diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:25:33 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:25:33 -0700 |
| commit | cfdb2d03950b3e1c63ab9ed23962860eb1172fff (patch) | |
| tree | 1dc962b40b9f197d9fff3e89ab20a8cf0c0e5442 | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 5424-0.txt | 5429 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 5424-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 80998 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 5424-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 90513 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 5424-h/5424-h.htm | 9898 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-pdf.pdf | bin | 0 -> 531854 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t.zip | bin | 0 -> 98471 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/5424-t.tex | 9033 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/exaccent.sty | 75 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp | bin | 0 -> 332 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/fixthings.otp | 25 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/lineno.sty | 1517 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp | bin | 0 -> 1480 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp | 35 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/clprm10t.zip | bin | 0 -> 97676 bytes |
17 files changed, 26028 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/5424-0.txt b/5424-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07a5c3a --- /dev/null +++ b/5424-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5429 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: An Icelandic Primer + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +Author: Henry Sweet + +Release Date: July 14, 2002 [eBook #5424] +[Most recently updated: February 5, 2022] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Sean Crist and Ben Crowder + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *** + + + + +AN ICELANDIC PRIMER + +With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +By Henry Sweet, M.A. + +SECOND EDITION + +1895 + + + +PREFACE + +The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of +Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from the very +beginning of that study in England. The _Icelandic Reader_, +edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press +Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands +of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary +primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would +have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for +some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to +undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more +formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before +definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to +induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but +they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I +myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my +Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some +students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I +determined to go on. + +In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere +strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have +themselves deviated from it in their _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, +in the way of separating _ǫ_ from _ö_, etc. My own principle has +been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional +spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no +practical gain for the beginner in writing _tīme_ for _tīmi_, +discarding _ð_, etc., although these changes certainly bring us +nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in +scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to +have _regular_ forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far +as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective +distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not +hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the +latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in Icelandic +as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual +accents of the MSS. + +In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to +Noreen's _Altisländische Grammatik_, which is by far the best +Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that +narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates +itself on phonology and inflections. + +The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and +representative as possible. With such a language, and such a +master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not +difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who +makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales +of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death +of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer +recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the +shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this +book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, +but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the +Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of +their whole political system. As the Reader does not include +poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of +the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity +and corruption--the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. + +In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very +inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts _þ_, _æ_, _œ_, +right at the end of the alphabet. + +I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the +texts and the glossary from Wimmer's _Oldnordisk Læsebog_, which +I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists +in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, +that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in +nearly every case. + +In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book +makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it +contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious +heritage--the old language and literature of Iceland--which our +miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them +of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. + +HENRY SWEET +London, +February, 1886 + + + +GRAMMAR + +1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, +between 1200 and 1350. + + +PRONUNCIATION + +2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the +addition of _þ_ and _ð_, and of the modified letters _ę_, _ǫ_, +_ø_, which last is in this book written _ö_, _ǫ̈_. + +Vowels + +3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old +English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book +long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)[1]. The following are +the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and +key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- + +[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of _ę_, _ö_ are written _æ_, +_œ_, respectively.] + + a _as in_ mann (G.) halda (_hold_) + ā " father rāð (_advice_) + e " été (F.) gekk (_went_) + ē[2] . . . lēt (let _pret._) + ę " men męnn (_men_) + +[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its +sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.] + + æ _as in_ there sær (_sea_) + i " fini (F.) mikill (_great_) + ī . . . lītill (_little_) + o " beau (F.) orð (_word_) + ō . . . tōk (_look_) + ǫ " not hǫnd (_hand_) + ö " peu (F.) kömr (_comes_) + œ . . . fœra (_bring_) + ǫ̈ " peur (F.) gǫ̈ra (_make_) + u " sou (F.) upp (_up_) + ū . . . hūs (_house_) + y " tu (F.) systir (_sister_) + ȳ . . . lȳsa (_shine_) + au " haus (G.) lauss (_loose_) + ei = ę + i bein (_bone_) + ey = ę + y leysa (_loosen_) + +4. The unaccented _i_ in _systir_, etc. (which is generally +written _e_ in the MSS.) probably had the sound of _y_ in _pity_, +which is really between _i_ and _e_. The unacc. _u_ in _fōru_ +(they went), etc. (which is generally written _o_ in the MSS.) +probably had the sound of _oo_ in _good_. + +Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of _close_ and +_open_, thus: + + close : e ē o ō ö œ + open : ę æ ǫ - ǫ̈ - + +Consonants + +5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced +really double, as in Italian. Thus the _kk_ in _drekka_ (to +drink) must be pronounced like the _kc_ in _bookcase_, while the +_k_ in _dręki_ (dragon) is single, as in _booking_. When final +(or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, +as in _munn_ (mouth _acc._), _hamarr_ (hammer _nom._), _steinn_ +(stone _nom._), distinguished from _mun_ (will _vb._), and the +accusatives _hamar_, _stein_. + +6. _k_ and _g_ had a more front (palatal) sound before the front +vowels _e_, _ę_, _i_, _ö_, _ǫ̈_, _y_, and their longs, as also +before _j_, as in _kęnna_ (known), _keyra_ (drive), _gǫ̈ra_ +(make), _liggja_ (lie). + +7. _kkj_, _ggj_ were probably pronounced simply as double front +_kk_, _gg_, the _j_ not being pronounced separately. + +8. *f* had initially the sound of our _f_, medially and finally +that of _v_, as in _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (gave), except of course +in such combinations as _ft_, where it had the sound of _f_. + +9. *g* was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons. +initially and in the combination _ng_, the two _g_'s in _ganga_ +(go) being pronounced as in _go_. It had the open sound of G. +_g_ in _sagen_ medially before the back vowels _a_, _o_, _ǫ_, +_u_, and all conss. except _j_, and finally:--_saga_ (tale), +_dǫgum_ (with days); _sagði_ (he said); _lag_ (he lay). Before +the front vowels and _j_ it had the sound of G. _g_ in _liegen_, +or nearly that of _j_ (our _y_), as in _sęgir_ (says), _sęgja_ +(to say). + +10. Before voiceless conss. (_t_, _s_) _g_ seems to have been +pronounced _k_, as in _sagt_ (said), _dags_ (day's). + +11. The _g_ was always sounded in the combination _ng_, +as in _single_, not as in _singer_. + +12. *h* was sounded before _j_ in such words as _hjarta_ (heart) +much as in E. _hue_ (= hjū). _hl_, _hn_, _hr_, _hv_ probably +represented voiceless _l_, _n_, _r_, _w_ respectively, _hv_ +being identical with E. _wh_: _hlaupa_ (leap), _hnīga_ (bend), +_hringr_ (ring), _hvat_ (what). + +13. *j* is not distinguished from _i_ in the MSS. It had the +sound of E. _y_ in _young_: _jǫrð_ (earth), _sętja_ (to set). + +14. *p* in _pt_ probably had the sound of _f_: _lopt_ (air). + +15. *r* was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. + +16. *s* was always sharp. + +17. *v* (which was sometimes written _u_ and _w_) had the sound +of E. _w_: _vel_ (well), _hǫggva_ (hew). + +18. *z* had the sound of _ts_: _bęztr_ (best). + +19. *þ* and *ð* were used promiscuously in the older MS., the +very oldest using _þ_ almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic +_þ_ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard _th_, +_ð_ medially and finally to express that of soft _th_; as there +can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old +pronunciation, it is retained in this book: _þing_ (parliament), +_faðir_ (father), _við_ (against). In such combinations as _pð_ +the _ð_ must of course be pronounced _þ_. + +Stress + +20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. + + +PHONOLOGY + +Vowels + +21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the +most important of which are _mutation_ (umlaut), _fracture_ +(brechung), and _gradation_ (ablaut). + +Mutation + +22. The following changes are *i*-mutations (caused by an older +_i_ or _j_ following, which has generally been dropped)[3]: + +[Footnote 3: Many of the _i_'s which appear in derivative and +inflectional syllables are late weakenings of _a_ and other +vowels, as in _bani_ (death) = Old English _bana_; these do not +cause mutation.] + +*a* (*ǫ*) ... *ę* :-- _mann_ (man _acc._), _męnn_ (men); _hǫnd_ +(hand), _hęndr_ (hands). + +*ā* ... *æ* :-- _māl_ (speech), _mæla_ (speak). + +*e* (*ja*, *jǫ*) ... *i* :-- _verðr_ (worth), _virða_ (estimate). + +*u* (*o*) ... *y* :-- _fullr_ (full), _fylla_ (to fill); _lopt_ +(air), _lypta_ (lift). + +*ū* ... *ȳ* :-- _brūn_ (eyebrow), pl. _brȳnn_. + +*o* ... *ö* :-- _koma_ (to come), _kömr_ (comes). + +*ō* ... *œ* :-- _fōr_ (went), _fœra_ (bring). + +*au* ... *ey* :-- _lauss_ (loose), _leysa_ (loosen). + +*jū* (*jō*) ... *ȳ* :-- _sjūkr_ (sick), _sȳki_ (sickness); +_ljōsta_ (strike), _lȳstr_ (strikes). + +23. The change of _a_ into _ę_ is sometimes the result of a +following _k_, _g_, or _ng_, as in _dęgi_ dat. sg. of _dagr_ +(day), _tękinn_ (taken), _gęnginn_ (gone), inf. _taka_, _ganga_. +_i_ appears instead of _e_, and _u_ instead of _o_ before a nasal +followed by another cons.: cp. _binda_ (to bind), _bundinn_ +(bound) with _bresta_ (burst) ptc. prt. _brostinn_. + +24. There is also a *u*-mutation, caused by a following _u_, +which has often been dropped: + +*a* ... *ǫ* :-- _dagr_ (day) dat. pl. _dǫgum_; _land_ (land) pl. +_lǫnd_. + +25. Unaccented _ǫ_ becomes _u_, as in _sumur_ pl. of _sumar_ +(summer), _kǫlluðu_ (they called), infin. _kalla_. + +Fracture + +26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is _e_: when +followed by original _a_ it becomes _ja_, when followed by +original _u_ it becomes _jǫ_, as in _jarðar_ gen. of _jǫrð_ +(earth)[4]. When followed by original _i_, the _e_ is, of +course, mutated to _i_, as in _skildir_ plur. nom. of _skjǫldr_ +(shield), gen. _skjaldar_. + +[Footnote 4: Cp. German _erde_.] + +Gradation + +27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- + +*a* ... *ō* :-- _fara_ (go) pret. _fōr_, whence by mut. _fœra_ +(bring). + +*e* (i, ja) ... *a* ... *u* (o) :-- _bresta_ (burst), prt. +_brast_, prt. pl. _brustu_, ptc. prt. _brostinn_; _finna_ (find), +_fundinn_ (found _ptc._), _fundr_ (meeting). + +*e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *o* :-- _stela_ (steal), prt. _stal_, +prt. pl. _stālu_, ptc. prt. _stolinn_. + +*e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *e* :-- _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (he gave), +_gāfu_ (they gave), _gefinn_ (given), _gjǫf_ (gift), _u_-fracture +of _gef-_, _gæfa_ (luck) mut. of _gāf-_. + +*ī* ... *ei* ... *i* :-- _skīna_ (shine), _skein_ (he shone), +_skinu_ (they shone). _sōl-skin_ (sunshine). + +*jū* (jō) ... *au* ... *u* ... *o* :-- _ljūga_ (tell a lie), prt. +_laug_, prt. pl. _lugu_, ptc. prt. _loginn_. _lygi_ (lie _sbst._) +mut. of _lug-_. _skjōta_ (shoot), _skjōtr_ (swift), _skotinn_ +(shot _ptc._), _skot_ (shot _subst._). + +Other changes + +28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: _þā_ (then), +_nū_ (now). + +29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long +accented vowels: cp. _ganga_ (to go) with _fā_ (to get), the dat. +plurals _knjām_ (knees) with _hūsum_ (houses). + +30. Vowels are often lengthened before _l_ + cons.: _hālfr_ (half +_adj._), _fōlk_ (people); cp. _fōlginn_ (hidden) with _brostinn_ +(burst _ptc._). + +Consonants + +31. _v_ is dropped before _o_ and _u_: _vaxa_ (to grow), prt. +_ōx_, _vinna_ (to win), _unninn_ (won _ptc._), _svelta_ (to +starve), _soltinn_ (starved, hungry). + +Final _r_ is often assimilated to a preceding cons. + +32. _*-lr_, _*-nr_, _*-sr_ always become _-ll_, _-nn_, _-ss_ +after a long vowel or diphthong, as in _stōll_ (chair _nom._), +acc. _stōl_, _steinn_ (stone _nom._), acc. _stein_, _vīss_ (wise +_masc. nom. sg._), _vīs_ fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables, +as in the masc. sg. nominatives _mikill_ (great), fem. _mikil_, +_borinn_ (carried), fem. _borin_, _ȳmiss_ (various) fem. _ȳmis_. + +33. Words in which _l_, _n_, _r_, _s_ are preceded by a cons. +drop the _r_ entirely, as in the masc. nominatives _jarl_ (earl), +_hrafn_ (raven), _vitr_ (wise), _þurs_ (giant), _lax_ (salmon). + +34. If _l_ and _n_ are preceded by a short accented vowel, the +_r_ is generally kept, as in _stelr_ (steals), _vinr_, (friend), +_sr_ becoming _ss_, as elsewhere. + +35. _r_ is kept after _ll_, and generally after _nn_, as in the +masc. nom. _allr_ (all), and in _bręnnr_ (burns). + +36. _z_ often stands for _ðs_ as well as _ts_, as in _þēr +þykkizk_ (ye seem) = _*þykkið-sk_, _Vest-firzkr_ (belonging to +the West Firths) = _-*firðskr_ (_fǫrðr_, firth). + +37. Inflectional _t_ is generally doubled after a long accented +vowel: _fār_ (few) neut. _fātt_ (cp. _allr_ 'all,' neut. _allt_), +_sā_ (I saw), _sātt_ 'thou sawest.' + + +INFLECTIONS + +Nouns + +38. *Gender*. There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine, +feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly +grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. +Compound words follow the gender of their last element. + +39. *Strong and Weak*. All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. +sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns +end in a cons. in the nom. sg. + +40. *Cases*. There are four cases--nominative, accusative, +dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the +gen. pl. in _-a_ (_fiska_, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in _-um_ +(_fiskum_). All strong masculines (_fiskr_) and some strong +feminines (_brūðr_, bride) take _r_[5] in the nom. sg. Most strong +feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with _u_-mutation, +if possible (_āst_, favour, _fǫr_, journey). The nom. pl. of all +strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in _r_ (_fiskar_, _āstir_). The +acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pl. (_āstir_). +The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel +(_fiska_). The plur. nom. and acc. of neuters is the same as the +sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. nom. and acc. they +take _u_-mutation, if possible (_hūs_, houses, _lǫnd_, lands). + +[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described +above.] + +41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the +acc. plur. + + Strong Masculines + + (1) a-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ fisk-r (_fish_) fisk-ar + _Acc._ fisk fisk-a + _Dat._ fisk-i fisk-um + _Gen._ fisk-s fisk-a + +42. So also _heimr_ (home, world); _konungr_ (king); _Þōrr_ +(Thor), acc. _Þōr_, gen. _Þōrs_; _steinn_ (stone), acc. _stein_, +gen. _steins_, pl. nom. _steinar_; _hrafn_ (raven), acc. +_hrafn_, pl. nom. _hrafnar_; _þurs_ (giant), acc. gen. _þurs_, +pl. nom. _þursar_. + +43. Dissyllables in _-r_, _-l_, _-n_ generally throw out the +preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: _hamarr_ (hammer), +dat. _hamri_; _jǫtunn_ (giant), pl. nom. _jǫtnar_. _kętill_ +(kettle) and _lykill_ (key) show unmutated vowels in the +contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. _katla_, _lukla_. + +44. Some nouns of this decl. take _-ar_ in the gen. sing., +especially proper names, such as _Hākon_, gen. _Hākonar_. + +45. Some nouns add _v_ before vowels: _sær_ (sea), gen. +_sævar_. + +46. The dat. sometimes drops the _i_: _sæ_ (sea), _Þōr_. _dagr_ +(day) mutates its vowel in the dat. _dęgi_. + +47. Nouns in _-ir_ keep the _i_ in the sing., and drop it in the +plur.: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ hęlli-r (_cave_) hęll-ar + _Acc._ hęlli hęll-a + _Dat._ hęlli hęll-um + _Gen._ hęlli-s hęll-a + +48. So also a number of proper names, such as _Skrȳmir_, _Þōrir_. + + (2) i-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ stað-r (_place_) stað-ir + _Acc._ stað stað-i + _Dat._ stað stǫð-um + _Gen._ stað-ar stað-a + +49. So also _gripr_ (precious thing), _salr_ (hall). + +50. _gęstr_ (guest) takes _-i_ in the dat. sg., and _-s_ in the +gen. sg. + +51. Those ending in _g_ or _k_ (together with some others) insert +_j_ before _a_ and _u_: _bękkr_ (bench), _bękk_, _bękk_, +_bękkjar_; _bękkir_, _bękki_, _bękkjum_, _bękkja_. So also +_męrgr_ (marrow), _stręngr_ (string). + + (3) u-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ skjǫld-r (_shield_) skild-ir + _Acc._ skjǫld skjǫld-u + _Dat._ skild-i skjǫld-um + _Gen._ skjald-ar skjald-a + +52. So also _vǫndr_ (twig), _vǫllr_ (plain), _viðr_ (wood). +_āss_ (god) has plur. nom. _æsir_, acc. _āsu_. _sonr_ (son) has +dat. sg. _syni_, plur. nom. _synir_. It regularly drops its _r_ +of the nom. in such compounds as _Tryggva-son_ (son of Tryggvi). + + (4) r-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ fōt-r (_foot_) fœt-r + _Acc._ fōt fœt-r + _Dat._ fœt-i fōt-um + _Gen._ fōt-ar fōt-a + +53. So also _fingr_ (finger), gen. _fingrar_, pl. _fingr_; _vetr_ +(winter), pl. _vetr_. _maðr_ (man) is irregular: _maðr_, _mann_, +_manni_, _manns_; _męnn_, _męnn_, _mǫnnum_, _manna_. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ faðir (_father_) fęðr + _Acc._ fǫður fęðr + _Dat._ fǫður fęðrum + _Gen._ fǫður fęðra + +54. So also _brōðir_ (brother), pl. _brœðr_. + +55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., +following the weak class in the sg.: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ bōndi (_yeoman_) bœndr + _Acc._ bōnda bœndr + _Dat._ bōnda bōndum + _Gen._ bōnda bōnda + +56. So also _frœndi_ (kinsman), pl. _frœndr_. + + Strong Neuters + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ skip (_ship_) skip + _Acc._ skip skip + _Dat._ skip-i skip-um + _Gen._ skip-s skip-a + +57. So also _orð_ (word), _land_ (land) pl. _lǫnd_, _sumar_ +(summer) pl. _sumur_ (§ 25). + +58. _męn_ (necklace), _kyn_ (race), _grey_ (dog) insert _j_ +before _a_ and _u_: _greyjum_. _hǫgg_ (stroke) inserts _v_ +before a vowel: _hǫggvi_. _knē_ (knee), _knē_, _knē_, _knēs_; +_knē_, _knē_, _kjām_, _knjā_. So also _trē_ (tree). + +59. _fē_ (money) is contracted: gen. _fjār_, dat. _fē_. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ kvæði (_poem_) kvæði + _Acc._ kvæði kvæði + _Dat._ kvæði kvæðum + _Gen._ kvæði-s kvæða + +60. So also _klæði_ (cloth). Those in _k_ insert _j_ before _a_ +and _u_: _męrki_ (mark), _męrkjum_, _męrkja_. So also _rīki_ +(sovereignty). + + Strong Feminines + + (1) ar-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ gjǫf (_gift_) gjaf-ar + _Acc._ gjǫf gjaf-ar + _Dat._ gjǫf gjǫf-um + _Gen._ gjaf-ar gjaf-a + +61. So also _mǫn_ (mane), _gjǫrð_ (girdle), _ār_ (oar). + +62. _ā_ (river) contracts: _ā_, _ā_, _ā_, _ār_; _ār_, _ār_, _ām_, +_ā_. + +63. Many take _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _kęrling_ (old woman), +_kęrling_, _kęrlingu_, _kęrlingar_; _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingar_, +_kęrlingum_, _kęrlinga_. So also _laug_ (bath). + +64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or _i_) insert _j_ in +inflection: _ey_ (island), _ey_, _eyju_, _eyjar_; _eyjar_, +_eyjar_, _eyjum_, _eyja_. So also _Frigg_, _Hęl_. _mær_ (maid), +_mey_, _meyju_, _meyjar_; _meyjar_, _meyjar_, _meyjum_, _meyja_. + +65. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ heið-r (_heath_) heið-ar + _Acc._ heið-i heið-ar + _Dat._ heið-i heið-um + _Gen._ heið-ar heið-a + + (2) ir-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ tīð tīð-ir + _Acc._ tīð tīð-ir + _Dat._ tīð tīð-um + _Gen._ tīð-ar tīð-a + +66. So also _sorg_ (sorrow), _skipun_ (arrangement), _hǫfn_ +(harbour) pl. _hafnir_, and the majority of strong feminines. + +67. Many have _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _sōl_ (sun), _sōl_, _sōlu_, +_sōlar_; _sōlir_, _sōlir_, _sōlum_, _sōla_. So also _jǫrð_ +(earth), _stund_ (period of time). + +68. One noun has _r_ in the nom. sg., following _heiðr_ in the +sg.: _brūðr_ (bride), _brūði_, _brūði_, _brūðar_; _brūðir_, +_brūðir_, _brūðum_, _brūða_. + + (3) r-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ bōk (_book_) bœk-r + _Acc._ bōk bœk-r + _Dat._ bōk bōk-um + _Gen._ bōk-ar bōk-a + +69. So also _nātt_ (night) pl. _nætr_, _bōt_ (compensation) pl. +_bœtr_, _tǫnn_ (tooth) gen. _tannar_ pl. _tęnnr_. + +70. _hǫnd_ (hand) pl. _hęndr_ has dat. sg. _hęndi_. + +71. _kȳr_ (cow) has acc. _kū_, pl. _kȳr_. + +72. _brūn_ (eyebrow) assimilates the _r_ of the pl.: _brȳnn_. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ mōðir (_mother_) mœðr + _Acc._ mōður mœðr + _Dat._ mōður mœðrum + _Gen._ mōður mœðra + +73. So also _dōttir_ (daughter) pl. _dœtr_; _systir_ (sister) pl. +_systr_. + + Weak Masculines + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ bog-i (_bow_) bog-ar + _Acc._ bog-a bog-a + _Dat._ bog-a bog-um + _Gen._ bog-a bog-a + +74. So also _māni_ (moon), _fēlagi_ (companion). + +75. _hǫfðingi_ (chief) and some others insert _j_ in inflection: +_hǫfðingja_, _hǫfðingjar_, _hǫfðingjum_. + +76. _lē_ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is _ljā_. + +77. _oxi_ (ox) has pl. _öxn_. + +78. _herra_ (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. + + Weak Neuters + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ hjart-a (_heart_) hjǫrt-u + _Acc._ hjart-a hjǫrt-u + _Dat._ hjart-a hjǫrt-um + _Gen._ hjart-a hjart-na + +79. So also _auga_ (eye). + + Weak Feminines + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ tung-a (_tongue_) tung-ur + _Acc._ tung-u tung-ur + _Dat._ tung-u tung-um + _Gen._ tung-u tung-na + +80. So also _stjarna_ (star) pl. _stjǫrnur_, _kirkja_ (church), +gen. plurals _stjarna_, _kirkna_. + + _Sg. Nom._ ęlli (_old age_) + _Acc._ ęlli + _Dat._ ęlli + _Gen._ ęlli + +81. So also _glęði_ (joy) and many abstract nouns. + +82. _lygi_ (falsehood) has pl. _lygar_; so also _gǫ̈rsimi_ +(precious thing). + +Adjectives + +83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, +though with partly different endings, together with strong and +weak forms. + + Strong Adjectives + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ ung-r (_young_) ung-t ung + _Acc._ ung-an ung-t ung-a + _Dat._ ung-um ung-u ung-ri + _Gen._ ung-s ung-s ung-rar + + _Pl. Nom._ ung-ir ung ung-ar + _Acc._ ung-a ung ung-ar + _Dat._ ung-um ung-um ung-um + _Gen._ ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra + +84. So also _fagr_ (fair), fem. _fǫgr_, neut. _fagrt_. + +85. Some insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _nȳr_ (new), _nȳjum_, +_nȳjan_. + +86. Some insert _v_ before a vowel: _hār_ (high), _hāvan_, +_dökkr_ (dark), _dökkvir_, _kykr_ (alive), _kykvir_. + +87. The _t_ of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: _nȳtt_, +_hātt_. Monosyllables in _ð_, _dd_, _tt_ form their neut. in +_-tt_: _breiðr_ (broad), _breitt_; _leiddr_ (led), _leitt_. +_gōðr_ (good) has neut. _gott_. _sannr_ (true) has neut. _satt_. +In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, _tt_ is shortened +to _t_: _kallaðr_ (called), _kallat_; _blindr_ (blind), _blint_, +_harðr_ (hard), _hart_, _fastr_ (firm), _fast_. + +88. _l_ and _n_ assimilate a following _r_: _gamall_ (old), fem. +_gǫmul_, fem. acc. _gamla_, dat. _gamalli_. _vǣnn_ (beautiful), +gen. pl. _vænna_. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ mikill (_great_) mikit mikil + _Acc._ mikinn mikit mikla + _Dat._ miklum miklu mikilli + _Gen._ mikils mikils mikillar + + _Pl. Nom._ miklir mikil miklar + _Acc._ mikla mikil miklar + _Dat._ miklum miklum miklum + _Gen._ mikilla mikilla mikilla + +89. So also _lītill_ (little). + +90. Dissyllables in _-inn_ have _-it_ in the neut., and _-inn_ in +the masc. sg. acc.: _tīginn_ (distinguished), _tīgit_, _tīginn_, +pl. _tīgnīr_. So also _kominn_ (come). + +91. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ annarr (_other_) annat ǫnnur + _Acc._ annan annat aðra + _Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðru annarri + _Gen._ annars annars annarrar + + _Pl. Nom._ aðrir ǫnnur aðrar + _Acc._ aðra ǫnnur aðrar + _Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðrum ǫðrum + _Gen._ annarra annarra annarra + + Weak Adjectives + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ ung-i ung-a ung-a + _Acc._ ung-a ung-a ung-u + _Dat._ ung-a ung-a ung-u + _Gen._ ung-a ung-a ung-u + + _Pl. Nom._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + _Acc._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + _Dat._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + _Gen._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + +92. So also _fagri_, _hāvi_, _mikli_, etc. + + _Sg. Nom._ yngri (_younger_) yngra yngri + _Acc._ yngra yngra yngri + _Dat._ yngra yngra yngri + _Gen._ yngra yngra yngri + + _Pl. Nom._ yngri yngri yngri + _Acc._ yngri yngri yngri + _Dat._ yngrum yngrum yngrum + _Gen._ yngri yngri yngri + +93. So also all comparatives, such as _meiri_ (greater), and +pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as _gefandi_ +(giving), dat. pl. _gefǫndum_. + +Comparison + +94. (1) with _-ari_, _-astr_: _rīkr_ (powerful), _rīkari_, +_rīkastr_; _gǫfugr_ (distinguished), _gǫfgari_, _gǫfgastr_. + +95. (2) with _-ri_, _-str_ and mutation: _langr_ (long), +_lęngri_, _lęngstr_; _stōrr_ (big), _stœrri_, _stœrstr_; _ungr_ +(young), _yngri_, _yngstr_. + +96. The following are irregular: + + gamall (_old_) ęllri ęlztr + gōðr (_good_) bętri bęztr + illr (_bad_) vęrri vęrstr + lītill (_little_) minni minstr + margr (_many_) fleiri flestr + mikill (_great_) meiri mestr + +Numerals + +97. + + CARDINAL ORDINAL + + 1. einn (_one_) fyrstr (_first_) + 2. tveir annarr + 3. þrīr þriði + 4. fjōrir fjōrði + 5. fimm fimmti + 6. sex sētti + 7. sjau sjaundi + 8. ātta ātti + 9. nīu nīundi + 10. tīu tīundi + 11. ellifu ellifti + 12. tōlf tōlfti + 13. þrettān þrettāndi + 14. fjōrtān + 15. fimmtān + 16. sextān + 17. sjautān + 18. ātjān + 19. nītjān + 20. tuttugu + 21. einn ok tuttugu, etc. + 30. þrīr tigir, etc. + 100. tīu tigir + 110. ellifu tigir + 120. hundrað + 1200. þūsund + +_einn_ is declined like other adjectives:-- + +98. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ einn eitt ein + _Acc._ einn eitt eina + _Dat._ einum einu einni + _Gen._ eins eins einnar + +It also has a pl. _einir_, _einar_, _ein_; gen. _einna_, etc. in +the sense of 'some.' + +The next three show various irregularities. + +99. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ tveir tvau tvær + _Acc._ tvā tvau tvær + _Dat._ tveim tveim tveim + _Gen._ tvęggja tvęggja tvęggja + +Similarly _bāðir_ (both): + +100. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ bāðir bæði bāðar + _Acc._ bāða bæði bāðar + _Dat._ bāðum bāðum bāðum + _Gen._ bęggja bęggja bęggja + +101. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ þrīr þrjū þrjār + _Acc._ þrjā þrjū þrjār + _Dat._ þrim þrim þrim + _Gen._ þriggja þriggja þriggja + +102. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ fjōrir fjogur fjōrar + _Acc._ fjōra fjogur fjōrar + _Dat._ fjōrum fjōrum fjōrum + _Gen._ fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra + +103. The others are indeclinable up to _þrīr tigir_, etc.; the +_tigir_ being declined regularly as a plural strong _u_-masculine +_tigir_, _tigu_, _tigum_, _tiga_. + +104. _hundrað_ is a strong neut.: _tvau hundruð_ (240), _tveim +hundruðum_, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does _þūsund_): +_fimm hundruð gōlfa_, 'five (six) hundred chambers.' + +105. _þūsund_ is a strong _ir_-feminine: _tvær þūsundir_ (2400). + +106. _hundrað_ and _þūsund_ are rarely = 100 and 1000. + +107. Of the ordinals _fyrstr_ and _annarr_ (§ 91) are strong, the +others weak adjectives. _þriði_ inserts a _j_: _þriðja_, etc. + +Pronouns + +108. + + Personal + + _Sg. Nom._ ek (_I_) þū (_thou_) -- + _Acc._ mik þik sik (_oneself_) + _Dat._ mēr þēr sēr + _Gen._ mīn þīn sīn + + _Dual Nom._ vit it -- + _Acc._ okkr ykkr sik + _Dat._ okkr ykkr sēr + _Gen._ okkar ykkar sīn + + _Pl. Nom._ vēr (_we_) þēr (_ye_) -- + _Acc._ oss yðr sik (_oneselves_) + _Dat._ oss yðr sēr + _Gen._ vār yðar sīn + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ hann (_he_) þat (_it_) hon (_she_) + _Acc._ hann þat hana + _Dat._ honum þvī hęnni + _Gen._ hans þess hęnnar + + _Pl. Nom._ þeir (_they_) þau þær + _Acc._ þā þau þær + _Dat._ þeim þeim þeim + _Gen._ þeira þeira þeira + +109. _ek_ was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, +being sometimes added twice over: _mætta-k_ (I might), _sā-k-a-k_ +(I saw not; _a_='not'). So also _þū_: _er-tu_ (art thou), +_skalt-u_ (shalt thou) = _*skalt-tu_. + + Possessive + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ minn (_my_) mitt mīn + _Acc._ minn mitt mīna + _Dat._ mīnum mīnu minni + _Gen._ mīns mīns minnar + + _Pl. Nom._ mīnir mīn mīnar + _Acc._ mīna mīn mīnar + _Dat._ mīnum mīnum mīnum + _Gen._ minna minna minna + +110. So also _þinn_ (thy), _sinn_ (his, etc., reflexive). + +111. _vārr_, _vārt_, _vār_ (our) is regular: acc. masc. _vārn_, +masc. plur. _vārir_, _vāra_, _vārum_, _vārra_, etc. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ yðarr (_your_) yðart yður + _Acc._ yðarn yðart yðra + _Dat._ yðrum yðru yðarri + _Gen._ yðars yðars yðarrar + + _Pl. Nom._ yðrir yður yðrar + _Acc._ yðra yður yðrar + _Dat._ yðrum yðrum yðrum + _Gen._ yðarra yðarra yðarra + +112. So also _okkarr_ (our two) and _ykkarr_ (your two). + +113. _hans_ (his), _þess_ (its), _hęnnar_ (her), and _þeira_ +(their) are indeclinable. + + Demonstrative + +114. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ sā (_that_) þat sū + _Acc._ þann þat þā + _Dat._ þeim þvī þeiri + _Gen._ þess þess þeirar + + _Pl. Nom._ þeir þau þær + _Acc._ þā þau þær + _Dat._ þeim þeim þeim + _Gen._ þeira þeira þeira + +115. _hinn_, _hitt_, _hin_ (that) is inflected like _minn_ +(except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. _hinn_, +plur. masc. _hinir_, _hina_, _hinum_, _hinna_. + +116. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ þessi (_this_) þetta þessi + _Acc._ þenna þetta þessa + _Dat._ þessum þessu þessi + _Gen._ þessa þessa þessar + + _Pl. Nom._ þessir þessi þessar + _Acc._ þessa þessi þessar + _Dat._ þessum þessum þessum + _Gen._ þessa þessa þessa + + Definite + +The prefixed definite article is declined thus: + +117. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ inn it in + _Acc._ inn it ina + _Dat._ inum inu inni + _Gen._ ins ins innar + + _Pl. Nom._ inir in inar + _Acc._ ina in inar + _Dat._ inum inum inum + _Gen._ inna inna inna + +118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In +its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short +(un-accented) vowel, as in _auga-t_ (the eye), but keeps it after +a long vowel, as in _ā-in_ (the river), _trē-it_ (the tree). The +dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; +not, however, after the _-ar_, _-r_, of the gen. sg., nor in +_męnninir_ (men, _nom._), _męnn-ina_ (men, _acc._). The _-m_ of +the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed _-num_. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ fiskr-inn skip-it gjǫf-in + _Acc._ fisk-inn skip-it gjǫf-ina + _Dat._ fiski-num skipi-nu gjǫf-inni + _Gen._ fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar + + _Pl. Nom._ fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar + _Acc._ fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar + _Dat._ fisku-num skipu-num gjǫfu-num + _Gen._ fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna + + _Sg. Nom._ bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n + _Acc._ boga-nn auga-t tungu-na + _Dat._ boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni + _Gen._ boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar + + _Pl. Nom._ bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar + _Acc._ boga-na augu-n tungur-nar + _Dat._ bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num + _Gen._ boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna + + Relative + +119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable _er_, often +preceded by _sā_: _sā er_ = he who, who, _sū er_ who fem. + + Interrogative + +120. The neut. _hvat_ has gen. _hvess_, dat. _hvī_, which last is +chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.' + +121. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ hvārr (_which hvārt hvār + of two_) + _Acc._ hvārn hvārt hvāra + _Dat._ hvārum hvāru hvārri + _Gen._ hvārs hvārs hvārrar + + _Pl. Nom._ hvārir hvār hvārar + _Acc._ hvāra hvār hvārar + _Dat._ hvārum hvārum hvārum + _Gen._ hvārra hvārra hvārra + +122. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ hvęrr (_which, hvęrt hvęr + who_) + _Acc._ hvęrn hvęrt hvęrja + _Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrju hvęrri + _Gen._ hvęrs hvęrs hvęrrar + + _Pl. Nom._ hvęrir hvęr hvęrjar + _Acc._ hvęrja hvęr hvęrjar + _Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrjum hvęrjum + _Gen._ hvęrra hvęrra hvęrra + + Indefinite + +123. _einn-hvęrr_, _eitthvęrt_, _einhvęr_ (some one) keeps an +invariable _ein-_ in the other cases, the second element being +inflected as above. + +124. _sumr_ (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. + +125. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ nakkvarr nakkvat nǫkkur + (_some_) + _Acc._ nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara + _Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkuru nakkvarri + _Gen._ nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar + + _Pl. Nom._ nakkvarir nǫkkur nakkvarar + _Acc._ nakkvara nǫkkur nakkvarar + _Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkurum nǫkkurum + _Gen._ nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra + +126. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ engi (_none, ekki engi + no_) + _Acc._ engan ekki enga + _Dat._ engum engu engri + _Gen._ engis engis engrar + + _Pl. Nom._ engir engi engar + _Acc._ enga engi engar + _Dat._ engum engum engum + _Gen._ engra engra engra + +127. In _hvār-tvęggja_ (each of the two, both) the first element +is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. + +Verbs + +128. There are two classes of verbs, _strong_ and _weak_. Strong +verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by +adding _ð_ (_d_, _t_). + +129. The _ð_ of the 2 pl. is dropt before _þit_ (ye two) and +_þēr_ (ye): _gefi þēr_, _gāfu þit_. + +130. There is a middle voice, which ends in _-mk_ in the 1 pers. +sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding _sk_ to +the active endings, _r_ being dropt, the resulting _ts_, _ðs_ +being written _z_ (§ 36): _kvezk_ (active _kveðr_ 'says'), _þu +fekkzk_ (_fekkt_ 'gottest'). + +131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _gefa_ +(give), which will show those endings which are common to all +verbs: + + Active + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Present sg._ 1. gef gef-a + 2. gef-r gef-ir + 3. gef-r gef-i + + _pl._ 1. gef-um gef-im + 2. gef-ið gef-ið + 3. gef-a gef-i + +_Preterite sg._ 1. gaf gæf-a + 2. gaf-t gæf-ir + 3. gaf gæf-i + + _pl._ 1. gāf-um gæf-im + 2. gāf-uð gæf-ið + 3. gāf-u gæf-i + +_Imperative sg._ 2 gef; _pl._ 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. +_Participle pres._ gef-andi; _pret._ gef-inn. +_Infin._ gefa. + + Middle + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. gef-umk gef-umk + 2. gef-sk gef-isk + 3. gef-sk gef-isk + + _pl._ 1. gef-umk gef-imk + 2. gef-izk gef-izk + 3. gef-ask gef-isk + + _Pret. sg._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-umk + 2. gaf-zk gæf-isk + 3. gaf-sk gæf-isk + + _pl._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-imk + 2. gāf-uzk gæf-izk + 3. gāf-usk gæf-isk + +_Impers. sg._ 2 gef-sk; _pl._ 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. +_Partic. pres._ gef-andisk; _pret._ gef-izk _neut._ +_Infin._ gef-ask. + + Strong Verbs + +132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally +has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of +the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: _gāfumk_. +The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: +_skaut_ (he shot), _skutu_ (they shot), _skyti_ (he might shoot). +But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: _hljōpi_, +inf. _hlaupa_ (leap). + +133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three +persons: _ek skȳt_, _þū skȳtr_, _hann skȳtr_, infin. _skjōta_ +(shoot). _e_ however is not mutated: _ek gef_, _þū gefr_. The +inflectional _r_ is liable to the same modifications as the _r_ +of nouns (§ 32): _skīnn_, _vęx_, infin. _skīna_ (shine), _vaxa_ +(grow). + +134. Verbs in _ld_ change the _d_ into _t_ in the 1, 3 sg. pret. +indic. and in the imper. sg.: _helt_ (held), _halt_ (hold!), +infin. _halda_. _nd_ becomes _tt_, and _ng_ becomes _kk_ under +the same conditions: _binda_ (bind), _ganga_ (go), pret. _batt_, +_gekk_, imper. _bitt_, _gakk_. + +135. The _t_ of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long +accented vowel: _þū sātt_ (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. +indic. ends in _t_ or _ð_, the 2 sg. ends in _zt_: _lēt_ (I let), +_þū lēzt_, _bauð_ (I offered) _þū bauzt_. + +136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished +mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. + +137. + + I. 'Fall'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +falla (_fall_) fęllr fell fellu fallinn +lāta (_let_) lætr lēt lētu lātinn +rāða (_advise_) ræðr rēð rēðu rāðinn +heita (_call_) heitr hēt hētu heitinn +halda (_hold_) hęldr helt heldu haldinn +ganga (_go_) gęngr gekk gengu gęnginn +fā (_get_) fær fekk fengu fęnginn + ----------------- +auka (_increase_) eykr jōk jōku aukinn +būa (_dwell_) bȳr bjō bjoggu būinn +hǫggva (_hew_) hǫggr hjō hjoggu hǫggvinn +hlaupa (_leap_) hleypr hljōp hljōpu hlaupinn + +138. The following have weak preterites in _r_: + +grōa (_grow_) grœr gröri gröru grōinn +rōa (_row_) rœr röri röru rōinn +snūa (_twist_) snȳr snöri snöru snūinn + +139. _heita_ in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a +weak present: _ek heiti_, _þū heitir_. + +140. + + II. 'Shake'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +fara (_go_) fęrr fōr fōru farinn +grafa (_dig_) gręfr grōf grōfu grafinn +hlaða (_load_) hlęðr hlōð hlōðu hlaðinn +vaxa (_grow_) vęx ōx ōxu vaxinn +standa (_stand_) stęndr stōð stōðu staðinn +aka (_drive_) ękr ōk ōku ękinn +taka (_take_) tękr tōk tōku tękinn +draga (_draw_) dręgr drō drōgu dręginn +flā (_flay_) flær flō flōgu flęginn +slā (_strike_) slær slō slōgu slęginn + +141. The following have weak presents: + +hęfja (_lift_) hęfr hōf hōfu hafinn +deyja (_die_) deyr dō dō dāinn +hlæja (_laugh_) hlær hlō hlōgu hlęginn + +142. + + III. 'Bind'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bresta (_burst_) brestr brast brustu brostinn +hverfa (_turn_) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn +svelga (_swallow_) svelgr svalg sulgu sōlginn +verða (_become_) verðr varð urðu orðinn +skjālfa (_shake_) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn +drekka (_drink_) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn +finna (_find_) finnr fann fundu fundinn +vinna (_win_) vinnr vann unnu unninn +binda (_bind_) bindr batt bundu bundinn +springa (_spring_) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn +stinga (_pierce_) stingr stakk stungu stunginn +bregða (_pull_) bregðr brā brugðu brugðinn +sökkva (_sink_) sökkr sǫkk sukku sokkinn +stökkva (_spring_) stökkr stǫkk stukku stokkinn + +143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no +difference in their conjugation): + +bręnna (_burn_) bręnnr brann brunnu brunninn +ręnna (_run_) ręnnr rann runnu runninn + +144. + + IV. 'Bear'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bera (_carry_) berr bar bāru borinn +nema (_take_) nemr nam nāmu numinn +fela (_hide_) felr fal fālu fōlginn +koma (_come_) kömr kom kvāmu kominn +sofa (_sleep_) söfr svaf svāfu sofinn + +145. + + V. 'Give'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +drepa (_kill_) drepr drap drāpu drepinn +gefa (_give_) gefr gaf gāfu gefinn +kveða (_say_) kveðr kvað kvāðu kveðinn +meta (_estimate_) metr mat mātu metinn +reka (_drive_) rekr rak rāku rekinn +eta (_eat_) etr āt ātu etinn +sjā (_see_) sēr[6] sā sā[7] sēnn + +[Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; +sēm, sēð, sē.] + +[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.] + +146. The following have weak presents:-- + +biðja (_ash_) biðr bað bāðu beðinn +sitja (_sit_) sitr sat sātu setinn +liggja (_lie_) liggr lā lāgum leginn +þiggja (_receive_) þiggr þā þāgu þeginn + +147. + + VI. 'Shine'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bīta (_bite_) bītr beit bitu bitinn +drīfa (_drive_) drīfr dreif drifu drifinn +grīpa (_grasp_) grīpr greip gripu gripinn +līða (_go_) līðr leið liðu liðinn +līta (_look_) lītr leit litu litinn +rīða (_ride_) rīðr reið riðu riðinn +sīga (_sink_) sīgr seig sigu siginn +slīta (_tear_) slītr sleit slitu slitinn +stīga (_advance_) stīgr steig stigu stiginn +bīða (_wait_) bīðr beið biðu beiðnn + +148. The following has a weak present: + +vīkja (_move_) vīkr veik viku vikinn + +149. + + VII. 'Choose'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bjōða (_offer_) bȳðr bauð buðu boðinn +brjōta (_break_) brȳtr braut brutu brotinn +fljōta (_float_) flȳtr flaut flutu flotinn +hljōta (_receive_) hlȳtr hlaut hlutu hlotinn +kjōsa (_choose_) kȳss kaus kusum kosinn +njōta (_enjoy_) nȳtr naut nutu notinn +skjōta (_shoot_) skȳtr skaut skutu skotinn +drjūpa (_drop_) drȳpr draup drupu dropinn +ljūga (_tell lies_) lȳgr laug lugu loginn +lūka (_close_) lȳkr lauk luku lokinn +lūta (_bend_) lȳtr laut lutu lotinn +fljūga (_fly_) flȳgr flō flugu floginn + + Weak Verbs + +150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of +the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form +their pret. with _ð_ (_d_, _t_): _heyra_ (hear), _heyrða_. Those +of the second form their pret. in the same way, but have +unmutated vowels in the pres.: _hafa_ (have) _hafða_. Those of +the third form their pret. in _-aða_: _kalla_ (call), _kallaða_. + + I. 'Hear'-conjugation + + Active + +151. + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-i heyr-a + 2. heyr-ir heyr-ir + 3. heyr-ir heyr-i + + _pl._ 1. heyr-um heyr-im + 2. heyr-ið heyr-ið + 3. heyr-a heyr-i + + _Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ða heyr-ða + 2. heyr-ðir heyr-ðir + 3. heyr-ði heyr-ði + + _pl._ 1. heyr-ðum heyr-ðim + 2. heyr-ðuð heyr-ðið + 3. heyr-ðu heyr-ði + +_Imper. sg._ 1. heyr; _pl._ 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið. +_Partic. pres._ heyr-andi; _pret._ heyr-ðr. +_Infin._ heyr-a. + + Middle + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk + 2. heyr-isk heyr-isk + 3. heyr-isk heyr-isk + + _pl._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk + 2. heyr-izk heyr-izk + 3. heyr-ask heyr-isk + + _Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðumk + 2. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk + 3. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk + + _pl._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðimk + 2. heyr-ðuzk heyr-ðizk + 3. heyr-ðusk heyr-ðisk + +_Imper. sg._ 2. heyr-sk; _pl._ 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk. +_Partic. pres._ heyr-andisk; _pret._ heyr-zk _neut._ +_Infin._ heyr-ask. + + A. Without vowel-change + +152. The inflectional _ð_ becomes _d_ after long syllables ending +in _l_ or _n_: _sigla_ (sail), _siglda_; _nęfna_ (name), +_nęfnda_, _nęfndr_. + +153. _-ðð_ becomes _dd_: _leiða_ (lead), _leidda_. + +154. _ð_ after _s_ and _t_ becomes _t_: _reisa_ (raise), +_reista_; _mœta_ (meet), _mœtta_. Also in a few verbs in _l_, +_n_: _mæla_ (speak), _mælta_; _spęnna_ (buckle), _spęnta_. + +155. After _nd_ and _pt_ it is dropped: _sęnda_ (send), _sęnda_, +_sęndr_; _lypta_ (lift), _lypta_. + +156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: _dœma_ +(judge), _dœmða_; _fœra_ (lead), _fœrða_; _hęrða_ (harden), +_hęrða_; _hleypa_ (gallop), _hleypða_. + + B. With vowel-change + +157. All these verbs have _j_ preceded by a short syllable +(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or +_gg_ (lęggja); the _j_ being kept before _a_ and _u_, as in the +pres. ind. of _spyrja_ (ask): _spyr_, _spyrr_, _spyrr_; +_spyrjum_, _spyrið_, _spyrja_, pres. subj. 1 sg. _ek spyrja_; +they unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, +spurðr), the mutation being restored in the pret. subj. _spyrða_, +_spyrðir_, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an _i_ before the _ð_. + + bęrja (_strike_) barða barðr + lęggja (_lay_) lagða lag(i)ðr + tęlja (_tell_) talða tal(i)ðr + vękja (_wake_) vakða vakðr + flytja (_remove_) flutta fluttr + dȳja (_shake_) dūða dūðr + +158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout: + + sęlja (_sell_) sęlda sęldr + sętja (_set_) sętta sęttr + + C. + +159. The following are irregular: + + sœkja (_seek_) sōtta sōttr + þykkja (_seem_) þōtta þōttr + +Subj. pret. _sœtta_, _þœtta_. + +160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.: + + gǫ̈ra (_make_) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr. + + II. 'Have'-conjugation + +161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of +conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in _-i_: +_vaki_, _þęfi_; _uni_. _lifa_, _sęgja_ have imper. _lif_, _sęg_. +They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. +pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the _a_ is +dropped. + + lifa (_live_) lifi lifða lifat + una (_be contented_) uni unða unat + skorta (_be wanting_) skorti skorta skort + þola (_endure_) þoli þolða þolat + þora (_dare_) þori þorða þorat + nā (_attain_) nāi nāða nāðr, nāit + +162. The following show mutation: + + sęgja (_say_) sęgi sagða sagðr + þęgja (_be silent_) þęgi þagða þagat + hafa (_have_) hęfi hafða hafðr + kaupa (_buy_) kaupi keypta keyptr + +163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows: + + _Sing._ 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi + 2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir + + _Plur._ 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum + 2. hafið sęgið þęgið + 3. hafa sęgja þęgja + +164. The rest of _hafa_ is regular. Pres. subj. _hafa_, _hafir_, +_hafi_; _hafim_, _hafið_, _hafi_. Pret. indic. _hafða_, +_hafðir_, _hafði_; _hǫfdum_, _hǫfðuð_, _hǫfðu_. Pret. subj. +_hęfða_, _hęfðir_, _hęfði_; _hęfðim_, _hęfðið_, _hęfði_. Imper. +_haf_, _hǫfum_, _hafið_. Ptc. _hafandi_, _hafðr_. + + III. 'Call'-conjugation + + Active + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. kall-a kall-a + 2. kall-ar kall-ir + 3. kall-ar kall-i + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-um kall-im + 2. kall-ið kall-ið + 3. kall-a kall-i + + _Pres. sg._ 1. kall-aða kall-aða + 2. kall-aðir kall-aðir + 3. kall-aði kall-aði + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim + 2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið + 3. kǫll-uðu kall-aði + +_Imper. sing._ 2. kall-a; _plur._ 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið. +_Partic. pres._ kall-andi; _pret._ kallaðr (_neut._ kallat). +_Infin._ kalla. + + Middle + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. kǫll-umk kǫll-umk + 2. kall-ask kall-isk + 3. kall-ask kall-isk + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk kall-imk + 2. kall-izk kall-izk + 3. kall-ask kall-isk + + _Pret. sg._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kǫll-uðumk + 2. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk + 3. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kall-aðimk + 2. kǫll-uðuzk kall-aðizk + 3. kǫll-uðusk kall-aðisk + +_Imper. sing._ 2. kall-ask; _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk. +_Partic. pres._ kall-andisk; _pret._ kall-azk _neut._ +_Infin._ kall-ask. + +165. So also _byrja_ (begin), _hęrja_ (make war), _vakna_ +(awake). + + Strong-Weak Verbs + +166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, +from which new weak preterites are formed. + +INFIN. PRES. SG. PRES. PL. PRT. PTC. + +eiga (_possess_) ā eigu ātta āttr +kunna (_can_) kann kunnu kunna kunnat _n._ +mega (_can_) mā megu mātta mātt _n._ +muna (_remember_) man munu munða munat _n._ +munu (_will_) mun munu munða ---- +skulu (_shall_) skal skulu skylda skyldr +þurfa (_need_) þarf þurfu þurfta þurft _n._ +unna (_love_) ann unnu unna unnt _n._ +vita (_know_) veit vitu vissa vitaðr + +167. Of these verbs _munu_ and _skulu_ have preterite +infinitives: _mundu_, _skyldu_. + + Anomalous Verbs + +168. _Vilja_ (will): + + Present + + Sing. Plur. + + 1. vil viljum + 2. vill vilið + 3. vill vilja + +_Subj. pres._ vili. _Pret. ind._ vilda. _Ptc. prt._ viljat. + +169. _Vera_ (be): + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. em sē + 2. ert sēr + 3. er sē + + _pl._ 1. erum sēm + 2. eruð sēð + 3. eru sē + + _Pret. sg._ 1. var væra + 2. vart værir + 3. var væri + + _pl._ 1. vārum værim + 2. vāruð værið + 3. vāru væri + +_Imper. sg._ ver; _pl._ verið. _Ptc. prt._ verit _n._ + + +COMPOSITION + +170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. +Thus by the side of _skip-stjōrn_ (ship-steering) we find +_skips-brot_ (ship's breaking, shipwreck), _skipa-hęrr_ (army of +ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, +as in _konungs-skip_ (king's ship). + + +DERIVATION + +Prefixes + +171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old +English. + +*al-* 'quite,' 'very': _al-būinn_ 'quite ready,' _al-snotr_ 'very +clever.' + +*all-* 'all,' 'very': _all-valdr_ 'all-ruler, monarch,' +_all-harðr_ 'very hard,' _all-stōrum_ 'very greatly.' + +*and-* 'against': _and-lit_ 'countenance' (_lita_, look), +_and-svar_ 'answer.' + +*fjǫl-* 'many': _fjǫl-męnni_ 'multitude' (_maðr_, man). + +*mis-* 'mis-': _mis-līka_ 'displease.' + +*ū-* 'un-': _ū-friðr_ 'war' (_friðr_, peace), _ū-happ_ +'misfortune' (_happ_ luck). + +Endings + + (a) Nouns + + Personal + +172. *-ingr*, *-ingi*, *-ing*: _vīkingr_ 'pirate,' _hǫfðingi_ +'chief,' _kęrling_ 'old woman.' + + Abstract + +173. *-ð*, fem. with mutation: _fęgrð_ 'beauty' (_fagr_, fair), +_fęrð_ 'journey' (_fara_, go), _lęngð_ 'length' (_langr_, long). + +*-ing*, fem.: _svipting_ 'pulling,' _vīking_ 'piracy,' _virðing_ +'honour.' + +*-leikr*, masc.: _kœr-leikr_ 'affection' (_hœrr_, dear), +_skjōt-leikr_ 'speed' (_skjōtr_, swift). + +*-an*, *-un*, fem.: _skipan_ 'arrangement,' _skęmtun_ +'amusement.' + + (b) Adjectives + +174. *-ugr*: _rāðugr_ 'sagacious,' _þrūðugr_ 'strong.' + +*-ōttr*: _kollōttr_ 'bald,' _ǫndōttr_ 'fierce.' + +*-lauss* '-less': _fē-lauss_ 'moneyless,' _ōtta-lauss_ 'without +fear.' + +*-ligr* '-ly': _undr-ligr_ 'wonderful,' _sann-ligr_ 'probable' +(_sannr_, true). + +*-samr*: _līkn-samr_ 'gracious,' _skyn-samr_ 'intelligent.' + +*-verðr* '-ward': _ofan-verðr_ 'upper.' + + (c) Verbs + +175. *-na*: _brotna_ 'be broken' (_brotinn_, broken), _hvītna_ +'become white,' _vakna_ 'awake.' Used to form intransitive and +inchoative verbs of the third conj. + + (d) Adverbs + +176. *-liga* '-ly': _undar-liga_ 'wonderfully,' _stęrk-liga_ +'strongly' (_stęrkr_, strong). + +*-um*, dat. pl.: _stōrum_ 'greatly' (_stōrr_, great). + + +SYNTAX + +177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has +several peculiarities of its own. + +Concord + +178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: _allir +męnn vāru būnir_ 'all the men were ready,' _allir vāru drepnir_ +'all were killed.' + +179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different +(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: _þā +gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki_ (masc.), _ok Þjālfi_ (masc.), +_ok Rǫskva_ (fem.). _þā er þau_ (neut.) _hǫfðu lītla hrið +gęngit..._ 'he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they +had walked for some time...' + +Cases + +180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very +characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb +can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by +the verb, it is put in the dative, as in _kasta spjōti_ 'throw a +spear' (lit. 'throw _with_ a spear'), _hann helt hamarskaptinu_ +'he grasped the handle of the hammer,' _heita þvī_ 'promise +that,' _jāta þvī_ 'agree to that.' + +Adjectives + +181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the +definite article, _þessi_ and other demonstratives. _annarr_ +(other) is always strong. + +182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to +denote part of it: _eiga hālft dȳrit_ 'to have half of the +animal,' _ǫnnur þau_ 'the rest of them,' _of miðja nātt_ 'in the +middle of the night.' + +Pronouns + +183. _sā_ is often put pleonastically before the definite article +_inn_, both before and after the subst.: _sā inn ungi maðr_ 'that +young man,' _hafit þat it djūpa_ 'the deep sea.' + +184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or +else _einn_, _einnhvęrr_ is used. + +185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a +dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the +third person: _þit fēlagar_, 'thou and thy companions,' _með þeim +Āka_ 'with him and Āki.' Similarly _stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar_ 'Thor and his companions get up.' + +186. The plurals _vēr_, _þēr_ are sometimes used instead of the +singulars _ek_, _þū_, especially when a king is speaking or being +spoken to. + +187. _sik_ and _sēr_ are used in a strictly reflexive sense, +referring back to the subject of the sentence, like _se_ in +Latin: _Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr_ 'Thor asked him to +supper with him.' + +Verbs + +188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, +and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries +_skal_ (shall), _hafa_ (have), _vera_ (be) with the infin. and +ptc. pret., much as in modern English. + +189. The historical present is much used, often alternating +abruptly with the preterite. + +190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: +_spara_ 'spare,' _sparask_ 'spare oneself, reserve one's +strength.' (2) intransitively: _būa_ 'prepare,' _būask_ 'become +ready, be ready'; _sętja_ 'set,' _sętjask_ 'sit down'; _sȳna_ +'show,' _sȳnask_ 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: _bęrja_ +'strike,' _bęrjask_ 'fight'; _hitta_, 'find,' _hittask_ 'meet.' +In other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb, often +emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: _koma_ 'come,' _komask_ +'make one's way.' + +191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in +Icelandic: _rak ā storm_ (acc.) _fyrir þeim_ 'a storm was driven +in their face.' + +192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third +pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the +subject is perfectly definite: _ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar_ +'and this feat shall be tried (by you).' + +193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration +is very common: _Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit +bjarndȳri, 'ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'_ 'King Harold was told that a +bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct +narration is also used after _at_ (that): _hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til Hęljar'_ 'he answers that he will ride to Hel.' + + + +TEXTS + +[Note: The asterisks are to help find the spots mentioned in the +notes. (I took out the line numbers to keep the line width as +close to 65 characters as possible.) --B.C.] + +I. THOR + +Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða +Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna. +Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir [*] +Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir; +þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. [*] + +Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann- +grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina; +þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi. +Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg- +risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt: +hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira. +Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann +spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En [*] +þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn- +glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En +engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans. + + +II. THOR AND ŪGARÐALOKI + +Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna [*] +ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma +þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um +kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru +þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk [*] +Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar +með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr +bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr- +stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn +hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr +bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok [*] +braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu [*] +fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn +Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp +hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr, +ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga +hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var +lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat +allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr +lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna, [*] +þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann [*] +hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir. +En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka- +fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau +āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum +mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn +þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu- +męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. + +Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī +Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir +hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann +upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau +hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu +þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna [*] +fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott. +Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok [*] +fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā +ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt- +bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin +undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok +hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til +hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk +Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru +þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja +sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at +dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā [*] +honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut +stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of +nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum +āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en +þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham- [*] +rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir: [*] +'en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, 'at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni +ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka +minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn; +sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en +afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef +Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk +Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð, +en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at +þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir +nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk +fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi +leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. +Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at +sofna; 'en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar [*] +yðr.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk +nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt +mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar- +ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann +sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip +þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum +fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en +Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī +hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir +til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga +þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var [*] +þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at +Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā +stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok +hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at +hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar +Skrȳmir, ok mælti: 'hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð +mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr +skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā +var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat, +ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri +skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir [*] +sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir +mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir +þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er +upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ- +mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: 'hvārt +munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði, +er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð +mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa +ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar- +innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið +kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā +skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun +ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki +munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur- +sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok +þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram [*] +fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla +þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag- +garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn +frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila [*] +hittask. + +Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs +dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu [*] +hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga +til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr. +Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir +þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna +ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var +hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn +ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir [*] +konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint +til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: 'seint er um langan [*] +veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi [*] +svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk +þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við +būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars +konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā +er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: 'kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em +al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta [*] +mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: 'īþrōtt er þat, ef +þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā [*] +bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista +sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar- +gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi +at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju +troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði +ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū +ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki +hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann +mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er +Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er +gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr [*] +būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō +lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða- +loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum +vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er +nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā +taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann +snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða- +loki: 'þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū +skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit +þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.' Þā taka þeir [*] +aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda, +ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi +trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna, +er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en +er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er [*] +Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt +er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira +īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā +miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā +mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju +við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera; +ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at +hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af. +Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī +hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'af horni þessu þykkir þā +vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn +drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju- +maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk +ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr; +tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal +þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut [*] +örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, [*] +ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē +lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel er +drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri +sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en +þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.' +Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at +hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem +honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins +vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk +hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna +hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð +ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'hvat er nū, Þōrr? +muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun +hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu +inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki [*] +muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir +kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr +līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr +hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok +þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā +hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp +hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: +'auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr +hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at +ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: 'freista mā ek ęnn of +nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var +heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En +hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'þat +gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja +upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla +þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu +minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr +einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok +tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en +kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en +er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti +kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði; +kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr- +męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: 'svā lītinn +sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við +mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um +ā bękkina, ok mælti: 'eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er +eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti +hann: 'sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna [*] +Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā +męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī +næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um. +at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at +fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til +þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip- +tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum +fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok +sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum +fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki +Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī +gōðum fagnaði. + +En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom +þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi +gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā +snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr +með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn +orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en +sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi +hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; 'en þō veit [*] +ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek +þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna, +er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k +rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa +mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at +þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær +haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr, +svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til +fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā +hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp +skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū +hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr +mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt +hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer- +skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber- +ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of +leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it +fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en +sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna +slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er +Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at +þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok +þōtti þēr seint līða,--en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat +undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir +hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr +til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit +ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann: +'eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt- +tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā, +er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi +sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd +ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki +sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var +þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū +fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi +mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin +ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum +skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið +eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg +mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu +þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til +hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā +sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til +borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr +hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann +þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð- +vanga. + + +III. BALDER + +Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at +sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr +ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā +hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast; +ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki; +hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En +sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans. [*] +Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim +stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: + + Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir + sēr of gǫ̈rva sali; + ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit + fæsta feikn-stafi. + + +IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER + +Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði +drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði +āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat +gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg +tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn +ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin, +fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var +þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā +þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir +hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt, +sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er [*] +þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr +sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā +sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir +hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri, +ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: 'eigi munu +vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum +þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira +Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: 'vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir +vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr [*] +at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki +tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð +utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti +Loki við hann: 'hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar: +'þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em +vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: 'gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra, +manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa +þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.' +Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka; +flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok +hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. [*] +Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok +svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru [*] +allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi +mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er +æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn [*] +kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā +sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða, +sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa +āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā +mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask +vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg [*] +ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn, +ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr +Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā +var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig +Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. + +En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring- +horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann +vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en +skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir +gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi, +ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum, +en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu +þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā [*] +fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā +at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð +Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð +hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit +ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps +dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā +bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með +Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er +Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt +honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti +margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum +fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru +með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en +Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja +kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg- +risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir +heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja +nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr +Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. + +En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr +dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann +kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er +þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar- +innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn +fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; 'en eigi +dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra +manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat +sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar +riðit um Gjallarbrū; 'en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā +reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig +hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði +hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at +hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar- [*] +innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī +ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um +nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at +Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill +grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna, [*] +hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir ī +heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara +til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við, +eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir +hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni +til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar, +Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī +Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. + +Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja +at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir, +ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr; +svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir +koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok +hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar [*] +gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr +ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: + + 'Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum + Baldrs bālfarar; + kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k karls sonar; [*] + haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' + +En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, +er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. + + +V. HEÐINN AND HǪGNI + +Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt. +Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda- +son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er +hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī +braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok +spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā [*] +er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn +hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt +til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā [*] +var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður +sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru +orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti +Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt +dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at +Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok +svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja +liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð +honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni: +'of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek +dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal +verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki +sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: 'sverði +hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin- +holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat, +ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til +skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp +með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu +konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er +fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir +annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli, +ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir +dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er +sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. + + +VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON + +Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu. +Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar; +ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum +við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein +konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok +kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full- +kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi +Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs +konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja +þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði +at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding +Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi +hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu +þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva- +son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar +fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa- +vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā, [*] +at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir +Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung, +ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. + +Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum, +þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð +Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr +þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl +leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok +sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil +vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik +við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs, +var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum +fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur [*] +hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann +kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk +fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. [*] +En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk +heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi +jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn +hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr, +ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland, +ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs +við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla [*] +at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. + +Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana- +konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn +Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi +jarl sęgir konungi: 'ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at +lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā +mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā +þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu [*] +liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar +fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.' +Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt +konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu +męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu [*] +þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu, +ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: 'mēr er +kunnast,' sęgir hann, 'hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en +þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi +þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip, +en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum, +hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi +ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā +röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana- +konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða +seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. + +Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr +jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr +ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir +hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu +ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir +eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir: +'þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn +langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: 'ekki er þetta Ormr hinn +langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði +af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu +meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: 'hræddr er +Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin +ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: 'ekki er þetta konungs +skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat +ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok +missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En +stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku +þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip, +ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā +ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr +jarl mælti: 'mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en +Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn: +'eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta +er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr +liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā +hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat +um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af +þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp +Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: 'hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī +kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn +var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra +slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn +heyrðu: 'þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta, +þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn +saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af +tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu +þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū +skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi. +En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu +at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara +Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu +allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr +Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at- +lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs, +Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi +eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason; +en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask +alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip +er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn, +er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan- +verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok +svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. + +Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā +þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn- +ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum +undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir +honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl +sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vān at +ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er +Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip +er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi; +hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu +Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl- +manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er +þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en +lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar +hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: 'lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu +mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði +Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā +gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. + +Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum. +Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn +skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku +at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, +ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja +fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra +skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: 'ef Orminn +skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur +skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir: +'eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.' +Ūlfr mælti: 'vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun +stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok +snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: 'skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig +sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' + +Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt [*] +mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var +hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan +kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at +riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum, +þā spyrr hann: 'hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt +oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr +tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hræðumk +vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi +fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum +var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr +konungr sęgir: 'bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt- +bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir +eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?' +'Þar er,' sęgja þeir 'Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði +Ōlāfr konungr: 'hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan +fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru +Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' + +Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr +sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski +lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs +Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā +hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði +ekki til orrostu. + +Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram- +byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum +fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu +vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip +er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er +undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir +frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr +konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr +Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā +fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn, +ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum +við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō +þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst, +ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa +af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr +jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir +ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs +konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti +hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā +gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta +hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum, +at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema +Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var +hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum +langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. + +Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt +með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit, +ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti +eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at +varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar; +þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn +Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin, +til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir +lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera. +En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi +annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með +vāpnum sīnum. + +Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi; +hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr. +Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir +ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til, +ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom +ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar, +ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā +mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir +sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr: +'skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr +skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr +drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā +mælti Ōlāfr konungr: 'hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr +svarar: 'Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' 'Eigi mun svā +mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok +skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann, +ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: 'ofveikr, +ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā +skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. + +Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok +skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum +gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok +sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu; +mælti þā hātt: 'hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē +at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: 'sverð vār eru slæ ok +brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk +upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk +mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā +męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi +hvar hann var sārr. + +Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms- +mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest +mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit. +Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr +jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda [*] +mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs, +með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk +svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er +honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar +varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā +Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar, +þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð +þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum, +þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok +veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit +lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn +vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar +ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. + +Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir +hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok [*] +allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu +in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit +fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu, +en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en +lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir +męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli +stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir +hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn +hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu. +Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka +hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā +yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari +skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er +lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā +ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī +eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn +upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var +hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar +var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið +gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum, +þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall- +freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp +sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. + +Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við +Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta, +er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En +þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði +hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi +jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda- +snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir +Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr +konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat +svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj- +unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok +eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar +sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir +verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis +ī Noregi. + + +VII. AUÐUN + +Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr +utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs, +ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með +Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri, +ok þā þessi laun af honum--utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā. +Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður +sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra +bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok +var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti +bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands, +ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir +þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla +eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til +Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með +sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins +konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī +landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af [*] +skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi +konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi +mikil, 'ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn +ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann +konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan: +'āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk +eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: 'villtu sęlja oss dȳrit +við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek +þat, herra!' 'Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, 'at ek gefa þēr tvau [*] +verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla +þīna eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr +mælti: 'villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!' +Konungr mælti: 'hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar: +'fara,' sęgir hann, 'til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.' +Haraldr konungr sęgir: 'hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr +at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa, +eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask +með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at +nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: 'herra! þat er ā yðru +valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr +ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: 'hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir +leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr, +ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok +kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' 'Þvī heit ek þēr,' +sagði Auðun. + +Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā +til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr +hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann +kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt, +ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit: +'ek ætla,' sęgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki +lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk +ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, 'at +þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.' +'Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar; +en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta, +at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en +fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok [*] +er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem [*] +ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at +hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt +saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā +gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir +borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera, +er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: 'hvęrr +er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em Īslęnzkr maðr, +herra,' sęgir hann, 'ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū [*] +af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k +þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir +mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu +farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti: +'er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' 'Satt er þat,' sęgir hann. +Konungr mælti: 'ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek +sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr +gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok +sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er +hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar +handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek +mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu, +ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun! +kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr +með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi +um hrīð. + +Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung: +'braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint: +'hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, 'ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?' +Hann sęgir: 'suðr vil ek ganga.' 'Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott +rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, 'þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū +fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit, +ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr +til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr. +Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg. +Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann +aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran; +gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum +til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr +matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr +aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā +staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju- +skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi +til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok +hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik. +Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun +ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf +ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld- +sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum +þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir +hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr +mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram +at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr +ūt, ok mælti: 'gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik +grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram, +ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok +þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd +honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, 'ok hęfir þū mikit +skipazk,' segir hann, 'sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr +inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr +sagði: 'eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir +hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra [*] +honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með +honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr +bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu +gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing. +Auðun sęgir: 'Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er +þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt +til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: 'þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga +kosit.' Auðun mælti: 'eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir +hann, 'at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn [*] +troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri +er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar: +'vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verða +giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi [*] +mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til +er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. + +Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā +bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa, +ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma +þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa +skipit. Þā spurði konungr: 'hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā +þetta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mælti: +'þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann +þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok +skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: 'þō +villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek +spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok +hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr +þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum +gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af +silfri, 'ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir +skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir +konungr, 'at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū +fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō +konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: 'þō +at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi +ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa +gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein +konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,' +sęgir hann, 'at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga +svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef +þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok +far nū heill!' + +Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja +upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er +hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds +konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann +fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr +tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok 'sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, 'ok drekk +hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon- +ungr: 'hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun +svarar: 'þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði: +'launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?' +Auðun svarar: 'gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir +Haraldr konungr: 'mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr +silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum +gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' 'Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir +Auðun, 'at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til +mīn at lęggja.' 'Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, 'ok +launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: 'gaf hann mēr +knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' Þat +var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, 'en launat mynda ek þēr +þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: 'gaf +hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan, +ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr +sagði: 'þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt +hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt +launaði hann fleira?' 'Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun, +'at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi +ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu +ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn, +ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni +svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann +fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr, +dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði, +sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu, +ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk. +Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um +sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. + + +VII. ÞRYMS-KVIÐA + +1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði, + ok sīns hamars of saknaði: + skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja, + rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask. + +2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli, + er engi veit jarðar hvęrgi [*] + nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!' + +3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju tūna, [*] + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā, + ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?' + + Freyja kvað: + +4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri, + ok-þō sęlja at væri ōr silfri.' [*] + +5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom āsa garða, + ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima. + +6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn, + greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri + ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði. + + Þrymr kvað: + +7. 'Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum? + hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?' + + Loki kvað: + + 'Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum; + hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?' + + Þrymr kvað: + +8. 'Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn + ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema fœri mēr Freyju at kvān.' [*] + +9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima + ok fyr innan kom āsa garða; + mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + +10. 'Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði? + sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi: + opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask, + ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.' + + Loki kvað: + +11. 'Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi: + Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.' + +12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni! + vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.' + +13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði, + allr āsa salr undir bifðisk, + stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga: + 'mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta, + ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.' + +14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi + ok āsynjur allar ā māli, + ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar, + hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti. + +15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa + (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir): + 'bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni, + hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga! + +16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!' + +17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss: + 'mik munu æsir argan kalla, + ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.' + +18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða; + þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa, + nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.' + +19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni + ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga. + +20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu. + +21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera, + vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.' + +22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir, + skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna: + bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga, + ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima. + +23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki! + nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān, + Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum. + +24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr, + öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni; + fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja, + einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.' + +25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma, + ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit; + einn āt oxa, ātta laxa, + krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu, + drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar. + +26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara? + sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara, + nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.' + +27. Sat in al-snotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.' + +28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa, + en hann utan stǫkk ęnd-langan sal: + 'hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju? + þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.' + +29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.' + +30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir, + hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði: + 'lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða, + ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar, + āstir mīnar, alla hylli!' + +31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja, + lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē, + vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!' + +32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti, + er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði; + Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin, + ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði. + +33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur, + hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði; + hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga, + en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð. + Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri. + + +NOTES + +The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. + +I. THOR + +Line 3. *Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita*, 'he reigns +(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e. in the place which is called +Þ. The plur. _heita_ agrees with _þrūðvangar_, as in l. 14 +below: _þat eru jārnglōfar_ 'that is (his) iron gloves.' + +l. 5. *þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt*, 'that is the +largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest +house that has been built. Note the plur. _hūs_ of a single +house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being +often a detached building. + +l. 13. *spęnnir þeim*, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49. + + +II. THOR AND ŪTGARÐALOKI + +l. 1. *fōr með hafra sīna...ok með honum sā, āss er...