers blooming
-in Zion Canyon during the heat of midsummer, and many of them are
-usually found on sandy or rocky soil in the Upper Sonoran Zone.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Evening-primrose]
-
-
-68. PORTER LIGUSTICUM                                     Parsley Family
-                          _Ligusticum porteri_
-
-Locally called "Wild Parsley," this fairly tall plant, with its fernlike
-leaves, is very common at Cedar Breaks National Monument. It grows at
-very high elevations. Other plants in this family, useful as food, are
-the carrot, parsnip, dill and anise. However, one member of the family,
-the Water Hemlock, is very poisonous.
-
-    [Illustration: Porter Ligusticum]
-
-
-69. GREENLEAF MANZANITA                                     Heath Family
-                        _Arctostaphylos patula_
-
-Many people are attracted to this plant by its bright mahogany-red bark.
-Its oval-shaped leaves are a bright green throughout the year. The
-flowers grow in clusters and sometimes are very numerous on the shrub.
-The fruit resembles a tiny apple, and the name Manzanita is Spanish for
-"Little Apple." Indians use the berries for food and for making a
-pleasant, sour drink.
-
-    [Illustration: Greenleaf Manzanita]
-
-
-70. GREEN GENTIAN                                         Gentian Family
-                           _Frasera speciosa_
-
-Found in the open meadows of the Cedar Breaks highlands and on the high
-plateaus of Zion and Bryce Canyon. The tall stalks, with their
-intermixture of pale-green leaves and similarly colored flowers, present
-a rather conspicuous sight as they tower to heights of 5 feet. The
-flowers have four sepals and four petals and nectar glands that attract
-many insects. The petals are flecked with brown and purple.
-
-    [Illustration: Green Gentian]
-
-
-71. PARRY PRIMROSE                                       Primrose Family
-                            _Primula parryi_
-
-This outstanding member of the Primrose Family is found only at high
-elevations, generally above 10,000 feet. In this region it grows fairly
-abundantly on Brian Head Peak but is found sparingly at Cedar Breaks.
-Its brilliant display of rose-red flowers is a remarkable and rewarding
-sight for those who gain the high places and see this alpine beauty. The
-smooth, thick leaves, which are quite long, all grow in a rosette at the
-base of the plant. The fragrance of this flower is disappointing, for it
-does not match its splendid color.
-
-    [Illustration: Parry Primrose]
-
-
-72. INDIANPOTATO                                          Parsnip Family
-                        _Orogenia linearifolia_
-
-As the snow melts on the plateaus, at elevations above 7,000 feet, you
-may find one of the very first flowers of spring. This member of the
-Parsnip Family often carpets the alpine meadows with a mass of tiny
-white flowers never more than an inch or two high.
-
-The root bulb was eaten by the Indians and gives rise to the common name
-Indianpotato. Another common name is Salt and Pepper Plant because of
-the speckled appearance of the flowers.
-
-The blooming period of this plant is very brief, and soon after the
-flowers have faded the leaves disappear and the plant lies dormant
-during most of the year.
-
-    [Illustration: Indianpotato]
-
-
-73. SHOOTINGSTAR                                         Primrose Family
-                       _Dodecatheon pauciflorum_
-
-Shootingstars are one of the early blooming flowers in the alpine
-meadows of Cedar Breaks and on the high plateaus. They also come on very
-early in the moist canyons of Zion. Along with the Columbine and
-Monkeyflower they are the predominant plants of the Hanging Gardens
-found on many of the Canyon Walls.
-
-The basal leaves spread close to the ground, while the flowers in a
-variety of colors, white, pink or purple grow on stems 6 to 8 inches
-high. The down-pointed stamens of the flower center and the reflexed or
-turned-back petals gives the flower its common name Shootingstar.
-
-    [Illustration: Shootingstar]
-
-
-74. FRINGED GENTIAN                                       Gentian Family
-                          _Gentiana thermalis_
-
-One of the most beautiful of all mountain flowers, the Fringed Gentian
-is commonly found in the moist meadows of Cedar Breaks at elevations
-near or above 10,500 feet. The flower stalks are generally 6 to 10
-inches tall, and each bears a handsome flower about two inches long with
-four fringed petals. At times the Fringed Gentian carpets the alpine
-meadows with a waving mass of deep-blue color. This species is the Park
-Flower of Yellowstone National Park.
-
-    [Illustration: Fringed Gentian]
-
-
-75. BUTTERFLY MILKWEED                                   Milkweed Family
-                          _Asclepias tuberosa_
-
-There are four fairly common species of Milkweed in Zion, but the one
-pictured is the most common. This variety is found in the dry places
-above 4,000 feet and is especially abundant in Birch Creek Canyon.
-
-The conspicuous orange flowers grow on fairly tall stalks about two feet
-in height and make this plant very easy to find. The stems are quite
-hairy, leafy and contain a milky juice. As the fruits develop in large
-boat-shaped pods, the seeds burst forth bearing long, silky hairs that
-assist the wind in scattering them over wide areas.
