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diff --git a/5424-h/5424-h.htm b/5424-h/5424-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab7affa --- /dev/null +++ b/5424-h/5424-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9898 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + + body { margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + + .subtitle { + font-size: 130%; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + + .author { + font-size: 120%; + font-style: italic; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + + .publish_info { + font-size: 80%; + font-style: italic; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + + .header2 { + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header3 { + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header4 { + font-size: 105%; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header5 { + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header6 { + font-size: 100%; + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .header7 { + font-size: 90%; + font-style: italic; + text-align: center; + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .poetry { + white-space: pre; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-top: .5em; + margin-bottom: .5em; + } + + .text { + white-space: pre; + } + + .cell { + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: An Icelandic Primer<br /> + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry Sweet</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 14, 2002 [eBook #5424]<br /> +[Most recently updated: February 5, 2022]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Sean Crist and Ben Crowder</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***</div> + +<h1>An Icelandic Primer</h1> + +<div class="subtitle">With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary</div> + +<div class="author">By Henry Sweet, M.A.</div> + +<div class="publish_info"> +Second Edition<br /> +1895 +</div> + +<div class="header2"> +Preface +</div> + +<p> +The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of +Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from the very +beginning of that study in England. The <i>Icelandic Reader</i>, +edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press +Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands +of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary +primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would +have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for +some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to +undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more +formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before +definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to +induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but +they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I +myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my +Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some +students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I +determined to go on. +</p> +<p> +In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere +strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have +themselves deviated from it in their <i>Corpus Poeticum +Boreale</i>, in the way of separating <i>ǫ</i> from <i>ö</i>, etc. +My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the +traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no +practical gain for the beginner in writing <i>tīme</i> for <i>tīmi</i>, +discarding <i>ð</i>, etc., although these changes certainly bring us +nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in +scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to +have <i>regular</i> forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far +as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective +distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not +hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the +latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in Icelandic +as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual +accents of the MSS. +</p> +<p> +In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to +Noreen's <i>Altisländische Grammatik</i>, which is by far the best +Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that +narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates +itself on phonology and inflections. +</p> +<p> +The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and +representative as possible. With such a language, and such a +master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not +difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who +makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales +of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death +of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer +recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the +shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this +book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, +but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the +Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of +their whole political system. As the Reader does not include +poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of +the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity +and corruption--the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. +</p> +<p> +In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very +inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts <i>þ</i>, +<i>æ</i>, <i>œ</i>, right at the end of the alphabet. +</p> +<p> +I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the +texts and the glossary from Wimmer's <i>Oldnordisk Læsebog</i>, which +I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists +in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, +that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in +nearly every case. +</p> +<p> +In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book +makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it +contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious +heritage--the old language and literature of Iceland--which our +miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them +of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. +</p> +<p> +HENRY SWEET<br /> +London,<br /> +February, 1886<br /> +</p> + +<div class="header2"> +Contents +</div> + +<p> +<a href="#grammar">Grammar</a><br /> +<a href="#texts">Texts</a><br /> +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td align='right'>I.</td> + <td><a href="#text1">Thor</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>II.</td> + <td><a href="#text2">Thor and Utgarðaloki</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>III.</td> + <td><a href="#text3">Balder</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>IV.</td> + <td><a href="#text4">Death of Balder</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>V.</td> + <td><a href="#text5">Hēðinn and Hǫgni</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>VI.</td> + <td><a href="#text6">Death of Olaf Tryggvason</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>VII.</td> + <td><a href="#text7">Auðun</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align='right'>VIII.</td> + <td><a href="#text8">Þrymskviða</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a href="#notes">Notes</a><br /> +<a href="#glossary">Glossary</a><br /> +<a href="#names">Proper Names</a><br /> +</p> + +<p><a name="grammar"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Grammar +</div> + +<p> +<a name="1"></a> +1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, +between 1200 and 1350. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Pronunciation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="2"></a> +2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the +addition of <i>þ</i> and <i>ð</i>, and of the modified letters <i>ę</i>, +<i>ǫ</i>, <i>ø</i>, which last is in this book written <i>ö</i>, +<i>ǫ̈</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Vowels +</div> + +<p> +<a name="3"></a> +3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old +English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book +long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)<sup>1</sup>. The following are +the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and +key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of <i>ę</i>, <i>ö</i> are written +<i>æ</i>, <i>œ</i>, respectively.] +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>a</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'><i>as in</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mann (G.)</td> + <td class='cell'>halda (<i>hold</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ā</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>father</td> + <td class='cell'>rāð (<i>advice</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>e</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>été (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>gekk (<i>went</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ē<sup>2</sup></td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>lēt (let <i>pret.</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ę</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>men</td> + <td class='cell'>męnn (<i>men</i>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its +sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.] +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>æ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'><i>as in</i></td> + <td class='cell'>there</td> + <td class='cell'>sær (<i>sea</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>i</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>fini (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>mikill (<i>great</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ī</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>lītill (<i>little</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>o</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>beau (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>orð (<i>word</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ō</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>tōk (<i>look</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ǫ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>not</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫnd (<i>hand</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ö</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>peu (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>kömr (<i>comes</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>œ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>fœra (<i>bring</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ǫ̈</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>peur (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈ra (<i>make</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>u</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>sou (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>upp (<i>up</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ū</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>hūs (<i>house</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>y</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>tu (F.)</td> + <td class='cell'>systir (<i>sister</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ȳ</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'></td> + <td class='cell'>. . .</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳsa (<i>shine</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>au</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>"</td> + <td class='cell'>haus (G.)