* We +see here that _með_ generally takes an acc. to denote passive, +and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment. + +l. 5. *soðit* refers to some such subst. as _slātr_ (meat) +understood. + +l. 11. *sprętti ā...* _ā_ is here an adv. + +l. 12. *til męrgjar.* _til_ here implies intention--to get at +the marrow. + +l. 20. *þat er sā augnanna*, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'-- +Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the +man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight +of them. + +l. 21. The second *hann* refers, of course, to Thor. + +l. 34. *til myrkrs*, till it was dark. + +l. 36. *þeir*, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 +*foll.*, showing that _leituðu_ is meant to refer only to the men +of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.) + +l. 46. *sēr hvar lā maðr*, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man +lying. + +l. 51. *einu sinni*, for once in his life. + +l. 52. *nęfndisk Skrȳmir*, said his name was Skr. + +l. 66. *būið til* (_prp._) *nātt-verðar yðr*, prepare supper for +yourselves. + +l. 77. *Er þat þēr satt at sęgja*. _satt_ is in apposition to +_þat_--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that...' + +l. 88. *sjā sik*, see himself alive. + +l. 104. *þann* = _þann veg_, that way, course. + +l. 108. *at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask*. The full sense is, +'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might +meet again safe and sound.' + +ll. 111, 112. *sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr*, threw back the +backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw +back their heads. + +l. 118. *œrit stōra*, 'rather big,' i.e. very big. + +l. 120. *glotti um tǫnn*, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed +his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read _við_ instead of +_um_. + +l. 121. *er annan veg en ek hygg, at...?* is it otherwise than +as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in thinking +that...? + +l. 127. *engi er hēr sā inni er...* = engi er hēr-inni sā-er... + +l. 129. *freista skal*, Gr. § 192. + +l. 140. *kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē...* 'says that there +is more probability of that, namely that he is...than of the +contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be... + +l. 150. *fōthvatari en svā*, 'more swift-footed than so--under +these circumstances,' i.e. than you. + +l. 156. *ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn...* = þā er Þjālfi eigi +kominn... + +l. 172. *at sinni*, this time. + +l. 172. *hann*, acc. + +l. 173. *laut ōr horninu*, bent back from the horn. + +l. 188. *mestr* refers to _drykkr_ understood. + +l. 218. *kalli*, Gr. § 192. + +l. 241. *þō* refers to _uni_. + + +III. BALDER + +l. 7. *engi* agrees with _dōmr_. + + +IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER + +l. 11. *hann*, acc. + +l. 20. *ungr*, too young. + +l. 31. *ū-happ* is in apposition to _þat_; cp. 3. 7. + +ll. 33, 34. *vāru með einum hug til...* had the same feelings +towards. + +l. 36. *var...fyrr*, was beforehand, prevented. + +l. 42. *vili*, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction. + +l. 55. *nema*, 'unless,' here = 'until.' + +l. 89. *heim*. This use of _heim_ in the sense of 'someone +else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.' + +l. 94. *svā* refers to _ok ef allir hlutir..._, the _ok_ being +pleonastic. + +l. 108. *hvar*, cp. 2. 46. + +l. 113. *karl*, 'old man,' here = Odin. + + +V. HĒÐINN AND HEGNI + +l. 6. *Hēðinn* = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a +pronoun is frequent. + +l. 9. *þar*. Cp. 1. 3. + + +VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON + +l. 17. *svā at*, so that, i.e. just when. + +l. 30. *er*, namely that. + +l. 33. *austan at sigla*, is in a kind of apposition to +_fęrðina_. + +l. 40. *svā*, also. + +l. 48. *muni fyrir*, awaits you, is impending. + +l. 53. *meira*, adv., better, faster. + +l. 149. *bar hann hātt*, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous +place. + +l. 244. *við fimtānda mann*, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. + +l. 259. *vāpna* is governed by the second half of the genitival +compound _klæða-būnað_, which is here considered as two +independent words. + + +VII. AUÐUN + +l. 17. *var fyrir*, was to be found. + +l. 26. *tvau verð slīk*, double the price you gave. + +l. 55. *fē* is probably dat. here, but may be nom. + +l. 56. *ęptir sem...*, according as, in accordance with what. + +l. 64. *nū...nū*, lately...just now. + +l. 116. *hęldr* is here used pleonastically in a kind of +apposition to the preceding _bętr_. + +l. 125. *en*, and = while. + +l. 129. *þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at...*, this single thing +is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is that... + + +VIII. ÞRYMSKVIÐA + +l. 7. *jarðar* is governed by _hvęrgi_. + +l. 9. *tūna*. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of +motion. + +l. 15. *þō* goes with the following _at_ = _ok sęlja, þōat_ +(_þōtt_) _væri ōr silfri_. + +l. 32. *fœri* may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers. + + + +GLOSSARY + +æ _follows_ að, ð _follows_ d, ę _follows_ e, œ _follows_ oð, ǫ +_follows_ o, ö _follows_ ǫ, þ _follows_ t. + +The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. + +(-rs) etc. means that the _r_ of the nom. is kept in inflection. + +A + +-a _adv._ not. +ā _sf._ river. +ā _see_ *eiga*. +ā _prp. w. acc. and dat._ on, in. +āðr _adv., cj._ before. +aðrir _see_ *annar*. +æsir _see_ *āss*. +ætla _wv._ 3, consider, deem: 'ætlask fyrir,' intend. +ætt _sf._ 2, race, descent, family. +ætta _see_ *eiga*. +af _prp. w. dat._ from; of; with; _adv._ 'drekka af,' drink off. +af-hūs _sn._ out-house, side room. +afl _sn._ strength, might. +af-taka _wf._ damage, injury. +āgætliga _adv._ splendidly. +aka _sv._ 2, drive (a chariot, etc.). +ākafliga _adv._ vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly. +akarn _sn._ acorn. +akkeri _sn._ anchor. +ālar-ęndir _sm._ thong-end, end of a strap. +al-būinn _adj. w. gen._ quite ready. +aldinn _adj._ old. +aldri _adv._ never. +ā-lęngðar _adv._ for some time. +ālfr _sm._ elf. +ā-lit _snpl._ appearance, countenance [līta]. +all-harðr _adj._ very hard, very violent. +all-lītill _adj._ very little. +all-mann-skœðr _adj._ (very injurious to men), very murderous + (of a battle) [skaði, 'injury']. +all-mikill _adj._ very great. +allr _adj._ all, whole; 'með ǫllu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,' + first of all. +all-stōrum _adv._ very greatly. +all-valdr _sm._ monarch, king. +al-snotr _adj._ very clever. +al-svartr _adj._ very black, coal-black. +alt _adv._ quite. +ambātt _sf._ 2, female slave, maid. +and-lit _sn._ face [līta]. +annarr _prn._ second; following, next; other; one of the two-- + 'annar...annarr,' one...the other. +aptann _sm._ evening. +aptastr _adj._ most behind. +aptr _adv._ back, backwards, behind. +ār _sf._ oar. +ār _sn._ year. +ār _see_ *ā*. +argr _adj._ cowardly, base. +ār-maðr _sm._ steward. +armr _adj._ wretched. +ās-męgin _sn._ divine strength. +āss _sm._ 3, (Scandinavian) god. +āst _sf._ 2, affection, love, _often in pl._ +āst-sæll _adj._ beloved, popular. [sæll, 'happy']. +āsynja _wf._ (Scandinavian) goddess [āss]. +āt _see_ *eta*. +at _prp. w. dat._ at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance + with, after. +at _adv._ to. +-at _adv._ not. +at-laga _wf._ attack [lęggja]. +at-rōðr (-rar) _sm._ 2, rowing against, attack. +ātta _num._ eight. +ātta see *eiga*. +auð-kęndr _adj._ easy to be recognized, easily distinguishable. +auðr _adj._ desert, deserted, without men. +auð-sēnn _adj._ evident. +auga _wn._ eye. +aug-sȳn _sf._ sight. +auka _sv._ 1, increase; _impers., w. dat. of what is added_ 'jōk + nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation increased). +austan _adv._ from the east. +aust-maðr _sm._ Easterner, Norwegian. +austr _sn._ the east--'ī au.,' eastwards. +austr _adv._ eastwards. +austr-vegr _sm._ the East, _especially_ Russia. +āvalt _adv._ continually, all the time. +ā-vanr _adj._ wanting; _impers. neut. in_ 'einnar mēr Freyju + āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want. +ā-vinnr _adj._ toilsome, _only in the impers. neut._ 'mun ā-vint + verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow. + +B + +bað _see_ *biðja*. +bāðir _prn._ both, _neut. as adv. in_ 'bæði...ok,' both...and. +bāðu _see_ *biðja*. +bǣða _see_ *biðja*. +bǣði _see_ *bāðir*. +baggi _wm._ bag; bundle. +bak _sn._ back, 'vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with the back, + i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward. +bak-borði _wm._ larboard. +bāl _sn._ flame; funeral pile. +bāl-fǫr _sf._ funeral. +bani _wm._ death. +bar _see_ *bera*. +bardagi _wm._ battle. +barð _sn._ edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship formed by + the continuation of the keel. +barða _see_ *bęrja*. +barði _wm._ war-ship with a sharp prow, ram. +barn _sn._ child. +batt _see_ *binda*. +bauð _see_ *bjōða*. +beiða _wv._ 1, _w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited_, + ask, demand. +bein _sn._ bone. +bękkr _sm._ 2, bench. +bęlla _wv._ 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, _generally in a bad + sense_. +bera _sv._ 4, carry, take; bear, endure. berask at, happen. + b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vāpn niðr, shoot down. b. + rāð sīn saman, hold council, deliberate. +berg-risi _wm._ hill-giant. +bęrja _wv._ 1b, strike--'b. grjōti,' stone. *bęrjask*, fight. +bęrr _adj._ bare, unsheathed (of a sword). +ber-sęrkr _sm._ 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally + 'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.] +bętr _see_ *vel*. +bętri _see_ *gōðr*. +bęzt _see_ *vel*. +bęztr _see_ *gōðr*. +beygja _wv._ 1, bend, arch. +bīða _sv._ 6, _w. gen._ wait for; _w. acc._ abide, undergo. +biðja _sv._ 5, ask, beg, pray, _w. gen. of thing, acc. of the + pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited_; express a + wish, bid--'bað hann vel kominn' (vera _understood_), bad + him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell. +bifask _wv._ 1, tremble, shake. +bil _sn._ moment of time. +bila _wv._ 2, fail. +bilt _neut. adj. only in the impers._ 'einum verðr bilt,' one + hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid. +binda _sv._ 3, bind, tie up; dress. +birta _wv._ 1, show [bjartr]. +bīta _sv._ 6, bite; cut. +bittu _see_ *binda*. +bitu _see_ *bīta*. +bjarn-dȳri _sn._ bear. +bjartr _adj._ bright, clear. +bjō _see_ *būa*. +bjōða _sv._ 7, _w. acc. and dat._ offer, propose--'b. einum + fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. b. upp, give up. +bjǫrg _sf._ help; means of subsistence, store of food. +blāsa _sv._ 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal. +bleyða _wf._ coward. +blīða _wf._ gentleness, friendliness. +blindr _adj._ blind. +blōð _sn._ blood. +blōt-bolli _wm._ sacrificial bowl. +bœtr _see_ *bōt*. +boga-skot _sn._ bowshot. +bogi _wm._ bow. +bog-maðr _sm._ bowman, archer. +bōndi _sm._ 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa]. +borð _sn._ side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between the + rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nū er gott beranda + b. ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the + horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be + lifted without spilling. +borg _sf._ fortress, castle. +borg-hlið _sn._ castle gate. +bōt _sf._ 3, mending, improvement; _plur._ *bœtr*, + compensation. +bǫrn _see_ *barn*. +brā _sf._ eyelid. +brā _see_ *bregða*. +bragð _sn._ trick, stratagem [bregða]. +brann _see_ *bręnna*. +brast _see_ *bresta*. +brātt _adv._ quickly. +braut _sf._ way--*ā braut*, _adv._ away. +braut _see_ *brjōta*. +braut, brott _adv._ away. +bregða _sv._ 3, _w. dat._ jerk, pull, push; b. upp, lift, raise + (to strike). change, transform. +breiðr _adj._ broad. +bręnna _wf._ burning; incremation. +bręnna _sv._ 3, burn _intr._ +bręnna _wv._ 1, burn _trans._ +bresta _sv._ 3, break, crack, burst. +brestr _sm._ crack; loss. +brjōst _sn._ breast. +brjōta _sv._ 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, _also + impers._ 'skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked. +broddr _sm._ point. +brōðir _sm._ 4, brother. +brotinn _see_ *brjōta*. +brotna _wv._ 3, break _intr._ +brott _see_ *braut*. +brott-laga _sf._ retreat. +brū _sf._ bridge. +brūð-fē _sn._ bridal gift. +brūðr _sf._ 2, bride. +brūn _sf._ 3, eyebrow. +bryggja _wf._ pier. +brynja _wf._ corslet. +brȳnn _see_ *brūn*. +bryn-stūka _wf._ corslet-sleeve. +bryti _see_ *brjōta*. +brȳtr _see_ *brjōta*. +bū _sn._ dwelling, home. +būa _sv._ 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. *būask*, get + ready, prepare _intr._ 'er būit við at...' it is likely to + be that..., there is danger of... +buðu _see_ *bjōða*. +būinn _adj._ ready; in a certain condition--'(við) svā būit' + _adv._ under such circumstances; capable, fit for--'vel at + sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at). +bundu _see_ *binda*. +burr _sm._ son. +bȳðr _see_ *bjōða*. +bȳr _see_ *būa*. +byrja _wv._ 3, begin. +byr-vænn _adj._ promising a fair wind. + +D + +daga _wv._ 3, dawn. +dagan _sf._ dawn. +dagr _sm._ day. +dalr _sm._ valley. +dauðr _adj._ dead. +dęgi _see_ *dagr*. +deyja _sv._ 2, die. +djūpr _adj._ deep. +dō _see_ *deyja*. +dōmr _sm._ decision. +dōttir _sf._ 3, daughter. +dǫgurðr _sm._ breakfast [-urð = -verðr, _cp._ nāttverðr]. +dōkkr (-vir) _adj._ dark. +draga _sv._ 2, draw, drag. d. saman, collect. +drakk _see_ *drekka*. +drap _see_ *drepa*. +draumr _sm._ dream. +dręginn _see_ *draga*. +dreif _see_ *drīfa*. +dręki _wm._ dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head as a + beak. +drekka _sv._ 3, drink. +drepa _sv._ 5, strike; kill. +dreyma _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the thing_ + dream [draumr]. +drīfa _sv._ 6, drive; hasten. +drjūpa _sv._ 7, drop. +drō _see_ *draga*. +drōgu _see_ *draga*. +drōttinn _sm._ lord. +drōttin-hollr _adj._ faithful to its master. +drukkinn _adj. (ptc.)_ drunk. +drupu _see_ *drjūpa*. +drykkja _wf._ drinking [drekka]. +drykkju-maðr _sm._ drinker. +drykkr _sm._ 2, draught. +duna _wv._ 3, resound. +dunði _see_ *dynja*. +dvalða _see_ *dvęlja*. +dvęlja _wv._ 1b, delay. *dvęljask*, dwell, stop. +dvergr _sm._ dwarf. +dyðrill _sm._ (?). +dȳja _wv._ 1b, shake. +dynja _wv._ 1b, resound. +dȳr _sn._ animal, beast. +dyrr _sfnpl._ door. + +E + +eða _cj._ or. +ef _cj._ if. +ęfna _wv._ 1, perform, carry out. +ęggja _wv._ 3, incite. +eiðr _sm._ oath. +eiga _wf._ property. +eiga _swv._ possess, have: have as wife, be married to; have _in + the sense of_ must. +eigi _adv._ not; no. +eign _sf._ property. +eignask _wv._ 3, appropriate, gain. +eik _sf._ 3, oak. +einka-māl _snpl._ personal agreement, special treaty. +einn _num., prn._ one; the same; a certain, a; alone, only-- + 'einn saman,' alone, mere. +einn-hvęrr _prn._ a certain, some, a. +eira _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ spare. +eitr _sn._ poison. +ek _prn._ I. +ęk _see_ *aka*. +ekki _prn. neut._ nothing; _adv._ not. +eldr _sm._ fire. +ęlli _wf._ old age. +ellifti _adj._ eleventh. +ellifu _num._ eleven. +em _see_ *vera*. +en _cj._ but; and. +en _adv._ than, _after compar._ +ęndask _wv._ 1, end, suffice for. +ęndi, ęndir _sm._ end. +ęnd-langr _adj._ the whole length--'ęndlangan sal,' the whole + length of the hall. +ęndr _adv._ again. +engi _prn._ none, no. +ęnn _adv._ yet, still; besides; after all. +ęptir _prp. w. acc._ after (of time). _w. dat._ along, over; + in quest of, after; according to, by. _adv._ afterwards; + behind [aptr]. +ęptri _adj. compar._ hind. +er _prn. rel._ who, which, _rel. adv._ where; when; because, + that. +er _see_ *vera*. +er _see_ *þū*. +ęrfiði _sn._ work; trouble. +ert _see_ *vera*. +eru _see_ *vera*. +eta _sv._ 5, eat. +ey _sf._ island. + +F + +fā _sv._ 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. *fāsk*, + wrestle. *fāsk ā*, be obtained, be. +faðir _sm._ 4, father. +fær _see_ *fā*. +fæstr _see_ *fār*. +fagnaðr _sm._ 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality. +fagr _adj._ beautiful, fair, fine. +fagrliga _adv._ finely. +fall _sn._ fall. +falla _sv._ 1, fall. *fallask*, be forgotten, fail. +fang _sn._ embrace, grasp; wrestling. +fann _see_ *finna*. +fār _adj._ few--_neut._ fātt _w. gen._: 'fātt manna,' few men. +fara go, travel--_w. gen. in such constr. as_ 'f. fęrðar + sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; + experience; 'f. með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use + up _w. dat._ *farask* _impers. in_ 'fęrsk þeim vel,' they + have a good passage. +farmr _sm._ lading, cargo. +fastr _adj._ firm, fast, strong. +fē _sn._ property, money. +fęðrum _see_ *faðir*. +fekk _see_ *fā*. +fęgrð _sf._ beauty [fagr]. +fęgrstr _see_ *fagr*. +feikn-stafir _smpl._ 2, wickedness. +fela _sv._ 3, hide. +fēlagi _wm._ companion. +fē-lauss _adj._ penniless. +fē-lītill _adj._ with little money, poor. +fell _see_ *falla*. +fęlla _wv._ 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla]. +fengu, fęnginn _see_ *fā*. +fęr _see_ *fara*. +fęrð _sf._ 2, journey [fara]. +fer-skeyttr _adj._ four-cornered. +fimm _num._ five. +fimtāndi _adj._ fifteenth. +finna _sv._ 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see. +fjaðr-hamr _sm._ feathered (winged) coat. +fjall _sn._ mountain. +fjār _see_ *fē*. +fjara _sf._ ebb-tide; beach. +fjogur _see_ *fjōrir*. +fjōrði _adj._ fourth. +fjōrir _num._ four. +fjǫlð _wf._ quantity. +fjǫl-kyngi _sn._ magic. +fjǫl-męnni _sn._ multitude; troop [maðr]. +fjǫrðr _sm._ 3, firth. +fjǫrur _see_ *fjara*. +flā _sv._ 2, flay, skin. +flaug _see_ *fljūga*. +flęginn _see_ *flā*. +flestr _see_ *margr*. +fljōta _sv._ 7, float, drift. +fljūga _sv._ 7, fly. +flō _see_ *fljūga*. +floti _wm._ fleet [fljōtal. +flōtti _wm._ flight [flȳja]. +flugu _see_ *fljūga*. +fluttu _see_ *flytja*. +flȳja _wv._ 1, flee. +flytja _wv._ 1b. remove, bring. +fnāsa _wv._ 3, snort. +fœra _wv._ 1, bring, take; fasten [fara]. +fœrir _see_ *fara*. +fœti _see_ *fōt*. +fōlginn _see_ *fela*. +fōlk _sn._ multitude, troop; people. +fōr _see_ *fara*. +for-tǫlur _wpl._ representations, arguments [tala]. +fōstra _wf._ nurse. +fōt-hvatr _adj._ swift-footed. +fōtr _sm._ foot; leg. +fǫður _see_ *faðir*. +fǫr _sf._ journey [fara]. +fǫru-neyti _sn._ company [njōta]. +frā _prp._ from, away from; about, concerning. 'ī frā' _adv._ + away. +frændi _sm._ 4, relation. +frā-fall _sn._ death. +fram _adv._ forward, forth. _compar._ *framar*, ahead. +framastr _adj. superl._ chief, most distinguished. +frami _wm._ advantage, courage. +framiðr _see_ *fręmja*. +fram-stafn _sm._ prow. +frā-sǫgn _sf._ narrative, relation. +freista _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ try, test. +fręmja _wv._ 1b, perform [fram]. +friðr _sm._ 2, peace. +frīðr _adj._ beautiful, fine. +frōðr _adj._ learned, wise. +frœkn _adj._ bold, daring. +frost _sn._ frost. +fugl _sm._ bird. +full-kominn _adj._ (_ptc._) complete; ready (for). +fullr _adj._ full. +fundr _sm._ 2, meeting [finna]. +fundu _see_ *finna*. +furðu _adv._ awfully, very. +fūss _adj._ eager. +fylgja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ follow; accompany. +fylki _sn._ troop [fōlk]. +fylkja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ draw up (troops) [fōlk]. +fylla _wv._ 1, fill [fullr]. +fyr, fyrir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ before; beyond, over--'f. + borð,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' _adv._ be given as + compensation; for; because of. 'f. þvī at,' because. + 'lītill. f. sēr,' insignificant. +fyrir-rūm _sn._ fore-hold, chief-cabin. +fyrirrūms-maðr _sm._ man in the fore-hold. +fyrr _adv. compar._ before, formerly. _superl._ *fyrst*, first. +fyrri _adj. compar._ former. _superl._ *fyrstr*, first. +fȳsa _wv._ 1, hasten _trans.--impers._ 'braut fȳsir mik,' I feel + a desire to go away [fūss]. + +G + +gā _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ heed, care for. +gæfa _wf._ luck [gefa]. +gæta _wv._ 1, watch, take care of [geta]. +gaf _see_ *gefa*. +gæfu-maðr _sm._ lucky man. +gaflak _sn._ javelin. +gamall _adj._ old. +gaman _sn._ amusement, joy. +ganga _sv._ 1, go, _with gen. of goal in poetry_; attack--'g. ā + skip,' board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. til, come up. + g. upp, land; board a ship; be used up, expended (of money). +garðr _sm._ enclosure, court; dwelling. +gat _see_ *geta*. +gefa _sv._ 5, give. +gęgnum, ī gęgnum _prp. w. gen._ through. +gekk _see_ *ganga*. +gęlti _see_ *gǫltr*. +gęnginn, gęngr, gengu _see_ *ganga*. +geta _sv._ 5, _w. gen._ mention, speak of; guess, suppose. +geysi _adv._ excessively. +gipta _wf._ luck [gefa]. +giptu-maðr _sm._ lucky man. +gjafar _see_ *gjǫf*. +gjǫf _sf._ gift. +glotta _wv._ 2, smile maliciously, grin. +glæsiligr _adj._ magnificent. +gnȳr _sm._ din, noise. +gōðr _adj._ good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get at, + obtain. +gōlf _sn._ floor; apartment, room. +gott _see_ *gōðr*. +gǫfugr _adj._ distinguished [gefa]. +gǫltr _sm._ 3, boar. +gǫmul _see_ *gamall*. +gǫ̈ra _wv._ 1c, do, make. *gǫ̈rask*, set about doing; be made + into, become. *gǫ̈ra at*, accomplish, carry out. +gǫ̈rsimi _wf._ article of value, treasure. +granda _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ injure. +grār _adj._ gray. +gras _sn._ grass; plant, flower. +grāta _sv._ 1, weep, mourn for. +grātr _sm._ weeping. +greiða _wv._ 1, put in order, arrange. +greip _see_ *grīpa*. +gres-jārn _sn._ iron wire (?). +grey _sn._ dog. +grið _snpl._ peace, security. +griða-staðr _sm._ sanctuary. +grind _sf._ 3, lattice door, wicket. +grīpa _sv._ 6, seize. +gripr _sm._ 2, article of value, treasure. +grjōt _sn._ stone (collectively). +grōa _sv._ 1, grow; heal. +grœr _see_ *grōa*. +gruna _wv._ 3, _impers._--'mik grunar,' I suspect, think. +grunr _sm._ 2, suspicion. +gull _sn._ gold. +gull-band _sn._ gold band. +gull-būinn _adj._ adorned with gold. +gull-hringr _sm._ gold ring. +gull-hyrndr _adj._ (_ptc._) with gilt horns. +gull-roðinn _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt. +gȳgr _sf._ giantess. +gyltr _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt. +gyrða _wv._ 1, gird. + +H + +hæstr _see_ *hār*. +hætta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ desist from, stop. +hættligr _adj._ dangerous, threatening. +hættr _adj._ dangerous. +haf _sn._ sea. +hafa _wv._ 1, have; 'h. einn nær einu,' bring near to, expose + to; use, utilize. at hafask, undertake. til hafa, have at + hand. +hafna _see_ *hǫfn*. +hafr _sm._ goat. +hafr-staka _wf._ goatskin. +hagliga _adv._ neatly. +hagr _sm._ condition; advantage--'þēr mun h. ā vera,' will avail + thee, be profitable to you. +hag-stœðr _adj._ favourable. +halda _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ hold (also with prp. _ā_); keep. _w. + acc._ observe, keep (laws, etc.). _intr._ take a certain + direction, go. +hālfr _adj._ half. +hālfu _adv._ by half, half as much again. +hallar _see_ *hǫll*. +hallar-gōlf _sn._ hall floor. +haltr _adj._ lame. +hamarr _sm._ hammer. +hamars-muðr _sm._ thin end of hammer. +hamar-skapt _sn._ handle of a hammer. +hamar-spor _sn._ mark made by a hammer. +hana _see_ *hann*. +handar _see_ *hǫnd*. +hand-skot _sn._ throwing with the hand. +hand-tękinn _ptc. pret._ taken by hand, taken alive. +hann _prn._ he. +hār _sn._ hair. +hār _adj._ high. +harð-hugaðr _adj._ stern of mood. +harðr _adj._ hard; strong. +harð-skeytr _adj._ strong-shooting [skjōta]. +harmr _sm._ grief. +hāski _wm._ danger. +hā-sæti _sn._ high seat, dais [sitja]. +hāsætis-kista _sf._ chest under the dais. +hātt _adv._ high; loudly. +haugr _sm._ mound. +hauss _sm._ skull. +heðan _adv._ hence. +hęfi _see_ *hafa*. +hęfja _sv._ 2, raise, lift; begin. +hęfna _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ revenge, avenge. +heill _adj._ sound, safe, prosperous. +heil-rǣði _sn._ sound advice, good advice [rāð]. +heim _adv._ to one's home, home (domum). +heima _adv._ at home (domi). +heima-maðr _sm._ man of the household. +heim-fūss _adj._ longing to go home, homesick. +heimr _sm._ home, dwelling; world. +heimta _wv._ 1, fetch, obtain, get back. +heita _sv._ 1, call; _w. dat. of pers. and dat. of thing_ + promise; _intr._ (_pres._ heiti) be named, called. +hęldr _see_ *halda*. +hęldr _adv. compar._ more willingly, rather, sooner, more; + rather, very. +hęl-grindr _sf._ the doors of hell. +hęllir _sm._ cave. +helt _see_ *halda*. +hęl-vegr _sm._ road to hell. +hęlzt _adv. superl._ most willingly, soonest, especially, most + [hęldr]. +hęndi, hęndr _see_ *hǫnd*. +hęnnar, hęnni _see_ *hann*. +hępta _wv._ 1, bind; hinder, stop. +hēr _adv._ here--'h. af,' etc. here-of. +hęr-bergi _sn._ quarters, lodgings. +hęrða _wv._ harden, clench. +hęr-fang _sn._ booty. +hęrja _wv._ 3, make war, ravage [hęrr]. +hęrr _sm._ army, fleet. +herra _sm._ lord. +hęr-skip _sn._ war-ship. +hestr _sm._ horse. +hēt _see_ *heita*. +heyra _wv._ 1, hear. +himinn _sm._ heaven. +hingat _adv._ hither. +hinn _prn._ that. +hirð _sf._ court. +hirð-maðr _sm._ courtier. +hiti _wm._ heat. +hitta _wv._ come upon, find, meet; _trans._ go to. *hittask*, + meet, _intr._ +hjā _prp. w. dat._ by, at; in comparison with. +hjālmr _sm._ helmet. +hjōn _snpl._ household. +hlaða _sv._ 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails. +hlæja _sv._ 2, laugh. +hlaupa _sv._ 1, jump, leap; run. +hlaut _see_ *hljōta*. +hleyp _see_ *hlaupa*. +hleypa _wv._ 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop. +hlīf _sf._ shield. +hlīfa _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ shelter, cover, protect. +hljōp _see_ *hlaupa*. +hljōta _sv._ 7, get, receive. +hlōðu _see_ *hlaða*. +hlōgu _see_ *hlæja*. +hlunnr _sm._ roller (for launching ships). +hluti _wm._ portion [hljōta]. +hlutr _sm._ 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta]. +hlut-skipti _sn._ booty. +hnakki _wm._ back of head. +hōf _see_ *hęfja*. +hollr _adj._ gracious, faithful. +hōlmr _sm._ small island. +hon _see_ *hann*. +honum _see_ *hann*. +horn _sn._ horn. +hœgri _adj. compar._ right (hand). +hœla _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ praise, boast of. +hǫfðingi _wm._ chief [hǫfuð]. +hǫfða-fjǫl _sf._ head-board (especially of a bedstead). +hǫfðu _see_ *hafa*. +hǫfn _sf._ harbour. +hǫfuð _sn._ head. +hǫgg _sn._ stroke. +hǫgg-ormr _sm._ viper. +hǫgg-orrosta _wf._ 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight. +hǫggva _sv._ 1, hew, cut, strike. +hǫll _sf._ hall. +hǫnd _sf._ 3, hand; side--'hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both + sides, for both parties. +hræddr _adj._ frightened, afraid [_ptc._ of hræðask]. +hræðask _wv._ 1, be frightened, fear. +hræzla _wf._ fear [hræðask]. +hrafn _sm._ raven. +hratt _see_ *hrinda*. +hrauð _see_ *hrjōða*. +hraut _see_ *hrjōta*. +hreyfa _wv._ 1, move. +hrīð _sf._ period of time. +hrīm-þurs _sm._ frost giant. +hrinda _sv._ 3, push, launch (ship). +hrista _wv._ 1, shake. +hrjōða _sv._ 7, strip, clear, disable. +hrjōta _sv._ 7, start, burst out. +hrǫkk _see_ *hrökkva*. +hrökkva _sv._ 3, start back. +hryði _see_ *hrjōta*. +hrynja _wv._ 1b. fall down. +hrȳtr _see_ *hrjōta*. +hugða _see_ *hyggja*. +hugi _wm._ thought. +hugr _sm._ mind, heart; courage, spirit. +hugsa _wv._ 3, consider, think. +hundrað _sn._ hundred. +hurð _sf._ 2, door. +hūs _sn._ room; house. +hvar _adv._ where; that. +hvārr _prn._ which of two; each of the two, both. +hvārr-tvęggja _prn._ each of the two, both. +hvārt _adv._ whether, _both in direct and indirect questions_. +hvārt-tvęggja _adv._ 'hv...ok,' both...and. +hvass _adj._ sharp. +hvat _prn. neut._ what. +hvart _adj._ brisk, bold. +hvē _adv._ how. +hverfa _sv._ 3, turn, go. +hvęr-gi _adv._ nowhere--'hv. jarðar,' nowhere on earth; in no + respect, by no means. +hvęrnig _adv._ how [= hvęrn veg.]. +hvęrr _prn._ who. +hvęrsu _adv._ how. +hvī _adv._ why. +hvirfill _sm._ crown of head. +hvītna _wv._ 2, whiten. +hvītr _adj._ white. +hyggja _wv._ 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr]. +hylli _wf._ favour [hollr]. + +I + +ī _prp._ in. +ī-huga _wv._ 3, try to remember, consider [hugr]. +illa _adv._ ill, badly. +illr _adj._ ill, bad. +inn _art._ the. +inn _adv._ in _compar._ *innar*, further in. +inna _wv._ 1, accomplish. +innan _adv._ within, inside. *fyrir innan* _prp. w. gen._ + within, in. +inni _adv._ in. +it _see_ *þū*. +it _see_ *inn*. +ī-þrōtt _sf._ feat. + +J + +jafn-breiðr _adj._ equally broad. +jafn-hǫfugr _adj._ equally heavy [hęfja]. +jafn-mikill _adj._ equally great. +jafn-skjōtt _adv._ equally quick. +jafna _wv._ 3, smooth; compare _w. dat. of thing compared._ +jafnan _adv._ always. +jarl _sm._ earl. +jārn _sn._ iron. +jārn-glōfi _sm._ iron gauntlet. +jārn-spǫng _sf._ iron plate. +jāta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ agree to. +jōk _see_ *auka*. +jǫrð _sf._ earth. +jǫtun-heimar _smpl._ home, world of the giants. +jǫtunn _sm._ giant. + +K + +kær-leikr _sm._ love, affection [kærr, 'dear']. +kaf _sn._ diving; deep water, water under the surface. +kafa _wv._ 3, dive. +kalla _wv._ 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call. +kann _see_ *kunna*. +kapp _sn._ competition. +karl _sm._ man; old man. +kasta _wv._ 3, cast, throw. +kaupa _wv._ 2, buy. +kęngr _sm._ bend. +kęnna _wv._ 1, know; perceive. +kęrling _sf._ old woman [karl]. +kęrra _wf._ chariot. +kętill _sm._ kettle. +keypta _see_ *kaupa*. +keyra _wv._ 1, drive. +kirkja _wf._ church. +kirkju-skot _sn._ wing of a church. +kjōsa _sv._ 7, choose. +klakk-laust _adv._ uninjured. +klæða _wv._ 1, clothe. +klæða-būnaðr _sm._ apparel. +klæði _snpl._ clothes. +knē _sn._ knee. +knīfr _sm._ knife. +knǫrr _sm._ merchant-ship. +knūði _see_ *knȳja*. +knūi _wm._ knuckle. +knūtr _sm._ knot. +knȳja _wv._ 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert oneself + [knūi]. +kōlf-skot _sn._ (distance of a) bolt-shot. +kollōttr _adj._ bald. +koma _sv._ 4. come; happen, turn out; _w. dat._ bring into a + certain condition. *k. fyrir*, be paid in atonement. + *komask*, make one's way (by dint of exertion). +kona _wf._ woman; wife. +konr _sm._ kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' of + some kind. +konunga-stęfna _wf._ congress of kings. +konungr _sm._ king. +konungs-dōttir _sf._ king's daughter. +konungs-skip _sn._ king's ship. +kosinn _see_ *kjōsa*. +kost-gripr _sm._ precious thing, treasure. +kostr _sm._ 2, choice--'at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; power + [kjōsa]. +kǫgur-sveinn _sm._ little boy, urchin. +kǫpp _see_ *kapp*. +kǫpur-yrði _sn._ boasting [orð]. +kǫttr _sm._ 3, cat. +köm _see_ *koma*. +krappa-rūm _sn._ back cabin. +krappr _adj._ narrow. +kraptr _sm._ strength. +krās _sf._ 2, delicacy. +kręfja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, demand. +kunna _swv._ know; feel; venture; like to. +kunnandi _wf._ knowledge, accomplishments. +kunnusta _wf._ knowledge, power. +kunnr _adj._ known. +kurr _sm._ murmur, rumour. +kvæði _sn._ poem. +kvæma _see_ *koma*. +kvān _sf._ wife. +kveða _sv._ 5, say. *kv. ā* settle, agree on. +kvęðja _wf._ salutation [kveða]. +kvęðja _wv._ 1b, greet. +kveld _sn._ evening--'ī kv.,' this evening. +kveld-sǫngr _sm._ vespers. +kvenn-vāðir _sfpl._ woman's clothes. +kviðr _sm._ 3, stomach, belly. +kvisa _wv._ 3, whisper. +kvistr _sm._ 3, branch, twig. +kvǫddu _see_ *kvęðja*. +kykr (-vir) _adj._ living. +kykvendi _sn._ living creature, animal. +kȳll _sm._ bag. +kyn _sn._ race, lineage. +kȳr _sf._ 3, cow. +kyssa _wv._ 1, kiss. + +L + +lā _see_ *liggja*. +lægri _see_ *lāgr*. +lær-lęggr _sm._ thigh-bone. +læt _see_ *lāta*. +lagða _see_ *lęggja*. +lāgr _adj._ low; short of stature [liggja]. +lags-maðr _sm._ companion. +lagu _see_ *liggja*. +lamða, lamit _see_ *lęmja*. +land _sn._ land, country. +land-skjālfti _wm._ earthquake. +langr _adj._ long, far. +lāt _snpl._ noise. +lāta _sv._ 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; behave, + act; say. +lauf _sn._ foliage. +laufs-blað _sn._ (blade of foliage), leaf. +laug _sf._ bath. +laun _snpl._ reward. +launa _wv._ 3, reward, requite _w. dat. of the thing given and + of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited._ +lauss _adj._ loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation. +laust _see_ *ljōsta*. +laut _see_ *lūta*. +lax _sm._ salmon. +leðr-hosa _wf._ leather bag. +lęggja _wv._ 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, settle + on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; _intr. w._ skip + _understood_ sail, row--*l. at*, land; attack; *l. frā*, + retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. *lęggjask*, set + out, proceed; swim [liggja]. +leið _sf._ way--'koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða]. +leið _see_ *līða*. +leiða _wv._ 1, lead, conduct [līða]. +leiðangr (-rs) _sm._ levy [leið]. +leiga _wv._ 1, borrow. +leikr _sm._ game; athletic sports, contest. +leita _wv._ 3, _w. gen. and dat._ seek; take to, have recourse + to. *leitask*, feel one's way [līta]. +lęmja _wv._ 1b, break. +lęngð _sf._ length [langr]. +lęngi _adv._ long (of time) [langr]. +lęngstr _see_ *langr*. +lēt _see_ *lāta*. +lętja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, hinder, + dissuade. +lētta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift. +leyniliga _adv._ secretly. +leysa _wv._ 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss]. +lið _sn._ troop. +līða _sv._ 6, go; pass (of time); _impers._ *līðr*, _w. dat._ + fare, get on. _impers._ 'līðr ā (nāttina),' (the night) is + drawing to a close. +līf _sn._ life--'ā līfi,' alive. +lifa _wv._ 2, live. +liggja _sv._ 5, lie. *l. til*, be fitting. +līk _sn._ body; corpse. +līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ please. +līki _sn._ form [līk]. +līking _sf._ likeness, similarity [līkr]. +līknsamr _adj._ gracious. +līkr _adj._ like. +līn _sn._ linen; linen headdress. +list _sf._ art. +līta _sv._ 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til eins.' turn to, + acknowledge greeting. *lītask* _impers. w. dat._ seem. +litask _wv._ 3, look round one [līta]. +lītill _adj._ little, small--'lītit veðr,' not very windy + weather. *lītlu* _adv._ by a little, a little. +lītil-ræði _sm._ degradation [rāð]. +litr _sm._ 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta]. +līzk _see_ *līta*. +ljā _wv._ 1, _w. gen. and dat._ lend. +ljōsta _sv._ 7, strike, _w. dat. of instr. and acc. of the thing + struck_--'l. ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, begin to + row. +lofa _wv._ 3, praise. +lōga _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ part with. +logi _wm._ flame. +lokinn _see_ *lūka*. +lopt _sn._ air--'ā l.,' up. +lūka _sv._ 7, lock, close; _impers._ 'lȳkr einu,' it is + finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open. +lukla _see_ *lykill*. +lustu _see_ *ljōsta*. +lūta _sv._ 7, bend, bow. +lygi _wf._ lie, falsehood. +lykð _sf._ ending--'at lykðum,' finally. +lykill _sm._ key [lūka]. +lypta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift [lopt]. +lypting _sf._ raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship + [lypta]. +lȳsa _wv._ 1, shine. +lȳsi-gull _sn._ bright gold. +lȳst _see_ *ljōsta*. +lysta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire. + +M + +mā _see_ *mega*. +maðr _sm._ 4, man. +mæla (mælta) _wv._ 1, speak--'m. við einu,' refuse; suggest. +mær _sf._ virgin, maid. +mætta _see_ *mega*. +magr (-ran) _adj._ thin. +māgr _sm._ kinsman, relation, connection. +makligr _adj._ fitting. +māl _sn._ narrative; _in plur._ poem; proper time, time. +mālmr _sm._ metal. +mann _see_ *maðr*. +mann-fōlk _sn._ troops, crew. +mann-hringr _sm._ ring of men. +mannliga _adv._ manlily. +margr _adj._ many, much. +mark _sn._ mark; importance. +marka _wv._ 3, infer. +marr _sm._ horse. +mart _see_ *margr*. +matask _wv._ 3, eat a meal. +matr _sm._ 2, food. +mātta _see_ *mega*. +māttr _sm._ 2, might, strength. +með _prp. w. acc. and dat._ with. +meðal _s._ middle--ā m. _w. gen._ between. +meðan _adv._ whilst. +mega _swv._ can, may. +megin --'ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; 'ǫllum m.,' on all sides + [_corruption of_ vegum]. +męgin-gjarðar _sfpl._ girdle of strength [mega]. +meiðmar _sfpl._ treasures. +meiri _see_ *mikill*. +męn _sn._ necklace, piece of jewelry. +męnn _see_ *maðr*. +mēr _see_ *ek*. +męrgr _sm._ 2, marrow. +męrki _sn._ mark; banner [mark]. +mest _see_ *mikill*. +meta _sv._ 5, measure; estimate. +mey _see_ *mær*. +mið-garðr _sm._ (middle enclosure), world. +miðgarðs-ormr _sm._ world-serpent. +miðr _adj._ middle. +mik _see_ *ek*. +mikill _adj._ big, tall, great. *mikit* _adv._ much, very. +miklu _adv._ (_instr._) much. +milli, ā milli _prp._ between, among. +minjar _sfpl._ remembrance, memorial. +minn _see_ *ek*. +minni _see_ *lītill*. +minnr _adv._ less. +mis-līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ displease, not please. +missa _wf._ loss, want. +missa _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ lose; do without. +mistil-teinn _sm._ mistletoe [teinn, 'twig']. +mitt _see_ *ek*. +mjǫðr _sm._ 3, mead. +mjǫk _adv._ very. +mōðir _sf._ 3, mother. +mōðr _sm._ anger. +mœtask _wv._ 1, meet _intr._ [mōt]. +mǫn _sf._ mane. +morginn _sm._ morning. +mǫrk _sf._ 3, forest. +mǫrum _see_ *marr*. +mōt _sn._ meeting. *ī mōti* _prp. w. dat._ against. +mǫtu-neyti _sn._ community of food--'lęggja m. sitt,' make + their provision into a common store [matr; njōta]. +mundu _see_ *munu*. +munnr _sm._ mouth. +munr _sm._ difference--'þeim mun,' to that extent. +munu _swv._ will, may (of futurity and probability). +myndi _see_ *munu*. +myrkr _sn._ darkness. +myrkr _adj._ dark. + +N + +nā _wv._ 1, reach, obtain; succeed in. +nǣr _adv. w. dat._ near; nearly. _superl._ *næst*--'þvī n.,' + thereupon. +nǣtr _see_ *nātt*. +nafn _sn._ name. +nakkvarr _prn._ some, a certain. *nakkvat* _adv._ somewhat; + perhaps. +nātt _sf._ 3, night. +nātt-bōl _sn._ night-quarters. +nātt-langt _adv._ the whole night long. +nātt-staðr _sm._ night-quarters. +nāttūra _wf._ nature, peculiarity. +nātt-verðr _sm._ 2, supper. +nauð-syn _sf._ necessity. +naut _see_ *njōta*. +neðan _adv._ below. *fyrir n.* _prp. w. dat._ below. +nęfja _adj._ long-nosed (?). +nęfna _wv._ 1, name, call. *nęfnask*, name oneself, give one's + name as [nafn]. +nema _sv._ 4, take; begin. +nema _adv._ except, unless. +nest _sn._ provisions. +nest-baggi _sm._ provision-bag. +niðr _adv._ down, downwards. +nīundi _adj._ ninth. +njōsn _sf._ spying; news. +njōsna _wv._ 3, spy; get intelligence. +njōta _sv._ 7, enjoy, profit. +norðr _adv._ northwards. +nǫkkvi _wm._ vessel, small ship. +nū _adv._ now; therefore, so. +nȳ-vaknaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) newly awoke. +nȳr _adj._ new. +nȳta _wv._ 1, profit [njōta]. + +O + +oddr _sm._ point. +ōð-fūss _adj._ madly eager. +ōðr _adj._ mad, furious. +œ̄pa _wv._ 1, shout [ōp, 'shout']. +œrit _adv._ enough; very. +of _prp. w. dat._ over; during; with respect to, about. _adv._ + too (of excess). +of _adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive._ +of-veikr _adj._ too weak. +ofan _adv._ above; down. +ofan-verðr _adj._ upper, on the top. +ōk _see_ *aka*. +ok _conj._ and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but. +okkr _see_ *þū*. +opt _adv._ often. _compar._ *optar*, oftener, again. +ōr _prp. w. dat._ out of. +orð _sn._ word--'ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise. +orðinn _see_ *verða*. +orð-sęnding _sf._ verbal message. +orð-tak _sn._ expression, word. +ormr _sm._ serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head. +orrosta _wf._ battle. +oss _see_ *ek*. +ōtta _wf._ the end of night, just before dawn. +ōttalaust _adj._ without fear. +ōx _see_ *vaxa*. +oxi _wm._ ox. +ǫðlask _wv._ 3, obtain. +ǫðru _see_ *annarr*. +ǫl _sn._ ale. +ǫldnu _see_ *aldinn*. +ǫndōttr _adj._ fierce. +ǫnd-vegi _sn._ high seat, dais. +ǫnnur _see_ *annar*. +ǫr _sf._ arrow. +ör-æfi _sn._ harbourless coast. +örendi _sn._ errand. +örendi _sn._ holding the breath, breath. +örind-reki _sm._ messenger [reka]. +öxn _see_ *oxi*. + +P + +pati _sm._ rumour. +pęnningr _sm._ penny. + +R + +rāð _sn._ advice; what is advisable--'sjā eitt at rāði,' + consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution. +rāða _sv._ 1, advise, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._; + consider, deliberate; undertake, begin _w. prp._ til _or + infin._; dispose of, have control over _w. prp._ fyrir. +rāða-gǫ̈rð _sf._ deliberation, decision. +rāðugr _adj._ sagacious. +ragna-rökr _sn._ twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna + _gen. of_ ręgin _neut. plur._ 'gods.'] +ragr _adj._ cowardly. +rāku _see_ *reka*. +rann _see_ *ręnna*. +rās _sf._ race. +rauðr _adj._ red. +rausn _sf._ magnificence, anything magnificent. +rēð _see_ *rāða*. +reið _sf._ chariot. +reið _see_ *rīða*. +reiða _wv._ 1, swing, wield, brandish. +reið-fara _adj._--'vera vel r.,' have a good passage. +reiði _sn._ trappings, harness. +reiðr _adj._ angry. +reka _sv._ 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjǫld,' take + down awning. +rękkja _wf._ bed. +ręnna _sv._ 3, run. +rētta _wv._ 1, direct; reach, stretch. *r. upp*, pull up. +rēttr _adj._ right, correct; equitable, fair. +reyna _wv._ 1, try, test. +reyr-bǫnd _supl._ the wire with which the arrow-head was bound + to the shaft. +rīða _sv._ 6, _w. dat._ ride. +riðu _see_ *rīða*. +riðlask _wv._ 3, set oneself in motion. +rīki _sn._ power; sovereignty, reign. +rīkr _adj._ powerful, distinguished. +ripti _sn._ linen cloth. +rita _wv._ 3, write. +rōa _sv._ 1, row. +rœða _wv._ 1, talk about, discuss. +röra _see_ *rōa*. +rǫst _sf._ league. + +S + +sā _prn._ that; he; such, such a one. +sā _see_ *sjā*. +sær _sm._ sea. +særa _wv._ 1, wound [sār]. +sæti _sn._ seat [sitja]. +sætt _sf._ 2, reconciliation, peace. +sættask _wv._ 1, be reconciled, agree. +saga _wf._ narrative, history, story. +sagða _see_ *sęgja*. +saka _wv. impers. w. acc._--'hann (acc.) sakaði ekki,' he was + not injured. +sakna _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ miss. +sāl _sf._ 2, soul. +sāld _sn._ gallon. +salr _sm._ 2, hall. +saman _adv._ together. +sami _weak adj._ same. +sam-laga _wf._ laying ships together for battle. +samt _adv._ together. +sannligr _adj._ probable; suitable, right. +sannr _adj._ true. +sār _sn._ wound. +sārr _adj._ wounded. +sat _see_ *sitja*. +satt _see_ *sannr*. +sē _see_ *vera*. +sē _see_ *sjā*. +sefask _wv._ 3, be pacified. +sęgja _wv._ 1b, say, relate [saga]. +segl _sn._ sail. +seilask _wv._ 1, stretch _intr._ +seinn _adj._ late, slow, tedious. *seint* _adv._ slowly. +sęlja _wv._ 1, give; sell. +sem _adv._ as; _w. subj._ as if; _to strengthen the + superl._--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible. +sęnda _wv._ 1, send. +sęndi-maðr _sm._ messenger. +sęnn _adv._ at the same time, at once; immediately, forthwith. +sēnn _see_ *sjā*. +sēr _see_ *sik*. +sēr _see_ *sjā*. +sēt _see_ *sjā*. +set-berg _sn._ seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. +sętja _wv._ 1, set, place. *s. fram*, launch (a ship). + *sętjask*, sit down. *sętjask upp*, sit up [sitja]. +sī-byrða _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lay a ship alongside another. + _neut. ptc._ *sībyrt*, close up to [borð]. +sīð _adv._ late. _comp._ sīðar, later, afterwards. _superl._ + *sīðast*, latest, last. +sīða _wf._ side. +sīðan _adv._ afterwards, then; since. +sīðari _adj. comp._ later, second (in order). +siðr _sm._ 3, custom. +sīga _sv._ 6, sink. +sigla _wf._ mast [segl]. +sigla _wv._ 1, sail. +siglu-skeið _sn._ middle of a ship. +sigr (-rs) _sm._ victory. +sigr-ōp shout of victory. +sik _prn._ oneself. +silfr _sn._ silver. +sīn _see_ *sik*. +sinn _sn._ time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, for once. + 'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, i.e. only + once. +sinn _see_ *sik*. +sitja _sv._ 5, sit. *s. fyrir*, sit in readiness. +sjā = þessi. +sjā _sv._ 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. + _impers._ 'lītt sēr þat ā, at'...it will hardly be seen + that... *sjāsk*, see one another, meet. +sjālfr _prn._ self. +sjōða _sv._ 7, boil; cook. +sjōn _sf._ sight. +sjōn-hvęrfing _sf._ ocular delusion. +skal _see_ *skulu*. +skalf _see_ *skjālfa*. +skāli _wm._ hall. +skammr _adj._ short. +skap _sn._ state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour. +skapligr _adj._ suitable, fit. +skapt _sn._ shaft, handle. +skar _see_ *skera*. +skarð _sn._ notch, gap; defect. +skaut _see_ *skjōta*. +skęgg _sn._ beard; beak (of a ship). +skeið _sn._ race-course, running-ground; race--'taka sk.,' start + in a race. +skeina _wv._ 1, graze. +skellr _sm._ knock. +skęmtun _sf._ amusement, entertainment [skammr, _literally + 'shortening (of time)'_]. +skera _sv._ 4, cut, cut up; kill (animal). +skiljask _wv._ 1, separate, part _intr._ +skillingr _sm._ shilling, coin. +skilnaðr _sm._ separation, parting. +skip _sn._ ship. +skipa _wv._ 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. 'sk. til um + eitt,' make arrangements for. *skipask*, take one's place; + change, alter _intr._ +skipa-hęrr _sm._ fleet. +skipan _sf._ arranging; ship's crew. +skips-brot _sn._ shipwreck. +skip-stjōrnar-maðr _sm._ (steerer), commander of a ship, + captain. +skjald-borg _sf._ wall of shields, testudo. +skjālfa _sv._ 3, shake _intr._ +skjōta _sv._ 7, _w. dat._ shoot, throw, push. +skjōt-fœri _sn._ swiftness. +skjōt-leikr _sm._ swiftness. +skjōt-liga _adv._ swiftly, quick. +skjōtr _adj._ swift, quick. *skjōtt* _adv._ quickly. +skjǫldr _sm._ 3, shield. +skōgr _sm._ forest, wood. +skorta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and of thing_, want, + fail. +skot _sn._ shot; missile [skjōta]. +skot-māl _sn._ shot-measure, range. +skotta _wv._ 3, dangle--sk. við drift (of ships). +skǫkull _sm._ shaft (of a cart). +skǫmm _sf._ disgrace, shame. +skǫr _sf._ hair of the head. +skreppa _wf._ bag, wallet. +skulfu _see_ *skjālfa*. +skulu _swv._ shall. +skuta _wf._ small ship, cutter. +skutill _sm._ trencher, small table. +skutil-sveinn _sm._ page, chamberlain. +skutu _see_ *skjōta*. +skykkr _sm._ shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake. +skylda _see_ *skulu*. +skyldr _adj._ obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu]. +skyn _sn._ understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand. +skynda _wv._ 1, hasten, bring in haste. +skyndiliga _adv._ hastily, quickly. +skynsamliga _adv._ intelligently, carefully. +skȳt _see_ *skjōta*. +slā _sv._ 2, strike. 'slā eldi ī,' light a fire. +slæliga _adv._ sluggishly, weakly. +slær _adj._ blunt. +slær _see_ *slā*. +slātr _sn._ meat. +sleikja _wv._ lick. +sleit _see_ *slīta*. +slēttr _adj._ level, smooth; comfortable, easy. +slīkr _adj._ such. +slīta _sv._ 6, tear--*sl. upp*, pull up; _w. dat._ break + (agreement). +smæri _see_ *smār*. +smār _adj._ small, insignificant. +smā-skip _snpl._ small ships. +smā-skūta _wf._ small cutter. +smjūga _sv._ 7, squeeze through, slip. +smugu _see_ *smjūga*. +snarpligr _adj._ vigorous. +snarpr _adj._ sharp; vigorous. +snimma _adv._ early. +snöra _see_ *snūa*. +snūa _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ turn _or_ (_trans._) direct; twist, + plait. *snūask*, turn (_intr._). +soðinn _see_ *sjōða*. +sœkja _wv._ 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat. +sœmð _sf._ honour [sōma]. +sœtti _see_ *sœkja*. +sofa _sv._ 4, sleep. +sofna _wv._ 3, go to sleep. +sǫgur _see_ *saga*. +sǫk _sf._ cause--'fyrir þā s. at'..., because. +sökkva _sv._ 3, sink. +sōl _sf._ sun. +sōl-skin _sn._ sunshine. +soltinn _adj._ hungry [_ptc. of_ 'svelta,' starve]. +sōma _wv._ 2, _w. dat._, be suitable, befitting. +sōmi _wm._ honour. +sonr _sm._ son. +sōtt _sf._ illness. +sōtta _see_ *sœkja*. +sǫx _snpl._ raised prow of a war-ship. +spala _see_ *spǫlr*. +sparask _wv._ 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy. +spęnna (spęnta) _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, gird, buckle on. +spjōt _sn._ spear. +sporðr _sm._ tail. +spori _sm._ spur. +spǫlr _sm._ rail. +sprakk _see_ *springa*. +sprętta _wv._ 1, split. +springa _sv._ 3, burst. +spurða _see_ *spyrja*. +spyrja _wv._ 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have news + of, hear of his arrival. *spyrjask*, be known. +spyrna _wv._ 1, kick. +staddr _adj._ placed, staying [_ptc. of_ 'stęðja,' place]. +staðr _sm._ place--'ī staðinn,' instead. +stafaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) striped. +staf-karl _sm._ (staff-man), beggar. +stafn _sm._ prow. +stafn-būi _wm._ prow-man. +stafn-lē _wm._ grappling-hook. +stafr _sm._ 2 (_gen. sg._ stafs), staff, stick. +stakk _see_ *stinga*. +stallari _sm._ marshall. +standa _sv._ 2, stand. *st. upp*, stand up, rise. +starfa _wv._ 3, work. +stęfna _wv._ 1, steer; take a course, go. +steig _see_ *stīga*. +steinn _sm._ stone; jewel. +stela _sv._ 4, _w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers._ steal, rob. +stęndr _see_ *standa*. +stęrkliga _adv._ vigorously. +stęrkr _adj._ strong. +steypa _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, throw; pull off. *steypask*, + throw oneself. +stīga _sv._ 6, advance, walk, go. *st. upp*, mount (horse). +stīgr _sm._ path, way. +stikill _sm._ point. +stilla (stilta) _wv._ 1, arrange. *st. til*, arrange, dispose. +stinga _sv._ 3, pierce; 'st. stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow + against a ship's side. +stirt _adv._ harshly [_neut. of_ 'stirðr,' stiff]. +stōð _see_ *standa*. +stœrri _see_ *stōr*. +stōkkva _sv._ 3, spring, rebound, start back. +stolinn _see_ *stela*. +stōrliga _adv._ bigly, arrogantly. +stōr-mannligr _adj._ magnificent, aristocratic. +stōr-męnni _sn._ great men (collective), aristocracy. +stōrr _adj._ big, great. *stōrum* _adv._ greatly. +stōr-rāðr _adj._ (great of plans), ambitious. +stōr-skip _sn._ big ship, +stōr-virki _sn._ great deed. +strā _wv._ 1, strew, cover with straw. +strauk _see_ *strjūka*. +stręngr _sm._ 2, string. +strjūka _sv._ 7, stroke. +stund _sf._ period of time, time. +stutt _adv._ shortly, abruptly [_neut. of_ 'stuttr' short]. +stȳra _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ steer. +stȳri _sn._ rudder. +stȳris-hnakki _wm._ top piece of rudder. +styrkr _sm._ strength; help. +sū _see_ *sā*. +suðr _adv._ southward. +suðr-ganga _wf._ journey south (to Rome). +sukku _see_ *sökkva*. +sumar _sn._ summer. +sumr _prn._ some. +sund _sn._ sound, channel. +svā _adv._ so, as; as soon as. 'ok svā,' also. +svaf _see_ *sofa*. +svara _wv._ 3, _w. dat. of thing_, answer. +svardagi _sm._ oath. +sveinn _sm._ boy. +sveinn-stauli _wm._ small boy. +sveit _sf._ troop. +svelga _sv._ 3, swallow, gulp. +sverð _sn._ sword. +sverðs-hǫgg _sn._ swordstroke. +svipan _sf._ jerk; moment. +svipting _sf._ pull, struggle. +sȳnask _wv._ 1, seem [sjōn]. +syni _see_ *sonr*. +systir _sf._ 3, sister. + +T + +taka _wv._ 2, _w. acc._ take, seize, take possession of; _w. + inf._ begin; _w. dat._ receive (well, ill, etc.). *takask*, + take place, begin. *t. at*, choose. *t. til*, engage in, + try. *t. upp*, take to, choose. +tala _wf._ talk, speech. +tala _wv._ 3, speak, talk about, discuss. +taliðr _see_ *tęlja*. +tālma _wv._ 3, hinder. +tār _sn._ tear. +taumar _smpl._ reins. +tękinn _see_ *taka*. +tęlja _wv._ 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, say + [tala]. +tęngðir _sfpl._ relationship, connection by marriage. +tęngja _wv._ 1, bind, fasten together. +tęngsl _snpl._ cable. +tīða _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire. +tīðindi _snpl._ tidings, news. +tīðr _adj._ usual, happening--'hvat er tītt um þik?' what is the + matter with you? *tītt* _adv._ often, quickly--'sem tīðast,' + as quickly as possible. +tiginn _adj._ of high rank. +tigr _sm._--'fjōrir tigir,' forty. +til _prp. w. gen._ to; till; for (of use)--'alt er t. vāpna + var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for (of + object, intention)--'brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to + get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var eigi + gott,' they were not well off for provisions. +til _adv._ too (of excess). +til-vīsan _sf._ direction, guidance. +tītt _see_ *tīðr*. +tīvi _wm._ god. +tjald _sn._ tent. +tjūgu-skęgg _sn._ forked beard. +tœka _see_ *taka*. +tōk _see_ *taka*. +tǫnn _sf._ 3, tooth. +trani _wm._ crane. +trē _sn._ tree. +troða _sv._ tread. +trog _sn._ trough. +tros _sn._ droppings, rubbish. +trūa _wf._ faith--'þat veit tr. mīn at...,' by my faith. +trūa _wv._ 2, _w. dat. of pers._ believe, trust, rely on. +tūn _sn._ enclosure, dwelling. +tveir _num._ two. +tȳna _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lose. +typpa _wv._ tie in a top-knot. + +Þ + +þā _see_ *sā*. +þā _see_ *þiggja*. +þā _adv._ then. +þær _see_ *sā*. +þakðr _see_ *þękja*. +þakka _wv._ 3, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._ thank; + requite, reward. +þambar-skęlfir _sm._ bowstring-shaker (?). +þann _see_ *sā*. +þannig _adv._ thither; so [= þann veg]. +þar _adv._ there; then; 'þ. af,' _etc._, thereof. 'þar sem,' + since, because. 'þar til,' until. +þarf _see_ *þurfa*. +þat _see_ *sā*. +þau _see_ *sā*. +þegar _adv._ at once. 'þ. er,' as soon as. +þęginn _see_ *þiggja*. +þęgja _wv._ 1b, be silent. +þeim _see_ *sā*. +þeir, þeirra _see_ *sā*. +þękja _wv._ 1b, roof. +þękkja _wv._ 1, notice. *þękkjask*, take pleasure in; accept. +þēr _see_ *þū*. +þess _see_ *sā*. +þess _adv. w. comp._ the, so much the. +þessi _prn._ this. +þiggja _sv._ 5, receive. +þik _see_ *þū*. +þing _sn._ meeting, parliament. +þinn _see_ *þū*. +þit _see_ *þū*. +þjōð _sf._ nation, race. +þō _adv._ though, yet. +þǫkð _see_ *þękja*. +þǫkk _sf._ thanks, gratitude [þakka]. +þola _wv._ 2, endure, put up with. +þora _wv._ 2, dare. +þǫrf _sf._ need. +þorrinn _see_ *þverra*. +þōtt _adv._ though [= þō at]. +þōtta _see_ *þykkja*. +þraut _see_ *þrjōta*. +þreifask _wv._ 3, grope, feel. +þreyta _wv._ 1, make exertions, try. +þriði _adj._ third. +þriðjungr _sm._ third. +þrīr _num._ three. +þrjōta _sv._ 7, _impers. w. acc. of pers._ come to an end, fail. +þrūðugr _adj._ mighty. +þū _prn._ thou. +þumlungr _sm._ thumb of glove. +þunn-vangi _wm._ temple (of head). +þurðr _sm._ diminution. +þurfa _swv. often impers._ require, need. +þurr _adj._ dry. +þurs _sm._ giant. +þverra _sv._ 3, diminish. +þvers _adv._ across. +þvī _see_ *sā*. +þvī _adv._ therefore; _w. compar._ the, so much the more. +þvīlikr _adj._ such. +þykkja _wv._ 1c, seen, be considered. 'þykkir einum fyrir,' + there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. + 'myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,' I should be displeased. *þykkjask*, + think. +þykkr _adj._ thick, close. +þynna _wv._ 1, make thin. *þynnask* get thin. +þyrstr _adj._ (_ptc._) thirsty. + +U + +ū-fœra _wf._ impassable place; fix, difficulty. +ū-friðr _sm._ hostility, war. +ū-grynni _sn._ countless number [grunnr, 'bottom']. +ū-happ _sn._ misfortune. +ū-hreinn _adj._ impure. +um _prp. w. acc._ around, about, over; _of time_ in, at; _of + superiority_ beyond; concerning, about. +um-rāð _sn._ advice, help. +um-sjā _sf._ care. +una _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ be contented--'u. illa,' be discontented. +undan _prp. w. dat._, _adv._ away (from). +undarliga _adv._ strangely. +undarligr _adj._ strange. +undir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ under. +undr _sn._ wonder. +ungr _adj._ young. +unninn _see_ *vinna*. +unz _adv._ until. +upp _adv._ up. +upp-ganga _wf._ boarding (ship). +upp-haf _sn._ beginning [hęfja]. +upp-himinn _sm._ high heaven. +uppi _adv._ up; at an end. +urðu _see_ *verða*. +ūt _adv._ out. _comp._ *utar*, outer, outwards, farther away. +utan _adv._ outside; outwards. +utan-fęrð _sf._ journey abroad. +utar _see_ *ūt*. +ūti _adv._ outside, out on the sea. +ūt-lausn _sf._ ransom. +ū-vinr _sm._ enemy. + +V + +vægð _sf._ forbearance. +vænn _adj._ likely, to be expected. +væri _see_ *vera*. +vætr _neut._ nothing. +vaka _wv._ 3, be awake, wake up. +vakna _wv._ 3, awake. +vald _sn._ power, control. +val-kyrja _sf._ chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjōsa]. +valr _sm._ corpses on the battle-field. +vān, _sf._ hope, expectation, probability. +vandræða-skāld _sn._ the 'awkward' poet, the poet who is + difficult to deal with. +vandræði _snpl._ difficulty. +vangi _wm._ cheek. +vanr _adj._ accustomed. +vāpn _sn._ weapon. +vāpna-burð _sm._ bearing weapons, shower of missiles. +vāpn-lauss _adj._ without weapons. +var _see_ *vera*. +vār _sn._ spring. +vār _see_ *ek*. +vara _wv._ 2, _impers. w. acc. of pers._--'mik varði,' I + expected. +varð _see_ *verða*. +varði _see_ *vęrja*. +vargr _sm._ wolf. +variðr _see_ *vęrja*. +varla _adv._ scarcely. +varnaðr _sm._ goods, merchandise. +vāru _see_ *vera*. +vatn _sn._ water. +vaxa _sv._ 2, grow; increase. +veðr _sn._ weather. +vegr _sm._ road; way, manner; direction, side; _in composition_, + region, tract, land. +veik _see_ *vikja*. +veit _see_ *vita*. +veita _wv._ 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.). +vękja _wv._ 1b, wake [vaka]. +vēl _sf._ artifice, cunning. +vęlja _wv._ 1b, choose. +vęndi _see_ *vǫndr*. +vēr _see_ *ek*. +vera _sv._ exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat lātum hafði + verit,' what had caused the noise. *v. at*, be occupied + with. +verð _sn._ worth, value; price. +verða _sv._ 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir einum,' come + in one's way, appear before one; become; come into being, be; + 'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; _w. infin._ be + obliged, must. 'nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have + come into a great perplexity, difficulty. *v. at*, happen. +verðr _adj._ worth; important. +ver-gjarn _adj._ desirous of a husband, loose. +verit _see_ *vera*. +vert _see_ *verðr*. +vęrja _wv._ 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, turn + one's back on. +vęrja _wv._ 1b, dress; lay out money, invest. +verk _sn._ work, job. +verr _sm._ man; husband. +vęrr _adv. comp._ worse. _superl._ *vęrst*, worst. +verǫld _sf._ world. +vestan _adv._ from the west. 'v. fyrir' _w. gen. or acc._, west + of. +vestr _adv._ westwards. +vetr _sm._ winter; year. +vęx _see_ *vaxa*. +vęxti _see_ *vǫxtr*. +við _prp. w. acc._ by, near; towards (of place and time); with + (of various relations). _w. dat._ towards, at (laugh at, + etc.); in exchange for, for. +vīða _adv._ widely, far and wide, on many sides. +viðar-teinungr _sm._ tree-shoot, plant. +við-bragð _sn._ push. +viðr _sm._ 3, tree. +vīðr _adj._ wide, broad. +við-skipti _snpl._ dealings. +við-taka _wf._ reception; resistance. +vīgja _wv._ 1, consecrate, hallow. +vīgr _adj._ warlike, able-bodied. +vīking _sf._ piracy, piratical expedition. +vīkingr _sm._ pirate. +vīkja _sv._ 6, turn, move, go. +vilja _swv._ will. +villi-eldr _sm._ wildfire, conflagration. +vinātta _wf._ friendship. +vināttu-māl _snpl._ assurances of friendship. +vinna _sv._ 3, do, perform; win, conquer. *vinnask til*, + suffice. +vinr _sm._ 2, friend. +virðing _sf._ honour [verðr]. +vīsa _wv._ 2, _w. dat._ show, guide. +vīss _adj._ wise; certain. +vissa _see_ *vita*. +vist _sf._ 2, board and lodging; provisions. +vit _see_ *ek*. +vita _swv._ know; be turned in a certain direction. *v. fram*, + see into futurity. +vīti _sn._ punishment, penalty. +vītis-horn _sn._ penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk as a + punishment). +vitkask _wv._ 3, come to one's senses. +vitr (-ran) _adj._ wise. +vǫllr _sm._ 3, plain, field. +vǫndr _sm._ 3, twig, rod. +vǫrn _sf._ defence, resistance. +vǫxtr _sm._ 3, growth, stature. +vreiðr = reiðr. + +Y + +yðr _see_ *þū*. +yfir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ over [ofan]. +ȳmiss _adj._ various, different. +ymr _sm._ rumbling noise. +ytri _adj. comp._ outer. _superl._ *yztr*, outside(st) [ūt]. + + + +PROPER NAMES + +Āki _sm._ +Āsa-þōrr _sm._ (divine) Thor. +Āstrīðr _sf._ +Auðun _sm._ + +Baldr (-rs) _sm._ +Barði _wm._ 'the Ram' (name of a ship). +Bil-skīrnir _sm._ +Brīsinga-męn _sn._ Freyja's necklace. +Burizleifr _sm._ + +Dāins-leif _sf._ relic of Dāinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage]. +Dana-konungr _sm._ king of the Danes. +Danir _smpl._ the Danes. +Dan-mǫrk _sf._ 3, Denmark. +Draupnir _sm._ + +Einarr _sm._ +Eindriði _wm._ +Eirīkr _sm._ +Erlingr _sm._ + +Fęn-salr _sm._ 2. +Finnr _sm._ +Finskr _adj._ Finnish. +Freyja _wf._ +Freyr _sm._ +Frigg _sf._ wife of Odin. +Fulla _wf._ Frigg's handmaid. + +Geira _wf._ +Gimsar _fpl._ +Gjallar-brū _sf._ the bridge over the river Gjǫll. +Gjǫll _sf._ 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell. +Grœn-land _sn._ Greenland. +Gullin-bursti _wm._ 'Golden-bristle.' +Gull-toppr _sm._ 'Gold-top.' + +Hā-ey _sf._ 'High-island.' +Hākon _sm._ +Hall-freðr _sm._ +Haraldr _sm._ +Hēðinn _sm._ +Heim-dallr _sm._ +Hęl _sf._ the goddess of the infernal regions. +Hęr-mōðr _sm._ +Hildr _sf._ ['hildr,' war]. +Hjaðninga-vīg _sn._ battle of the Hjaðnings. +Hjarrandi _wm._ +Hlōriði _wm._ the Thunderer, Thor. +Hǫgni _wm._ +Hring-horni _wm._ 'Ring-prowed.' +Hyrningr _sm._ +Hyrrokin _sf._ +Hǫðr _sm._ + +Īs-land _sn._ Iceland. +Īsland-fęrð _sf._ journey to Iceland. +Īslęnzkr _adj._ Icelandic. + +Jōms-borg _sf._ +Jōms-vīkingar _smpl._ the pirates of Jōmsborg. + +Kol-bjǫrn _sm._ + +Laufey _sf._ +Litr _sm._ +Loki _wm._ + +Mōð-guðr _sf._ +Mœri _wf._ + +Nanna _wf._ +Nepr _sm._ +Njarðar _see_ *Njǫrðr*. +Njǫrðr _sm._ +Nōa-tūn _snpl._ +Noregr _sm._ Norway [= norð-vegr]. + +Ǫku-þōrr _sm._ Thor (the driver) [aka]. +Ōlāfr _sm._ +Ōðinn _sm._ Odin. +Orkn-eyjar _sfpl._ Orkneys. + +Rōma-borg _sf._ Rome. +Rūm-fęrli _wm._ pilgrim to Rome [fara]. +Rǫskva _wf._ + +Sax-land _sn._ Saxony, Germany. +Sif _sf._ +Sigrīðr _sf._ +Sig-valdi _wm._ +Skjālgr _sm._ +Skrȳmir _sm._ +Sleipnir _sm._ +Slīðrug-tanni _wm._ [tǫnn]. +Sœnskr _adj._ Swedish. +Sveinn _sm._ +Svīa-konungr _sm._ king of Sweden. +Svīar _smpl._ Swedes. +Svīa-vęldi _sn._ Sweden [vald]. +Svī-þjōð _sf._ Sweden. +Svǫlðr (-rar) _sf._ island of Svolder, near Rügen. + +Tann-gnjōstr _sm._ [tǫnn]. +Tann-grisnir _sm._ [tǫnn]. +Tryggvi _wm._ 'Trusty.' + +Þjālfi _wm._ +Þōrir _sm._ +Þor-kęll _sm._ +Þōrr _sm._ Thor. +Þor-steinn _sm._ +Þrūð-vangar _smpl._ 'plains of strength.' +Þrymyr _sm._ +Þǫkk _sf._ + +Ūlfr _sm._ +Ūtgarða-loki _wm._ +Ūt-garðr _sm._ *Ūt-garðar* _pl._ 'outer enclosure,' world of + the giants. + +Vanir _smpl._ race of Gods. +Vār _sf._ goddess of betrothal and marriage. +Vest-firzkr _adj._ of the west firths (in Iceland). +Vīk _sf._ 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. +Vinda-snękkja _wf._ Wendish ship. +Vind-land _sn._ Wendland. +Vindr _smpl._ the Wends. +Ving-þōrr _sm._ name of Thor. + +THE END. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following +the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use +of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for +copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very +easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation +of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project +Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may +do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected +by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark +license, especially commercial redistribution. + +START: FULL LICENSE + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full +Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at +www.gutenberg.org/license. + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or +destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your +possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a +Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound +by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the +person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph +1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this +agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the +Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection +of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual +works in the collection are in the public domain in the United +States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the +United States and you are located in the United States, we do not +claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, +displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as +all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope +that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting +free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm +works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the +Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily +comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when +you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are +in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, +check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this +agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, +distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any +other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no +representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any +country other than the United States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other +immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear +prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work +on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, +performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and + most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this + eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the + United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where + you are located before using this eBook. + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is +derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not +contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the +copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in +the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are +redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply +either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or +obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any +additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms +will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works +posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the +beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including +any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access +to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format +other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official +version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website +(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense +to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means +of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain +Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the +full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +provided that: + +* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed + to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has + agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid + within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are + legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty + payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in + Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation." + +* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all + copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue + all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm + works. + +* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + +* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than +are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing +from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of +the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set +forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project +Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may +contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate +or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or +other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or +cannot be read by your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium +with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you +with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in +lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person +or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second +opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If +the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing +without further opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO +OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of +damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement +violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the +agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or +limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or +unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the +remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in +accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the +production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, +including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of +the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this +or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any +Defect you cause. + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of +computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It +exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations +from people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future +generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see +Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at +www.gutenberg.org + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by +U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, +Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up +to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website +and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without +widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND +DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular +state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To +donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project +Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be +freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and +distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of +volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in +the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our website which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + diff --git a/5424-0.zip b/5424-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..857c744 --- /dev/null +++ b/5424-0.zip diff --git a/5424-h.zip b/5424-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a737c86 --- /dev/null +++ b/5424-h.zip diff --git a/5424-h/5424-h.htm b/5424-h/5424-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab7affa --- /dev/null +++ b/5424-h/5424-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9898 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + + body { margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + + .subtitle { + font-size: 130%; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + + .author { + font-size: 120%; + font-style: italic; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + + .publish_info { + font-size: 80%; + font-style: italic; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + + .header2 { + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header3 { + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header4 { + font-size: 105%; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header5 { + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header6 { + font-size: 100%; + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header7 { + font-size: 90%; + font-style: italic; + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .poetry { + white-space: pre; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-top: .5em; + margin-bottom: .5em; + } + + .text { + white-space: pre; + } + + .cell { + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: An Icelandic Primer<br /> + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry Sweet</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 14, 2002 [eBook #5424]<br /> +[Most recently updated: February 5, 2022]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Sean Crist and Ben Crowder</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***</div> + +<h1>An Icelandic Primer</h1> + +<div class="subtitle">With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary</div> + +<div class="author">By Henry Sweet, M.A.</div> + +<div class="publish_info"> +Second Edition<br /> +1895 +</div> + +<div class="header2"> +Preface +</div> + +<p> +The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of +Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from the very +beginning of that study in England. The <i>Icelandic Reader</i>, +edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press +Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands +of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary +primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would +have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for +some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to +undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more +formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before +definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to +induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but +they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I +myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my +Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some +students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I +determined to go on. +</p> +<p> +In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere +strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have +themselves deviated from it in their <i>Corpus Poeticum +Boreale</i>, in the way of separating <i>ǫ</i> from <i>ö</i>, etc. +My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the +traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no +practical gain for the beginner in writing <i>tīme</i> for <i>tīmi</i>, +discarding <i>ð</i>, etc., although these changes certainly bring us +nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in +scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to +have <i>regular</i> forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far +as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective +distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not +hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the +latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in Icelandic +as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual +accents of the MSS. +</p> +<p> +In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to +Noreen's <i>Altisländische Grammatik</i>, which is by far the best +Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that +narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates +itself on phonology and inflections. +</p> +<p> +The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and +representative as possible. With such a language, and such a +master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not +difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who +makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales +of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death +of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer +recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the +shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this +book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, +but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the +Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of +their whole political system. As the Reader does not include +poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of +the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity +and corruption--the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. +</p> +<p> +In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very +inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts <i>þ</i>, +<i>æ</i>, <i>œ</i>, right at the end of the alphabet. +</p> +<p> +I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the +texts and the glossary from Wimmer's <i>Oldnordisk Læsebog</i>, which +I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists +in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, +that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in +nearly every case. +</p> +<p> +In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book +makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it +contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious +heritage--the old language and literature of Iceland--which our +miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them +of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. +</p> +<p> +HENRY SWEET<br /> +London,<br /> +February, 1886<br /> +</p> + +<div class="header2"> +Contents +</div> + +<p> +<a href="#grammar">Grammar</a><br /> +<a href="#texts">Texts</a><br /> +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td align='right'>I.</td> + <td><a href="#text1">Thor</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>II.</td> + <td><a href="#text2">Thor and Utgarðaloki</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>III.</td> + <td><a href="#text3">Balder</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>IV.</td> + <td><a href="#text4">Death of Balder</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>V.</td> + <td><a href="#text5">Hēðinn and Hǫgni</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>VI.</td> + <td><a href="#text6">Death of Olaf Tryggvason</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>VII.</td> + <td><a href="#text7">Auðun</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>VIII.</td> + <td><a href="#text8">Þrymskviða</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a href="#notes">Notes</a><br /> +<a href="#glossary">Glossary</a><br /> +<a href="#names">Proper Names</a><br /> +</p> + +<p><a name="grammar"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Grammar +</div> + +<p> +<a name="1"></a> +1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, +between 1200 and 1350. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Pronunciation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="2"></a> +2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the +addition of <i>þ</i> and <i>ð</i>, and of the modified letters <i>ę</i>, +<i>ǫ</i>, <i>ø</i>, which last is in this book written <i>ö</i>, +<i>ǫ̈</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Vowels +</div> + +<p> +<a name="3"></a> +3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old +English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book +long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)<sup>1</sup>. The following are +the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and +key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of <i>ę</i>, <i>ö</i> are written +<i>æ</i>, <i>œ</i>, respectively.] +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>a</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'><i>as in</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mann (G.)</td> + <td class='cell'>halda (<i>hold</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ā</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>father</td> + <td class='cell'>rāð (<i>advice</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>e</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>été (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>gekk (<i>went</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ē<sup>2</sup></td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>lēt (let <i>pret.</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ę</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>men</td> + <td class='cell'>męnn (<i>men</i>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its +sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.] +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>æ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'><i>as in</i></td> + <td class='cell'>there</td> + <td class='cell'>sær (<i>sea</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>i</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>fini (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>mikill (<i>great</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ī</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>lītill (<i>little</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>o</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>beau (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>orð (<i>word</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ō</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>tōk (<i>look</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ǫ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>not</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫnd (<i>hand</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ö</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>peu (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>kömr (<i>comes</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>œ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>fœra (<i>bring</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ǫ̈</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>peur (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈ra (<i>make</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>u</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>sou (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>upp (<i>up</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ū</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>hūs (<i>house</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>y</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>tu (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>systir (<i>sister</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ȳ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳsa (<i>shine</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>au</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>haus (G.)</td> + <td class='cell'>lauss (<i>loose</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ei</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>=</td> + <td class='cell'>ę + i</td> + <td class='cell'>bein (<i>bone</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ey</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>=</td> + <td class='cell'>ę + y</td> + <td class='cell'>leysa (<i>loosen</i>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="4"></a> +4. The unaccented <i>i</i> in <i>systir</i>, etc. (which is generally +written <i>e</i> in the MSS.) probably had the sound of <i>y</i> in +<i>pity</i>, which is really between <i>i</i> and <i>e</i>. The unacc. +<i>u</i> in <i>fōru</i> (they went), etc. (which is generally written +<i>o</i> in the MSS.) probably had the sound of <i>oo</i> in <i>good</i>. +</p> +<p> +Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of <i>close</i> and +<i>open</i>, thus: +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td>close:</td> + <td>e</td> + <td>ē</td> + <td>o</td> + <td>ō</td> + <td>ö</td> + <td>œ</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>open:</td> + <td>ę</td> + <td>æ</td> + <td>ǫ</td> + <td>-</td> + <td>ǫ̈</td> + <td>-</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class="header4"> +Consonants +</div> + +<p> +<a name="5"></a> +5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced +really double, as in Italian. Thus the <i>kk</i> in <i>drekka</i> (to +drink) must be pronounced like the <i>kc</i> in <i>bookcase</i>, while the +<i>k</i> in <i>dręki</i> (dragon) is single, as in <i>booking</i>. When final +(or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, +as in <i>munn</i> (mouth <i>acc.</i>), <i>hamarr</i> (hammer <i>nom.</i>), +<i>steinn</i> (stone <i>nom.</i>), distinguished from <i>mun</i> (will +<i>vb.</i>), and the accusatives <i>hamar</i>, <i>stein</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6"></a> +6. <i>k</i> and <i>g</i> had a more front (palatal) sound before the front +vowels <i>e</i>, <i>ę</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ǫ̈</i>, <i>y</i>, and their +longs, as also before <i>j</i>, as in <i>kęnna</i> (known), <i>keyra</i> +(drive), <i>gǫ̈ra</i> (make), <i>liggja</i> (lie). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7"></a> +7. <i>kkj</i>, <i>ggj</i> were probably pronounced simply as double front +<i>kk</i>, <i>gg</i>, the <i>j</i> not being pronounced separately. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8"></a> +8. <b>f</b> had initially the sound of our <i>f</i>, medially and finally +that of <i>v</i>, as in <i>gefa</i> (give), <i>gaf</i> (gave), except of +course in such combinations as <i>ft</i>, where it had the sound of +<i>f</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="9"></a> +9. <b>g</b> was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons. +initially and in the combination <i>ng</i>, the two <i>g</i>'s in <i>ganga</i> +(go) being pronounced as in <i>go</i>. It had the open sound of G. +<i>g</i> in <i>sagen</i> medially before the back vowels <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, +<i>ǫ</i>, <i>u</i>, and all conss. except <i>j</i>, and finally:--<i>saga</i> +(tale), <i>dǫgum</i> (with days); <i>sagði</i> (he said); <i>lag</i> (he lay). +Before the front vowels and <i>j</i> it had the sound of G. <i>g</i> in +<i>liegen</i>, or nearly that of <i>j</i> (our <i>y</i>), as in <i>sęgir</i> +(says), <i>sęgja</i> (to say). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="10"></a> +10. Before voiceless conss. (<i>t</i>, <i>s</i>) <i>g</i> seems to have been +pronounced <i>k</i>, as in <i>sagt</i> (said), <i>dags</i> (day's). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="11"></a> +11. The <i>g</i> was always sounded in the combination <i>ng</i>, +as in <i>single</i>, not as in <i>singer</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="12"></a> +12. <b>h</b> was sounded before <i>j</i> in such words as <i>hjarta</i> +(heart) much as in E. <i>hue</i> (= hjū). <i>hl</i>, <i>hn</i>, <i>hr</i>, +<i>hv</i> probably represented voiceless <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, +<i>w</i> respectively, <i>hv</i> being identical with E. <i>wh</i>: +<i>hlaupa</i> (leap), <i>hnīga</i> (bend), <i>hringr</i> (ring), <i>hvat</i> +(what). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="13"></a> +13. <b>j</b> is not distinguished from <i>i</i> in the MSS. It had the +sound of E. <i>y</i> in <i>young</i>: <i>jǫrð</i> (earth), <i>sętja</i> +(to set). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="14"></a> +14. <b>p</b> in <i>pt</i> probably had the sound of <i>f</i>: <i>lopt</i> (air). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="15"></a> +15. <b>r</b> was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="16"></a> +16. <b>s</b> was always sharp. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="17"></a> +17. <b>v</b> (which was sometimes written <i>u</i> and <i>w</i>) had the sound +of E. <i>w</i>: <i>vel</i> (well), <i>hǫggva</i> (hew). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="18"></a> +18. <b>z</b> had the sound of <i>ts</i>: <i>bęztr</i> (best). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="19"></a> +19. <b>þ</b> and <b>ð</b> were used promiscuously in the older MS., the +very oldest using <i>þ</i> almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic +<i>þ</i> is written initially to express the sound of E. hard <i>th</i>, +<i>ð</i> medially and finally to express that of soft <i>th</i>; as there +can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old +pronunciation, it is retained in this book: <i>þing</i> (parliament), +<i>faðir</i> (father), <i>við</i> (against). In such combinations as <i>pð</i> +the <i>ð</i> must of course be pronounced <i>þ</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Stress +</div> + +<p> +<a name="20"></a> +20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Phonology +</div> + +<div class="header4"> +Vowels +</div> + +<p> +<a name="21"></a> +21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the +most important of which are <i>mutation</i> (umlaut), <i>fracture</i> +(brechung), and <i>gradation</i> (ablaut). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Mutation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="22"></a> +22. The following changes are <b>i</b>-mutations (caused by an older +<i>i</i> or <i>j</i> following, which has generally been +dropped)<sup>3</sup>: +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 3: Many of the <i>i</i>'s which appear in derivative and +inflectional syllables are late weakenings of <i>a</i> and other +vowels, as in <i>bani</i> (death) = Old English <i>bana</i>; these +do not cause mutation.] +</p> +<p> +<b>a</b> (<b>ǫ</b>) ... <b>ę</b> :-- <i>mann</i> (man <i>acc.</i>), +<i>męnn</i> (men); <i>hǫnd</i> (hand), <i>hęndr</i> (hands). +</p> +<p> +<b>ā</b> ... <b>æ</b> :-- <i>māl</i> (speech), <i>mæla</i> (speak). +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> (<b>ja</b>, <b>jǫ</b>) ... <b>i</b> :-- <i>verðr</i> +(worth), <i>virða</i> (estimate). +</p> +<p> +<b>u</b> (<b>o</b>) ... <b>y</b> :-- <i>fullr</i> (full), <i>fylla</i> +(to fill); <i>lopt</i> (air), <i>lypta</i> (lift). +</p> +<p> +<b>ū</b> ... <b>ȳ</b> :-- <i>brūn</i> (eyebrow), pl. <i>brȳnn</i>. +</p> +<p> +<b>o</b> ... <b>ö</b> :-- <i>koma</i> (to come), <i>kömr</i> (comes). +</p> +<p> +<b>ō</b> ... <b>œ</b> :-- <i>fōr</i> (went), <i>fœra</i> (bring). +</p> +<p> +<b>au</b> ... <b>ey</b> :-- <i>lauss</i> (loose), <i>leysa</i> +(loosen). +</p> +<p> +<b>jū</b> (<b>jō</b>) ... <b>ȳ</b> :-- <i>sjūkr</i> (sick), <i>sȳki</i> +(sickness); <i>ljōsta</i> (strike), <i>lȳstr</i> (strikes). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="23"></a> +23. The change of <i>a</i> into <i>ę</i> is sometimes the result of a +following <i>k</i>, <i>g</i>, or <i>ng</i>, as in <i>dęgi</i> dat. sg. +of <i>dagr</i> (day), <i>tękinn</i> (taken), <i>gęnginn</i> (gone), inf. +<i>taka</i>, <i>ganga</i>. <i>i</i> appears instead of <i>e</i>, and +<i>u</i> instead of <i>o</i> before a nasal followed by another cons.: cp. +<i>binda</i> (to bind), <i>bundinn</i> (bound) with <i>bresta</i> (burst) +ptc. prt. <i>brostinn</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="24"></a> +24. There is also a <b>u</b>-mutation, caused by a following <i>u</i>, +which has often been dropped: +</p> +<p> +<b>a</b> ... <b>ǫ</b> :-- <i>dagr</i> (day) dat. pl. <i>dǫgum</i>; +<i>land</i> (land) pl. <i>lǫnd</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="25"></a> +25. Unaccented <i>ǫ</i> becomes <i>u</i>, as in <i>sumur</i> pl. of +<i>sumar</i> (summer), <i>kǫlluðu</i> (they called), infin. <i>kalla</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Fracture +</div> + +<p> +<a name="26"></a> +26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is <i>e</i>: when +followed by original <i>a</i> it becomes <i>ja</i>, when followed by +original <i>u</i> it becomes <i>jǫ</i>, as in <i>jarðar</i> gen. of +<i>jǫrð</i> (earth)<sup>4</sup>. When followed by original <i>i</i>, +the <i>e</i> is, of course, mutated to <i>i</i>, as in <i>skildir</i> +plur. nom. of <i>skjǫldr</i> (shield), gen. <i>skjaldar</i>. +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 4: Cp. German <i>erde</i>.] +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Gradation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="27"></a> +27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- +</p> +<p> +<b>a</b> ... <b>ō</b> :-- <i>fara</i> (go) pret. <i>fōr</i>, whence by +mut. <i>fœra</i> (bring). +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> (i, ja) ... <b>a</b> ... <b>u</b> (o) :-- <i>bresta</i> +(burst), prt. <i>brast</i>, prt. pl. <i>brustu</i>, ptc. prt. <i>brostinn</i>; +<i>finna</i> (find), <i>fundinn</i> (found <i>ptc.</i>), <i>fundr</i> +(meeting). +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> ... <b>a</b> ... <b>ā</b> ... <b>o</b> :-- <i>stela</i> (steal), +prt. <i>stal</i>, prt. pl. <i>stālu</i>, ptc. prt. <i>stolinn</i>. +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> ... <b>a</b> ... <b>ā</b> ... <b>e</b> :-- <i>gefa</i> (give), +<i>gaf</i> (he gave), <i>gāfu</i> (they gave), <i>gefinn</i> (given), +<i>gjǫf</i> (gift), <i>u</i>-fracture of <i>gef-</i>, <i>gæfa</i> (luck) +mut. of <i>gāf-</i>. +</p> +<p> +<b>ī</b> ... <b>ei</b> ... <b>i</b> :-- <i>skīna</i> (shine), <i>skein</i> +(he shone), <i>skinu</i> (they shone). <i>sōl-skin</i> (sunshine). +</p> +<p> +<b>jū</b> (jō) ... <b>au</b> ... <b>u</b> ... <b>o</b> :-- <i>ljūga</i> +(tell a lie), prt. <i>laug</i>, prt. pl. <i>lugu</i>, ptc. prt. +<i>loginn</i>. <i>lygi</i> (lie <i>sbst.</i>) mut. of <i>lug-</i>. +<i>skjōta</i> (shoot), <i>skjōtr</i> (swift), <i>skotinn</i> (shot +<i>ptc.</i>), <i>skot</i> (shot <i>subst.</i>). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Other changes +</div> + +<p> +<a name="28"></a> +28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: <i>þā</i> (then), +<i>nū</i> (now). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="29"></a> +29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long +accented vowels: cp. <i>ganga</i> (to go) with <i>fā</i> (to get), the +dat. plurals <i>knjām</i> (knees) with <i>hūsum</i> (houses). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="30"></a> +30. Vowels are often lengthened before <i>l</i> + cons.: <i>hālfr</i> +(half <i>adj.</i>), <i>fōlk</i> (people); cp. <i>fōlginn</i> (hidden) +with <i>brostinn</i> (burst <i>ptc.</i>). +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Consonants +</div> + +<p> +<a name="31"></a> +31. <i>v</i> is dropped before <i>o</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>vaxa</i> +(to grow), prt. <i>ōx</i>, <i>vinna</i> (to win), <i>unninn</i> +(won <i>ptc.</i>), <i>svelta</i> (to starve), <i>soltinn</i> +(starved, hungry). +</p> +<p> +Final <i>r</i> is often assimilated to a preceding cons. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="32"></a> +32. <i>*-lr</i>, <i>*-nr</i>, <i>*-sr</i> always become <i>-ll</i>, +<i>-nn</i>, <i>-ss</i> after a long vowel or diphthong, as in <i>stōll</i> +(chair <i>nom.</i>), acc. <i>stōl</i>, <i>steinn</i> (stone <i>nom.</i>), +acc. <i>stein</i>, <i>vīss</i> (wise <i>masc. nom. sg.</i>), <i>vīs</i> +fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables, as in the masc. sg. nominatives +<i>mikill</i> (great), fem. <i>mikil</i>, <i>borinn</i> (carried), fem. +<i>borin</i>, <i>ȳmiss</i> (various) fem. <i>ȳmis</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="33"></a> +33. Words in which <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i> are preceded +by a cons. drop the <i>r</i> entirely, as in the masc. nominatives +<i>jarl</i> (earl), <i>hrafn</i> (raven), <i>vitr</i> (wise), <i>þurs</i> +(giant), <i>lax</i> (salmon). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="34"></a> +34. If <i>l</i> and <i>n</i> are preceded by a short accented vowel, +the <i>r</i> is generally kept, as in <i>stelr</i> (steals), +<i>vinr</i>, (friend), <i>sr</i> becoming <i>ss</i>, as elsewhere. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="35"></a> +35. <i>r</i> is kept after <i>ll</i>, and generally after <i>nn</i>, +as in the masc. nom. <i>allr</i> (all), and in <i>bręnnr</i> (burns). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="36"></a> +36. <i>z</i> often stands for <i>ðs</i> as well as <i>ts</i>, as in +<i>þēr þykkizk</i> (ye seem) = <i>*þykkið-sk</i>, <i>Vest-firzkr</i> +(belonging to the West Firths) = <i>-*firðskr</i> (<i>fǫrðr</i>, +firth). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="37"></a> +37. Inflectional <i>t</i> is generally doubled after a long accented +vowel: <i>fār</i> (few) neut. <i>fātt</i> (cp. <i>allr</i> 'all,' neut. +<i>allt</i>), <i>sā</i> (I saw), <i>sātt</i> 'thou sawest.' +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Inflections +</div> + +<div class="header4"> +Nouns +</div> + +<p> +<a name="38"></a> +38. <b>Gender.</b> There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine, +feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly +grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. +Compound words follow the gender of their last element. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="39"></a> +39. <b>Strong and Weak.</b> All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. +sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns +end in a cons. in the nom. sg. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="40"></a> +40. <b>Cases.</b> There are four cases--nominative, accusative, +dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the +gen. pl. in <i>-a</i> (<i>fiska</i>, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in +<i>-um</i> (<i>fiskum</i>). All strong masculines (<i>fiskr</i>) and +some strong feminines (<i>brūðr</i>, bride) take <i>r</i><sup>5</sup> +in the nom. sg. Most strong feminines show the bare root in the nom. +sg. with <i>u</i>-mutation, if possible (<i>āst</i>, favour, <i>fǫr</i>, +journey). The nom. pl. of all strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in <i>r</i> +(<i>fiskar</i>, <i>āstir</i>). The acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same +as the nom. pl. (<i>āstir</i>). The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns +always ends in a vowel (<i>fiska</i>). The plur. nom. and acc. of +neuters is the same as the sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. +nom. and acc. they take <i>u</i>-mutation, if possible (<i>hūs</i>, +houses, <i>lǫnd</i>, lands). +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described +above.] +</p> + +<p> +<a name="41"></a> +41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the +acc. plur. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Masculines +</div> + +<div class="header6"> +(1) <b>a</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-r (<i>fish</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-i</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-s</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="42"></a> +42. So also <i>heimr</i> (home, world); <i>konungr</i> (king); <i>Þōrr</i> +(Thor), acc. <i>Þōr</i>, gen. <i>Þōrs</i>; <i>steinn</i> (stone), acc. +<i>stein</i>, gen. <i>steins</i>, pl. nom. <i>steinar</i>; <i>hrafn</i> +(raven), acc. <i>hrafn</i>, pl. nom. <i>hrafnar</i>; <i>þurs</i> (giant), +acc. gen. <i>þurs</i>, pl. nom. <i>þursar</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="43"></a> +43. Dissyllables in <i>-r</i>, <i>-l</i>, <i>-n</i> generally throw out the +preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: <i>hamarr</i> (hammer), +dat. <i>hamri</i>; <i>jǫtunn</i> (giant), pl. nom. <i>jǫtnar</i>. +<i>kętill</i> (kettle) and <i>lykill</i> (key) show unmutated vowels in the +contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. <i>katla</i>, <i>lukla</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="44"></a> +44. Some nouns of this decl. take <i>-ar</i> in the gen. sing., +especially proper names, such as <i>Hākon</i>, gen. <i>Hākonar</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="45"></a> +45. Some nouns add <i>v</i> before vowels: <i>sær</i> (sea), gen. +<i>sævar</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="46"></a> +46. The dat. sometimes drops the <i>i</i>: <i>sæ</i> (sea), <i>Þōr</i>. +<i>dagr</i> (day) mutates its vowel in the dat. <i>dęgi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="47"></a> +47. Nouns in <i>-ir</i> keep the <i>i</i> in the sing., and drop it in the +plur.: +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli-r (<i>cave</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli-s</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="48"></a> +48. So also a number of proper names, such as <i>Skrȳmir</i>, <i>Þōrir</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(2) <b>i</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað-r (<i>place</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stað-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað</td> + <td class='cell'>stað-i</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað</td> + <td class='cell'>stǫð-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>stað-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="49"></a> +49. So also <i>gripr</i> (precious thing), <i>salr</i> (hall). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="50"></a> +50. <i>gęstr</i> (guest) takes <i>-i</i> in the dat. sg., and <i>-s</i> +in the gen. sg. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="51"></a> +51. Those ending in <i>g</i> or <i>k</i> (together with some others) insert +<i>j</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>bękkr</i> (bench), <i>bękk</i>, +<i>bękk</i>, <i>bękkjar</i>; <i>bękkir</i>, <i>bękki</i>, <i>bękkjum</i>, +<i>bękkja</i>. So also <i>męrgr</i> (marrow), <i>stręngr</i> (string). +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(3) <b>u</b>-plurals +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld-r (<i>shield</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skild-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld</td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skild-i</td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skjald-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>skjald-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="52"></a> +52. So also <i>vǫndr</i> (twig), <i>vǫllr</i> (plain), <i>viðr</i> +(wood). <i>āss</i> (god) has plur. nom. <i>æsir</i>, acc. <i>āsu</i>. +<i>sonr</i> (son) has dat. sg. <i>syni</i>, plur. nom. <i>synir</i>. +It regularly drops its <i>r</i> of the nom. in such compounds as +<i>Tryggva-son</i> (son of Tryggvi). +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(4) <b>r</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-r (<i>foot</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fœt-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fōt</td> + <td class='cell'>fœt-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fœt-i</td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="53"></a> +53. So also <i>fingr</i> (finger), gen. <i>fingrar</i>, pl. <i>fingr</i>; +<i>vetr</i> (winter), pl. <i>vetr</i>. <i>maðr</i> (man) is irregular: +<i>maðr</i>, <i>mann</i>, <i>manni</i>, <i>manns</i>; <i>męnn</i>, +<i>męnn</i>, <i>mǫnnum</i>, <i>manna</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>faðir (<i>father</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fǫður</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fǫður</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fǫður</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="54"></a> +54. So also <i>brōðir</i> (brother), pl. <i>brœðr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="55"></a> +55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., +following the weak class in the sg.: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōndi (<i>yeoman</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bœndr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + <td class='cell'>bœndr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + <td class='cell'>bōndum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="56"></a> +56. So also <i>frœndi</i> (kinsman), pl. <i>frœndr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Neuters +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip (<i>ship</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skip</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip</td> + <td class='cell'>skip</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip-i</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip-s</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="57"></a> +57. So also <i>orð</i> (word), <i>land</i> (land) pl. <i>lǫnd</i>, +<i>sumar</i> (summer) pl. <i>sumur</i> (§ 25). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="58"></a> +58. <i>męn</i> (necklace), <i>kyn</i> (race), <i>grey</i> (dog) +insert <i>j</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>greyjum</i>. +<i>hǫgg</i> (stroke) inserts <i>v</i> before a vowel: <i>hǫggvi</i>. +<i>knē</i> (knee), <i>knē</i>, <i>knē</i>, <i>knēs</i>; +<i>knē</i>, <i>knē</i>, <i>kjām</i>, <i>knjā</i>. So also <i>trē</i> +(tree). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="59"></a> +59. <i>fē</i> (money) is contracted: gen. <i>fjār</i>, dat. <i>fē</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði (<i>poem</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæðum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði-s</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæða</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="60"></a> +60. So also <i>klæði</i> (cloth). Those in <i>k</i> insert <i>j</i> +before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>męrki</i> (mark), <i>męrkjum</i>, +<i>męrkja</i>. So also <i>rīki</i> (sovereignty). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Feminines +</div> + +<div class="header6"> +(1) <b>ar</b>-plurals +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf (<i>gift</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf</td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="61"></a> +61. So also <i>mǫn</i> (mane), <i>gjǫrð</i> (girdle), <i>ār</i> (oar). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="62"></a> +62. <i>ā</i> (river) contracts: <i>ā</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>ār</i>; +<i>ār</i>, <i>ār</i>, <i>ām</i>, <i>ā</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="63"></a> +63. Many take <i>-u</i> in the dat. sg.: <i>kęrling</i> (old woman), +<i>kęrling</i>, <i>kęrlingu</i>, <i>kęrlingar</i>; <i>kęrlingar</i>, +<i>kęrlingar</i>, <i>kęrlingum</i>, <i>kęrlinga</i>. So also <i>laug</i> +(bath). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="64"></a> +64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or <i>i</i>) insert <i>j</i> in +inflection: <i>ey</i> (island), <i>ey</i>, <i>eyju</i>, <i>eyjar</i>; +<i>eyjar</i>, <i>eyjar</i>, <i>eyjum</i>, <i>eyja</i>. So also +<i>Frigg</i>, <i>Hęl</i>. <i>mær</i> (maid), <i>mey</i>, <i>meyju</i>, +<i>meyjar</i>; <i>meyjar</i>, <i>meyjar</i>, <i>meyjum</i>, <i>meyja</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="65"></a> +65. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-r (<i>heath</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-i</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-i</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header6"> +(2) <b>ir</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="66"></a> +66. So also <i>sorg</i> (sorrow), <i>skipun</i> (arrangement), <i>hǫfn</i> +(harbour) pl. <i>hafnir</i>, and the majority of strong feminines. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="67"></a> +67. Many have <i>-u</i> in the dat. sg.: <i>sōl</i> (sun), <i>sōl</i>, +<i>sōlu</i>, <i>sōlar</i>; <i>sōlir</i>, <i>sōlir</i>, <i>sōlum</i>, +<i>sōla</i>. So also <i>jǫrð</i> (earth), <i>stund</i> (period of time). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="68"></a> +68. One noun has <i>r</i> in the nom. sg., following <i>heiðr</i> in the +sg.: <i>brūðr</i> (bride), <i>brūði</i>, <i>brūði</i>, <i>brūðar</i>; +<i>brūðir</i>, <i>brūðir</i>, <i>brūðum</i>, <i>brūða</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(3) <b>r</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk (<i>book</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bœk-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk</td> + <td class='cell'>bœk-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk</td> + <td class='cell'>bōk-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>bōk-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="69"></a> +69. So also <i>nātt</i> (night) pl. <i>nætr</i>, <i>bōt</i> +(compensation) pl. <i>bœtr</i>, <i>tǫnn</i> (tooth) gen. <i>tannar</i> +pl. <i>tęnnr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="70"></a> +70. <i>hǫnd</i> (hand) pl. <i>hęndr</i> has dat. sg. <i>hęndi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="71"></a> +71. <i>kȳr</i> (cow) has acc. <i>kū</i>, pl. <i>kȳr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="72"></a> +72. <i>brūn</i> (eyebrow) assimilates the <i>r</i> of the pl.: +<i>brȳnn</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōðir (<i>mother</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōður</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōður</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōður</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="73"></a> +73. So also <i>dōttir</i> (daughter) pl. <i>dœtr</i>; <i>systir</i> +(sister) pl. <i>systr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Masculines +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-i (<i>bow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="74"></a> +74. So also <i>māni</i> (moon), <i>fēlagi</i> (companion). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="75"></a> +75. <i>hǫfðingi</i> (chief) and some others insert <i>j</i> in inflection: +<i>hǫfðingja</i>, <i>hǫfðingjar</i>, <i>hǫfðingjum</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="76"></a> +76. <i>lē</i> (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is <i>ljā</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="77"></a> +77. <i>oxi</i> (ox) has pl. <i>öxn</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="78"></a> +78. <i>herra</i> (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Neuters +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a (<i>heart</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hjǫrt-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a</td> + <td class='cell'>hjǫrt-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a</td> + <td class='cell'>hjǫrt-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a</td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-na</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="79"></a> +79. So also <i>auga</i> (eye). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Feminines +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-a (<i>tongue</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-ur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-ur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-na</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="80"></a> +80. So also <i>stjarna</i> (star) pl. <i>stjǫrnur</i>, <i>kirkja</i> +(church), gen. plurals <i>stjarna</i>, <i>kirkna</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli (<i>old age</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="81"></a> +81. So also <i>glęði</i> (joy) and many abstract nouns. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="82"></a> +82. <i>lygi</i> (falsehood) has pl. <i>lygar</i>; so also <i>gǫ̈rsimi</i> +(precious thing). +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Adjectives +</div> + +<p> +<a name="83"></a> +83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, +though with partly different endings, together with strong and +weak forms. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Adjectives +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-r (<i>young</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-t</td> + <td class='cell'>ung</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-an</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-t</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-s</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-s</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-rar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ir</td> + <td class='cell'>ung</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ra</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ra</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="84"></a> +84. So also <i>fagr</i> (fair), fem. <i>fǫgr</i>, neut. <i>fagrt</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="85"></a> +85. Some insert <i>j</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>nȳr</i> (new), +<i>nȳjum</i>, <i>nȳjan</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="86"></a> +86. Some insert <i>v</i> before a vowel: <i>hār</i> (high), <i>hāvan</i>, +<i>dökkr</i> (dark), <i>dökkvir</i>, <i>kykr</i> (alive), <i>kykvir</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="87"></a> +87. The <i>t</i> of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: <i>nȳtt</i>, +<i>hātt</i>. Monosyllables in <i>ð</i>, <i>dd</i>, <i>tt</i> form their neut. in +<i>-tt</i>: <i>breiðr</i> (broad), <i>breitt</i>; <i>leiddr</i> (led), <i>leitt</i>. +<i>gōðr</i> (good) has neut. <i>gott</i>. <i>sannr</i> (true) has neut. <i>satt</i>. +In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, <i>tt</i> is shortened +to <i>t</i>: <i>kallaðr</i> (called), <i>kallat</i>; <i>blindr</i> (blind), +<i>blint</i>, <i>harðr</i> (hard), <i>hart</i>, <i>fastr</i> (firm), +<i>fast</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="88"></a> +88. <i>l</i> and <i>n</i> assimilate a following <i>r</i>: <i>gamall</i> +(old), fem. <i>gǫmul</i>, fem. acc. <i>gamla</i>, dat. <i>gamalli</i>. +<i>vǣnn</i> (beautiful), gen. pl. <i>vænna</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikill (<i>great</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mikit</td> + <td class='cell'>mikil</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikinn</td> + <td class='cell'>mikit</td> + <td class='cell'>mikla</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + <td class='cell'>miklu</td> + <td class='cell'>mikilli</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikils</td> + <td class='cell'>mikils</td> + <td class='cell'>mikillar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>miklir</td> + <td class='cell'>mikil</td> + <td class='cell'>miklar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikla</td> + <td class='cell'>mikil</td> + <td class='cell'>miklar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikilla</td> + <td class='cell'>mikilla</td> + <td class='cell'>mikilla</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="89"></a> +89. So also <i>lītill</i> (little). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="90"></a> +90. Dissyllables in <i>-inn</i> have <i>-it</i> in the neut., and +<i>-inn</i> in the masc. sg. acc.: <i>tīginn</i> (distinguished), +<i>tīgit</i>, <i>tīginn</i>, pl. <i>tīgnīr</i>. So also <i>kominn</i> +(come). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="91"></a> +91. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annarr (<i>other</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>annat</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫnnur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annan</td> + <td class='cell'>annat</td> + <td class='cell'>aðra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðru</td> + <td class='cell'>annarri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annars</td> + <td class='cell'>annars</td> + <td class='cell'>annarrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>aðrir</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫnnur</td> + <td class='cell'>aðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>aðra</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫnnur</td> + <td class='cell'>aðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annarra</td> + <td class='cell'>annarra</td> + <td class='cell'>annarra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Adjectives +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-i</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="92"></a> +92. So also <i>fagri</i>, <i>hāvi</i>, <i>mikli</i>, etc. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri (<i>younger</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yngrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yngrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="93"></a> +93. So also all comparatives, such as <i>meiri</i> (greater), and +pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as <i>gefandi</i> +(giving), dat. pl. <i>gefǫndum</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Comparison +</div> + +<p> +<a name="94"></a> +94. (1) with <i>-ari</i>, <i>-astr</i>: <i>rīkr</i> (powerful), +<i>rīkari</i>, <i>rīkastr</i>; <i>gǫfugr</i> (distinguished), +<i>gǫfgari</i>, <i>gǫfgastr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="95"></a> +95. (2) with <i>-ri</i>, <i>-str</i> and mutation: <i>langr</i> +(long), <i>lęngri</i>, <i>lęngstr</i>; <i>stōrr</i> (big), <i>stœrri</i>, +<i>stœrstr</i>; <i>ungr</i> (young), <i>yngri</i>, <i>yngstr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="96"></a> +96. The following are irregular: +</p> + + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gamall (<i>old</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ęllri</td> + <td class='cell'>ęlztr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gōðr (<i>good</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bętri</td> + <td class='cell'>bęztr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>illr (<i>bad</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vęrri</td> + <td class='cell'>vęrstr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lītill (<i>little</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>minni</td> + <td class='cell'>minstr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>margr (<i>many</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fleiri</td> + <td class='cell'>flestr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>mikill (<i>great</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>meiri</td> + <td class='cell'>mestr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header4"> +Numerals +</div> + +<p> +<a name="97"></a> +97. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Cardinal</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ordinal</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>1.</td> + <td class='cell'>einn (<i>one</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fyrstr (<i>first</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>tveir</td> + <td class='cell'>annarr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>þrīr</td> + <td class='cell'>þriði</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>4.</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrir</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrði</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>5.</td> + <td class='cell'>fimm</td> + <td class='cell'>fimmti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>6.</td> + <td class='cell'>sex</td> + <td class='cell'>sētti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>7.</td> + <td class='cell'>sjau</td> + <td class='cell'>sjaundi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>8.</td> + <td class='cell'>ātta</td> + <td class='cell'>ātti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>9.</td> + <td class='cell'>nīu</td> + <td class='cell'>nīundi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>10.</td> + <td class='cell'>tīu</td> + <td class='cell'>tīundi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>11.</td> + <td class='cell'>ellifu</td> + <td class='cell'>ellifti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>12.</td> + <td class='cell'>tōlf</td> + <td class='cell'>tōlfti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>13.</td> + <td class='cell'>þrettān</td> + <td class='cell'>þrettāndi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>14.</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrtān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>15.</td> + <td class='cell'>fimmtān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>16.</td> + <td class='cell'>sextān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>17.</td> + <td class='cell'>sjautān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>18.</td> + <td class='cell'>ātjān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>19.</td> + <td class='cell'>nītjān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>20.</td> + <td class='cell'>tuttugu</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>21.</td> + <td class='cell'>einn ok tuttugu, etc.</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>30.</td> + <td class='cell'>þrīr tigir, etc.</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>100.</td> + <td class='cell'>tīu tigir</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>110.</td> + <td class='cell'>ellifu tigir</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>120.</td> + <td class='cell'>hundrað</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>1200.</td> + <td class='cell'>þūsund</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<i>einn</i> is declined like other adjectives:-- +</p> + +<p> +<a name="98"></a> +98. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>einn</td> + <td class='cell'>eitt</td> + <td class='cell'>ein</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>einn</td> + <td class='cell'>eitt</td> + <td class='cell'>eina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>einum</td> + <td class='cell'>einu</td> + <td class='cell'>einni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>eins</td> + <td class='cell'>eins</td> + <td class='cell'>einnar</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +It also has a pl. <i>einir</i>, <i>einar</i>, <i>ein</i>; gen. +<i>einna</i>, etc. in the sense of 'some.' +</p> +<p> +The next three show various irregularities. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="99"></a> +99. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tveir</td> + <td class='cell'>tvau</td> + <td class='cell'>tvær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tvā</td> + <td class='cell'>tvau</td> + <td class='cell'>tvær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tveim</td> + <td class='cell'>tveim</td> + <td class='cell'>tveim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tvęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>tvęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>tvęggja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +Similarly <i>bāðir</i> (both): +</p> + +<p> +<a name="100"></a> +100. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bāðir</td> + <td class='cell'>bæði</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bāða</td> + <td class='cell'>bæði</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bāðum</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðum</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>bęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>bęggja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="101"></a> +101. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þrīr</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjū</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjār</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þrjā</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjū</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjār</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þrim</td> + <td class='cell'>þrim</td> + <td class='cell'>þrim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þriggja</td> + <td class='cell'>þriggja</td> + <td class='cell'>þriggja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="102"></a> +102. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrir</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogur</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjōra</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogur</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrum</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrum</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjogurra</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogurra</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogurra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="103"></a> +103. The others are indeclinable up to <i>þrīr tigir</i>, etc.; the +<i>tigir</i> being declined regularly as a plural strong <i>u</i>-masculine +<i>tigir</i>, <i>tigu</i>, <i>tigum</i>, <i>tiga</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="104"></a> +104. <i>hundrað</i> is a strong neut.: <i>tvau hundruð</i> (240), <i>tveim +hundruðum</i>, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does <i>þūsund</i>): +<i>fimm hundruð gōlfa</i>, 'five (six) hundred chambers.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="105"></a> +105. <i>þūsund</i> is a strong <i>ir</i>-feminine: <i>tvær þūsundir</i> +(2400). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="106"></a> +106. <i>hundrað</i> and <i>þūsund</i> are rarely = 100 and 1000. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="107"></a> +107. Of the ordinals <i>fyrstr</i> and <i>annarr</i> (§ 91) are strong, the +others weak adjectives. <i>þriði</i> inserts a <i>j</i>: <i>þriðja</i>, etc. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Pronouns +</div> + +<p> +<a name="108"></a> +108. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Personal +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ek (<i>I</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þū (<i>thou</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>--</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mik</td> + <td class='cell'>þik</td> + <td class='cell'>sik (<i>oneself</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mēr</td> + <td class='cell'>þēr</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + <td class='cell'>þīn</td> + <td class='cell'>sīn</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dual. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>vit</td> + <td class='cell'>it</td> + <td class='cell'>--</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>okkr</td> + <td class='cell'>ykkr</td> + <td class='cell'>sik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>okkr</td> + <td class='cell'>ykkr</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>okkar</td> + <td class='cell'>ykkar</td> + <td class='cell'>sīn</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>vēr (<i>we</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þēr (<i>ye</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>--</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>oss</td> + <td class='cell'>yðr</td> + <td class='cell'>sik (<i>oneselves</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>oss</td> + <td class='cell'>yðr</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>vār</td> + <td class='cell'>yðar</td> + <td class='cell'>sīn</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hann (<i>he</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þat (<i>it</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hon (<i>she</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hann</td> + <td class='cell'>þat</td> + <td class='cell'>hana</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>honum</td> + <td class='cell'>þvī</td> + <td class='cell'>hęnni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hans</td> + <td class='cell'>þess</td> + <td class='cell'>hęnnar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeir (<i>they</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="109"></a> +109. <i>ek</i> was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, +being sometimes added twice over: <i>mætta-k</i> (I might), <i>sā-k-a-k</i> +(I saw not; <i>a</i>='not'). So also <i>þū</i>: <i>er-tu</i> (art thou), +<i>skalt-u</i> (shalt thou) = <i>*skalt-tu</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Possessive +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>minn (<i>my</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mitt</td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>minn</td> + <td class='cell'>mitt</td> + <td class='cell'>mīna</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnu</td> + <td class='cell'>minni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīns</td> + <td class='cell'>mīns</td> + <td class='cell'>minnar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīnir</td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīna</td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>minna</td> + <td class='cell'>minna</td> + <td class='cell'>minna</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="110"></a> +110. So also <i>þinn</i> (thy), <i>sinn</i> (his, etc., reflexive). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="111"></a> +111. <i>vārr</i>, <i>vārt</i>, <i>vār</i> (our) is regular: acc. masc. +<i>vārn</i>, masc. plur. <i>vārir</i>, <i>vāra</i>, <i>vārum</i>, +<i>vārra</i>, etc. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðarr (<i>your</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>yðart</td> + <td class='cell'>yður</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðarn</td> + <td class='cell'>yðart</td> + <td class='cell'>yðra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yðru</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðars</td> + <td class='cell'>yðars</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðrir</td> + <td class='cell'>yður</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðra</td> + <td class='cell'>yður</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðarra</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarra</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="112"></a> +112. So also <i>okkarr</i> (our two) and <i>ykkarr</i> (your two). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="113"></a> +113. <i>hans</i> (his), <i>þess</i> (its), <i>hęnnar</i> (her), and +<i>þeira</i> (their) are indeclinable. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Demonstrative +</div> + +<p> +<a name="114"></a> +114. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>sā (<i>that</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þat</td> + <td class='cell'>sū</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þann</td> + <td class='cell'>þat</td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þvī</td> + <td class='cell'>þeiri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þess</td> + <td class='cell'>þess</td> + <td class='cell'>þeirar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeir</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="115"></a> +115. <i>hinn</i>, <i>hitt</i>, <i>hin</i> (that) is inflected like +<i>minn</i> (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. +<i>hinn</i>, plur. masc. <i>hinir</i>, <i>hina</i>, <i>hinum</i>, +<i>hinna</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="116"></a> +116. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessi (<i>this</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þetta</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þenna</td> + <td class='cell'>þetta</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + <td class='cell'>þessu</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessir</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + <td class='cell'>þessar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + <td class='cell'>þessar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Definite +</div> + +<p> +The prefixed definite article is declined thus: +</p> + +<p> +<a name="117"></a> +117. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inn</td> + <td class='cell'>it</td> + <td class='cell'>in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inn</td> + <td class='cell'>it</td> + <td class='cell'>ina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + <td class='cell'>inu</td> + <td class='cell'>inni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ins</td> + <td class='cell'>ins</td> + <td class='cell'>innar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inir</td> + <td class='cell'>in</td> + <td class='cell'>inar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ina</td> + <td class='cell'>in</td> + <td class='cell'>inar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inna</td> + <td class='cell'>inna</td> + <td class='cell'>inna</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="118"></a> +118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In +its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short +(un-accented) vowel, as in <i>auga-t</i> (the eye), but keeps it after +a long vowel, as in <i>ā-in</i> (the river), <i>trē-it</i> (the tree). +The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; +not, however, after the <i>-ar</i>, <i>-r</i>, of the gen. sg., nor in +<i>męnninir</i> (men, <i>nom.</i>), <i>męnn-ina</i> (men, <i>acc.</i>). +The <i>-m</i> of the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed <i>-num</i>. +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiskr-inn</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-it</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-inn</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-it</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-ina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiski-num</td> + <td class='cell'>skipi-nu</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-inni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisks-ins</td> + <td class='cell'>skips-ins</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafar-innar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiskar-nir</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-in</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafar-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiska-na</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-in</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafar-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisku-num</td> + <td class='cell'>skipu-num</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫfu-num</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiska-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>skipa-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafa-nna</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bogi-nn</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-t</td> + <td class='cell'>tunga-n</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-nn</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-t</td> + <td class='cell'>tungu-na</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-num</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-nu</td> + <td class='cell'>tungu-nni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-ns</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-ns</td> + <td class='cell'>tungu-nnar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bogar-nir</td> + <td class='cell'>augu-n</td> + <td class='cell'>tungur-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-na</td> + <td class='cell'>augu-n</td> + <td class='cell'>tungur-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bogu-num</td> + <td class='cell'>augu-num</td> + <td class='cell'>tungnu-num</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>augna-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>tungna-nna</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Relative +</div> + +<p> +<a name="119"></a> +119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable <i>er</i>, often +preceded by <i>sā</i>: <i>sā er</i> = he who, who, <i>sū er</i> who fem. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Interrogative +</div> + +<p> +<a name="120"></a> +120. The neut. <i>hvat</i> has gen. <i>hvess</i>, dat. <i>hvī</i>, which +last is chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="121"></a> +121. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārr (<i>which of two</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvār</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārn</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvāra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvāru</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārir</td> + <td class='cell'>hvār</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvāra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvār</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="122"></a> +122. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrr (<i>which, who</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrn</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrja</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrju</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrir</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęr</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrja</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęr</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Indefinite +</div> + +<p> +<a name="123"></a> +123. <i>einn-hvęrr</i>, <i>eitthvęrt</i>, <i>einhvęr</i> (some one) +keeps an invariable <i>ein-</i> in the other cases, the second element +being inflected as above. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="124"></a> +124. <i>sumr</i> (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="125"></a> +125. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarr (<i>some</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvat</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarn</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvat</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvara</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkuru</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvars</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvars</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarir</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkur</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvara</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkur</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarra</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarra</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="126"></a> +126. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engi (<i>none, no</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ekki</td> + <td class='cell'>engi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engan</td> + <td class='cell'>ekki</td> + <td class='cell'>enga</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + <td class='cell'>engu</td> + <td class='cell'>engri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engis</td> + <td class='cell'>engis</td> + <td class='cell'>engrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engir</td> + <td class='cell'>engi</td> + <td class='cell'>engar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>enga</td> + <td class='cell'>engi</td> + <td class='cell'>engar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engra</td> + <td class='cell'>engra</td> + <td class='cell'>engra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="127"></a> +127. In <i>hvār-tvęggja</i> (each of the two, both) the first element +is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="128"></a> +128. There are two classes of verbs, <i>strong</i> and <i>weak</i>. +Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs +by adding <i>ð</i> (<i>d</i>, <i>t</i>). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="129"></a> +129. The <i>ð</i> of the 2 pl. is dropt before <i>þit</i> (ye two) +and <i>þēr</i> (ye): <i>gefi þēr</i>, <i>gāfu þit</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="130"></a> +130. There is a middle voice, which ends in <i>-mk</i> in the 1 pers. +sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding <i>sk</i> to +the active endings, <i>r</i> being dropt, the resulting <i>ts</i>, +<i>ðs</i> being written <i>z</i> (§ 36): <i>kvezk</i> (active <i>kveðr</i> +'says'), <i>þu fekkzk</i> (<i>fekkt</i> 'gottest'). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="131"></a> +131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb <i>gefa</i> +(give), which will show those endings which are common to all +verbs: +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Active +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-r</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-r</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-um</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ið</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-a</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf-t</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-um</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-uð</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-u</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-i</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imperative sg.</i> 2 gef; <i>pl.</i> 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið.<br /> +<i>Participle pres.</i> gef-andi; <i>pret.</i> gef-inn.<br /> +<i>Infin.</i> gefa. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Middle +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-sk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-sk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-izk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf-zk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf-sk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-uzk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-usk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-isk</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<i>Impers. sg.</i> 2 gef-sk; <i>pl.</i> 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> gef-andisk; <i>pret.</i> gef-izk <i>neut.</i><br /> +<i>Infin.</i> gef-ask. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="132"></a> +132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally +has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of +the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: <i>gāfumk</i>. +The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: +<i>skaut</i> (he shot), <i>skutu</i> (they shot), <i>skyti</i> (he +might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: +<i>hljōpi</i>, inf. <i>hlaupa</i> (leap). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="133"></a> +133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three +persons: <i>ek skȳt</i>, <i>þū skȳtr</i>, <i>hann skȳtr</i>, infin. +<i>skjōta</i> (shoot). <i>e</i> however is not mutated: <i>ek gef</i>, +<i>þū gefr</i>. The inflectional <i>r</i> is liable to the same +modifications as the <i>r</i> of nouns (§ 32): <i>skīnn</i>, <i>vęx</i>, +infin. <i>skīna</i> (shine), <i>vaxa</i> (grow). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="134"></a> +134. Verbs in <i>ld</i> change the <i>d</i> into <i>t</i> in the 1, 3 +sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: <i>helt</i> (held), <i>halt</i> +(hold!), infin. <i>halda</i>. <i>nd</i> becomes <i>tt</i>, and <i>ng</i> +becomes <i>kk</i> under the same conditions: <i>binda</i> (bind), +<i>ganga</i> (go), pret. <i>batt</i>, <i>gekk</i>, imper. <i>bitt</i>, +<i>gakk</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="135"></a> +135. The <i>t</i> of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long +accented vowel: <i>þū sātt</i> (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. +indic. ends in <i>t</i> or <i>ð</i>, the 2 sg. ends in <i>zt</i>: +<i>lēt</i> (I let), <i>þū lēzt</i>, <i>bauð</i> (I offered) <i>þū +bauzt</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="136"></a> +136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished +mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="137"></a> +137. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +I. <b>'Fall'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>falla (<i>fall</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fęllr</td> + <td class='cell'>fell</td> + <td class='cell'>fellu</td> + <td class='cell'>fallinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lāta (<i>let</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lætr</td> + <td class='cell'>lēt</td> + <td class='cell'>lētu</td> + <td class='cell'>lātinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>rāða (<i>advise</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ræðr</td> + <td class='cell'>rēð</td> + <td class='cell'>rēðu</td> + <td class='cell'>rāðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>heita (<i>call</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>heitr</td> + <td class='cell'>hēt</td> + <td class='cell'>hētu</td> + <td class='cell'>heitinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>halda (<i>hold</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęldr</td> + <td class='cell'>helt</td> + <td class='cell'>heldu</td> + <td class='cell'>haldinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ganga (<i>go</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gęngr</td> + <td class='cell'>gekk</td> + <td class='cell'>gengu</td> + <td class='cell'>gęnginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fā (<i>get</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fær</td> + <td class='cell'>fekk</td> + <td class='cell'>fengu</td> + <td class='cell'>fęnginn</td> +</tr> + <tr><td colspan="5" align="center">--------------------------</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>auka (<i>increase</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>eykr</td> + <td class='cell'>jōk</td> + <td class='cell'>jōku</td> + <td class='cell'>aukinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>būa (<i>dwell</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bȳr</td> + <td class='cell'>bjō</td> + <td class='cell'>bjoggu</td> + <td class='cell'>būinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hǫggva (<i>hew</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫggr</td> + <td class='cell'>hjō</td> + <td class='cell'>hjoggu</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫggvinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hlaupa (<i>leap</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hleypr</td> + <td class='cell'>hljōp</td> + <td class='cell'>hljōpu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlaupinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="138"></a> +138. The following have weak preterites in <i>r</i>: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>grōa (<i>grow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>grœr</td> + <td class='cell'>gröri</td> + <td class='cell'>gröru</td> + <td class='cell'>grōinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>rōa (<i>row</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>rœr</td> + <td class='cell'>röri</td> + <td class='cell'>röru</td> + <td class='cell'>rōinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>snūa (<i>twist</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>snȳr</td> + <td class='cell'>snöri</td> + <td class='cell'>snöru</td> + <td class='cell'>snūinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="139"></a> +139. <i>heita</i> in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a +weak present: <i>ek heiti</i>, <i>þū heitir</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="140"></a> +140. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +II. <b>'Shake'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>fara (<i>go</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fęrr</td> + <td class='cell'>fōr</td> + <td class='cell'>fōru</td> + <td class='cell'>farinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>grafa (<i>dig</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gręfr</td> + <td class='cell'>grōf</td> + <td class='cell'>grōfu</td> + <td class='cell'>grafinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hlaða (<i>load</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hlęðr</td> + <td class='cell'>hlōð</td> + <td class='cell'>hlōðu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlaðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vaxa (<i>grow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vęx</td> + <td class='cell'>ōx</td> + <td class='cell'>ōxu</td> + <td class='cell'>vaxinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>standa (<i>stand</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stęndr</td> + <td class='cell'>stōð</td> + <td class='cell'>stōðu</td> + <td class='cell'>staðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>aka (<i>drive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ękr</td> + <td class='cell'>ōk</td> + <td class='cell'>ōku</td> + <td class='cell'>ękinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>taka (<i>take</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>tękr</td> + <td class='cell'>tōk</td> + <td class='cell'>tōku</td> + <td class='cell'>tękinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>draga (<i>draw</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>dręgr</td> + <td class='cell'>drō</td> + <td class='cell'>drōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>dręginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>flā (<i>flay</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flær</td> + <td class='cell'>flō</td> + <td class='cell'>flōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>flęginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>slā (<i>strike</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>slær</td> + <td class='cell'>slō</td> + <td class='cell'>slōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>slęginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="141"></a> +141. The following have weak presents: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>hęfja (<i>lift</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfr</td> + <td class='cell'>hōf</td> + <td class='cell'>hōfu</td> + <td class='cell'>hafinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>deyja (<i>die</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>deyr</td> + <td class='cell'>dō</td> + <td class='cell'>dō</td> + <td class='cell'>dāinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hlæja (<i>laugh</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hlær</td> + <td class='cell'>hlō</td> + <td class='cell'>hlōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlęginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="142"></a> +142. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +III. <b>'Bind'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bresta (<i>burst</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>brestr</td> + <td class='cell'>brast</td> + <td class='cell'>brustu</td> + <td class='cell'>brostinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hverfa (<i>turn</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hverfr</td> + <td class='cell'>hvarf</td> + <td class='cell'>hurfu</td> + <td class='cell'>horfinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>svelga (<i>swallow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>svelgr</td> + <td class='cell'>svalg</td> + <td class='cell'>sulgu</td> + <td class='cell'>sōlginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>verða (<i>become</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>verðr</td> + <td class='cell'>varð</td> + <td class='cell'>urðu</td> + <td class='cell'>orðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skjālfa (<i>shake</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skelfr</td> + <td class='cell'>skalf</td> + <td class='cell'>skulfu</td> + <td class='cell'>skolfinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>drekka (<i>drink</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drekkr</td> + <td class='cell'>drakk</td> + <td class='cell'>drukku</td> + <td class='cell'>drukkinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>finna (<i>find</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>finnr</td> + <td class='cell'>fann</td> + <td class='cell'>fundu</td> + <td class='cell'>fundinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vinna (<i>win</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vinnr</td> + <td class='cell'>vann</td> + <td class='cell'>unnu</td> + <td class='cell'>unninn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>binda (<i>bind</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bindr</td> + <td class='cell'>batt</td> + <td class='cell'>bundu</td> + <td class='cell'>bundinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>springa (<i>spring</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>springr</td> + <td class='cell'>sprakk</td> + <td class='cell'>sprungu</td> + <td class='cell'>sprunginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>stinga (<i>pierce</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stingr</td> + <td class='cell'>stakk</td> + <td class='cell'>stungu</td> + <td class='cell'>stunginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>bregða (<i>pull</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bregðr</td> + <td class='cell'>brā</td> + <td class='cell'>brugðu</td> + <td class='cell'>brugðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sökkva (<i>sink</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sökkr</td> + <td class='cell'>sǫkk</td> + <td class='cell'>sukku</td> + <td class='cell'>sokkinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>stökkva (<i>spring</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stökkr</td> + <td class='cell'>stǫkk</td> + <td class='cell'>stukku</td> + <td class='cell'>stokkinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="143"></a> +143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no +difference in their conjugation): +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bręnna (<i>burn</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bręnnr</td> + <td class='cell'>brann</td> + <td class='cell'>brunnu</td> + <td class='cell'>brunninn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ręnna (<i>run</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ręnnr</td> + <td class='cell'>rann</td> + <td class='cell'>runnu</td> + <td class='cell'>runninn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="144"></a> +144. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +IV. <b>'Bear'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bera (<i>carry</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>berr</td> + <td class='cell'>bar</td> + <td class='cell'>bāru</td> + <td class='cell'>borinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>nema (<i>take</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nemr</td> + <td class='cell'>nam</td> + <td class='cell'>nāmu</td> + <td class='cell'>numinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fela (<i>hide</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>felr</td> + <td class='cell'>fal</td> + <td class='cell'>fālu</td> + <td class='cell'>fōlginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>koma (<i>come</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kömr</td> + <td class='cell'>kom</td> + <td class='cell'>kvāmu</td> + <td class='cell'>kominn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sofa (<i>sleep</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>söfr</td> + <td class='cell'>svaf</td> + <td class='cell'>svāfu</td> + <td class='cell'>sofinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="145"></a> +145. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +V. <b>'Give'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>drepa (<i>kill</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drepr</td> + <td class='cell'>drap</td> + <td class='cell'>drāpu</td> + <td class='cell'>drepinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gefa (<i>give</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gefr</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf</td> + <td class='cell'>gāfu</td> + <td class='cell'>gefinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kveða (<i>say</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kveðr</td> + <td class='cell'>kvað</td> + <td class='cell'>kvāðu</td> + <td class='cell'>kveðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>meta (<i>estimate</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>metr</td> + <td class='cell'>mat</td> + <td class='cell'>mātu</td> + <td class='cell'>metinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>reka (<i>drive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>rekr</td> + <td class='cell'>rak</td> + <td class='cell'>rāku</td> + <td class='cell'>rekinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>eta (<i>eat</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>etr</td> + <td class='cell'>āt</td> + <td class='cell'>ātu</td> + <td class='cell'>etinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sjā (<i>see</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr<sup>6</sup></td> + <td class='cell'>sā</td> + <td class='cell'>sā<sup>7</sup></td> + <td class='cell'>sēnn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +[Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; +sēm, sēð, sē.] +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.] +</p> + +<p> +<a name="146"></a> +146. The following have weak presents:-- +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>biðja (<i>ash</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>biðr</td> + <td class='cell'>bað</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðu</td> + <td class='cell'>beðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sitja (<i>sit</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sitr</td> + <td class='cell'>sat</td> + <td class='cell'>sātu</td> + <td class='cell'>setinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>liggja (<i>lie</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>liggr</td> + <td class='cell'>lā</td> + <td class='cell'>lāgum</td> + <td class='cell'>leginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þiggja (<i>receive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þiggr</td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + <td class='cell'>þāgu</td> + <td class='cell'>þeginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="147"></a> +147. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +VI. <b>'Shine'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bīta (<i>bite</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bītr</td> + <td class='cell'>beit</td> + <td class='cell'>bitu</td> + <td class='cell'>bitinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>drīfa (<i>drive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drīfr</td> + <td class='cell'>dreif</td> + <td class='cell'>drifu</td> + <td class='cell'>drifinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>grīpa (<i>grasp</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>grīpr</td> + <td class='cell'>greip</td> + <td class='cell'>gripu</td> + <td class='cell'>gripinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>līða (<i>go</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>līðr</td> + <td class='cell'>leið</td> + <td class='cell'>liðu</td> + <td class='cell'>liðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>līta (<i>look</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lītr</td> + <td class='cell'>leit</td> + <td class='cell'>litu</td> + <td class='cell'>litinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>rīða (<i>ride</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>rīðr</td> + <td class='cell'>reið</td> + <td class='cell'>riðu</td> + <td class='cell'>riðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sīga (<i>sink</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sīgr</td> + <td class='cell'>seig</td> + <td class='cell'>sigu</td> + <td class='cell'>siginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>slīta (<i>tear</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>slītr</td> + <td class='cell'>sleit</td> + <td class='cell'>slitu</td> + <td class='cell'>slitinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>stīga (<i>advance</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stīgr</td> + <td class='cell'>steig</td> + <td class='cell'>stigu</td> + <td class='cell'>stiginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>bīða (<i>wait</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bīðr</td> + <td class='cell'>beið</td> + <td class='cell'>biðu</td> + <td class='cell'>beiðnn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="148"></a> +148. The following has a weak present: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>vīkja (<i>move</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vīkr</td> + <td class='cell'>veik</td> + <td class='cell'>viku</td> + <td class='cell'>vikinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="149"></a> +149. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +VII. <b>'Choose'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bjōða (<i>offer</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bȳðr</td> + <td class='cell'>bauð</td> + <td class='cell'>buðu</td> + <td class='cell'>boðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>brjōta (<i>break</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>brȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>braut</td> + <td class='cell'>brutu</td> + <td class='cell'>brotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fljōta (<i>float</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>flaut</td> + <td class='cell'>flutu</td> + <td class='cell'>flotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hljōta (<i>receive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hlȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>hlaut</td> + <td class='cell'>hlutu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kjōsa (<i>choose</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kȳss</td> + <td class='cell'>kaus</td> + <td class='cell'>kusum</td> + <td class='cell'>kosinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>njōta (<i>enjoy</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>naut</td> + <td class='cell'>nutu</td> + <td class='cell'>notinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skjōta (<i>shoot</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>skaut</td> + <td class='cell'>skutu</td> + <td class='cell'>skotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>drjūpa (<i>drop</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drȳpr</td> + <td class='cell'>draup</td> + <td class='cell'>drupu</td> + <td class='cell'>dropinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ljūga (<i>tell lies</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳgr</td> + <td class='cell'>laug</td> + <td class='cell'>lugu</td> + <td class='cell'>loginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lūka (<i>close</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳkr</td> + <td class='cell'>lauk</td> + <td class='cell'>luku</td> + <td class='cell'>lokinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lūta (<i>bend</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>laut</td> + <td class='cell'>lutu</td> + <td class='cell'>lotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fljūga (<i>fly</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flȳgr</td> + <td class='cell'>flō</td> + <td class='cell'>flugu</td> + <td class='cell'>floginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="150"></a> +150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of +the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form +their pret. with <i>ð</i> (<i>d</i>, <i>t</i>): <i>heyra</i> (hear), +<i>heyrða</i>. Those of the second form their pret. in the same +way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: <i>hafa</i> (have) +<i>hafða</i>. Those of the third form their pret. in <i>-aða</i>: +<i>kalla</i> (call), <i>kallaða</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +I. <b>'Hear'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<div class="header7"> +Active +</div> + +<p> +<a name="151"></a> +151. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-i</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ir</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ir</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-um</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ið</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-a</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ða</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ða</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðir</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ði</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ði</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðum</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðuð</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðu</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ði</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sg.</i> 1. heyr; <i>pl.</i> 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> heyr-andi; <i>pret.</i> heyr-ðr.<br /> +<i>Infin.</i> heyr-a. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +Middle +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-izk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðumk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðimk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðuzk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðizk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðusk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sg.</i> 2. heyr-sk; <i>pl.</i> 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> heyr-andisk; <i>pret.</i> heyr-zk <i>neut.</i><br /> +<i>Infin.</i> heyr-ask. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +A. Without vowel-change +</div> + +<p> +<a name="152"></a> +152. The inflectional <i>ð</i> becomes <i>d</i> after long syllables ending +in <i>l</i> or <i>n</i>: <i>sigla</i> (sail), <i>siglda</i>; <i>nęfna</i> +(name), <i>nęfnda</i>, <i>nęfndr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="153"></a> +153. <i>-ðð</i> becomes <i>dd</i>: <i>leiða</i> (lead), <i>leidda</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="154"></a> +154. <i>ð</i> after <i>s</i> and <i>t</i> becomes <i>t</i>: <i>reisa</i> +(raise), <i>reista</i>; <i>mœta</i> (meet), <i>mœtta</i>. Also in a few +verbs in <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>: <i>mæla</i> (speak), <i>mælta</i>; +<i>spęnna</i> (buckle), <i>spęnta</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="155"></a> +155. After <i>nd</i> and <i>pt</i> it is dropped: <i>sęnda</i> (send), +<i>sęnda</i>, <i>sęndr</i>; <i>lypta</i> (lift), <i>lypta</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="156"></a> +156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: <i>dœma</i> +(judge), <i>dœmða</i>; <i>fœra</i> (lead), <i>fœrða</i>; <i>hęrða</i> +(harden), <i>hęrða</i>; <i>hleypa</i> (gallop), <i>hleypða</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +B. With vowel-change +</div> + +<p> +<a name="157"></a> +157. All these verbs have <i>j</i> preceded by a short syllable +(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or +<i>gg</i> (lęggja); the <i>j</i> being kept before <i>a</i> and +<i>u</i>, as in the pres. ind. of <i>spyrja</i> (ask): <i>spyr</i>, +<i>spyrr</i>, <i>spyrr</i>; <i>spyrjum</i>, <i>spyrið</i>, +<i>spyrja</i>, pres. subj. 1 sg. <i>ek spyrja</i>; they unmutate +their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, spurðr), the +mutation being restored in the pret. subj. <i>spyrða</i>, +<i>spyrðir</i>, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an <i>i</i> before the +<i>ð</i>. +</p> + + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>bęrja (<i>strike</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>barða</td> + <td class='cell'>barðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lęggja (<i>lay</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lagða</td> + <td class='cell'>lag(i)ðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>tęlja (<i>tell</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>talða</td> + <td class='cell'>tal(i)ðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vękja (<i>wake</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vakða</td> + <td class='cell'>vakðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>flytja (<i>remove</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flutta</td> + <td class='cell'>fluttr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>dȳja (<i>shake</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>dūða</td> + <td class='cell'>dūðr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="158"></a> +158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout: +</p> + + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sęlja (<i>sell</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sęlda</td> + <td class='cell'>sęldr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sętja (<i>set</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sętta</td> + <td class='cell'>sęttr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header7"> +C. +</div> + +<p> +<a name="159"></a> +159. The following are irregular: +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sœkja (<i>seek</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sōtta</td> + <td class='cell'>sōttr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þykkja (<i>seem</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þōtta</td> + <td class='cell'>þōttr</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Subj. pret. <i>sœtta</i>, <i>þœtta</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="160"></a> +160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.: +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈ra (<i>make</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈rða</td> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈rr.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header6"> +II. <b>'Have'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="161"></a> +161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of +conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in <i>-i</i>: +<i>vaki</i>, <i>þęfi</i>; <i>uni</i>. <i>lifa</i>, <i>sęgja</i> +have imper. <i>lif</i>, <i>sęg</i>. They mutate the vowel of the +pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in +the neut.; sometimes the <i>a</i> is dropped. +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lifa (<i>live</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lifi</td> + <td class='cell'>lifða</td> + <td class='cell'>lifat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>una (<i>be contented</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>uni</td> + <td class='cell'>unða</td> + <td class='cell'>unat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skorta (<i>be wanting</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skorti</td> + <td class='cell'>skorta</td> + <td class='cell'>skort</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þola (<i>endure</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þoli</td> + <td class='cell'>þolða</td> + <td class='cell'>þolat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þora (<i>dare</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þori</td> + <td class='cell'>þorða</td> + <td class='cell'>þorat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>nā (<i>attain</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nāi</td> + <td class='cell'>nāða</td> + <td class='cell'>nāðr, nāit</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="162"></a> +162. The following show mutation: +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sęgja (<i>say</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgi</td> + <td class='cell'>sagða</td> + <td class='cell'>sagðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þęgja (<i>be silent</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgi</td> + <td class='cell'>þagða</td> + <td class='cell'>þagat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hafa (<i>have</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfi</td> + <td class='cell'>hafða</td> + <td class='cell'>hafðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kaupa (<i>buy</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kaupi</td> + <td class='cell'>keypta</td> + <td class='cell'>keyptr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="163"></a> +163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sing.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfi</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgi</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2, 3.</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfir</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgir</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgir</td> + </tr> + <tr><td/></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Plur.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫfum</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgjum</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgjum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>hafið</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgið</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>hafa</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgja</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="164"></a> +164. The rest of <i>hafa</i> is regular. Pres. subj. <i>hafa</i>, +<i>hafir</i>, <i>hafi</i>; <i>hafim</i>, <i>hafið</i>, <i>hafi</i>. +Pret. indic. <i>hafða</i>, <i>hafðir</i>, <i>hafði</i>; <i>hǫfdum</i>, +<i>hǫfðuð</i>, <i>hǫfðu</i>. Pret. subj. <i>hęfða</i>, <i>hęfðir</i>, +<i>hęfði</i>; <i>hęfðim</i>, <i>hęfðið</i>, <i>hęfði</i>. Imper. +<i>haf</i>, <i>hǫfum</i>, <i>hafið</i>. Ptc. <i>hafandi</i>, <i>hafðr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +III. <b>'Call'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<div class="header7"> +Active +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-a</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-um</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ið</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-a</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aða</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aða</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðir</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aði</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aði</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðum</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðuð</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðu</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aði</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sing.</i> 2. kall-a; <i>plur.</i> 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> kall-andi; <i>pret.</i> kallaðr (<i>neut.</i> kallat).<br /> +<i>Infin.</i> kalla. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +Middle +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-izk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðumk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðimk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðuzk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðizk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðusk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sing.</i> 2. kall-ask; <i>pl.</i> 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> kall-andisk; <i>pret.</i> kall-azk <i>neut.</i><br /> +<i>Infin.</i> kall-ask. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="165"></a> +165. So also <i>byrja</i> (begin), <i>hęrja</i> (make war), <i>vakna</i> +(awake). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong-Weak Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="166"></a> +166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, +from which new weak preterites are formed. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Pres. Sg.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Pres. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>eiga (<i>possess</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ā</td> + <td class='cell'>eigu</td> + <td class='cell'>ātta</td> + <td class='cell'>āttr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kunna (<i>can</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kann</td> + <td class='cell'>kunnu</td> + <td class='cell'>kunna</td> + <td class='cell'>kunnat <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>mega (<i>can</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mā</td> + <td class='cell'>megu</td> + <td class='cell'>mātta</td> + <td class='cell'>mātt <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>muna (<i>remember</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>man</td> + <td class='cell'>munu</td> + <td class='cell'>munða</td> + <td class='cell'>munat <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>munu (<i>will</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mun</td> + <td class='cell'>munu</td> + <td class='cell'>munða</td> + <td class='cell'>----</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skulu (<i>shall</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skal</td> + <td class='cell'>skulu</td> + <td class='cell'>skylda</td> + <td class='cell'>skyldr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þurfa (<i>need</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þarf</td> + <td class='cell'>þurfu</td> + <td class='cell'>þurfta</td> + <td class='cell'>þurft <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>unna (<i>love</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ann</td> + <td class='cell'>unnu</td> + <td class='cell'>unna</td> + <td class='cell'>unnt <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vita (<i>know</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>veit</td> + <td class='cell'>vitu</td> + <td class='cell'>vissa</td> + <td class='cell'>vitaðr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="167"></a> +167. Of these verbs <i>munu</i> and <i>skulu</i> have preterite infinitives: +<i>mundu</i>, <i>skyldu</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Anomalous Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="168"></a> +168. <i>Vilja</i> (will): +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +Present +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Sing.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plur.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>1.</td> + <td class='cell'>vil</td> + <td class='cell'>viljum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>vill</td> + <td class='cell'>vilið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>vill</td> + <td class='cell'>vilja</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Subj. pres.</i> vili. <i>Pret. ind.</i> vilda. <i>Ptc. prt.</i> viljat. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="169"></a> +169. <i>Vera</i> (be): +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>em</td> + <td class='cell'>sē</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>ert</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>er</td> + <td class='cell'>sē</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>erum</td> + <td class='cell'>sēm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>eruð</td> + <td class='cell'>sēð</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>eru</td> + <td class='cell'>sē</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>var</td> + <td class='cell'>væra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>vart</td> + <td class='cell'>værir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>var</td> + <td class='cell'>væri</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>vārum</td> + <td class='cell'>værim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>vāruð</td> + <td class='cell'>værið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>vāru</td> + <td class='cell'>væri</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sg.</i> ver; <i>pl.</i> verið. <i>Ptc. prt.</i> verit <i>n.</i> +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Composition +</div> + +<p> +<a name="170"></a> +170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. +Thus by the side of <i>skip-stjōrn</i> (ship-steering) we find +<i>skips-brot</i> (ship's breaking, shipwreck), <i>skipa-hęrr</i> (army of +ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, +as in <i>konungs-skip</i> (king's ship). +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Derivation +</div> + +<div class="header5"> +Prefixes +</div> + +<p> +<a name="171"></a> +171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old +English. +</p> +<p> +<b>al-</b> 'quite,' 'very': <i>al-būinn</i> 'quite ready,' <i>al-snotr</i> +'very clever.' +</p> +<p> +<b>all-</b> 'all,' 'very': <i>all-valdr</i> 'all-ruler, monarch,' +<i>all-harðr</i> 'very hard,' <i>all-stōrum</i> 'very greatly.' +</p> +<p> +<b>and-</b> 'against': <i>and-lit</i> 'countenance' (<i>lita</i>, look), +<i>and-svar</i> 'answer.' +</p> +<p> +<b>fjǫl-</b> 'many': <i>fjǫl-męnni</i> 'multitude' (<i>maðr</i>, man). +</p> +<p> +<b>mis-</b> 'mis-': <i>mis-līka</i> 'displease.' +</p> +<p> +<b>ū-</b> 'un-': <i>ū-friðr</i> 'war' (<i>friðr</i>, peace), <i>ū-happ</i> +'misfortune' (<i>happ</i> luck). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Endings +</div> + +<div class="header6"> +(a) Nouns +</div> + +<div class="header7"> +Personal +</div> + +<p> +<a name="172"></a> +172. <b>-ingr, -ingi, -ing</b>: <i>vīkingr</i> 'pirate,' <i>hǫfðingi</i> +'chief,' <i>kęrling</i> 'old woman.' +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +Abstract +</div> + +<p> +<a name="173"></a> +173. <b>-ð</b>, fem. with mutation: <i>fęgrð</i> 'beauty' (<i>fagr</i>, +fair), <i>fęrð</i> 'journey' (<i>fara</i>, go), <i>lęngð</i> 'length' +(<i>langr</i>, long). +</p> +<p> +<b>-ing</b>, fem.: <i>svipting</i> 'pulling,' <i>vīking</i> 'piracy,' +<i>virðing</i> 'honour.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-leikr</b>, masc.: <i>kœr-leikr</i> 'affection' (<i>hœrr</i>, dear), +<i>skjōt-leikr</i> 'speed' (<i>skjōtr</i>, swift). +</p> +<p> +<b>-an, -un</b>, fem.: <i>skipan</i> 'arrangement,' <i>skęmtun</i> +'amusement.' +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(b) Adjectives +</div> + +<p> +<a name="174"></a> +174. <b>-ugr</b>: <i>rāðugr</i> 'sagacious,' <i>þrūðugr</i> 'strong.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-ōttr</b>: <i>kollōttr</i> 'bald,' <i>ǫndōttr</i> 'fierce.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-lauss</b> '-less': <i>fē-lauss</i> 'moneyless,' <i>ōtta-lauss</i> +'without fear.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-ligr</b> '-ly': <i>undr-ligr</i> 'wonderful,' <i>sann-ligr</i> +'probable' (<i>sannr</i>, true). +</p> +<p> +<b>-samr</b>: <i>līkn-samr</i> 'gracious,' <i>skyn-samr</i> 'intelligent.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-verðr</b> '-ward': <i>ofan-verðr</i> 'upper.' +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(c) Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="175"></a> +175. <b>-na</b>: <i>brotna</i> 'be broken' (<i>brotinn</i>, broken), +<i>hvītna</i> 'become white,' <i>vakna</i> 'awake.' Used to form +intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(d) Adverbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="176"></a> +176. <b>-liga</b> '-ly': <i>undar-liga</i> 'wonderfully,' <i>stęrk-liga</i> +'strongly' (<i>stęrkr</i>, strong). +</p> +<p> +<b>-um</b>, dat. pl.: <i>stōrum</i> 'greatly' (<i>stōrr</i>, great). +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Syntax +</div> + +<p> +<a name="177"></a> +177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has +several peculiarities of its own. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Concord +</div> + +<p> +<a name="178"></a> +178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: <i>allir +męnn vāru būnir</i> 'all the men were ready,' <i>allir vāru drepnir</i> +'all were killed.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="179"></a> +179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different +(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: <i>þā +gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki</i> (masc.), <i>ok Þjālfi</i> (masc.), +<i>ok Rǫskva</i> (fem.). <i>þā er þau</i> (neut.) <i>hǫfðu lītla hrið +gęngit...</i> 'he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they +had walked for some time...' +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Cases +</div> + +<p> +<a name="180"></a> +180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very +characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb +can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by +the verb, it is put in the dative, as in <i>kasta spjōti</i> 'throw a +spear' (lit. 'throw <i>with</i> a spear'), <i>hann helt hamarskaptinu</i> +'he grasped the handle of the hammer,' <i>heita þvī</i> 'promise +that,' <i>jāta þvī</i> 'agree to that.' +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Adjectives +</div> + +<p> +<a name="181"></a> +181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the +definite article, <i>þessi</i> and other demonstratives. <i>annarr</i> +(other) is always strong. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="182"></a> +182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to +denote part of it: <i>eiga hālft dȳrit</i> 'to have half of the +animal,' <i>ǫnnur þau</i> 'the rest of them,' <i>of miðja nātt</i> 'in the +middle of the night.' +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Pronouns +</div> + +<p> +<a name="183"></a> +183. <i>sā</i> is often put pleonastically before the definite article +<i>inn</i>, both before and after the subst.: <i>sā inn ungi maðr</i> 'that +young man,' <i>hafit þat it djūpa</i> 'the deep sea.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="184"></a> +184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or +else <i>einn</i>, <i>einnhvęrr</i> is used. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="185"></a> +185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a +dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the +third person: <i>þit fēlagar</i>, 'thou and thy companions,' <i>með +þeim Āka</i> 'with him and Āki.' Similarly <i>stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar</i> 'Thor and his companions get up.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="186"></a> +186. The plurals <i>vēr</i>, <i>þēr</i> are sometimes used instead of the +singulars <i>ek</i>, <i>þū</i>, especially when a king is speaking or being +spoken to. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="187"></a> +187. <i>sik</i> and <i>sēr</i> are used in a strictly reflexive sense, +referring back to the subject of the sentence, like <i>se</i> in +Latin: <i>Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr</i> 'Thor asked him to +supper with him.' +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="188"></a> +188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, +and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries +<i>skal</i> (shall), <i>hafa</i> (have), <i>vera</i> (be) with the infin. +and ptc. pret., much as in modern English. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="189"></a> +189. The historical present is much used, often alternating +abruptly with the preterite. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="190"></a> +190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: +<i>spara</i> 'spare,' <i>sparask</i> 'spare oneself, reserve one's +strength.' (2) intransitively: <i>būa</i> 'prepare,' <i>būask</i> 'become +ready, be ready'; <i>sętja</i> 'set,' <i>sętjask</i> 'sit down'; +<i>sȳna</i> 'show,' <i>sȳnask</i> 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: +<i>bęrja</i> 'strike,' <i>bęrjask</i> 'fight'; <i>hitta</i>, 'find,' +<i>hittask</i> 'meet.' In other cases it specializes the meaning of +the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: <i>koma</i> +'come,' <i>komask</i> 'make one's way.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="191"></a> +191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in +Icelandic: <i>rak ā storm</i> (acc.) <i>fyrir þeim</i> 'a storm was driven +in their face.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="192"></a> +192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third +pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the +subject is perfectly definite: <i>ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar</i> +'and this feat shall be tried (by you).' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="193"></a> +193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration +is very common: <i>Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit +bjarndȳri, 'ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'</i> 'King Harold was told that a +bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct +narration is also used after <i>at</i> (that): <i>hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til Hęljar'</i> 'he answers that he will ride to Hel.' +</p> + +<p><a name="texts"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Texts +</div> + +<p><a name="text1"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +I. Thor +</div> + +<div class="text">Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða +Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna. +<a href="#1-3">Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita</a>, en hǫll hans heitir +Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir; +<a href="#1-5">þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt</a>. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann- +grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina; +þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi. +Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg- +risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt: +hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira. +Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann +<a href="#1-13">spęnnir þeim</a> um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En +þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn- +glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En +engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans. +</div> + +<p><a name="text2"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +II. Thor and Ūgarðaloki +</div> + +<div class="text">Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr <a href="#2-1">fōr með hafra sīna +ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er</a> Loki er kallaðr; koma +þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um +kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru +þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er <a href="#2-5">soðit</a> var, þā sęttisk +Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar +með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr +bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr- +stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn +hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr +bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok <a href="#2-11">sprętti ā</a> knīfi sīnum, ok +braut <a href="#2-12">til męrgjar</a>. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu +fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn +Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp +hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr, +ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga +hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var +lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat +allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr +lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en <a href="#2-20">þat er sā augnanna</a>, +þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; <a href="#2-21">hann</a> +hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir. +En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka- +fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau +āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum +mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn +þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu- +męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī +Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir +hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann +upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau +hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu +þau þann dag allan <a href="#2-34">til myrkrs</a>. Þjālfi var allra manna +fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott. +Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu <a href="#2-36">þeir</a> sēr til nāttstaðar, ok +fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā +ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt- +bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin +undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok +hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til +hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk +Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru +þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja +sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at +dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok <a href="#2-46">sēr hvar lā maðr</a> skamt frā +honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut +stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of +nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum +āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en +þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt <a href="#2-51">einu sinni</a> at slā hann með ham- +rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā <a href="#2-52">nęfndisk Skrȳmir</a>: +'en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, 'at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni +ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka +minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn; +sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en +afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef +Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk +Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð, +en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at +þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir +nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk +fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi +leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. +Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at +sofna; 'en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok <a href="#2-66">būið til nātt-verðar +yðr</a>.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk +nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt +mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar- +ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann +sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip +þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum +fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en +Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī +hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir +til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga +þau þā undir aðra eik. <a href="#2-77">Er þat þēr satt at sęgja</a>, at ekki var +þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at +Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā +stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok +hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at +hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar +Skrȳmir, ok mælti: 'hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð +mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr +skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā +var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat, +ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri +skyldi hann <a href="#2-88">sjā sik</a> sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir +sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir +mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir +þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er +upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ- +mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: 'hvārt +munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði, +er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð +mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa +ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar- +innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið +kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā +skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun +ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki +munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur- +sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok +<a href="#2-104">þann</a> ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram +fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla +þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag- +garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn +frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit <a href="#2-108">at æsirnir bæði þā heila +hittask</a>. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs +dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok <a href="#2-111">sęttu +hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr</a>, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga +til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr. +Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir +þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna +ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var +hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn +ā tvā bękki, ok flesta <a href="#2-118">œrit stōra</a>. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir +konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint +til þeira, ok <a href="#2-120">glotti um tǫnn</a>, ok mælti: 'seint er um langan +veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða <a href="#2-121">er annan veg en ek hygg, at</a> þessi +svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk +þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við +būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars +konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā +er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: 'kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em +al-būinn at reyna, at <a href="#2-127">engi er hēr sā inni er</a> skjōtara skal eta +mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: 'īþrōtt er þat, ef +þū ęfnir, ok <a href="#2-129">freista skal</a> þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā +bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista +sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar- +gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi +at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju +troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði +ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū +ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki +hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann +mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er +Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarða]oki, at þetta er +gōð īþrōtt, ok <a href="#2-140">kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē</a> vel at sēr +būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō +lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða- +loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum +vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er +nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā +taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann +snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða- +loki: 'þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū +skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit +þeir męnn er mēr þykkja <a href="#2-150">fōthvatari en svā</a>.' Þā taka þeir +aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda, +ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi +trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna, +er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en +er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, <a href="#2-156">ok er +Þjālfi eigi þā kominn</a> ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt +er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira +īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā +miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā +mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju +við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera; +ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at +hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af. +Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī +hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'af horni þessu þykkir þā +vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn +drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju- +maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk +ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr; +tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal +þurfa at lūta optar <a href="#2-172-1">at sinni</a> ī hornit. En er <a href="#2-172-2">hann</a> þraut +örindit, ok hann <a href="#2-173">laut ōr horninu</a>, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, +ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē +lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel er +drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri +sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en +þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.' +Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at +hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem +honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins +vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk +hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna +hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð +ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'hvat er nū, Þōrr? +muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun +hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu +inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun <a href="#2-188">mestr</a> ætlaðr; en ekki +muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir +kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr +līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr +hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok +þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā +hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp +hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: +'auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr +hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at +ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: 'freista mā ek ęnn of +nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var +heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En +hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'þat +gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja +upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla +þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu +minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr +einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok +tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en +kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en +er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti +kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði; +kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr- +męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: 'svā lītinn +sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við +mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um +ā bękkina, ok mælti: 'eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er +eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti +hann: 'sjām fyrst, <a href="#2-218">kalli</a> mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna +Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā +męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī +næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um. +at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at +fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til +þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip- +tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum +fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok +sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum +fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki +Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī +gōðum fagnaði. +</div> +<div class="text"> +En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom +þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi +gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā +snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr +með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn +orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en +sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi +hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; 'en <a href="#2-241">þō</a> veit +ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek +þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna, +er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k +rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa +mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at +þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær +haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr, +svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til +fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā +hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp +skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū +hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr +mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt +hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer- +skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber- +ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of +leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it +fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en +sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna +slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er +Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at +þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok +þōtti þēr seint līða,--en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat +undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir +hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr +til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit +ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann: +'eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt- +tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā, +er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi +sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd +ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki +sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var +þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū +fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi +mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin +ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum +skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið +eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg +mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu +þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til +hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā +sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til +borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr +hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann +þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð- +vanga. +</div> + +<p><a name="text3"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +III. Balder +</div> + +<div class="text">Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at +sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr +ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā +hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast; +ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki; +hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En +sū nāttūra fylgir honum at <a href="#3-7">engi</a> mā haldask dōmr hans. +Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim +stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: +</div> + +<div class="poetry"> + Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir + sēr of gǫ̈rva sali; + ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit + fæsta feikn-stafi. +</div> + +<p><a name="text4"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +IV. The Death of Balder +</div> + +<div class="text">Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði +drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði +āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat +gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg +tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn +ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin, +fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var +þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā +þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir +hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt, +sakaði <a href="#4-11">hann</a> ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er +þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr +sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā +sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir +hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri, +ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: 'eigi munu +vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum +þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira +Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: 'vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir +vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr <a href="#4-20">ungr</a> +at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki +tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð +utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti +Loki við hann: 'hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar: +'þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em +vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: 'gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra, +manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa +þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.' +Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka; +flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok +hęfir þat mest <a href="#4-31">ū-happ</a> verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. +Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok +svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok <a href="#4-33">vāru +allir með einum hug til</a> þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi +mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er +æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā <a href="#4-36">var hitt þō fyrr</a>, at grātrinn +kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā +sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða, +sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa +āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā +mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask +vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok <a href="#4-42">vili</a> hann rīða ā hęl-veg +ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn, +ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr +Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā +var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig +Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. +</div> +<div class="text"> +En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring- +horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann +vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en +skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir +gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi, +ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum, +en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu +þeir eigi haldit, <a href="#4-55">nema</a> þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā +fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā +at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð +Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð +hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit +ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps +dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā +bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með +Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er +Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt +honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti +margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum +fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru +með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en +Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja +kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg- +risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir +heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja +nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr +Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. +</div> +<div class="text"> +En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr +dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann +kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er +þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar- +innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn +fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; 'en eigi +dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra +manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat +sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar +riðit um Gjallarbrū; 'en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā +reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig +hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði +hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at +hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr <a href="#4-89">heim</a> til hallar- +innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī +ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um +nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at +Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill +grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi <a href="#4-94">svā</a> reyna, +hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir ī +heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara +til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við, +eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir +hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni +til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar, +Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī +Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja +at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir, +ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr; +svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir +koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok +hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum <a href="#4-108">hvar</a> +gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr +ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: +</div> +<div class="poetry"> + 'Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum + Baldrs bālfarar; + kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k <a href="#4-113">karls</a> sonar; + haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' +</div> +<div class="text"> +En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, +er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. +</div> + +<p><a name="text5"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +V. Hēðinn and Hǫgni +</div> + +<div class="text">Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt. +Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda- +son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er +hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī +braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok +spurði til hans at <a href="#5-6">Hēðinn</a> hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā +er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn +hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt +til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom <a href="#5-9">þar</a> sem heitir Hā-ey, þā +var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður +sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru +orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti +Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt +dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at +Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok +svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja +liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð +honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni: +'of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek +dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal +verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki +sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: 'sverði +hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin- +holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat, +ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til +skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp +með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu +konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er +fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir +annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli, +ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir +dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er +sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. +</div> + +<p><a name="text6"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +VI. The Death of Olaf Tryggvason +</div> + +<div class="text">Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu. +Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar; +ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum +við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein +konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok +kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full- +kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi +Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs +konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja +þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði +at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding +Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi +hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu +þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva- +son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar +fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa- +vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar <a href="#6-17">svā, +at</a> Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir +Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung, +ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum, +þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð +Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr +þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl +leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok +sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil +vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik +við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs, +var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum +fyrrum tęngðum, <a href="#6-30">er</a> Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur +hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann +kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk +fęrðina hans <a href="#6-33">austan at sigla</a>, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. +En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk +heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi +jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn +hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr, +ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland, +ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs +við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, <a href="#6-40">svā</a> þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla +at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana- +konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn +Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi +jarl sęgir konungi: 'ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at +lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā +mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā +þvī, at ū-friðr <a href="#6-48">muni fyrir</a>, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu +liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar +fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.' +Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt +konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu +męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu <a href="#6-53">meira</a> smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu +þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu, +ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: 'mēr er +kunnast,' sęgir hann, 'hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en +þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi +þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip, +en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum, +hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi +ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā +röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana- +konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða +seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr +jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr +ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir +hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu +ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir +eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir: +'þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn +langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: 'ekki er þetta Ormr hinn +langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði +af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu +meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: 'hræddr er +Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin +ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: 'ekki er þetta konungs +skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat +ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok +missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En +stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku +þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip, +ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā +ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr +jarl mælti: 'mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en +Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn: +'eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta +er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr +liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā +hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat +um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af +þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp +Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: 'hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī +kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn +var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra +slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn +heyrðu: 'þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta, +þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn +saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af +tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu +þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū +skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi. +En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu +at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara +Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu +allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr +Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at- +lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs, +Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi +eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason; +en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask +alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip +er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn, +er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan- +verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok +svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā +þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn- +ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum +undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir +honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl +sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vān at +ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er +Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip +er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi; +hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu +Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl- +manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er +þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en +lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar +hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: 'lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu +mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði +Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā +gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum. +Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn +skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku +at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, +ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja +fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra +skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: 'ef Orminn +skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur +skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir: +'eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.' +Ūlfr mælti: 'vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun +stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok +snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: 'skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig +sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, <a href="#6-149">bar hann hātt</a> +mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var +hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan +kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at +riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum, +þā spyrr hann: 'hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt +oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr +tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hræðumk +vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi +fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum +var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr +konungr sęgir: 'bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt- +bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir +eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?' +'Þar er,' sęgja þeir 'Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði +Ōlāfr konungr: 'hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan +fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru +Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr +sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski +lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs +Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā +hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði +ekki til orrostu. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram- +byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum +fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu +vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip +er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er +undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir +frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr +konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr +Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā +fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn, +ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum +við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō +þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst, +ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa +af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr +jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir +ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs +konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti +hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā +gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta +hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum, +at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema +Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var +hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum +langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt +með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit, +ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti +eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at +varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar; +þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn +Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin, +til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir +lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera. +En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi +annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með +vāpnum sīnum. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi; +hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr. +Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir +ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til, +ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom +ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar, +ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā +mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir +sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr: +'skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr +skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr +drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā +mælti Ōlāfr konungr: 'hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr +svarar: 'Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' 'Eigi mun svā +mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok +skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann, +ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: 'ofveikr, +ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā +skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok +skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum +gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok +sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu; +mælti þā hātt: 'hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē +at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: 'sverð vār eru slæ ok +brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk +upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk +mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā +męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi +hvar hann var sārr. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms- +mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest +mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit. +Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr +jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn <a href="#6-244">við fimtānda +mann</a>. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs, +með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk +svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er +honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar +varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā +Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar, +þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð +þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum, +þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok +veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit +lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn +vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar +ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir +hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok <a href="#6-259">vāpna</a>, Kolbjǫrn var ok +allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu +in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit +fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu, +en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en +lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir +męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli +stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir +hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn +hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu. +Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka +hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā +yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari +skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er +lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā +ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī +eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn +upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var +hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar +var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið +gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum, +þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall- +freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp +sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við +Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta, +er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En +þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði +hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi +jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda- +snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir +Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr +konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat +svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj- +unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok +eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar +sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir +verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis +ī Noregi. +</div> + +<p><a name="text7"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +VII. Auðun +</div> + +<div class="text">Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr +utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs, +ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með +Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri, +ok þā þessi laun af honum--utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā. +Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður +sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra +bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok +var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti +bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands, +ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir +þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla +eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til +Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með +sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins +konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī +landit, þar sem konungr <a href="#7-17">var fyrir</a>, þā gęngr hann upp af +skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi +konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi +mikil, 'ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn +ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann +konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan: +'āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk +eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: 'villtu sęlja oss dȳrit +við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek +þat, herra!' 'Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, 'at ek gefa þēr <a href="#7-26">tvau +verð slīk</a>, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla +þīna eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr +mælti: 'villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!' +Konungr mælti: 'hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar: +'fara,' sęgir hann, 'til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.' +Haraldr konungr sęgir: 'hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr +at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa, +eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask +með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at +nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: 'herra! þat er ā yðru +valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr +ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: 'hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir +leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr, +ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok +kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' 'Þvī heit ek þēr,' +sagði Auðun. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā +til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr +hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann +kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt, +ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit: +'ek ætla,' sęgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki +lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk +ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, 'at +þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.' +'Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar; +en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta, +at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en +<a href="#7-55">fē</a> sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok +er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat <a href="#7-56">ęptir sem</a> +ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at +hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt +saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā +gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir +borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera, +er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: 'hvęrr +er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em Īslęnzkr maðr, +herra,' sęgir hann, 'ok kominn <a href="#7-64">nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū</a> +af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k +þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir +mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu +farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti: +'er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' 'Satt er þat,' sęgir hann. +Konungr mælti: 'ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek +sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr +gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok +sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er +hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar +handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek +mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu, +ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun! +kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr +með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi +um hrīð. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung: +'braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint: +'hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, 'ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?' +Hann sęgir: 'suðr vil ek ganga.' 'Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott +rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, 'þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū +fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit, +ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr +til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr. +Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg. +Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann +aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran; +gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum +til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr +matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr +aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā +staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju- +skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi +til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok +hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik. +Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun +ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf +ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld- +sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum +þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir +hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr +mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram +at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr +ūt, ok mælti: 'gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik +grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram, +ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok +þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd +honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, 'ok hęfir þū mikit +skipazk,' segir hann, 'sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr +inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr +sagði: 'eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir +hann sēt fyr sinni sāl <a href="#7-116">hęldr</a> en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra +honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með +honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr +bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu +gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing. +Auðun sęgir: 'Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er +þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt +til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: 'þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga +kosit.' Auðun mælti: 'eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir +hann, 'at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, <a href="#7-125">en</a> mōðir mīn +troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri +er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar: +'vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verða +giptu-maðr; <a href="#7-129">þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at</a> mēr myndi eigi +mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til +er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā +bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa, +ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma +þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa +skipit. Þā spurði konungr: 'hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā +þetta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mælti: +'þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann +þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok +skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: 'þō +villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek +spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok +hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr +þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum +gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af +silfri, 'ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir +skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir +konungr, 'at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū +fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō +konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: 'þō +at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi +ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa +gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein +konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,' +sęgir hann, 'at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga +svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef +þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok +far nū heill!' +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja +upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er +hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds +konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann +fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr +tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok 'sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, 'ok drekk +hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon- +ungr: 'hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun +svarar: 'þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði: +'launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?' +Auðun svarar: 'gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir +Haraldr konungr: 'mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr +silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum +gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' 'Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir +Auðun, 'at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til +mīn at lęggja.' 'Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, 'ok +launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: 'gaf hann mēr +knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' Þat +var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, 'en launat mynda ek þēr +þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: 'gaf +hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan, +ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr +sagði: 'þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt +hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt +launaði hann fleira?' 'Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun, +'at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi +ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu +ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn, +ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni +svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann +fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr, +dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði, +sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu, +ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk. +Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um +sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. +</div> + +<p><a name="text8"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +VIII. Þrymskviða +</div> + +<div class="poetry">1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði, + ok sīns hamars of saknaði: + skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja, + rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli, + er engi veit <a href="#8-7">jarðar</a> hvęrgi + nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju <a href="#8-9">tūna</a>, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā, + ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?' +</div> + +<p> +Freyja kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri, + <a href="#8-15">ok-þō</a> sęlja at væri ōr silfri.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom āsa garða, + ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn, + greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri + ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði. +</div> + +<p> +Þrymr kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">7. 'Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum? + hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?' +</div> + +<p> +Loki kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry"> 'Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum; + hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?' +</div> + +<p> +Þrymr kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">8. 'Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn + ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema <a href="#8-32">fœri</a> mēr Freyju at kvān.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima + ok fyr innan kom āsa garða; + mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: +</div> + +<div class="poetry">10. 'Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði? + sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi: + opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask, + ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.' +</div> + +<p> +Loki kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">11. 'Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi: + Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni! + vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði, + allr āsa salr undir bifðisk, + stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga: + 'mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta, + ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi + ok āsynjur allar ā māli, + ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar, + hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa + (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir): + 'bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni, + hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga! +</div> + +<div class="poetry">16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss: + 'mik munu æsir argan kalla, + ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða; + þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa, + nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni + ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera, + vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir, + skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna: + bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga, + ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki! + nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān, + Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr, + öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni; + fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja, + einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma, + ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit; + einn āt oxa, ātta laxa, + krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu, + drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara? + sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara, + nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">27. Sat in al-snotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa, + en hann utan stǫkk ęnd-langan sal: + 'hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju? + þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir, + hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði: + 'lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða, + ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar, + āstir mīnar, alla hylli!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja, + lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē, + vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti, + er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði; + Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin, + ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur, + hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði; + hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga, + en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð. + Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri. +</div> + +<p><a name="notes"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Notes +</div> + +<p> +The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +I. Thor +</div> + +<p> +<a name="1-3"></a> +Line 3. <b>Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita</b>, 'he reigns +(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e. in the place which is called +Þ. The plur. <i>heita</i> agrees with <i>þrūðvangar</i>, as in l. 14 +below: <i>þat eru jārnglōfar</i> 'that is (his) iron gloves.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="1-5"></a> +l. 5. <b>þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt</b>, 'that is the +largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest +house that has been built. Note the plur. <i>hūs</i> of a single +house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being +often a detached building. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="1-13"></a> +l. 13. <b>spęnnir þeim</b>, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +II. Thor and Ūtgarðaloki +</div> + +<p> +<a name="2-1"></a> +l. 1. <b>fōr með hafra sīna...ok með honum sā, āss er...</b> We +see here that <i>með</i> generally takes an acc. to denote passive, +and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-5"></a> +l. 5. <b>soðit</b> refers to some such subst. as <i>slātr</i> (meat) +understood. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-11"></a> +l. 11. <b>sprętti ā...</b> <i>ā</i> is here an adv. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-12"></a> +l. 12. <b>til męrgjar.</b> <i>til</i> here implies intention--to get at +the marrow. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-20"></a> +l. 20. <b>þat er sā augnanna</b>, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'-- +Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the +man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight +of them. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-21"></a> +l. 21. The second <b>hann</b> refers, of course, to Thor. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-34"></a> +l. 34. <b>til myrkrs</b>, till it was dark. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-36"></a> +l. 36. <b>þeir</b>, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 +<b>foll.</b>, showing that <i>leituðu</i> is meant to refer only to +the men of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.) +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-46"></a> +l. 46. <b>sēr hvar lā maðr</b>, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man +lying. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-51"></a> +l. 51. <b>einu sinni</b>, for once in his life. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-52"></a> +l. 52. <b>nęfndisk Skrȳmir</b>, said his name was Skr. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-66"></a> +l. 66. <b>būið til</b> (<i>prp.</i>) <b>nātt-verðar yðr</b>, prepare supper for +yourselves. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-77"></a> +l. 77. <b>Er þat þēr satt at sęgja</b>. <i>satt</i> is in apposition to +<i>þat</i>--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that...' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-88"></a> +l. 88. <b>sjā sik</b>, see himself alive. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-104"></a> +l. 104. <b>þann</b> = <i>þann veg</i>, that way, course. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-108"></a> +l. 108. <b>at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask</b>. The full sense is, +'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might +meet again safe and sound.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-111"></a> +ll. 111, 112. <b>sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr</b>, threw back the +backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw +back their heads. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-118"></a> +l. 118. <b>œrit stōra</b>, 'rather big,' i.e. very big. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-120"></a> +l. 120. <b>glotti um tǫnn</b>, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed +his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read <i>við</i> instead of +<i>um</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-121"></a> +l. 121. <b>er annan veg en ek hygg, at...?</b> is it otherwise than +as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in thinking +that...? +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-127"></a> +l. 127. <b>engi er hēr sā inni er...</b> = engi er hēr-inni sā-er... +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-129"></a> +l. 129. <b>freista skal</b>, Gr. § 192. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-140"></a> +l. 140. <b>kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē...</b> 'says that there +is more probability of that, namely that he is...than of the +contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be... +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-150"></a> +l. 150. <b>fōthvatari en svā</b>, 'more swift-footed than so--under +these circumstances,' i.e. than you. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-156"></a> +l. 156. <b>ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn...</b> = þā er Þjālfi eigi +kominn... +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-172-1"></a> +l. 172. <b>at sinni</b>, this time. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-172-2"></a> +l. 172. <b>hann</b>, acc. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-173"></a> +l. 173. <b>laut ōr horninu</b>, bent back from the horn. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-188"></a> +l. 188. <b>mestr</b> refers to <i>drykkr</i> understood. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-218"></a> +l. 218. <b>kalli</b>, Gr. § 192. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-241"></a> +l. 241. <b>þō</b> refers to <i>uni</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +III. Balder +</div> + +<p> +<a name="3-7"></a> +l. 7. <b>engi</b> agrees with <i>dōmr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +IV. The Death of Balder +</div> + +<p> +<a name="4-11"></a> +l. 11. <b>hann</b>, acc. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-20"></a> +l. 20. <b>ungr</b>, too young. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-31"></a> +l. 31. <b>ū-happ</b> is in apposition to <i>þat</i>; cp. 3. 7. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-33"></a> +ll. 33, 34. <b>vāru með einum hug til...</b> had the same feelings +towards. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-36"></a> +l. 36. <b>var...fyrr</b>, was beforehand, prevented. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-42"></a> +l. 42. <b>vili</b>, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-55"></a> +l. 55. <b>nema</b>, 'unless,' here = 'until.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-89"></a> +l. 89. <b>heim</b>. This use of <i>heim</i> in the sense of 'someone +else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-94"></a> +l. 94. <b>svā</b> refers to <i>ok ef allir hlutir...</i>, the <i>ok</i> +being pleonastic. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-108"></a> +l. 108. <b>hvar</b>, cp. 2. 46. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-113"></a> +l. 113. <b>karl</b>, 'old man,' here = Odin. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +V. Hēðinn and Hǫgni +</div> + +<p> +<a name="5-6"></a> +l. 6. <b>Hēðinn</b> = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a +pronoun is frequent. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="5-9"></a> +l. 9. <b>þar</b>. Cp. 1. 3. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +VI. The Death of Olaf Tryggvason +</div> + +<p> +<a name="6-17"></a> +l. 17. <b>svā at</b>, so that, i.e. just when. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-30"></a> +l. 30. <b>er</b>, namely that. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-33"></a> +l. 33. <b>austan at sigla</b>, is in a kind of apposition to +<i>fęrðina</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-40"></a> +l. 40. <b>svā</b>, also. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-48"></a> +l. 48. <b>muni fyrir</b>, awaits you, is impending. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-53"></a> +l. 53. <b>meira</b>, adv., better, faster. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-149"></a> +l. 149. <b>bar hann hātt</b>, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous +place. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-244"></a> +l. 244. <b>við fimtānda mann</b>, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-259"></a> +l. 259. <b>vāpna</b> is governed by the second half of the genitival +compound <i>klæða-būnað</i>, which is here considered as two +independent words. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +VII. Auðun +</div> + +<p> +<a name="7-17"></a> +l. 17. <b>var fyrir</b>, was to be found. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-26"></a> +l. 26. <b>tvau verð slīk</b>, double the price you gave. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-55"></a> +l. 55. <b>fē</b> is probably dat. here, but may be nom. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-56"></a> +l. 56. <b>ęptir sem...</b>, according as, in accordance with what. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-64"></a> +l. 64. <b>nū...nū</b>, lately...just now. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-116"></a> +l. 116. <b>hęldr</b> is here used pleonastically in a kind of +apposition to the preceding <i>bętr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-125"></a> +l. 125. <b>en</b>, and = while. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-129"></a> +l. 129. <b>þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at...</b>, this single thing +is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is that... +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +VIII. Þrymskviða +</div> + +<p> +<a name="8-7"></a> +l. 7. <b>jarðar</b> is governed by <i>hvęrgi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8-9"></a> +l. 9. <b>tūna</b>. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of +motion. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8-15"></a> +l. 15. <b>þō</b> goes with the following <i>at</i> = <i>ok sęlja, þōat (þōtt) +væri ōr silfri</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8-32"></a> +l. 32. <b>fœri</b> may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers. +</p> + +<p><a name="glossary"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Glossary +</div> + +<p> +æ <i>follows</i> að, ð <i>follows</i> d, ę <i>follows</i> e, œ +<i>follows</i> oð, ǫ <i>follows</i> o, ö <i>follows</i> ǫ, þ +<i>follows</i> t. +</p> +<p> +The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. +</p> +<p> +(-rs) etc. means that the <i>r</i> of the nom. is kept in inflection. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +A +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>-a</b> <i>adv.</i> not.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā</b> <i>sf.</i> river.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eiga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> on, in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āðr</b> <i>adv., cj.</i> before.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aðrir</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>annar</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>æsir</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>āss</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ætla</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, consider, deem: 'ætlask fyrir,' intend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ætt</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, race, descent, family.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ætta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eiga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>af</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> from; of; with; <i>adv.</i> 'drekka af,' drink off.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>af-hūs</b> <i>sn.</i> out-house, side room.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>afl</b> <i>sn.</i> strength, might.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>af-taka</b> <i>wf.</i> damage, injury.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āgætliga</b> <i>adv.</i> splendidly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aka</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, drive (a chariot, etc.).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ākafliga</b> <i>adv.</i> vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>akarn</b> <i>sn.</i> acorn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>akkeri</b> <i>sn.</i> anchor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ālar-ęndir</b> <i>sm.</i> thong-end, end of a strap.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>al-būinn</b> <i>adj. w. gen.</i> quite ready.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aldinn</b> <i>adj.</i> old.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aldri</b> <i>adv.</i> never.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-lęngðar</b> <i>adv.</i> for some time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ālfr</b> <i>sm.</i> elf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-lit</b> <i>snpl.</i> appearance, countenance [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-harðr</b> <i>adj.</i> very hard, very violent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-lītill</b> <i>adj.</i> very little.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-mann-skœðr</b> <i>adj.</i> (very injurious to men), very murderous + (of a battle) [skaði, 'injury'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-mikill</b> <i>adj.</i> very great.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>allr</b> <i>adj.</i> all, whole; 'með ǫllu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,' + first of all.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-stōrum</b> <i>adv.</i> very greatly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-valdr</b> <i>sm.</i> monarch, king.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>al-snotr</b> <i>adj.</i> very clever.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>al-svartr</b> <i>adj.</i> very black, coal-black.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>alt</b> <i>adv.</i> quite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ambātt</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, female slave, maid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>and-lit</b> <i>sn.</i> face [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>annarr</b> <i>prn.</i> second; following, next; other; one of the + two--'annar...annarr,' one...the other.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aptann</b> <i>sm.</i> evening.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aptastr</b> <i>adj.</i> most behind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aptr</b> <i>adv.</i> back, backwards, behind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār</b> <i>sf.</i> oar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār</b> <i>sn.</i> year.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>argr</b> <i>adj.</i> cowardly, base.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> steward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>armr</b> <i>adj.</i> wretched.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ās-męgin</b> <i>sn.</i> divine strength.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āss</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, (Scandinavian) god.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āst</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, affection, love, <i>often in pl.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āst-sæll</b> <i>adj.</i> beloved, popular. [sæll, 'happy'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āsynja</b> <i>wf.</i> (Scandinavian) goddess [āss].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance + with, after.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at</b> <i>adv.</i> to.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>-at</b> <i>adv.</i> not.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at-laga</b> <i>wf.</i> attack [lęggja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at-rōðr (-rar)</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, rowing against, attack.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ātta</b> <i>num.</i> eight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ātta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eiga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auð-kęndr</b> <i>adj.</i> easy to be recognized, easily + distinguishable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auðr</b> <i>adj.</i> desert, deserted, without men.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auð-sēnn</b> <i>adj.</i> evident.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auga</b> <i>wn.</i> eye.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aug-sȳn</b> <i>sf.</i> sight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auka</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, increase; <i>impers., w. dat. of what is + added</i> 'jōk nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation + increased).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austan</b> <i>adv.</i> from the east.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aust-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> Easterner, Norwegian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austr</b> <i>sn.</i> the east--'ī au.,' eastwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austr</b> <i>adv.</i> eastwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austr-vegr</b> <i>sm.</i> the East, <i>especially</i> Russia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āvalt</b> <i>adv.</i> continually, all the time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-vanr</b> <i>adj.</i> wanting; <i>impers. neut. in</i> 'einnar + mēr Freyju āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-vinnr</b> <i>adj.</i> toilsome, <i>only in the impers. neut.</i> + 'mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +B +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bað</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>biðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāðir</b> <i>prn.</i> both, <i>neut. as adv. in</i> 'bæði...ok,' + both...and.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>biðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bǣða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>biðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bǣði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bāðir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>baggi</b> <i>wm.</i> bag; bundle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bak</b> <i>sn.</i> back, 'vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with + the back, i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bak-borði</b> <i>wm.</i> larboard.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāl</b> <i>sn.</i> flame; funeral pile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāl-fǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> funeral.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bani</b> <i>wm.</i> death.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bardagi</b> <i>wm.</i> battle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barð</b> <i>sn.</i> edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship + formed by the continuation of the keel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bęrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barði</b> <i>wm.</i> war-ship with a sharp prow, ram.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barn</b> <i>sn.</i> child.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>batt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>binda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bauð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>beiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. + benefited</i>, ask, demand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bein</b> <i>sn.</i> bone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bękkr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, bench.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęlla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, <i>generally + in a bad sense</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bera</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, carry, take; bear, endure. <b>berask at</b>, + happen. <b>b. fram</b>, bring forward, out. <b>b. vāpn niðr</b>, + shoot down. <b>b. rāð sīn saman</b>, hold council, deliberate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>berg-risi</b> <i>wm.</i> hill-giant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, strike--'b. grjōti,' stone. <b>bęrjask</b>, + fight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęrr</b> <i>adj.</i> bare, unsheathed (of a sword).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ber-sęrkr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally + 'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.]</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bętr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vel</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bętri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gōðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęzt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vel</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęztr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gōðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>beygja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bend, arch.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bīða</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, <i>w. gen.</i> wait for; <i>w. acc.</i> + abide, undergo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>biðja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, ask, beg, pray, <i>w. gen. of thing, acc. + of the pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited</i>; express a + wish, bid--'bað hann vel kominn' (vera <i>understood</i>), bad + him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bifask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, tremble, shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bil</b> <i>sn.</i> moment of time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bila</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bilt</b> <i>neut. adj.</i> <i>only in the impers.</i> 'einum verðr + bilt,' one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>binda</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, bind, tie up; dress.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>birta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, show [bjartr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bīta</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, bite; cut.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bittu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>binda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bitu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bīta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjarn-dȳri</b> <i>sn.</i> bear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjartr</b> <i>adj.</i> bright, clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>būa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjōða</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> offer, + propose--'b. einum fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. + <b>b. upp</b>, give up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjǫrg</b> <i>sf.</i> help; means of subsistence, store of food.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blāsa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bleyða</b> <i>wf.</i> coward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blīða</b> <i>wf.</i> gentleness, friendliness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blindr</b> <i>adj.</i> blind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blōð</b> <i>sn.</i> blood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blōt-bolli</b> <i>wm.</i> sacrificial bowl.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bœtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bōt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>boga-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> bowshot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bogi</b> <i>wm.</i> bow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bog-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> bowman, archer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bōndi</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>borð</b> <i>sn.</i> side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between + the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nū er gott beranda + b. ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the + horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be + lifted without spilling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>borg</b> <i>sf.</i> fortress, castle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>borg-hlið</b> <i>sn.</i> castle gate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bōt</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, mending, improvement; <i>plur.</i> <b>bœtr</b>, + compensation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bǫrn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>barn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brā</b> <i>sf.</i> eyelid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bregða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bragð</b> <i>sn.</i> trick, stratagem [bregða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bręnna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brast</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bresta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brātt</b> <i>adv.</i> quickly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>braut</b> <i>sf.</i> way--<b>ā braut</b>, <i>adv.</i> away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>braut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>braut, brott</b> <i>adv.</i> away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bregða</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> jerk, pull, push; + <b>b. upp</b>, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>breiðr</b> <i>adj.</i> broad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bręnna</b> <i>wf.</i> burning; incremation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bręnna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, burn <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bręnna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, burn <i>trans.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bresta</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, break, crack, burst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brestr</b> <i>sm.</i> crack; loss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brjōst</b> <i>sn.</i> breast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, + <i>also impers.</i> 'skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>broddr</b> <i>sm.</i> point.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brōðir</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, brother.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brotinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brotna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, break <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brott</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>braut</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brott-laga</b> <i>sf.</i> retreat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brū</b> <i>sf.</i> bridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brūð-fē</b> <i>sn.</i> bridal gift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brūðr</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, bride.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brūn</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, eyebrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bryggja</b> <i>wf.</i> pier.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brynja</b> <i>wf.</i> corslet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brȳnn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brūn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bryn-stūka</b> <i>wf.</i> corslet-sleeve.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bryti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brȳtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bū</b> <i>sn.</i> dwelling, home.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>būa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. + <b>būask</b>, get ready, prepare <i>intr.</i> 'er būit við at...' + it is likely to be that..., there is danger of...</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>buðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>būinn</b> <i>adj.</i> ready; in a certain condition--'(við) svā + būit' <i>adv.</i> under such circumstances; capable, fit for--'vel + at sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bundu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>binda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>burr</b> <i>sm.</i> son.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bȳðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bȳr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>būa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>byrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, begin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>byr-vænn</b> <i>adj.</i> promising a fair wind.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +D +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>daga</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, dawn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dagan</b> <i>sf.</i> dawn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dagr</b> <i>sm.</i> day.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dalr</b> <i>sm.</i> valley.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dauðr</b> <i>adj.</i> dead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dęgi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>dagr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>deyja</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, die.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>djūpr</b> <i>adj.</i> deep.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>deyja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dōmr</b> <i>sm.</i> decision.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dōttir</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, daughter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dǫgurðr</b> <i>sm.</i> breakfast [-urð = -verðr, <i>cp.</i> nāttverðr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dōkkr (-vir)</b> <i>adj.</i> dark.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>draga</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, draw, drag. <b>d. saman</b>, collect.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drakk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drekka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drap</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drepa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>draumr</b> <i>sm.</i> dream.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dręginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>draga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dreif</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drīfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dręki</b> <i>wm.</i> dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head + as a beak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drekka</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, drink.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drepa</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, strike; kill.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dreyma</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the + thing</i> dream [draumr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drīfa</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, drive; hasten.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drjūpa</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, drop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>draga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drōgu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>draga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drōttinn</b> <i>sm.</i> lord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drōttin-hollr</b> <i>adj.</i> faithful to its master.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drukkinn</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> drunk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drupu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drjūpa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drykkja</b> <i>wf.</i> drinking [drekka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drykkju-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> drinker.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drykkr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, draught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>duna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, resound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dunði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>dynja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dvalða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>dvęlja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dvęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, delay. <b>dvęljask</b>, dwell, stop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dvergr</b> <i>sm.</i> dwarf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dyðrill</b> <i>sm.</i> (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dȳja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dynja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, resound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dȳr</b> <i>sn.</i> animal, beast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dyrr</b> <i>sfnpl.</i> door.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +E +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eða</b> <i>cj.</i> or.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ef</b> <i>cj.</i> if.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, perform, carry out.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęggja</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, incite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eiðr</b> <i>sm.</i> oath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eiga</b> <i>wf.</i> property.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eiga</b> <i>swv.</i> possess, have: have as wife, be married to; + have <i>in the sense of</i> must.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eigi</b> <i>adv.</i> not; no.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eign</b> <i>sf.</i> property.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eignask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, appropriate, gain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eik</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, oak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>einka-māl</b> <i>snpl.</i> personal agreement, special treaty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>einn</b> <i>num., prn.</i> one; the same; a certain, a; alone, + only--'einn saman,' alone, mere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>einn-hvęrr</b> <i>prn.</i> a certain, some, a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eira</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> spare.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eitr</b> <i>sn.</i> poison.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ek</b> <i>prn.</i> I.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>aka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ekki</b> <i>prn. neut.</i> nothing; <i>adv.</i> not.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eldr</b> <i>sm.</i> fire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęlli</b> <i>wf.</i> old age.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ellifti</b> <i>adj.</i> eleventh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ellifu</b> <i>num.</i> eleven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>em</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>en</b> <i>cj.</i> but; and.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>en</b> <i>adv.</i> than, <i>after compar.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęndask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, end, suffice for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęndi, ęndir</b> <i>sm.</i> end.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęnd-langr</b> <i>adj.</i> the whole length--'ęndlangan sal,' the + whole length of the hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęndr</b> <i>adv.</i> again.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>engi</b> <i>prn.</i> none, no.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęnn</b> <i>adv.</i> yet, still; besides; after all.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęptir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc.</i> after (of time). <i>w. + dat.</i> along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. + <i>adv.</i> afterwards; behind [aptr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęptri</b> <i>adj. compar.</i> hind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>er</b> <i>prn. rel.</i> who, which, <i>rel. adv.</i> where; + when; because, that.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>er</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>er</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęrfiði</b> <i>sn.</i> work; trouble.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ert</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eru</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eta</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, eat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ey</b> <i>sf.</i> island.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +F +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fā</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. + <b>fāsk</b>, wrestle. <b>fāsk ā</b>, be obtained, be.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>faðir</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, father.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fær</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fæstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fār</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fagnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fagr</b> <i>adj.</i> beautiful, fair, fine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fagrliga</b> <i>adv.</i> finely.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fall</b> <i>sn.</i> fall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>falla</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, fall. <b>fallask</b>, be forgotten, + fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fang</b> <i>sn.</i> embrace, grasp; wrestling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>finna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fār</b> <i>adj.</i> few--<i>neut.</i> fātt <i>w. gen.</i>: + 'fātt manna,' few men.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fara</b> <i></i> go, travel--<i>w. gen. in such constr. as</i> + 'f. fęrðar sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; + experience; 'f. með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use + up <i>w. dat.</i> <b>farask</b> <i>impers. in</i> 'fęrsk þeim vel,' + they have a good passage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>farmr</b> <i>sm.</i> lading, cargo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fastr</b> <i>adj.</i> firm, fast, strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fē</b> <i>sn.</i> property, money.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęðrum</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>faðir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fekk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęgrð</b> <i>sf.</i> beauty [fagr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęgrstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fagr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>feikn-stafir</b> <i>smpl.</i> 2, wickedness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fela</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, hide.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fēlagi</b> <i>wm.</i> companion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fē-lauss</b> <i>adj.</i> penniless.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fē-lītill</b> <i>adj.</i> with little money, poor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fell</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>falla</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęlla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fengu, fęnginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęrð</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, journey [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fer-skeyttr</b> <i>adj.</i> four-cornered.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fimm</b> <i>num.</i> five.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fimtāndi</b> <i>adj.</i> fifteenth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>finna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjaðr-hamr</b> <i>sm.</i> feathered (winged) coat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjall</b> <i>sn.</i> mountain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjār</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fē</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjara</b> <i>sf.</i> ebb-tide; beach.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjogur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fjōrir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjōrði</b> <i>adj.</i> fourth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjōrir</b> <i>num.</i> four.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫlð</b> <i>wf.</i> quantity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫl-kyngi</b> <i>sn.</i> magic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫl-męnni</b> <i>sn.</i> multitude; troop [maðr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫrðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, firth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫrur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fjara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flā</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, flay, skin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flaug</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fljūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flęginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>flā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flestr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>margr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fljōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, float, drift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fljūga</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, fly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fljūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>floti</b> <i>wm.</i> fleet [fljōtal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flōtti</b> <i>wm.</i> flight [flȳja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flugu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fljūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fluttu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>flytja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flȳja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, flee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flytja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b. remove, bring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fnāsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, snort.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fœra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bring, take; fasten [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fœrir</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fœti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fōt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōlginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fela</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōlk</b> <i>sn.</i> multitude, troop; people.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>for-tǫlur</b> <i>wpl.</i> representations, arguments [tala].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōstra</b> <i>wf.</i> nurse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōt-hvatr</b> <i>adj.</i> swift-footed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōtr</b> <i>sm.</i> foot; leg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fǫður</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>faðir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> journey [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fǫru-neyti</b> <i>sn.</i> company [njōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frā</b> <i>prp.</i> from, away from; about, concerning. 'ī frā' + <i>adv.</i> away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frændi</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, relation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frā-fall</b> <i>sn.</i> death.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fram</b> <i>adv.</i> forward, forth. <i>compar.</i> <b>framar</b>, + ahead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>framastr</b> <i>adj. superl.</i> chief, most distinguished.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frami</b> <i>wm.</i> advantage, courage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>framiðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fręmja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fram-stafn</b> <i>sm.</i> prow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frā-sǫgn</b> <i>sf.</i> narrative, relation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>freista</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. gen.</i> try, test.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fręmja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, perform [fram].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>friðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, peace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frīðr</b> <i>adj.</i> beautiful, fine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frōðr</b> <i>adj.</i> learned, wise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frœkn</b> <i>adj.</i> bold, daring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frost</b> <i>sn.</i> frost.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fugl</b> <i>sm.</i> bird.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>full-kominn</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> complete; ready (for).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fullr</b> <i>adj.</i> full.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fundr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, meeting [finna].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fundu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>finna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>furðu</b> <i>adv.</i> awfully, very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fūss</b> <i>adj.</i> eager.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> follow; accompany.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylki</b> <i>sn.</i> troop [fōlk].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> draw up (troops) [fōlk].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, fill [fullr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyr, fyrir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> before; beyond, + over--'f. borð,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' <i>adv.</i> be + given as compensation; for; because of. 'f. þvī at,' because. + 'lītill. f. sēr,' insignificant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrir-rūm</b> <i>sn.</i> fore-hold, chief-cabin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrirrūms-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> man in the fore-hold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrr</b> <i>adv.</i> <i>compar.</i> before, formerly. <i>superl.</i> + <b>fyrst</b>, first.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrri</b> <i>adj.</i> <i>compar.</i> former. <i>superl.</i> + <b>fyrstr</b>, first.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fȳsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, hasten <i>trans.--impers.</i> 'braut fȳsir + mik,' I feel a desire to go away [fūss].</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +G +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen.</i> heed, care for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gæfa</b> <i>wf.</i> luck [gefa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gæta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, watch, take care of [geta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gaf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gefa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gæfu-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> lucky man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gaflak</b> <i>sn.</i> javelin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gamall</b> <i>adj.</i> old.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gaman</b> <i>sn.</i> amusement, joy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ganga</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, go, <i>with gen. of goal in poetry</i>; + attack--'g. ā skip,' board a ship. <b>g. af</b>, be finished. + <b>g. til</b>, come up. <b>g. upp</b>, land; board a ship; be + used up, expended (of money).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>garðr</b> <i>sm.</i> enclosure, court; dwelling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gat</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>geta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gefa</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, give.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gęgnum, ī gęgnum</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. gen.</i> through.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gekk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ganga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gęlti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gǫltr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gęnginn, gęngr, gengu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ganga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>geta</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, <i>w. gen.</i> mention, speak of; guess, + suppose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>geysi</b> <i>adv.</i> excessively.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gipta</b> <i>wf.</i> luck [gefa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>giptu-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> lucky man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gjafar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gjǫf</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gjǫf</b> <i>sf.</i> gift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>glotta</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, smile maliciously, grin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>glæsiligr</b> <i>adj.</i> magnificent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gnȳr</b> <i>sm.</i> din, noise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gōðr</b> <i>adj.</i> good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get + at, obtain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gōlf</b> <i>sn.</i> floor; apartment, room.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gott</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gōðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫfugr</b> <i>adj.</i> distinguished [gefa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫltr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, boar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫmul</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gamall</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫ̈ra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1c, do, make. <b>gǫ̈rask</b>, set about + doing; be made into, become. <b>gǫ̈ra at</b>, accomplish, + carry out.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫ̈rsimi</b> <i>wf.</i> article of value, treasure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>granda</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> injure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grār</b> <i>adj.</i> gray.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gras</b> <i>sn.</i> grass; plant, flower.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grāta</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, weep, mourn for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grātr</b> <i>sm.</i> weeping.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>greiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, put in order, arrange.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>greip</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>grīpa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gres-jārn</b> <i>sn.</i> iron wire (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grey</b> <i>sn.</i> dog.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grið</b> <i>snpl.</i> peace, security.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>griða-staðr</b> <i>sm.</i> sanctuary.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grind</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, lattice door, wicket.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grīpa</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, seize.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gripr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, article of value, treasure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grjōt</b> <i>sn.</i> stone (collectively).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grōa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, grow; heal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grœr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>grōa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gruna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>impers.</i>--'mik grunar,' I + suspect, think.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grunr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, suspicion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull</b> <i>sn.</i> gold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-band</b> <i>sn.</i> gold band.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-būinn</b> <i>adj.</i> adorned with gold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-hringr</b> <i>sm.</i> gold ring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-hyrndr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> with gilt horns.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-roðinn</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> gilt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gȳgr</b> <i>sf.</i> giantess.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gyltr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> gilt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gyrða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, gird.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +H +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hæstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hār</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hætta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> desist from, stop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hættligr</b> <i>adj.</i> dangerous, threatening.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hættr</b> <i>adj.</i> dangerous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>haf</b> <i>sn.</i> sea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, have; 'h. einn nær einu,' bring near to, + expose to; use, utilize. <b>at hafask</b>, undertake. <b>til + hafa</b>, have at hand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafna</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫfn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafr</b> <i>sm.</i> goat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafr-staka</b> <i>wf.</i> goatskin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hagliga</b> <i>adv.</i> neatly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hagr</b> <i>sm.</i> condition; advantage--'þēr mun h. ā vera,' + will avail thee, be profitable to you.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hag-stœðr</b> <i>adj.</i> favourable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>halda</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> hold (also with prp. + <i>ā</i>); keep. <i>w. acc.</i> observe, keep (laws, etc.). + <i>intr.</i> take a certain direction, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hālfr</b> <i>adj.</i> half.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hālfu</b> <i>adv.</i> by half, half as much again.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hallar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫll</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hallar-gōlf</b> <i>sn.</i> hall floor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>haltr</b> <i>adj.</i> lame.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamarr</b> <i>sm.</i> hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamars-muðr</b> <i>sm.</i> thin end of hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamar-skapt</b> <i>sn.</i> handle of a hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamar-spor</b> <i>sn.</i> mark made by a hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hana</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>handar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫnd</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hand-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> throwing with the hand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hand-tękinn</b> <i>ptc. pret.</i> taken by hand, taken alive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hann</b> <i>prn.</i> he.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hār</b> <i>sn.</i> hair.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hār</b> <i>adj.</i> high.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harð-hugaðr</b> <i>adj.</i> stern of mood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harðr</b> <i>adj.</i> hard; strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harð-skeytr</b> <i>adj.</i> strong-shooting [skjōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harmr</b> <i>sm.</i> grief.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hāski</b> <i>wm.</i> danger.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hā-sæti</b> <i>sn.</i> high seat, dais [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hāsætis-kista</b> <i>sf.</i> chest under the dais.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hātt</b> <i>adv.</i> high; loudly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>haugr</b> <i>sm.</i> mound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hauss</b> <i>sm.</i> skull.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heðan</b> <i>adv.</i> hence.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęfi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hafa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęfja</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, raise, lift; begin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen.</i> revenge, avenge.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heill</b> <i>adj.</i> sound, safe, prosperous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heil-rǣði</b> <i>sn.</i> sound advice, good advice [rāð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heim</b> <i>adv.</i> to one's home, home (domum).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heima</b> <i>adv.</i> at home (domi).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heima-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> man of the household.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heim-fūss</b> <i>adj.</i> longing to go home, homesick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heimr</b> <i>sm.</i> home, dwelling; world.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heimta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, fetch, obtain, get back.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heita</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, call; <i>w. dat. of pers. and dat. of + thing</i> promise; <i>intr.</i> (<i>pres.</i> heiti) be named, + called.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęldr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>halda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęldr</b> <i>adv. compar.</i> more willingly, rather, sooner, + more; rather, very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęl-grindr</b> <i>sf.</i> the doors of hell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęllir</b> <i>sm.</i> cave.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>helt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>halda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęl-vegr</b> <i>sm.</i> road to hell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęlzt</b> <i>adv. superl.</i> most willingly, soonest, especially, + most [hęldr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęndi, hęndr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫnd</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęnnar, hęnni</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hępta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bind; hinder, stop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hēr</b> <i>adv.</i> here--'h. af,' etc. here-of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęr-bergi</b> <i>sn.</i> quarters, lodgings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęrða</b> <i>wv.</i> harden, clench.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęr-fang</b> <i>sn.</i> booty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, make war, ravage [hęrr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęrr</b> <i>sm.</i> army, fleet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>herra</b> <i>sm.</i> lord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęr-skip</b> <i>sn.</i> war-ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hestr</b> <i>sm.</i> horse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hēt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>heita</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heyra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, hear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>himinn</b> <i>sm.</i> heaven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hingat</b> <i>adv.</i> hither.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hinn</b> <i>prn.</i> that.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hirð</b> <i>sf.</i> court.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hirð-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> courtier.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hiti</b> <i>wm.</i> heat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hitta</b> <i>wv.</i> come upon, find, meet; <i>trans.</i> go + to. <b>hittask</b>, meet, <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hjā</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> by, at; in comparison with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hjālmr</b> <i>sm.</i> helmet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hjōn</b> <i>snpl.</i> household.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlaða</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlæja</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, laugh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlaupa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, jump, leap; run.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlaut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hljōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hleyp</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlaupa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hleypa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlīf</b> <i>sf.</i> shield.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlīfa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> shelter, cover, protect.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hljōp</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlaupa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hljōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, get, receive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlōðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlaða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlōgu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlæja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlunnr</b> <i>sm.</i> roller (for launching ships).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hluti</b> <i>wm.</i> portion [hljōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlutr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlut-skipti</b> <i>sn.</i> booty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hnakki</b> <i>wm.</i> back of head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hōf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hęfja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hollr</b> <i>adj.</i> gracious, faithful.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hōlmr</b> <i>sm.</i> small island.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hon</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>honum</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>horn</b> <i>sn.</i> horn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hœgri</b> <i>adj. compar.</i> right (hand).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hœla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> praise, boast of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfðingi</b> <i>wm.</i> chief [hǫfuð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfða-fjǫl</b> <i>sf.</i> head-board (especially of a bedstead).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hafa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfn</b> <i>sf.</i> harbour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfuð</b> <i>sn.</i> head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫgg</b> <i>sn.</i> stroke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫgg-ormr</b> <i>sm.</i> viper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫgg-orrosta</b> <i>wf.</i> 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫggva</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, hew, cut, strike.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫll</b> <i>sf.</i> hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫnd</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, hand; side--'hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both + sides, for both parties.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hræddr</b> <i>adj.</i> frightened, afraid [<i>ptc.</i> of hræðask].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hræðask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, be frightened, fear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hræzla</b> <i>wf.</i> fear [hræðask].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrafn</b> <i>sm.</i> raven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hratt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrinda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrauð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hraut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hreyfa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, move.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrīð</b> <i>sf.</i> period of time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrīm-þurs</b> <i>sm.</i> frost giant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrinda</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, push, launch (ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrista</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrjōða</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, strip, clear, disable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, start, burst out.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrǫkk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrökkva</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrökkva</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, start back.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hryði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrynja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b. fall down.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrȳtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hyggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugi</b> <i>wm.</i> thought.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugr</b> <i>sm.</i> mind, heart; courage, spirit.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, consider, think.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hundrað</b> <i>sn.</i> hundred.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hurð</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, door.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hūs</b> <i>sn.</i> room; house.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvar</b> <i>adv.</i> where; that.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārr</b> <i>prn.</i> which of two; each of the two, both.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārr-tvęggja</b> <i>prn.</i> each of the two, both.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārt</b> <i>adv.</i> whether, <i>both in direct and indirect + questions</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārt-tvęggja</b> <i>adv.</i> 'hv...ok,' both...and.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvass</b> <i>adj.</i> sharp.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvat</b> <i>prn. neut.</i> what.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvart</b> <i>adj.</i> brisk, bold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvē</b> <i>adv.</i> how.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hverfa</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, turn, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęr-gi</b> <i>adv.</i> nowhere--'hv. jarðar,' nowhere on + earth; in no respect, by no means.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęrnig</b> <i>adv.</i> how [= hvęrn veg.].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęrr</b> <i>prn.</i> who.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęrsu</b> <i>adv.</i> how.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvī</b> <i>adv.</i> why.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvirfill</b> <i>sm.</i> crown of head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvītna</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, whiten.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvītr</b> <i>adj.</i> white.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hyggja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hylli</b> <i>wf.</i> favour [hollr].</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +I +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ī</b> <i>prp.</i> in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ī-huga</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, try to remember, consider [hugr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>illa</b> <i>adv.</i> ill, badly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>illr</b> <i>adj.</i> ill, bad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inn</b> <i>art.</i> the.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inn</b> <i>adv.</i> in <i>compar.</i> <b>innar</b>, further in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, accomplish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>innan</b> <i>adv.