-
-    [Illustration: Butterfly Milkweed]
-
-
-76. PINK PHLOX                                              Phlox Family
-                           _Phlox canescens_
-
-Four kinds of phlox are common in Zion, and other species are found at
-Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. The plants are generally small, but the
-flowers are fairly showy with their five bright, pink-colored petals.
-They are found generally in dry, rocky soils and bloom mostly in early
-summer or during May and June. Sometimes Phlox will cover extensive
-areas with a bright carpet of pink or white. A special display of Phlox
-may be found on the summit of Brian Head Peak near Cedar Breaks. These
-plants are very helpful in holding the soil and in preventing erosion.
-
-    [Illustration: Pink Phlox]
-
-
-77. SKYROCKET GILIA                                         Phlox Family
-                           _Gilia aggregata_
-
-This plant is found most commonly in the Ponderosa Pine belt of these
-areas where its star-shaped, scarlet flower adds a bit of brilliance to
-the scene. The individual flowers, with their long, tubular corollas and
-star-shaped petals, are masterpieces of beauty. Their shape and color
-have given rise to such common names as Trumpet Phlox and Scarlet Gilia.
-
-In their search for nectar, hummingbirds are noticeably attracted to the
-flowers of the plant. Birds and insects in taking the nectar, help in
-the pollination of many flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: Skyrocket Gilia]
-
-
-78. MOUNTAIN BLUEBELLS                                     Borage Family
-                          _Mertensia ciliata_
-
-A fairly tall perennial growing to be from 2 to 3 feet high and found
-only in moist places at high elevations of the plateaus. It is common at
-and near Cedar Breaks along the streams or in the swampy meadows. The
-small clusters of drooping, delicate-blue flowers come mostly in May and
-June or even later at the higher elevations of Brian Head Peak near
-Cedar Breaks. Before maturing the flowers may be pinkish to white in
-color.
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain Bluebells]
-
-
-79. NARROWLEAF PUCCOON                                     Borage Family
-                         _Lithospermum incisum_
-
-This member of the Borage Family is well adapted to the dry habitats.
-The plants are commonly found in clumps, but they are generally widely
-scattered rather than in dense growths as in the case of the Bluebells
-or Mertensias that belong to the same Family. Its showy trumpetlike
-yellow flowers attract many insects as they bloom during April and May.
-The seeds are hard, white and shiny, hence the name Lithospermum,
-meaning stone seed.
-
-    [Illustration: Narrowleaf Puccoon]
-
-
-80. DESERT SAGE                                              Mint Family
-                            _Salvia carnosa_
-
-Although looking very much like a clump of Sagebrush, this small shrub
-is a member of the Mint Family and not closely related to the Common
-Sagebrush. The clusters of bright purple flowers, as they come on in May
-or June, certainly add brilliant adornment to this sage-green plant. It
-is fairly common in the Sonoran Zones and well scattered throughout much
-of the Southwest. This is the plant referred to in the storied Land of
-the Purple Sage. One of the best places to look for this plant is along
-the Emerald Pool Trail in Zion National Park.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Sage]
-
-
-81. MULLEIN                                               Figwort Family
-                          _Verbascum thapsus_
-
-This rather unusual-appearing plant is not a native but rather an
-introduced species from Europe that has spread over most of Western
-America. It is fairly common along the roads and trails.
-
-The Hopi Indians are said to dry and smoke the leaves, and this is
-thought to cure people who are mentally unbalanced.
-
-Early Greeks and Romans dipped dried mullein stalks in tallow to make
-lampwicks. The English named it "Torchweed" and the Spanish called it
-"Candelaria."
-
-    [Illustration: Mullein]
-
-
-82. ROYAL PENSTEMON                                       Figwort Family
-                         _Penstemon speciosus_
-
-This species, also known as Purple Penstemon, is found in much the same
-habitats as the Blue Penstemon. It is generally abundant along roadsides
-at elevations above 4,500 feet. It is fairly common at Cedar Breaks and
-at Bryce Canyon. The flowers vary in color from deep blue to dark
-purple, and the stalks vary in height from 12 to 20 inches.
-
-    [Illustration: Royal Penstemon]
-
-
-83. EATON PENSTEMON                                       Figwort Family
-                           _Penstemon eatoni_
-
-Found mostly in the cool canyons, this plant is sometimes confused with
-the Skyrocket Gilia or the Western Cardinalflower, which it resembles
-somewhat. Penstemon usually has a greater number of blooms on each
-flower stalk than do these flowers that appear like it. This variety is
-not nearly as common as many other Penstemons in these areas. It is far
-more brilliantly colored, however, which accounts for such common names
-as Scarlet Bugler and Scarlet Penstemon.