</td> + <td class='cell'>lauss (<i>loose</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ei</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>=</td> + <td class='cell'>ę + i</td> + <td class='cell'>bein (<i>bone</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ey</td> + <td class='cell' align='center'>=</td> + <td class='cell'>ę + y</td> + <td class='cell'>leysa (<i>loosen</i>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="4"></a> +4. The unaccented <i>i</i> in <i>systir</i>, etc. (which is generally +written <i>e</i> in the MSS.) probably had the sound of <i>y</i> in +<i>pity</i>, which is really between <i>i</i> and <i>e</i>. The unacc. +<i>u</i> in <i>fōru</i> (they went), etc. (which is generally written +<i>o</i> in the MSS.) probably had the sound of <i>oo</i> in <i>good</i>. +</p> +<p> +Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of <i>close</i> and +<i>open</i>, thus: +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td>close:</td> + <td>e</td> + <td>ē</td> + <td>o</td> + <td>ō</td> + <td>ö</td> + <td>œ</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>open:</td> + <td>ę</td> + <td>æ</td> + <td>ǫ</td> + <td>-</td> + <td>ǫ̈</td> + <td>-</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class="header4"> +Consonants +</div> + +<p> +<a name="5"></a> +5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced +really double, as in Italian. Thus the <i>kk</i> in <i>drekka</i> (to +drink) must be pronounced like the <i>kc</i> in <i>bookcase</i>, while the +<i>k</i> in <i>dręki</i> (dragon) is single, as in <i>booking</i>. When final +(or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, +as in <i>munn</i> (mouth <i>acc.</i>), <i>hamarr</i> (hammer <i>nom.</i>), +<i>steinn</i> (stone <i>nom.</i>), distinguished from <i>mun</i> (will +<i>vb.</i>), and the accusatives <i>hamar</i>, <i>stein</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6"></a> +6. <i>k</i> and <i>g</i> had a more front (palatal) sound before the front +vowels <i>e</i>, <i>ę</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ǫ̈</i>, <i>y</i>, and their +longs, as also before <i>j</i>, as in <i>kęnna</i> (known), <i>keyra</i> +(drive), <i>gǫ̈ra</i> (make), <i>liggja</i> (lie). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7"></a> +7. <i>kkj</i>, <i>ggj</i> were probably pronounced simply as double front +<i>kk</i>, <i>gg</i>, the <i>j</i> not being pronounced separately. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8"></a> +8. <b>f</b> had initially the sound of our <i>f</i>, medially and finally +that of <i>v</i>, as in <i>gefa</i> (give), <i>gaf</i> (gave), except of +course in such combinations as <i>ft</i>, where it had the sound of +<i>f</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="9"></a> +9. <b>g</b> was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons. +initially and in the combination <i>ng</i>, the two <i>g</i>'s in <i>ganga</i> +(go) being pronounced as in <i>go</i>. It had the open sound of G. +<i>g</i> in <i>sagen</i> medially before the back vowels <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, +<i>ǫ</i>, <i>u</i>, and all conss. except <i>j</i>, and finally:--<i>saga</i> +(tale), <i>dǫgum</i> (with days); <i>sagði</i> (he said); <i>lag</i> (he lay). +Before the front vowels and <i>j</i> it had the sound of G. <i>g</i> in +<i>liegen</i>, or nearly that of <i>j</i> (our <i>y</i>), as in <i>sęgir</i> +(says), <i>sęgja</i> (to say). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="10"></a> +10. Before voiceless conss. (<i>t</i>, <i>s</i>) <i>g</i> seems to have been +pronounced <i>k</i>, as in <i>sagt</i> (said), <i>dags</i> (day's). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="11"></a> +11. The <i>g</i> was always sounded in the combination <i>ng</i>, +as in <i>single</i>, not as in <i>singer</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="12"></a> +12. <b>h</b> was sounded before <i>j</i> in such words as <i>hjarta</i> +(heart) much as in E. <i>hue</i> (= hjū). <i>hl</i>, <i>hn</i>, <i>hr</i>, +<i>hv</i> probably represented voiceless <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, +<i>w</i> respectively, <i>hv</i> being identical with E. <i>wh</i>: +<i>hlaupa</i> (leap), <i>hnīga</i> (bend), <i>hringr</i> (ring), <i>hvat</i> +(what). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="13"></a> +13. <b>j</b> is not distinguished from <i>i</i> in the MSS. It had the +sound of E. <i>y</i> in <i>young</i>: <i>jǫrð</i> (earth), <i>sętja</i> +(to set). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="14"></a> +14. <b>p</b> in <i>pt</i> probably had the sound of <i>f</i>: <i>lopt</i> (air). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="15"></a> +15. <b>r</b> was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="16"></a> +16. <b>s</b> was always sharp. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="17"></a> +17. <b>v</b> (which was sometimes written <i>u</i> and <i>w</i>) had the sound +of E. <i>w</i>: <i>vel</i> (well), <i>hǫggva</i> (hew). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="18"></a> +18. <b>z</b> had the sound of <i>ts</i>: <i>bęztr</i> (best). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="19"></a> +19. <b>þ</b> and <b>ð</b> were used promiscuously in the older MS., the +very oldest using <i>þ</i> almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic +<i>þ</i> is written initially to express the sound of E. hard <i>th</i>, +<i>ð</i> medially and finally to express that of soft <i>th</i>; as there +can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old +pronunciation, it is retained in this book: <i>þing</i> (parliament), +<i>faðir</i> (father), <i>við</i> (against). In such combinations as <i>pð</i> +the <i>ð</i> must of course be pronounced <i>þ</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Stress +</div> + +<p> +<a name="20"></a> +20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Phonology +</div> + +<div class="header4"> +Vowels +</div> + +<p> +<a name="21"></a> +21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the +most important of which are <i>mutation</i> (umlaut), <i>fracture</i> +(brechung), and <i>gradation</i> (ablaut). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Mutation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="22"></a> +22. The following changes are <b>i</b>-mutations (caused by an older +<i>i</i> or <i>j</i> following, which has generally been +dropped)<sup>3</sup>: +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 3: Many of the <i>i</i>'s which appear in derivative and +inflectional syllables are late weakenings of <i>a</i> and other +vowels, as in <i>bani</i> (death) = Old English <i>bana</i>; these +do not cause mutation.] +</p> +<p> +<b>a</b> (<b>ǫ</b>) ... <b>ę</b> :-- <i>mann</i> (man <i>acc.</i>), +<i>męnn</i> (men); <i>hǫnd</i> (hand), <i>hęndr</i> (hands). +</p> +<p> +<b>ā</b> ... <b>æ</b> :-- <i>māl</i> (speech), <i>mæla</i> (speak). +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> (<b>ja</b>, <b>jǫ</b>) ... <b>i</b> :-- <i>verðr</i> +(worth), <i>virða</i> (estimate). +</p> +<p> +<b>u</b> (<b>o</b>) ... <b>y</b> :-- <i>fullr</i> (full), <i>fylla</i> +(to fill); <i>lopt</i> (air), <i>lypta</i> (lift). +</p> +<p> +<b>ū</b> ... <b>ȳ</b> :-- <i>brūn</i> (eyebrow), pl. <i>brȳnn</i>. +</p> +<p> +<b>o</b> ... <b>ö</b> :-- <i>koma</i> (to come), <i>kömr</i> (comes). +</p> +<p> +<b>ō</b> ... <b>œ</b> :-- <i>fōr</i> (went), <i>fœra</i> (bring). +</p> +<p> +<b>au</b> ... <b>ey</b> :-- <i>lauss</i> (loose), <i>leysa</i> +(loosen). +</p> +<p> +<b>jū</b> (<b>jō</b>) ... <b>ȳ</b> :-- <i>sjūkr</i> (sick), <i>sȳki</i> +(sickness); <i>ljōsta</i> (strike), <i>lȳstr</i> (strikes). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="23"></a> +23. The change of <i>a</i> into <i>ę</i> is sometimes the result of a +following <i>k</i>, <i>g</i>, or <i>ng</i>, as in <i>dęgi</i> dat. sg. +of <i>dagr</i> (day), <i>tękinn</i> (taken), <i>gęnginn</i> (gone), inf. +<i>taka</i>, <i>ganga</i>. <i>i</i> appears instead of <i>e</i>, and +<i>u</i> instead of <i>o</i> before a nasal followed by another cons.: cp. +<i>binda</i> (to bind), <i>bundinn</i> (bound) with <i>bresta</i> (burst) +ptc. prt. <i>brostinn</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="24"></a> +24. There is also a <b>u</b>-mutation, caused by a following <i>u</i>, +which has often been dropped: +</p> +<p> +<b>a</b> ... <b>ǫ</b> :-- <i>dagr</i> (day) dat. pl. <i>dǫgum</i>; +<i>land</i> (land) pl. <i>lǫnd</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="25"></a> +25. Unaccented <i>ǫ</i> becomes <i>u</i>, as in <i>sumur</i> pl. of +<i>sumar</i> (summer), <i>kǫlluðu</i> (they called), infin. <i>kalla</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Fracture +</div> + +<p> +<a name="26"></a> +26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is <i>e</i>: when +followed by original <i>a</i> it becomes <i>ja</i>, when followed by +original <i>u</i> it becomes <i>jǫ</i>, as in <i>jarðar</i> gen. of +<i>jǫrð</i> (earth)<sup>4</sup>. When followed by original <i>i</i>, +the <i>e</i> is, of course, mutated to <i>i</i>, as in <i>skildir</i> +plur. nom. of <i>skjǫldr</i> (shield), gen. <i>skjaldar</i>. +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 4: Cp. German <i>erde</i>.] +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Gradation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="27"></a> +27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- +</p> +<p> +<b>a</b> ... <b>ō</b> :-- <i>fara</i> (go) pret. <i>fōr</i>, whence by +mut. <i>fœra</i> (bring). +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> (i, ja) ... <b>a</b> ... <b>u</b> (o) :-- <i>bresta</i> +(burst), prt. <i>brast</i>, prt. pl. <i>brustu</i>, ptc. prt. <i>brostinn</i>; +<i>finna</i> (find), <i>fundinn</i> (found <i>ptc.</i>), <i>fundr</i> +(meeting). +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> ... <b>a</b> ... <b>ā</b> ... <b>o</b> :-- <i>stela</i> (steal), +prt. <i>stal</i>, prt. pl. <i>stālu</i>, ptc. prt. <i>stolinn</i>. +</p> +<p> +<b>e</b> ... <b>a</b> ... <b>ā</b> ... <b>e</b> :-- <i>gefa</i> (give), +<i>gaf</i> (he gave), <i>gāfu</i> (they gave), <i>gefinn</i> (given), +<i>gjǫf</i> (gift), <i>u</i>-fracture of <i>gef-</i>, <i>gæfa</i> (luck) +mut. of <i>gāf-</i>. +</p> +<p> +<b>ī</b> ... <b>ei</b> ... <b>i</b> :-- <i>skīna</i> (shine), <i>skein</i> +(he shone), <i>skinu</i> (they shone). <i>sōl-skin</i> (sunshine). +</p> +<p> +<b>jū</b> (jō) ... <b>au</b> ... <b>u</b> ... <b>o</b> :-- <i>ljūga</i> +(tell a lie), prt. <i>laug</i>, prt. pl. <i>lugu</i>, ptc. prt. +<i>loginn</i>. <i>lygi</i> (lie <i>sbst.</i>) mut. of <i>lug-</i>. +<i>skjōta</i> (shoot), <i>skjōtr</i> (swift), <i>skotinn</i> (shot +<i>ptc.</i>), <i>skot</i> (shot <i>subst.</i>). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Other changes +</div> + +<p> +<a name="28"></a> +28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: <i>þā</i> (then), +<i>nū</i> (now). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="29"></a> +29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long +accented vowels: cp. <i>ganga</i> (to go) with <i>fā</i> (to get), the +dat. plurals <i>knjām</i> (knees) with <i>hūsum</i> (houses). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="30"></a> +30. Vowels are often lengthened before <i>l</i> + cons.: <i>hālfr</i> +(half <i>adj.</i>), <i>fōlk</i> (people); cp. <i>fōlginn</i> (hidden) +with <i>brostinn</i> (burst <i>ptc.</i>). +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Consonants +</div> + +<p> +<a name="31"></a> +31. <i>v</i> is dropped before <i>o</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>vaxa</i> +(to grow), prt. <i>ōx</i>, <i>vinna</i> (to win), <i>unninn</i> +(won <i>ptc.</i>), <i>svelta</i> (to starve), <i>soltinn</i> +(starved, hungry). +</p> +<p> +Final <i>r</i> is often assimilated to a preceding cons. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="32"></a> +32. <i>*-lr</i>, <i>*-nr</i>, <i>*-sr</i> always become <i>-ll</i>, +<i>-nn</i>, <i>-ss</i> after a long vowel or diphthong, as in <i>stōll</i> +(chair <i>nom.</i>), acc. <i>stōl</i>, <i>steinn</i> (stone <i>nom.</i>), +acc. <i>stein</i>, <i>vīss</i> (wise <i>masc. nom. sg.