</i> within, inside. <b>fyrir innan</b> <i>prp. + w. gen.</i> within, in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inni</b> <i>adv.</i> in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>it</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>it</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>inn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ī-þrōtt</b> <i>sf.</i> feat.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +J +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-breiðr</b> <i>adj.</i> equally broad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-hǫfugr</b> <i>adj.</i> equally heavy [hęfja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-mikill</b> <i>adj.</i> equally great.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-skjōtt</b> <i>adv.</i> equally quick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, smooth; compare <i>w. dat. of + thing compared.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafnan</b> <i>adv.</i> always.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jarl</b> <i>sm.</i> earl.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jārn</b> <i>sn.</i> iron.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jārn-glōfi</b> <i>sm.</i> iron gauntlet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jārn-spǫng</b> <i>sf.</i> iron plate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jāta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> agree to.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jōk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>auka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jǫrð</b> <i>sf.</i> earth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jǫtun-heimar</b> <i>smpl.</i> home, world of the giants.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jǫtunn,</b> <i>sm.</i> giant.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +K +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kær-leikr</b> <i>sm.</i> love, affection [kærr, 'dear'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kaf</b> <i>sn.</i> diving; deep water, water under the surface.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kafa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, dive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kalla</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kunna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kapp</b> <i>sn.</i> competition.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>karl</b> <i>sm.</i> man; old man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kasta</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, cast, throw.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kaupa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, buy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęngr</b> <i>sm.</i> bend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęnna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, know; perceive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęrling</b> <i>sf.</i> old woman [karl].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęrra</b> <i>wf.</i> chariot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kętill</b> <i>sm.</i> kettle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>keypta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kaupa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>keyra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, drive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kirkja</b> <i>wf.</i> church.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kirkju-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> wing of a church.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kjōsa</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, choose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klakk-laust</b> <i>adv.</i> uninjured.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klæða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, clothe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klæða-būnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> apparel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klæði</b> <i>snpl.</i> clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knē</b> <i>sn.</i> knee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knīfr</b> <i>sm.</i> knife.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knǫrr</b> <i>sm.</i> merchant-ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knūði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>knȳja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knūi</b> <i>wm.</i> knuckle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knūtr</b> <i>sm.</i> knot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knȳja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert + oneself [knūi].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kōlf-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> (distance of a) bolt-shot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kollōttr</b> <i>adj.</i> bald.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>koma</b> <i>sv.</i> 4. come; happen, turn out; <i>w. dat.</i> + bring into a certain condition. <b>k. fyrir</b>, be paid in + atonement. <b>komask</b>, make one's way (by dint of exertion).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kona</b> <i>wf.</i> woman; wife.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konr</b> <i>sm.</i> kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' + of some kind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konunga-stęfna</b> <i>wf.</i> congress of kings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konungr</b> <i>sm.</i> king.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konungs-dōttir</b> <i>sf.</i> king's daughter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konungs-skip</b> <i>sn.</i> king's ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kosinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kjōsa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kost-gripr</b> <i>sm.</i> precious thing, treasure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kostr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, choice--'at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; + power [kjōsa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫgur-sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> little boy, urchin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫpp</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kapp</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫpur-yrði</b> <i>sn.</i> boasting [orð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫttr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, cat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>köm</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>koma</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>krappa-rūm</b> <i>sn.</i> back cabin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>krappr</b> <i>adj.</i> narrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kraptr</b> <i>sm.</i> strength.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>krās</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, delicacy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kręfja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, <i>w. acc. of pers. and gen. of + thing</i>, demand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunna</b> <i>swv.</i> know; feel; venture; like to.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunnandi</b> <i>wf.</i> knowledge, accomplishments.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunnusta</b> <i>wf.</i> knowledge, power.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunnr</b> <i>adj.</i> known.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kurr</b> <i>sm.</i> murmur, rumour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvæði</b> <i>sn.</i> poem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvæma</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>koma</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvān</b> <i>sf.</i> wife.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kveða</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, say. <b>kv. ā</b> settle, agree on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvęðja</b> <i>wf.</i> salutation [kveða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvęðja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, greet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kveld</b> <i>sn.</i> evening--'ī kv.,' this evening.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kveld-sǫngr</b> <i>sm.</i> vespers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvenn-vāðir</b> <i>sfpl.</i> woman's clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kviðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, stomach, belly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvisa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, whisper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvistr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, branch, twig.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvǫddu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kvęðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kykr (-vir)</b> <i>adj.</i> living.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kykvendi</b> <i>sn.</i> living creature, animal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kȳll</b> <i>sm.</i> bag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kyn</b> <i>sn.</i> race, lineage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kȳr</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, cow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kyssa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, kiss.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +L +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>liggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lægri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lāgr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lær-lęggr</b> <i>sm.</i> thigh-bone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>læt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lāta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lagða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lęggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lāgr</b> <i>adj.</i> low; short of stature [liggja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lags-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> companion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lagu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>liggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lamða, lamit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lęmja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>land</b> <i>sn.</i> land, country.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>land-skjālfti</b> <i>wm.</i> earthquake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>langr</b> <i>adj.</i> long, far.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lāt</b> <i>snpl.</i> noise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lāta</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; + behave, act; say.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lauf</b> <i>sn.</i> foliage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laufs-blað</b> <i>sn.</i> (blade of foliage), leaf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laug</b> <i>sf.</i> bath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laun</b> <i>snpl.</i> reward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>launa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, reward, requite <i>w. dat. of the + thing given and of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lauss</b> <i>adj.</i> loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laust</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ljōsta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lūta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lax</b> <i>sm.</i> salmon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leðr-hosa</b> <i>wf.</i> leather bag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęggja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, + settle on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; <i>intr. w.</i> skip + <i>understood</i> sail, row--<b>l. at</b>, land; attack; <b>l. frā</b>, + retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. <b>lęggjask</b>, set + out, proceed; swim [liggja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leið</b> <i>sf.</i> way--'koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leið</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>līða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, lead, conduct [līða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leiðangr (-rs)</b> <i>sm.</i> levy [leið].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leiga</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, borrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leikr</b> <i>sm.</i> game; athletic sports, contest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leita</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. gen. and dat.</i> seek; take to, have + recourse to. <b>leitask</b>, feel one's way [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęmja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, break.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęngð</b> <i>sf.</i> length [langr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęngi</b> <i>adv.</i> long (of time) [langr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęngstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>langr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lēt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lāta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lętja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, <i>w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing</i>, + hinder, dissuade.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lētta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leyniliga</b> <i>adv.</i> secretly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leysa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lið</b> <i>sn.</i> troop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līða</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, go; pass (of time); <i>impers.</i> <b>līðr</b>, + <i>w. dat.</i> fare, get on. <i>impers.</i> 'līðr ā (nāttina),' (the + night) is drawing to a close.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līf</b> <i>sn.</i> life--'ā līfi,' alive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lifa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, live.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>liggja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, lie. <b>l. til</b>, be fitting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līk</b> <i>sn.</i> body; corpse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> please.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līki</b> <i>sn.</i> form [līk].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līking</b> <i>sf.</i> likeness, similarity [līkr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līknsamr</b> <i>adj.</i> gracious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līkr</b> <i>adj.</i> like.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līn</b> <i>sn.</i> linen; linen headdress.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>list</b> <i>sf.</i> art.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līta</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til + eins.' turn to, acknowledge greeting. <b>lītask</b> <i>impers. + w. dat.</i> seem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>litask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, look round one [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lītill</b> <i>adj.</i> little, small--'lītit veðr,' not very + windy weather. <b>lītlu</b> <i>adv.</i> by a little, a little.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lītil-ræði</b> <i>sm.</i> degradation [rāð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>litr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līzk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>līta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ljā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen. and dat.</i> lend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ljōsta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, strike, <i>w. dat. of instr. and acc. of + the thing struck</i>--'l. ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, + begin to row.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lofa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, praise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lōga</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> part with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>logi</b> <i>wm.</i> flame.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lokinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lūka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lopt</b> <i>sn.</i> air--'ā l.,' up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lūka</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, lock, close; <i>impers.</i> 'lȳkr einu,' + it is finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lukla</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lykill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lustu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ljōsta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lūta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, bend, bow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lygi</b> <i>wf.</i> lie, falsehood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lykð</b> <i>sf.</i> ending--'at lykðum,' finally.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lykill</b> <i>sm.</i> key [lūka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lypta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lift [lopt].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lypting</b> <i>sf.</i> raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship + [lypta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lȳsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, shine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lȳsi-gull</b> <i>sn.</i> bright gold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lȳst</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ljōsta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lysta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc.</i> desire.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +M +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mega</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mæla (mælta)</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, speak--'m. við einu,' refuse; suggest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mær</b> <i>sf.</i> virgin, maid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mætta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mega</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>magr (-ran)</b> <i>adj.</i> thin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>māgr</b> <i>sm.</i> kinsman, relation, connection.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>makligr</b> <i>adj.</i> fitting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>māl</b> <i>sn.</i> narrative; <i>in plur.</i> poem; proper time, time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mālmr</b> <i>sm.</i> metal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>maðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mann-fōlk</b> <i>sn.</i> troops, crew.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mann-hringr</b> <i>sm.</i> ring of men.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mannliga</b> <i>adv.</i> manlily.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>margr</b> <i>adj.</i> many, much.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mark</b> <i>sn.</i> mark; importance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>marka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, infer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>marr</b> <i>sm.</i> horse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mart</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>margr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>matask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, eat a meal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>matr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, food.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mātta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mega</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>māttr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, might, strength.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>með</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meðal</b> <i>s.</i> middle--ā m. <i>w. gen.</i> between.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meðan</b> <i>adv.</i> whilst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mega</b> <i>swv.</i> can, may.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>megin</b> <i></i> --'ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; 'ǫllum m.,' on all + sides [<i>corruption of</i> vegum].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męgin-gjarðar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> girdle of strength [mega].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meiðmar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> treasures.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meiri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mikill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męn</b> <i>sn.</i> necklace, piece of jewelry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męnn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>maðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męrgr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, marrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męrki</b> <i>sn.</i> mark; banner [mark].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mest</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mikill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meta</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, measure; estimate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mey</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mær</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mið-garðr</b> <i>sm.</i> (middle enclosure), world.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>miðgarðs-ormr</b> <i>sm.</i> world-serpent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>miðr</b> <i>adj.</i> middle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mik</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mikill</b> <i>adj.</i> big, tall, great. <b>mikit</b> <i>adv.</i> + much, very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>miklu</b> <i>adv.</i> (<i>instr.</i>) much.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>milli, ā milli</b> <i>prp.</i> between, among.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minjar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> remembrance, memorial.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minni</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lītill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minnr</b> <i>adv.</i> less.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mis-līka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> displease, not please.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>missa</b> <i>wf.</i> loss, want.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>missa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen.</i> lose; do without.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mistil-teinn</b> <i>sm.</i> mistletoe [teinn, 'twig'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mitt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mjǫðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, mead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mjǫk</b> <i>adv.</i> very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mōðir</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, mother.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mōðr</b> <i>sm.</i> anger.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mœtask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, meet <i>intr.</i> [mōt].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫn</b> <i>sf.</i> mane.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>morginn</b> <i>sm.</i> morning.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫrk</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, forest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫrum</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>marr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mōt</b> <i>sn.</i> meeting. <b>ī mōti</b> <i>prp. w. dat.</i> + against.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫtu-neyti</b> <i>sn.</i> community of food--'lęggja m. sitt,' + make their provision into a common store [matr; njōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mundu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>munu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>munnr</b> <i>sm.</i> mouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>munr</b> <i>sm.</i> difference--'þeim mun,' to that extent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>munu</b> <i>swv.</i> will, may (of futurity and probability).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>myndi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>munu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>myrkr</b> <i>sn.</i> darkness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>myrkr</b> <i>adj.</i> dark.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +N +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, reach, obtain; succeed in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nǣr</b> <i>adv.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> near; nearly. <i>superl.</i> + <b>næst</b>--'þvī n.,' thereupon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nǣtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>nātt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nafn</b> <i>sn.</i> name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nakkvarr</b> <i>prn.</i> some, a certain. <b>nakkvat</b> <i>adv.</i> + somewhat; perhaps.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, night.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-bōl</b> <i>sn.</i> night-quarters.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-langt</b> <i>adv.</i> the whole night long.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-staðr</b> <i>sm.</i> night-quarters.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nāttūra</b> <i>wf.</i> nature, peculiarity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-verðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, supper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nauð-syn</b> <i>sf.</i> necessity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>naut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>njōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>neðan</b> <i>adv.</i> below. <b>fyrir n.</b> <i>prp. w. + dat.</i> below.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nęfja</b> <i>adj.</i> long-nosed (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, name, call. <b>nęfnask</b>, name + oneself, give one's name as [nafn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nema</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, take; begin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nema</b> <i>adv.</i> except, unless.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nest</b> <i>sn.</i> provisions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nest-baggi</b> <i>sm.</i> provision-bag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>niðr</b> <i>adv.</i> down, downwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nīundi</b> <i>adj.</i> ninth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>njōsn</b> <i>sf.</i> spying; news.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>njōsna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, spy; get intelligence.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>njōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, enjoy, profit.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>norðr</b> <i>adv.</i> northwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nǫkkvi</b> <i>wm.</i> vessel, small ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nū</b> <i>adv.</i> now; therefore, so.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nȳ-vaknaðr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> newly awoke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nȳr</b> <i>adj.</i> new.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nȳta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, profit [njōta].</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +O +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>oddr</b> <i>sm.</i> point.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōð-fūss</b> <i>adj.</i> madly eager.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōðr</b> <i>adj.</i> mad, furious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>œ̄pa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, shout [ōp, 'shout'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>œrit</b> <i>adv.</i> enough; very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>of</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> over; during; with respect + to, about. <i>adv.</i> too (of excess).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>of</b> <i>adv.,</i> <i>often used in poetry as a mere expletive.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>of-veikr</b> <i>adj.</i> too weak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ofan</b> <i>adv.</i> above; down.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ofan-verðr</b> <i>adj.</i> upper, on the top.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>aka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ok</b> <i>conj.</i> and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>okkr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>opt</b> <i>adv.</i> often. <i>compar.</i> <b>optar</b>, oftener, + again.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōr</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> out of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orð</b> <i>sn.</i> word--'ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orðinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orð-sęnding</b> <i>sf.</i> verbal message.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orð-tak</b> <i>sn.</i> expression, word.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ormr</b> <i>sm.</i> serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orrosta</b> <i>wf.</i> battle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>oss</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōtta</b> <i>wf.</i> the end of night, just before dawn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōttalaust</b> <i>adj.</i> without fear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōx</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vaxa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>oxi</b> <i>wm.</i> ox.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫðlask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, obtain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫðru</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>annarr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫl</b> <i>sn.</i> ale.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫldnu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>aldinn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫndōttr</b> <i>adj.</i> fierce.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫnd-vegi</b> <i>sn.</i> high seat, dais.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫnnur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>annar</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> arrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ör-æfi</b> <i>sn.</i> harbourless coast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>örendi</b> <i>sn.</i> errand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>örendi</b> <i>sn.</i> holding the breath, breath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>örind-reki</b> <i>sm.</i> messenger [reka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>öxn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>oxi</b>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +P +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>pati</b> <i>sm.</i> rumour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>pęnningr</b> <i>sm.</i> penny.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +R +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāð</b> <i>sn.</i> advice; what is advisable--'sjā eitt at rāði,' + consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāða</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, advise, <i>w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.</i>; + consider, deliberate; undertake, begin <i>w. prp.</i> til <i>or + infin.</i>; dispose of, have control over <i>w. prp.</i> fyrir.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāða-gǫ̈rð</b> <i>sf.</i> deliberation, decision.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāðugr</b> <i>adj.</i> sagacious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ragna-rökr</b> <i>sn.</i> twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna + <i>gen. of</i> ręgin <i>neut. plur.</i> 'gods.']</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ragr</b> <i>adj.</i> cowardly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāku</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>reka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ręnna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rās</b> <i>sf.</i> race.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rauðr</b> <i>adj.</i> red.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rausn</b> <i>sf.</i> magnificence, anything magnificent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rēð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rāða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reið</b> <i>sf.</i> chariot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reið</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rīða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, swing, wield, brandish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reið-fara</b> <i>adj.</i> --'vera vel r.,' have a good passage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reiði</b> <i>sn.</i> trappings, harness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reiðr</b> <i>adj.</i> angry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reka</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjǫld,' take + down awning.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rękkja</b> <i>wf.</i> bed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ręnna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, run.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rētta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, direct; reach, stretch. <b>r. upp</b>, pull + up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rēttr</b> <i>adj.</i> right, correct; equitable, fair.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reyna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, try, test.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reyr-bǫnd</b> <i>supl.</i> the wire with which the arrow-head was bound + to the shaft.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rīða</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, <i>w. dat.</i> ride.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>riðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rīða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>riðlask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, set oneself in motion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rīki</b> <i>sn.</i> power; sovereignty, reign.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rīkr</b> <i>adj.</i> powerful, distinguished.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ripti</b> <i>sn.</i> linen cloth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rita</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, write.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rōa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, row.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rœða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, talk about, discuss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>röra</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rōa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rǫst</b> <i>sf.</i> league.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +S +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sā</b> <i>prn.</i> that; he; such, such a one.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sær</b> <i>sm.</i> sea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>særa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, wound [sār].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sæti</b> <i>sn.</i> seat [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sætt</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, reconciliation, peace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sættask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, be reconciled, agree.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>saga</b> <i>wf.</i> narrative, history, story.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sagða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sęgja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>saka</b> <i>wv.</i> <i>impers. w. acc.</i>--'hann (acc.) sakaði + ekki,' he was not injured.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sakna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. gen.</i> miss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sāl</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, soul.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sāld</b> <i>sn.</i> gallon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>salr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>saman</b> <i>adv.</i> together.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sami</b> <i>weak adj.</i> same.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sam-laga</b> <i>wf.</i> laying ships together for battle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>samt</b> <i>adv.</i> together.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sannligr</b> <i>adj.</i> probable; suitable, right.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sannr</b> <i>adj.</i> true.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sār</b> <i>sn.</i> wound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sārr</b> <i>adj.</i> wounded.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sat</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sitja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>satt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sannr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sē</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sē</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sefask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, be pacified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, say, relate [saga].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>segl</b> <i>sn.</i> sail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>seilask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, stretch <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>seinn</b> <i>adj.</i> late, slow, tedious. <b>seint</b> + <i>adv.</i> slowly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, give; sell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sem</b> <i>adv.</i> as; <i>w. subj.</i> as if; <i>to strengthen + the superl.</i>--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęnda</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, send.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęndi-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> messenger.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęnn</b> <i>adv.</i> at the same time, at once; immediately, + forthwith.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēnn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sik</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>set-berg</b> <i>sn.</i> seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sętja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, set, place. <b>s. fram</b>, launch (a + ship). <b>sętjask</b>, sit down. <b>sętjask upp</b>, sit up + [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sī-byrða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lay a ship alongside + another. <i>neut. ptc.</i> <b>sībyrt</b>, close up to [borð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīð</b> <i>adv.</i> late. <i>comp.</i> sīðar, later, afterwards. + <i>superl.</i> <b>sīðast</b>, latest, last.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīða</b> <i>wf.</i> side.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīðan</b> <i>adv.</i> afterwards, then; since.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīðari</b> <i>adj. comp.</i> later, second (in order).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>siðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, custom.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīga</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, sink.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigla</b> <i>wf.</i> mast [segl].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, sail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>siglu-skeið</b> <i>sn.</i> middle of a ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigr (-rs)</b> <i>sm.</i> victory.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigr-ōp</b> <i></i> shout of victory.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sik</b> <i>prn.</i> oneself.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>silfr</b> <i>sn.</i> silver.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sik</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sinn</b> <i>sn.</i> time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, + for once. 'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, + i.e. only once.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sik</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sitja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, sit. <b>s. fyrir</b>, sit in readiness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjā</b> <i></i> = þessi.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjā</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. + <i>impers.</i> 'lītt sēr þat ā, at'...it will hardly be seen + that... <b>sjāsk</b>, see one another, meet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjālfr</b> <i>prn.</i> self.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjōða</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, boil; cook.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjōn</b> <i>sf.</i> sight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjōn-hvęrfing</b> <i>sf.</i> ocular delusion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skal</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skulu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skalf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjālfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skāli</b> <i>wm.</i> hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skammr</b> <i>adj.</i> short.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skap</b> <i>sn.</i> state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skapligr</b> <i>adj.</i> suitable, fit.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skapt</b> <i>sn.</i> shaft, handle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skarð</b> <i>sn.</i> notch, gap; defect.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skaut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skęgg</b> <i>sn.</i> beard; beak (of a ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skeið</b> <i>sn.</i> race-course, running-ground; + race--'taka sk.,' start in a race.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skeina</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, graze.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skellr</b> <i>sm.</i> knock.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skęmtun</b> <i>sf.</i> amusement, entertainment [skammr, + <i>literally 'shortening (of time)'</i>].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skera</b> <i>sv.</i> cut, cut up; kill (animal).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skiljask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, separate, part <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skillingr</b> <i>sm.</i> shilling, coin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skilnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> separation, parting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skip</b> <i>sn.</i> ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skipa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. + 'sk. til um eitt,' make arrangements for. <b>skipask</b>, take + one's place; change, alter <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skipa-hęrr</b> <i>sm.</i> fleet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skipan</b> <i>sf.</i> arranging; ship's crew.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skips-brot</b> <i>sn.</i> shipwreck.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skip-stjōrnar-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> (steerer), commander of a ship, + captain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjald-borg</b> <i>sf.</i> wall of shields, testudo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjālfa</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, shake <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, <i>w. dat.</i> shoot, throw, push.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōt-fœri</b> <i>sn.</i> swiftness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōt-leikr</b> <i>sm.</i> swiftness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōt-liga</b> <i>adv.</i> swiftly, quick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōtr</b> <i>adj.</i> swift, quick. <b>skjōtt</b> <i>adv.</i> + quickly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjǫldr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, shield.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skōgr</b> <i>sm.</i> forest, wood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skorta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers. and of + thing</i>, want, fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skot</b> <i>sn.</i> shot; missile [skjōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skot-māl</b> <i>sn.</i> shot-measure, range.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skotta</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, dangle--sk. við drift (of ships).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skǫkull</b> <i>sm.</i> shaft (of a cart).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skǫmm</b> <i>sf.</i> disgrace, shame.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> hair of the head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skreppa</b> <i>wf.</i> bag, wallet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skulfu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjālfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skulu</b> <i>swv.</i> shall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skuta</b> <i>wf.</i> small ship, cutter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skutill</b> <i>sm.</i> trencher, small table.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skutil-sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> page, chamberlain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skutu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skykkr</b> <i>sm.</i> shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skylda</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skulu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skyldr</b> <i>adj.</i> obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skyn</b> <i>sn.</i> understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skynda</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, hasten, bring in haste.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skyndiliga</b> <i>adv.</i> hastily, quickly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skynsamliga</b> <i>adv.</i> intelligently, carefully.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skȳt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slā</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, strike. 'slā eldi ī,' light a fire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slæliga</b> <i>adv.</i> sluggishly, weakly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slær</b> <i>adj.</i> blunt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slær</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>slā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slātr</b> <i>sn.</i> meat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sleikja</b> <i>wv.</i> lick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sleit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>slīta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slēttr</b> <i>adj.</i> level, smooth; comfortable, easy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slīkr</b> <i>adj.</i> such.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slīta</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, tear--<b>sl. upp</b>, pull up; <i>w. dat.</i> + break (agreement).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smæri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>smār</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smār</b> <i>adj.</i> small, insignificant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smā-skip</b> <i>snpl.</i> small ships.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smā-skūta</b> <i>wf.</i> small cutter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smjūga</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, squeeze through, slip.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smugu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>smjūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snarpligr</b> <i>adj.</i> vigorous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snarpr</b> <i>adj.</i> sharp; vigorous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snimma</b> <i>adv.</i> early.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snöra</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>snūa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snūa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> turn <i>or</i> (<i>trans.</i>) + direct; twist, plait. <b>snūask</b>, turn (<i>intr.</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>soðinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sœkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sœmð</b> <i>sf.</i> honour [sōma].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sœtti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sœkja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sofa</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, sleep.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sofna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, go to sleep.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sǫgur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>saga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sǫk</b> <i>sf.</i> cause--'fyrir þā s. at'..., because.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sökkva</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, sink.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōl</b> <i>sf.</i> sun.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōl-skin</b> <i>sn.</i> sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>soltinn</b> <i>adj.</i> hungry [<i>ptc. of</i> 'svelta,' starve].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōma</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. dat.</i>, be suitable, befitting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōmi</b> <i>wm.</i> honour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sonr</b> <i>sm.</i> son.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōtt</b> <i>sf.</i> illness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōtta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sœkja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sǫx</b> <i>snpl.</i> raised prow of a war-ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spala</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>spǫlr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sparask</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spęnna (spęnta)</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat. of thing</i>, gird, + buckle on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spjōt</b> <i>sn.</i> spear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sporðr</b> <i>sm.</i> tail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spori</b> <i>sm.</i> spur.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spǫlr</b> <i>sm.</i> rail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sprakk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>springa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sprętta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, split.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>springa</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, burst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spurða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>spyrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spyrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have + news of, hear of his arrival. <b>spyrjask</b>, be known.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spyrna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, kick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>staddr</b> <i>adj.</i> placed, staying [<i>ptc. of</i> 'stęðja,' + place].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>staðr</b> <i>sm.</i> place--'ī staðinn,' instead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafaðr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> striped.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>staf-karl</b> <i>sm.</i> (staff-man), beggar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafn</b> <i>sm.</i> prow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafn-būi</b> <i>wm.</i> prow-man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafn-lē</b> <i>wm.</i> grappling-hook.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2 (<i>gen. sg.</i> stafs), staff, stick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stakk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stinga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stallari</b> <i>sm.</i> marshall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>standa</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, stand. <b>st. upp</b>, stand up, rise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>starfa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, work.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, steer; take a course, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>steig</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stīga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>steinn</b> <i>sm.</i> stone; jewel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stela</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, <i>w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers.</i> + steal, rob.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęndr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>standa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęrkliga</b> <i>adv.</i> vigorously.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęrkr</b> <i>adj.</i> strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>steypa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat. of thing</i>, throw; pull off. + <b>steypask</b>, throw oneself.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stīga</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, advance, walk, go. <b>st. upp</b>, mount + (horse).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stīgr</b> <i>sm.</i> path, way.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stikill</b> <i>sm.</i> point.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stilla (stilta)</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, arrange. <b>st. til</b>, + arrange, dispose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stinga</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, pierce; 'st. stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow + against a ship's side.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stirt</b> <i>adv.</i> harshly [<i>neut. of</i> 'stirðr,' stiff].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>standa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stœrri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stōr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōkkva</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, spring, rebound, start back.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stolinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stela</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōrliga</b> <i>adv.</i> bigly, arrogantly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-mannligr</b> <i>adj.</i> magnificent, aristocratic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-męnni</b> <i>sn.</i> great men (collective), aristocracy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōrr</b> <i>adj.</i> big, great. <b>stōrum</b> <i>adv.</i> greatly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-rāðr</b> <i>adj.</i> (great of plans), ambitious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-skip</b> <i>sn.</i> big ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-virki</b> <i>sn.</i> great deed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>strā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, strew, cover with straw.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>strauk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>strjūka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stręngr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, string.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>strjūka</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, stroke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stund</b> <i>sf.</i> period of time, time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stutt</b> <i>adv.</i> shortly, abruptly [<i>neut. of</i> 'stuttr' + short].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stȳra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> steer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stȳri</b> <i>sn.</i> rudder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stȳris-hnakki</b> <i>wm.</i> top piece of rudder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>styrkr</b> <i>sm.</i> strength; help.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sū</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>suðr</b> <i>adv.</i> southward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>suðr-ganga</b> <i>wf.</i> journey south (to Rome).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sukku</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sökkva</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sumar</b> <i>sn.</i> summer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sumr</b> <i>prn.</i> some.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sund</b> <i>sn.</i> sound, channel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svā</b> <i>adv.</i> so, as; as soon as. 'ok svā,' also.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svaf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sofa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svara</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat. of thing</i>, answer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svardagi</b> <i>sm.</i> oath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> boy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sveinn-stauli</b> <i>wm.</i> small boy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sveit</b> <i>sf.</i> troop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svelga</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, swallow, gulp.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sverð</b> <i>sn.</i> sword.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sverðs-hǫgg</b> <i>sn.</i> swordstroke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svipan</b> <i>sf.</i> jerk; moment.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svipting</b> <i>sf.</i> pull, struggle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sȳnask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, seem [sjōn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>syni</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sonr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>systir</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, sister.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +T +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>taka</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. acc.</i> take, seize, take possession + of; <i>w. inf.</i> begin; <i>w. dat.</i> receive (well, ill, etc.). + <b>takask</b>, take place, begin. <b>t. at</b>, choose. <b>t. + til</b>, engage in, try. <b>t. upp</b>, take to, choose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tala</b> <i>wf.</i> talk, speech.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tala</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, speak, talk about, discuss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>taliðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>tęlja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tālma</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, hinder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tār</b> <i>sn.</i> tear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>taumar</b> <i>smpl.</i> reins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tękinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>taka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, + say [tala].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęngðir</b> <i>sfpl.</i> relationship, connection by marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęngja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bind, fasten together.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęngsl</b> <i>snpl.</i> cable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc.</i> desire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīðindi</b> <i>snpl.</i> tidings, news.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīðr</b> <i>adj.</i> usual, happening--'hvat er tītt um þik?' what + is the matter with you? <b>tītt</b> <i>adv.</i> often, quickly--'sem + tīðast,' as quickly as possible.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tiginn</b> <i>adj.</i> of high rank.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tigr</b> <i>sm.</i> --'fjōrir tigir,' forty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>til</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. gen.</i> to; till; for (of use)--'alt + er t. vāpna var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for + (of object, intention)--'brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to + get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var eigi + gott,' they were not well off for provisions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>til</b> <i>adv.</i> too (of excess).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>til-vīsan</b> <i>sf.</i> direction, guidance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tītt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>tīðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīvi</b> <i>wm.</i> god.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tjald</b> <i>sn.</i> tent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tjūgu-skęgg</b> <i>sn.</i> forked beard.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tœka</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>taka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tōk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>taka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tǫnn</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, tooth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trani</b> <i>wm.</i> crane.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trē</b> <i>sn.</i> tree.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>troða</b> <i>sv.</i> tread.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trog</b> <i>sn.</i> trough.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tros</b> <i>sn.</i> droppings, rubbish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trūa</b> <i>wf.</i> faith--'þat veit tr. mīn at...,' by + my faith.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trūa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. dat. of pers.</i> believe, trust, + rely on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tūn</b> <i>sn.</i> enclosure, dwelling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tveir</b> <i>num.</i> two.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tȳna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>typpa</b> <i>wv.</i> tie in a top-knot.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +Þ +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þiggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þā</b> <i>adv.</i> then.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þær</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þakðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þękja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þakka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. acc. of thing and dat. of + pers.</i> thank; requite, reward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þambar-skęlfir</b> <i>sm.</i> bowstring-shaker (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þannig</b> <i>adv.</i> thither; so [= þann veg].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þar</b> <i>adv.</i> there; then; 'þ. af,' <i>etc.</i>, + thereof. 'þar sem,' since, because. 'þar til,' until.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þarf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þurfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þat</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þau</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þegar</b> <i>adv.</i> at once. 'þ. er,' as soon as.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þęginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þiggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þęgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, be silent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þeim</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þeir, þeirra</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þękja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, roof.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þękkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, notice. <b>þękkjask</b>, take pleasure + in; accept.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þess</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þess</b> <i>adv. w. comp.</i> the, so much the.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þessi</b> <i>prn.</i> this.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þiggja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, receive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þik</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þing</b> <i>sn.</i> meeting, parliament.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þjōð</b> <i>sf.</i> nation, race.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þō</b> <i>adv.</i> though, yet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þǫkð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þękja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þǫkk</b> <i>sf.</i> thanks, gratitude [þakka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þola</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, endure, put up with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þora</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, dare.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þǫrf</b> <i>sf.</i> need.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þorrinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þverra</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þōtt</b> <i>adv.</i> though [= þō at].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þōtta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þykkja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þraut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þreifask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, grope, feel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þreyta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, make exertions, try.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þriði</b> <i>adj.</i> third.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þriðjungr</b> <i>sm.</i> third.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þrīr</b> <i>num.</i> three.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þrjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers.</i> come to + an end, fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þrūðugr</b> <i>adj.</i> mighty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þū</b> <i>prn.</i> thou.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þumlungr</b> <i>sm.</i> thumb of glove.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þunn-vangi</b> <i>wm.</i> temple (of head).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurðr</b> <i>sm.</i> diminution.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurfa</b> <i>swv.</i> <i>often impers.</i> require, need.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurr</b> <i>adj.</i> dry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurs</b> <i>sm.</i> giant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þverra</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, diminish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvers</b> <i>adv.</i> across.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvī</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvī</b> <i>adv.</i> therefore; <i>w. compar.</i> the, so much the + more.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvīlikr</b> <i>adj.</i> such.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þykkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1c, seen, be considered. 'þykkir einum + fyrir,' there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. + 'myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,' I should be displeased. <b>þykkjask</b>, + think.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þykkr</b> <i>adj.</i> thick, close.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þynna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, make thin. <b>þynnask</b> get thin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þyrstr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> thirsty.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +U +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-fœra</b> <i>wf.</i> impassable place; fix, difficulty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-friðr</b> <i>sm.</i> hostility, war.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-grynni</b> <i>sn.</i> countless number [grunnr, 'bottom'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-happ</b> <i>sn.</i> misfortune.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-hreinn</b> <i>adj.</i> impure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>um</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc.</i> around, about, over; <i>of + time</i> in, at; <i>of superiority</i> beyond; concerning, about.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>um-rāð</b> <i>sn.</i> advice, help.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>um-sjā</b> <i>sf.</i> care.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>una</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> be contented--'u. illa,' be + discontented.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undan</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i>, <i>adv.</i> away (from).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undarliga</b> <i>adv.</i> strangely.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undarligr</b> <i>adj.</i> strange.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> under.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undr</b> <i>sn.</i> wonder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ungr</b> <i>adj.</i> young.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>unninn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vinna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>unz</b> <i>adv.</i> until.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp</b> <i>adv.</i> up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp-ganga</b> <i>wf.</i> boarding (ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp-haf</b> <i>sn.</i> beginning [hęfja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp-himinn</b> <i>sm.</i> high heaven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>uppi</b> <i>adv.</i> up; at an end.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>urðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ūt</b> <i>adv.</i> out. <i>comp.</i> <b>utar</b>, outer, outwards, + farther away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>utan</b> <i>adv.</i> outside; outwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>utan-fęrð</b> <i>sf.</i> journey abroad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>utar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ūt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ūti</b> <i>adv.</i> outside, out on the sea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ūt-lausn</b> <i>sf.</i> ransom.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-vinr</b> <i>sm.</i> enemy.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +V +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vægð</b> <i>sf.</i> forbearance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vænn</b> <i>adj.</i> likely, to be expected.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>væri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vætr</b> <i>neut.</i> nothing.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vaka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, be awake, wake up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vakna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, awake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vald</b> <i>sn.</i> power, control.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>val-kyrja</b> <i>sf.</i> chooser of the slain, + war-goddess [kjōsa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>valr</b> <i>sm.</i> corpses on the battle-field.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vān,</b> <i>sf.</i> hope, expectation, probability.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vandræða-skāld</b> <i>sn.</i> the 'awkward' poet, the poet + who is difficult to deal with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vandræði</b> <i>snpl.</i> difficulty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vangi</b> <i>wm.</i> cheek.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vanr</b> <i>adj.</i> accustomed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāpn</b> <i>sn.</i> weapon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāpna-burð</b> <i>sm.</i> bearing weapons, shower of missiles.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāpn-lauss</b> <i>adj.</i> without weapons.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>var</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vār</b> <i>sn.</i> spring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vār</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vara</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers.</i>--'mik varði,' + I expected.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vęrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vargr</b> <i>sm.</i> wolf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>variðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vęrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varla</b> <i>adv.</i> scarcely.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> goods, merchandise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāru</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vatn</b> <i>sn.</i> water.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vaxa</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, grow; increase.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veðr</b> <i>sn.</i> weather.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vegr</b> <i>sm.</i> road; way, manner; direction, side; + <i>in composition</i>, region, tract, land.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veik</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vikja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vita</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veita</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vękja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, wake [vaka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vēl</b> <i>sf.</i> artifice, cunning.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, choose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęndi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vǫndr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vera</b> <i>sv.</i> exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat + lātum hafði verit,' what had caused the noise. <b>v. at</b>, be + occupied with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verð</b> <i>sn.</i> worth, value; price.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verða</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir + einum,' come in one's way, appear before one; become; come into + being, be; 'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; <i>w. infin.</i> + be obliged, must. 'nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have + come into a great perplexity, difficulty. <b>v. at</b>, happen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verðr</b> <i>adj.</i> worth; important.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ver-gjarn</b> <i>adj.</i> desirous of a husband, loose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vert</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, + turn one's back on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, dress; lay out money, invest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verk</b> <i>sn.</i> work, job.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verr</b> <i>sm.</i> man; husband.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęrr</b> <i>adv.</i> <i>comp.</i> worse. <i>superl.</i> + <b>vęrst</b>, worst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verǫld</b> <i>sf.</i> world.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vestan</b> <i>adv.</i> from the west. 'v. fyrir' <i>w. gen. or + acc.</i>, west of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vestr</b> <i>adv.</i> westwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vetr</b> <i>sm.</i> winter; year.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęx</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vaxa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęxti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vǫxtr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc.</i> by, near; towards (of place + and time); with (of various relations). <i>w. dat.</i> towards, at + (laugh at, etc.); in exchange for, for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīða</b> <i>adv.</i> widely, far and wide, on many sides.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>viðar-teinungr</b> <i>sm.</i> tree-shoot, plant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við-bragð</b> <i>sn.</i> push.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>viðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, tree.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīðr</b> <i>adj.</i> wide, broad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við-skipti</b> <i>snpl.</i> dealings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við-taka</b> <i>wf.</i> reception; resistance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, consecrate, hallow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīgr</b> <i>adj.</i> warlike, able-bodied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīking</b> <i>sf.</i> piracy, piratical expedition.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīkingr</b> <i>sm.</i> pirate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīkja</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, turn, move, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vilja</b> <i>swv.</i> will.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>villi-eldr</b> <i>sm.</i> wildfire, conflagration.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vinātta</b> <i>wf.</i> friendship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vināttu-māl</b> <i>snpl.</i> assurances of friendship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vinna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, do, perform; win, conquer. <b>vinnask + til</b>, suffice.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vinr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, friend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>virðing</b> <i>sf.</i> honour [verðr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. dat.</i> show, guide.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīss</b> <i>adj.</i> wise; certain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vissa</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vita</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vist</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, board and lodging; provisions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vita</b> <i>swv.</i> know; be turned in a certain direction. + <b>v. fram</b>, see into futurity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīti</b> <i>sn.</i> punishment, penalty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vītis-horn</b> <i>sn.</i> penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk + as a punishment).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vitkask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, come to one's senses.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vitr (-ran)</b> <i>adj.</i> wise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫllr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, plain, field.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫndr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, twig, rod.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫrn</b> <i>sf.</i> defence, resistance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫxtr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, growth, stature.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vreiðr</b> <i></i> = reiðr.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +Y +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>yðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>yfir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> over [ofan].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ȳmiss</b> <i>adj.</i> various, different.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ymr</b> <i>sm.</i> rumbling noise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ytri</b> <i>adj.</i> <i>comp.</i> outer. <i>superl.</i> <b>yztr</b>, + outside(st) [ūt].</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="names"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Proper Names +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Āki</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Āsa-þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> (divine) Thor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Āstrīðr</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Auðun</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Baldr (-rs)</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Barði</b> <i>wm.</i> 'the Ram' (name of a ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Bil-skīrnir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Brīsinga-męn</b> <i>sn.</i> Freyja's necklace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Burizleifr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Dāins-leif</b> <i>sf.</i> relic of Dāinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Dana-konungr</b> <i>sm.</i> king of the Danes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Danir</b> <i>smpl.</i> the Danes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Dan-mǫrk</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, Denmark.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Draupnir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Einarr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Eindriði</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Eirīkr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Erlingr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Fęn-salr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Finnr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Finskr</b> <i>adj.</i> Finnish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Freyja</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Freyr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Frigg</b> <i>sf.</i> wife of Odin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Fulla</b> <i>wf.</i> Frigg's handmaid.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Geira</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gimsar</b> <i>fpl.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gjallar-brū</b> <i>sf.</i> the bridge over the river Gjǫll.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gjǫll</b> <i>sf.</i> 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Grœn-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Greenland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gullin-bursti</b> <i>wm.</i> 'Golden-bristle.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gull-toppr</b> <i>sm.</i> 'Gold-top.'</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hā-ey</b> <i>sf.</i> 'High-island.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hākon</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hall-freðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Haraldr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hēðinn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Heim-dallr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hęl</b> <i>sf.</i> the goddess of the infernal regions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hęr-mōðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hildr</b> <i>sf.</i> ['hildr,' war].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hjaðninga-vīg</b> <i>sn.</i> battle of the Hjaðnings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hjarrandi</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hlōriði</b> <i>wm.</i> the Thunderer, Thor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hǫgni</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hring-horni</b> <i>wm.</i> 'Ring-prowed.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hyrningr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hyrrokin</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hǫðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Īs-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Iceland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Īsland-fęrð</b> <i>sf.</i> journey to Iceland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Īslęnzkr</b> <i>adj.</i> Icelandic.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Jōms-borg</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Jōms-vīkingar</b> <i>smpl.</i> the pirates of Jōmsborg.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Kol-bjǫrn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Laufey</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Litr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Loki</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Mōð-guðr</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Mœri</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Nanna</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Nepr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Njarðar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>Njǫrðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Njǫrðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Nōa-tūn</b> <i>snpl.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Noregr</b> <i>sm.</i> Norway [= norð-vegr].</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ǫku-þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> Thor (the driver) [aka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ōlāfr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ōðinn</b> <i>sm.</i> Odin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Orkn-eyjar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> Orkneys.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Rōma-borg</b> <i>sf.</i> Rome.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Rūm-fęrli</b> <i>wm.</i> pilgrim to Rome [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Rǫskva</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sax-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Saxony, Germany.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sif</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sigrīðr</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sig-valdi</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Skjālgr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Skrȳmir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sleipnir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Slīðrug-tanni</b> <i>wm.</i> [tǫnn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sœnskr</b> <i>adj.</i> Swedish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svīa-konungr</b> <i>sm.</i> king of Sweden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svīar</b> <i>smpl.</i> Swedes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svīa-vęldi</b> <i>sn.</i> Sweden [vald].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svī-þjōð</b> <i>sf.</i> Sweden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svǫlðr (-rar)</b> <i>sf.</i> island of Svolder, near Rügen.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Tann-gnjōstr</b> <i>sm.</i> [tǫnn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Tann-grisnir</b> <i>sm.</i> [tǫnn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Tryggvi</b> <i>wm.</i> 'Trusty.'</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þjālfi</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þōrir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þor-kęll</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> Thor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þor-steinn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þrūð-vangar</b> <i>smpl.</i> 'plains of strength.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þrymyr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þǫkk</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ūlfr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ūtgarða-loki</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ūt-garðr</b> <i>sm.</i> <b>Ūt-garðar</b> <i>pl.</i> 'outer enclosure,' + world of the giants.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vanir</b> <i>smpl.</i> race of Gods.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vār</b> <i>sf.</i> goddess of betrothal and marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vest-firzkr</b> <i>adj.</i> of the west firths (in Iceland).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vīk</b> <i>sf.</i> 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vinda-snękkja</b> <i>wf.</i> Wendish ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vind-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Wendland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vindr</b> <i>smpl.</i> the Wends.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ving-þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> name of Thor.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +THE END. +</p> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following +the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use +of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for +copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very +easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation +of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project +Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may +do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected +by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark +license, especially commercial redistribution. +</div> + +<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> +<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project +Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full +Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at +www.gutenberg.org/license. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or +destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your +possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a +Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound +by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person +or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this +agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ +electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the +Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection +of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual +works in the collection are in the public domain in the United +States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the +United States and you are located in the United States, we do not +claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, +displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as +all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope +that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting +free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ +works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the +Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily +comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when +you share it without charge with others. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are +in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, +check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this +agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, +distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any +other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no +representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any +country other than the United States. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other +immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear +prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work +on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the +phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, +performed, viewed, copied or distributed: +</div> + +<blockquote> + <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most + other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions + whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms + of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online + at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you + are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws + of the country where you are located before using this eBook. + </div> +</blockquote> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is +derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not +contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the +copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in +the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are +redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project +Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply +either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or +obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any +additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms +will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works +posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the +beginning of this work. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg™ License. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including +any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access +to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format +other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official +version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website +(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense +to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means +of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain +Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the +full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works +provided that: +</div> + +<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> + <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> + • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed + to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has + agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid + within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are + legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty + payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in + Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation.” + </div> + + <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> + • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ + License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all + copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue + all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ + works. + </div> + + <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> + • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + </div> + + <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> + • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. + </div> +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project +Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than +are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing +from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of +the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set +forth in Section 3 below. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project +Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ +electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may +contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate +or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or +other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or +cannot be read by your equipment. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right +of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium +with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you +with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in +lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person +or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second +opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If +the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing +without further opportunities to fix the problem. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO +OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of +damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement +violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the +agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or +limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or +unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the +remaining provisions. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in +accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the +production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ +electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, +including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of +the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this +or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any +Defect you cause. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of +computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It +exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations +from people in all walks of life. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future +generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see +Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by +U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, +Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up +to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website +and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact +</div> + +<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread +public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND +DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state +visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To +donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate +</div> + +<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project +Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be +freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and +distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of +volunteer support. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in +the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Most people start at our website which has the main PG search +facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. +</div> + +</div> + +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9896be9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #5424 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5424) diff --git a/old/5424-pdf.pdf b/old/5424-pdf.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfefedc --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-pdf.pdf diff --git a/old/5424-t.zip b/old/5424-t.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..74f75c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t.zip diff --git a/old/5424-t/5424-t.tex b/old/5424-t/5424-t.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ada58b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/5424-t.tex @@ -0,0 +1,9033 @@ +% Ben Crowder <crowderb@blankslate.net> +% http://www.blankslate.net/lang/etexts.php + +% Image files scanned in by Sean Crist <kurisuto@unagi.cis.upenn.edu> +% http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_sweet_about.html + +% OCRed and reformatted for Project Gutenberg by Ben Crowder +% <crowderb@blankslate.net> + +\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{book} + +\usepackage{indentfirst} +\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{exaccent} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\usepackage[modulo]{lineno} + +%%% + +% Tell LaTeX that we want Omega fonts +\def\rmdefault{omlgc} +\def\ttdefault{uctt} + +% Load the OCP for UTF-8 encoded text +\ocp\OCPutf=inutf8 +% Load the OCP for reencoding Unicode to omlgc encoding +\ocp\OCPunitolat=uni2lat +% Load the OCP for composing characters we need +\ocp\OCPoiaccents=oiaccents +% Load the OCP for composing typographic symbols +\ocp\OCPfixthings=fixthings +% Set up an OCP list: +% Conversion UTF-8 -> Unicode +% Typographic symbols +% Compose accented characters +% Unicode -> OMLGC encoding +\ocplist\OCPlistutf= + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPutf + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPfixthings + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPoiaccents + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPunitolat + \nullocplist +% Activate the OCP list we just built +\pushocplist\OCPlistutf + +%%% + +\pagestyle{fancy} +\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}} +\lhead[\thepage]{\rightmark} +\rhead[\it{An Icelandic Primer}]{\thepage} +\chead[]{} +\lfoot[]{} +\cfoot[]{} +\rfoot[]{} + +%%% + +\newcommand{\gap}[1][.25in]{\hspace{#1}} +\newcommand{\bgap}[1][.5in]{\hspace{#1}} + +%%% + +\newcommand\newcaption{\small\refstepcounter{table}% + \centering Table~\thetable} + +%%% + +\newcommand\emptypage{\clearpage{\pagestyle{empty}\cleardoublepage}} + +%%% + +\title{\Huge{An Icelandic Primer}\\ +\vspace{\baselineskip} +\Large{\textit{With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary}}} +\date{} +\author{By Henry Sweet, M.A.} + +%%% End preamble %%% + +\begin{document} + +\frontmatter + +\maketitle + +%%% Verso %%% + +\noindent +This book has been modified slightly from the original to make the paradigm +references clear. The original was the second edition, published by Oxford +at the Clarendon Press, 1895. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} +\noindent +The original page +images\footnote{http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi\_sweet\_about.html} +were scanned in by Sean Crist\footnote{kurisuto@unagi.cis.upenn.edu}. They +were then OCRed and reformatted for Project Gutenberg into text, HTML, and +\TeX\ by Ben Crowder\footnote{crowderb@blankslate.net}. Other versions of the text +may be found at the current homepage for the +primer\footnote{http://www.blankslate.net/lang/etexts.php} or through Project +Gutenberg\footnote{https://www.gutenberg.org/}. Special thanks to Jonas +Öster\footnote{d97ost@dtek.chalmers.se} for providing the Omega ΩTP code to fix +nondisplaying characters. + +\thispagestyle{empty} + +%%% End verso %%% + +\chapter*{Preface} + +The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of +Icelandic has been felt for a long time---in fact, from the very +beginning of that study in England. The \textit{Icelandic Reader}, +edited by Messrs.\ Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press +Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands +of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary +primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would +have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for +some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to +undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more +formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before +definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to +induce Messrs.\ Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but +they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I +myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my +Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some +students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I +determined to go on. + +In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere +strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have +themselves deviated from it in their \textit{Corpus Poeticum +Boreale}, in the way of separating \textit{ǫ} from \textit{ö}, etc. +My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the +traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no +practical gain for the beginner in writing \textit{tīme} for \textit{tīmi}, +discarding \textit{ð}, etc., although these changes certainly bring us +nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in +scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to +have \textit{regular} forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far +as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective +distinctions of the MSS.\ supplemented by diacritics. I have not +hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the +latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively---in Icelandic +as well as in Old English and Old Irish---to represent the actual +accents of the MSS. + +In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to +Noreen's \textit{Altisländische Grammatik}, which is by far the best +Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared---at least from that +narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates +itself on phonology and inflections. + +The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and +representative as possible. With such a language, and such a +master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not +difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who +makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales +of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death +of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer +recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the +shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this +book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, +but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the +Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of +their whole political system. As the Reader does not include +poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of +the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity +and corruption---the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. + +In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very +inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts \textit{þ}, +\textit{æ}, \textit{œ}, right at the end of the alphabet. + +I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the +texts and the glossary from Wimmer's \textit{Oldnordisk Læsebog}, which +I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists +in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, +that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in +nearly every case. + +In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book +makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it +contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious +heritage---the old language and literature of Iceland---which our +miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them +of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. + +\begin{flushright} +HENRY SWEET. +\end{flushright} + +\textsc{London,}\\ +\textit{February}, 1886 + +\tableofcontents{} + +\emptypage + +\mainmatter + +\part{Grammar} +\thispagestyle{empty} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Pronunciation} + +\textbf{1.