-
-    [Illustration: Eaton Penstemon]
-
-
-84. THICKLEAF PENSTEMON                                   Figwort Family
-                        _Penstemon pachyphyllus_
-
-The penstemons are sometimes called Wild Snapdragons because of the
-close resemblance to related cultivated species. They are also called
-Beardstongue because one of the five stamens is covered with numerous
-hairs. This blue variety, Thickleaf Penstemon, is found mostly at higher
-elevations or on the plateaus where they bloom during June and July.
-
-    [Illustration: Thickleaf Penstemon]
-
-
-85. PALMER PENSTEMON                                      Figwort Family
-                          _Penstemon palmeri_
-
-This is one of the very beautiful and conspicuous flowers of Zion
-National Park. The flowers are borne on tall spikes and are brightly
-colored. This is the largest and most common Penstemon found along the
-trails and roadways of Zion below 6,000 feet. It is especially common in
-freshly disturbed soils as the road cuts. The leaves are grey-green, and
-each pair with the exception of the lower ones is joined at the base,
-creating the impression that it is one leaf with the stem growing
-through the center. The fairly large flowers, which are pale lavender in
-color, begin blooming in May and are found in bloom throughout most of
-the summer.
-
-    [Illustration: Palmer Penstemon]
-
-
-86. SACRED DATURA                                          Potato Family
-                          _Datura meteloides_
-
-A conspicuous plant with very large, white, sometimes lavender-tinted
-flowers that open at night and wilt in the bright morning sunlight. A
-single plant may have as many as 100 blooms at one time. Datura is one
-of the few plants that blooms during the hot summer in Zion Canyon. Many
-different names are locally applied to it, and include the following:
-Zion Lily, Moon Lily, Jimson Weed and Thornapple. The plant is poisonous
-to eat, especially the seeds, and was used by several Indian tribes to
-induce stupor and dreams as a part of a widespread religious cult. It
-contains a deadly narcotic principle akin to atropine.
-
-    [Illustration: Sacred Datura]
-
-
-87. MONKEYFLOWER                                          Figwort Family
-                          _Mimulus cardinalis_
-
-One of the very beautiful flowering plants along the Zion Narrows Trail
-and in cool, damp places of the shady canyons is this Crimson
-Monkeyflower with its orange-red blossoms and deep-green leaves. Its
-flowers are 1 to 2 inches long and the wide-toothed leaves are 3 to 5
-inches long. It is the largest Monkeyflower in the park. Some plants are
-found blooming throughout much of the summer season, especially along
-the canyon walls where there are seeps of water most of the year.
-
-    [Illustration: Monkeyflower]
-
-
-88. INDIAN PAINTBRUSH                                     Figwort Family
-                         _Castilleja coccinea_
-
-From early March until May the warm hillsides below 6,000 feet are made
-brilliant by clumps of deep-red flowers often found next to patches of
-Mountain Mahogany. They are the Dwarf Indian Paintbrush and are by far
-the most conspicuous early spring flower in Zion. Found very abundantly
-along the park road from the East Entrance to the Zion Tunnel, they
-present a most pleasing sight early in the season. Other species are
-very plentiful at Cedar Breaks and often carpet the meadows in showy
-orange or red. Several species are also found at Bryce Canyon National
-Park.
-
-    [Illustration: Indian Paintbrush]
-
-
-89. SNOWBERRY                                         Honeysuckle Family
-                       _Symphoricarpos utahensis_
-
-This low, spreading shrub is recognized by its shreddy bark, small,
-oval, opposite leaves on very short petioles, and in late summer or fall
-by its white berries. The small, pinkish flowers are not at all
-conspicuous and are often overlooked. The plant is browsed by deer and
-other animals and is sometimes called Buckbrush. It is found mostly in
-the high plateaus of Zion and is fairly common at Cedar Breaks and Bryce
-Canyon. The fruit, although very showy, is not very tasty.
-
-    [Illustration: Snowberry]
-
-
-90. BEARBERRY HONEYSUCKLE                             Honeysuckle Family
-                         _Lonicera involucrata_
-
-This member of the Honeysuckle Family has a number of common names such
-as Twinberry Honeysuckle, Ink-berry and Pigeon-bush.
-
-The flowers, which are yellow and always come in pairs, are very
-attractive to the hummingbirds. Mature fruits are black berries about
-the size of peas and are partially enclosed by reddish bracts. The
-plants are unpalatable and browsed very slightly, but the fruits are
-eaten by birds and chipmunks.
-
-    [Illustration: Bearberry Honeysuckle]
-
-
-91. ELEPHANTHEAD PEDICULARIS                              Figwort Family
-                       _Pedicularis groenlandica_
-
-You will find this strange-looking plant in the wet meadows of the
-alpine areas of Cedar Breaks and on the Plateaus of the Kolob Section
-and the Horse Pasture Plateau of Zion National Park. Its blooming season
-is July and August. The peculiarly modified petals of the corolla
-resemble the forehead, ears and waving trunk of an elephant, hence the
-common name Elephanthead.