} This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, +between 1200 and 1350. + +\textbf{2.} The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the +addition of \textit{þ} and \textit{ð}, and of the modified letters \textit{ę}, +\textit{ǫ}, \textit{ø}, which last is in this book written \textit{ö}, +\textit{ǫ̈}. + +\section{Vowels} + +\textbf{3.} The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old +English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book +long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)\footnote{Note that the longs +of \textit{ę}, \textit{ö} are written \textit{æ}, \textit{œ}, respectively.}. +See Table~\ref{tab:3} for the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with +examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\begin{tabular}{lcll} + a & \textit{as in} & mann (G.) & halda (\textit{hold})\\ + ā & '' & father & rāð (\textit{advice})\\ + e & '' & été (F.) & gekk (\textit{went})\\ + ē\protect\footnote{Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its sound is + that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.} & & . . . & lēt (let + \textit{pret.})\\ + ę & '' & men & męnn (\textit{men})\\ + æ & '' & there & sær (\textit{sea})\\ + i & '' & fini (F.) & mikill (\textit{great})\\ + ī & & . . . & lītill (\textit{little}) \\ + o & '' & beau (F.) & orð (\textit{word})\\ + ō & & . . . & tōk (\textit{look})\\ + ǫ & '' & not & hǫnd (\textit{hand})\\ + ö & '' & peu (F.) & kömr (\textit{comes})\\ + œ & & . . . & fœra (\textit{bring})\\ + ǫ̈ & '' & peur (F.) & gǫ̈ra (\textit{make})\\ + u & '' & sou (F.) & upp (\textit{up})\\ + ū & & . . . & hūs (\textit{house})\\ + y & '' & tu (F.) & systir (\textit{sister})\\ + ȳ & & . . . & lȳsa (\textit{shine})\\ + au & '' & haus (G.) & lauss (\textit{loose})\\ + ei & = & ę + i & bein (\textit{bone})\\ + ey & = & ę + y & leysa (\textit{loosen})\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:3} +\end{table} + +\textbf{4.} The unaccented \textit{i} in \textit{systir}, etc.\ (which is generally +written \textit{e} in the MSS.) probably had the sound of \textit{y} in +\textit{pity}, which is really between \textit{i} and \textit{e}. The +unacc.\ \textit{u} in \textit{fōru} (they went), etc.\ (which is generally written +\textit{o} in the MSS.) probably had the sound of \textit{oo} in \textit{good}. + +Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of \textit{close} and +\textit{open}, as shown in Table~\ref{tab:4}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllllll} + close: & e & ē & o & ō & ö & œ\\ + open: & ę & æ & ǫ & -- & ǫ̈ & --\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:4} +\end{table} + +\section{Consonants} + +\textbf{5.} Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced +really double, as in Italian. Thus the \textit{kk} in \textit{drekka} (to +drink) must be pronounced like the \textit{kc} in \textit{bookcase}, while the +\textit{k} in \textit{dręki} (dragon) is single, as in \textit{booking}. When final +(or followed by another cons.) double conss.\ are pronounced long, +as in \textit{munn} (mouth \textit{acc.}), \textit{hamarr} (hammer \textit{nom.}), +\textit{steinn} (stone \textit{nom.}), distinguished from \textit{mun} (will +\textit{vb.}), and the accusatives \textit{hamar}, \textit{stein}. + +\textbf{6.} \textit{k} and \textit{g} had a more front (palatal) sound before the front +vowels \textit{e}, \textit{ę}, \textit{i}, \textit{ö}, \textit{ǫ̈}, \textit{y}, and their +longs, as also before \textit{j}, as in \textit{kęnna} (known), \textit{keyra} +(drive), \textit{gǫ̈ra} (make), \textit{liggja} (lie). + +\textbf{7.} \textit{kkj}, \textit{ggj} were probably pronounced simply as double front +\textit{kk}, \textit{gg}, the \textit{j} not being pronounced separately. + +\textbf{8.} {\bf f} had initially the sound of our \textit{f}, medially and finally +that of \textit{v}, as in \textit{gefa} (give), \textit{gaf} (gave), except of +course in such combinations as \textit{ft}, where it had the sound of +\textit{f}. + +\textbf{9.} {\bf g} was a stopped (back or front---guttural or palatal) +cons.\ initially and in the combination \textit{ng}, the two \textit{g}'s in +\textit{ganga} (go) being pronounced as in \textit{go}. It had the open sound of +G.\ \textit{g} in \textit{sagen} medially before the back vowels \textit{a}, \textit{o}, +\textit{ǫ}, \textit{u}, and all conss.\ except \textit{j}, and finally:---\textit{saga} +(tale), \textit{dǫgum} (with days); \textit{sagði} (he said); \textit{lag} (he lay). +Before the front vowels and \textit{j} it had the sound of G.\ \textit{g} in +\textit{liegen}, or nearly that of \textit{j} (our \textit{y}), as in \textit{sęgir} +(says), \textit{sęgja} (to say). + +\textbf{10.} Before voiceless conss.\ (\textit{t}, \textit{s}) \textit{g} seems to have been +pronounced \textit{k}, as in \textit{sagt} (said), \textit{dags} (day's). + +\textbf{11.} The \textit{g} was always sounded in the combination \textit{ng}, +as in \textit{single}, not as in \textit{singer}. + +\textbf{12.} {\bf h} was sounded before \textit{j} in such words as \textit{hjarta} +(heart) much as in E.\ \textit{hue} (= hjū). \textit{hl}, \textit{hn}, \textit{hr}, +\textit{hv} probably represented voiceless \textit{l}, \textit{n}, \textit{r}, +\textit{w} respectively, \textit{hv} being identical with E.\ \textit{wh}: +\textit{hlaupa} (leap), \textit{hnīga} (bend), \textit{hringr} (ring), \textit{hvat} +(what). + +\textbf{13.} {\bf j} is not distinguished from \textit{i} in the MSS\@. It had the +sound of E.\ \textit{y} in \textit{young}: \textit{jǫrð} (earth), \textit{sętja} +(to set). + +\textbf{14.} {\bf p} in \textit{pt} probably had the sound of \textit{f}: \textit{lopt} (air). + +\textbf{15.} {\bf r} was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. + +\textbf{16.} {\bf s} was always sharp. + +\textbf{17.} {\bf v} (which was sometimes written \textit{u} and \textit{w}) had the sound +of E.\ \textit{w}: \textit{vel} (well), \textit{hǫggva} (hew). + +\textbf{18.} {\bf z} had the sound of \textit{ts}: \textit{bęztr} (best). + +\textbf{19.} {\bf þ} and {\bf ð} were used promiscuously in the older MSS., the +very oldest using \textit{þ} almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic +\textit{þ} is written initially to express the sound of E.\ hard \textit{th}, +\textit{ð} medially and finally to express that of soft \textit{th}; as there +can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old +pronunciation, it is retained in this book: \textit{þing} (parliament), +\textit{faðir} (father), \textit{við} (against). In such combinations as +\textit{pð} the \textit{ð} must of course be pronounced \textit{þ}. + +\section{Stress} + +\textbf{20.} The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Phonology} + +\section{Vowels} + +\textbf{21.} The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the +most important of which are \textit{mutation} (umlaut), \textit{fracture} +(brechung), and \textit{gradation} (ablaut). + +\subsection{Mutation} + +\textbf{22.} The following changes are {\bf i}-mutations (caused by an older +\textit{i} or \textit{j} following, which has generally been +dropped)\footnote{Many of the \textit{i}'s which appear in derivative and +inflectional syllables are late weakenings of \textit{a} and other +vowels, as in \textit{bani} (death) = Old English \textit{bana}; these +do not cause mutation.}: + +\gap{\bf a} ({\bf ǫ})\ldots {\bf ę} :--- \textit{mann} (man \textit{acc.}), +\textit{męnn} (men); \textit{hǫnd} (hand), \textit{hęndr} (hands). + +\gap{\bf ā}\ldots {\bf æ} :--- \textit{māl} (speech), \textit{mæla} (speak). + +\gap{\bf e} ({\bf ja}, {\bf jǫ})\ldots {\bf i} :--- \textit{verðr} +(worth), \textit{virða} (estimate). + +\gap{\bf u} ({\bf o})\ldots {\bf y} :--- \textit{fullr} (full), \textit{fylla} +(to fill); \textit{lopt} (air), \textit{lypta} (lift). + +\gap{\bf ū}\ldots {\bf ȳ} :--- \textit{brūn} (eyebrow), pl.\ \textit{brȳnn}. + +\gap{\bf o}\ldots {\bf ö} :--- \textit{koma} (to come), \textit{kömr} (comes). + +\gap{\bf ō}\ldots {\bf œ} :--- \textit{fōr} (went), \textit{fœra} (bring). + +\gap{\bf au}\ldots {\bf ey} :--- \textit{lauss} (loose), \textit{leysa} +(loosen). + +\gap{\bf jū} ({\bf jō})\ldots {\bf ȳ} :--- \textit{sjūkr} (sick), \textit{sȳki} +(sickness); \textit{ljōsta} (strike), \textit{lȳstr} (strikes). + +\textbf{23.} The change of \textit{a} into \textit{ę} is sometimes the result of a +following \textit{k}, \textit{g}, or \textit{ng}, as in \textit{dęgi} dat.\ +sg.\ of \textit{dagr} (day), \textit{tękinn} (taken), \textit{gęnginn} (gone), +inf.\ \textit{taka}, \textit{ganga}. \textit{i} appears instead of \textit{e}, and +\textit{u} instead of \textit{o} before a nasal followed by another cons.: +cp.\ \textit{binda} (to bind), \textit{bundinn} (bound) with \textit{bresta} (burst) +ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{brostinn}. + +\textbf{24.} There is also a {\bf u}-mutation, caused by a following \textit{u}, +which has often been dropped: + +\gap{\bf a}\ldots {\bf ǫ} :--- \textit{dagr} (day) dat.\ pl.\ \textit{dǫgum}; +\textit{land} (land) pl.\ \textit{lǫnd}. + +\textbf{25.} Unaccented \textit{ǫ} becomes \textit{u}, as in \textit{sumur} pl.\ of +\textit{sumar} (summer), \textit{kǫlluðu} (they called), infin.\ \textit{kalla}. + +\subsection{Fracture} + +\textbf{26.} The only vowel that is affected by fracture is \textit{e}: when +followed by original \textit{a} it becomes \textit{ja}, when followed by +original \textit{u} it becomes \textit{jǫ}, as in \textit{jarðar} gen.\ of +\textit{jǫrð} (earth)\footnote{Cp.\ German \textit{erde}.}. When followed +by original \textit{i}, the \textit{e} is, of course, mutated to \textit{i}, +as in \textit{skildir} plur.\ nom.\ of \textit{skjǫldr} (shield), gen.\ {\it +skjaldar}. + +\subsection{Gradation} + +\textbf{27.} By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--- + +\gap{\bf a}\ldots {\bf ō} :--- \textit{fara} (go) pret.\ \textit{fōr}, whence by +mut.\ \textit{fœra} (bring). + +\gap{\bf e} (i, ja)\ldots {\bf a}\ldots {\bf u} (o) :--- \textit{bresta} +(burst), prt.\ \textit{brast}, prt.\ pl.\ \textit{brustu}, ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{brostinn}; +\textit{finna} (find), \textit{fundinn} (found \textit{ptc.}), \textit{fundr} +(meeting). + +\gap{\bf e}\ldots {\bf a}\ldots {\bf ā}\ldots {\bf o} :--- \textit{stela} (steal), +prt.\ \textit{stal}, prt.\ pl.\ \textit{stālu}, ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{stolinn}. + +\gap{\bf e}\ldots {\bf a}\ldots {\bf ā}\ldots {\bf e} :--- \textit{gefa} (give), +\textit{gaf} (he gave), \textit{gāfu} (they gave), \textit{gefinn} (given), +\textit{gjǫf} (gift), \textit{u}-fracture of \textit{gef-}, \textit{gæfa} (luck) +mut.\ of \textit{gāf-}. + +\gap{\bf ī}\ldots {\bf ei}\ldots {\bf i} :--- \textit{skīna} (shine), \textit{skein} +(he shone), \textit{skinu} (they shone). \textit{sōl-skin} (sunshine). + +\gap{\bf jū} (jō)\ldots {\bf au}\ldots {\bf u}\ldots {\bf o} :--- \textit{ljūga} +(tell a lie), prt.\ \textit{laug}, prt.\ pl.\ \textit{lugu}, +ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{loginn}. \textit{lygi} (lie \textit{sbst.}) mut.\ of \textit{lug-}. +\textit{skjōta} (shoot), \textit{skjōtr} (swift), \textit{skotinn} (shot +\textit{ptc.}), \textit{skot} (shot \textit{subst.}). + +\subsection{Other changes} + +\textbf{28.} All final vowels are long in accented syllables: \textit{þā} (then), +\textit{nū} (now). + +\textbf{29.} Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long +accented vowels: cp.\ \textit{ganga} (to go) with \textit{fā} (to get), the +dat.\ plurals \textit{knjām} (knees) with \textit{hūsum} (houses). + +\textbf{30.} Vowels are often lengthened before \textit{l} + cons.: \textit{hālfr} +(half \textit{adj.}), \textit{fōlk} (people); cp.\ \textit{fōlginn} (hidden) +with \textit{brostinn} (burst \textit{ptc.}). + +\section{Consonants} + +\textbf{31.} \textit{v} is dropped before \textit{o} and \textit{u}: \textit{vaxa} +(to grow), prt.\ \textit{ōx}, \textit{vinna} (to win), \textit{unninn} +(won \textit{ptc.}), \textit{svelta} (to starve), \textit{soltinn} +(starved, hungry). + +Final \textit{r} is often assimilated to a preceding cons. + +\textbf{32.} \textit{*-lr}, \textit{*-nr}, \textit{*-sr} always become \textit{-ll}, +\textit{-nn}, \textit{-ss} after a long vowel or diphthong, as in \textit{stōll} +(chair \textit{nom.}), acc.\ \textit{stōl}, \textit{steinn} (stone \textit{nom.}), +acc.\ \textit{stein}, \textit{vīss} (wise \textit{masc.\ nom.\ sg.}), \textit{vīs} +fem.\ nom.\ sg., and in unacc.\ syllables, as in the masc.\ sg.\ nominatives +\textit{mikill} (great), fem.\ \textit{mikil}, \textit{borinn} (carried), fem. +\textit{borin}, \textit{ȳmiss} (various) fem.\ \textit{ȳmis}. + +\textbf{33.} Words in which \textit{l}, \textit{n}, \textit{r}, \textit{s} are preceded +by a cons.\ drop the \textit{r} entirely, as in the masc.\ nominatives +\textit{jarl} (earl), \textit{hrafn} (raven), \textit{vitr} (wise), \textit{þurs} +(giant), \textit{lax} (salmon). + +\textbf{34.} If \textit{l} and \textit{n} are preceded by a short accented vowel, +the \textit{r} is generally kept, as in \textit{stelr} (steals), +\textit{vinr}, (friend), \textit{sr} becoming \textit{ss}, as elsewhere. + +\textbf{35.} \textit{r} is kept after \textit{ll}, and generally after \textit{nn}, +as in the masc.\ nom.\ \textit{allr} (all), and in \textit{bręnnr} (burns). + +\textbf{36.} \textit{z} often stands for \textit{ðs} as well as \textit{ts}, as in +\textit{þēr þykkizk} (ye seem) = \textit{*þykkið-sk}, \textit{Vest-firzkr} +(belonging to the West Firths) = \textit{-*firðskr} (\textit{fǫrðr}, +firth). + +\textbf{37.} Inflectional \textit{t} is generally doubled after a long accented +vowel: \textit{fār} (few) neut.\ \textit{fātt} (cp.\ \textit{allr} `all,' +neut.\ \textit{allt}), \textit{sā} (I saw), \textit{sātt} `thou sawest.' + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Inflections} + +\section{Nouns} + +\textbf{38.} \textbf{Gender.} There are three genders in Icelandic---masculine, +feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly +grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. +Compound words follow the gender of their last element. + +\textbf{39.} \textbf{Strong and Weak.} All weak nouns end in a vowel in the +nom.\ sg.\ and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns +end in a cons.\ in the nom.\ sg. + +\textbf{40.} \textbf{Cases.} There are four cases---nominative, accusative, +dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the +gen.\ pl.\ in \textit{-a} (\textit{fiska}, of fishes), and the dat.\ pl.\ in +\textit{-um} (\textit{fiskum}). All strong masculines (\textit{fiskr}) and +some strong feminines (\textit{brūðr}, bride) take \textit{r}\footnote{Subject, +of course, to the assimilations described above.} in the nom.\ sg. Most +strong feminines show the bare root in the nom.\ sg.\ with \textit{u}-mutation, +if possible (\textit{āst}, favour, \textit{fǫr}, journey). The nom.\ pl.\ of all +strong masc.\ and fem.\ nouns ends in \textit{r} (\textit{fiskar}, \textit{āstir}). +The acc.\ pl.\ of fem.\ nouns is the same as the nom.\ pl.\ (\textit{āstir}). +The acc.\ pl.\ of masc.\ strong nouns always ends in a vowel (\textit{fiska}). +The plur.\ nom.\ and acc.\ of neuters is the same as the sing.\ nom.\ and +acc., except that in the plur.\ nom.\ and acc.\ they take \textit{u}-mutation, +if possible (\textit{hūs}, houses, \textit{lǫnd}, lands). + +\textbf{41.} The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the +acc.\ plur. + +\subsection{Strong Masculines} + +\subsubsection{(1) \textit{a}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & fisk-r (\textit{fish}) & fisk-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fisk & fisk-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fisk-i & fisk-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fisk-s & fisk-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:42} +\end{table} + +\textbf{42.} See Table~\ref{tab:42}. So also \textit{heimr} (home, world); +\textit{konungr} (king); \textit{Þōrr} (Thor), acc.\ \textit{Þōr}, +gen.\ \textit{Þōrs}; \textit{steinn} (stone), acc.\ \textit{stein}, +gen.\ \textit{steins}, pl.\ nom.\ \textit{steinar}; \textit{hrafn} (raven), +acc.\ \textit{hrafn}, pl.\ nom.\ \textit{hrafnar}; \textit{þurs} (giant), +acc.\ gen.\ \textit{þurs}, pl.\ nom.\ \textit{þursar}. + +\textbf{43.} Dissyllables in \textit{-r}, \textit{-l}, \textit{-n} generally throw out the +preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: \textit{hamarr} (hammer), +dat.\ \textit{hamri}; \textit{jǫtunn} (giant), pl.\ nom.\ \textit{jǫtnar}. +\textit{kętill} (kettle) and \textit{lykill} (key) show unmutated vowels in the +contracted forms, as in the acc.\ plur.\ \textit{katla}, \textit{lukla}. + +\textbf{44.} Some nouns of this decl.\ take \textit{-ar} in the gen.\ sing., +especially proper names, such as \textit{Hākon}, gen.\ \textit{Hākonar}. + +\textbf{45.} Some nouns add \textit{v} before vowels: \textit{sær} (sea), +gen.\ \textit{sævar}. + +\textbf{46.} The dat.\ sometimes drops the \textit{i}: \textit{sæ} (sea), \textit{Þōr}. +\textit{dagr} (day) mutates its vowel in the dat.\ \textit{dęgi}. + +\textbf{47.} Nouns in \textit{-ir} keep the \textit{i} in the sing., and drop it in the +plur., as shown in Table~\ref{tab:47}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & hęlli-r (\textit{cave}) & hęll-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hęlli & hęll-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hęlli & hęll-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hęlli-s & hęll-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:47} +\end{table} + +\textbf{48.} So also a number of proper names, such as \textit{Skrȳmir}, +\textit{Þōrir}. + +\subsubsection{(2) \textit{i}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & stað-r (\textit{place}) & stað-ir \\ + \textit{Acc.} & stað & stað-i \\ + \textit{Dat.} & stað & stǫð-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & stað-ar & stað-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:49} +\end{table} + +\textbf{49.} See Table~\ref{tab:49}. So also \textit{gripr} (precious +thing), \textit{salr} (hall). + +\textbf{50.} \textit{gęstr} (guest) takes \textit{-i} in the dat.\ sg., and \textit{-s} +in the gen.\ sg. + +\textbf{51.} Those ending in \textit{g} or \textit{k} (together with some others) insert +\textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{bękkr} (bench), \textit{bękk}, +\textit{bękk}, \textit{bękkjar}; \textit{bękkir}, \textit{bękki}, \textit{bękkjum}, +\textit{bękkja}. So also \textit{męrgr} (marrow), \textit{stręngr} (string). + +\subsubsection{(3) \textit{u}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & skjǫld-r (\textit{shield}) & skild-ir \\ + \textit{Acc.} & skjǫld & skjǫld-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & skild-i & skjǫld-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & skjald-ar & skjald-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:52} +\end{table} + +\textbf{52.} See Table~\ref{tab:52}. So also \textit{vǫndr} (twig), +\textit{vǫllr} (plain), \textit{viðr} (wood). \textit{āss} (god) has +plur.\ nom.\ \textit{æsir}, acc.\ \textit{āsu}. \textit{sonr} (son) +has dat.\ sg.\ \textit{syni}, plur.\ nom.\ \textit{synir}. It regularly +drops its \textit{r} of the nom.\ in such compounds as +\textit{Tryggva-son} (son of Tryggvi). + +\subsubsection{(4) \textit{r}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & fōt-r (\textit{foot}) & fœt-r \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fōt & fœt-r \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fœt-i & fōt-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fōt-ar & fōt-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:54} +\end{table} + +\textbf{54.} See Table~\ref{tab:54}. So also \textit{brōðir} (brother), +pl.\ \textit{brœðr}. + +\textbf{55.} Pres.\ participles used as nouns follow this decl.\ in the pl., +following the weak class in the sg., as shown in Table~\ref{tab:55}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bōndi (\textit{yeoman}) & bœndr \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bōnda & bœndr \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bōnda & bōndum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bōnda & bōnda \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:55} +\end{table} + +\textbf{56.} So also \textit{frœndi} (kinsman), pl.\ \textit{frœndr}. + +\subsection{Strong Neuters} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & skip (\textit{ship}) & skip \\ + \textit{Acc.} & skip & skip \\ + \textit{Dat.} & skip-i & skip-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & skip-s & skip-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:57} +\end{table} + +\textbf{57.} See Table~\ref{tab:57}. So also \textit{orð} (word), +\textit{land} (land) pl.\ \textit{lǫnd}, \textit{sumar} (summer) +pl.\ \textit{sumur} (§ 25). + +\textbf{58.} \textit{męn} (necklace), \textit{kyn} (race), \textit{grey} (dog) +insert \textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{greyjum}. +\textit{hǫgg} (stroke) inserts \textit{v} before a vowel: \textit{hǫggvi}. +\textit{knē} (knee), \textit{knē}, \textit{knē}, \textit{knēs}; +\textit{knē}, \textit{knē}, \textit{kjām}, \textit{knjā}. So also \textit{trē} +(tree). + +\textbf{59.} \textit{fē} (money) is contracted: gen.\ \textit{fjār}, dat.\ \textit{fē}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & kvæði (\textit{poem}) & kvæði \\ + \textit{Acc.} & kvæði & kvæði \\ + \textit{Dat.} & kvæði & kvæðum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & kvæði-s & kvæða \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:60} +\end{table} + +\textbf{60.} See Table~\ref{tab:60}. So also \textit{klæði} (cloth). Those in +\textit{k} insert \textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{męrki} +(mark), \textit{męrkjum}, \textit{męrkja}. So also \textit{rīki} (sovereignty). + +\subsection{Strong Feminines} + +\subsubsection{(1) \textit{ar}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & gjǫf (\textit{gift}) & gjaf-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & gjǫf & gjaf-ar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & gjǫf & gjǫf-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & gjaf-ar & gjaf-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:61} +\end{table} + +\textbf{61.} See Table~\ref{tab:61}. So also \textit{mǫn} (mane), +\textit{gjǫrð} (girdle), \textit{ār} (oar). + +\textbf{62.} \textit{ā} (river) contracts: \textit{ā}, \textit{ā}, \textit{ā}, +\textit{ār}; \textit{ār}, \textit{ār}, \textit{ām}, \textit{ā}. + +\textbf{63.} Many take \textit{-u} in the dat.\ sg.: \textit{kęrling} (old woman), +\textit{kęrling}, \textit{kęrlingu}, \textit{kęrlingar}; \textit{kęrlingar}, +\textit{kęrlingar}, \textit{kęrlingum}, \textit{kęrlinga}. So also \textit{laug} +(bath). + +\textbf{64.} Those with a mutated root-vowel (or \textit{i}) insert \textit{j} in +inflection: \textit{ey} (island), \textit{ey}, \textit{eyju}, \textit{eyjar}; +\textit{eyjar}, \textit{eyjar}, \textit{eyjum}, \textit{eyja}. So also +\textit{Frigg}, \textit{Hęl}. \textit{mær} (maid), \textit{mey}, \textit{meyju}, +\textit{meyjar}; \textit{meyjar}, \textit{meyjar}, \textit{meyjum}, \textit{meyja}. + +\textbf{65.} See Table~\ref{tab:65}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & heið-r (\textit{heath}) & heið-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & heið-i & heið-ar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & heið-i & heið-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & heið-ar & heið-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:65} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{(2) \textit{ir}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & tīð & tīð-ir \\ + \textit{Acc.} & tīð & tīð-ir \\ + \textit{Dat.} & tīð & tīð-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & tīð-ar & tīð-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:66} +\end{table} + +\textbf{66.} See Table~\ref{tab:66}. So also \textit{sorg} (sorrow), +\textit{skipun} (arrangement), \textit{hǫfn} (harbour) pl.\ \textit{hafnir}, +and the majority of strong feminines. + +\textbf{67.} Many have \textit{-u} in the dat.\ sg.: \textit{sōl} (sun), \textit{sōl}, +\textit{sōlu}, \textit{sōlar}; \textit{sōlir}, \textit{sōlir}, \textit{sōlum}, +\textit{sōla}. So also \textit{jǫrð} (earth), \textit{stund} (period of time). + +\textbf{68.} One noun has \textit{r} in the nom.\ sg., following \textit{heiðr} in the +sg.: \textit{brūðr} (bride), \textit{brūði}, \textit{brūði}, \textit{brūðar}; +\textit{brūðir}, \textit{brūðir}, \textit{brūðum}, \textit{brūða}. + +\subsubsection{(3) \textit{r}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bōk (\textit{book}) & bœk-r \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bōk & bœk-r \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bōk & bōk-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bōk-ar & bōk-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:69} +\end{table} + +\textbf{69.} See Table~\ref{tab:69}. So also \textit{nātt} (night) +pl.\ \textit{nætr}, \textit{bōt} (compensation) pl.\ \textit{bœtr}, +\textit{tǫnn} (tooth) gen.\ \textit{tannar} pl.\ \textit{tęnnr}. + +\textbf{70.} \textit{hǫnd} (hand) pl.\ \textit{hęndr} has dat.\ sg.\ \textit{hęndi}. + +\textbf{71.} \textit{kȳr} (cow) has acc.\ \textit{kū}, pl.\ \textit{kȳr}. + +\textbf{72.} \textit{brūn} (eyebrow) assimilates the \textit{r} of the pl.: +\textit{brȳnn}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & mōðir (\textit{mother}) & mœðr \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mōður & mœðr \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mōður & mœðrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mōður & mœðra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:73} +\end{table} + +\textbf{73.} See Table~\ref{tab:73}. So also \textit{dōttir} (daughter) +pl.\ \textit{dœtr}; \textit{systir} (sister) pl.\ \textit{systr}. + +\subsection{Weak Masculines} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bog-i (\textit{bow}) & bog-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bog-a & bog-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bog-a & bog-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bog-a & bog-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:74} +\end{table} + +\textbf{74.} See Table~\ref{tab:74}. So also \textit{māni} (moon), +\textit{fēlagi} (companion). + +\textbf{75.} \textit{hǫfðingi} (chief) and some others insert \textit{j} in inflection: +\textit{hǫfðingja}, \textit{hǫfðingjar}, \textit{hǫfðingjum}. + +\textbf{76.} \textit{lē} (scythe) is contracted; its gen.\ sg.\ is \textit{ljā}. + +\textbf{77.} \textit{oxi} (ox) has pl.\ \textit{öxn}. + +\textbf{78.} \textit{herra} (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. + +\subsection{Weak Neuters} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & hjart-a (\textit{heart}) & hjǫrt-u \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hjart-a & hjǫrt-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hjart-a & hjǫrt-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hjart-a & hjart-na \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:79} +\end{table} + +\textbf{79.} See Table~\ref{tab:79}. So also \textit{auga} (eye). + +\subsection{Weak Feminines} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & tung-a (\textit{tongue}) & tung-ur \\ + \textit{Acc.} & tung-u & tung-ur \\ + \textit{Dat.} & tung-u & tung-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & tung-u & tung-na \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:80} +\end{table} + +\textbf{80.} See Table~\ref{tab:80}. So also \textit{stjarna} (star) +pl.\ \textit{stjǫrnur}, \textit{kirkja} (church), gen.\ plurals +\textit{stjarna}, \textit{kirkna}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rl} + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ęlli (\textit{old age}) \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ęlli \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ęlli \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ęlli \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:81} +\end{table} + +\textbf{81.} See Table~\ref{tab:81}. So also \textit{glęði} (joy) and +many abstract nouns. + +\textbf{82.} \textit{lygi} (falsehood) has pl.\ \textit{lygar}; so also \textit{gǫ̈rsimi} +(precious thing). + +\section{Adjectives} + +\textbf{83.} Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, +though with partly different endings, together with strong and +weak forms. + +\subsection{Strong Adjectives} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ung-r (\textit{young}) & ung-t & ung \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-an & ung-t & ung-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-um & ung-u & ung-ri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-s & ung-s & ung-rar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & ung-ir & ung & ung-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-a & ung & ung-ar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-um & ung-um & ung-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-ra & ung-ra & ung-ra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:84} +\end{table} + +\textbf{84.} See Table~\ref{tab:84}. So also \textit{fagr} (fair), +fem.\ \textit{fǫgr}, neut.\ \textit{fagrt}. + +\textbf{85.} Some insert \textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{nȳr} (new), +\textit{nȳjum}, \textit{nȳjan}. + +\textbf{86.} Some insert \textit{v} before a vowel: \textit{hār} (high), \textit{hāvan}, +\textit{dökkr} (dark), \textit{dökkvir}, \textit{kykr} (alive), \textit{kykvir}. + +\textbf{87.} The \textit{t} of the neut.\ is doubled after a long vowel: \textit{nȳtt}, +\textit{hātt}. Monosyllables in \textit{ð}, \textit{dd}, \textit{tt} form their neut.\ in +\textit{-tt}: \textit{breiðr} (broad), \textit{breitt}; \textit{leiddr} (led), \textit{leitt}. +\textit{gōðr} (good) has neut.\ \textit{gott}. \textit{sannr} (true) has neut.\ \textit{satt}. +In unaccented syllables or if a cons.\ precedes, \textit{tt} is shortened +to \textit{t}: \textit{kallaðr} (called), \textit{kallat}; \textit{blindr} (blind), +\textit{blint}, \textit{harðr} (hard), \textit{hart}, \textit{fastr} (firm), +\textit{fast}. + +\textbf{88.} \textit{l} and \textit{n} assimilate a following \textit{r}: \textit{gamall} +(old), fem.\ \textit{gǫmul}, fem.\ acc.\ \textit{gamla}, dat.\ \textit{gamalli}. +\textit{vǣnn} (beautiful), gen.\ pl.\ \textit{vænna}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & mikill (\textit{great}) & mikit & mikil \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mikinn & mikit & mikla \\ + \textit{Dat.} & miklum & miklu & mikilli \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mikils & mikils & mikillar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & miklir & mikil & miklar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mikla & mikil & miklar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & miklum & miklum & miklum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mikilla & mikilla & mikilla \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:89} +\end{table} + +\textbf{89.} See Table~\ref{tab:89}. So also \textit{lītill} (little). + +\textbf{90.} Dissyllables in \textit{-inn} have \textit{-it} in the neut., and +\textit{-inn} in the masc.\ sg.\ acc.: \textit{tīginn} (distinguished), +\textit{tīgit}, \textit{tīginn}, pl.\ \textit{tīgnīr}. So also \textit{kominn} +(come). + +\textbf{91.} See Table~\ref{tab:91}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & annarr (\textit{other}) & annat & ǫnnur \\ + \textit{Acc.} & annan & annat & aðra \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ǫðrum & ǫðru & annarri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & annars & annars & annarrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & aðrir & ǫnnur & aðrar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & aðra & ǫnnur & aðrar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ǫðrum & ǫðrum & ǫðrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & annarra & annarra & annarra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:91} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Weak Adjectives} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ung-i & ung-a & ung-a \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-a & ung-a & ung-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-a & ung-a & ung-u \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-a & ung-a & ung-u \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:92} +\end{table} + +\textbf{92.} See Table~\ref{tab:92}. So also \textit{fagri}, +\textit{hāvi}, \textit{mikli}, etc. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & yngri (\textit{younger}) & yngra & yngri \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yngra & yngra & yngri \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yngra & yngra & yngri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yngra & yngra & yngri \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & yngri & yngri & yngri \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yngri & yngri & yngri \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yngrum & yngrum & yngrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yngri & yngri & yngri \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:93} +\end{table} + +\textbf{93.} See Table~\ref{tab:93}. So also all comparatives, such as +\textit{meiri} (greater), and pres.\ partic.\ when used as adjectives, +such as \textit{gefandi} (giving), dat.\ pl.\ \textit{gefǫndum}. + +\section{Comparison} + +\textbf{94.} (1) with \textit{-ari}, \textit{-astr}: \textit{rīkr} (powerful), +\textit{rīkari}, \textit{rīkastr}; \textit{gǫfugr} (distinguished), +\textit{gǫfgari}, \textit{gǫfgastr}. + +\textbf{95.} (2) with \textit{-ri}, \textit{-str} and mutation: \textit{langr} +(long), \textit{lęngri}, \textit{lęngstr}; \textit{stōrr} (big), \textit{stœrri}, +\textit{stœrstr}; \textit{ungr} (young), \textit{yngri}, \textit{yngstr}. + +\textbf{96.} The adjectives in Table~\ref{tab:96} are irregular. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + gamall (\textit{old}) & ęllri & ęlztr \\ + gōðr (\textit{good}) & bętri & bęztr \\ + illr (\textit{bad}) & vęrri & vęrstr \\ + lītill (\textit{little}) & minni & minstr \\ + margr (\textit{many}) & fleiri & flestr \\ + mikill (\textit{great}) & meiri & mestr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:96} +\end{table} + +\section{Numerals} + +\textbf{97.} See Table~\ref{tab:97_1} and Table~\ref{tab:97_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Cardinal} & \textbf{Ordinal} \\ + 1. & einn (\textit{one}) & fyrstr (\textit{first}) \\ + 2. & tveir & annarr \\ + 3. & þrīr & þriði \\ + 4. & fjōrir & fjōrði \\ + 5. & fimm & fimmti \\ + 6. & sex & sētti \\ + 7. & sjau & sjaundi \\ + 8. & ātta & ātti \\ + 9. & nīu & nīundi \\ + 10. & tīu & tīundi \\ + 11. & ellifu & ellifti \\ + 12. & tōlf & tōlfti \\ + 13. & þrettān & þrettāndi \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:97_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rl} + & \textbf{Cardinal} \\ + 14. & fjōrtān \\ + 15. & fimmtān \\ + 16. & sextān \\ + 17. & sjautān \\ + 18. & ātjān \\ + 19. & nītjān \\ + 20. & tuttugu \\ + 21. & einn ok tuttugu, etc. \\ + 30. & þrīr tigir, etc. \\ + 100. & tīu tigir \\ + 110. & ellifu tigir \\ + 120. & hundrað \\ + 1200. & þūsund \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:97_2} +\end{table} + +\textbf{98.} \textit{einn} is declined like other adjectives. See +Table~\ref{tab:98}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & einn & eitt & ein \\ + \textit{Acc.} & einn & eitt & eina \\ + \textit{Dat.} & einum & einu & einni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & eins & eins & einnar \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:98} +\end{table} + +It also has a pl.\ \textit{einir}, \textit{einar}, \textit{ein}; gen. +\textit{einna}, etc.\ in the sense of `some.' + +\textbf{99.} The next three show various irregularities. See +Table~\ref{tab:99}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & tveir & tvau & tvær \\ + \textit{Acc.} & tvā & tvau & tvær \\ + \textit{Dat.} & tveim & tveim & tveim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & tvęggja & tvęggja & tvęggja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:99} +\end{table} + +\textbf{100.} Similarly \textit{bāðir} (both). See Table~\ref{tab:100}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bāðir & bæði & bāðar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bāða & bæði & bāðar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bāðum & bāðum & bāðum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bęggja & bęggja & bęggja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:100} +\end{table} + +\textbf{101.} See Table~\ref{tab:101}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & þrīr & þrjū & þrjār \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þrjā & þrjū & þrjār \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þrim & þrim & þrim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þriggja & þriggja & þriggja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:101} +\end{table} + +\textbf{102.} See Table~\ref{tab:102}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & fjōrir & fjogur & fjōrar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fjōra & fjogur & fjōrar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fjōrum & fjōrum & fjōrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fjogurra & fjogurra & fjogurra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:102} +\end{table} + +\textbf{103.} The others are indeclinable up to \textit{þrīr tigir}, etc.; the +\textit{tigir} being declined regularly as a plural strong \textit{u}-masculine +\textit{tigir}, \textit{tigu}, \textit{tigum}, \textit{tiga}. + +\textbf{104.} \textit{hundrað} is a strong neut.: \textit{tvau hundruð} (240), \textit{tveim +hundruðum}, etc. It governs the gen.\ (as also does \textit{þūsund}): +\textit{fimm hundruð gōlfa}, `five (six) hundred chambers.' + +\textbf{105.} \textit{þūsund} is a strong \textit{ir}-feminine: \textit{tvær þūsundir} +(2400). + +\textbf{106.} \textit{hundrað} and \textit{þūsund} are rarely = 100 and 1000. + +\textbf{107.} Of the ordinals \textit{fyrstr} and \textit{annarr} (§ 91) are strong, the +others weak adjectives. \textit{þriði} inserts a \textit{j}: \textit{þriðja}, etc. + +\section{Pronouns} + +\subsection{Personal} + +\textbf{108.} See Table~\ref{tab:108_1} and Table~\ref{tab:108_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ek (\textit{I}) & þū (\textit{thou}) & -- \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mik & þik & sik (\textit{oneself}) \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mēr & þēr & sēr \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mīn & þīn & sīn \\ + \\ + \textit{Dual Nom.} & vit & it & -- \\ + \textit{Acc.} & okkr & ykkr & sik \\ + \textit{Dat.} & okkr & ykkr & sēr \\ + \textit{Gen.} & okkar & ykkar & sīn \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & vēr (\textit{we}) & þēr (\textit{ye}) & -- \\ + \textit{Acc.} & oss & yðr & sik (\textit{oneselves}) \\ + \textit{Dat.} & oss & yðr & sēr \\ + \textit{Gen.} & vār & yðar & sīn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:108_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & hann (\textit{he}) & þat (\textit{it}) & hon (\textit{she}) \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hann & þat & hana \\ + \textit{Dat.} & honum & þvī & hęnni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hans & þess & hęnnar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & þeir (\textit{they}) & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þā & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þeim & þeim & þeim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þeira & þeira & þeira \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:108_2} +\end{table} + +\textbf{109.} \textit{ek} was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, +being sometimes added twice over: \textit{mætta-k} (I might), \textit{sā-k-a-k} +(I saw not; \textit{a}=`not'). So also \textit{þū}: \textit{er-tu} (art thou), +\textit{skalt-u} (shalt thou) = \textit{*skalt-tu}. + +\subsection{Possessive} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & minn (\textit{my}) & mitt & mīn \\ + \textit{Acc.} & minn & mitt & mīna \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mīnum & mīnu & minni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mīns & mīns & minnar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & mīnir & mīn & mīnar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mīna & mīn & mīnar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mīnum & mīnum & mīnum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & minna & minna & minna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:110} +\end{table} + +\textbf{110.} See Table~\ref{tab:110}. So also \textit{þinn} (thy), +\textit{sinn} (his, etc., reflexive). + +\textbf{111.} \textit{vārr}, \textit{vārt}, \textit{vār} (our) is regular: acc.\ masc.\ +\textit{vārn}, masc.\ plur.\ \textit{vārir}, \textit{vāra}, \textit{vārum}, +\textit{vārra}, etc. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & yðarr (\textit{your}) & yðart & yður \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yðarn & yðart & yðra \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yðrum & yðru & yðarri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yðars & yðars & yðarrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & yðrir & yður & yðrar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yðra & yður & yðrar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yðrum & yðrum & yðrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yðarra & yðarra & yðarra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:112} +\end{table} + +\textbf{112.} See Table~\ref{tab:112}. So also \textit{okkarr} (our two) +and \textit{ykkarr} (your two). + +\textbf{113.} \textit{hans} (his), \textit{þess} (its), \textit{hęnnar} (her), and +\textit{þeira} (their) are indeclinable. + +\subsection{Demonstrative} + +\textbf{114.} See Table~\ref{tab:114}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & sā (\textit{that}) & þat & sū \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þann & þat & þā \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þeim & þvī & þeiri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þess & þess & þeirar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & þeir & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þā & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þeim & þeim & þeim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þeira & þeira & þeira \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:114} +\end{table} + +\textbf{115.} \textit{hinn}, \textit{hitt}, \textit{hin} (that) is inflected like +\textit{minn} (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc.\ masc.\ +\textit{hinn}, plur.\ masc. \textit{hinir}, \textit{hina}, \textit{hinum}, +\textit{hinna}. + +\textbf{116.} See Table~\ref{tab:116}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & þessi (\textit{this}) & þetta & þessi \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þenna & þetta & þessa \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þessum & þessu & þessi \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þessa & þessa & þessar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & þessir & þessi & þessar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þessa & þessi & þessar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þessum & þessum & þessum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þessa & þessa & þessa \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:116} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Definite} + +\textbf{117.} The prefixed definite article is declined as shown in +Table~\ref{tab:117}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & inn & it & in \\ + \textit{Acc.} & inn & it & ina \\ + \textit{Dat.} & inum & inu & inni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ins & ins & innar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & inir & in & inar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ina & in & inar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & inum & inum & inum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & inna & inna & inna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:117} +\end{table} + +\textbf{118.} When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In +its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short +(un-accented) vowel, as in \textit{auga-t} (the eye), but keeps it after +a long vowel, as in \textit{ā-in} (the river), \textit{trē-it} (the tree). +The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; +not, however, after the \textit{-ar}, \textit{-r}, of the gen.\ sg., nor in +\textit{męnninir} (men, \textit{nom.}), \textit{męnn-ina} (men, \textit{acc.}). +The \textit{-m} of the dat.\ pl.\ is dropped before the suffixed \textit{-num}. +See Table~\ref{tab:118_1} and Table~\ref{tab:118_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & fiskr-inn & skip-it & gjǫf-in \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fisk-inn & skip-it & gjǫf-ina \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fiski-num & skipi-nu & gjǫf-inni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fisks-ins & skips-ins & gjafar-innar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & fiskar-nir & skip-in & gjafar-nar\\ + \textit{Acc.} & fiska-na & skip-in & gjafar-nar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fisku-num & skipu-num & gjǫfu-num \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fiska-nna & skipa-nna & gjafa-nna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:118_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & bogi-nn & auga-t & tunga-n \\ + \textit{Acc.} & boga-nn & auga-t & tungu-na \\ + \textit{Dat.} & boga-num & auga-nu & tungu-nni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & boga-ns & auga-ns & tungu-nnar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & bogar-nir & augu-n & tungur-nar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & boga-na & augu-n & tungur-nar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bogu-num & augu-num & tungnu-num \\ + \textit{Gen.} & boga-nna & augna-nna & tungna-nna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:118_2} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Relative} + +\textbf{119.} The ordinary relative pron.\ is the indeclinable \textit{er}, often +preceded by \textit{sā}: \textit{sā er} = he who, who, \textit{sū er} who fem. + +\subsection{Interrogative} + +\textbf{120.} The neut.\ \textit{hvat} has gen.\ \textit{hvess}, dat.\ \textit{hvī}, which +last is chiefly used as an adverb = `why.' + +\textbf{121.} See Table~\ref{tab:121}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & hvārr (\textit{which of two}) & hvārt & hvār \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvārn & hvārt & hvāra \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvārum & hvāru & hvārri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvārs & hvārs & hvārrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & hvārir & hvār & hvārar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvāra & hvār & hvārar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvārum & hvārum & hvārum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvārra & hvārra & hvārra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:121} +\end{table} + +\textbf{122.} See Table~\ref{tab:122}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & hvęrr (\textit{which, who}) & hvęrt & hvęr \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvęrn & hvęrt & hvęrja \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvęrjum & hvęrju & hvęrri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvęrs & hvęrs & hvęrrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & hvęrir & hvęr & hvęrjar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvęrja & hvęr & hvęrjar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvęrjum & hvęrjum & hvęrjum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvęrra & hvęrra & hvęrra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:122} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Indefinite} + +\textbf{123.} \textit{einn-hvęrr}, \textit{eitthvęrt}, \textit{einhvęr} (some one) +keeps an invariable \textit{ein-} in the other cases, the second element +being inflected as above. + +\textbf{124.} \textit{sumr} (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. + +\textbf{125.} See Table~\ref{tab:125}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & nakkvarr (\textit{some}) & nakkvat & nǫkkur \\ + \textit{Acc.} & nakkvarn & nakkvat & nakkvara \\ + \textit{Dat.} & nǫkkurum & nǫkkuru & nakkvarri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & nakkvars & nakkvars & nakkvarrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & nakkvarir & nǫkkur & nakkvarar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & nakkvara & nǫkkur & nakkvarar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & nǫkkurum & nǫkkurum & nǫkkurum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & nakkvarra & nakkvarra & nakkvarra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:125} +\end{table} + +\textbf{126.} See Table~\ref{tab:126}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & engi (\textit{none, no}) & ekki & engi \\ + \textit{Acc.} & engan & ekki & enga \\ + \textit{Dat.} & engum & engu & engri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & engis & engis & engrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & engir & engi & engar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & enga & engi & engar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & engum & engum & engum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & engra & engra & engra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:126} +\end{table} + +\textbf{127.} In \textit{hvār-tvęggja} (each of the two, both) the first element +is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. + +\section{Verbs} + +\textbf{128.} There are two classes of verbs, \textit{strong} and \textit{weak}. +Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs +by adding \textit{ð} (\textit{d}, \textit{t}). + +\textbf{129.} The \textit{ð} of the 2 pl.\ is dropt before \textit{þit} (ye two) +and \textit{þēr} (ye): \textit{gefi þēr}, \textit{gāfu þit}. + +\textbf{130.} There is a middle voice, which ends in \textit{-mk} in the 1 +pers.\ sg.\ and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding \textit{sk} to +the active endings, \textit{r} being dropt, the resulting \textit{ts}, +\textit{ðs} being written \textit{z} (§ 36): \textit{kvezk} (active \textit{kveðr} +`says'), \textit{þu fekkzk} (\textit{fekkt} `gottest'). + +\textbf{131.} The following is the conjugation of the strong verb \textit{gefa} +(give), which will show those endings which are common to all +verbs: + +\subsection{Active} + +See Table~\ref{tab:131_1}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & gef & gef-a \\ + 2. & gef-r & gef-ir \\ + 3. & gef-r & gef-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gef-um & gef-im \\ + 2. & gef-ið & gef-ið \\ + 3. & gef-a & gef-i \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & gaf & gæf-a \\ + 2. & gaf-t & gæf-ir \\ + 3. & gaf & gæf-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gāf-um & gæf-im \\ + 2. & gāf-uð & gæf-ið \\ + 3. & gāf-u & gæf-i \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\textit{Imperative sg.} 2 gef; \textit{pl.} 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. + +\textit{Participle pres.} gef-andi; \textit{pret.} gef-inn. + +\textit{Infin.} gefa. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:131_1} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Middle} + +See Table~\ref{tab:131_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & gef-umk & gef-umk \\ + 2. & gef-sk & gef-isk \\ + 3. & gef-sk & gef-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gef-umk & gef-imk \\ + 2. & gef-izk & gef-izk \\ + 3. & gef-ask & gef-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & gāf-umk & gæf-umk \\ + 2. & gaf-zk & gæf-isk \\ + 3. & gaf-sk & gæf-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gāf-umk & gæf-imk \\ + 2. & gāf-uzk & gæf-izk \\ + 3. & gāf-usk & gæf-isk \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\textit{Impers.\ sg.} 2 gef-sk; \textit{pl.} 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} gef-andisk; \textit{pret.} gef-izk \textit{neut.} + +\textit{Infin.} gef-ask. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:131_2} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Strong Verbs} + +\textbf{132.} In the strong verbs the plur.\ of the pret.\ indic.\ generally +has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg.\ pret.\ of +the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl.\ pret.: \textit{gāfumk}. +The pret.\ subj.\ has the vowel of the pret.\ indic.\ plur.\ mutated: +\textit{skaut} (he shot), \textit{skutu} (they shot), \textit{skyti} (he +might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: +\textit{hljōpi}, inf.\ \textit{hlaupa} (leap). + +\textbf{133.} The pres.\ indic.\ sing.\ mutates the root-vowel in all three +persons: \textit{ek skȳt}, \textit{þū skȳtr}, \textit{hann skȳtr}, +infin.\ \textit{skjōta} (shoot). \textit{e} however is not mutated: \textit{ek gef}, +\textit{þū gefr}. The inflectional \textit{r} is liable to the same +modifications as the \textit{r} of nouns (§ 32): \textit{skīnn}, \textit{vęx}, +infin.\ \textit{skīna} (shine), \textit{vaxa} (grow). + +\textbf{134.} Verbs in \textit{ld} change the \textit{d} into \textit{t} in the 1, 3 +sg.\ pret.\ indic.\ and in the imper.\ sg.: \textit{helt} (held), \textit{halt} +(hold!), infin.\ \textit{halda}. \textit{nd} becomes \textit{tt}, and \textit{ng} +becomes \textit{kk} under the same conditions: \textit{binda} (bind), +\textit{ganga} (go), pret.\ \textit{batt}, \textit{gekk}, imper.\ \textit{bitt}, +\textit{gakk}. + +\textbf{135.} The \textit{t} of the 2 sg.\ pret.\ indic.\ is doubled after a long +accented vowel: \textit{þū sātt} (thou sawest). If the 1 sg.\ pret.\ indic.\ ends +in \textit{t} or \textit{ð}, the 2 sg.\ ends in \textit{zt}: +\textit{lēt} (I let), \textit{þū lēzt}, \textit{bauð} (I offered) \textit{þū +bauzt}. + +\textbf{136.} There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished +mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. + +\subsubsection{I.\ \textbf{`Fall'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{137.} See Table~\ref{tab:137}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + falla (\textit{fall}) & fęllr & fell & fellu & fallinn \\ + lāta (\textit{let}) & lætr & lēt & lētu & lātinn \\ + rāða (\textit{advise}) & ræðr & rēð & rēðu & rāðinn \\ + heita (\textit{call}) & heitr & hēt & hētu & heitinn \\ + halda (\textit{hold}) & hęldr & helt & heldu & haldinn \\ + ganga (\textit{go}) & gęngr & gekk & gengu & gęnginn \\ + fā (\textit{get}) & fær & fekk & fengu & fęnginn \\ + auka (\textit{increase}) & eykr & jōk & jōku & aukinn \\ + būa (\textit{dwell}) & bȳr & bjō & bjoggu & būinn \\ + hǫggva (\textit{hew}) & hǫggr & hjō & hjoggu & hǫggvinn \\ + hlaupa (\textit{leap}) & hleypr & hljōp & hljōpu & hlaupinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:137} +\end{table} + +\textbf{138.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:138} have weak preterites in +\textit{r}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + grōa (\textit{grow}) & grœr & gröri & gröru & grōinn \\ + rōa (\textit{row}) & rœr & röri & röru & rōinn \\ + snūa (\textit{twist}) & snȳr & snöri & snöru & snūinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:138} +\end{table} + +\textbf{139.} \textit{heita} in the passive sense of `to be named, called' has a +weak present: \textit{ek heiti}, \textit{þū heitir}. + +\subsubsection{II.\ \textbf{`Shake'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{140.} See Table~\ref{tab:140}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + fara (\textit{go}) & fęrr & fōr & fōru & farinn \\ + grafa (\textit{dig}) & gręfr & grōf & grōfu & grafinn \\ + hlaða (\textit{load}) & hlęðr & hlōð & hlōðu & hlaðinn \\ + vaxa (\textit{grow}) & vęx & ōx & ōxu & vaxinn \\ + standa (\textit{stand}) & stęndr & stōð & stōðu & staðinn \\ + aka (\textit{drive}) & ękr & ōk & ōku & ękinn \\ + taka (\textit{take}) & tękr & tōk & tōku & tękinn \\ + draga (\textit{draw}) & dręgr & drō & drōgu & dręginn \\ + flā (\textit{flay}) & flær & flō & flōgu & flęginn \\ + slā (\textit{strike}) & slær & slō & slōgu & slęginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:140} +\end{table} + +\textbf{141.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:141} have weak presents. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + hęfja (\textit{lift}) & hęfr & hōf & hōfu & hafinn \\ + deyja (\textit{die}) & deyr & dō & dō & dāinn \\ + hlæja (\textit{laugh}) & hlær & hlō & hlōgu & hlęginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:141} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{III.\ \textbf{`Bind'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{142.} See Table~\ref{tab:142}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bresta (\textit{burst}) & brestr & brast & brustu & brostinn \\ + hverfa (\textit{turn}) & hverfr & hvarf & hurfu & horfinn \\ + svelga (\textit{swallow}) & svelgr & svalg & sulgu & sōlginn \\ + verða (\textit{become}) & verðr & varð & urðu & orðinn \\ + skjālfa (\textit{shake}) & skelfr & skalf & skulfu & skolfinn \\ + drekka (\textit{drink}) & drekkr & drakk & drukku & drukkinn \\ + finna (\textit{find}) & finnr & fann & fundu & fundinn \\ + vinna (\textit{win}) & vinnr & vann & unnu & unninn \\ + binda (\textit{bind}) & bindr & batt & bundu & bundinn \\ + springa (\textit{spring}) & springr & sprakk & sprungu & sprunginn \\ + stinga (\textit{pierce}) & stingr & stakk & stungu & stunginn \\ + bregða (\textit{pull}) & bregðr & brā & brugðu & brugðinn \\ + sökkva (\textit{sink}) & sökkr & sǫkk & sukku & sokkinn \\ + stökkva (\textit{spring}) & stökkr & stǫkk & stukku & stokkinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:142} +\end{table} + +\textbf{143.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:143} have weak presents (which +makes however no difference in their conjugation). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bręnna (\textit{burn}) & bręnnr & brann & brunnu & brunninn \\ + ręnna (\textit{run}) & ręnnr & rann & runnu & runninn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:143} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{IV.\ \textbf{`Bear'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{144.} See Table~\ref{tab:144}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bera (\textit{carry}) & berr & bar & bāru & borinn \\ + nema (\textit{take}) & nemr & nam & nāmu & numinn \\ + fela (\textit{hide}) & felr & fal & fālu & fōlginn \\ + koma (\textit{come}) & kömr & kom & kvāmu & kominn \\ + sofa (\textit{sleep}) & söfr & svaf & svāfu & sofinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:144} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{V.\ \textbf{`Give'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{145.} See Table~\ref{tab:145}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + drepa (\textit{kill}) & drepr & drap & drāpu & drepinn \\ + gefa (\textit{give}) & gefr & gaf & gāfu & gefinn \\ + kveða (\textit{say}) & kveðr & kvað & kvāðu & kveðinn \\ + meta (\textit{estimate}) & metr & mat & mātu & metinn \\ + reka (\textit{drive}) & rekr & rak & rāku & rekinn \\ + eta (\textit{eat}) & etr & āt & ātu & etinn \\ + sjā (\textit{see}) & sēr\footnote{sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj.\ sē, sēr, sē; sēm, sēð, sē.} & sā & sā\footnote{sām, sāið, sā.} & sēnn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:145} +\end{table} + +\textbf{146.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:146} have weak presents. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + biðja (\textit{ash}) & biðr & bað & bāðu & beðinn \\ + sitja (\textit{sit}) & sitr & sat & sātu & setinn \\ + liggja (\textit{lie}) & liggr & lā & lāgum & leginn \\ + þiggja (\textit{receive}) & þiggr & þā & þāgu & þeginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:146} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{VI.\ \textbf{`Shine'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{147.} See Table~\ref{tab:147}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bīta (\textit{bite}) & bītr & beit & bitu & bitinn \\ + drīfa (\textit{drive}) & drīfr & dreif & drifu & drifinn \\ + grīpa (\textit{grasp}) & grīpr & greip & gripu & gripinn \\ + līða (\textit{go}) & līðr & leið & liðu & liðinn \\ + līta (\textit{look}) & lītr & leit & litu & litinn \\ + rīða (\textit{ride}) & rīðr & reið & riðu & riðinn \\ + sīga (\textit{sink}) & sīgr & seig & sigu & siginn \\ + slīta (\textit{tear}) & slītr & sleit & slitu & slitinn \\ + stīga (\textit{advance}) & stīgr & steig & stigu & stiginn \\ + bīða (\textit{wait}) & bīðr & beið & biðu & beiðnn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:147} +\end{table} + +\textbf{148.} Vīkja (see Table~\ref{tab:148}) has a weak present. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + vīkja (\textit{move}) & vīkr & veik & viku & vikinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:148} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{VII.\ \textbf{`Choose'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{149.} See Table~\ref{tab:149}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bjōða (\textit{offer}) & bȳðr & bauð & buðu & boðinn \\ + brjōta (\textit{break}) & brȳtr & braut & brutu & brotinn \\ + fljōta (\textit{float}) & flȳtr & flaut & flutu & flotinn \\ + hljōta (\textit{receive}) & hlȳtr & hlaut & hlutu & hlotinn \\ + kjōsa (\textit{choose}) & kȳss & kaus & kusum & kosinn \\ + njōta (\textit{enjoy}) & nȳtr & naut & nutu & notinn \\ + skjōta (\textit{shoot}) & skȳtr & skaut & skutu & skotinn \\ + drjūpa (\textit{drop}) & drȳpr & draup & drupu & dropinn \\ + ljūga (\textit{tell lies}) & lȳgr & laug & lugu & loginn \\ + lūka (\textit{close}) & lȳkr & lauk & luku & lokinn \\ + lūta (\textit{bend}) & lȳtr & laut & lutu & lotinn \\ + fljūga (\textit{fly}) & flȳgr & flō & flugu & floginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:149} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Weak Verbs} + +\textbf{150.} There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of +the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form +their pret.\ with \textit{ð} (\textit{d}, \textit{t}): \textit{heyra} (hear), +\textit{heyrða}. Those of the second form their pret.\ in the same +way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: \textit{hafa} (have) +\textit{hafða}. Those of the third form their pret.\ in \textit{-aða}: +\textit{kalla} (call), \textit{kallaða}. + +\subsubsection{I.\ \textbf{`Hear'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{151.} See Table~\ref{tab:151_1} (active) and Table~\ref{tab:151_2} +(middle). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & heyr-i & heyr-a \\ + 2. & heyr-ir & heyr-ir \\ + 3. & heyr-ir & heyr-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-um & heyr-im \\ + 2. & heyr-ið & heyr-ið \\ + 3. & heyr-a & heyr-i \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & heyr-ða & heyr-ða \\ + 2. & heyr-ðir & heyr-ðir \\ + 3. & heyr-ði & heyr-ði \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-ðum & heyr-ðim \\ + 2. & heyr-ðuð & heyr-ðið \\ + 3. & heyr-ðu & heyr-ði \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\textit{Imper.\ sg.} 1.\ heyr; \textit{pl.} 1.\ heyr-um, 2.\ heyr-ið. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} heyr-andi; \textit{pret.} heyr-ðr. + +\textit{Infin.} heyr-a. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:151_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & heyr-umk & heyr-umk \\ + 2. & heyr-isk & heyr-isk \\ + 3. & heyr-isk & heyr-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-umk & heyr-imk \\ + 2. & heyr-izk & heyr-izk \\ + 3. & heyr-ask & heyr-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & heyr-ðumk & heyr-ðumk \\ + 2. & heyr-ðisk & heyr-ðisk \\ + 3. & heyr-ðisk & heyr-ðisk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-ðumk & heyr-ðimk \\ + 2. & heyr-ðuzk & heyr-ðizk \\ + 3. & heyr-ðusk & heyr-ðisk \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\textit{Imper.\ sg.} 2.\ heyr-sk; \textit{pl.} 1.\ heyr-umk, 2.\ heyr-izk. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} heyr-andisk; \textit{pret.} heyr-zk \textit{neut.} + +\textit{Infin.} heyr-ask. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:151_2} +\end{table} + +\begin{center} +\textit{A.\ Without vowel-change} +\end{center} + +\textbf{152.} The inflectional \textit{ð} becomes \textit{d} after long syllables ending +in \textit{l} or \textit{n}: \textit{sigla} (sail), \textit{siglda}; \textit{nęfna} +(name), \textit{nęfnda}, \textit{nęfndr}. + +\textbf{153.} \textit{-ðð} becomes \textit{dd}: \textit{leiða} (lead), \textit{leidda}. + +\textbf{154.} \textit{ð} after \textit{s} and \textit{t} becomes \textit{t}: \textit{reisa} +(raise), \textit{reista}; \textit{mœta} (meet), \textit{mœtta}. Also in a few +verbs in \textit{l}, \textit{n}: \textit{mæla} (speak), \textit{mælta}; +\textit{spęnna} (buckle), \textit{spęnta}. + +\textbf{155.} After \textit{nd} and \textit{pt} it is dropped: \textit{sęnda} (send), +\textit{sęnda}, \textit{sęndr}; \textit{lypta} (lift), \textit{lypta}. + +\textbf{156.} It is preserved in such verbs as the following: \textit{dœma} +(judge), \textit{dœmða}; \textit{fœra} (lead), \textit{fœrða}; \textit{hęrða} +(harden), \textit{hęrða}; \textit{hleypa} (gallop), \textit{hleypða}. + +\begin{center} +\textit{B.\ With vowel-change} +\end{center} + +\textbf{157.} All these verbs have \textit{j} preceded by a short syllable +(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons.\ after it (dȳja), or +\textit{gg} (lęggja); the \textit{j} being kept before \textit{a} and +\textit{u}, as in the pres.\ ind.\ of \textit{spyrja} (ask): \textit{spyr}, +\textit{spyrr}, \textit{spyrr}; \textit{spyrjum}, \textit{spyrið}, +\textit{spyrja}, pres.\ subj.\ 1 sg.\ \textit{ek spyrja}; they unmutate +their vowel in the pret.\ and ptc.\ pret.\ (spurða, spurðr), the +mutation being restored in the pret.\ subj.\ \textit{spyrða}, +\textit{spyrðir}, etc. The ptc.\ pret.\ often has an \textit{i} before the +\textit{ð}. See Table~\ref{tab:157}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + bęrja (\textit{strike}) & barða & barðr \\ + lęggja (\textit{lay}) & lagða & lag(i)ðr \\ + tęlja (\textit{tell}) & talða & tal(i)ðr \\ + vękja (\textit{wake}) & vakða & vakðr \\ + flytja (\textit{remove}) & flutta & fluttr \\ + dȳja (\textit{shake}) & dūða & dūðr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:157} +\end{table} + +\textbf{158.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:158} keep the mutated vowel +throughout. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + sęlja (\textit{sell}) & sęlda & sęldr \\ + sętja (\textit{set}) & sętta & sęttr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:158} +\end{table} + +\begin{center} +\textit{C.} +\end{center} + +\textbf{159.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:159} are irregular. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + sœkja (\textit{seek}) & sōtta & sōttr \\ + þykkja (\textit{seem}) & þōtta & þōttr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +Subj.\ pret.\ \textit{sœtta}, \textit{þœtta}. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:159} +\end{table} + + +\textbf{160.} The verb in Table~\ref{tab:160} has an adj.\ for its +partic.\ pret. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + gǫ̈ra (\textit{make}) & gǫ̈rða & gǫ̈rr. \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:160} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{II.\ \textbf{`Have'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{161.} The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of +conj.\ I, except that some of them have imperatives in \textit{-i}: +\textit{vaki}, \textit{þęfi}; \textit{uni}. \textit{lifa}, \textit{sęgja} +have imper.\ \textit{lif}, \textit{sęg}. They mutate the vowel of the +pret.\ subj.\ (ynða). Their partic.\ pret.\ generally occurs only in +the neut.; sometimes the \textit{a} is dropped. See Table~\ref{tab:161}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{llll} + lifa (\textit{live}) & lifi & lifða & lifat \\ + una (\textit{be contented}) & uni & unða & unat \\ + skorta (\textit{be wanting}) & skorti & skorta & skort \\ + þola (\textit{endure}) & þoli & þolða & þolat \\ + þora (\textit{dare}) & þori & þorða & þorat \\ + nā (\textit{attain}) & nāi & nāða & nāðr, nāit \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:161} +\end{table} + +\textbf{162.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:162} show mutation. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{llll} + sęgja (\textit{say}) & sęgi & sagða & sagðr \\ + þęgja (\textit{be silent}) & þęgi & þagða & þagat \\ + hafa (\textit{have}) & hęfi & hafða & hafðr \\ + kaupa (\textit{buy}) & kaupi & keypta & keyptr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:162} +\end{table} + +\textbf{163.} The present indic.\ of the first three is shown in +Table~\ref{tab:163}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + \textit{Sing.} 1. & hęfi & sęgi & þęgi \\ + 2, 3. & hęfir & sęgir & þęgir \\ + \\ + \textit{Plur.} 1. & hǫfum & sęgjum & þęgjum \\ + 2. & hafið & sęgið & þęgið \\ + 3. & hafa & sęgja & þęgja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:163} +\end{table} + +\textbf{164.} The rest of \textit{hafa} is regular. Pres.\ subj.\ \textit{hafa}, +\textit{hafir}, \textit{hafi}; \textit{hafim}, \textit{hafið}, \textit{hafi}. +Pret.\ indic.\ \textit{hafða}, \textit{hafðir}, \textit{hafði}; \textit{hǫfdum}, +\textit{hǫfðuð}, \textit{hǫfðu}. Pret.\ subj.\ \textit{hęfða}, \textit{hęfðir}, +\textit{hęfði}; \textit{hęfðim}, \textit{hęfðið}, \textit{hęfði}. +Imper.\ \textit{haf}, \textit{hǫfum}, \textit{hafið}. Ptc.\ \textit{hafandi}, +\textit{hafðr}. + +\subsubsection{III.\ \textbf{`Call'}-conjugation} + +See Table~\ref{tab:164_1} (active) and Table~\ref{tab:164_2} (middle). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & kall-a & kall-a \\ + 2. & kall-ar & kall-ir \\ + 3. & kall-ar & kall-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-um & kall-im \\ + 2. & kall-ið & kall-ið \\ + 3. & kall-a & kall-i \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & kall-aða & kall-aða \\ + 2. & kall-aðir & kall-aðir \\ + 3. & kall-aði & kall-aði \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-uðum & kall-aðim \\ + 2. & kǫll-uðuð & kall-aðið \\ + 3. & kǫll-uðu & kall-aði \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\textit{Imper.\ sing.} 2.\ kall-a; \textit{plur.} 1.\ kǫll-um, 2.\ kall-ið. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} kall-andi; \textit{pret.} kallaðr (\textit{neut.} kallat). + +\textit{Infin.} kalla. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:164_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & kǫll-umk & kǫll-umk \\ + 2. & kall-ask & kall-isk \\ + 3. & kall-ask & kall-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-umk & kall-imk \\ + 2. & kall-izk & kall-izk \\ + 3. & kall-ask & kall-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & kǫll-uðumk & kǫll-uðumk \\ + 2. & kall-aðisk & kall-aðisk \\ + 3. & kall-aðisk & kall-aðisk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-uðumk & kall-aðimk \\ + 2. & kǫll-uðuzk & kall-aðizk \\ + 3. & kǫll-uðusk & kall-aðisk \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\textit{Imper.\ sing.} 2.\ kall-ask; \textit{pl.} 1.\ kǫll-umk, 2.\ kall-izk. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} kall-andisk; \textit{pret.} kall-azk \textit{neut.} + +\textit{Infin.} kall-ask. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:164_2} +\end{table} + + +\textbf{165.} So also \textit{byrja} (begin), \textit{hęrja} (make war), \textit{vakna} +(awake). + +\subsection{Strong-Weak Verbs} + +\textbf{166.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:166} have old strong preterites +for their presents, from which new weak preterites are formed. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + eiga (\textit{possess}) & ā & eigu & ātta & āttr \\ + kunna (\textit{can}) & kann & kunnu & kunna & kunnat \textit{n.} \\ + mega (\textit{can}) & mā & megu & mātta & mātt \textit{n.} \\ + muna (\textit{remember}) & man & munu & munða & munat \textit{n.} \\ + munu (\textit{will}) & mun & munu & munða & --- \\ + skulu (\textit{shall}) & skal & skulu & skylda & skyldr \\ + þurfa (\textit{need}) & þarf & þurfu & þurfta & þurft \textit{n.} \\ + unna (\textit{love}) & ann & unnu & unna & unnt \textit{n.} \\ + vita (\textit{know}) & veit & vitu & vissa & vitaðr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:166} +\end{table} + +\textbf{167.} Of these verbs \textit{munu} and \textit{skulu} have preterite infinitives: +\textit{mundu}, \textit{skyldu}. + +\subsection{Anomalous Verbs} + +\textbf{168.} \textit{Vilja} (will) in the present is shown in +Table~\ref{tab:168}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + & \textbf{Sing.} & \textbf{Plur.} \\ + 1. & vil & viljum \\ + 2. & vill & vilið \\ + 3. & vill & vilja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\noindent\textit{Subj.\ pres.} vili. \textit{Pret.\ ind.} vilda. \textit{Ptc.\ prt.} viljat. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:168} +\end{table} + + +\textbf{169.} \textit{Vera} (be) is shown in Table~\ref{tab:169}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & em & sē \\ + 2. & ert & sēr \\ + 3. & er & sē \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & erum & sēm \\ + 2. & eruð & sēð \\ + 3. & eru & sē \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & var & væra \\ + 2. & vart & værir \\ + 3. & var & væri \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & vārum & værim \\ + 2. & vāruð & værið \\ + 3. & vāru & væri \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\noindent\textit{Imper.\ sg.} ver; \textit{pl.} verið. \textit{Ptc.\ prt.} verit \textit{n.} +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:169} +\end{table} + + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Composition} + +\textbf{170.} Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. +Thus by the side of \textit{skip-stjōrn} (ship-steering) we find +\textit{skips-brot} (ship's breaking, shipwreck), \textit{skipa-hęrr} (army of +ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, +as in \textit{konungs-skip} (king's ship). + +\section{Derivation} + +\subsection{Prefixes} + +\textbf{171.} Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old +English. + +\gap\textbf{al-} `quite,' `very': \textit{al-būinn} `quite ready,' \textit{al-snotr} +`very clever.' + +\gap\textbf{all-} `all,' `very': \textit{all-valdr} `all-ruler, monarch,' +\textit{all-harðr} `very hard,' \textit{all-stōrum} `very greatly.' + +\gap\textbf{and-} `against': \textit{and-lit} `countenance' (\textit{lita}, look), +\textit{and-svar} `answer.' + +\gap\textbf{fjǫl-} `many': \textit{fjǫl-męnni} `multitude' (\textit{maðr}, man). + +\gap\textbf{mis-} `mis-': \textit{mis-līka} `displease.' + +\gap\textbf{ū-} `un-': \textit{ū-friðr} `war' (\textit{friðr}, peace), \textit{ū-happ} +`misfortune' (\textit{happ} luck). + +\subsection{Endings} + +\subsubsection{(a) Nouns} + +\begin{center} +\textit{Personal} +\end{center} + +\textbf{172.} \textbf{-ingr, -ingi, -ing}: \textit{vīkingr} `pirate,' \textit{hǫfðingi} +`chief,' \textit{kęrling} `old woman.' + +\begin{center} +\textit{Abstract} +\end{center} + +\textbf{173.} \textbf{-ð}, fem.\ with mutation: \textit{fęgrð} `beauty' (\textit{fagr}, +fair), \textit{fęrð} `journey' (\textit{fara}, go), \textit{lęngð} `length' +(\textit{langr}, long). + +\gap\textbf{-ing}, fem.: \textit{svipting} `pulling,' \textit{vīking} `piracy,' +\textit{virðing} `honour.' + +\gap\textbf{-leikr}, masc.: \textit{kœr-leikr} `affection' (\textit{hœrr}, dear), +\textit{skjōt-leikr} `speed' (\textit{skjōtr}, swift). + +\gap\textbf{-an, -un}, fem.: \textit{skipan} `arrangement,' \textit{skęmtun} +`amusement.' + +\subsubsection{(b) Adjectives} + +\textbf{174.} \textbf{-ugr}: \textit{rāðugr} `sagacious,' \textit{þrūðugr} `strong.' + +\gap\textbf{-ōttr}: \textit{kollōttr} `bald,' \textit{ǫndōttr} `fierce.' + +\gap\textbf{-lauss} `-less': \textit{fē-lauss} `moneyless,' \textit{ōtta-lauss} +`without fear.' + +\gap\textbf{-ligr} `-ly': \textit{undr-ligr} `wonderful,' \textit{sann-ligr} +`probable' (\textit{sannr}, true). + +\gap\textbf{-samr}: \textit{līkn-samr} `gracious,' \textit{skyn-samr} `intelligent.' + +\gap\textbf{-verðr} `-ward': \textit{ofan-verðr} `upper.' + +\subsubsection{(c) Verbs} + +\textbf{175.} \textbf{-na}: \textit{brotna} `be broken' (\textit{brotinn}, broken), +\textit{hvītna} `become white,' \textit{vakna} `awake.' Used to form +intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj. + +\subsubsection{(d) Adverbs} + +\textbf{176.} \textbf{-liga} `-ly': \textit{undar-liga} `wonderfully,' \textit{stęrk-liga} +`strongly' (\textit{stęrkr}, strong). + +\gap\textbf{-um}, dat.\ pl.: \textit{stōrum} `greatly' (\textit{stōrr}, great). + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Syntax} + +\textbf{177.} Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has +several peculiarities of its own. + +\section{Concord} + +\textbf{178.} Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: \textit{allir +męnn vāru būnir} `all the men were ready,' \textit{allir vāru drepnir} +`all were killed.' + +\textbf{179.} A plural adj.\ or pronoun referring to two nouns of different +(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: \textit{þā +gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki} (masc.), \textit{ok Þjālfi} (masc.), +\textit{ok Rǫskva} (fem.). \textit{þā er þau} (neut.) \textit{hǫfðu lītla hrið +gęngit\ldots} `he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R\@. When they +had walked for some time\ldots' + +\section{Cases} + +\textbf{180.} The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very +characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb +can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by +the verb, it is put in the dative, as in \textit{kasta spjōti} `throw a +spear' (lit.\ `throw \textit{with} a spear'), \textit{hann helt hamarskaptinu} +`he grasped the handle of the hammer,' \textit{heita þvī} `promise +that,' \textit{jāta þvī} `agree to that.' + +\section{Adjectives} + +\textbf{181.} The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E.\ after the +definite article, \textit{þessi} and other demonstratives. \textit{annarr} +(other) is always strong. + +\textbf{182.}, An adj.\ is often set in apposition to a following noun to +denote part of it: \textit{eiga hālft dȳrit} `to have half of the +animal,' \textit{ǫnnur þau} `the rest of them,' \textit{of miðja nātt} `in the +middle of the night.' + +\subsection{Pronouns} + +\textbf{183.} \textit{sā} is often put pleonastically before the definite article +\textit{inn}, both before and after the subst.: \textit{sā inn ungi maðr} `that +young man,' \textit{hafit þat it djūpa} `the deep sea.' + +\textbf{184.} The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or +else \textit{einn}, \textit{einnhvęrr} is used. + +\textbf{185.} A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a +dual pron.\ of the first and second persons, or a plur.\ of the +third person: \textit{þit fēlagar}, `thou and thy companions,' \textit{með +þeim Āka} `with him and Āki.' Similarly \textit{stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar} `Thor and his companions get up.' + +\textbf{186.} The plurals \textit{vēr}, \textit{þēr} are sometimes used instead of the +singulars \textit{ek}, \textit{þū}, especially when a king is speaking or being +spoken to. + +\textbf{187.} \textit{sik} and \textit{sēr} are used in a strictly reflexive sense, +referring back to the subject of the sentence, like \textit{se} in +Latin: \textit{Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr} `Thor asked him to +supper with him.' + +\subsection{Verbs} + +\textbf{188.} The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, +and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries +\textit{skal} (shall), \textit{hafa} (have), \textit{vera} (be) with the +infin.\ and ptc.\ pret., much as in modern English. + +\textbf{189.} The historical present is much used, often alternating +abruptly with the preterite. + +\textbf{190.} The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: +\textit{spara} `spare,' \textit{sparask} `spare oneself, reserve one's +strength.' (2) intransitively: \textit{būa} `prepare,' \textit{būask} `become +ready, be ready'; \textit{sętja} `set,' \textit{sętjask} `sit down'; +\textit{sȳna} `show,' \textit{sȳnask} `appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: +\textit{bęrja} `strike,' \textit{bęrjask} `fight'; \textit{hitta}, `find,' +\textit{hittask} `meet.' In other cases it specializes the meaning of +the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: \textit{koma} +`come,' \textit{komask} `make one's way.' + +\textbf{191.} The impersonal form of expression is widely used in +Icelandic: \textit{rak ā storm} (acc.) \textit{fyrir þeim} `a storm was driven +in their face.' + +\textbf{192.} The indef.\ `one' is expressed in the same way by the third +pers.\ sg., and this form of expression is often used when the +subject is perfectly definite: \textit{ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar} +`and this feat shall be tried (by you).' + +\textbf{193.} The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration +is very common: \textit{Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit +bjarndȳri, `ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'} `King Harold was told that a +bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct +narration is also used after \textit{at} (that): \textit{hann svarar at `ek +skal rīða til Hęljar'} `he answers that he will ride to Hel.' + +\emptypage + +\part{Texts} + + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Thor} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða\\ +Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna.\\ +Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir\\ +Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir;\\ +þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. + +Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann-\\ +grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina;\\ +þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi.\\ +Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg-\\ +risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt:\\ +hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira.\\ +Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann\\ +spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En\\ +þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn-\\ +glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En\\ +engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans.\\ + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Thor and Ūgarðaloki} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna\\ +ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma\\ +þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um\\ +kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru\\ +þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk\\ +Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar\\ +með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr\\ +bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr-\\ +stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn\\ +hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr\\ +bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok\\ +braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu\\ +fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn\\ +Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp\\ +hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr,\\ +ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga\\ +hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var\\ +lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat\\ +allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr\\ +lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna,\\ +þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann\\ +hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir.\\ +En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka-\\ +fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau\\ +āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum\\ +mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn\\ +þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu-\\ +męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. + +Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī\\ +Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir\\ +hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann\\ +upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau\\ +hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu\\ +þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna\\ +fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott.\\ +Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok\\ +fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā\\ +ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt-\\ +bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin\\ +undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok\\ +hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til\\ +hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk\\ +Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru\\ +þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja\\ +sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at\\ +dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā\\ +honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut\\ +stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of\\ +nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum\\ +āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en\\ +þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham-\\ +rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir:\\ +`en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, `at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni\\ +ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka\\ +minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn;\\ +sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en\\ +afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef\\ +Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk\\ +Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð,\\ +en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at\\ +þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir\\ +nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk\\ +fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi\\ +leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli.\\ +Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at\\ +sofna; `en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar\\ +yðr.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk\\ +nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt\\ +mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar-\\ +ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann\\ +sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip\\ +þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum\\ +fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en\\ +Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī\\ +hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir\\ +til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga\\ +þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var\\ +þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at\\ +Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā\\ +stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok\\ +hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at\\ +hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar\\ +Skrȳmir, ok mælti: `hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð\\ +mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr\\ +skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā\\ +var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat,\\ +ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri\\ +skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir\\ +sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir\\ +mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir\\ +þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er\\ +upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ-\\ +mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: `hvārt\\ +munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði,\\ +er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð\\ +mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa\\ +ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar-\\ +innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið\\ +kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā\\ +skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun\\ +ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki\\ +munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur-\\ +sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok\\ +þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram\\ +fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla\\ +þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag-\\ +garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn\\ +frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila\\ +hittask. + +Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs\\ +dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu\\ +hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga\\ +til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr.\\ +Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir\\ +þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna\\ +ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var\\ +hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn\\ +ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir\\ +konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint\\ +til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: `seint er um langan\\ +veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi\\ +svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk\\ +þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við\\ +būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars\\ +konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā\\ +er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: `kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em\\ +al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta\\ +mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: `īþrōtt er þat, ef\\ +þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā\\ +bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista\\ +sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar-\\ +gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi\\ +at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju\\ +troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði\\ +ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū\\ +ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki\\ +hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann\\ +mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er\\ +Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er\\ +gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr\\ +būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō\\ +lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða-\\ +loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum\\ +vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er\\ +nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā\\ +taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann\\ +snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða-\\ +loki: `þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū\\ +skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit\\ +þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.' Þā taka þeir\\ +aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda,\\ +ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā\\ +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi\\ +trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna,\\ +er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en\\ +er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er\\ +Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt\\ +er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira\\ +īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā\\ +miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā\\ +mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju\\ +við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera;\\ +ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at\\ +hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af.\\ +Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī\\ +hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `af horni þessu þykkir þā\\ +vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn\\ +drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju-\\ +maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk\\ +ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr;\\ +tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal\\ +þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut\\ +örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum,\\ +ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē\\ +lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `vel er\\ +drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri\\ +sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en\\ +þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.'\\ +Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at\\ +hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem\\ +honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins\\ +vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk\\ +hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna\\ +hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð\\ +ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `hvat er nū, Þōrr?\\ +muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun\\ +hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu\\ +inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki\\ +muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir\\ +kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr\\ +līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr\\ +hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok\\ +þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā\\ +hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp\\ +hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki:\\ +`auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr\\ +hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at\\ +ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: `freista mā ek ęnn of\\ +nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var\\ +heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En\\ +hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `þat\\ +gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja\\ +upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla\\ +þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu\\ +minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr\\ +einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok\\ +tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en\\ +kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en\\ +er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti\\ +kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā\\ +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði;\\ +kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr-\\ +męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: `svā lītinn\\ +sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við\\ +mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um\\ +ā bękkina, ok mælti: `eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er\\ +eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti\\ +hann: `sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna\\ +Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā\\ +męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī\\ +næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar-\\ +ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um.\\ +at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at\\ +fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til\\ +þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip-\\ +tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum\\ +fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok\\ +sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum\\ +fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki\\ +Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī\\ +gōðum fagnaði. + +En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir\\ +fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom\\ +þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi\\ +gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā\\ +snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr\\ +með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar-\\ +ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn\\ +orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en\\ +sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi\\ +hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; `en þō veit\\ +ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek\\ +þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna,\\ +er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni---ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k\\ +rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa\\ +mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at\\ +þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær\\ +haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr,\\ +svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til\\ +fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā\\ +hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp\\ +skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū\\ +hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr\\ +mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt\\ +hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer-\\ +skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber-\\ +ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of\\ +leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it\\ +fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en\\ +sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna\\ +slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er\\ +Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at\\ +þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok\\ +þōtti þēr seint līða,---en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat\\ +undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir\\ +hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr\\ +til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit\\ +ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann:\\ +`eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt-\\ +tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā,\\ +er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi\\ +sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd\\ +ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki\\ +sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var\\ +þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū\\ +fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi\\ +mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin\\ +ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum\\ +skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið\\ +eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg\\ +mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu\\ +þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til\\ +hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā\\ +sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til\\ +borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr\\ +hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann\\ +þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð-\\ +vanga. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Balder} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at\\ +sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr\\ +ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā\\ +hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast;\\ +ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki;\\ +hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En\\ +sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans.\\ +Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim\\ +stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: + +\begin{verse} + Breiðablik heita,\gap þar er Baldr hęfir\\ + \gap sēr of gǫ̈rva sali;\\ + ī þvī landi\gap er ek liggja veit\\ + \gap fæsta feikn-stafi. +\end{verse} + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{The Death of Balder} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði\\ +drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði\\ +āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat\\ +gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg\\ +tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn\\ +ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin,\\ +fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var\\ +þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā\\ +þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir\\ +hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt,\\ +sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er\\ +þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr\\ +sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā\\ +sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir\\ +hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri,\\ +ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: `eigi munu\\ +vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum\\ +þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: `hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira\\ +Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: `vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir\\ +vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr\\ +at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki\\ +tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð\\ +utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti\\ +Loki við hann: `hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar:\\ +`þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em\\ +vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: `gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra,\\ +manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa\\ +þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.'\\ +Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka;\\ +flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok\\ +hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum.\\ +Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok\\ +svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru\\ +allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi\\ +mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er\\ +æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn\\ +kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā\\ +sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða,\\ +sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa\\ +āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā\\ +mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask\\ +vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg\\ +ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn,\\ +ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr\\ +Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā\\ +var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig\\ +Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. + +En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring-\\ +horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann\\ +vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en\\ +skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir\\ +gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi,\\ +ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum,\\ +en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu\\ +þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā\\ +fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā\\ +at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð\\ +Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð\\ +hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit\\ +ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps\\ +dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā\\ +bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með\\ +Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er\\ +Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt\\ +honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti\\ +margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum\\ +fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru\\ +með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en\\ +Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja\\ +kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg-\\ +risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir\\ +heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja\\ +nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr\\ +Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. + +En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr\\ +dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann\\ +kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er\\ +þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar-\\ +innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn\\ +fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; `en eigi\\ +dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra\\ +manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at `ek\\ +skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat\\ +sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar\\ +riðit um Gjallarbrū; `en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā\\ +reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig\\ +hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði\\ +hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at\\ +hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar-\\ +innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī\\ +ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um\\ +nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at\\ +Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill\\ +grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna,\\ +hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; `ok ef allir hlutir ī\\ +heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara\\ +til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við,\\ +eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir\\ +hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni\\ +til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar,\\ +Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī\\ +Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. + +Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja\\ +at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir,\\ +ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr;\\ +svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir\\ +koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok\\ +hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar\\ +gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr\\ +ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: + +\begin{verse} + `Þǫkk mun grāta\gap þurrum tārum\\ + Baldrs bālfarar;\\ + kyks nē dauðs\gap naut-k-a-k karls sonar;\\ + haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' +\end{verse} + +En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son,\\ +er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Hēðinn and Hǫgni} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt.\\ +Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda-\\ +son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er\\ +hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī\\ +braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok\\ +spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā\\ +er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn\\ +hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt\\ +til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā\\ +var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður\\ +sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru\\ +orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti\\ +Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt\\ +dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at\\ +Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok\\ +svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja\\ +liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð\\ +honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni:\\ +`of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek\\ +dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal\\ +verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki\\ +sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: `sverði\\ +hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin-\\ +holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat,\\ +ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til\\ +skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp\\ +með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu\\ +konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er\\ +fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir\\ +annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli,\\ +ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir\\ +dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er\\ +sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{The Death of Olaf Tryggvason} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu.\\ +Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar;\\ +ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum\\ +við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein\\ +konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok\\ +kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full-\\ +kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi\\ +Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs\\ +konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja\\ +þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði\\ +at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding\\ +Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi\\ +hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu\\ +þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva-\\ +son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar\\ +fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa-\\ +vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā,\\ +at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir\\ +Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung,\\ +ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. + +Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum,\\ +þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð\\ +Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr\\ +þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl\\ +leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok\\ +sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil\\ +vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik\\ +við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs,\\ +var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum\\ +fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur\\ +hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann\\ +kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk\\ +fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti.\\ +En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk\\ +heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi\\ +jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn\\ +hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr,\\ +ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland,\\ +ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs\\ +við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla\\ +at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. + +Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana-\\ +konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn\\ +Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi\\ +jarl sęgir konungi: `ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at\\ +lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā\\ +mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā\\ +þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu\\ +liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar\\ +fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.'\\ +Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt\\ +konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu\\ +męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu\\ +þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu,\\ +ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: `mēr er\\ +kunnast,' sęgir hann, `hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en\\ +þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi\\ +þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip,\\ +en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum,\\ +hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi\\ +ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā\\ +röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana-\\ +konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða\\ +seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. + +Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr\\ +jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr\\ +ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir\\ +hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu\\ +ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir\\ +eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir:\\ +`þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn\\ +langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: `ekki er þetta Ormr hinn\\ +langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði\\ +af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu\\ +meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: `hræddr er\\ +Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin\\ +ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: `ekki er þetta konungs\\ +skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat\\ +ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok\\ +missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En\\ +stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku\\ +þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip,\\ +ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā\\ +ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr\\ +jarl mælti: `mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en\\ +Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn:\\ +`eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta\\ +er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr\\ +liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā\\ +hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat\\ +um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af\\ +þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp\\ +Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: `hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī\\ +kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn\\ +var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra\\ +slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn\\ +heyrðu: `þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta,\\ +þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn\\ +saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af\\ +tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu\\ +þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū\\ +skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi.\\ +En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu\\ +at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara\\ +Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu\\ +allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr\\ +Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at-\\ +lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs,\\ +Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi\\ +eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason;\\ +en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask\\ +alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip\\ +er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn,\\ +er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan-\\ +verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok\\ +svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. + +Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā\\ +þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn-\\ +ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum\\ +undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir\\ +honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl\\ +sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: `ok er meiri vān at\\ +ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er\\ +Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip\\ +er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi;\\ +hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu\\ +Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl-\\ +manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er\\ +þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en\\ +lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar\\ +hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: `lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu\\ +mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði\\ +Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā\\ +gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. + +Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum.\\ +Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn\\ +skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku\\ +at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma,\\ +ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja\\ +fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra\\ +skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: `ef Orminn\\ +skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur\\ +skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir:\\ +`eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.'\\ +Ūlfr mælti: `vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun\\ +stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok\\ +snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: `skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig\\ +sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' + +Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt\\ +mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var\\ +hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan\\ +kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at\\ +riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum,\\ +þā spyrr hann: `hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt\\ +oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr\\ +tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: `ekki hræðumk\\ +vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi\\ +fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum\\ +var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr\\ +konungr sęgir: `bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt-\\ +bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir\\ +eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?'\\ +`Þar er,' sęgja þeir `Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði\\ +Ōlāfr konungr: `hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan\\ +fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru\\ +Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' + +Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr\\ +sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski\\ +lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs\\ +Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā\\ +hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði\\ +ekki til orrostu. + +Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram-\\ +byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum\\ +fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu\\ +vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip\\ +er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er\\ +undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir\\ +frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr\\ +konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr\\ +Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā\\ +fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn,\\ +ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum\\ +við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō\\ +þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst,\\ +ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa\\ +af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr\\ +jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir\\ +ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs\\ +konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti\\ +hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā\\ +gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta\\ +hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum,\\ +at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema\\ +Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var\\ +hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum\\ +langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. + +Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt\\ +með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit,\\ +ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti\\ +eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at\\ +varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar;\\ +þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn\\ +Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin,\\ +til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir\\ +lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera.\\ +En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi\\ +annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með\\ +vāpnum sīnum. + +Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi;\\ +hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr.\\ +Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir\\ +ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til,\\ +ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom\\ +ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar,\\ +ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā\\ +mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir\\ +sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr:\\ +`skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr\\ +skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr\\ +drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā\\ +mælti Ōlāfr konungr: `hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr\\ +svarar: `Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' `Eigi mun svā\\ +mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, `tak boga minn, ok\\ +skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann,\\ +ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: `ofveikr,\\ +ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā\\ +skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. + +Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok\\ +skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum\\ +gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok\\ +sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu;\\ +mælti þā hātt: `hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē\\ +at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: `sverð vār eru slæ ok\\ +brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk\\ +upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk\\ +mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā\\ +męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi\\ +hvar hann var sārr. + +Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms-\\ +mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest\\ +mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit.\\ +Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr\\ +jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda\\ +mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs,\\ +með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk\\ +svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er\\ +honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar\\ +varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā\\ +Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar,\\ +þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð\\ +þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum,\\ +þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok\\ +veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit\\ +lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn\\ +vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar\\ +ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. + +Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir\\ +hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok\\ +allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu\\ +in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit\\ +fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu,\\ +en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en\\ +lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir\\ +męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli\\ +stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir\\ +hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn\\ +hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu.\\ +Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka\\ +hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā\\ +yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari\\ +skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er\\ +lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā\\ +ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī\\ +eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn\\ +upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var\\ +hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar\\ +var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið\\ +gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum,\\ +þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall-\\ +freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp\\ +sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. + +Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við\\ +Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta,\\ +er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En\\ +þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði\\ +hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi\\ +jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda-\\ +snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir\\ +Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr\\ +konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat\\ +svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj-\\ +unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok\\ +eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar\\ +sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir\\ +verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis\\ +ī Noregi. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Auðun} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr\\ +utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs,\\ +ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með\\ +Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri,\\ +ok þā þessi laun af honum---utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā.\\ +Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður\\ +sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra\\ +bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok\\ +var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti\\ +bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands,\\ +ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir\\ +þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla\\ +eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til\\ +Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með\\ +sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins\\ +konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī\\ +landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af\\ +skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi\\ +konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi\\ +mikil, `ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn\\ +ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann\\ +konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan:\\ +`āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk\\ +eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: `villtu sęlja oss dȳrit\\ +við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: `eigi vil ek\\ +þat, herra!' `Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, `at ek gefa þēr tvau\\ +verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla\\ +þīna eigu.' `Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr\\ +mælti: `villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: `eigi, herra!'\\ +Konungr mælti: `hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar:\\ +`fara,' sęgir hann, `til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.'\\ +Haraldr konungr sęgir: `hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr\\ +at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa,\\ +eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask\\ +með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at\\ +nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: `herra! þat er ā yðru\\ +valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr\\ +ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: `hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir\\ +leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr,\\ +ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok\\ +kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' `Þvī heit ek þēr,'\\ +sagði Auðun. + +Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā\\ +til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr\\ +hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann\\ +kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt,\\ +ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit:\\ +`ek ætla,' sęgir hann, `at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki\\ +lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk\\ +ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; `en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, `at\\ +þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.'\\ +`Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar;\\ +en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta,\\ +at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en\\ +fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok\\ +er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem\\ +ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at\\ +hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt\\ +saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā\\ +gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir\\ +borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera,\\ +er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: `hvęrr\\ +er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: `ek em Īslęnzkr maðr,\\ +herra,' sęgir hann, `ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū\\ +af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k\\ +þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir\\ +mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu\\ +farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti:\\ +`er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' `Satt er þat,' sęgir hann.\\ +Konungr mælti: `ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek\\ +sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr\\ +gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok\\ +sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er\\ +hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar\\ +handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek\\ +mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu,\\ +ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun!\\ +kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr\\ +með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi\\ +um hrīð. + +Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung:\\ +`braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint:\\ +`hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, `ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?'\\ +Hann sęgir: `suðr vil ek ganga.' `Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott\\ +rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, `þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū\\ +fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit,\\ +ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr\\ +til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr.\\ +Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg.\\ +Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann\\ +aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran;\\ +gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum\\ +til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr\\ +matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr\\ +aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā\\ +staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju-\\ +skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi\\ +til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok\\ +hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik.\\ +Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun\\ +ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf\\ +ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld-\\ +sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum\\ +þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir\\ +hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr\\ +mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram\\ +at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr\\ +ūt, ok mælti: `gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik\\ +grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram,\\ +ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok\\ +þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd\\ +honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, `ok hęfir þū mikit\\ +skipazk,' segir hann, `sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr\\ +inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr\\ +sagði: `eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir\\ +hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra\\ +honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með\\ +honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr\\ +bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu\\ +gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing.\\ +Auðun sęgir: `Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er\\ +þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt\\ +til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: `þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga\\ +kosit.' Auðun mælti: `eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir\\ +hann, `at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn\\ +troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri\\ +er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar:\\ +`vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, `ok mannliga, ok muntu verða\\ +giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi\\ +mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til\\ +er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. + +Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā\\ +bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa,\\ +ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma\\ +þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa\\ +skipit. Þā spurði konungr: `hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā\\ +þetta skip?' Hann svarar: `vel, herra!' Konungr mælti:\\ +`þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann\\ +þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok\\ +skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: `þō\\ +villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek\\ +spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok\\ +hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr\\ +þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum\\ +gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af\\ +silfri, `ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir\\ +skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir\\ +konungr, `at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū\\ +fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō\\ +konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: `þō\\ +at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi\\ +ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa\\ +gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein\\ +konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,'\\ +sęgir hann, `at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga\\ +svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef\\ +þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok\\ +far nū heill!' + +Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja\\ +upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er\\ +hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds\\ +konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann\\ +fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr\\ +tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok `sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, `ok drekk\\ +hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon-\\ +ungr: `hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun\\ +svarar: `þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði:\\ +`launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?'\\ +Auðun svarar: `gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir\\ +Haraldr konungr: `mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr\\ +silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum\\ +gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' `Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir\\ +Auðun, `at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til\\ +mīn at lęggja.' `Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, `ok\\ +launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: `gaf hann mēr\\ +knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' `Þat\\ +var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, `en launat mynda ek þēr\\ +þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: `gaf\\ +hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan,\\ +ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr\\ +sagði: `þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt\\ +hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt\\ +launaði hann fleira?' `Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun,\\ +`at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi\\ +ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu\\ +ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn,\\ +ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni\\ +svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann\\ +fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr,\\ +dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði,\\ +sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu,\\ +ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk.\\ +Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um\\ +sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Þrymskviða} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +\begin{verse} +1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr,\gap er hann vaknaði,\\ +ok sīns hamars\gap of saknaði:\\ +skęgg nam at hrista,\gap skǫr nam at dȳja,\\ +rēð Jarðar burr\gap um at þreifask. + +2. Ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað:\\ +`heyr-ðu nū, Loki!\gap hvat ek nū mæli,\\ +er engi veit\gap jarðar hvęrgi\\ +nē upp-himins:\gap āss er stolinn hamri!' + +3. Gengu þeir fagra\gap Freyju tūna,\\ +ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað:\\ +`muntu mēr, Freyja!\gap fjaðr-hams ljā,\\ +ef ek minn hamar\gap mætta-k hitta?' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Freyja kvað: + +\begin{verse} +4. `Þō munda-k gefa þēr,\gap þōtt ōr gulli væri,\\ +ok-þō sęlja\gap at væri ōr silfri.' + +5. Flō þā Loki,\gap fjaðrhamr dunði,\\ +unz fyr utan kom\gap āsa garða,\\ +ok fyr innan kom\gap jǫtna heima. + +6. Þrymr sat ā haugi,\gap þursa drōttinn,\\ +greyjum sīnum\gap gull-bǫnd snöri\\ +ok mǫrum sīnum\gap mǫn jafnaði. +\end{verse} + +\noindent Þrymr kvað: + +\begin{verse} +7. `Hvat er með āsum?\gap hvat er með ālfum?\\ +hvī er-tu einn kominn\gap ī Jǫtunheima?' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Loki kvað: + +\begin{verse} +`Ilt er með āsum,\gap ilt er með ālfum;\\ +hęfir þū Hlō-riða\gap hamar of fōlginn?' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Þrymr kvað: + +\begin{verse} +8. `Ek hęfi Hlōriða\gap hamar of fōlginn\\ +ātta rǫstum\gap fyr jǫrð neðan;\\ +hann engi maðr\gap aptr of heimtir,\\ +nema fœri mēr\gap Freyju at kvān.' + +9. Flō þā Loki,\gap fjaðrhamr dunði,\\ +unz fyr utan kom\gap jǫtna heima\\ +ok fyr innan kom\gap āsa garða;\\ +mœtti hann Þōr\gap miðra garða,\\ +ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað: + +10. `Hęfir þū örindi\gap sem ęrfiði?\\ +sęg-ðu ā lopti\gap lǫng tīðindi:\\ +opt sitjanda\gap sǫgur of fallask,\\ +ok liggjandi\gap lygi of bęllir.' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Loki kvað: + +\begin{verse} +11. `Hęfi-k ęrfiði\gap ok örindi:\\ +Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar,\gap þursa drōttinn;\\ +hann engi maðr\gap aptr of heimtir,\\ +nema honum fœri\gap Freyju at kvān.' + +12. Ganga þeir fagra\gap Freyju at hitta,\\ +ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað:\\ +`bitt-u þik, Freyja,\gap brūðar līni!\\ +vit skulum aka tvau\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +13. Vreið varð þā Freyja\gap ok fnāsaði,\\ +allr āsa salr\gap undir bifðisk,\\ +stǫkk þat it mikla\gap męn Brīsinga:\\ +`mik veizt-u verða\gap ver-gjarnasta,\\ +ef ek ęk með þēr\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +14. Sęnn vāru æsir\gap allir ā þingi\\ +ok āsynjur\gap allar ā māli,\\ +ok of þat rēðu\gap rīkir tīvar,\\ +hvē þeir Hlōriða\gap hamar of sœtti. + +15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr,\gap hvītastr āsa\\ +(vissi hann vel fram,\gap sem vanir aðrir):\\ +`bindum vēr Þōr þā\gap brūðar līni,\\ +hafi hann it mikla\gap męn Brīsinga! + +16. Lātum und honum\gap hrynja lukla\\ +ok kvenn-vāðir\gap of knē falla,\\ +en ā brjōsti\gap breiða steina,\\ +ok hagliga\gap of hǫfuð typpum!' + +17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr,\gap þrūðugr āss:\\ +`mik munu æsir\gap argan kalla,\\ +ef ek bindask læt\gap brūðar līni.' + +18. Þā kvað þat Loki,\gap Laufeyjar sonr:\\ +`þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr!\gap þeira orða;\\ +þegar munu jǫtnar\gap Āsgarð būa,\\ +nema þū þinn hamar\gap þēr of heimtir.' + +19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā\gap brūðar līni\\ +ok inu mikla\gap męni Brīsinga. + +20. Lētu und honum\gap hrynja lukla\\ +ok kvenn-vāðir\gap of knē falla,\\ +en ā brjōsti\gap breiða steina,\\ +ok hagliga\gap of hǫfuð typðu. + +21. Þā kvað þat Loki,\gap Laufeyjar sonr:\\ +`mun ek ok með þēr\gap ambātt vera,\\ +vit skulum aka tvær\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +22. Sęnn vāru hafrar\gap heim of reknir,\\ +skyndir at skǫklum,\gap skyldu vel ręnna:\\ +bjǫrg brotnuðu,\gap brann jǫrð loga,\\ +ōk Ōðins sonr\gap ī Jǫtunheima. + +23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr,\gap þursa drōttinn:\\ +`standið upp, jǫtnar!\gap ok strāið bękki!\\ +nū fœra mēr\gap Freyju at kvān,\\ +Njarðar dōttur,\gap ōr Nōa-tūnum. + +24. Ganga hēr at garði\gap gull-hyrndar kȳr,\\ +öxn al-svartir\gap jǫtni at gamni;\\ +fjǫlð ā ek meiðma,\gap fjǫlð ā ek męnja,\\ +einnar mēr Freyju\gap āvant þykkir.' + +25. Var þar at kveldi\gap of komit snimma,\\ +ok fyr jǫtna\gap ǫl fram borit;\\ +einn āt oxa,\gap ātta laxa,\\ +krāsir allar,\gap þær er konur skyldu,\\ +drakk Sifjar verr\gap sāld þrjū mjaðar. + +26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr,\gap þursa drōttinn:\\ +`hvar sāttu brūðir\gap bīta hvassara?\\ +sāk-a-k brūðir\gap bīta breiðara,\\ +nē inn meira mjǫð\gap mey of drekka.' + +27. Sat in al-snotra\gap ambātt fyrir,\\ +er orð of fann\gap við jǫtuns māli:\\ +`āt vætr Freyja\gap ātta nāttum,\\ +svā var hon ōð-fūs\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +28. Laut und līnu,\gap lysti at kyssa,\\ +en hann utan stǫkk\gap ęnd-langan sal:\\ +`hvī eru ǫndōtt\gap augu Freyju?\\ +þykkir mēr ōr augum\gap eldr of bręnna.' + +29. Sat in alsnotra\gap ambātt fyrir,\\ +er orð of fann\gap við jǫtuns māli:\\ +`svaf vætr Freyja\gap ātta nāttum,\\ +svā var hon ōðfūs\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +30. Inn kom in arma\gap jǫtna systir,\\ +hin er brūð-fjār\gap of biðja þorði:\\ +`lāttu þēr af hǫndum\gap hringa rauða,\\ +ef þū ǫðlask vill\gap āstir mīnar,\\ +āstir mīnar,\gap alla hylli!' + +31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr,\gap þursa drōttinn:\\ +`berið inn hamar\gap brūði at vīgja,\\ +lęggið Mjǫllni\gap ī meyjar knē,\\ +vīgið okkr saman\gap Vārar hęndi!' + +32. Hlō Hlōriða\gap hugr ī brjōsti,\\ +er harð-hugaðr\gap hamar of þękði;\\ +Þrym drap hann fyrstan,\gap þursa drōttin,\\ +ok ætt jǫtuns\gap alla lamði. + +33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu\gap jǫtna systur,\\ +hin er brūðfjār\gap of beðit hafði;\\ +hon skell of hlaut\gap fyr skillinga,\\ +en hǫgg hamars\gap fyr hringa fjǫlð.\\ +Svā kom Ōðins sonr\gap ęndr at hamri. +\end{verse} + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Notes} + +The references marked Gr.\ are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. + + +\section{Thor} + +Line 3.\ \textbf{Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita}, `he reigns +(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e.\ in the place which is called +Þ\@. The plur.\ \textit{heita} agrees with \textit{þrūðvangar}, as in l.\ 14 +below: \textit{þat eru jārnglōfar} `that is (his) iron gloves.' + +l.\ 5.\ \textbf{þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt}, `that is the +largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e.\ the largest +house that has been built. Note the plur.\ \textit{hūs} of a single +house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being +often a detached building. + +l.\ 13.\ \textbf{spęnnir þeim}, Gr.\ § 154; cp.\ line 49 of +``Thor and Ūtgarðaloki.'' + +\section{Thor and Ūtgarðaloki} + +l.\ 1.\ \textbf{fōr með hafra sīna\ldots ok með honum sā, āss er\ldots} We +see here that \textit{með} generally takes an acc.\ to denote passive, +and a dat.\ to denote voluntary accompaniment. + +l.\ 5.\ \textbf{soðit} refers to some such subst.\ as \textit{slātr} (meat) +understood. + +l.\ 11.\ \textbf{sprętti ā\ldots} \textit{ā} is here an adv. + +l.\ 12.\ \textbf{til męrgjar.} \textit{til} here implies intention---to get at +the marrow. + +l.\ 20.\ \textbf{þat er sā augnanna}, `the little he saw of the eyes.'--- +Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the +man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight +of them. + +l.\ 21.\ The second \textbf{hann} refers, of course, to Thor. + +l.\ 34.\ \textbf{til myrkrs}, till it was dark. + +l.\ 36.\ \textbf{þeir}, the masc.\ instead of the neut.\ pl., as in l.\ 32 +\textbf{foll.}, showing that \textit{leituðu} is meant to refer only to +the men of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr.\ § 179.) + +l.\ 46.\ \textbf{sēr hvar lā maðr}, `saw where a man lay,' i.e.\ saw a man +lying. + +l.\ 51.\ \textbf{einu sinni}, for once in his life. + +l.\ 52.\ \textbf{nęfndisk Skrȳmir}, said his name was Skr. + +l.\ 66.\ \textbf{būið til} (\textit{prp.}) \textbf{nātt-verðar yðr}, prepare supper for +yourselves. + +l.\ 77.\ \textbf{Er þat þēr satt at sęgja}. \textit{satt} is in apposition to +\textit{þat}---`that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that\ldots' + +l.\ 88.\ \textbf{sjā sik}, see himself alive. + +l.\ 104.\ \textbf{þann} = \textit{þann veg}, that way, course. + +l.\ 108.\ \textbf{at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask}. The full sense is, +`that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might +meet again safe and sound.' + +l.\ 111.\ \textbf{sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr}, threw back the +backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e.\ threw +back their heads. + +l.\ 118.\ \textbf{œrit stōra}, `rather big,' i.e.\ very big. + +l.\ 120.\ \textbf{glotti um tǫnn}, `grinned round a tooth,' i.e.\ showed +his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS.\ read \textit{við} instead of +\textit{um}. + +l.\ 121.\ \textbf{er annan veg en ek hygg, at\ldots?} is it otherwise than +as I think, namely that\ldots? i.e.\ am I not right in thinking +that\ldots? + +l.\ 127.\ \textbf{engi er hēr sā inni er\ldots} = engi er hēr-inni sā-er\ldots + +l.\ 129.\ \textbf{freista skal}, Gr.\ § 192. + +l.\ 140.\ \textbf{kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē\ldots} `says that there +is more probability of that, namely that he is\ldots than of the +contrary,' i.e.\ says that he will have to be\ldots + +l.\ 150.\ \textbf{fōthvatari en svā}, `more swift-footed than so---under +these circumstances,' i.e.\ than you. + +l.\ 156.\ \textbf{ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn\ldots} = þā er Þjālfi eigi +kominn\ldots + +l.\ 172.\ \textbf{at sinni}, this time. + +l.\ 172.\ \textbf{hann}, acc. + +l.\ 173.\ \textbf{laut ōr horninu}, bent back from the horn. + +l.\ 188.\ \textbf{mestr} refers to \textit{drykkr} understood. + +l.\ 218.\ \textbf{kalli}, Gr.\ § 192. + +l.\ 241.\ \textbf{þō} refers to \textit{uni}. + + +\section{Balder} + +l.\ 7.\ \textbf{engi} agrees with \textit{dōmr}. + + +\section{The Death of Balder} + +l.\ 11.\ \textbf{hann}, acc. + +l.\ 20.\ \textbf{ungr}, too young. + +l.\ 31.\ \textbf{ū-happ} is in apposition to \textit{þat}; cp.\ line 7 +of ``Balder''. + +l.\ 33.\ \textbf{vāru með einum hug til\ldots} had the same feelings +towards. + +l.\ 36.\ \textbf{var\ldots fyrr}, was beforehand, prevented. + +l.\ 42.\ \textbf{vili}, subj.\ `whether he will';---change of construction. + +l.\ 55.\ \textbf{nema}, `unless,' here = `until.' + +l.\ 89.\ \textbf{heim}. This use of \textit{heim} in the sense of `someone +else's home.' is frequent. Cp.\ our `drive a nail home.' + +l.\ 94.\ \textbf{svā} refers to \textit{ok ef allir hlutir\ldots}, the \textit{ok} +being pleonastic. + +l.\ 108.\ \textbf{hvar}, cp.\ line 46 of ``Thor and Ūtgarðaloki.'' + +l.\ 113.\ \textbf{karl}, `old man,' here = Odin. + + +\section{Hēðinn and Hǫgni} + +l.\ 6.\ \textbf{Hēðinn} = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a +pronoun is frequent. + +l.\ 9.\ \textbf{þar}, cp.\ line 3 of ``Thor.'' + + +\section{The Death of Olaf Tryggvason} + +l.\ 17.\ \textbf{svā at}, so that, i.e.\ just when. + +l.\ 30.\ \textbf{er}, namely that. + +l.\ 33.\ \textbf{austan at sigla}, is in a kind of apposition to +\textit{fęrðina}. + +l.\ 40.\ \textbf{svā}, also. + +l.\ 48.\ \textbf{muni fyrir}, awaits you, is impending. + +l.\ 53.\ \textbf{meira}, adv., better, faster. + +l.\ 149.\ \textbf{bar hann hātt}, impers.\ w.\ acc.; he was in a conspicuous +place. + +l.\ 244.\ \textbf{við fimtānda mann}, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. + +l.\ 259.\ \textbf{vāpna} is governed by the second half of the genitival +compound \textit{klæða-būnað}, which is here considered as two +independent words. + + +\section{Auðun} + +l.\ 17.\ \textbf{var fyrir}, was to be found. + +l.\ 26.\ \textbf{tvau verð slīk}, double the price you gave. + +l.\ 55.\ \textbf{fē} is probably dat.\ here, but may be nom. + +l.\ 56.\ \textbf{ęptir sem\ldots}, according as, in accordance with what. + +l.\ 64.\ \textbf{nū\ldots nū}, lately\ldots just now. + +l.\ 116.\ \textbf{hęldr} is here used pleonastically in a kind of +apposition to the preceding \textit{bętr}. + +l.\ 125.\ \textbf{en}, and = while. + +l.\ 129.\ \textbf{þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at\ldots}, this single thing +is the case, namely that\ldots i.e.\ the only thing is that\ldots + + +\section{Þrymskviða} + +l.\ 7.\ \textbf{jarðar} is governed by \textit{hvęrgi}. + +l.\ 9.\ \textbf{tūna}. Poetical construction of gen.\ to denote goal of +motion. + +l.\ 15.\ \textbf{þō} goes with the following \textit{at} = \textit{ok sęlja, þōat (þōtt) +væri ōr silfri}. + +l.\ 32.\ \textbf{fœri} may be either sg.\ or pl.\ 3 pers. + + + +\part{Glossary} + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{Introductory Notes} + +æ \textit{follows} að, ð \textit{follows} d, ę \textit{follows} e, œ +\textit{follows} oð, ǫ \textit{follows} o, ö \textit{follows} ǫ, þ +\textit{follows} t. + +The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. + +(-rs) etc.\ means that the \textit{r} of the nom.\ is kept in inflection. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{A} + +\noindent +\textbf{-a} \textit{adv.} not. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā} \textit{sf.} river. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eiga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} on, in. + +\noindent +\textbf{āðr} \textit{adv., cj.} before. + +\noindent +\textbf{aðrir} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{annar}. + +\noindent +\textbf{æsir} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{āss}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ætla} \textit{wv.} 3, consider, deem: `ætlask fyrir,' intend. + +\noindent +\textbf{ætt} \textit{sf.} 2, race, descent, family. + +\noindent +\textbf{ætta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eiga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{af} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} from; of; with; \textit{adv.} `drekka af,' drink off. + +\noindent +\textbf{af-hūs} \textit{sn.} out-house, side room. + +\noindent +\textbf{afl} \textit{sn.} strength, might. + +\noindent +\textbf{af-taka} \textit{wf.} damage, injury. + +\noindent +\textbf{āgætliga} \textit{adv.} splendidly. + +\noindent +\textbf{aka} \textit{sv.} 2, drive (a chariot, etc.). + +\noindent +\textbf{ākafliga} \textit{adv.} vehemently, hard---`kalla a.' call loudly. + +\noindent +\textbf{akarn} \textit{sn.} acorn. + +\noindent +\textbf{akkeri} \textit{sn.} anchor. + +\noindent +\textbf{ālar-ęndir} \textit{sm.} thong-end, end of a strap. + +\noindent +\textbf{al-būinn} \textit{adj.\ w.\ gen.} quite ready. + +\noindent +\textbf{aldinn} \textit{adj.} old. + +\noindent +\textbf{aldri} \textit{adv.} never. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-lęngðar} \textit{adv.} for some time. + +\noindent +\textbf{ālfr} \textit{sm.} elf. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-lit} \textit{snpl.} appearance, countenance [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-harðr} \textit{adj.} very hard, very violent. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-lītill} \textit{adj.} very little. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-mann-skœðr} \textit{adj.} (very injurious to men), very murderous + (of a battle) [skaði, `injury']. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-mikill} \textit{adj.} very great. + +\noindent +\textbf{allr} \textit{adj.} all, whole; `með ǫllu,' entirely; `alls fyrst,' + first of all. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-stōrum} \textit{adv.} very greatly. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-valdr} \textit{sm.} monarch, king. + +\noindent +\textbf{al-snotr} \textit{adj.} very clever. + +\noindent +\textbf{al-svartr} \textit{adj.} very black, coal-black. + +\noindent +\textbf{alt} \textit{adv.} quite. + +\noindent +\textbf{ambātt} \textit{sf.} 2, female slave, maid. + +\noindent +\textbf{and-lit} \textit{sn.} face [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{annarr} \textit{prn.} second; following, next; other; one of the + two---`annar\ldots annarr,' one\ldots the other. + +\noindent +\textbf{aptann} \textit{sm.} evening. + +\noindent +\textbf{aptastr} \textit{adj.} most behind. + +\noindent +\textbf{aptr} \textit{adv.} back, backwards, behind. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār} \textit{sf.} oar. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār} \textit{sn.} year. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{argr} \textit{adj.} cowardly, base. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār-maðr} \textit{sm.} steward. + +\noindent +\textbf{armr} \textit{adj.} wretched. + +\noindent +\textbf{ās-męgin} \textit{sn.} divine strength. + +\noindent +\textbf{āss} \textit{sm.} 3, (Scandinavian) god. + +\noindent +\textbf{āst} \textit{sf.} 2, affection, love, \textit{often in pl.} + +\noindent +\textbf{āst-sæll} \textit{adj.} beloved, popular. [sæll, `happy']. + +\noindent +\textbf{āsynja} \textit{wf.} (Scandinavian) goddess [āss]. + +\noindent +\textbf{āt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{at} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance + with, after. + +\noindent +\textbf{at} \textit{adv.} to. + +\noindent +\textbf{-at} \textit{adv.} not. + +\noindent +\textbf{at-laga} \textit{wf.} attack [lęggja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{at-rōðr (-rar)} \textit{sm.} 2, rowing against, attack. + +\noindent +\textbf{ātta} \textit{num.} eight. + +\noindent +\textbf{ātta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eiga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{auð-kęndr} \textit{adj.} easy to be recognized, easily + distinguishable. + +\noindent +\textbf{auðr} \textit{adj.} desert, deserted, without men. + +\noindent +\textbf{auð-sēnn} \textit{adj.} evident. + +\noindent +\textbf{auga} \textit{wn.} eye. + +\noindent +\textbf{aug-sȳn} \textit{sf.} sight. + +\noindent +\textbf{auka} \textit{sv.} 1, increase; \textit{impers., w.\ dat.\ of what is + added} `jōk nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation + increased). + +\noindent +\textbf{austan} \textit{adv.} from the east. + +\noindent +\textbf{aust-maðr} \textit{sm.} Easterner, Norwegian. + +\noindent +\textbf{austr} \textit{sn.} the east---`ī au.,' eastwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{austr} \textit{adv.} eastwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{austr-vegr} \textit{sm.} the East, \textit{especially} Russia. + +\noindent +\textbf{āvalt} \textit{adv.} continually, all the time. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-vanr} \textit{adj.} wanting; \textit{impers.\ neut.\ in} `einnar + mēr Freyju āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-vinnr} \textit{adj.} toilsome, \textit{only in the impers.\ neut.} + `mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{B} + +\noindent +\textbf{bað} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{biðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāðir} \textit{prn.} both, \textit{neut.\ as adv.\ in} `bæði\ldots ok,' + both\ldots and. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{biðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bǣða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{biðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bǣði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bāðir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{baggi} \textit{wm.} bag; bundle. + +\noindent +\textbf{bak} \textit{sn.} back, `vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with + the back, i.e.\ turns one's back to it = be a coward. + +\noindent +\textbf{bak-borði} \textit{wm.} larboard. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāl} \textit{sn.} flame; funeral pile. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāl-fǫr} \textit{sf.} funeral. + +\noindent +\textbf{bani} \textit{wm.} death. + +\noindent +\textbf{bar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bardagi} \textit{wm.} battle. + +\noindent +\textbf{barð} \textit{sn.} edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship + formed by the continuation of the keel. + +\noindent +\textbf{barða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bęrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{barði} \textit{wm.} war-ship with a sharp prow, ram. + +\noindent +\textbf{barn} \textit{sn.} child. + +\noindent +\textbf{batt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{binda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bauð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{beiða} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.\ of thing and dat.\ of pers. + benefited}, ask, demand. + +\noindent +\textbf{bein} \textit{sn.} bone. + +\noindent +\textbf{bękkr} \textit{sm.} 2, bench. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęlla} \textit{wv.} 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, \textit{generally + in a bad sense}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bera} \textit{sv.} 4, carry, take; bear, endure. \textbf{berask at}, + happen. \textbf{b.\ fram}, bring forward, out. \textbf{b.\ vāpn niðr}, + shoot down. \textbf{b.\ rāð sīn saman}, hold council, deliberate. + +\noindent +\textbf{berg-risi} \textit{wm.} hill-giant. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, strike---`b.\ grjōti,' stone. \textbf{bęrjask}, + fight. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęrr} \textit{adj.} bare, unsheathed (of a sword). + +\noindent +\textbf{ber-sęrkr} \textit{sm.} 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally + `bear-shirt,' i.e.\ one clothed in a bear's skin.] + +\noindent +\textbf{bętr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vel}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bętri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gōðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęzt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vel}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęztr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gōðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{beygja} \textit{wv.} 1, bend, arch. + +\noindent +\textbf{bīða} \textit{sv.} 6, \textit{w.\ gen.} wait for; \textit{w.\ acc.} + abide, undergo. + +\noindent +\textbf{biðja} \textit{sv.} 5, ask, beg, pray, \textit{w.\ gen.\ of thing, acc. + of the pers.\ asked, and dat.\ of the person benefited}; express a + wish, bid---`bað hann vel kominn' (vera \textit{understood}), bad + him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell. + +\noindent +\textbf{bifask} \textit{wv.} 1, tremble, shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{bil} \textit{sn.} moment of time. + +\noindent +\textbf{bila} \textit{wv.} 2, fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{bilt} \textit{neut.\ adj.} \textit{only in the impers.} `einum verðr + bilt,' one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid. + +\noindent +\textbf{binda} \textit{sv.} 3, bind, tie up; dress. + +\noindent +\textbf{birta} \textit{wv.} 1, show [bjartr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{bīta} \textit{sv.} 6, bite; cut. + +\noindent +\textbf{bittu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{binda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bitu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bīta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjarn-dȳri} \textit{sn.} bear. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjartr} \textit{adj.} bright, clear. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{būa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjōða} \textit{sv.} 7, \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} offer, + propose---`b.\ einum fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. + \textbf{b.\ upp}, give up. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjǫrg} \textit{sf.} help; means of subsistence, store of food. + +\noindent +\textbf{blāsa} \textit{sv.} 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal. + +\noindent +\textbf{bleyða} \textit{wf.} coward. + +\noindent +\textbf{blīða} \textit{wf.} gentleness, friendliness. + +\noindent +\textbf{blindr} \textit{adj.} blind. + +\noindent +\textbf{blōð} \textit{sn.} blood. + +\noindent +\textbf{blōt-bolli} \textit{wm.} sacrificial bowl. + +\noindent +\textbf{bœtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bōt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{boga-skot} \textit{sn.} bowshot. + +\noindent +\textbf{bogi} \textit{wm.} bow. + +\noindent +\textbf{bog-maðr} \textit{sm.} bowman, archer. + +\noindent +\textbf{bōndi} \textit{sm.} 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{borð} \textit{sn.} side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between + the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it---`nū er gott beranda + b.\ ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the + horn, i.e.\ its contents are so diminished that it can be + lifted without spilling. + +\noindent +\textbf{borg} \textit{sf.} fortress, castle. + +\noindent +\textbf{borg-hlið} \textit{sn.} castle gate. + +\noindent +\textbf{bōt} \textit{sf.} 3, mending, improvement; \textit{plur.} \textbf{bœtr}, + compensation. + +\noindent +\textbf{bǫrn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{barn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brā} \textit{sf.} eyelid. + +\noindent +\textbf{brā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bregða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bragð} \textit{sn.} trick, stratagem [bregða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{brann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bręnna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brast} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bresta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brātt} \textit{adv.} quickly. + +\noindent +\textbf{braut} \textit{sf.} way---\textbf{ā braut}, \textit{adv.} away. + +\noindent +\textbf{braut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{braut, brott} \textit{adv.} away. + +\noindent +\textbf{bregða} \textit{sv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} jerk, pull, push; + \textbf{b.\ upp}, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform. + +\noindent +\textbf{breiðr} \textit{adj.} broad. + +\noindent +\textbf{bręnna} \textit{wf.} burning; incremation. + +\noindent +\textbf{bręnna} \textit{sv.} 3, burn \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{bręnna} \textit{wv.} 1, burn \textit{trans.} + +\noindent +\textbf{bresta} \textit{sv.} 3, break, crack, burst. + +\noindent +\textbf{brestr} \textit{sm.} crack; loss. + +\noindent +\textbf{brjōst} \textit{sn.} breast. + +\noindent +\textbf{brjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, break---`b.\ (skip)' suffer shipwreck, + \textit{also impers.} `skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked. + +\noindent +\textbf{broddr} \textit{sm.} point. + +\noindent +\textbf{brōðir} \textit{sm.} 4, brother. + +\noindent +\textbf{brotinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brotna} \textit{wv.} 3, break \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{brott} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{braut}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brott-laga} \textit{sf.} retreat. + +\noindent +\textbf{brū} \textit{sf.} bridge. + +\noindent +\textbf{brūð-fē} \textit{sn.} bridal gift. + +\noindent +\textbf{brūðr} \textit{sf.} 2, bride. + +\noindent +\textbf{brūn} \textit{sf.} 3, eyebrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{bryggja} \textit{wf.} pier. + +\noindent +\textbf{brynja} \textit{wf.} corslet. + +\noindent +\textbf{brȳnn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brūn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bryn-stūka} \textit{wf.} corslet-sleeve. + +\noindent +\textbf{bryti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brȳtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bū} \textit{sn.} dwelling, home. + +\noindent +\textbf{būa} \textit{sv.} 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. + \textbf{būask}, get ready, prepare \textit{intr.} `er būit við at\ldots' + it is likely to be that\ldots, there is danger of\ldots + +\noindent +\textbf{buðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{būinn} \textit{adj.} ready; in a certain condition---`(við) svā + būit' \textit{adv.} under such circumstances; capable, fit for---`vel + at sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at). + +\noindent +\textbf{bundu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{binda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{burr} \textit{sm.} son. + +\noindent +\textbf{bȳðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bȳr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{būa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{byrja} \textit{wv.} 3, begin. + +\noindent +\textbf{byr-vænn} \textit{adj.} promising a fair wind. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{D} + +\noindent +\textbf{daga} \textit{wv.} 3, dawn. + +\noindent +\textbf{dagan} \textit{sf.} dawn. + +\noindent +\textbf{dagr} \textit{sm.} day. + +\noindent +\textbf{dalr} \textit{sm.} valley. + +\noindent +\textbf{dauðr} \textit{adj.} dead. + +\noindent +\textbf{dęgi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{dagr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{deyja} \textit{sv.} 2, die. + +\noindent +\textbf{djūpr} \textit{adj.} deep. + +\noindent +\textbf{dō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{deyja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dōmr} \textit{sm.} decision. + +\noindent +\textbf{dōttir} \textit{sf.} 3, daughter. + +\noindent +\textbf{dǫgurðr} \textit{sm.} breakfast [-urð = -verðr, \textit{cp.} nāttverðr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{dōkkr (-vir)} \textit{adj.} dark. + +\noindent +\textbf{draga} \textit{sv.} 2, draw, drag. \textbf{d.\ saman}, collect. + +\noindent +\textbf{drakk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drekka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drap} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drepa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{draumr} \textit{sm.} dream. + +\noindent +\textbf{dręginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{draga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dreif} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drīfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dręki} \textit{wm.} dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head + as a beak. + +\noindent +\textbf{drekka} \textit{sv.} 3, drink. + +\noindent +\textbf{drepa} \textit{sv.} 5, strike; kill. + +\noindent +\textbf{dreyma} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and acc.\ of the + thing} dream [draumr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{drīfa} \textit{sv.} 6, drive; hasten. + +\noindent +\textbf{drjūpa} \textit{sv.} 7, drop. + +\noindent +\textbf{drō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{draga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drōgu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{draga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drōttinn} \textit{sm.} lord. + +\noindent +\textbf{drōttin-hollr} \textit{adj.} faithful to its master. + +\noindent +\textbf{drukkinn} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} drunk. + +\noindent +\textbf{drupu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drjūpa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drykkja} \textit{wf.} drinking [drekka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{drykkju-maðr} \textit{sm.} drinker. + +\noindent +\textbf{drykkr} \textit{sm.} 2, draught. + +\noindent +\textbf{duna} \textit{wv.} 3, resound. + +\noindent +\textbf{dunði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{dynja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dvalða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{dvęlja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dvęlja} \textit{wv.} 1b, delay. \textbf{dvęljask}, dwell, stop. + +\noindent +\textbf{dvergr} \textit{sm.} dwarf. + +\noindent +\textbf{dyðrill} \textit{sm.} (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{dȳja} \textit{wv.} 1b, shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{dynja} \textit{wv.} 1b, resound. + +\noindent +\textbf{dȳr} \textit{sn.} animal, beast. + +\noindent +\textbf{dyrr} \textit{sfnpl.} door. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{E} + +\noindent +\textbf{eða} \textit{cj.} or. + +\noindent +\textbf{ef} \textit{cj.} if. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, perform, carry out. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęggja} \textit{wv.} 3, incite. + +\noindent +\textbf{eiðr} \textit{sm.} oath. + +\noindent +\textbf{eiga} \textit{wf.} property. + +\noindent +\textbf{eiga} \textit{swv.} possess, have: have as wife, be married to; + have \textit{in the sense of} must. + +\noindent +\textbf{eigi} \textit{adv.} not; no. + +\noindent +\textbf{eign} \textit{sf.} property. + +\noindent +\textbf{eignask} \textit{wv.} 3, appropriate, gain. + +\noindent +\textbf{eik} \textit{sf.} 3, oak. + +\noindent +\textbf{einka-māl} \textit{snpl.} personal agreement, special treaty. + +\noindent +\textbf{einn} \textit{num., prn.} one; the same; a certain, a; alone, + only---`einn saman,' alone, mere. + +\noindent +\textbf{einn-hvęrr} \textit{prn.} a certain, some, a. + +\noindent +\textbf{eira} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} spare. + +\noindent +\textbf{eitr} \textit{sn.} poison. + +\noindent +\textbf{ek} \textit{prn.} I. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{aka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ekki} \textit{prn.\ neut.} nothing; \textit{adv.} not. + +\noindent +\textbf{eldr} \textit{sm.} fire. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęlli} \textit{wf.} old age. + +\noindent +\textbf{ellifti} \textit{adj.} eleventh. + +\noindent +\textbf{ellifu} \textit{num.} eleven. + +\noindent +\textbf{em} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{en} \textit{cj.} but; and. + +\noindent +\textbf{en} \textit{adv.} than, \textit{after compar.} + +\noindent +\textbf{ęndask} \textit{wv.} 1, end, suffice for. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęndi, ęndir} \textit{sm.} end. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęnd-langr} \textit{adj.} the whole length---`ęndlangan sal,' the + whole length of the hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęndr} \textit{adv.} again. + +\noindent +\textbf{engi} \textit{prn.} none, no. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęnn} \textit{adv.} yet, still; besides; after all. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęptir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.} after (of time). \textit{w. + dat.} along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. + \textit{adv.} afterwards; behind [aptr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęptri} \textit{adj.\ compar.} hind. + +\noindent +\textbf{er} \textit{prn.\ rel.} who, which, \textit{rel.\ adv.} where; + when; because, that. + +\noindent +\textbf{er} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{er} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęrfiði} \textit{sn.} work; trouble. + +\noindent +\textbf{ert} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{eru} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{eta} \textit{sv.} 5, eat. + +\noindent +\textbf{ey} \textit{sf.} island. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{F} + +\noindent +\textbf{fā} \textit{sv.} 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. + \textbf{fāsk}, wrestle. \textbf{fāsk ā}, be obtained, be. + +\noindent +\textbf{faðir} \textit{sm.} 4, father. + +\noindent +\textbf{fær} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fæstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fār}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fagnaðr} \textit{sm.} 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality. + +\noindent +\textbf{fagr} \textit{adj.} beautiful, fair, fine. + +\noindent +\textbf{fagrliga} \textit{adv.} finely. + +\noindent +\textbf{fall} \textit{sn.} fall. + +\noindent +\textbf{falla} \textit{sv.} 1, fall. \textbf{fallask}, be forgotten, + fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{fang} \textit{sn.} embrace, grasp; wrestling. + +\noindent +\textbf{fann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{finna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fār} \textit{adj.} few---\textit{neut.} fātt \textit{w.\ gen.}: + `fātt manna,' few men. + +\noindent +\textbf{fara} \textit{} go, travel---\textit{w.\ gen.\ in such constr.\ as} + `f.\ fęrðar sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; + experience; `f.\ með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use + up \textit{w.\ dat.} \textbf{farask} \textit{impers.\ in} `fęrsk þeim vel,' + they have a good passage. + +\noindent +\textbf{farmr} \textit{sm.} lading, cargo. + +\noindent +\textbf{fastr} \textit{adj.} firm, fast, strong. + +\noindent +\textbf{fē} \textit{sn.} property, money. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęðrum} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{faðir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fekk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęgrð} \textit{sf.} beauty [fagr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęgrstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fagr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{feikn-stafir} \textit{smpl.} 2, wickedness. + +\noindent +\textbf{fela} \textit{sv.} 3, hide. + +\noindent +\textbf{fēlagi} \textit{wm.} companion. + +\noindent +\textbf{fē-lauss} \textit{adj.} penniless. + +\noindent +\textbf{fē-lītill} \textit{adj.} with little money, poor. + +\noindent +\textbf{fell} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{falla}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęlla} \textit{wv.} 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fengu, fęnginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęrð} \textit{sf.} 2, journey [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fer-skeyttr} \textit{adj.} four-cornered. + +\noindent +\textbf{fimm} \textit{num.} five. + +\noindent +\textbf{fimtāndi} \textit{adj.} fifteenth. + +\noindent +\textbf{finna} \textit{sv.} 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjaðr-hamr} \textit{sm.} feathered (winged) coat. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjall} \textit{sn.} mountain. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjār} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fē}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjara} \textit{sf.} ebb-tide; beach. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjogur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fjōrir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjōrði} \textit{adj.} fourth. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjōrir} \textit{num.} four. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫlð} \textit{wf.} quantity. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫl-kyngi} \textit{sn.} magic. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫl-męnni} \textit{sn.} multitude; troop [maðr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫrðr} \textit{sm.} 3, firth. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫrur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fjara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flā} \textit{sv.} 2, flay, skin. + +\noindent +\textbf{flaug} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fljūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flęginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{flā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flestr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{margr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fljōta} \textit{sv.} 7, float, drift. + +\noindent +\textbf{fljūga} \textit{sv.} 7, fly. + +\noindent +\textbf{flō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fljūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{floti} \textit{wm.} fleet [fljōtal. + +\noindent +\textbf{flōtti} \textit{wm.} flight [flȳja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{flugu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fljūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fluttu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{flytja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flȳja} \textit{wv.} 1, flee. + +\noindent +\textbf{flytja} \textit{wv.} 1b, remove, bring. + +\noindent +\textbf{fnāsa} \textit{wv.} 3, snort. + +\noindent +\textbf{fœra} \textit{wv.} 1, bring, take; fasten [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fœrir} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fœti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fōt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōlginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fela}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōlk} \textit{sn.} multitude, troop; people. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{for-tǫlur} \textit{wpl.} representations, arguments [tala]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōstra} \textit{wf.} nurse. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōt-hvatr} \textit{adj.} swift-footed. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōtr} \textit{sm.} foot; leg. + +\noindent +\textbf{fǫður} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{faðir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fǫr} \textit{sf.} journey [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fǫru-neyti} \textit{sn.} company [njōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{frā} \textit{prp.} from, away from; about, concerning. `ī frā' + \textit{adv.} away. + +\noindent +\textbf{frændi} \textit{sm.} 4, relation. + +\noindent +\textbf{frā-fall} \textit{sn.} death. + +\noindent +\textbf{fram} \textit{adv.} forward, forth. \textit{compar.} \textbf{framar}, + ahead. + +\noindent +\textbf{framastr} \textit{adj.\ superl.} chief, most distinguished. + +\noindent +\textbf{frami} \textit{wm.} advantage, courage. + +\noindent +\textbf{framiðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fręmja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fram-stafn} \textit{sm.} prow. + +\noindent +\textbf{frā-sǫgn} \textit{sf.} narrative, relation. + +\noindent +\textbf{freista} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ gen.} try, test. + +\noindent +\textbf{fręmja} \textit{wv.} 1b, perform [fram]. + +\noindent +\textbf{friðr} \textit{sm.} 2, peace. + +\noindent +\textbf{frīðr} \textit{adj.} beautiful, fine. + +\noindent +\textbf{frōðr} \textit{adj.} learned, wise. + +\noindent +\textbf{frœkn} \textit{adj.} bold, daring. + +\noindent +\textbf{frost} \textit{sn.} frost. + +\noindent +\textbf{fugl} \textit{sm.} bird. + +\noindent +\textbf{full-kominn} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} complete; ready (for). + +\noindent +\textbf{fullr} \textit{adj.} full. + +\noindent +\textbf{fundr} \textit{sm.} 2, meeting [finna]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fundu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{finna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{furðu} \textit{adv.} awfully, very. + +\noindent +\textbf{fūss} \textit{adj.} eager. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylgja} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} follow; accompany. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylki} \textit{sn.} troop [fōlk]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylkja} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} draw up (troops) [fōlk]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylla} \textit{wv.} 1, fill [fullr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyr, fyrir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} before; beyond, + over---`f.\ borð,' overboard; instead of---`koma f.' \textit{adv.} be + given as compensation; for; because of. `f.\ þvī at,' because. + `lītill f.\ sēr,' insignificant. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrir-rūm} \textit{sn.} fore-hold, chief-cabin. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrirrūms-maðr} \textit{sm.} man in the fore-hold. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrr} \textit{adv.} \textit{compar.} before, formerly. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{fyrst}, first. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrri} \textit{adj.} \textit{compar.} former. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{fyrstr}, first. + +\noindent +\textbf{fȳsa} \textit{wv.} 1, hasten \textit{trans.---impers.} `braut fȳsir + mik,' I feel a desire to go away [fūss]. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{G} + +\noindent +\textbf{gā} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.} heed, care for. + +\noindent +\textbf{gæfa} \textit{wf.} luck [gefa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{gæta} \textit{wv.} 1, watch, take care of [geta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{gaf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gefa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gæfu-maðr} \textit{sm.} lucky man. + +\noindent +\textbf{gaflak} \textit{sn.} javelin. + +\noindent +\textbf{gamall} \textit{adj.} old. + +\noindent +\textbf{gaman} \textit{sn.} amusement, joy. + +\noindent +\textbf{ganga} \textit{sv.} 1, go, \textit{with gen.\ of goal in poetry}; + attack---`g.\ ā skip,' board a ship. \textbf{g.\ af}, be finished. + \textbf{g.\ til}, come up. \textbf{g.\ upp}, land; board a ship; be + used up, expended (of money). + +\noindent +\textbf{garðr} \textit{sm.} enclosure, court; dwelling. + +\noindent +\textbf{gat} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{geta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gefa} \textit{sv.} 5, give. + +\noindent +\textbf{gęgnum, ī gęgnum} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ gen.} through. + +\noindent +\textbf{gekk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ganga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gęlti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gǫltr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gęnginn, gęngr, gengu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ganga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{geta} \textit{sv.} 5, \textit{w.\ gen.} mention, speak of; guess, + suppose. + +\noindent +\textbf{geysi} \textit{adv.} excessively. + +\noindent +\textbf{gipta} \textit{wf.} luck [gefa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{giptu-maðr} \textit{sm.} lucky man. + +\noindent +\textbf{gjafar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gjǫf}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gjǫf} \textit{sf.} gift. + +\noindent +\textbf{glotta} \textit{wv.} 2, smile maliciously, grin. + +\noindent +\textbf{glæsiligr} \textit{adj.} magnificent. + +\noindent +\textbf{gnȳr} \textit{sm.} din, noise. + +\noindent +\textbf{gōðr} \textit{adj.} good---`gott er til eins,' it is easy to get + at, obtain. + +\noindent +\textbf{gōlf} \textit{sn.} floor; apartment, room. + +\noindent +\textbf{gott} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gōðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫfugr} \textit{adj.} distinguished [gefa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫltr} \textit{sm.} 3, boar. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫmul} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gamall}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫ̈ra} \textit{wv.} 1c, do, make. \textbf{gǫ̈rask}, set about + doing; be made into, become. \textbf{gǫ̈ra at}, accomplish, + carry out. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫ̈rsimi} \textit{wf.} article of value, treasure. + +\noindent +\textbf{granda} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} injure. + +\noindent +\textbf{grār} \textit{adj.} gray. + +\noindent +\textbf{gras} \textit{sn.} grass; plant, flower. + +\noindent +\textbf{grāta} \textit{sv.} 1, weep, mourn for. + +\noindent +\textbf{grātr} \textit{sm.} weeping. + +\noindent +\textbf{greiða} \textit{wv.} 1, put in order, arrange. + +\noindent +\textbf{greip} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{grīpa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gres-jārn} \textit{sn.} iron wire (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{grey} \textit{sn.} dog. + +\noindent +\textbf{grið} \textit{snpl.} peace, security. + +\noindent +\textbf{griða-staðr} \textit{sm.} sanctuary. + +\noindent +\textbf{grind} \textit{sf.} 3, lattice door, wicket. + +\noindent +\textbf{grīpa} \textit{sv.} 6, seize. + +\noindent +\textbf{gripr} \textit{sm.} 2, article of value, treasure. + +\noindent +\textbf{grjōt} \textit{sn.} stone (collectively). + +\noindent +\textbf{grōa} \textit{sv.} 1, grow; heal. + +\noindent +\textbf{grœr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{grōa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gruna} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{impers.}---`mik grunar,' I + suspect, think. + +\noindent +\textbf{grunr} \textit{sm.} 2, suspicion. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull} \textit{sn.} gold. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-band} \textit{sn.} gold band. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-būinn} \textit{adj.} adorned with gold. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-hringr} \textit{sm.} gold ring. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-hyrndr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} with gilt horns. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-roðinn} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} gilt. + +\noindent +\textbf{gȳgr} \textit{sf.} giantess. + +\noindent +\textbf{gyltr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} gilt. + +\noindent +\textbf{gyrða} \textit{wv.} 1, gird. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{H} + +\noindent +\textbf{hæstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hār}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hætta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} desist from, stop. + +\noindent +\textbf{hættligr} \textit{adj.} dangerous, threatening. + +\noindent +\textbf{hættr} \textit{adj.} dangerous. + +\noindent +\textbf{haf} \textit{sn.} sea. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafa} \textit{wv.} 1, have; `h.\ einn nær einu,' bring near to, + expose to; use, utilize. \textbf{at hafask}, undertake. \textbf{til + hafa}, have at hand. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafna} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫfn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafr} \textit{sm.} goat. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafr-staka} \textit{wf.} goatskin. + +\noindent +\textbf{hagliga} \textit{adv.} neatly. + +\noindent +\textbf{hagr} \textit{sm.} condition; advantage---`þēr mun h.\ ā vera,' + will avail thee, be profitable to you. + +\noindent +\textbf{hag-stœðr} \textit{adj.} favourable. + +\noindent +\textbf{halda} \textit{sv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} hold (also with prp. + \textit{ā}); keep. \textit{w.\ acc.} observe, keep (laws, etc.). + \textit{intr.} take a certain direction, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{hālfr} \textit{adj.} half. + +\noindent +\textbf{hālfu} \textit{adv.} by half, half as much again. + +\noindent +\textbf{hallar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫll}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hallar-gōlf} \textit{sn.} hall floor. + +\noindent +\textbf{haltr} \textit{adj.} lame. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamarr} \textit{sm.} hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamars-muðr} \textit{sm.} thin end of hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamar-skapt} \textit{sn.} handle of a hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamar-spor} \textit{sn.} mark made by a hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hana} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{handar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫnd}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hand-skot} \textit{sn.} throwing with the hand. + +\noindent +\textbf{hand-tękinn} \textit{ptc.\ pret.} taken by hand, taken alive. + +\noindent +\textbf{hann} \textit{prn.} he. + +\noindent +\textbf{hār} \textit{sn.} hair. + +\noindent +\textbf{hār} \textit{adj.} high. + +\noindent +\textbf{harð-hugaðr} \textit{adj.} stern of mood. + +\noindent +\textbf{harðr} \textit{adj.} hard; strong. + +\noindent +\textbf{harð-skeytr} \textit{adj.} strong-shooting [skjōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{harmr} \textit{sm.} grief. + +\noindent +\textbf{hāski} \textit{wm.} danger. + +\noindent +\textbf{hā-sæti} \textit{sn.} high seat, dais [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hāsætis-kista} \textit{sf.} chest under the dais. + +\noindent +\textbf{hātt} \textit{adv.} high; loudly. + +\noindent +\textbf{haugr} \textit{sm.} mound. + +\noindent +\textbf{hauss} \textit{sm.} skull. + +\noindent +\textbf{heðan} \textit{adv.} hence. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęfi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hafa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęfja} \textit{sv.} 2, raise, lift; begin. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.} revenge, avenge. + +\noindent +\textbf{heill} \textit{adj.} sound, safe, prosperous. + +\noindent +\textbf{heil-rǣði} \textit{sn.} sound advice, good advice [rāð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{heim} \textit{adv.} to one's home, home (domum). + +\noindent +\textbf{heima} \textit{adv.} at home (domi). + +\noindent +\textbf{heima-maðr} \textit{sm.} man of the household. + +\noindent +\textbf{heim-fūss} \textit{adj.} longing to go home, homesick. + +\noindent +\textbf{heimr} \textit{sm.} home, dwelling; world. + +\noindent +\textbf{heimta} \textit{wv.} 1, fetch, obtain, get back. + +\noindent +\textbf{heita} \textit{sv.} 1, call; \textit{w.\ dat.\ of pers.\ and dat.\ of + thing} promise; \textit{intr.} (\textit{pres.} heiti) be named, + called. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęldr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{halda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęldr} \textit{adv.\ compar.} more willingly, rather, sooner, + more; rather, very. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęl-grindr} \textit{sf.} the doors of hell. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęllir} \textit{sm.} cave. + +\noindent +\textbf{helt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{halda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęl-vegr} \textit{sm.} road to hell. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęlzt} \textit{adv.\ superl.} most willingly, soonest, especially, + most [hęldr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęndi, hęndr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫnd}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęnnar, hęnni} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hępta} \textit{wv.} 1, bind; hinder, stop. + +\noindent +\textbf{hēr} \textit{adv.} here---`h.\ af,' etc.\ here-of. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęr-bergi} \textit{sn.} quarters, lodgings. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęrða} \textit{wv.} harden, clench. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęr-fang} \textit{sn.} booty. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęrja} \textit{wv.} 3, make war, ravage [hęrr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęrr} \textit{sm.} army, fleet. + +\noindent +\textbf{herra} \textit{sm.} lord. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęr-skip} \textit{sn.} war-ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{hestr} \textit{sm.} horse. + +\noindent +\textbf{hēt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{heita}. + +\noindent +\textbf{heyra} \textit{wv.} 1, hear. + +\noindent +\textbf{himinn} \textit{sm.} heaven. + +\noindent +\textbf{hingat} \textit{adv.} hither. + +\noindent +\textbf{hinn} \textit{prn.} that. + +\noindent +\textbf{hirð} \textit{sf.} court. + +\noindent +\textbf{hirð-maðr} \textit{sm.} courtier. + +\noindent +\textbf{hiti} \textit{wm.} heat. + +\noindent +\textbf{hitta} \textit{wv.} come upon, find, meet; \textit{trans.} go + to.\ \textbf{hittask}, meet, \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{hjā} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} by, at; in comparison with. + +\noindent +\textbf{hjālmr} \textit{sm.} helmet. + +\noindent +\textbf{hjōn} \textit{snpl.} household. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlaða} \textit{sv.} 2, load, heap up; `h.\ seglum,' take in sails. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlæja} \textit{sv.} 2, laugh. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlaupa} \textit{sv.} 1, jump, leap; run. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlaut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hljōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hleyp} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlaupa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hleypa} \textit{wv.} 1, make to run (i.e.\ the horse), gallop. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlīf} \textit{sf.} shield. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlīfa} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} shelter, cover, protect. + +\noindent +\textbf{hljōp} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlaupa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hljōta} \textit{sv.} 7, get, receive. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlōðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlaða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlōgu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlæja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlunnr} \textit{sm.} roller (for launching ships). + +\noindent +\textbf{hluti} \textit{wm.} portion [hljōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlutr} \textit{sm.} 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlut-skipti} \textit{sn.} booty. + +\noindent +\textbf{hnakki} \textit{wm.} back of head. + +\noindent +\textbf{hōf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hęfja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hollr} \textit{adj.} gracious, faithful. + +\noindent +\textbf{hōlmr} \textit{sm.} small island. + +\noindent +\textbf{hon} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{honum} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{horn} \textit{sn.} horn. + +\noindent +\textbf{hœgri} \textit{adj.\ compar.} right (hand). + +\noindent +\textbf{hœla} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} praise, boast of. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfðingi} \textit{wm.} chief [hǫfuð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfða-fjǫl} \textit{sf.} head-board (especially of a bedstead). + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hafa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfn} \textit{sf.} harbour. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfuð} \textit{sn.} head. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫgg} \textit{sn.} stroke. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫgg-ormr} \textit{sm.} viper. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫgg-orrosta} \textit{wf.} `cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫggva} \textit{sv.} 1, hew, cut, strike. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫll} \textit{sf.} hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫnd} \textit{sf.} 3, hand; side---`hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both + sides, for both parties. + +\noindent +\textbf{hræddr} \textit{adj.} frightened, afraid [\textit{ptc.} of hræðask]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hræðask} \textit{wv.} 1, be frightened, fear. + +\noindent +\textbf{hræzla} \textit{wf.} fear [hræðask]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrafn} \textit{sm.} raven. + +\noindent +\textbf{hratt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrinda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrauð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hraut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hreyfa} \textit{wv.} 1, move. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrīð} \textit{sf.} period of time. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrīm-þurs} \textit{sm.} frost giant. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrinda} \textit{sv.} 3, push, launch (ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{hrista} \textit{wv.} 1, shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrjōða} \textit{sv.} 7, strip, clear, disable. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, start, burst out. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrǫkk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrökkva}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrökkva} \textit{sv.} 3, start back. + +\noindent +\textbf{hryði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrynja} \textit{wv.} 1b, fall down. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrȳtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hyggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugi} \textit{wm.} thought. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugr} \textit{sm.} mind, heart; courage, spirit. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugsa} \textit{wv.} 3, consider, think. + +\noindent +\textbf{hundrað} \textit{sn.} hundred. + +\noindent +\textbf{hurð} \textit{sf.} 2, door. + +\noindent +\textbf{hūs} \textit{sn.} room; house. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvar} \textit{adv.} where; that. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārr} \textit{prn.} which of two; each of the two, both. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārr-tvęggja} \textit{prn.} each of the two, both. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārt} \textit{adv.} whether, \textit{both in direct and indirect + questions}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārt-tvęggja} \textit{adv.} `hv\ldots ok,' both\ldots and. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvass} \textit{adj.} sharp. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvat} \textit{prn.\ neut.} what. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvart} \textit{adj.} brisk, bold. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvē} \textit{adv.} how. + +\noindent +\textbf{hverfa} \textit{sv.} 3, turn, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęr-gi} \textit{adv.} nowhere---`hv.\ jarðar,' nowhere on + earth; in no respect, by no means. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęrnig} \textit{adv.} how [= hvęrn veg.]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęrr} \textit{prn.} who. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęrsu} \textit{adv.} how. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvī} \textit{adv.} why. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvirfill} \textit{sm.} crown of head. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvītna} \textit{wv.} 2, whiten. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvītr} \textit{adj.} white. + +\noindent +\textbf{hyggja} \textit{wv.} 1b, think, mean, determine [hugr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hylli} \textit{wf.} favour [hollr]. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{I} + +\noindent +\textbf{ī} \textit{prp.} in. + +\noindent +\textbf{ī-huga} \textit{wv.} 3, try to remember, consider [hugr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{illa} \textit{adv.} ill, badly. + +\noindent +\textbf{illr} \textit{adj.} ill, bad. + +\noindent +\textbf{inn} \textit{art.} the. + +\noindent +\textbf{inn} \textit{adv.} in \textit{compar.} \textbf{innar}, further in. + +\noindent +\textbf{inna} \textit{wv.} 1, accomplish. + +\noindent +\textbf{innan} \textit{adv.} within, inside. \textbf{fyrir innan} \textit{prp. + w.\ gen.} within, in. + +\noindent +\textbf{inni} \textit{adv.} in. + +\noindent +\textbf{it} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{it} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{inn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ī-þrōtt} \textit{sf.} feat. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{J} + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-breiðr} \textit{adj.} equally broad. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-hǫfugr} \textit{adj.} equally heavy [hęfja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-mikill} \textit{adj.} equally great. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-skjōtt} \textit{adv.} equally quick. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafna} \textit{wv.} 3, smooth; compare \textit{w.\ dat.\ of + thing compared.} + +\noindent +\textbf{jafnan} \textit{adv.} always. + +\noindent +\textbf{jarl} \textit{sm.} earl. + +\noindent +\textbf{jārn} \textit{sn.} iron. + +\noindent +\textbf{jārn-glōfi} \textit{sm.} iron gauntlet. + +\noindent +\textbf{jārn-spǫng} \textit{sf.} iron plate. + +\noindent +\textbf{jāta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} agree to. + +\noindent +\textbf{jōk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{auka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{jǫrð} \textit{sf.} earth. + +\noindent +\textbf{jǫtun-heimar} \textit{smpl.} home, world of the giants. + +\noindent +\textbf{jǫtunn,} \textit{sm.} giant. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{K} + +\noindent +\textbf{kær-leikr} \textit{sm.} love, affection [kærr, `dear']. + +\noindent +\textbf{kaf} \textit{sn.} diving; deep water, water under the surface. + +\noindent +\textbf{kafa} \textit{wv.} 3, dive. + +\noindent +\textbf{kalla} \textit{wv.} 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call. + +\noindent +\textbf{kann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kunna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kapp} \textit{sn.} competition. + +\noindent +\textbf{karl} \textit{sm.} man; old man. + +\noindent +\textbf{kasta} \textit{wv.} 3, cast, throw. + +\noindent +\textbf{kaupa} \textit{wv.} 2, buy. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęngr} \textit{sm.} bend. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęnna} \textit{wv.} 1, know; perceive. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęrling} \textit{sf.} old woman [karl]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęrra} \textit{wf.} chariot. + +\noindent +\textbf{kętill} \textit{sm.} kettle. + +\noindent +\textbf{keypta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kaupa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{keyra} \textit{wv.} 1, drive. + +\noindent +\textbf{kirkja} \textit{wf.} church. + +\noindent +\textbf{kirkju-skot} \textit{sn.} wing of a church. + +\noindent +\textbf{kjōsa} \textit{sv.} 7, choose. + +\noindent +\textbf{klakk-laust} \textit{adv.} uninjured. + +\noindent +\textbf{klæða} \textit{wv.} 1, clothe. + +\noindent +\textbf{klæða-būnaðr} \textit{sm.} apparel. + +\noindent +\textbf{klæði} \textit{snpl.} clothes. + +\noindent +\textbf{knē} \textit{sn.} knee. + +\noindent +\textbf{knīfr} \textit{sm.} knife. + +\noindent +\textbf{knǫrr} \textit{sm.} merchant-ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{knūði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{knȳja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{knūi} \textit{wm.} knuckle. + +\noindent +\textbf{knūtr} \textit{sm.} knot. + +\noindent +\textbf{knȳja} \textit{wv.} 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert + oneself [knūi]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kōlf-skot} \textit{sn.} (distance of a) bolt-shot. + +\noindent +\textbf{kollōttr} \textit{adj.} bald. + +\noindent +\textbf{koma} \textit{sv.} 4, come; happen, turn out; \textit{w.\ dat.} + bring into a certain condition. \textbf{k.\ fyrir}, be paid in + atonement. \textbf{komask}, make one's way (by dint of exertion). + +\noindent +\textbf{kona} \textit{wf.} woman; wife. + +\noindent +\textbf{konr} \textit{sm.} kind---`alls konar,' all kinds; `nakkvars konar,' + of some kind. + +\noindent +\textbf{konunga-stęfna} \textit{wf.} congress of kings. + +\noindent +\textbf{konungr} \textit{sm.} king. + +\noindent +\textbf{konungs-dōttir} \textit{sf.} king's daughter. + +\noindent +\textbf{konungs-skip} \textit{sn.} king's ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{kosinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kjōsa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kost-gripr} \textit{sm.} precious thing, treasure. + +\noindent +\textbf{kostr} \textit{sm.} 2, choice---`at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; + power [kjōsa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫgur-sveinn} \textit{sm.} little boy, urchin. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫpp} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kapp}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫpur-yrði} \textit{sn.} boasting [orð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫttr} \textit{sm.} 3, cat. + +\noindent +\textbf{köm} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{koma}. + +\noindent +\textbf{krappa-rūm} \textit{sn.} back cabin. + +\noindent +\textbf{krappr} \textit{adj.} narrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{kraptr} \textit{sm.} strength. + +\noindent +\textbf{krās} \textit{sf.} 2, delicacy. + +\noindent +\textbf{kręfja} \textit{wv.} 1b, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and gen.\ of + thing}, demand. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunna} \textit{swv.} know; feel; venture; like to. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunnandi} \textit{wf.} knowledge, accomplishments. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunnusta} \textit{wf.} knowledge, power. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunnr} \textit{adj.} known. + +\noindent +\textbf{kurr} \textit{sm.} murmur, rumour. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvæði} \textit{sn.} poem. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvæma} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{koma}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvān} \textit{sf.} wife. + +\noindent +\textbf{kveða} \textit{sv.} 5, say. \textbf{kv.\ ā} settle, agree on. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvęðja} \textit{wf.} salutation [kveða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvęðja} \textit{wv.} 1b, greet. + +\noindent +\textbf{kveld} \textit{sn.} evening---`ī kv.,' this evening. + +\noindent +\textbf{kveld-sǫngr} \textit{sm.} vespers. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvenn-vāðir} \textit{sfpl.} woman's clothes. + +\noindent +\textbf{kviðr} \textit{sm.} 3, stomach, belly. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvisa} \textit{wv.} 3, whisper. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvistr} \textit{sm.} 3, branch, twig. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvǫddu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kvęðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kykr (-vir)} \textit{adj.} living. + +\noindent +\textbf{kykvendi} \textit{sn.} living creature, animal. + +\noindent +\textbf{kȳll} \textit{sm.} bag. + +\noindent +\textbf{kyn} \textit{sn.} race, lineage. + +\noindent +\textbf{kȳr} \textit{sf.} 3, cow. + +\noindent +\textbf{kyssa} \textit{wv.} 1, kiss. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{L} + +\noindent +\textbf{lā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{liggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lægri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lāgr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lær-lęggr} \textit{sm.} thigh-bone. + +\noindent +\textbf{læt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lāta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lagða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lęggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lāgr} \textit{adj.} low; short of stature [liggja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lags-maðr} \textit{sm.} companion. + +\noindent +\textbf{lagu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{liggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lamða, lamit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lęmja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{land} \textit{sn.} land, country. + +\noindent +\textbf{land-skjālfti} \textit{wm.} earthquake. + +\noindent +\textbf{langr} \textit{adj.} long, far. + +\noindent +\textbf{lāt} \textit{snpl.} noise. + +\noindent +\textbf{lāta} \textit{sv.} 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; + behave, act; say. + +\noindent +\textbf{lauf} \textit{sn.} foliage. + +\noindent +\textbf{laufs-blað} \textit{sn.} (blade of foliage), leaf. + +\noindent +\textbf{laug} \textit{sf.} bath. + +\noindent +\textbf{laun} \textit{snpl.} reward. + +\noindent +\textbf{launa} \textit{wv.} 3, reward, requite \textit{w.\ dat.\ of the + thing given and of the pers., and acc.\ of the thing requited.} + +\noindent +\textbf{lauss} \textit{adj.} loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation. + +\noindent +\textbf{laust} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ljōsta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{laut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lūta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lax} \textit{sm.} salmon. + +\noindent +\textbf{leðr-hosa} \textit{wf.} leather bag. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęggja} \textit{wv.} 1b, lay, put; `l.\ eitt fyrir einn,' give, + settle on; `l.\ sik fram,' exert oneself; \textit{intr.\ w.} skip + \textit{understood} sail, row---\textbf{l.\ at}, land; attack; \textbf{l.\ frā}, + retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. \textbf{lęggjask}, set + out, proceed; swim [liggja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leið} \textit{sf.} way---`koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leið} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{līða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{leiða} \textit{wv.} 1, lead, conduct [līða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leiðangr (-rs)} \textit{sm.} levy [leið]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leiga} \textit{wv.} 1, borrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{leikr} \textit{sm.} game; athletic sports, contest. + +\noindent +\textbf{leita} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ gen.\ and dat.} seek; take to, have + recourse to. \textbf{leitask}, feel one's way [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęmja} \textit{wv.} 1b, break. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęngð} \textit{sf.} length [langr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęngi} \textit{adv.} long (of time) [langr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęngstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{langr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lēt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lāta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lętja} \textit{wv.} 1b, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and gen.\ of thing}, + hinder, dissuade. + +\noindent +\textbf{lētta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lift. + +\noindent +\textbf{leyniliga} \textit{adv.} secretly. + +\noindent +\textbf{leysa} \textit{wv.} 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lið} \textit{sn.} troop. + +\noindent +\textbf{līða} \textit{sv.} 6, go; pass (of time); \textit{impers.} \textbf{līðr}, + \textit{w.\ dat.} fare, get on. \textit{impers.} `līðr ā (nāttina),' (the + night) is drawing to a close. + +\noindent +\textbf{līf} \textit{sn.} life---`ā līfi,' alive. + +\noindent +\textbf{lifa} \textit{wv.} 2, live. + +\noindent +\textbf{liggja} \textit{sv.} 5, lie. \textbf{l.\ til}, be fitting. + +\noindent +\textbf{līk} \textit{sn.} body; corpse. + +\noindent +\textbf{līka} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} please. + +\noindent +\textbf{līki} \textit{sn.} form [līk]. + +\noindent +\textbf{līking} \textit{sf.} likeness, similarity [līkr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{līknsamr} \textit{adj.} gracious. + +\noindent +\textbf{līkr} \textit{adj.} like. + +\noindent +\textbf{līn} \textit{sn.} linen; linen headdress. + +\noindent +\textbf{list} \textit{sf.} art. + +\noindent +\textbf{līta} \textit{sv.} 6, look at; regard, consider---`l.\ til + eins.' turn to, acknowledge greeting. \textbf{lītask} \textit{impers. + w.\ dat.} seem. + +\noindent +\textbf{litask} \textit{wv.} 3, look round one [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lītill} \textit{adj.} little, small---`lītit veðr,' not very + windy weather. \textbf{lītlu} \textit{adv.} by a little, a little. + +\noindent +\textbf{lītil-ræði} \textit{sm.} degradation [rāð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{litr} \textit{sm.} 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{līzk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{līta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ljā} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.\ and dat.} lend. + +\noindent +\textbf{ljōsta} \textit{sv.} 7, strike, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of instr.\ and acc.\ of + the thing struck}---`l.\ ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, + begin to row. + +\noindent +\textbf{lofa} \textit{wv.} 3, praise. + +\noindent +\textbf{lōga} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} part with. + +\noindent +\textbf{logi} \textit{wm.} flame. + +\noindent +\textbf{lokinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lūka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lopt} \textit{sn.} air---`ā l.,' up. + +\noindent +\textbf{lūka} \textit{sv.} 7, lock, close; \textit{impers.} `lȳkr einu,' + it is finished, exhausted. `l.\ upp,' unlock, open. + +\noindent +\textbf{lukla} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lykill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lustu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ljōsta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lūta} \textit{sv.} 7, bend, bow. + +\noindent +\textbf{lygi} \textit{wf.} lie, falsehood. + +\noindent +\textbf{lykð} \textit{sf.} ending---`at lykðum,' finally. + +\noindent +\textbf{lykill} \textit{sm.} key [lūka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lypta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lift [lopt]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lypting} \textit{sf.} raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship + [lypta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lȳsa} \textit{wv.} 1, shine. + +\noindent +\textbf{lȳsi-gull} \textit{sn.} bright gold. + +\noindent +\textbf{lȳst} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ljōsta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lysta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.} desire. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{M} + +\noindent +\textbf{mā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mega}. + +\noindent +\textbf{maðr} \textit{sm.} 4, man. + +\noindent +\textbf{mæla (mælta)} \textit{wv.} 1, speak---`m.\ við einu,' refuse; suggest. + +\noindent +\textbf{mær} \textit{sf.} virgin, maid. + +\noindent +\textbf{mætta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mega}. + +\noindent +\textbf{magr (-ran)} \textit{adj.} thin. + +\noindent +\textbf{māgr} \textit{sm.} kinsman, relation, connection. + +\noindent +\textbf{makligr} \textit{adj.} fitting. + +\noindent +\textbf{māl} \textit{sn.} narrative; \textit{in plur.} poem; proper time, time. + +\noindent +\textbf{mālmr} \textit{sm.} metal. + +\noindent +\textbf{mann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{maðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mann-fōlk} \textit{sn.} troops, crew. + +\noindent +\textbf{mann-hringr} \textit{sm.} ring of men. + +\noindent +\textbf{mannliga} \textit{adv.} manlily. + +\noindent +\textbf{margr} \textit{adj.} many, much. + +\noindent +\textbf{mark} \textit{sn.} mark; importance. + +\noindent +\textbf{marka} \textit{wv.} 3, infer. + +\noindent +\textbf{marr} \textit{sm.} horse. + +\noindent +\textbf{mart} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{margr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{matask} \textit{wv.} 3, eat a meal. + +\noindent +\textbf{matr} \textit{sm.} 2, food. + +\noindent +\textbf{mātta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mega}. + +\noindent +\textbf{māttr} \textit{sm.} 2, might, strength. + +\noindent +\textbf{með} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} with. + +\noindent +\textbf{meðal} \textit{s.} middle---ā m. \textit{w.\ gen.} between. + +\noindent +\textbf{meðan} \textit{adv.} whilst. + +\noindent +\textbf{mega} \textit{swv.} can, may. + +\noindent +\textbf{megin} \textit{} ---`ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; `ǫllum m.,' on all + sides [\textit{corruption of} vegum]. + +\noindent +\textbf{męgin-gjarðar} \textit{sfpl.} girdle of strength [mega]. + +\noindent +\textbf{meiðmar} \textit{sfpl.} treasures. + +\noindent +\textbf{meiri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mikill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{męn} \textit{sn.} necklace, piece of jewelry. + +\noindent +\textbf{męnn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{maðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{męrgr} \textit{sm.} 2, marrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{męrki} \textit{sn.} mark; banner [mark]. + +\noindent +\textbf{mest} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mikill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{meta} \textit{sv.} 5, measure; estimate. + +\noindent +\textbf{mey} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mær}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mið-garðr} \textit{sm.} (middle enclosure), world. + +\noindent +\textbf{miðgarðs-ormr} \textit{sm.} world-serpent. + +\noindent +\textbf{miðr} \textit{adj.