-
-    [Illustration: Elephanthead Pedicularis]
-
-
-92. AMERICAN HAREBELL                                  Bellflower Family
-                        _Campanula rotundifolia_
-
-In the drier habitats of the alpine regions around Cedar Breaks and
-generally along the roadsides in large clumps you may find this
-beautiful blue flower. The lovely deep-blue flowers, drooping on their
-hairlike stems, have such perfect shape and simple grace. The Harebell
-is very wide spread, being found in Scotland, Northern Europe and Asia
-as well as over much of North America.
-
-    [Illustration: American Harebell]
-
-
-93. WESTERN CARDINALFLOWER                                Lobelia Family
-                          _Lobelia splendens_
-
-A pleasant surprise to many park visitors is to find this spectacular
-flower, with its abundant scarlet blooms on long stalks, presenting a
-colorful display during the late summer when most plants have ceased
-blooming. This colorful species, known also as Scarlet Lobelia, is very
-abundant along the Narrows Trail of Zion Canyon and also along water
-courses of other shady canyons. The long, tubular corollas and pointed
-petals arranged in irregular pattern of two and three identify this
-plant from the Scarlet Penstemon which it resembles.
-
-    [Illustration: Western Cardinalflower]
-
-
-94. RABBITBRUSH                                         Sunflower Family
-                          _Chrysothamnus sp._
-
-Rabbitbrush is fairly common along roadways and trails in the arid
-regions. Because rabbits find this plant a favorite shelter, it has been
-named Rabbitbrush. Indians boil the plant for yellow dye, and white man
-found certain species of Chrysothamnus to contain rubber.
-
-Consideration was given to the production of rubber from Rabbitbrush
-during the First World War and up until the discovery of synthetic
-rubber.
-
-    [Illustration: Rabbitbrush]
-
-
-95. CURLYCUP GUMWEED                                    Sunflower Family
-                         _Grindelia squarrosa_
-
-An exotic plant probably brought into the area by vehicles, as it is
-found most commonly along the roadways or in cultivated fields. Once
-started it spreads very rapidly along the highways or in cultivated
-areas.
-
-The plant is suspected to be toxic to livestock, but is rarely eaten. It
-is used in the treatment of asthma in humans. In addition, external use
-is made of it to relieve the irritation caused by Poison Ivy.
-
-The plants have probably migrated to this area from the central plains
-states.
-
-    [Illustration: Curlycup Gumweed]
-
-
-96. PURPLE ASTER                                        Sunflower Family
-                              _Aster sp._
-
-The Asters and Fleabanes are sometimes confused, but they can generally
-be recognized by the difference in the number of ray flowers. That is,
-Asters have only about half as many ray flowers as do the Fleabanes.
-
-Species of Purple Aster form an important part of the late summer floral
-display at Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. They come on after the Lupine,
-Columbine, Indian Paintbrush and other early bloomers have faded.
-
-    [Illustration: Purple Aster]
-
-
-97. FLEABANE                                            Sunflower Family
-                          _Erigeron speciosus_
-
-There are numerous species of Fleabane in this region. Some particular
-kind may be found at any time of the growing season, for certain species
-bloom very early and others continue late in autumn.
-
-Some species of Fleabane grow in dense masses and, in early spring,
-carpet the meadows and roadsides. The ray flowers of the Fleabanes are
-generally twice as numerous per head as are the ray flowers of the
-Asters. The plants are quite similar in other respects.
-
-    [Illustration: Fleabane]
-
-
-98. MOUNTAIN SUNFLOWER                                  Sunflower Family
-                        _Helianthella uniflora_
-
-Sunflowers abound in these parks during the late summer. As the early
-summer flowers, mostly in blues and purples, fade, the yellow and red
-flowers come on. This is especially true in the alpine meadows of Cedar
-Breaks in August when the predominant species are the Sunflowers.
-
-The seeds of the Sunflowers supply abundant food for many birds and
-small mammals.
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain Sunflower]
-
-
-99. COMMON SUNFLOWER                                    Sunflower Family
-                          _Helianthus annuus_
-
-The very large flowers of these plants sometimes present a colorful
-display as they take over the roadways or abandoned fields. Members of
-this group are generally considered weeds because of their habit of
-crowding out the more desirable species. Certain species of Sunflowers
-are now being developed for commercial purposes and produce oil for
-cooking and meal for livestock feed. Indians in some areas of North
-America cultivated sunflowers for food and for trade.
-
-    [Illustration: Common Sunflower]
-
-
-100. GAILLARDIA                                         Sunflower Family
-                          _Gaillardia parryi_
-
-This handsome and conspicuous plant is found growing in the Sonoran
-Zones of Zion. It has a slender, rough stalk, about a foot tall, and
-stiff, rather hairy, dull-green leaves growing mostly from the root. The
-beautiful flowers, about three inches across, have golden-yellow rays
-which are three pointed. The center of the flower is a shaded maroon and
-yellow, very velvety, and becoming an attractive fuzzy, round, purplish
-head when the rays drop off. This plant blooms mostly in May and June.