} middle. + +\noindent +\textbf{mik} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mikill} \textit{adj.} big, tall, great. \textbf{mikit} \textit{adv.} + much, very. + +\noindent +\textbf{miklu} \textit{adv.} (\textit{instr.}) much. + +\noindent +\textbf{milli, ā milli} \textit{prp.} between, among. + +\noindent +\textbf{minjar} \textit{sfpl.} remembrance, memorial. + +\noindent +\textbf{minn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{minni} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lītill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{minnr} \textit{adv.} less. + +\noindent +\textbf{mis-līka} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} displease, not please. + +\noindent +\textbf{missa} \textit{wf.} loss, want. + +\noindent +\textbf{missa} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.} lose; do without. + +\noindent +\textbf{mistil-teinn} \textit{sm.} mistletoe [teinn, `twig']. + +\noindent +\textbf{mitt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mjǫðr} \textit{sm.} 3, mead. + +\noindent +\textbf{mjǫk} \textit{adv.} very. + +\noindent +\textbf{mōðir} \textit{sf.} 3, mother. + +\noindent +\textbf{mōðr} \textit{sm.} anger. + +\noindent +\textbf{mœtask} \textit{wv.} 1, meet \textit{intr.} [mōt]. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫn} \textit{sf.} mane. + +\noindent +\textbf{morginn} \textit{sm.} morning. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫrk} \textit{sf.} 3, forest. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫrum} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{marr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mōt} \textit{sn.} meeting. \textbf{ī mōti} \textit{prp.\ w.\ dat.} + against. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫtu-neyti} \textit{sn.} community of food---`lęggja m.\ sitt,' + make their provision into a common store [matr; njōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{mundu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{munu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{munnr} \textit{sm.} mouth. + +\noindent +\textbf{munr} \textit{sm.} difference---`þeim mun,' to that extent. + +\noindent +\textbf{munu} \textit{swv.} will, may (of futurity and probability). + +\noindent +\textbf{myndi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{munu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{myrkr} \textit{sn.} darkness. + +\noindent +\textbf{myrkr} \textit{adj.} dark. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{N} + +\noindent +\textbf{nā} \textit{wv.} 1, reach, obtain; succeed in. + +\noindent +\textbf{nǣr} \textit{adv.} \textit{w.\ dat.} near; nearly. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{næst}---`þvī n.,' thereupon. + +\noindent +\textbf{nǣtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{nātt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{nafn} \textit{sn.} name. + +\noindent +\textbf{nakkvarr} \textit{prn.} some, a certain. \textbf{nakkvat} \textit{adv.} + somewhat; perhaps. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt} \textit{sf.} 3, night. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-bōl} \textit{sn.} night-quarters. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-langt} \textit{adv.} the whole night long. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-staðr} \textit{sm.} night-quarters. + +\noindent +\textbf{nāttūra} \textit{wf.} nature, peculiarity. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-verðr} \textit{sm.} 2, supper. + +\noindent +\textbf{nauð-syn} \textit{sf.} necessity. + +\noindent +\textbf{naut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{njōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{neðan} \textit{adv.} below. \textbf{fyrir n.} \textit{prp.\ + w.\ dat.} below. + +\noindent +\textbf{nęfja} \textit{adj.} long-nosed (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{nęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, name, call. \textbf{nęfnask}, name + oneself, give one's name as [nafn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{nema} \textit{sv.} 4, take; begin. + +\noindent +\textbf{nema} \textit{adv.} except, unless. + +\noindent +\textbf{nest} \textit{sn.} provisions. + +\noindent +\textbf{nest-baggi} \textit{sm.} provision-bag. + +\noindent +\textbf{niðr} \textit{adv.} down, downwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{nīundi} \textit{adj.} ninth. + +\noindent +\textbf{njōsn} \textit{sf.} spying; news. + +\noindent +\textbf{njōsna} \textit{wv.} 3, spy; get intelligence. + +\noindent +\textbf{njōta} \textit{sv.} 7, enjoy, profit. + +\noindent +\textbf{norðr} \textit{adv.} northwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{nǫkkvi} \textit{wm.} vessel, small ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{nū} \textit{adv.} now; therefore, so. + +\noindent +\textbf{nȳ-vaknaðr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} newly awoke. + +\noindent +\textbf{nȳr} \textit{adj.} new. + +\noindent +\textbf{nȳta} \textit{wv.} 1, profit [njōta]. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{O} + +\noindent +\textbf{oddr} \textit{sm.} point. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōð-fūss} \textit{adj.} madly eager. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōðr} \textit{adj.} mad, furious. + +\noindent +\textbf{œ̄pa} \textit{wv.} 1, shout [ōp, `shout']. + +\noindent +\textbf{œrit} \textit{adv.} enough; very. + +\noindent +\textbf{of} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} over; during; with respect + to, about. \textit{adv.} too (of excess). + +\noindent +\textbf{of} \textit{adv.,} \textit{often used in poetry as a mere expletive.} + +\noindent +\textbf{of-veikr} \textit{adj.} too weak. + +\noindent +\textbf{ofan} \textit{adv.} above; down. + +\noindent +\textbf{ofan-verðr} \textit{adj.} upper, on the top. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{aka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ok} \textit{conj.} and; also---`ok\ldots ok,' both\ldots and; but. + +\noindent +\textbf{okkr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{opt} \textit{adv.} often. \textit{compar.} \textbf{optar}, oftener, + again. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōr} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} out of. + +\noindent +\textbf{orð} \textit{sn.} word---`ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise. + +\noindent +\textbf{orðinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{orð-sęnding} \textit{sf.} verbal message. + +\noindent +\textbf{orð-tak} \textit{sn.} expression, word. + +\noindent +\textbf{ormr} \textit{sm.} serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head. + +\noindent +\textbf{orrosta} \textit{wf.} battle. + +\noindent +\textbf{oss} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōtta} \textit{wf.} the end of night, just before dawn. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōttalaust} \textit{adj.} without fear. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōx} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vaxa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{oxi} \textit{wm.} ox. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫðlask} \textit{wv.} 3, obtain. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫðru} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{annarr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫl} \textit{sn.} ale. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫldnu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{aldinn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫndōttr} \textit{adj.} fierce. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫnd-vegi} \textit{sn.} high seat, dais. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫnnur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{annar}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫr} \textit{sf.} arrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{ör-æfi} \textit{sn.} harbourless coast. + +\noindent +\textbf{örendi} \textit{sn.} errand. + +\noindent +\textbf{örendi} \textit{sn.} holding the breath, breath. + +\noindent +\textbf{örind-reki} \textit{sm.} messenger [reka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{öxn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{oxi}. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{P} + +\noindent +\textbf{pati} \textit{sm.} rumour. + +\noindent +\textbf{pęnningr} \textit{sm.} penny. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{R} + +\noindent +\textbf{rāð} \textit{sn.} advice; what is advisable---`sjā eitt at rāði,' + consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāða} \textit{sv.} 1, advise, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of thing and dat.\ of pers.}; + consider, deliberate; undertake, begin \textit{w.\ prp.} til \textit{or + infin.}; dispose of, have control over \textit{w.\ prp.} fyrir. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāða-gǫ̈rð} \textit{sf.} deliberation, decision. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāðugr} \textit{adj.} sagacious. + +\noindent +\textbf{ragna-rökr} \textit{sn.} twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna + \textit{gen.\ of} ręgin \textit{neut.\ plur.} `gods.'] + +\noindent +\textbf{ragr} \textit{adj.} cowardly. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāku} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{reka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{rann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ręnna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{rās} \textit{sf.} race. + +\noindent +\textbf{rauðr} \textit{adj.} red. + +\noindent +\textbf{rausn} \textit{sf.} magnificence, anything magnificent. + +\noindent +\textbf{rēð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rāða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{reið} \textit{sf.} chariot. + +\noindent +\textbf{reið} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rīða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{reiða} \textit{wv.} 1, swing, wield, brandish. + +\noindent +\textbf{reið-fara} \textit{adj.} ---`vera vel r.,' have a good passage. + +\noindent +\textbf{reiði} \textit{sn.} trappings, harness. + +\noindent +\textbf{reiðr} \textit{adj.} angry. + +\noindent +\textbf{reka} \textit{sv.} 7, drive; carry out; perform. `r.\ af tjǫld,' take + down awning. + +\noindent +\textbf{rękkja} \textit{wf.} bed. + +\noindent +\textbf{ręnna} \textit{sv.} 3, run. + +\noindent +\textbf{rētta} \textit{wv.} 1, direct; reach, stretch. \textbf{r.\ upp}, pull + up. + +\noindent +\textbf{rēttr} \textit{adj.} right, correct; equitable, fair. + +\noindent +\textbf{reyna} \textit{wv.} 1, try, test. + +\noindent +\textbf{reyr-bǫnd} \textit{supl.} the wire with which the arrow-head was bound + to the shaft. + +\noindent +\textbf{rīða} \textit{sv.} 6, \textit{w.\ dat.} ride. + +\noindent +\textbf{riðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rīða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{riðlask} \textit{wv.} 3, set oneself in motion. + +\noindent +\textbf{rīki} \textit{sn.} power; sovereignty, reign. + +\noindent +\textbf{rīkr} \textit{adj.} powerful, distinguished. + +\noindent +\textbf{ripti} \textit{sn.} linen cloth. + +\noindent +\textbf{rita} \textit{wv.} 3, write. + +\noindent +\textbf{rōa} \textit{sv.} 1, row. + +\noindent +\textbf{rœða} \textit{wv.} 1, talk about, discuss. + +\noindent +\textbf{röra} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rōa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{rǫst} \textit{sf.} league. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{S} + +\noindent +\textbf{sā} \textit{prn.} that; he; such, such a one. + +\noindent +\textbf{sā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sær} \textit{sm.} sea. + +\noindent +\textbf{særa} \textit{wv.} 1, wound [sār]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sæti} \textit{sn.} seat [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sætt} \textit{sf.} 2, reconciliation, peace. + +\noindent +\textbf{sættask} \textit{wv.} 1, be reconciled, agree. + +\noindent +\textbf{saga} \textit{wf.} narrative, history, story. + +\noindent +\textbf{sagða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sęgja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{saka} \textit{wv.} \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.}---`hann (acc.) sakaði + ekki,' he was not injured. + +\noindent +\textbf{sakna} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ gen.} miss. + +\noindent +\textbf{sāl} \textit{sf.} 2, soul. + +\noindent +\textbf{sāld} \textit{sn.} gallon. + +\noindent +\textbf{salr} \textit{sm.} 2, hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{saman} \textit{adv.} together. + +\noindent +\textbf{sami} \textit{weak adj.} same. + +\noindent +\textbf{sam-laga} \textit{wf.} laying ships together for battle. + +\noindent +\textbf{samt} \textit{adv.} together. + +\noindent +\textbf{sannligr} \textit{adj.} probable; suitable, right. + +\noindent +\textbf{sannr} \textit{adj.} true. + +\noindent +\textbf{sār} \textit{sn.} wound. + +\noindent +\textbf{sārr} \textit{adj.} wounded. + +\noindent +\textbf{sat} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sitja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{satt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sannr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sē} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sē} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sefask} \textit{wv.} 3, be pacified. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęgja} \textit{wv.} 1b, say, relate [saga]. + +\noindent +\textbf{segl} \textit{sn.} sail. + +\noindent +\textbf{seilask} \textit{wv.} 1, stretch \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{seinn} \textit{adj.} late, slow, tedious. \textbf{seint} + \textit{adv.} slowly. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęlja} \textit{wv.} 1, give; sell. + +\noindent +\textbf{sem} \textit{adv.} as; \textit{w.\ subj.} as if; \textit{to strengthen + the superl.}---`sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęnda} \textit{wv.} 1, send. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęndi-maðr} \textit{sm.} messenger. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęnn} \textit{adv.} at the same time, at once; immediately, + forthwith. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēnn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sik}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{set-berg} \textit{sn.} seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sętja} \textit{wv.} 1, set, place. \textbf{s.\ fram}, launch (a + ship). \textbf{sętjask}, sit down. \textbf{sętjask upp}, sit up + [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sī-byrða} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lay a ship alongside + another. \textit{neut.\ ptc.} \textbf{sībyrt}, close up to [borð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīð} \textit{adv.} late. \textit{comp.} sīðar, later, afterwards. + \textit{superl.} \textbf{sīðast}, latest, last. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīða} \textit{wf.} side. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīðan} \textit{adv.} afterwards, then; since. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīðari} \textit{adj.\ comp.} later, second (in order). + +\noindent +\textbf{siðr} \textit{sm.} 3, custom. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīga} \textit{sv.} 6, sink. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigla} \textit{wf.} mast [segl]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigla} \textit{wv.} 1, sail. + +\noindent +\textbf{siglu-skeið} \textit{sn.} middle of a ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigr (-rs)} \textit{sm.} victory. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigr-ōp} \textit{} shout of victory. + +\noindent +\textbf{sik} \textit{prn.} oneself. + +\noindent +\textbf{silfr} \textit{sn.} silver. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sik}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sinn} \textit{sn.} time (of repetition)---`einu sinni,' once, + for once. `eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, + i.e.\ only once. + +\noindent +\textbf{sinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sik}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sitja} \textit{sv.} 5, sit. \textbf{s.\ fyrir}, sit in readiness. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjā} \textit{} = þessi. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjā} \textit{sv.} 5, see; `s.\ fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. + \textit{impers.} `lītt sēr þat ā, at'\ldots it will hardly be seen + that\ldots \textbf{sjāsk}, see one another, meet. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjālfr} \textit{prn.} self. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjōða} \textit{sv.} 7, boil; cook. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjōn} \textit{sf.} sight. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjōn-hvęrfing} \textit{sf.} ocular delusion. + +\noindent +\textbf{skal} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skulu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skalf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjālfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skāli} \textit{wm.} hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{skammr} \textit{adj.} short. + +\noindent +\textbf{skap} \textit{sn.} state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour. + +\noindent +\textbf{skapligr} \textit{adj.} suitable, fit. + +\noindent +\textbf{skapt} \textit{sn.} shaft, handle. + +\noindent +\textbf{skar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skarð} \textit{sn.} notch, gap; defect. + +\noindent +\textbf{skaut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skęgg} \textit{sn.} beard; beak (of a ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{skeið} \textit{sn.} race-course, running-ground; + race---`taka sk.,' start in a race. + +\noindent +\textbf{skeina} \textit{wv.} 1, graze. + +\noindent +\textbf{skellr} \textit{sm.} knock. + +\noindent +\textbf{skęmtun} \textit{sf.} amusement, entertainment [skammr, + \textit{literally `shortening (of time)'}]. + +\noindent +\textbf{skera} \textit{sv.} cut, cut up; kill (animal). + +\noindent +\textbf{skiljask} \textit{wv.} 1, separate, part \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{skillingr} \textit{sm.} shilling, coin. + +\noindent +\textbf{skilnaðr} \textit{sm.} separation, parting. + +\noindent +\textbf{skip} \textit{sn.} ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{skipa} \textit{wv.} 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. + `sk.\ til um eitt,' make arrangements for. \textbf{skipask}, take + one's place; change, alter \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{skipa-hęrr} \textit{sm.} fleet. + +\noindent +\textbf{skipan} \textit{sf.} arranging; ship's crew. + +\noindent +\textbf{skips-brot} \textit{sn.} shipwreck. + +\noindent +\textbf{skip-stjōrnar-maðr} \textit{sm.} (steerer), commander of a ship, + captain. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjald-borg} \textit{sf.} wall of shields, testudo. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjālfa} \textit{sv.} 3, shake \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, \textit{w.\ dat.} shoot, throw, push. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōt-fœri} \textit{sn.} swiftness. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōt-leikr} \textit{sm.} swiftness. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōt-liga} \textit{adv.} swiftly, quick. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōtr} \textit{adj.} swift, quick. \textbf{skjōtt} \textit{adv.} + quickly. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjǫldr} \textit{sm.} 3, shield. + +\noindent +\textbf{skōgr} \textit{sm.} forest, wood. + +\noindent +\textbf{skorta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and of + thing}, want, fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{skot} \textit{sn.} shot; missile [skjōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{skot-māl} \textit{sn.} shot-measure, range. + +\noindent +\textbf{skotta} \textit{wv.} 3, dangle---sk.\ við drift (of ships). + +\noindent +\textbf{skǫkull} \textit{sm.} shaft (of a cart). + +\noindent +\textbf{skǫmm} \textit{sf.} disgrace, shame. + +\noindent +\textbf{skǫr} \textit{sf.} hair of the head. + +\noindent +\textbf{skreppa} \textit{wf.} bag, wallet. + +\noindent +\textbf{skulfu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjālfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skulu} \textit{swv.} shall. + +\noindent +\textbf{skuta} \textit{wf.} small ship, cutter. + +\noindent +\textbf{skutill} \textit{sm.} trencher, small table. + +\noindent +\textbf{skutil-sveinn} \textit{sm.} page, chamberlain. + +\noindent +\textbf{skutu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skykkr} \textit{sm.} shake---`ganga skykkjum,' shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{skylda} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skulu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skyldr} \textit{adj.} obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu]. + +\noindent +\textbf{skyn} \textit{sn.} understanding, insight---`kunna, sk.' understand. + +\noindent +\textbf{skynda} \textit{wv.} 1, hasten, bring in haste. + +\noindent +\textbf{skyndiliga} \textit{adv.} hastily, quickly. + +\noindent +\textbf{skynsamliga} \textit{adv.} intelligently, carefully. + +\noindent +\textbf{skȳt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{slā} \textit{sv.} 2, strike. `slā eldi ī,' light a fire. + +\noindent +\textbf{slæliga} \textit{adv.} sluggishly, weakly. + +\noindent +\textbf{slær} \textit{adj.} blunt. + +\noindent +\textbf{slær} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{slā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{slātr} \textit{sn.} meat. + +\noindent +\textbf{sleikja} \textit{wv.} lick. + +\noindent +\textbf{sleit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{slīta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{slēttr} \textit{adj.} level, smooth; comfortable, easy. + +\noindent +\textbf{slīkr} \textit{adj.} such. + +\noindent +\textbf{slīta} \textit{sv.} 6, tear---\textbf{sl.\ upp}, pull up; \textit{w.\ dat.} + break (agreement). + +\noindent +\textbf{smæri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{smār}. + +\noindent +\textbf{smār} \textit{adj.} small, insignificant. + +\noindent +\textbf{smā-skip} \textit{snpl.} small ships. + +\noindent +\textbf{smā-skūta} \textit{wf.} small cutter. + +\noindent +\textbf{smjūga} \textit{sv.} 7, squeeze through, slip. + +\noindent +\textbf{smugu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{smjūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{snarpligr} \textit{adj.} vigorous. + +\noindent +\textbf{snarpr} \textit{adj.} sharp; vigorous. + +\noindent +\textbf{snimma} \textit{adv.} early. + +\noindent +\textbf{snöra} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{snūa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{snūa} \textit{sv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} turn \textit{or} (\textit{trans.}) + direct; twist, plait. \textbf{snūask}, turn (\textit{intr.}). + +\noindent +\textbf{soðinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sœkja} \textit{wv.} 1c, seek; go---`s.\ aptr,' retreat. + +\noindent +\textbf{sœmð} \textit{sf.} honour [sōma]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sœtti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sœkja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sofa} \textit{sv.} 4, sleep. + +\noindent +\textbf{sofna} \textit{wv.} 3, go to sleep. + +\noindent +\textbf{sǫgur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{saga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sǫk} \textit{sf.} cause---`fyrir þā s.\ at'\ldots, because. + +\noindent +\textbf{sökkva} \textit{sv.} 3, sink. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōl} \textit{sf.} sun. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōl-skin} \textit{sn.} sunshine. + +\noindent +\textbf{soltinn} \textit{adj.} hungry [\textit{ptc.\ of} `svelta,' starve]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōma} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ dat.}, be suitable, befitting. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōmi} \textit{wm.} honour. + +\noindent +\textbf{sonr} \textit{sm.} son. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōtt} \textit{sf.} illness. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōtta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sœkja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sǫx} \textit{snpl.} raised prow of a war-ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{spala} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{spǫlr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sparask} \textit{wv.} 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy. + +\noindent +\textbf{spęnna (spęnta)} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing}, gird, + buckle on. + +\noindent +\textbf{spjōt} \textit{sn.} spear. + +\noindent +\textbf{sporðr} \textit{sm.} tail. + +\noindent +\textbf{spori} \textit{sm.} spur. + +\noindent +\textbf{spǫlr} \textit{sm.} rail. + +\noindent +\textbf{sprakk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{springa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sprętta} \textit{wv.} 1, split. + +\noindent +\textbf{springa} \textit{sv.} 3, burst. + +\noindent +\textbf{spurða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{spyrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{spyrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, ask; hear of, learn---`sp.\ til eins,' have + news of, hear of his arrival. \textbf{spyrjask}, be known. + +\noindent +\textbf{spyrna} \textit{wv.} 1, kick. + +\noindent +\textbf{staddr} \textit{adj.} placed, staying [\textit{ptc.\ of} `stęðja,' + place]. + +\noindent +\textbf{staðr} \textit{sm.} place---`ī staðinn,' instead. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafaðr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} striped. + +\noindent +\textbf{staf-karl} \textit{sm.} (staff-man), beggar. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafn} \textit{sm.} prow. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafn-būi} \textit{wm.} prow-man. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafn-lē} \textit{wm.} grappling-hook. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafr} \textit{sm.} 2 (\textit{gen.\ sg.} stafs), staff, stick. + +\noindent +\textbf{stakk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stinga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stallari} \textit{sm.} marshall. + +\noindent +\textbf{standa} \textit{sv.} 2, stand. \textbf{st.\ upp}, stand up, rise. + +\noindent +\textbf{starfa} \textit{wv.} 3, work. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, steer; take a course, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{steig} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stīga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{steinn} \textit{sm.} stone; jewel. + +\noindent +\textbf{stela} \textit{sv.} 4, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing and acc.\ of pers.} + steal, rob. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęndr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{standa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęrkliga} \textit{adv.} vigorously. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęrkr} \textit{adj.} strong. + +\noindent +\textbf{steypa} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing}, throw; pull off. + \textbf{steypask}, throw oneself. + +\noindent +\textbf{stīga} \textit{sv.} 6, advance, walk, go. \textbf{st.\ upp}, mount + (horse). + +\noindent +\textbf{stīgr} \textit{sm.} path, way. + +\noindent +\textbf{stikill} \textit{sm.} point. + +\noindent +\textbf{stilla (stilta)} \textit{wv.} 1, arrange. \textbf{st.\ til}, + arrange, dispose. + +\noindent +\textbf{stinga} \textit{sv.} 3, pierce; `st.\ stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow + against a ship's side. + +\noindent +\textbf{stirt} \textit{adv.} harshly [\textit{neut.\ of} `stirðr,' stiff]. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{standa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stœrri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stōr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōkkva} \textit{sv.} 3, spring, rebound, start back. + +\noindent +\textbf{stolinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stela}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōrliga} \textit{adv.} bigly, arrogantly. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-mannligr} \textit{adj.} magnificent, aristocratic. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-męnni} \textit{sn.} great men (collective), aristocracy. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōrr} \textit{adj.} big, great. \textbf{stōrum} \textit{adv.} greatly. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-rāðr} \textit{adj.} (great of plans), ambitious. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-skip} \textit{sn.} big ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-virki} \textit{sn.} great deed. + +\noindent +\textbf{strā} \textit{wv.} 1, strew, cover with straw. + +\noindent +\textbf{strauk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{strjūka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stręngr} \textit{sm.} 2, string. + +\noindent +\textbf{strjūka} \textit{sv.} 7, stroke. + +\noindent +\textbf{stund} \textit{sf.} period of time, time. + +\noindent +\textbf{stutt} \textit{adv.} shortly, abruptly [\textit{neut.\ of} `stuttr' + short]. + +\noindent +\textbf{stȳra} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} steer. + +\noindent +\textbf{stȳri} \textit{sn.} rudder. + +\noindent +\textbf{stȳris-hnakki} \textit{wm.} top piece of rudder. + +\noindent +\textbf{styrkr} \textit{sm.} strength; help. + +\noindent +\textbf{sū} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{suðr} \textit{adv.} southward. + +\noindent +\textbf{suðr-ganga} \textit{wf.} journey south (to Rome). + +\noindent +\textbf{sukku} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sökkva}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sumar} \textit{sn.} summer. + +\noindent +\textbf{sumr} \textit{prn.} some. + +\noindent +\textbf{sund} \textit{sn.} sound, channel. + +\noindent +\textbf{svā} \textit{adv.} so, as; as soon as. `ok svā,' also. + +\noindent +\textbf{svaf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sofa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{svara} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing}, answer. + +\noindent +\textbf{svardagi} \textit{sm.} oath. + +\noindent +\textbf{sveinn} \textit{sm.} boy. + +\noindent +\textbf{sveinn-stauli} \textit{wm.} small boy. + +\noindent +\textbf{sveit} \textit{sf.} troop. + +\noindent +\textbf{svelga} \textit{sv.} 3, swallow, gulp. + +\noindent +\textbf{sverð} \textit{sn.} sword. + +\noindent +\textbf{sverðs-hǫgg} \textit{sn.} swordstroke. + +\noindent +\textbf{svipan} \textit{sf.} jerk; moment. + +\noindent +\textbf{svipting} \textit{sf.} pull, struggle. + +\noindent +\textbf{sȳnask} \textit{wv.} 1, seem [sjōn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{syni} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sonr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{systir} \textit{sf.} 3, sister. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{T} + +\noindent +\textbf{taka} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ acc.} take, seize, take possession + of; \textit{w.\ inf.} begin; \textit{w.\ dat.} receive (well, ill, etc.). + \textbf{takask}, take place, begin. \textbf{t.\ at}, choose. \textbf{t. + til}, engage in, try. \textbf{t.\ upp}, take to, choose. + +\noindent +\textbf{tala} \textit{wf.} talk, speech. + +\noindent +\textbf{tala} \textit{wv.} 3, speak, talk about, discuss. + +\noindent +\textbf{taliðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{tęlja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tālma} \textit{wv.} 3, hinder. + +\noindent +\textbf{tār} \textit{sn.} tear. + +\noindent +\textbf{taumar} \textit{smpl.} reins. + +\noindent +\textbf{tękinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{taka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęlja} \textit{wv.} 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, + say [tala]. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęngðir} \textit{sfpl.} relationship, connection by marriage. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęngja} \textit{wv.} 1, bind, fasten together. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęngsl} \textit{snpl.} cable. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīða} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.} desire. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīðindi} \textit{snpl.} tidings, news. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīðr} \textit{adj.} usual, happening---`hvat er tītt um þik?' what + is the matter with you? \textbf{tītt} \textit{adv.} often, quickly---`sem + tīðast,' as quickly as possible. + +\noindent +\textbf{tiginn} \textit{adj.} of high rank. + +\noindent +\textbf{tigr} \textit{sm.} ---`fjōrir tigir,' forty. + +\noindent +\textbf{til} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ gen.} to; till; for (of use)---`alt + er t.\ vāpna var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for + (of object, intention)---`brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to + get at the marrow; with respect to---`til vista var eigi + gott,' they were not well off for provisions. + +\noindent +\textbf{til} \textit{adv.} too (of excess). + +\noindent +\textbf{til-vīsan} \textit{sf.} direction, guidance. + +\noindent +\textbf{tītt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{tīðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīvi} \textit{wm.} god. + +\noindent +\textbf{tjald} \textit{sn.} tent. + +\noindent +\textbf{tjūgu-skęgg} \textit{sn.} forked beard. + +\noindent +\textbf{tœka} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{taka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tōk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{taka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tǫnn} \textit{sf.} 3, tooth. + +\noindent +\textbf{trani} \textit{wm.} crane. + +\noindent +\textbf{trē} \textit{sn.} tree. + +\noindent +\textbf{troða} \textit{sv.} tread. + +\noindent +\textbf{trog} \textit{sn.} trough. + +\noindent +\textbf{tros} \textit{sn.} droppings, rubbish. + +\noindent +\textbf{trūa} \textit{wf.} faith---`þat veit tr.\ mīn at\ldots,' by + my faith. + +\noindent +\textbf{trūa} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of pers.} believe, trust, + rely on. + +\noindent +\textbf{tūn} \textit{sn.} enclosure, dwelling. + +\noindent +\textbf{tveir} \textit{num.} two. + +\noindent +\textbf{tȳna} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lose. + +\noindent +\textbf{typpa} \textit{wv.} tie in a top-knot. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{Þ} + +\noindent +\textbf{þā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þiggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þā} \textit{adv.} then. + +\noindent +\textbf{þær} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þakðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þękja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þakka} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of thing and dat.\ of + pers.} thank; requite, reward. + +\noindent +\textbf{þambar-skęlfir} \textit{sm.} bowstring-shaker (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{þann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þannig} \textit{adv.} thither; so [= þann veg]. + +\noindent +\textbf{þar} \textit{adv.} there; then; `þ.\ af,' \textit{etc.}, + thereof. `þar sem,' since, because. `þar til,' until. + +\noindent +\textbf{þarf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þurfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þat} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þau} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þegar} \textit{adv.} at once. `þ.\ er,' as soon as. + +\noindent +\textbf{þęginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þiggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þęgja} \textit{wv.} 1b, be silent. + +\noindent +\textbf{þeim} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þeir, þeirra} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þękja} \textit{wv.} 1b, roof. + +\noindent +\textbf{þękkja} \textit{wv.} 1, notice. \textbf{þękkjask}, take pleasure + in; accept. + +\noindent +\textbf{þēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þess} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þess} \textit{adv.\ w.\ comp.} the, so much the. + +\noindent +\textbf{þessi} \textit{prn.} this. + +\noindent +\textbf{þiggja} \textit{sv.} 5, receive. + +\noindent +\textbf{þik} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þing} \textit{sn.} meeting, parliament. + +\noindent +\textbf{þinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þjōð} \textit{sf.} nation, race. + +\noindent +\textbf{þō} \textit{adv.} though, yet. + +\noindent +\textbf{þǫkð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þękja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þǫkk} \textit{sf.} thanks, gratitude [þakka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{þola} \textit{wv.} 2, endure, put up with. + +\noindent +\textbf{þora} \textit{wv.} 2, dare. + +\noindent +\textbf{þǫrf} \textit{sf.} need. + +\noindent +\textbf{þorrinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þverra}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þōtt} \textit{adv.} though [= þō at]. + +\noindent +\textbf{þōtta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þykkja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þraut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þreifask} \textit{wv.} 3, grope, feel. + +\noindent +\textbf{þreyta} \textit{wv.} 1, make exertions, try. + +\noindent +\textbf{þriði} \textit{adj.} third. + +\noindent +\textbf{þriðjungr} \textit{sm.} third. + +\noindent +\textbf{þrīr} \textit{num.} three. + +\noindent +\textbf{þrjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.} come to + an end, fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{þrūðugr} \textit{adj.} mighty. + +\noindent +\textbf{þū} \textit{prn.} thou. + +\noindent +\textbf{þumlungr} \textit{sm.} thumb of glove. + +\noindent +\textbf{þunn-vangi} \textit{wm.} temple (of head). + +\noindent +\textbf{þurðr} \textit{sm.} diminution. + +\noindent +\textbf{þurfa} \textit{swv.} \textit{often impers.} require, need. + +\noindent +\textbf{þurr} \textit{adj.} dry. + +\noindent +\textbf{þurs} \textit{sm.} giant. + +\noindent +\textbf{þverra} \textit{sv.} 3, diminish. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvers} \textit{adv.} across. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvī} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvī} \textit{adv.} therefore; \textit{w.\ compar.} the, so much the + more. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvīlikr} \textit{adj.} such. + +\noindent +\textbf{þykkja} \textit{wv.} 1c, seen, be considered. `þykkir einum + fyrir,' there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. + `myndi mēr fyrir þ.\ ī,' I should be displeased. \textbf{þykkjask}, + think. + +\noindent +\textbf{þykkr} \textit{adj.} thick, close. + +\noindent +\textbf{þynna} \textit{wv.} 1, make thin. \textbf{þynnask} get thin. + +\noindent +\textbf{þyrstr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} thirsty. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{U} + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-fœra} \textit{wf.} impassable place; fix, difficulty. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-friðr} \textit{sm.} hostility, war. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-grynni} \textit{sn.} countless number [grunnr, `bottom']. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-happ} \textit{sn.} misfortune. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-hreinn} \textit{adj.} impure. + +\noindent +\textbf{um} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.} around, about, over; \textit{of + time} in, at; \textit{of superiority} beyond; concerning, about. + +\noindent +\textbf{um-rāð} \textit{sn.} advice, help. + +\noindent +\textbf{um-sjā} \textit{sf.} care. + +\noindent +\textbf{una} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} be contented---`u.\ illa,' be + discontented. + +\noindent +\textbf{undan} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.}, \textit{adv.} away (from). + +\noindent +\textbf{undarliga} \textit{adv.} strangely. + +\noindent +\textbf{undarligr} \textit{adj.} strange. + +\noindent +\textbf{undir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} under. + +\noindent +\textbf{undr} \textit{sn.} wonder. + +\noindent +\textbf{ungr} \textit{adj.} young. + +\noindent +\textbf{unninn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vinna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{unz} \textit{adv.} until. + +\noindent +\textbf{upp} \textit{adv.} up. + +\noindent +\textbf{upp-ganga} \textit{wf.} boarding (ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{upp-haf} \textit{sn.} beginning [hęfja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{upp-himinn} \textit{sm.} high heaven. + +\noindent +\textbf{uppi} \textit{adv.} up; at an end. + +\noindent +\textbf{urðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ūt} \textit{adv.} out. \textit{comp.} \textbf{utar}, outer, outwards, + farther away. + +\noindent +\textbf{utan} \textit{adv.} outside; outwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{utan-fęrð} \textit{sf.} journey abroad. + +\noindent +\textbf{utar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ūt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ūti} \textit{adv.} outside, out on the sea. + +\noindent +\textbf{ūt-lausn} \textit{sf.} ransom. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-vinr} \textit{sm.} enemy. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{V} + +\noindent +\textbf{vægð} \textit{sf.} forbearance. + +\noindent +\textbf{vænn} \textit{adj.} likely, to be expected. + +\noindent +\textbf{væri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vætr} \textit{neut.} nothing. + +\noindent +\textbf{vaka} \textit{wv.} 3, be awake, wake up. + +\noindent +\textbf{vakna} \textit{wv.} 3, awake. + +\noindent +\textbf{vald} \textit{sn.} power, control. + +\noindent +\textbf{val-kyrja} \textit{sf.} chooser of the slain, + war-goddess [kjōsa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{valr} \textit{sm.} corpses on the battle-field. + +\noindent +\textbf{vān,} \textit{sf.} hope, expectation, probability. + +\noindent +\textbf{vandræða-skāld} \textit{sn.} the `awkward' poet, the poet + who is difficult to deal with. + +\noindent +\textbf{vandræði} \textit{snpl.} difficulty. + +\noindent +\textbf{vangi} \textit{wm.} cheek. + +\noindent +\textbf{vanr} \textit{adj.} accustomed. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāpn} \textit{sn.} weapon. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāpna-burð} \textit{sm.} bearing weapons, shower of missiles. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāpn-lauss} \textit{adj.} without weapons. + +\noindent +\textbf{var} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vār} \textit{sn.} spring. + +\noindent +\textbf{vār} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vara} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.}---`mik varði,' + I expected. + +\noindent +\textbf{varð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{varði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vęrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vargr} \textit{sm.} wolf. + +\noindent +\textbf{variðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vęrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{varla} \textit{adv.} scarcely. + +\noindent +\textbf{varnaðr} \textit{sm.} goods, merchandise. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāru} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vatn} \textit{sn.} water. + +\noindent +\textbf{vaxa} \textit{sv.} 2, grow; increase. + +\noindent +\textbf{veðr} \textit{sn.} weather. + +\noindent +\textbf{vegr} \textit{sm.} road; way, manner; direction, side; + \textit{in composition}, region, tract, land. + +\noindent +\textbf{veik} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vikja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{veit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vita}. + +\noindent +\textbf{veita} \textit{wv.} 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.). + +\noindent +\textbf{vękja} \textit{wv.} 1b, wake [vaka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{vēl} \textit{sf.} artifice, cunning. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęlja} \textit{wv.} 1b, choose. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęndi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vǫndr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vera} \textit{sv.} exist; remain, stay, happen; be. `hvat + lātum hafði verit,' what had caused the noise. \textbf{v.\ at}, be + occupied with. + +\noindent +\textbf{verð} \textit{sn.} worth, value; price. + +\noindent +\textbf{verða} \textit{sv.} 3, happen; happen to come. `v.\ fyrir + einum,' come in one's way, appear before one; become; come into + being, be; `v.\ til eins,' be ready for, undertake; \textit{w.\ infin.} + be obliged, must. `nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have + come into a great perplexity, difficulty. \textbf{v.\ at}, happen. + +\noindent +\textbf{verðr} \textit{adj.} worth; important. + +\noindent +\textbf{ver-gjarn} \textit{adj.} desirous of a husband, loose. + +\noindent +\textbf{verit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vert} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, defend---`v.\ baki,' defend with the back, + turn one's back on. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, dress; lay out money, invest. + +\noindent +\textbf{verk} \textit{sn.} work, job. + +\noindent +\textbf{verr} \textit{sm.} man; husband. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęrr} \textit{adv.} \textit{comp.} worse. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{vęrst}, worst. + +\noindent +\textbf{verǫld} \textit{sf.} world. + +\noindent +\textbf{vestan} \textit{adv.} from the west. `v.\ fyrir' \textit{w.\ gen.\ or + acc.}, west of. + +\noindent +\textbf{vestr} \textit{adv.} westwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{vetr} \textit{sm.} winter; year. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęx} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vaxa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęxti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vǫxtr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{við} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.} by, near; towards (of place + and time); with (of various relations). \textit{w.\ dat.} towards, at + (laugh at, etc.); in exchange for, for. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīða} \textit{adv.} widely, far and wide, on many sides. + +\noindent +\textbf{viðar-teinungr} \textit{sm.} tree-shoot, plant. + +\noindent +\textbf{við-bragð} \textit{sn.} push. + +\noindent +\textbf{viðr} \textit{sm.} 3, tree. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīðr} \textit{adj.} wide, broad. + +\noindent +\textbf{við-skipti} \textit{snpl.} dealings. + +\noindent +\textbf{við-taka} \textit{wf.} reception; resistance. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīgja} \textit{wv.} 1, consecrate, hallow. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīgr} \textit{adj.} warlike, able-bodied. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīking} \textit{sf.} piracy, piratical expedition. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīkingr} \textit{sm.} pirate. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīkja} \textit{sv.} 6, turn, move, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{vilja} \textit{swv.} will. + +\noindent +\textbf{villi-eldr} \textit{sm.} wildfire, conflagration. + +\noindent +\textbf{vinātta} \textit{wf.} friendship. + +\noindent +\textbf{vināttu-māl} \textit{snpl.} assurances of friendship. + +\noindent +\textbf{vinna} \textit{sv.} 3, do, perform; win, conquer. \textbf{vinnask + til}, suffice. + +\noindent +\textbf{vinr} \textit{sm.} 2, friend. + +\noindent +\textbf{virðing} \textit{sf.} honour [verðr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīsa} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ dat.} show, guide. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīss} \textit{adj.} wise; certain. + +\noindent +\textbf{vissa} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vita}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vist} \textit{sf.} 2, board and lodging; provisions. + +\noindent +\textbf{vit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vita} \textit{swv.} know; be turned in a certain direction. + \textbf{v.\ fram}, see into futurity. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīti} \textit{sn.} punishment, penalty. + +\noindent +\textbf{vītis-horn} \textit{sn.} penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk + as a punishment). + +\noindent +\textbf{vitkask} \textit{wv.} 3, come to one's senses. + +\noindent +\textbf{vitr (-ran)} \textit{adj.} wise. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫllr} \textit{sm.} 3, plain, field. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫndr} \textit{sm.} 3, twig, rod. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫrn} \textit{sf.} defence, resistance. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫxtr} \textit{sm.} 3, growth, stature. + +\noindent +\textbf{vreiðr} \textit{} = reiðr. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{Y} + +\noindent +\textbf{yðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{yfir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} over [ofan]. + +\noindent +\textbf{ȳmiss} \textit{adj.} various, different. + +\noindent +\textbf{ymr} \textit{sm.} rumbling noise. + +\noindent +\textbf{ytri} \textit{adj.} \textit{comp.} outer. \textit{superl.} \textbf{yztr}, + outside(st) [ūt]. + + + +\part{Proper Names} + +\noindent +\textbf{Āki} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Āsa-þōrr} \textit{sm.} (divine) Thor. + +\noindent +\textbf{Āstrīðr} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Auðun} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Baldr (-rs)} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Barði} \textit{wm.} `the Ram' (name of a ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{Bil-skīrnir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Brīsinga-męn} \textit{sn.} Freyja's necklace. + +\noindent +\textbf{Burizleifr} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Dāins-leif} \textit{sf.} relic of Dāinn [`leif,' leaving, heritage]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Dana-konungr} \textit{sm.} king of the Danes. + +\noindent +\textbf{Danir} \textit{smpl.} the Danes. + +\noindent +\textbf{Dan-mǫrk} \textit{sf.} 3, Denmark. + +\noindent +\textbf{Draupnir} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Einarr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Eindriði} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Eirīkr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Erlingr} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Fęn-salr} \textit{sm.} 2. + +\noindent +\textbf{Finnr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Finskr} \textit{adj.} Finnish. + +\noindent +\textbf{Freyja} \textit{wf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Freyr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Frigg} \textit{sf.} wife of Odin. + +\noindent +\textbf{Fulla} \textit{wf.} Frigg's handmaid. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Geira} \textit{wf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Gimsar} \textit{fpl.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Gjallar-brū} \textit{sf.} the bridge over the river Gjǫll. + +\noindent +\textbf{Gjǫll} \textit{sf.} `the Resounder,' the river of Hell. + +\noindent +\textbf{Grœn-land} \textit{sn.} Greenland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Gullin-bursti} \textit{wm.} `Golden-bristle.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Gull-toppr} \textit{sm.} `Gold-top.' + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hā-ey} \textit{sf.} `High-island.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Hākon} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hall-freðr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Haraldr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hēðinn} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Heim-dallr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hęl} \textit{sf.} the goddess of the infernal regions. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hęr-mōðr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hildr} \textit{sf.} [`hildr,' war]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hjaðninga-vīg} \textit{sn.} battle of the Hjaðnings. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hjarrandi} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hlōriði} \textit{wm.} the Thunderer, Thor. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hǫgni} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hring-horni} \textit{wm.} `Ring-prowed.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Hyrningr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hyrrokin} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hǫðr} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Īs-land} \textit{sn.} Iceland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Īsland-fęrð} \textit{sf.} journey to Iceland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Īslęnzkr} \textit{adj.} Icelandic. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Jōms-borg} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Jōms-vīkingar} \textit{smpl.} the pirates of Jōmsborg. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Kol-bjǫrn} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Laufey} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Litr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Loki} \textit{wm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Mōð-guðr} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Mœri} \textit{wf.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Nanna} \textit{wf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Nepr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Njarðar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{Njǫrðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{Njǫrðr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Nōa-tūn} \textit{snpl.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Noregr} \textit{sm.} Norway [= norð-vegr]. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ǫku-þōrr} \textit{sm.} Thor (the driver) [aka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Ōlāfr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ōðinn} \textit{sm.} Odin. + +\noindent +\textbf{Orkn-eyjar} \textit{sfpl.} Orkneys. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Rōma-borg} \textit{sf.} Rome. + +\noindent +\textbf{Rūm-fęrli} \textit{wm.} pilgrim to Rome [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Rǫskva} \textit{wf.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sax-land} \textit{sn.} Saxony, Germany. + +\noindent +\textbf{Sif} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sigrīðr} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sig-valdi} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Skjālgr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Skrȳmir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sleipnir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Slīðrug-tanni} \textit{wm.} [tǫnn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Sœnskr} \textit{adj.} Swedish. + +\noindent +\textbf{Sveinn} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Svīa-konungr} \textit{sm.} king of Sweden. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svīar} \textit{smpl.} Swedes. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svīa-vęldi} \textit{sn.} Sweden [vald]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svī-þjōð} \textit{sf.} Sweden. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svǫlðr (-rar)} \textit{sf.} island of Svolder, near Rügen. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Tann-gnjōstr} \textit{sm.} [tǫnn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Tann-grisnir} \textit{sm.} [tǫnn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Tryggvi} \textit{wm.} `Trusty.' + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þjālfi} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þōrir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þor-kęll} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þōrr} \textit{sm.} Thor. + +\noindent +\textbf{Þor-steinn} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þrūð-vangar} \textit{smpl.} `plains of strength.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Þrymyr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þǫkk} \textit{sf.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ūlfr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ūtgarða-loki} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ūt-garðr} \textit{sm.} \textbf{Ūt-garðar} \textit{pl.} `outer enclosure,' + world of the giants. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Vanir} \textit{smpl.} race of Gods. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vār} \textit{sf.} goddess of betrothal and marriage. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vest-firzkr} \textit{adj.} of the west firths (in Iceland). + +\noindent +\textbf{Vīk} \textit{sf.} `the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vinda-snękkja} \textit{wf.} Wendish ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vind-land} \textit{sn.} Wendland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vindr} \textit{smpl.} the Wends. + +\noindent +\textbf{Ving-þōrr} \textit{sm.} name of Thor. + +\end{document} diff --git a/old/5424-t/exaccent.sty b/old/5424-t/exaccent.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c980b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/exaccent.sty @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +% +% `exaccent.sty' for extended accent. +% +% Copyright(C) 1996 by FUKUI Rei +% +% This file is based on `tsipa.sty' for TSIPA created by +% KOBAYASHI Hajime, FUKUI Rei and SHIRAKAWA Shun. +% +% Version 1.0 1996/06/10 +% +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesPackage{exaccent}[1996/06/10 extended accent Version 1.0] + +{\slshape\xdef\@slshapename{\f@shape}} +{\itshape\xdef\@itshapename{\f@shape}} + +\newcommand\upperaccent{\@ifnextchar[{\upper@accent a\empty}% + {\upper@accent a\empty[\z@]}} +\newcommand\Upperaccent{\@ifnextchar[{\upper@accent b\empty}% + {\upper@accent b\empty[\z@]}} +\newcommand\loweraccent{\@ifnextchar[{\lower@accent a\empty}% + {\lower@accent a\empty[\z@]}} +\newcommand\Loweraccent{\@ifnextchar[{\lower@accent b\empty}% + {\lower@accent b\empty[\z@]}} + +\def\upper@accent#1#2[#3]#4#5{{\leavevmode + \setbox\z@\hbox{#5}\setbox\@ne\hbox{#2% + \if a#1\char#4\else#4\fi}% + \ifx\empty#5\empty\box\@ne\else + \@getaccshift \let\c@lcshift\@pshift + \dimen\z@\ht\@ne + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex \advance\dimen\z@ -1ex \else + \ifdim\ht\@ne=\z@ \dimen\z@\dp\@ne \fi\fi + \vbox{\hsize\wd\z@\offinterlineskip + \hb@xt@\z@{\@accshift{#3}\hb@xt@\wd\z@{% + \hss\vbox to \dimen\z@{\hbox{\box\@ne}\vss}\hss}\hss} + \kern#3 + \hbox{#5}}\fi}} + +\def\lower@accent#1#2[#3]#4#5{{\leavevmode + \setbox\z@\hbox{#5}\setbox\@ne\hbox{#2% + \if a#1\char#4\else#4\fi}% + \ifx\empty#5\empty\box\@ne\else + \@getaccshift \let\c@lcshift\s@bshift + \dimen\z@\ht\@ne + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex \advance\dimen\z@ -1.1ex \else + \ifdim\ht\@ne=\z@ \dimen\z@\dp\@ne \fi\fi + \vtop{\hsize\wd\z@\offinterlineskip + \hbox{#5} + \kern#3 + \hbox{\@accshift{#3}\hb@xt@\wd\z@{% + \hss\vbox to \dimen\z@{\hbox{\box\@ne}\vss}\hss}}}\fi}} + +\newcommand\@getaccshift{\def\@accshift##1{}% + \ifx\f@shape\@slshapename\let\@accshift\@accshiftsl\fi + \ifx\f@shape\@itshapename\let\@accshift\@accshiftsl\fi} + +\newcommand\@accshiftsl[1]{\c@lcshift{#1}\kern-.16667\dimen\@ne} + +\newcommand\@pshift[1]{% + \dimen\@ne-\ht\z@ % get height of the box to be accented + \advance\dimen\@ne -#1% % add margin between the letter and accent + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex + \advance\dimen\@ne 1ex\else + \ifdim\ht\@ne=\z@ + \advance\dimen\@ne -\dp\@ne\fi\fi} + +\newcommand\s@bshift[1]{% + \dimen\@ne\dp\z@ % get depth of the box to be accented + \ifdim\ht\@ne>\z@ + \advance\dimen\@ne \ht\@ne\fi % add ht of the accent + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex + \advance\dimen\@ne #1\fi} % add margin between the letter and accent + +\endinput diff --git a/old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp b/old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..22aea85 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp diff --git a/old/5424-t/fixthings.otp b/old/5424-t/fixthings.otp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c63701e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/fixthings.otp @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +% OTP for composing various typographic symbols + +% Based on lat2uni.otp from the Omega distribution +% Changes (c) 2002 Jonas ster <d97ost@dtek.chalmers.se> + +% You may use, modify and redistribute this file +% in any way you like. + +input: 2; +output: 2; + +expressions: + +`-'`-'`-' => @"2014; +`-'`-' => @"2013; +%`-' => @"2010; +``'``' => @"201C; +``' => @"2018; +`''`'' => @"201D; +`'' => @"2019; +`,'`,' => @"201E; +`<'`<' => @"00AB; +`>'`>' => @"00BB; + +. => \1; diff --git a/old/5424-t/lineno.sty b/old/5424-t/lineno.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a31d23a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/lineno.sty @@ -0,0 +1,1517 @@ +\iffalse; awk '/S[H]ELL/' lineno.sty|sh;exit;\fi +%%% To pretty-print this file, feed it to a unix shell! +%%% +%%% $Id: lineno.sty,v 3.11 2002/01/26 23:40:55 stephan Exp $ +%%% +%%% Copyright 1995--2001 Stephan I. B"ottcher <stephan@nevis.columbia.edu> +%%% +%%% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms +%%% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN +%%% archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either +%%% version 1 of the License, or any later version. +%%% +% \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}%D +% \usepackage{lineno}%D +% +% \title{ +% \texttt{\itshape +% lineno.sty \ v3.08b 2002/02/27 +% }\\\ \\ +% A \LaTeX\ package to attach +% \\ Line numbers to paragraphs +% }\author{ +% Stephan I. B\"ottcher +% }\date{ +% stephan@nevis.columbia.edu +%% \\ Stephan.Boettcher@desy.de +%% \\ Stephan.Boettcher@cern.ch +% \\} +% +% +% \def~{\verb~} +% \catcode`\<\catcode`\~ +% \def<#1>{$\langle${\itshape#1}\/$\rangle$} +% \catcode`\|\catcode`\~ +% \def|#1{{\ttfamily\string#1}} +% \newenvironment{code} +% {\par\runninglinenumbers +% \modulolinenumbers[1] +% \linenumbersep.3em +% \footnotesize +% \def\linenumberfont +% {\normalfont\tiny\itshape}} +% {} +% +% \begin{document}%D +%% \DocInput{lineno.doc}%D +% \pagewiselinenumbers +% \maketitle +% \tableofcontents +% \sloppy +% +% +% +% \section{ +% Introduction +% } +% This package provides line numbers on paragraphs. +% After \TeX\ has broken a paragraph into lines there will +% be line numbers attached to them, with the possibility to +% make references through the \LaTeX\ ~\ref~, ~\pageref~ +% cross reference mechanism. This includes four issues: +% \begin{itemize} +% \item attach a line number on each line, +% \item create references to a line number, +% \item control line numbering mode, +% \item count the lines and print the numbers. +% \end{itemize} +% The first two points are implemented through patches to +% the output routine. The third by redefining ~\par~, ~\@par~ +% and ~\@@par~. The counting is easy, as long as you want +% the line numbers run through the text. If they shall +% start over at the top of each page, the aux-file as well +% as \TeX s memory have to carry a load for each counted line. +% +% I wrote this package for my wife Petra, who needs it for +% transcriptions of interviews. This allows her to +% precisely refer to passages in the text. It works well +% together with ~\marginpar~s, but not to well with displaymath. +% ~\footnote~s are a problem, especially when they +% are split, but we may get there. +% +% lineno.sty works +% surprisingly well with other packages, for +% example, ~wrapfig.sty~. So please try if it +% works with whatever you need, and if it does, +% please tell me, and if it does not, tell me as +% well, so I can try to fix it. +% +% This style option is written for \LaTeXe, later than November 1994, +% since we need the ~\protected@write~ macro. + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1994/11/04] +\ProvidesPackage{lineno} + [2002/01/27 line numbers on paragraphs v3.08b] + +%% v1.00 1995/03/31 SIB: first release for Petras interview transcriptions +%% v1.01 1995/10/28 SIB: added ~pagewise~ mode +%% v1.02 1995/11/15 SIB: added ~modulo~ option +%% v1.03 1995/12/05 SIB: pagewise: try to reduce the hash-size requirements +%% v2.00 1995/12/06 SIB: .. it works, new user interface +%% v2.01 1996/09/17 SIB: put into CVS +%% v2.02 1997/03/17 SIB: add: \@reinserts, for footnotes +%% v2.04 1998/03/09 SIB: add: linenomath environment +%% v2.05 1998/04/26 SIB: add: prevgraf test +%% v2.06 1999/03/02 SIB: LPPL added +%% v3.00 1999/06/11 SiB: include the extension in the main file +%% v3.01 1999/08/28 SiB: \@reinserts -> \holdinginserts +%% v3.02 2000/03/10 SiB: \@LN@output +%% v3.03 2000/07/01 SiB: \@LN@ExtraLabelItems, hyperref +%% v3.04 2000/12/17 SiB: longtable compatibility. +%% v3.05 2001/01/02 SiB: [fleqn] detection. +%% v3.05a 2001/01/04 SiB: [fleqn] detection reverted for eqnarray. +%% v3.06 2001/01/17 SiB: [twocolumn] mode support. +%% v3.07 2001/07/30 SiB: [hyperref] option obsoleted. +%% v3.08 2001/08/02 SiB: linenomath wrapping for \[ \] +%% v3.08a 2001/08/04 SiB: linenomath wrapping for \[ \] fixed +%% v3.08b 2002/01/27 SiB: enquotation typo fix +%% +%% Acknowledgements: +%% v3.06: Donald Arseneau, pointed to mparhack.sty. +%% v3.07+: Frank Mittelbach, points out inconsistencies in the +%% user interface. +% +% \section{ +% Put the line numbers to the lines +% } +% The line numbers have to be attached by the output +% routine. We simply set the ~\interlinepenalty~ to -100000. +% The output routine will be called after each line in the +% paragraph, except the last, where we trigger by ~\par~. +% The ~\linenopenalty~ is small enough to compensate a bunch of +% penalties (e.g., with ~\samepage~). +% +% (New v3.04) Longtable uses +% ~\penaly~-30000. The lineno penalty range was +% shrunk to $-188000 \dots -32000$. (/New v3.04) + +\newcount\linenopenalty\linenopenalty=-100000 +\mathchardef\linenopenaltypar=32000 + +% So let's make a hook to ~\output~, the direct way. The \LaTeX\ +% macro ~\@reinserts~ puts the footnotes back on the page. +% +% (New v3.01) ~\@reinserts~ badly +% screws up split footnotes. The bottom part is +% still on the recent contributions list, and the +% top part will be put back there after the bottom +% part. Thus, since lineno.sty does not play well +% with ~\inserts~ anyway, we can safely experiment +% with ~\holdinginserts~, without making things +% much worse. +% +% Or that's what I thought, but: Just activating +% ~\holdinginserts~ while doing the ~\par~ will +% not do the trick: The ~\output~ routine may be +% called for a real page break before all line +% numbers are done, and how can we get control +% over ~\holdinginserts~ at that point? +% +% Let's try this: When the ~\output~ routine is +% run with ~\holdinginserts=3~ for a real page +% break, then we reset ~\holdinginserts~ and +% restart ~\output~. +% +% Then, again, how do we keep the remaining +% ~\inserts~ while doing further line numbers? +% +% If we find ~\holdinginserts~=-3 we activate it again +% after doing ~\output~. (/New v3.01) +% +% (New v3.02) To work with +% multicol.sty, the original output routine is now +% called indirectly, instead of being replaced. +% When multicol.sty changes ~\output~, it is a +% toks register, not the real thing. (/New v3.02) + +\let\@LN@output\output +\newtoks\output +\output=\expandafter{\the\@LN@output} +\@LN@output={% + \LineNoTest + \if@tempswa + \LineNoHoldInsertsTest + \if@tempswa + \if@twocolumn\let\@makecol\@LN@makecol\fi + \the\output + \ifnum\holdinginserts=-3 + \global\holdinginserts 3 + \fi + \else + \global\holdinginserts-3 + \unvbox\@cclv + \ifnum\outputpenalty=10000\else + \penalty\outputpenalty + \fi + \fi + \else + \MakeLineNo + \fi + } + +% The float mechanism inserts ~\interlinepenalty~s during +% ~\output~. So carefully reset it before going on. Else +% we get doubled line numbers on every float placed in +% horizontal mode, e.g, from ~\linelabel~. +% +% Sorry, neither a ~\linelabel~ nor a ~\marginpar~ should +% insert a penalty, else the following linenumber +% could go to the next page. Nor should any other +% float. So let us suppress the ~\interlinepenalty~ +% altogether with the ~\@nobreak~ switch. +% +% Since (ltspace.dtx, v1.2p)[1996/07/26], the ~\@nobreaktrue~ does +% it's job globally. We need to do it locally here. + +\def\LineNoTest{% + \let\@@par\@@@par + \ifnum\interlinepenalty<-\linenopenaltypar + \advance\interlinepenalty-\linenopenalty + \my@nobreaktrue + \fi + \@tempswatrue + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-\linenopenaltypar\else + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-188000\relax + \@tempswafalse + \fi + \fi + } + +\def\my@nobreaktrue{\let\if@nobreak\iftrue} + +\def\LineNoHoldInsertsTest{% + \ifnum\holdinginserts=3\relax + \@tempswafalse + \fi + } + +% We have to return all the page to the current page, and +% add a box with the line number, without adding +% breakpoints, glue or space. The depth of our line number +% should be equal to the previous depth of the page, in +% case the page breaks here, and the box has to be moved up +% by that depth. +% +% The ~\interlinepenalty~ comes after the ~\vadjust~ from a +% ~\linelabel~, so we increment the line number \emph{after} +% printing it. The macro ~\makeLineNumber~ produces the +% text of the line number, see section \ref{appearance}. +% +% Finally we put in the natural ~\interlinepenalty~, except +% after the last line. + +\def\MakeLineNo{\@tempdima\dp\@cclv \unvbox\@cclv + \sbox\@tempboxa{\hbox to\z@{\makeLineNumber}}% + \stepcounter{linenumber}% + \dp\@tempboxa=\@tempdima\ht\@tempboxa=\z@ + \nointerlineskip\kern-\@tempdima\box\@tempboxa + \ifnum\outputpenalty=-\linenopenaltypar\else + \@tempcnta\outputpenalty + \advance\@tempcnta -\linenopenalty + \penalty\@tempcnta + \fi + } + +% +% +% \section{ +% Control line numbering +% } +% The line numbering is controlled via ~\par~. \LaTeX\ +% saved the \TeX-primitive ~\par~ in ~\@@par~. We push it +% one level further out, and redefine ~\@@par~ to insert +% the ~\interlinepenalty~ needed to trigger the +% line numbering. And we need to allow pagebreaks after a +% paragraph. +% +% New (2.05beta): the prevgraf test. A paragraph that ends with a +% displayed equation, a ~\noindent\par~ or ~wrapfig.sty~ produce empty +% paragraphs. These should not get a spurious line number via +% ~\linenopenaltypar~. + +\let\@@@par\@@par +\newcount\linenoprevgraf + +\def\linenumberpar{\ifvmode\@@@par\else\ifinner\@@@par\else + \advance\interlinepenalty \linenopenalty + \linenoprevgraf\prevgraf + \global\holdinginserts3% + \@@@par + \ifnum\prevgraf>\linenoprevgraf + \penalty-\linenopenaltypar + \fi + \kern\z@ + \global\holdinginserts0% + \advance\interlinepenalty -\linenopenalty + \fi\fi + } + +% The basic commands to enable and disable line numbers. +% ~\@par~ and ~\par~ are only touched, when they are ~\let~ +% to ~\@@@par~/~\linenumberpar~. The line number may be +% reset to 1 with the star-form, or set by an optional +% argument ~[~<number>~]~. + +\def\linenumbers{\let\@@par\linenumberpar + \ifx\@par\@@@par\let\@par\linenumberpar\fi + \ifx\par\@@@par\let\par\linenumberpar\fi + \@ifnextchar[{\resetlinenumber}%] + {\@ifstar{\resetlinenumber}{}}% + } + +\def\nolinenumbers{\let\@@par\@@@par + \ifx\@par\linenumberpar\let\@par\@@@par\fi + \ifx\par\linenumberpar\let\par\@@@par\fi + } + +% What happens with a display math? Since ~\par~ is not executed, +% when breaking the lines before a display, they will not get +% line numbers. Sorry, but I do not dare to change +% ~\interlinepenalty~ globally, nor do I want to redefine +% the display math environments here. +% \begin{displaymath} +% display \ math +% \end{displaymath} +% See the subsection below, for a wrapper enviroment to make +% it work. But that requires to wrap each and every display +% in your LaTeX source. +% +% The next two commands are provided to turn on line +% numbering in a specific mode. Please note the difference: +% for pagewise numbering, ~\linenumbers~ comes first to +% inhibit it from seeing optional arguments, since +% re-/presetting the counter is useless. + +\def\pagewiselinenumbers{\linenumbers\setpagewiselinenumbers} +\def\runninglinenumbers{\setrunninglinenumbers\linenumbers} + +% Finally, it is a \LaTeX\ style, so we provide for the use +% of environments, including the suppression of the +% following paragraph's indentation. + +%%% TO DO: add \par to \linenumbers, if called from an environment. +%%% To DO: add an \@endpe hack if \linenumbers are turned on +%%% in horizontal mode. {\par\parskip\z@\noindent} or +%%% something. + +\@namedef{linenumbers*}{\par\linenumbers*} +\@namedef{runninglinenumbers*}{\par\runninglinenumbers*} + +\def\endlinenumbers{\par\@endpetrue} +\let\endrunninglinenumbers\endlinenumbers +\let\endpagewiselinenumbers\endlinenumbers +\expandafter\let\csname endlinenumbers*\endcsname\endlinenumbers +\expandafter\let\csname endrunninglinenumbers*\endcsname\endlinenumbers +\let\endnolinenumbers\endlinenumbers + +% +% \subsection{ +% Display math +% } +% +% Now we tackle the problem to get display math working. +% There are different options. +% \begin{enumerate}\item[ +% 1.] Precede every display math with a ~\par~. +% Not too good. +% \item[ +% 2.] Change ~\interlinepenalty~ and associates globally. +% Unstable. +% \item[ +% 3.] Wrap each display math with a ~{linenomath}~ +% environment. +% \end{enumerate} +% We'll go for option 3. See if it works: +% \begin{linenomath} +% \begin{equation} +% display \ math +% \end{equation} +% \end{linenomath} +% The star form ~{linenomath*}~ should also number the lines +% of the display itself, +% \begin{linenomath*} +% \begin{eqnarray} +% multi && line \\ +% display && math \\ +% & +% \begin{array}{c} +% with \\ +% array +% \end{array} +% & +% \end{eqnarray} +% \end{linenomath*} +% including multline displays. +% +% First, here are two macros to turn +% on linenumbering on paragraphs preceeding displays, with +% numbering the lines of the display itself, or without. +% The ~\ifx..~ tests if line numbering is turned on. It +% does not harm to add these wrappers in sections that are +% not numbered. Nor does it harm to wrap a display +% twice, e.q, in case you have some ~{equation}~s wrapped +% explicitely, and later you redefine ~\equation~ to do it +% automatically. + +\newcommand\linenomathNonumbers{% + \ifx\@@par\@@@par\else + \ifnum\interlinepenalty>-\linenopenaltypar + \global\holdinginserts3% + \advance\interlinepenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\predisplaypenalty \linenopenalty + \fi + \fi + \ignorespaces + } + +\newcommand\linenomathWithnumbers{% + \ifx\@@par\@@@par\else + \ifnum\interlinepenalty>-\linenopenaltypar + \global\holdinginserts3% + \advance\interlinepenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\predisplaypenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\postdisplaypenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\interdisplaylinepenalty \linenopenalty + \fi + \fi + \ignorespaces + } + +% The ~{linenomath}~ environment has two forms, with and +% without a star. The following two macros define the +% environment, where the stared/non-stared form does/doesn't number the +% lines of the display or vice versa. + +\newcommand\linenumberdisplaymath{% + \def\linenomath{\linenomathWithnumbers}% + \@namedef{linenomath*}{\linenomathNonumbers}% + } + +\newcommand\nolinenumberdisplaymath{% + \def\linenomath{\linenomathNonumbers}% + \@namedef{linenomath*}{\linenomathWithnumbers}% + } + +\def\endlinenomath{% + \global\holdinginserts0 + \@ignoretrue +} +\expandafter\let\csname endlinenomath*\endcsname\endlinenomath + +% The default is not to number the lines of a display. But +% the package option ~mathlines~ may be used to switch +% that behavior. + +\nolinenumberdisplaymath + +% +% +% \section{ +% Line number references +% } +% The only way to get a label to a line number in a +% paragraph is to ask the output routine to mark it. +% +% We use the marginpar mechanism to hook to ~\output~ for a +% second time. Marginpars are floats with number $-1$, we +% fake marginpars with No $-2$. Originally, every negative +% numbered float was considered to be a marginpar. +% +% The float box number ~\@currbox~ is used to transfer the +% label name in a macro called ~\@LNL@~<box-number>. +% +% A ~\newlabel~ is written to the aux-file. The reference +% is to ~\theLineNumber~, \emph{not} ~\thelinenumber~. +% This allows to hook in, as done below for pagewise line +% numbering. +% +% (New v3.03) The ~\@LN@ExtraLabelItems~ are added for a hook +% to keep packages like ~{hyperref}~ happy. (/New v3.03) + +\let\@LN@addmarginpar\@addmarginpar +\def\@addmarginpar{% + \ifnum\count\@currbox>-2\relax + \expandafter\@LN@addmarginpar + \else + \@cons\@freelist\@currbox + \protected@write\@auxout{}{% + \string\newlabel + {\csname @LNL@\the\@currbox\endcsname}% + {{\theLineNumber}{\thepage}\@LN@ExtraLabelItems}}% + \fi} + +\let\@LN@ExtraLabelItems\@empty + +% \subsection{ +% The linelabel command +% } +% To refer to a place in line ~\ref{~<foo>~}~ at page +% ~\pageref{~<foo>~}~ you place a ~\linelabel{~<foo>~}~ at +% that place. +% +% \linelabel{demo} +% \marginpar{\tiny\raggedright +% See if it works: This paragraph +% starts on page \pageref{demo}, line +% \ref{demo}. +% }% +% If you use this command outside a ~\linenumbers~ +% paragraph, you will get references to some bogus +% line numbers, sorry. But we don't disable the command, +% because only the ~\par~ at the end of a paragraph may +% decides whether to print line numbers on this paragraph +% or not. A ~\linelabel~ may legally appear earlier than +% ~\linenumbers~. +% +% ~\linelabel~, via a fake float number $-2$, puts a +% ~\penalty~ into a ~\vadjust~, which triggers the +% pagebuilder after putting the current line to the main +% vertical list. A ~\write~ is placed on the main vertical +% list, which prints a reference to the current value of +% ~\thelinenumber~ and ~\thepage~ at the time of the +% ~\shipout~. +% +% A ~\linelabel~ is allowed only in outer horizontal mode. +% In outer vertical mode we start a paragraph, and ignore +% trailing spaces (by fooling ~\@esphack~). +% +% The argument of ~\linelabel~ is put into a macro with a +% name derived from the number of the allocated float box. +% Much of the rest is dummy float setup. + +\def\linelabel#1{% + \ifvmode + \ifinner \else + \leavevmode \@bsphack \@savsk\p@ + \fi + \else + \@bsphack + \fi + \ifhmode + \ifinner + \@parmoderr + \else + \@floatpenalty -\@Mii + \@next\@currbox\@freelist + {\global\count\@currbox-2% + \expandafter\gdef\csname @LNL@\the\@currbox\endcsname{#1}}% + {\@floatpenalty\z@ \@fltovf \def\@currbox{\@tempboxa}}% + \begingroup + \setbox\@currbox \color@vbox \vbox \bgroup \end@float + \endgroup + \@ignorefalse \@esphack + \fi + \else + \@parmoderr + \fi + } + +% \modulolinenumbers[3] +% \section{ +% The appearance of the line numbers +% }\label{appearance} +% The line numbers are set as ~\tiny\sffamily\arabic{linenumber}~, +% $10pt$ left of the text. With options to place it +% right of the text, or . . . +% +% . . . here are the hooks: + +\def\makeLineNumberLeft{\hss\linenumberfont\LineNumber\hskip\linenumbersep} + +\def\makeLineNumberRight{\linenumberfont\hskip\linenumbersep\hskip\columnwidth + \hbox to\linenumberwidth{\hss\LineNumber}\hss} + +\def\linenumberfont{\normalfont\tiny\sffamily} + +\newdimen\linenumbersep +\newdimen\linenumberwidth + +\linenumberwidth=10pt +\linenumbersep=10pt + +% Margin switching requires ~pagewise~ numbering mode, but +% choosing the left or right margin for the numbers always +% works. + +\def\switchlinenumbers{\@ifstar + {\let\makeLineNumberOdd\makeLineNumberRight + \let\makeLineNumberEven\makeLineNumberLeft}% + {\let\makeLineNumberOdd\makeLineNumberLeft + \let\makeLineNumberEven\makeLineNumberRight}% + } + +\def\setmakelinenumbers#1{\@ifstar + {\let\makeLineNumberRunning#1% + \let\makeLineNumberOdd#1% + \let\makeLineNumberEven#1}% + {\ifx\c@linenumber\c@runninglinenumber + \let\makeLineNumberRunning#1% + \else + \let\makeLineNumberOdd#1% + \let\makeLineNumberEven#1% + \fi}% + } + +\def\leftlinenumbers{\setmakelinenumbers\makeLineNumberLeft} +\def\rightlinenumbers{\setmakelinenumbers\makeLineNumberRight} + +\leftlinenumbers* + +% ~\LineNumber~ is a hook which is used for the modulo stuff. +% It is the command to use for the line number, when you +% customizes ~\makeLineNumber~. Use ~\thelinenumber~ to +% change the outfit of the digits. +% +% +% We will implement two modes of operation: +% \begin{itemize} +% \item numbers ~running~ through (parts of) the text +% \item ~pagewise~ numbers starting over with one on top of +% each page. +% \end{itemize} +% Both modes have their own count register, but only one is +% allocated as a \LaTeX\ counter, with the attached +% facilities serving both. + +\newcounter{linenumber} +\newcount\c@pagewiselinenumber +\let\c@runninglinenumber\c@linenumber + +% Only the running mode counter may be reset, or preset, +% for individual paragraphs. The pagewise counter must +% give a unique anonymous number for each line. + +\newcommand\resetlinenumber[1][1]{\c@runninglinenumber#1} + +% \subsection{ +% Running line numbers +% } +% Running mode is easy, ~\LineNumber~ and ~\theLineNumber~ +% produce ~\thelinenumber~, which defaults to +% ~\arabic{linenumber}~, using the ~\c@runninglinenumber~ +% counter. This is the default mode of operation. + +\def\makeRunningLineNumber{\makeLineNumberRunning} + +\def\setrunninglinenumbers{% + \def\theLineNumber{\thelinenumber}% + \let\c@linenumber\c@runninglinenumber + \let\makeLineNumber\makeRunningLineNumber + } + +\setrunninglinenumbers\resetlinenumber + +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Pagewise line numbers +% } +% Difficult, if you think about it. The number has to be +% printed when there is no means to know on which page it +% will end up, except through the aux-file. My solution +% is really expensive, but quite robust. +% +% With version ~v2.00~ the hashsize requirements are +% reduced, because we do not need one controlsequence for +% each line any more. But this costs some computation time +% to find out on which page we are. +% +% ~\makeLineNumber~ gets a hook to log the line and page +% number to the aux-file. Another hook tries to find out +% what the page offset is, and subtracts it from the counter +% ~\c@linenumber~. Additionally, the switch +% ~\ifoddNumberedPage~ is set true for odd numbered pages, +% false otherwise. + +\def\setpagewiselinenumbers{% + \let\theLineNumber\thePagewiseLineNumber + \let\c@linenumber\c@pagewiselinenumber + \let\makeLineNumber\makePagewiseLineNumber + } + +\def\makePagewiseLineNumber{\logtheLineNumber\getLineNumber + \ifoddNumberedPage + \makeLineNumberOdd + \else + \makeLineNumberEven + \fi + } + +% Each numbered line gives a line to the aux file +% \begin{verse} +% ~\@LN{~<line>~}{~<page>~}~ +% \end{verse} +% very similar to the ~\newlabel~ business, except that we need +% an arabic representation of the page number, not what +% there might else be in ~\thepage~. + +\def\logtheLineNumber{\protected@write\@auxout{}{% + \string\@LN{\the\c@linenumber}{\noexpand\the\c@page}}} + +% From the aux-file we get one macro ~\LN@P~<page> for each +% page with line numbers on it. This macro calls four other +% macros with one argument each. These macros are +% dynamically defined to do tests and actions, to find out +% on which page the current line number is located. +% +% We need sort of a pointer to the first page with line +% numbers, initiallized to point to nothing: + +\def\LastNumberedPage{first} +\def\LN@Pfirst{\nextLN\relax} + +% The four dynamic macros are initiallized to reproduce +% themselves in an ~\xdef~ + +\let\lastLN\relax % compare to last line on this page +\let\firstLN\relax % compare to first line on this page +\let\pageLN\relax % get the page number, compute the linenumber +\let\nextLN\relax % move to the next page + +% During the end-document run through the aux-files, we +% disable ~\@LN~. I may put in a check here later, to give +% a rerun recommendation. + +\AtEndDocument{\let\@LN\@gobbletwo} + +% Now, this is the tricky part. First of all, the whole +% definition of ~\@LN~ is grouped, to avoid accumulation +% on the save stack. Somehow ~\csname~<cs>~\endcsname~ pushes +% an entry, which stays after an ~\xdef~ to that <cs>. +% +% If ~\LN@P~<page> is undefined, initialize it with the +% current page and line number, with the +% \emph{pointer-to-the-next-page} pointing to nothing. And +% the macro for the previous page will be redefined to point +% to the current one. +% +% If the macro for the current page already exists, just +% redefine the \emph{last-line-number} entry. +% +% Finally, save the current page number, to get the pointer to the +% following page later. + +\def\@LN#1#2{{\expandafter\@@LN + \csname LN@P#2C\@LN@column\expandafter\endcsname + \csname LN@PO#2\endcsname + {#1}{#2}}} + +\def\@@LN#1#2#3#4{\ifx#1\relax + \ifx#2\relax\gdef#2{#3}\fi + \expandafter\@@@LN\csname LN@P\LastNumberedPage\endcsname#1 + \xdef#1{\lastLN{#3}\firstLN{#3}\pageLN{#4}{\@LN@column}{#2}\nextLN\relax}% + \else + \def\lastLN##1{\noexpand\lastLN{#3}}% + \xdef#1{#1}% + \fi + \xdef\LastNumberedPage{#4C\@LN@column}} + +% The previous page macro gets its pointer to the +% current one, replacing the ~\relax~ with the cs-token +% ~\LN@P~<page>. + +\def\@@@LN#1#2{{\def\nextLN##1{\noexpand\nextLN\noexpand#2}% + \xdef#1{#1}}} + +% Now, to print a line number, we need to find the page, +% where it resides. This will most probably be the page where +% the last one came from, or maybe the next page. However, it can +% be a completely different one. We maintain a cache, +% which is ~\let~ to the last page's macro. But for now +% it is initialized to expand ~\LN@first~, where the poiner +% to the first numbered page has been stored in. + +\def\NumberedPageCache{\LN@Pfirst} + +% To find out on which page the current ~\c@linenumber~ is, +% we define the four dynamic macros to do something usefull +% and execute the current cache macro. ~\lastLN~ is run +% first, testing if the line number in question may be on a +% later page. If so, disable ~\firstLN~, and go on to the +% next page via ~\nextLN~. + +\def\testLastNumberedPage#1{\ifnum#1<\c@linenumber + \let\firstLN\@gobble + \fi} + +% Else, if ~\firstLN~ finds out that we need an earlier +% page, we start over from the beginning. Else, ~\nextLN~ +% will be disabled, and ~\pageLN~ will run +% ~\gotNumberedPage~ with four arguments: the first line +% number on this column, the page number, the column +% number, and the first line on the page. + +\def\testFirstNumberedPage#1{\ifnum#1>\c@linenumber + \def\nextLN##1{\testNextNumberedPage\LN@Pfirst}% + \else + \let\nextLN\@gobble + \def\pageLN{\gotNumberedPage{#1}}% + \fi} + +% We start with ~\pageLN~ disabled and ~\nextLN~ defined to +% continue the search with the next page. + +\long\def \@gobblethree #1#2#3{} + +\def\testNumberedPage{% + \let\lastLN\testLastNumberedPage + \let\firstLN\testFirstNumberedPage + \let\pageLN\@gobblethree + \let\nextLN\testNextNumberedPage + \NumberedPageCache + } + +% When we switch to another page, we first have to make +% sure that it is there. If we are done with the last +% page, we probably need to run \TeX\ again, but for the +% rest of this run, the cache macro will just return four +% zeros. This saves a lot of time, for example if you have +% half of an aux-file from an aborted run, in the next run +% the whole page-list would be searched in vain again and +% again for the second half of the document. +% +% If there is another page, we iterate the search. + +\def\testNextNumberedPage#1{\ifx#1\relax + \global\def\NumberedPageCache{\gotNumberedPage0000}% + \PackageWarningNoLine{lineno}% + {Linenumber reference failed, + \MessageBreak rerun to get it right}% + \else + \global\let\NumberedPageCache#1% + \fi + \testNumberedPage + } + +% \linelabel{demo2} +% \marginpar{\tiny\raggedright +% Let's see if it finds the label +% on page \pageref{demo}, +% line \ref{demo}, and back here +% on page \pageref{demo2}, line +% \ref{demo2}. +% }% +% To separate the official hooks from the internals there is +% this equivalence, to hook in later for whatever purpose: + +\let\getLineNumber\testNumberedPage + +% So, now we got the page where the number is on. We +% establish if we are on an odd or even page, and calculate +% the final line number to be printed. + +\newif\ifoddNumberedPage +\newif\ifcolumnwiselinenumbers +\columnwiselinenumbersfalse + +\def\gotNumberedPage#1#2#3#4{\oddNumberedPagefalse + \ifodd \if@twocolumn #3\else #2\fi\relax\oddNumberedPagetrue\fi + \advance\c@linenumber 1\relax + \ifcolumnwiselinenumbers + \subtractlinenumberoffset{#1}% + \else + \subtractlinenumberoffset{#4}% + \fi + } + +% You might want to run the pagewise mode with running line +% numbers, or you might not. It's your choice: + +\def\runningpagewiselinenumbers{% + \let\subtractlinenumberoffset\@gobble + } + +\def\realpagewiselinenumbers{% + \def\subtractlinenumberoffset##1{\advance\c@linenumber-##1\relax}% + } + +\realpagewiselinenumbers + +% For line number references, we need a protected call to +% the whole procedure, with the requested line number stored +% in the ~\c@linenumber~ counter. This is what gets printed +% to the aux-file to make a label: + +\def\thePagewiseLineNumber{\protect + \getpagewiselinenumber{\the\c@linenumber}}% + +% And here is what happens when the label is refered to: + +\def\getpagewiselinenumber#1{{% + \c@linenumber #1\relax\testNumberedPage + \thelinenumber + }} + +% % +% A summary of all per line expenses: +% \begin{description}\item +% [CPU:] The ~\output~ routine is called for each line, +% and the page-search is done. +% \item +% [DISK:] One line of output to the aux-file for each +% numbered line +% \item +% [MEM:] One macro per page. Great improvement over v1.02, +% which had one control sequence per line in +% addition. It blew the hash table after some five +% thousand lines. +% \end{description} +% +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Twocolumn mode (New v3.06) +% } +% +% Twocolumn mode requires another patch to the ~\output~ +% routine, in order to print a column tag to the .aux +% file. + +\let\@LN@orig@makecol\@makecol +\def\@LN@makecol{% + \@LN@orig@makecol + \setbox\@outputbox \vbox{% + \boxmaxdepth \@maxdepth + \protected@write\@auxout{}{% + \string\@LN@col{\if@firstcolumn1\else2\fi}% + }% + \box\@outputbox + }% \vbox +} + +\def\@LN@col#1{\def\@LN@column{#1}} +\@LN@col{1} + +% +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Numbering modulo 5 +% } +% Most users want to have only one in five lines numbered. +% ~\LineNumber~ is supposed to produce the outfit of the +% line number attached to the line, while ~\thelinenumber~ +% is used also for references, which should appear even if +% they are not multiples of five. + +\newcount\c@linenumbermodulo + +\def\themodulolinenumber{{\@tempcnta\c@linenumber + \divide\@tempcnta\c@linenumbermodulo + \multiply\@tempcnta\c@linenumbermodulo + \ifnum\@tempcnta=\c@linenumber\thelinenumber\fi + }} + +% The user command to set the modulo counter: + +\newcommand\modulolinenumbers[1][0]{% + \let\LineNumber\themodulolinenumber + \ifnum#1>1\relax + \c@linenumbermodulo#1\relax + \else\ifnum#1=1\relax + \def\LineNumber{\thelinenumber}% + \fi\fi + } + +\setcounter{linenumbermodulo}{5} +\modulolinenumbers[1] + +% +% \switchlinenumbers +% \modulolinenumbers[1] +% \section{ +% Package options +% } +% There is a bunch of package options, all of them +% executing only user commands (see below). +% +% Options ~left~ (~right~) put the line numbers on the left +% (right) margin. This works in all modes. ~left~ is the +% default. + +\DeclareOption{left}{\leftlinenumbers*} + +\DeclareOption{right}{\rightlinenumbers*} + +% Option ~switch~ (~switch*~) puts the line numbers on the +% outer (inner) margin of the text. This requires running +% the pagewise mode, but we turn off the page offset +% subtraction, getting sort of running numbers again. The +% ~pagewise~ option may restore true pagewise mode later. + +\DeclareOption{switch}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \switchlinenumbers + \runningpagewiselinenumbers} + +\DeclareOption{switch*}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \switchlinenumbers*% + \runningpagewiselinenumbers} + +% In twocolumn mode, we can switch the line numbers to +% the outer margin, and/or start with number 1 in each +% column. Margin switching is covered by the ~switch~ +% options. + +\DeclareOption{columnwise}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \columnwiselinenumberstrue + \realpagewiselinenumbers} + +% The options ~pagewise~ and ~running~ select the major +% linenumber mechanism. ~running~ line numbers refer to a real +% counter value, which can be reset for any paragraph, +% even getting multiple paragraphs on one page starting +% with line number one. ~pagewise~ line numbers get a +% unique hidden number within the document, but with the +% opportunity to establish the page on which they finally +% come to rest. This allows the subtraction of the page +% offset, getting the numbers starting with 1 on top of each +% page, and margin switching in twoside formats becomes +% possible. The default mode is ~running~. +% +% The order of declaration of the options is important here +% ~pagewise~ must come after ~switch~, to overide running +% pagewise mode. ~running~ comes last, to reset the running +% line number mode, e.g, after selecting margin switch mode +% for ~pagewise~ running. Once more, if you specify all +% three of the options ~[switch,pagewise,running]~, the +% result is almost nothing, but if you later say +% ~\pagewiselinenumbers~, you get margin switching, with +% real pagewise line numbers. +% +\DeclareOption{pagewise}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \realpagewiselinenumbers} + +\DeclareOption{running}{\setrunninglinenumbers} + +% The option ~modulo~ causes only those linenumbers to be +% printed which are multiples of five. + +\DeclareOption{modulo}{\modulolinenumbers\relax} + +% The package option ~mathlines~ switches the behavior of +% the ~{linenomath}~ environment with its star-form. +% Without this option, the ~{linenomath}~ environment does +% not number the lines of the display, while the star-form +% does. With this option, its just the opposite. +% +%%% 1999-06-10: renamed ~displaymath~ to ~mathlines~. + +\DeclareOption{mathlines}{\linenumberdisplaymath} + +% ~displaymath~ now calls for wrappers of the standard +% LaTeX display math environment. This was previously +% done by ~mlineno.sty~. + +\let\do@mlineno\relax +\DeclareOption{displaymath}{\let\do@mlineno\@empty} + +% The ~hyperref~ package, via ~nameref~, requires three more +% groups in the second argment of a ~\newlabel~. Well, why +% shouldn't it get them? (New v3.07) The presencs of the +% ~nameref~ package is now detected automatically +% ~\AtBeginDocument~. (/New v3.07) + +\DeclareOption{hyperref}{\PackageWarningNoLine{lineno}{% + Option [hyperref] is obsolete. + \MessageBreak The hyperref package is detected automatically.}} + +\AtBeginDocument{% + \@ifpackageloaded{nameref}{% + \def\@LN@ExtraLabelItems{{}{}{}}}} + +\ProcessOptions + +% \subsection{ +% Package Extensions +% } +% +% The extensions in this section were previously supplied +% in seperate ~.sty~ files. +% +% \subsubsection{ +% $display math$ +% } +% +% The standard \LaTeX\ display math environments are +% wrapped in a ~{linenomath}~ environment. +% +% (New 3.05) The ~[fleqn]~ option of the standard +% \LaTeX\ classes defines the display math +% environments such that line numbers appear just +% fine. Thus, we need not do any tricks when +% ~[fleqn]~ is loaded, as indicated by presents of +% the ~\mathindent~ register. (/New 3.05) +% +% (New 3.05a) for ~{eqnarray}~s we rather keep the +% old trick. (/New 3.05a) +% +% (New 3.08) Wrap ~\[~ and ~\]~ into ~{linenomath}~, +% instead of ~{displaymath}~. Also save the definition +% of ~\equation~, instead of replicating the current +% \LaTeX\ definition. (/New 3.08) + +\ifx\do@mlineno\@empty + \@ifundefined{mathindent}{ + + \let\LN@displaymath\[ + \let\LN@enddisplaymath\] + \renewcommand\[{\begin{linenomath}\LN@displaymath} + \renewcommand\]{\LN@enddisplaymath\end{linenomath}} + + \let\LN@equation\equation + \let\LN@endequation\endequation + \renewenvironment{equation} + {\linenomath\LN@equation} + {\LN@endequation\endlinenomath} + + }% \@ifundefined{mathindent} + + \let\LN@eqnarray\eqnarray + \let\LN@endeqnarray\endeqnarray + \renewenvironment{eqnarray} + {\linenomath\LN@eqnarray} + {\LN@endeqnarray\endlinenomath} + +\fi + +% \subsubsection{ +% Line numbers in internal vertical mode +% } +% +% The command ~\internallinenumbers~ adds line numbers in +% internal vertical mode, but with limitations: we assume +% fixed baseline skip. + +\def\internallinenumbers{\setrunninglinenumbers + \let\@@par\internallinenumberpar + \ifx\@par\@@@par\let\@par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \ifx\par\@@@par\let\par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \ifx\@par\linenumberpar\let\@par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \ifx\par\linenumberpar\let\par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \@ifnextchar[{\resetlinenumber}%] + {\@ifstar{\let\c@linenumber\c@internallinenumber + \c@linenumber\@ne}{}}% + } + +\let\endinternallinenumbers\endlinenumbers +\@namedef{internallinenumbers*}{\internallinenumbers*} +\expandafter\let\csname endinternallinenumbers*\endcsname\endlinenumbers + +\newcount\c@internallinenumber +\newcount\c@internallinenumbers + +\def\internallinenumberpar{\ifvmode\@@@par\else\ifinner\@@@par\else\@@@par + \begingroup + \c@internallinenumbers\prevgraf + \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\vbox{\makeinternalLinenumbers}}% + \dp\@tempboxa\prevdepth + \ht\@tempboxa\z@ + \nobreak\vskip-\prevdepth + \nointerlineskip\box\@tempboxa + \endgroup + \fi\fi + } + +\def\makeinternalLinenumbers{\ifnum\c@internallinenumbers>0\relax + \hbox to\z@{\makeLineNumber}\global\advance\c@linenumber\@ne + \advance\c@internallinenumbers\m@ne + \expandafter\makeinternalLinenumbers\fi + } + +% \subsubsection{ +% Line number references with offset +% } +% +% This extension defines macros to refer to line +% numbers with an offset, e.g., to refer to a line +% which cannot be labeled directly (display math). +% This was formerly knows as ~rlineno.sty~. +% +% To refer to a pagewise line number with offset: +% \begin{quote} +% ~\linerefp[~<OFFSET>~]{~<LABEL>~}~ +% \end{quote} +% To refer to a running line number with offset: +% \begin{quote} +% ~\linerefr[~<OFFSET>~]{~<LABEL>~}~ +% \end{quote} +% To refer to a line number labeled in the same mode as currently +% selected: +% \begin{quote} +% ~\lineref[~<OFFSET>~]{~<LABEL>~}~ +% \end{quote} + +\newcommand\lineref{% + \ifx\c@linenumner\c@runninglinenumner + \expandafter\linerefr + \else + \expandafter\linerefp + \fi +} + +\newcommand\linerefp[2][\z@]{{% + \let\@thelinenumber\thelinenumber + \edef\thelinenumber{\advance\c@linenumber#1\relax\noexpand\@thelinenumber}% + \ref{#2}% +}} + +% This goes deep into \LaTeX s internals. + +\newcommand\linerefr[2][\z@]{{% + \def\@@linerefadd{\advance\c@linenumber#1}% + \expandafter\@setref\csname r@#2\endcsname + \@linerefadd{#2}% +}} + +\newcommand\@linerefadd[2]{\c@linenumber=#1\@@linerefadd\relax + \thelinenumber} + +% \subsubsection{ +% Numbered quotation environments +% } +% +% The ~{numquote}~ and ~{numquotation}~ +% environments are like ~{quote}~ and +% ~{quotation}~, except there will be line +% numbers. +% +% An optional argument gives the number to count +% from. A star ~*~ (inside or outside the closing +% ~}~) prevent the reset of the line numbers. +% Default is to count from one. + +\newcommand\quotelinenumbers + {\@ifstar\linenumbers{\@ifnextchar[\linenumbers{\linenumbers*}}} + +\newdimen\quotelinenumbersep +\quotelinenumbersep=\linenumbersep +\let\quotelinenumberfont\linenumberfont + +\newcommand\numquotelist + {\leftlinenumbers + \linenumbersep\quotelinenumbersep + \let\linenumberfont\quotelinenumberfont + \addtolength{\linenumbersep}{-\@totalleftmargin}% + \quotelinenumbers + } + +\newenvironment{numquote} {\quote\numquotelist}{\endquote} +\newenvironment{numquotation} {\quotation\numquotelist}{\endquotation} +\newenvironment{numquote*} {\quote\numquotelist*}{\endquote} +\newenvironment{numquotation*}{\quotation\numquotelist*}{\endquotation} + +% \subsubsection{ +% Frame around a paragraph +% } +% +% The ~{bframe}~ environment draws a frame around +% some text, across page breaks, if necessary. +% +% This works only for plain text paragraphs, +% without special height lines. All lines must be +% ~\baselineskip~ apart, no display math. + +\newenvironment{bframe} + {\par + \@tempdima\textwidth + \advance\@tempdima 2\bframesep + \setbox\bframebox\hbox to\textwidth{% + \hskip-\bframesep + \vrule\@width\bframerule\@height\baselineskip\@depth\bframesep + \advance\@tempdima-2\bframerule + \hskip\@tempdima + \vrule\@width\bframerule\@height\baselineskip\@depth\bframesep + \hskip-\bframesep + }% + \hbox{\hskip-\bframesep + \vrule\@width\@tempdima\@height\bframerule\@depth\z@}% + \nointerlineskip + \copy\bframebox + \nobreak + \kern-\baselineskip + \runninglinenumbers + \def\makeLineNumber{\copy\bframebox\hss}% + } + {\par + \kern-\prevdepth + \kern\bframesep + \nointerlineskip + \@tempdima\textwidth + \advance\@tempdima 2\bframesep + \hbox{\hskip-\bframesep + \vrule\@width\@tempdima\@height\bframerule\@depth\z@}% + } + +\newdimen\bframerule +\bframerule=\fboxrule + +\newdimen\bframesep +\bframesep=\fboxsep + +\newbox\bframebox + +% \section{ +% The final touch +% } +% There is one deadcycle for each line number. + +\advance\maxdeadcycles 100 + +\endinput + +% \section{ +% The user commands +% } +% The user command to turn on and off line numbering +% are +% \begin{description}\item +% [|\linenumbers] \ \par +% Turn on line numbering in the current mode. +% \item +% [|\linenumbers*] \ \par$\qquad$ +% and reset the line number to 1. +% \def\NL{<number>]}\item +% [|\linenumbers[\NL] \ \par$\qquad$ +% and start with <number>. +% \item +% [|\nolinenumbers] \ \par +% Turn off line numbering. +% \item +% [|\runninglinenumbers*[\NL] \ \par +% Turn on ~running~ line numbers, with the same optional +% arguments as ~\linenumbers~. The numbers are running +% through the text over pagebreaks. When you turn +% numbering off and on again, the numbers will continue, +% except, of cause, if you ask to reset or preset the +% counter. +% \item +% [|\pagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% Turn on ~pagewise~ line numbers. The lines on each +% page are numbered beginning with one at the first +% ~pagewise~ numbered line. +% \item +% [|\resetlinenumber[\NL] \ \par +% Reset ~[~Set~]~ the line number to 1 +% ~[~<number>~]~. +% \item +% [|\setrunninglinenumbers] \ \par +% Switch to ~running~ line number mode. Do \emph{not} +% turn it on or off. +% \item +% [|\setpagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% Switch to ~pagewise~ line number mode. Do \emph{not} +% turn it on or off. +% \item +% [|\switchlinenumbers*] \ \par +% Causes margin switching in pagewise modes. With the +% star, put the line numbers on the inner margin. +% \item +% [|\leftlinenumbers*] \ \par +% \item +% [|\rightlinenumbers*] \ \par +% Set the line numbers in the left/right margin. With the +% star this works for both modes of operation, without +% the star only for the currently selected mode. +% \item +% [|\runningpagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% When using the pagewise line number mode, do not +% subtract the page offset. This results in running +% line numbers again, but with the possibility to switch +% margins. Be careful when doing line number +% referencing, this mode status must be the same while +% setting the paragraph and during references. +% \item +% [|\realpagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% Reverses the effect of ~\runningpagewiselinenumbers~. +% \item +% [|\modulolinenumbers[\NL] \ \par +% Give a number only to lines which are multiples of +% ~[~<number>~]~. If <number> is not specified, the +% current value in the counter ~linenumbermodulo~ is +% retained. <number>=1 turns this off without changing +% ~linenumbermodulo~. The counter is initialized to 5. +% \item +% [|\linenumberdisplaymath] \ \par +% Number the lines of a display math in a ~{linenomath}~ +% environment, but do not in a ~{linenomath*}~ +% environment. This is used by the package option +% ~[mathlines]~. +% \item +% [|\nolinenumberdisplaymath] \ \par +% Do not Number the lines of a display math in a +% ~{linenomath}~ environment, but do in a +% ~{linenomath*}~ environment. This is the default. +% \item +% [|\linelabel] \ \par +% Set a ~\linelabel{~<foo>~}~ to the line number where +% this commands is in. Refer to it with the \LaTeX\ +% referencing commands ~\ref{~<foo>~}~ and +% ~\pageref{~<foo>~}~. +% \end{description} +% The commands can be used globally, locally within groups +% or as environments. It is important to know that they +% take action only when the ~\par~ is executed. The +% ~\end{~<mode>~linenumbers}~ commands provide a ~\par~. +% Examples: +% \begin{verse} +% ~{\linenumbers~ <text> ~\par}~ \\ +% \ \\ +% ~\begin{linenumbers}~ \\ +% <text> \\ +% ~\end{linenumbers}~ \\ +% \ \\ +% <paragraph> ~{\linenumbers\par}~ \\ +% \ \\ +% ~\linenumbers~ \\ +% <text> ~\par~ \\ +% ~\nolinenumbers~ \\ +% \ \\ +% ~\linenumbers~ \\ +% <paragraph> ~{\nolinenumbers\par}~ \\ +% \end{verse} +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Customization hooks +% } +% There are several hooks to customize the appearance of the +% line numbers, and some low level hooks for special +% effects. +% \begin{description}\item +% [|\thelinenumber] \ \par +% This macro should give the representation of the line +% number in the \LaTeX-counter ~linenumber~. The +% default is provided by \LaTeX: \par$\qquad$ +% ~\arabic{linenumber}~ +% \item +% [|\makeLineNumberLeft] \ \par +% This macro is used to attach a line number to the left +% of the text page. This macro should fill an ~\hbox to 0pt~ +% which will be placed at the left margin of the +% page, with the reference point aligned to the line to +% which it should give a number. Please use the macro +% ~\LineNumber~ to refer to the line number. +% +% The default definition is \par$\qquad$ +% ~\hss\linenumberfont\LineNumber\hskip\linenumbersep~ +% \item +% [|\makeLineNumberRight] \ \par +% Like ~\makeLineNumberLeft~, but for line numbers on +% the right margin. +% +% The default definition is \par$\qquad$ +% ~\linenumberfont\hskip\linenumbersep\hskip\textwidth~ \par$\qquad$ +% ~\hbox to\linenumberwidth{\hss\LineNumber}\hss~ +% \item +% [|\linenumberfont] \ \par +% This macro is initialized to \par$\qquad$ +% ~\normalfont\tiny\sffamily~ +% \item +% [|\linenumbersep] \ \par +% This dimension register sets the separation of the +% linenumber to the text. Default value is ~10pt~. +% \item +% [|\linenumberwidth] \ \par +% This dimension register sets the width of the line +% number box on the right margin. The distance of the +% right edge of the text to the right edge of the line +% number is ~\linenumbersep~ + ~\linenumberwidth~. The +% default value is ~10pt~. +% \item +% [|\theLineNumber] (for wizards) \ \par +% This macro is called for printing a ~\newlabel~ entry +% to the aux-file. Its definition depends on the mode. +% For running line numbers it's just ~\thelinenumber~, +% while in pagewise mode, the page offset subtraction +% is done in here. +% \item +% [|\makeLineNumber] (for wizards) \ \par +% This macro produces the line numbers. The definition +% depends on the mode. In the running line numbers +% mode it just expands ~\makeLineNumberLeft~. +% \item +% [|\LineNumber] (for wizards) \ \par +% This macro is called by ~\makeLineNumber~ to typeset +% the line number. This hook is changed by the modulo +% mechanism. +% \end{description} +% \end{document}%D +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +echo "expect errors for unknown commands 'iffalse' and 'fi'";# SHELL +awk '/A[W]K/' lineno.sty | awk -f - lineno.sty >lineno.tex; # SHELL +latex lineno; latex lineno; latex lineno; latex lineno; # SHELL + +awk '/DOC A [W] K/' lineno.sty | awk -f - lineno.sty >lineno.doc; # DOC SH + +BEGIN{DOC=-1; # AWK DOC A W K + BEGINCODE = "\\begin{code}\\begin{verbatim}"; # AWK + ENDCODE = "\\end{verbatim}\n\\end{code}"; } # AWK + BEGINCODE = "% \\begin{macrocode}"; # DOC A W K + ENDCODE = "% \\end{macrocode}"; } # DOC A W K +/^[ \t]*$/ { ECNT++; next; } # AWK DOC A W K +/\\documentclass/{ sub("article","ltxdoc") } # DOC A W K +/%D$/ { sub("^%* *",""); sub("%D$",""); # DOC A W K + print > "lineno.drv"; next } # DOC A W K +/^%%/ { next; } # AWK DOC A W K +/^%/ { if (!DOC) { print ENDCODE; } # AWK DOC A W K + DOC=1; ECNT=0; # AWK DOC A W K + sub("^% *",""); # AWK + sub("^% *","% "); # DOC A W K + print; next; } # AWK DOC A W K +DOC<0 { next } # AWK DOC A W K +/^-+-$/ { if (!DOC) print ENDCODE; exit } # AWK DOC A W K +{ if (DOC) { ECNT=DOC=0; print BEGINCODE; } # AWK DOC A W K + while (ECNT>0) { print " "; ECNT--; } # AWK DOC A W K + print $0; } # AWK DOC A W K + diff --git a/old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d85e4e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp diff --git a/old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..186b520 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +% OTP for composing various accented characters in +% Old Icelandic + +% (c) 2002 Jonas ster <d97ost@dtek.chalmers.se> + +% You may use, modify and redistribute this file +% in any way you like. + +% Modified 7-24-02 by Ben Crowder <crowderb@blankslate.net> + +input: 2; +output: 2; + +expressions: + +% We want to use these combinations +@"0118 @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{E}}"; +@"0119 @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{e}}"; +@"0118 => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{E}"; +@"0119 => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{e}"; +@"01EA @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{O}}"; +@"01EB @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{o}}"; +@"01EA => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{O}"; +@"01EB => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{o}"; +`y'@"0304 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{y}"; +`Y'@"0304 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{Y}"; +@"0233 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{y}"; +@"0232 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{Y}"; +@"00AF => @"00A0 @"0304; + +% All other characters are left unchanged. + +. => \1; + + diff --git a/old/clprm10t.zip b/old/clprm10t.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f94cb98 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/clprm10t.zip |