-
-    [Illustration: Gaillardia]
-
-
-101. DESERT MARIGOLD                                    Sunflower Family
-                         _Baileya multiradiata_
-
-These golden-yellow flowers, measuring about three inches across, are
-fairly common along the trails and roadways of Zion Canyon and in other
-low-elevation areas of the park. They bloom during May and June. The ray
-flowers become bleached and papery as they mature, thus accounting for
-the name Paper Daisy. This attractive composite is also known as Desert
-Baileya. In California this plant is cultivated for the flower trade. It
-has been found poisonous to sheep, although horses crop the flower
-heads, apparently without harmful effects.
-
-    [Illustration: Desert Marigold]
-
-
-102. WESTERN YARROW                                     Sunflower Family
-                          _Achillea lanulosa_
-
-Western Yarrow is very widespread and can be found in much of Western
-America. It is more common at elevations above 5,000 feet in these
-areas. It grows to be 12 to 20 inches high, and the fernlike leaves,
-which have a pungent odor when crushed, and the umbrella-shaped clusters
-of flowers are characteristics of this plant that help to identify it.
-
-Since ancient times the plant has been highly regarded for its healing
-properties. Legend ascribed the discovery of this virtue to Achilles, in
-whose honor the plant is named.
-
-    [Illustration: Western Yarrow]
-
-
-103. HEARTLEAF ARNICA                                   Sunflower Family
-                          _Arnica cordifolia_
-
-A common flower in the Pine and Spruce forest of Cedar Breaks and the
-alpine areas of Zion and Bryce Canyon is the Heartleaf Arnica. The
-yellow ray flowers are few, while the disk or central flowers of the
-flower head are numerous. The flowers measure about three inches across
-and are often mistaken for sunflowers. The heart-shaped leaves help
-distinguish this flower from its close relatives.
-
-Tincture of arnica is obtained from certain species of Arnica.
-
-    [Illustration: Heartleaf Arnica]
-
-
-104. MEADOW SALSIFY                                     Sunflower Family
-                         _Tragopogon pratensis_
-
-This interesting plant, known also as Oyster Plant, has been naturalized
-from Europe and is now quite common in the West. It has a smooth, stout
-hollow stem about 2 feet tall, rather dark-green, smooth leaves clasping
-at the base, and handsome flowers from 2 to 4 inches across. The flowers
-open early in the morning, closing at midday, to remain closed until the
-next morning.
-
-Meadow Salsify is most commonly found along the roadways or in other
-places where the native soil has been disturbed.
-
-See Figure 105 for description of the seed of this flower.
-
-    [Illustration: Meadow Salsify]
-
-
-105. MEADOW SALSIFY                                     Sunflower Family
-                         _Tragopogon pratensis_
-
-This habitat view of the Meadow Salsify illustrates one of the important
-ways in which plants scatter their seeds about. As the flower matures
-into seeds in a conspicuous and very large, dandelion-like head, each
-seed is equipped with a perfect parachute of silky fibers. Winds often
-sweep these flight-equipped seeds for many miles and result in wide
-dissemination of this species, which was introduced into this country
-from Europe not very long ago.
-
-The seeds of many plants are scattered about in various ways--some by
-wind, others by water and many by the birds and animals.
-
-    [Illustration: Meadow Salsify Fruit]
-
-
-106. ARROWLEAF BALSAMROOT                               Sunflower Family
-                        _Balsamorhiza sagittata_
-
-This plant, with its large, showy yellow flowers, is often found on the
-southern exposures of steep hillsides or in the Sagebrush flats. It was
-first discovered by Lewis and Clark on their expedition across the
-continent in 1804-1806.
-
-The rind of the root contains a turpentiny balsam, but the heart of the
-root is edible and was used by the Indians and early pioneers. The plant
-is called Mormon Biscuit in Utah. The seeds of the plant were used by
-the Indians to make "Pinole" or meal, and the stems and leaves were
-eaten as greens.
-
-    [Illustration: Arrowleaf Balsamroot]
-
-
-107. WESTERN WALLFLOWER                                   Mustard Family
-                          _Erysimum capitatum_
-
-There are two kinds of Wallflowers in Zion National Park. Their
-bright-yellow flowers, which grow on stalks taller than those of most
-other mustards, make them among the most attractive members of this
-family. They are usually found on rather dry slopes in the Upper Sonoran
-and Transition Zones.
-
-Notice how the petals are arranged as a cross which is a characteristic
-of all members of the Cruciferae or Mustard Family.
-
-    [Illustration: Western Wallflower]
-
-
-108. BITTERCRESS                                          Mustard Family
-                          _Cardamine hirsuta_
-
-You may find this plant blooming during April and May in the Sonoran
-Zones of Zion National Park. Its habitat is generally the dry sandy
-hillsides rather than the deep canyons.
-
-The wide-spreading, circular, doom-shaped clumps present an attractive
-display in pure white flowers. The petals of four are arranged like a
-cross.
-
-Being a perennial, the clumps seem to expand from year to year and often
-reach a spread of four to five feet across. The plants are useful in
-building soil and in preventing erosion.
-
-    [Illustration: Bittercress]
-
-
-109. HUMMINGBIRD TRUMPET                         Evening-primrose Family
-                        _Zauschneria garrettii_
-
-One of the late blooming plants in Zion National Park is the Hummingbird
-Trumpet, also called Fire-chalice, or sometimes the Wild Fushia. It can
-often be found on the Canyon Overlook Trail or on the West Rim Trail at
-elevations near 6,000 feet.
-
-It can be identified by the narrow oval leaves pointed and toothed, and
-the fushialike flowers, narrowly funnel-shaped, with the pistil and
-stamens extending beyond the petals.
-
-The brilliant scarlet of this flower in fairly dense clusters makes a
-very attractive display in late August and September.
-
-    [Illustration: Hummingbird Trumpet]
-
-
-
-
-                                 INDEX
-
-
-          Common Name                   Scientific Name         Figure
-                                                                Number
-                                   A
-
- Alfilera                      Erodium circutraium                   48
- American Harebell             Campanula rotundifolia                92
- Antelope Bitterbrush          Purshia tridentata                    34
- Arnica, Heartleaf             Arnica cordifolia                    103
- Arrowleaf Balsamroot          Balsamorhiza sagittata               106
- Aster, Purple                 Aster sp.                             96
-
-                                   B
-
- Balsamroot, Arrowleaf         Balsamorhiza sagittata               106
- Baneberry, Western            Actaea arguta                         20
- Bearberry Honeysuckle         Lonicera involucrata                  90
- Beavertail Cactus             Opuntia basilaris                     61
- Bitterbrush, Antelope         Purshia tridentata                    34
- Bittercress                   Cardamine hirsuta                    108
- Bitterroot                    Lewisia rediviva                      14
- Blackbrush                    Coleogyne ramosissima                 35
- Blazingstar, Desert           Mentzelia multiflora                  57
- Bluebells, Mountain           Mertensia ciliata                     78
- Bluedicks                     Dichelostemma pulchellum               4
- Buckhorn Cholla Cactus        Opuntia acanthocarpa                  62
- Buckwheat, Wild               Eriogonum umbellatum                   8
- Buffaloberry, Roundleaf       Shepherdia rotundifolia               65
- Bush Cinquefoil               Potentilla fruticosa                  36
- Buttercup, Sand               Ranunculus juniperinus                21
- Buttercup                     Ranunculus sp.                        16
- Butterfly Milkweed            Asclepias tuberosa                    75
-
-                                   C
-
- Cactus Fruit                  Opuntia engelmannii 64
- Calypso Orchid                Calypso bulbosa                       11
- Cardinalflower, Western       Lobelia splendens                     93
- Cinquefoil, Bush              Potentilla fruticosa                  36
- Chokecherry                   Prunus virginiana                     40
- Cliffrose, Stansbury          Cowania stansburiana                  33
- Columbine                     Aquilegia sp.                         17
- Coneflower                    Rudbeckia occidentalis                25
- Creosotebush                  Larrea tridentata                     50
- Curlycup Gumweed              Grindelia squarrosa                   95
-
-                                   D
-
- Deathcamas, Mountain          Zigadenus elegans                      7
- Desertbeauty Dalea            Dalea johnsoni                        46
- Desert Blazingstar            Mentzelia multiflora                  57
- Desert Globemallow            Sphaeralcea ambigua                   53
- Desert Marigold               Baileya multiradiata                 101
- Desert Princesplume           Stanleya pinnata                      26
- Desert Sage                   Salvia carnosa                        80
-
-                                   E
-
- Eaton Penstemon               Penstemon eatoni                      83
- Elder, Red-berried            Sambucus racemosa                     31
- Elephanthead Pedicularis      Pedicularis groenlandica              91
- Elk Thistle                   Cirsium foliosum                      24
- Engelmann Pricklypear Cactus  Opuntia engelmannii                   64
- Ephedra, Green                Ephedra viridis                        9
- Euphorbia, Whitemargin        Euphorbia albomarginata               51
- Evening-primrose, White       Oenothera caespitosa                  66
- Evening-primrose, Yellow      Oenothera strigosa                    67
-
-                                   F
-
- Fineleaf Yucca                Yucca angustissima                     6
- Firechalice                   Zauschneria garrettii                109
- Fireweed                      Epilobium angustifolium               54
- Flax, Lewis                   Linum lewisii                         49
- Fleabane                      Erigeron speciosus                    97
- Four-O'Clock                  Mirabilis multiflora                  12
- Fourwing Saltbush             Atriplex canescens                    10
- Fremont Geranium              Geranium fremontii                    47
- Fremont Barberry              Berberis fremonti                     23
- Fringed Gentian               Gentiana thermalis                    74
- Fritillary, Purplespot        Fritillaria atropurpurea               5
-
-                                   G
-
- Gaillardia                    Gaillardia parryi                    100
- Gentian, Fringed              Gentiana thermalis                    74
- Gentian, Green                Frasera speciosa                      70
- Geranium, Fremont             Geranium fremontii                    47
- Gilia, Skyrocket              Gilia aggregata                       77
- Globemallow, Scarlet          Sphaeralcea coccinea                  52
- Globemallow, Desert           Sphaeralcea ambigua                   53
- Green Ephedra                 Ephedra viridis                        9
- Green Gentian                 Frasera speciosa                      70
- Greenleaf Manzanita           Arctostaphylis patula                 69
- Gumweed, Curlyleaf            Grindelia squarrosa                   95
-
-                                   H
-
- Harebell, American            Campanula petiolata                   92
- Heartleaf Arnica              Arnica cordifolia                    103
- Hedgehog Cactus               Echinocereus coccineus                58
- Honey Mesquite                Prosopis juliflora                    41
- Honeysuckle, Bearberry        Lonicera involucrata                  90
- Hummingbird Trumpet           Zauschneria garrettii                109
-
-                                   I
-
- Indianpotato                  Orogenia linearifolia                 72
- Indian Paintbrush             Castilleja coccinea                   88
-
-                                   L
-
- Larkspur                      Delphinium sp.                        18
- Lewis Flax                    Linum lewisii                         49
- Ligusticum, Porter            Ligusticum porteri                    68
- Littleleaf Mountainmahogany   Cercocarpus intricatus                32
- Loco                          Astragalus sp.                        43
- Locust, New Mexico            Robinia neomexicana                   45
- Lupine                        Lupinus sp.                           42
-
-                                   M
-
- Manzanita, Greenleaf          Arctostaphylis patula                 69
- Mariposa, Segolily            Calochortus nuttallii                  1
- Mariposa, Yellow              Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus      2
- Marigold, Desert              Baileya multiradiata                 101
- Marshmarigold                 Caltha leptosepala                    15
- Meadow Salsify                Tragopogon pratensis             104-105
- Mesquite, Honey               Prosopis juliflora                    41
- Milkweed, Butterfly           Asclepias tuberosa                    75
- Monkeyflower                  Mimulus cardinalis                    87
- Monkshood                     Aconitum columbianum                  19
- Mountain Bluebells            Mertensia ciliata                     78
- Mountain Deathcamas           Zigadenus elegans                      7
- Mountainmahogany, Littleleaf  Cercocarpus intricatus                32
- Mountain Sunflower            Helianthella uniflora                 98
- Mullein                       Verbascum thapsus                     81
-
-                                   N
-
- New Mexico Locust             Robinia neomexicana                   45
-
-                                   O
-
- Oregon Grape                  Berberis repens                       22
- Oysterplant - Meadow Salsify  Tragopogon pratensis             104-105
-
-                                   P
-
- Palmer Penstemon              Penstemon palmeri                     85
- Parry Primrose                Primula parryi                        71
- Penstemon, Eaton              Penstemon eatoni                      83
- Penstemon, Palmer             Penstemon palmeri                     85
- Penstemon, Royal              Penstemon speciosus                   82
- Penstemon, Thickleaf          Penstemon pachyphyllus                84
- Phlox, Pink                   Phlox canescens                       76
- Pinedrops, Woodland           Pterospora andromedea                 55
- Poisonvetch                   Astragalus sabulosus                  44
- Porter Ligusticum             Ligusticum porteri                    68
- Prairiesmoke                  Geum triflorum var. ciliatum          37
- Prairie Spiderwort            Tradescantia occidentalis              3
- Pricklepoppy                  Argemone platyceras                   28
- Pricklypear Cactus            Opuntia rhodantha                     60
- Princesplume, Desert          Stanleya pinnata                      26
- Puccoon, Narrowleaf           Lithospermum incisum                  79
- Purplespot Fritillary         Fritillaria atropurpurea               5
- Purple Torch Cactus           Echinocereus engelmanii               59
-
-                                   R
-
- Rabbitbrush                   Chrysothamnus sp.                     94
- Rocky Mountain Beeplant       Cleome serrulata                      29
- Rose, Wild                    Rosa sp.                              38
- Roundleaf Buffaloberry        Shepherdia rotundifolia               65
- Royal Penstemon               Penstemon speciosus                   82
-
-                                   S
-
- Sacred Datura                 Datura meteloides                     86
- Sage, Desert                  Salvia carnosa                        80
- Saltbush, Fourwing            Atriplex canescens                    10
- Sand Buttercup                Ranunculus juniperinus                21
- Scarlet Globemallow           Sphaeralcea coccinea                  52
- Segolily Mariposa             Calochortus nuttalli                   1
- Serviceberry                  Amelanchier alnifolia                 39
- Shootingstar                  Dodecatheon pauciflorum               73
- Skyrocket Gilia               Gilia aggregata                       77
- Spiderflower, Yellow          Cleome lutea                          30
- Snowberry                     Symphoricarpos utahensis              89
- Spiderwort, Prairie           Tradescantia occidentalis              3
- Springbeauty                  Claytonia lanceolata                  13
- Stansbury Cliffrose           Cowania stansburiana                  33
- Stonecrop                     Sedum stenopetalum                    27
- Sunflower, Common             Helianthus annuus                     99
- Sunflower, Mountain           Helianthella uniflora                 98
-
-                                   T
-
- Thickleaf Penstemon           Penstemon pachyphyllus                84
- Thistle, Elk                  Cirsium foliosum                     107
-
-                                   V
-
- Violet, Yellow                Viola praemorsa                       56
-
-                                   W
-
- Western Baneberry             Actaea arguta                         20
- Western Cardinalflower        Lobelia splendens                     93
- Western Wallflower            Erysimum capitatum                   107
- Western Yarrow                Achillea lanulosa                    102
- Whitemargin Euphorbia         Euphorbia albomarginata               51
- Wild Buckwheat                Eriogonum umbellatum                   8
- Wild Rose                     Rosa sp.                              38
- Woodland Pinedrops            Pterospora andromedea                 55
-
-                                   Y
-
- Yarrow, Western               Achillea lanulosa                    102
- Yellow Mariposa               Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus      2
- Yellow Spiderflower           Cleome lutea                          30
- Yellow Violet                 Viola praemorsa                       56
- Yucca, Fineleaf               Yucca angustissima                     6
-
-
-
-
-                               REFERENCES
-
-
-Arnberger, Leslie P. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)
-
-_Flowers of the Southwest Mountains_. Southwestern Monuments Assoc.,
-Globe, Arizona, 1952.
-
-Armstrong, Margaret
-
-_Field Book of Western Wild Flowers_. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915.
-
-Bailey, H. E. and Bailey, V. L.
-
-_Woody Plants of the Western National Parks_. The University Press,
-Notre Dame, Indiana, 1949.
-
-Benson, Lyman
-
-_The Cacti of Arizona_. University of New Mexico Press, 1950.
-
-Clements, Frederic E. and Clements, Edith S.
-
-_Rocky Mountain Flowers_. The H. W. Wilson Co., New York, 1928.
-
-Coulter, John M. and Nelson, Aven
-
-_New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains_. American Book
-Company, New York, 1919.
-
-Dodge, Natt N. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)
-
-_Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_. Southwestern Monuments Association,
-Globe, Arizona, 1954.
-
-Jaeger, Edmund C.
-
-_Desert Wild Flowers_. Stanford University Press, Revised Edition, 1944.
-
-Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature
-
-_Standardized Plant Names_. Second Edition 1942. J. Horace McFarland Co.
-
-Kearney, Thomas H. and Pebble, Robert H.
-
-_Arizona Flora_. University of California Press, 1951.
-
-McDougal, W. B. and Baggley, Herma A.
-
-_Plants of Yellowstone National Park_. Revised Edition, Yellowstone
-Library and Museum Association, 1956.
-
-McDougal, W. B. and Sperry, Omar E.
-
-_Plants of Big Bend National Park_. Government Printing Office, 1951.
-
-McDougal, W. B.
-
-_Checklist of Plants of Grand Canyon National Park_. Bulletin No. 10.
-Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1947.
-
-Patraw, Pauline M. (Drawings by Jeanne R. Janish)
-
-_Flowers of the Southwest Mesas_. Southwestern Monuments Association,
-Globe, Arizona, 1954.
-
-Presnall, C. C. and Patraw, Pauline M.
-
-_Plants of Zion National Park_. Bulletin No. 1. Zion-Bryce Natural
-History Association, 1937.
-
-Preston, Richard J.
-
-_Rocky Mountain Trees_. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, 1947.
-
-Saunders, Charles Francis
-
-_Western Wild Flowers and Their Stories_. Doubleday, Doran Co., 1933.
-
-Tidestrom, Ivar
-
-_Flora of Utah and Nevada_. Government Printing Office, 1925.
-
-
-                   WHEELWRIGHT LITHOGRAPHING COMPANY
-                          SALT LAKE CITY UTAH
-
-    [Illustration: Mountain meadow]
-
-
-
-
-                              Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Silently corrected a few typos.
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Flowers of Zion and Bryce Canyon
-National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument, by Carl Elmer Jepson and Leland Francis Allen
-
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