</i>), <i>vīs</i> +fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables, as in the masc. sg. nominatives +<i>mikill</i> (great), fem. <i>mikil</i>, <i>borinn</i> (carried), fem. +<i>borin</i>, <i>ȳmiss</i> (various) fem. <i>ȳmis</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="33"></a> +33. Words in which <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>r</i>, <i>s</i> are preceded +by a cons. drop the <i>r</i> entirely, as in the masc. nominatives +<i>jarl</i> (earl), <i>hrafn</i> (raven), <i>vitr</i> (wise), <i>þurs</i> +(giant), <i>lax</i> (salmon). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="34"></a> +34. If <i>l</i> and <i>n</i> are preceded by a short accented vowel, +the <i>r</i> is generally kept, as in <i>stelr</i> (steals), +<i>vinr</i>, (friend), <i>sr</i> becoming <i>ss</i>, as elsewhere. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="35"></a> +35. <i>r</i> is kept after <i>ll</i>, and generally after <i>nn</i>, +as in the masc. nom. <i>allr</i> (all), and in <i>bręnnr</i> (burns). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="36"></a> +36. <i>z</i> often stands for <i>ðs</i> as well as <i>ts</i>, as in +<i>þēr þykkizk</i> (ye seem) = <i>*þykkið-sk</i>, <i>Vest-firzkr</i> +(belonging to the West Firths) = <i>-*firðskr</i> (<i>fǫrðr</i>, +firth). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="37"></a> +37. Inflectional <i>t</i> is generally doubled after a long accented +vowel: <i>fār</i> (few) neut. <i>fātt</i> (cp. <i>allr</i> 'all,' neut. +<i>allt</i>), <i>sā</i> (I saw), <i>sātt</i> 'thou sawest.' +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Inflections +</div> + +<div class="header4"> +Nouns +</div> + +<p> +<a name="38"></a> +38. <b>Gender.</b> There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine, +feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly +grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. +Compound words follow the gender of their last element. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="39"></a> +39. <b>Strong and Weak.</b> All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. +sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns +end in a cons. in the nom. sg. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="40"></a> +40. <b>Cases.</b> There are four cases--nominative, accusative, +dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the +gen. pl. in <i>-a</i> (<i>fiska</i>, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in +<i>-um</i> (<i>fiskum</i>). All strong masculines (<i>fiskr</i>) and +some strong feminines (<i>brūðr</i>, bride) take <i>r</i><sup>5</sup> +in the nom. sg. Most strong feminines show the bare root in the nom. +sg. with <i>u</i>-mutation, if possible (<i>āst</i>, favour, <i>fǫr</i>, +journey). The nom. pl. of all strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in <i>r</i> +(<i>fiskar</i>, <i>āstir</i>). The acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same +as the nom. pl. (<i>āstir</i>). The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns +always ends in a vowel (<i>fiska</i>). The plur. nom. and acc. of +neuters is the same as the sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. +nom. and acc. they take <i>u</i>-mutation, if possible (<i>hūs</i>, +houses, <i>lǫnd</i>, lands). +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described +above.] +</p> + +<p> +<a name="41"></a> +41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the +acc. plur. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Masculines +</div> + +<div class="header6"> +(1) <b>a</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-r (<i>fish</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-i</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-s</td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="42"></a> +42. So also <i>heimr</i> (home, world); <i>konungr</i> (king); <i>Þōrr</i> +(Thor), acc. <i>Þōr</i>, gen. <i>Þōrs</i>; <i>steinn</i> (stone), acc. +<i>stein</i>, gen. <i>steins</i>, pl. nom. <i>steinar</i>; <i>hrafn</i> +(raven), acc. <i>hrafn</i>, pl. nom. <i>hrafnar</i>; <i>þurs</i> (giant), +acc. gen. <i>þurs</i>, pl. nom. <i>þursar</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="43"></a> +43. Dissyllables in <i>-r</i>, <i>-l</i>, <i>-n</i> generally throw out the +preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: <i>hamarr</i> (hammer), +dat. <i>hamri</i>; <i>jǫtunn</i> (giant), pl. nom. <i>jǫtnar</i>. +<i>kętill</i> (kettle) and <i>lykill</i> (key) show unmutated vowels in the +contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. <i>katla</i>, <i>lukla</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="44"></a> +44. Some nouns of this decl. take <i>-ar</i> in the gen. sing., +especially proper names, such as <i>Hākon</i>, gen. <i>Hākonar</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="45"></a> +45. Some nouns add <i>v</i> before vowels: <i>sær</i> (sea), gen. +<i>sævar</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="46"></a> +46. The dat. sometimes drops the <i>i</i>: <i>sæ</i> (sea), <i>Þōr</i>. +<i>dagr</i> (day) mutates its vowel in the dat. <i>dęgi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="47"></a> +47. Nouns in <i>-ir</i> keep the <i>i</i> in the sing., and drop it in the +plur.: +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli-r (<i>cave</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hęlli-s</td> + <td class='cell'>hęll-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="48"></a> +48. So also a number of proper names, such as <i>Skrȳmir</i>, <i>Þōrir</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(2) <b>i</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað-r (<i>place</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stað-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað</td> + <td class='cell'>stað-i</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað</td> + <td class='cell'>stǫð-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>stað-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>stað-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="49"></a> +49. So also <i>gripr</i> (precious thing), <i>salr</i> (hall). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="50"></a> +50. <i>gęstr</i> (guest) takes <i>-i</i> in the dat. sg., and <i>-s</i> +in the gen. sg. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="51"></a> +51. Those ending in <i>g</i> or <i>k</i> (together with some others) insert +<i>j</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>bękkr</i> (bench), <i>bękk</i>, +<i>bękk</i>, <i>bękkjar</i>; <i>bękkir</i>, <i>bękki</i>, <i>bękkjum</i>, +<i>bękkja</i>. So also <i>męrgr</i> (marrow), <i>stręngr</i> (string). +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(3) <b>u</b>-plurals +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld-r (<i>shield</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skild-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld</td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skild-i</td> + <td class='cell'>skjǫld-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skjald-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>skjald-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="52"></a> +52. So also <i>vǫndr</i> (twig), <i>vǫllr</i> (plain), <i>viðr</i> +(wood). <i>āss</i> (god) has plur. nom. <i>æsir</i>, acc. <i>āsu</i>. +<i>sonr</i> (son) has dat. sg. <i>syni</i>, plur. nom. <i>synir</i>. +It regularly drops its <i>r</i> of the nom. in such compounds as +<i>Tryggva-son</i> (son of Tryggvi). +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(4) <b>r</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-r (<i>foot</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fœt-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fōt</td> + <td class='cell'>fœt-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fœt-i</td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>fōt-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="53"></a> +53. So also <i>fingr</i> (finger), gen. <i>fingrar</i>, pl. <i>fingr</i>; +<i>vetr</i> (winter), pl. <i>vetr</i>. <i>maðr</i> (man) is irregular: +<i>maðr</i>, <i>mann</i>, <i>manni</i>, <i>manns</i>; <i>męnn</i>, +<i>męnn</i>, <i>mǫnnum</i>, <i>manna</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>faðir (<i>father</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fǫður</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fǫður</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fǫður</td> + <td class='cell'>fęðra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="54"></a> +54. So also <i>brōðir</i> (brother), pl. <i>brœðr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="55"></a> +55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., +following the weak class in the sg.: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōndi (<i>yeoman</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bœndr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + <td class='cell'>bœndr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + <td class='cell'>bōndum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + <td class='cell'>bōnda</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="56"></a> +56. So also <i>frœndi</i> (kinsman), pl. <i>frœndr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Neuters +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip (<i>ship</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skip</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip</td> + <td class='cell'>skip</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip-i</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>skip-s</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="57"></a> +57. So also <i>orð</i> (word), <i>land</i> (land) pl. <i>lǫnd</i>, +<i>sumar</i> (summer) pl. <i>sumur</i> (§ 25). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="58"></a> +58. <i>męn</i> (necklace), <i>kyn</i> (race), <i>grey</i> (dog) +insert <i>j</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>greyjum</i>. +<i>hǫgg</i> (stroke) inserts <i>v</i> before a vowel: <i>hǫggvi</i>. +<i>knē</i> (knee), <i>knē</i>, <i>knē</i>, <i>knēs</i>; +<i>knē</i>, <i>knē</i>, <i>kjām</i>, <i>knjā</i>. So also <i>trē</i> +(tree). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="59"></a> +59. <i>fē</i> (money) is contracted: gen. <i>fjār</i>, dat. <i>fē</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði (<i>poem</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæðum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>kvæði-s</td> + <td class='cell'>kvæða</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="60"></a> +60. So also <i>klæði</i> (cloth). Those in <i>k</i> insert <i>j</i> +before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>męrki</i> (mark), <i>męrkjum</i>, +<i>męrkja</i>. So also <i>rīki</i> (sovereignty). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Feminines +</div> + +<div class="header6"> +(1) <b>ar</b>-plurals +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf (<i>gift</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf</td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>gjaf-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="61"></a> +61. So also <i>mǫn</i> (mane), <i>gjǫrð</i> (girdle), <i>ār</i> (oar). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="62"></a> +62. <i>ā</i> (river) contracts: <i>ā</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>ār</i>; +<i>ār</i>, <i>ār</i>, <i>ām</i>, <i>ā</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="63"></a> +63. Many take <i>-u</i> in the dat. sg.: <i>kęrling</i> (old woman), +<i>kęrling</i>, <i>kęrlingu</i>, <i>kęrlingar</i>; <i>kęrlingar</i>, +<i>kęrlingar</i>, <i>kęrlingum</i>, <i>kęrlinga</i>. So also <i>laug</i> +(bath). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="64"></a> +64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or <i>i</i>) insert <i>j</i> in +inflection: <i>ey</i> (island), <i>ey</i>, <i>eyju</i>, <i>eyjar</i>; +<i>eyjar</i>, <i>eyjar</i>, <i>eyjum</i>, <i>eyja</i>. So also +<i>Frigg</i>, <i>Hęl</i>. <i>mær</i> (maid), <i>mey</i>, <i>meyju</i>, +<i>meyjar</i>; <i>meyjar</i>, <i>meyjar</i>, <i>meyjum</i>, <i>meyja</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="65"></a> +65. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-r (<i>heath</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-i</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-i</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>heið-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>heið-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header6"> +(2) <b>ir</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>tīð-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="66"></a> +66. So also <i>sorg</i> (sorrow), <i>skipun</i> (arrangement), <i>hǫfn</i> +(harbour) pl. <i>hafnir</i>, and the majority of strong feminines. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="67"></a> +67. Many have <i>-u</i> in the dat. sg.: <i>sōl</i> (sun), <i>sōl</i>, +<i>sōlu</i>, <i>sōlar</i>; <i>sōlir</i>, <i>sōlir</i>, <i>sōlum</i>, +<i>sōla</i>. So also <i>jǫrð</i> (earth), <i>stund</i> (period of time). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="68"></a> +68. One noun has <i>r</i> in the nom. sg., following <i>heiðr</i> in the +sg.: <i>brūðr</i> (bride), <i>brūði</i>, <i>brūði</i>, <i>brūðar</i>; +<i>brūðir</i>, <i>brūðir</i>, <i>brūðum</i>, <i>brūða</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(3) <b>r</b>-plurals +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk (<i>book</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bœk-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk</td> + <td class='cell'>bœk-r</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk</td> + <td class='cell'>bōk-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bōk-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>bōk-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="69"></a> +69. So also <i>nātt</i> (night) pl. <i>nætr</i>, <i>bōt</i> +(compensation) pl. <i>bœtr</i>, <i>tǫnn</i> (tooth) gen. <i>tannar</i> +pl. <i>tęnnr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="70"></a> +70. <i>hǫnd</i> (hand) pl. <i>hęndr</i> has dat. sg. <i>hęndi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="71"></a> +71. <i>kȳr</i> (cow) has acc. <i>kū</i>, pl. <i>kȳr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="72"></a> +72. <i>brūn</i> (eyebrow) assimilates the <i>r</i> of the pl.: +<i>brȳnn</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōðir (<i>mother</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōður</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōður</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mōður</td> + <td class='cell'>mœðra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="73"></a> +73. So also <i>dōttir</i> (daughter) pl. <i>dœtr</i>; <i>systir</i> +(sister) pl. <i>systr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Masculines +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-i (<i>bow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + <td class='cell'>bog-a</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="74"></a> +74. So also <i>māni</i> (moon), <i>fēlagi</i> (companion). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="75"></a> +75. <i>hǫfðingi</i> (chief) and some others insert <i>j</i> in inflection: +<i>hǫfðingja</i>, <i>hǫfðingjar</i>, <i>hǫfðingjum</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="76"></a> +76. <i>lē</i> (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is <i>ljā</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="77"></a> +77. <i>oxi</i> (ox) has pl. <i>öxn</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="78"></a> +78. <i>herra</i> (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Neuters +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a (<i>heart</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hjǫrt-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a</td> + <td class='cell'>hjǫrt-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a</td> + <td class='cell'>hjǫrt-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-a</td> + <td class='cell'>hjart-na</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="79"></a> +79. So also <i>auga</i> (eye). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Feminines +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Singular</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plural</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-a (<i>tongue</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-ur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-ur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>tung-na</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="80"></a> +80. So also <i>stjarna</i> (star) pl. <i>stjǫrnur</i>, <i>kirkja</i> +(church), gen. plurals <i>stjarna</i>, <i>kirkna</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli (<i>old age</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ęlli</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="81"></a> +81. So also <i>glęði</i> (joy) and many abstract nouns. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="82"></a> +82. <i>lygi</i> (falsehood) has pl. <i>lygar</i>; so also <i>gǫ̈rsimi</i> +(precious thing). +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Adjectives +</div> + +<p> +<a name="83"></a> +83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, +though with partly different endings, together with strong and +weak forms. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Adjectives +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-r (<i>young</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-t</td> + <td class='cell'>ung</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-an</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-t</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-s</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-s</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-rar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ir</td> + <td class='cell'>ung</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-um</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ra</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ra</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-ra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="84"></a> +84. So also <i>fagr</i> (fair), fem. <i>fǫgr</i>, neut. <i>fagrt</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="85"></a> +85. Some insert <i>j</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>u</i>: <i>nȳr</i> (new), +<i>nȳjum</i>, <i>nȳjan</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="86"></a> +86. Some insert <i>v</i> before a vowel: <i>hār</i> (high), <i>hāvan</i>, +<i>dökkr</i> (dark), <i>dökkvir</i>, <i>kykr</i> (alive), <i>kykvir</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="87"></a> +87. The <i>t</i> of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: <i>nȳtt</i>, +<i>hātt</i>. Monosyllables in <i>ð</i>, <i>dd</i>, <i>tt</i> form their neut. in +<i>-tt</i>: <i>breiðr</i> (broad), <i>breitt</i>; <i>leiddr</i> (led), <i>leitt</i>. +<i>gōðr</i> (good) has neut. <i>gott</i>. <i>sannr</i> (true) has neut. <i>satt</i>. +In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, <i>tt</i> is shortened +to <i>t</i>: <i>kallaðr</i> (called), <i>kallat</i>; <i>blindr</i> (blind), +<i>blint</i>, <i>harðr</i> (hard), <i>hart</i>, <i>fastr</i> (firm), +<i>fast</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="88"></a> +88. <i>l</i> and <i>n</i> assimilate a following <i>r</i>: <i>gamall</i> +(old), fem. <i>gǫmul</i>, fem. acc. <i>gamla</i>, dat. <i>gamalli</i>. +<i>vǣnn</i> (beautiful), gen. pl. <i>vænna</i>. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikill (<i>great</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mikit</td> + <td class='cell'>mikil</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikinn</td> + <td class='cell'>mikit</td> + <td class='cell'>mikla</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + <td class='cell'>miklu</td> + <td class='cell'>mikilli</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikils</td> + <td class='cell'>mikils</td> + <td class='cell'>mikillar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>miklir</td> + <td class='cell'>mikil</td> + <td class='cell'>miklar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikla</td> + <td class='cell'>mikil</td> + <td class='cell'>miklar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + <td class='cell'>miklum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mikilla</td> + <td class='cell'>mikilla</td> + <td class='cell'>mikilla</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="89"></a> +89. So also <i>lītill</i> (little). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="90"></a> +90. Dissyllables in <i>-inn</i> have <i>-it</i> in the neut., and +<i>-inn</i> in the masc. sg. acc.: <i>tīginn</i> (distinguished), +<i>tīgit</i>, <i>tīginn</i>, pl. <i>tīgnīr</i>. So also <i>kominn</i> +(come). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="91"></a> +91. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annarr (<i>other</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>annat</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫnnur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annan</td> + <td class='cell'>annat</td> + <td class='cell'>aðra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðru</td> + <td class='cell'>annarri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annars</td> + <td class='cell'>annars</td> + <td class='cell'>annarrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>aðrir</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫnnur</td> + <td class='cell'>aðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>aðra</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫnnur</td> + <td class='cell'>aðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>ǫðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>annarra</td> + <td class='cell'>annarra</td> + <td class='cell'>annarra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Adjectives +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-i</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-a</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + <td class='cell'>ung-u</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="92"></a> +92. So also <i>fagri</i>, <i>hāvi</i>, <i>mikli</i>, etc. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri (<i>younger</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngra</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yngrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yngrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + <td class='cell'>yngri</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="93"></a> +93. So also all comparatives, such as <i>meiri</i> (greater), and +pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as <i>gefandi</i> +(giving), dat. pl. <i>gefǫndum</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Comparison +</div> + +<p> +<a name="94"></a> +94. (1) with <i>-ari</i>, <i>-astr</i>: <i>rīkr</i> (powerful), +<i>rīkari</i>, <i>rīkastr</i>; <i>gǫfugr</i> (distinguished), +<i>gǫfgari</i>, <i>gǫfgastr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="95"></a> +95. (2) with <i>-ri</i>, <i>-str</i> and mutation: <i>langr</i> +(long), <i>lęngri</i>, <i>lęngstr</i>; <i>stōrr</i> (big), <i>stœrri</i>, +<i>stœrstr</i>; <i>ungr</i> (young), <i>yngri</i>, <i>yngstr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="96"></a> +96. The following are irregular: +</p> + + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gamall (<i>old</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ęllri</td> + <td class='cell'>ęlztr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gōðr (<i>good</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bętri</td> + <td class='cell'>bęztr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>illr (<i>bad</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vęrri</td> + <td class='cell'>vęrstr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lītill (<i>little</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>minni</td> + <td class='cell'>minstr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>margr (<i>many</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fleiri</td> + <td class='cell'>flestr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>mikill (<i>great</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>meiri</td> + <td class='cell'>mestr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header4"> +Numerals +</div> + +<p> +<a name="97"></a> +97. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Cardinal</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ordinal</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>1.</td> + <td class='cell'>einn (<i>one</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fyrstr (<i>first</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>tveir</td> + <td class='cell'>annarr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>þrīr</td> + <td class='cell'>þriði</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>4.</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrir</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrði</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>5.</td> + <td class='cell'>fimm</td> + <td class='cell'>fimmti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>6.</td> + <td class='cell'>sex</td> + <td class='cell'>sētti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>7.</td> + <td class='cell'>sjau</td> + <td class='cell'>sjaundi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>8.</td> + <td class='cell'>ātta</td> + <td class='cell'>ātti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>9.</td> + <td class='cell'>nīu</td> + <td class='cell'>nīundi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>10.</td> + <td class='cell'>tīu</td> + <td class='cell'>tīundi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>11.</td> + <td class='cell'>ellifu</td> + <td class='cell'>ellifti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>12.</td> + <td class='cell'>tōlf</td> + <td class='cell'>tōlfti</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>13.</td> + <td class='cell'>þrettān</td> + <td class='cell'>þrettāndi</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>14.</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrtān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>15.</td> + <td class='cell'>fimmtān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>16.</td> + <td class='cell'>sextān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>17.</td> + <td class='cell'>sjautān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>18.</td> + <td class='cell'>ātjān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>19.</td> + <td class='cell'>nītjān</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>20.</td> + <td class='cell'>tuttugu</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>21.</td> + <td class='cell'>einn ok tuttugu, etc.</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>30.</td> + <td class='cell'>þrīr tigir, etc.</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>100.</td> + <td class='cell'>tīu tigir</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>110.</td> + <td class='cell'>ellifu tigir</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>120.</td> + <td class='cell'>hundrað</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>1200.</td> + <td class='cell'>þūsund</td> + <td class='cell'></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<i>einn</i> is declined like other adjectives:-- +</p> + +<p> +<a name="98"></a> +98. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>einn</td> + <td class='cell'>eitt</td> + <td class='cell'>ein</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>einn</td> + <td class='cell'>eitt</td> + <td class='cell'>eina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>einum</td> + <td class='cell'>einu</td> + <td class='cell'>einni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>eins</td> + <td class='cell'>eins</td> + <td class='cell'>einnar</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +It also has a pl. <i>einir</i>, <i>einar</i>, <i>ein</i>; gen. +<i>einna</i>, etc. in the sense of 'some.' +</p> +<p> +The next three show various irregularities. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="99"></a> +99. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tveir</td> + <td class='cell'>tvau</td> + <td class='cell'>tvær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tvā</td> + <td class='cell'>tvau</td> + <td class='cell'>tvær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tveim</td> + <td class='cell'>tveim</td> + <td class='cell'>tveim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>tvęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>tvęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>tvęggja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +Similarly <i>bāðir</i> (both): +</p> + +<p> +<a name="100"></a> +100. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bāðir</td> + <td class='cell'>bæði</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bāða</td> + <td class='cell'>bæði</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bāðum</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðum</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>bęggja</td> + <td class='cell'>bęggja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="101"></a> +101. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þrīr</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjū</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjār</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þrjā</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjū</td> + <td class='cell'>þrjār</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þrim</td> + <td class='cell'>þrim</td> + <td class='cell'>þrim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þriggja</td> + <td class='cell'>þriggja</td> + <td class='cell'>þriggja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="102"></a> +102. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrir</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogur</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjōra</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogur</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrum</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrum</td> + <td class='cell'>fjōrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fjogurra</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogurra</td> + <td class='cell'>fjogurra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="103"></a> +103. The others are indeclinable up to <i>þrīr tigir</i>, etc.; the +<i>tigir</i> being declined regularly as a plural strong <i>u</i>-masculine +<i>tigir</i>, <i>tigu</i>, <i>tigum</i>, <i>tiga</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="104"></a> +104. <i>hundrað</i> is a strong neut.: <i>tvau hundruð</i> (240), <i>tveim +hundruðum</i>, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does <i>þūsund</i>): +<i>fimm hundruð gōlfa</i>, 'five (six) hundred chambers.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="105"></a> +105. <i>þūsund</i> is a strong <i>ir</i>-feminine: <i>tvær þūsundir</i> +(2400). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="106"></a> +106. <i>hundrað</i> and <i>þūsund</i> are rarely = 100 and 1000. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="107"></a> +107. Of the ordinals <i>fyrstr</i> and <i>annarr</i> (§ 91) are strong, the +others weak adjectives. <i>þriði</i> inserts a <i>j</i>: <i>þriðja</i>, etc. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Pronouns +</div> + +<p> +<a name="108"></a> +108. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Personal +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ek (<i>I</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þū (<i>thou</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>--</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mik</td> + <td class='cell'>þik</td> + <td class='cell'>sik (<i>oneself</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mēr</td> + <td class='cell'>þēr</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + <td class='cell'>þīn</td> + <td class='cell'>sīn</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dual. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>vit</td> + <td class='cell'>it</td> + <td class='cell'>--</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>okkr</td> + <td class='cell'>ykkr</td> + <td class='cell'>sik</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>okkr</td> + <td class='cell'>ykkr</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>okkar</td> + <td class='cell'>ykkar</td> + <td class='cell'>sīn</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>vēr (<i>we</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þēr (<i>ye</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>--</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>oss</td> + <td class='cell'>yðr</td> + <td class='cell'>sik (<i>oneselves</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>oss</td> + <td class='cell'>yðr</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>vār</td> + <td class='cell'>yðar</td> + <td class='cell'>sīn</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hann (<i>he</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þat (<i>it</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hon (<i>she</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hann</td> + <td class='cell'>þat</td> + <td class='cell'>hana</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>honum</td> + <td class='cell'>þvī</td> + <td class='cell'>hęnni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hans</td> + <td class='cell'>þess</td> + <td class='cell'>hęnnar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeir (<i>they</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="109"></a> +109. <i>ek</i> was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, +being sometimes added twice over: <i>mætta-k</i> (I might), <i>sā-k-a-k</i> +(I saw not; <i>a</i>='not'). So also <i>þū</i>: <i>er-tu</i> (art thou), +<i>skalt-u</i> (shalt thou) = <i>*skalt-tu</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Possessive +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>minn (<i>my</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mitt</td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>minn</td> + <td class='cell'>mitt</td> + <td class='cell'>mīna</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnu</td> + <td class='cell'>minni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīns</td> + <td class='cell'>mīns</td> + <td class='cell'>minnar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīnir</td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīna</td> + <td class='cell'>mīn</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + <td class='cell'>mīnum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>minna</td> + <td class='cell'>minna</td> + <td class='cell'>minna</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="110"></a> +110. So also <i>þinn</i> (thy), <i>sinn</i> (his, etc., reflexive). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="111"></a> +111. <i>vārr</i>, <i>vārt</i>, <i>vār</i> (our) is regular: acc. masc. +<i>vārn</i>, masc. plur. <i>vārir</i>, <i>vāra</i>, <i>vārum</i>, +<i>vārra</i>, etc. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðarr (<i>your</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>yðart</td> + <td class='cell'>yður</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðarn</td> + <td class='cell'>yðart</td> + <td class='cell'>yðra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yðru</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðars</td> + <td class='cell'>yðars</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðrir</td> + <td class='cell'>yður</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðra</td> + <td class='cell'>yður</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + <td class='cell'>yðrum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>yðarra</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarra</td> + <td class='cell'>yðarra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="112"></a> +112. So also <i>okkarr</i> (our two) and <i>ykkarr</i> (your two). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="113"></a> +113. <i>hans</i> (his), <i>þess</i> (its), <i>hęnnar</i> (her), and +<i>þeira</i> (their) are indeclinable. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Demonstrative +</div> + +<p> +<a name="114"></a> +114. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>sā (<i>that</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þat</td> + <td class='cell'>sū</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þann</td> + <td class='cell'>þat</td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þvī</td> + <td class='cell'>þeiri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þess</td> + <td class='cell'>þess</td> + <td class='cell'>þeirar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeir</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + <td class='cell'>þau</td> + <td class='cell'>þær</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + <td class='cell'>þeim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + <td class='cell'>þeira</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="115"></a> +115. <i>hinn</i>, <i>hitt</i>, <i>hin</i> (that) is inflected like +<i>minn</i> (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. +<i>hinn</i>, plur. masc. <i>hinir</i>, <i>hina</i>, <i>hinum</i>, +<i>hinna</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="116"></a> +116. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessi (<i>this</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þetta</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þenna</td> + <td class='cell'>þetta</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + <td class='cell'>þessu</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessir</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + <td class='cell'>þessar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessi</td> + <td class='cell'>þessar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + <td class='cell'>þessum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + <td class='cell'>þessa</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Definite +</div> + +<p> +The prefixed definite article is declined thus: +</p> + +<p> +<a name="117"></a> +117. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inn</td> + <td class='cell'>it</td> + <td class='cell'>in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inn</td> + <td class='cell'>it</td> + <td class='cell'>ina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + <td class='cell'>inu</td> + <td class='cell'>inni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ins</td> + <td class='cell'>ins</td> + <td class='cell'>innar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inir</td> + <td class='cell'>in</td> + <td class='cell'>inar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>ina</td> + <td class='cell'>in</td> + <td class='cell'>inar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + <td class='cell'>inum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>inna</td> + <td class='cell'>inna</td> + <td class='cell'>inna</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="118"></a> +118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In +its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short +(un-accented) vowel, as in <i>auga-t</i> (the eye), but keeps it after +a long vowel, as in <i>ā-in</i> (the river), <i>trē-it</i> (the tree). +The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; +not, however, after the <i>-ar</i>, <i>-r</i>, of the gen. sg., nor in +<i>męnninir</i> (men, <i>nom.</i>), <i>męnn-ina</i> (men, <i>acc.</i>). +The <i>-m</i> of the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed <i>-num</i>. +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiskr-inn</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-it</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-in</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisk-inn</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-it</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-ina</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiski-num</td> + <td class='cell'>skipi-nu</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫf-inni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisks-ins</td> + <td class='cell'>skips-ins</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafar-innar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiskar-nir</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-in</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafar-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiska-na</td> + <td class='cell'>skip-in</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafar-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fisku-num</td> + <td class='cell'>skipu-num</td> + <td class='cell'>gjǫfu-num</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>fiska-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>skipa-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>gjafa-nna</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bogi-nn</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-t</td> + <td class='cell'>tunga-n</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-nn</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-t</td> + <td class='cell'>tungu-na</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-num</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-nu</td> + <td class='cell'>tungu-nni</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-ns</td> + <td class='cell'>auga-ns</td> + <td class='cell'>tungu-nnar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bogar-nir</td> + <td class='cell'>augu-n</td> + <td class='cell'>tungur-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-na</td> + <td class='cell'>augu-n</td> + <td class='cell'>tungur-nar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>bogu-num</td> + <td class='cell'>augu-num</td> + <td class='cell'>tungnu-num</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>boga-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>augna-nna</td> + <td class='cell'>tungna-nna</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Relative +</div> + +<p> +<a name="119"></a> +119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable <i>er</i>, often +preceded by <i>sā</i>: <i>sā er</i> = he who, who, <i>sū er</i> who fem. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Interrogative +</div> + +<p> +<a name="120"></a> +120. The neut. <i>hvat</i> has gen. <i>hvess</i>, dat. <i>hvī</i>, which +last is chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="121"></a> +121. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārr (<i>which of two</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvār</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārn</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvāra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvāru</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārir</td> + <td class='cell'>hvār</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvāra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvār</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvārra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvārra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="122"></a> +122. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrr (<i>which, who</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrn</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrt</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrja</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrju</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrs</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrir</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęr</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrja</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęr</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrjum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrra</td> + <td class='cell'>hvęrra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Indefinite +</div> + +<p> +<a name="123"></a> +123. <i>einn-hvęrr</i>, <i>eitthvęrt</i>, <i>einhvęr</i> (some one) +keeps an invariable <i>ein-</i> in the other cases, the second element +being inflected as above. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="124"></a> +124. <i>sumr</i> (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="125"></a> +125. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarr (<i>some</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvat</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkur</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarn</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvat</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvara</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkuru</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvars</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvars</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarir</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkur</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvara</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkur</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + <td class='cell'>nǫkkurum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarra</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarra</td> + <td class='cell'>nakkvarra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="126"></a> +126. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Masc.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Neut.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Fem.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sg. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engi (<i>none, no</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ekki</td> + <td class='cell'>engi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engan</td> + <td class='cell'>ekki</td> + <td class='cell'>enga</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + <td class='cell'>engu</td> + <td class='cell'>engri</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engis</td> + <td class='cell'>engis</td> + <td class='cell'>engrar</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Pl. Nom.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engir</td> + <td class='cell'>engi</td> + <td class='cell'>engar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Acc.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>enga</td> + <td class='cell'>engi</td> + <td class='cell'>engar</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Dat.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + <td class='cell'>engum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Gen.</i></td> + <td class='cell'>engra</td> + <td class='cell'>engra</td> + <td class='cell'>engra</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="127"></a> +127. In <i>hvār-tvęggja</i> (each of the two, both) the first element +is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="128"></a> +128. There are two classes of verbs, <i>strong</i> and <i>weak</i>. +Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs +by adding <i>ð</i> (<i>d</i>, <i>t</i>). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="129"></a> +129. The <i>ð</i> of the 2 pl. is dropt before <i>þit</i> (ye two) +and <i>þēr</i> (ye): <i>gefi þēr</i>, <i>gāfu þit</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="130"></a> +130. There is a middle voice, which ends in <i>-mk</i> in the 1 pers. +sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding <i>sk</i> to +the active endings, <i>r</i> being dropt, the resulting <i>ts</i>, +<i>ðs</i> being written <i>z</i> (§ 36): <i>kvezk</i> (active <i>kveðr</i> +'says'), <i>þu fekkzk</i> (<i>fekkt</i> 'gottest'). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="131"></a> +131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb <i>gefa</i> +(give), which will show those endings which are common to all +verbs: +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Active +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-r</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-r</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-um</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ið</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-a</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf-t</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-um</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-uð</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-u</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-i</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imperative sg.</i> 2 gef; <i>pl.</i> 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið.<br /> +<i>Participle pres.</i> gef-andi; <i>pret.</i> gef-inn.<br /> +<i>Infin.</i> gefa. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Middle +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-sk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-sk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-izk</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>gef-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf-zk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf-sk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-uzk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>gāf-usk</td> + <td class='cell'>gæf-isk</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<i>Impers. sg.</i> 2 gef-sk; <i>pl.</i> 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> gef-andisk; <i>pret.</i> gef-izk <i>neut.</i><br /> +<i>Infin.</i> gef-ask. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="132"></a> +132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally +has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of +the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: <i>gāfumk</i>. +The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: +<i>skaut</i> (he shot), <i>skutu</i> (they shot), <i>skyti</i> (he +might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: +<i>hljōpi</i>, inf. <i>hlaupa</i> (leap). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="133"></a> +133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three +persons: <i>ek skȳt</i>, <i>þū skȳtr</i>, <i>hann skȳtr</i>, infin. +<i>skjōta</i> (shoot). <i>e</i> however is not mutated: <i>ek gef</i>, +<i>þū gefr</i>. The inflectional <i>r</i> is liable to the same +modifications as the <i>r</i> of nouns (§ 32): <i>skīnn</i>, <i>vęx</i>, +infin. <i>skīna</i> (shine), <i>vaxa</i> (grow). +</p> + +<p> +<a name="134"></a> +134. Verbs in <i>ld</i> change the <i>d</i> into <i>t</i> in the 1, 3 +sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: <i>helt</i> (held), <i>halt</i> +(hold!), infin. <i>halda</i>. <i>nd</i> becomes <i>tt</i>, and <i>ng</i> +becomes <i>kk</i> under the same conditions: <i>binda</i> (bind), +<i>ganga</i> (go), pret. <i>batt</i>, <i>gekk</i>, imper. <i>bitt</i>, +<i>gakk</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="135"></a> +135. The <i>t</i> of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long +accented vowel: <i>þū sātt</i> (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. +indic. ends in <i>t</i> or <i>ð</i>, the 2 sg. ends in <i>zt</i>: +<i>lēt</i> (I let), <i>þū lēzt</i>, <i>bauð</i> (I offered) <i>þū +bauzt</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="136"></a> +136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished +mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="137"></a> +137. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +I. <b>'Fall'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>falla (<i>fall</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fęllr</td> + <td class='cell'>fell</td> + <td class='cell'>fellu</td> + <td class='cell'>fallinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lāta (<i>let</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lætr</td> + <td class='cell'>lēt</td> + <td class='cell'>lētu</td> + <td class='cell'>lātinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>rāða (<i>advise</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ræðr</td> + <td class='cell'>rēð</td> + <td class='cell'>rēðu</td> + <td class='cell'>rāðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>heita (<i>call</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>heitr</td> + <td class='cell'>hēt</td> + <td class='cell'>hētu</td> + <td class='cell'>heitinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>halda (<i>hold</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęldr</td> + <td class='cell'>helt</td> + <td class='cell'>heldu</td> + <td class='cell'>haldinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ganga (<i>go</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gęngr</td> + <td class='cell'>gekk</td> + <td class='cell'>gengu</td> + <td class='cell'>gęnginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fā (<i>get</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fær</td> + <td class='cell'>fekk</td> + <td class='cell'>fengu</td> + <td class='cell'>fęnginn</td> +</tr> + <tr><td colspan="5" align="center">--------------------------</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>auka (<i>increase</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>eykr</td> + <td class='cell'>jōk</td> + <td class='cell'>jōku</td> + <td class='cell'>aukinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>būa (<i>dwell</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bȳr</td> + <td class='cell'>bjō</td> + <td class='cell'>bjoggu</td> + <td class='cell'>būinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hǫggva (<i>hew</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫggr</td> + <td class='cell'>hjō</td> + <td class='cell'>hjoggu</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫggvinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hlaupa (<i>leap</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hleypr</td> + <td class='cell'>hljōp</td> + <td class='cell'>hljōpu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlaupinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="138"></a> +138. The following have weak preterites in <i>r</i>: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>grōa (<i>grow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>grœr</td> + <td class='cell'>gröri</td> + <td class='cell'>gröru</td> + <td class='cell'>grōinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>rōa (<i>row</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>rœr</td> + <td class='cell'>röri</td> + <td class='cell'>röru</td> + <td class='cell'>rōinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>snūa (<i>twist</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>snȳr</td> + <td class='cell'>snöri</td> + <td class='cell'>snöru</td> + <td class='cell'>snūinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="139"></a> +139. <i>heita</i> in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a +weak present: <i>ek heiti</i>, <i>þū heitir</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="140"></a> +140. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +II. <b>'Shake'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>fara (<i>go</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>fęrr</td> + <td class='cell'>fōr</td> + <td class='cell'>fōru</td> + <td class='cell'>farinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>grafa (<i>dig</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gręfr</td> + <td class='cell'>grōf</td> + <td class='cell'>grōfu</td> + <td class='cell'>grafinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hlaða (<i>load</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hlęðr</td> + <td class='cell'>hlōð</td> + <td class='cell'>hlōðu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlaðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vaxa (<i>grow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vęx</td> + <td class='cell'>ōx</td> + <td class='cell'>ōxu</td> + <td class='cell'>vaxinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>standa (<i>stand</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stęndr</td> + <td class='cell'>stōð</td> + <td class='cell'>stōðu</td> + <td class='cell'>staðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>aka (<i>drive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ękr</td> + <td class='cell'>ōk</td> + <td class='cell'>ōku</td> + <td class='cell'>ękinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>taka (<i>take</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>tękr</td> + <td class='cell'>tōk</td> + <td class='cell'>tōku</td> + <td class='cell'>tękinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>draga (<i>draw</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>dręgr</td> + <td class='cell'>drō</td> + <td class='cell'>drōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>dręginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>flā (<i>flay</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flær</td> + <td class='cell'>flō</td> + <td class='cell'>flōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>flęginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>slā (<i>strike</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>slær</td> + <td class='cell'>slō</td> + <td class='cell'>slōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>slęginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="141"></a> +141. The following have weak presents: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>hęfja (<i>lift</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfr</td> + <td class='cell'>hōf</td> + <td class='cell'>hōfu</td> + <td class='cell'>hafinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>deyja (<i>die</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>deyr</td> + <td class='cell'>dō</td> + <td class='cell'>dō</td> + <td class='cell'>dāinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hlæja (<i>laugh</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hlær</td> + <td class='cell'>hlō</td> + <td class='cell'>hlōgu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlęginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="142"></a> +142. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +III. <b>'Bind'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bresta (<i>burst</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>brestr</td> + <td class='cell'>brast</td> + <td class='cell'>brustu</td> + <td class='cell'>brostinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hverfa (<i>turn</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hverfr</td> + <td class='cell'>hvarf</td> + <td class='cell'>hurfu</td> + <td class='cell'>horfinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>svelga (<i>swallow</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>svelgr</td> + <td class='cell'>svalg</td> + <td class='cell'>sulgu</td> + <td class='cell'>sōlginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>verða (<i>become</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>verðr</td> + <td class='cell'>varð</td> + <td class='cell'>urðu</td> + <td class='cell'>orðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skjālfa (<i>shake</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skelfr</td> + <td class='cell'>skalf</td> + <td class='cell'>skulfu</td> + <td class='cell'>skolfinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>drekka (<i>drink</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drekkr</td> + <td class='cell'>drakk</td> + <td class='cell'>drukku</td> + <td class='cell'>drukkinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>finna (<i>find</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>finnr</td> + <td class='cell'>fann</td> + <td class='cell'>fundu</td> + <td class='cell'>fundinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vinna (<i>win</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vinnr</td> + <td class='cell'>vann</td> + <td class='cell'>unnu</td> + <td class='cell'>unninn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>binda (<i>bind</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bindr</td> + <td class='cell'>batt</td> + <td class='cell'>bundu</td> + <td class='cell'>bundinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>springa (<i>spring</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>springr</td> + <td class='cell'>sprakk</td> + <td class='cell'>sprungu</td> + <td class='cell'>sprunginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>stinga (<i>pierce</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stingr</td> + <td class='cell'>stakk</td> + <td class='cell'>stungu</td> + <td class='cell'>stunginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>bregða (<i>pull</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bregðr</td> + <td class='cell'>brā</td> + <td class='cell'>brugðu</td> + <td class='cell'>brugðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sökkva (<i>sink</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sökkr</td> + <td class='cell'>sǫkk</td> + <td class='cell'>sukku</td> + <td class='cell'>sokkinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>stökkva (<i>spring</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stökkr</td> + <td class='cell'>stǫkk</td> + <td class='cell'>stukku</td> + <td class='cell'>stokkinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="143"></a> +143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no +difference in their conjugation): +</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bręnna (<i>burn</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bręnnr</td> + <td class='cell'>brann</td> + <td class='cell'>brunnu</td> + <td class='cell'>brunninn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ręnna (<i>run</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ręnnr</td> + <td class='cell'>rann</td> + <td class='cell'>runnu</td> + <td class='cell'>runninn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="144"></a> +144. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +IV. <b>'Bear'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bera (<i>carry</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>berr</td> + <td class='cell'>bar</td> + <td class='cell'>bāru</td> + <td class='cell'>borinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>nema (<i>take</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nemr</td> + <td class='cell'>nam</td> + <td class='cell'>nāmu</td> + <td class='cell'>numinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fela (<i>hide</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>felr</td> + <td class='cell'>fal</td> + <td class='cell'>fālu</td> + <td class='cell'>fōlginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>koma (<i>come</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kömr</td> + <td class='cell'>kom</td> + <td class='cell'>kvāmu</td> + <td class='cell'>kominn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sofa (<i>sleep</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>söfr</td> + <td class='cell'>svaf</td> + <td class='cell'>svāfu</td> + <td class='cell'>sofinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="145"></a> +145. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +V. <b>'Give'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>drepa (<i>kill</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drepr</td> + <td class='cell'>drap</td> + <td class='cell'>drāpu</td> + <td class='cell'>drepinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gefa (<i>give</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gefr</td> + <td class='cell'>gaf</td> + <td class='cell'>gāfu</td> + <td class='cell'>gefinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kveða (<i>say</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kveðr</td> + <td class='cell'>kvað</td> + <td class='cell'>kvāðu</td> + <td class='cell'>kveðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>meta (<i>estimate</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>metr</td> + <td class='cell'>mat</td> + <td class='cell'>mātu</td> + <td class='cell'>metinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>reka (<i>drive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>rekr</td> + <td class='cell'>rak</td> + <td class='cell'>rāku</td> + <td class='cell'>rekinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>eta (<i>eat</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>etr</td> + <td class='cell'>āt</td> + <td class='cell'>ātu</td> + <td class='cell'>etinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sjā (<i>see</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr<sup>6</sup></td> + <td class='cell'>sā</td> + <td class='cell'>sā<sup>7</sup></td> + <td class='cell'>sēnn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +[Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; +sēm, sēð, sē.] +</p> +<p> +[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.] +</p> + +<p> +<a name="146"></a> +146. The following have weak presents:-- +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>biðja (<i>ash</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>biðr</td> + <td class='cell'>bað</td> + <td class='cell'>bāðu</td> + <td class='cell'>beðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sitja (<i>sit</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sitr</td> + <td class='cell'>sat</td> + <td class='cell'>sātu</td> + <td class='cell'>setinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>liggja (<i>lie</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>liggr</td> + <td class='cell'>lā</td> + <td class='cell'>lāgum</td> + <td class='cell'>leginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þiggja (<i>receive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þiggr</td> + <td class='cell'>þā</td> + <td class='cell'>þāgu</td> + <td class='cell'>þeginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="147"></a> +147. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +VI. <b>'Shine'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bīta (<i>bite</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bītr</td> + <td class='cell'>beit</td> + <td class='cell'>bitu</td> + <td class='cell'>bitinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>drīfa (<i>drive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drīfr</td> + <td class='cell'>dreif</td> + <td class='cell'>drifu</td> + <td class='cell'>drifinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>grīpa (<i>grasp</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>grīpr</td> + <td class='cell'>greip</td> + <td class='cell'>gripu</td> + <td class='cell'>gripinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>līða (<i>go</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>līðr</td> + <td class='cell'>leið</td> + <td class='cell'>liðu</td> + <td class='cell'>liðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>līta (<i>look</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lītr</td> + <td class='cell'>leit</td> + <td class='cell'>litu</td> + <td class='cell'>litinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>rīða (<i>ride</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>rīðr</td> + <td class='cell'>reið</td> + <td class='cell'>riðu</td> + <td class='cell'>riðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sīga (<i>sink</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sīgr</td> + <td class='cell'>seig</td> + <td class='cell'>sigu</td> + <td class='cell'>siginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>slīta (<i>tear</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>slītr</td> + <td class='cell'>sleit</td> + <td class='cell'>slitu</td> + <td class='cell'>slitinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>stīga (<i>advance</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>stīgr</td> + <td class='cell'>steig</td> + <td class='cell'>stigu</td> + <td class='cell'>stiginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>bīða (<i>wait</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bīðr</td> + <td class='cell'>beið</td> + <td class='cell'>biðu</td> + <td class='cell'>beiðnn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="148"></a> +148. The following has a weak present: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>vīkja (<i>move</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vīkr</td> + <td class='cell'>veik</td> + <td class='cell'>viku</td> + <td class='cell'>vikinn</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="149"></a> +149. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +VII. <b>'Choose'</b>-conjugation +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Third Pres.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Sing.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc. Prt.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>bjōða (<i>offer</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>bȳðr</td> + <td class='cell'>bauð</td> + <td class='cell'>buðu</td> + <td class='cell'>boðinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>brjōta (<i>break</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>brȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>braut</td> + <td class='cell'>brutu</td> + <td class='cell'>brotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fljōta (<i>float</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>flaut</td> + <td class='cell'>flutu</td> + <td class='cell'>flotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hljōta (<i>receive</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hlȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>hlaut</td> + <td class='cell'>hlutu</td> + <td class='cell'>hlotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kjōsa (<i>choose</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kȳss</td> + <td class='cell'>kaus</td> + <td class='cell'>kusum</td> + <td class='cell'>kosinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>njōta (<i>enjoy</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>naut</td> + <td class='cell'>nutu</td> + <td class='cell'>notinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skjōta (<i>shoot</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>skaut</td> + <td class='cell'>skutu</td> + <td class='cell'>skotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>drjūpa (<i>drop</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>drȳpr</td> + <td class='cell'>draup</td> + <td class='cell'>drupu</td> + <td class='cell'>dropinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>ljūga (<i>tell lies</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳgr</td> + <td class='cell'>laug</td> + <td class='cell'>lugu</td> + <td class='cell'>loginn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lūka (<i>close</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳkr</td> + <td class='cell'>lauk</td> + <td class='cell'>luku</td> + <td class='cell'>lokinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lūta (<i>bend</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lȳtr</td> + <td class='cell'>laut</td> + <td class='cell'>lutu</td> + <td class='cell'>lotinn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>fljūga (<i>fly</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flȳgr</td> + <td class='cell'>flō</td> + <td class='cell'>flugu</td> + <td class='cell'>floginn</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header5"> +Weak Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="150"></a> +150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of +the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form +their pret. with <i>ð</i> (<i>d</i>, <i>t</i>): <i>heyra</i> (hear), +<i>heyrða</i>. Those of the second form their pret. in the same +way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: <i>hafa</i> (have) +<i>hafða</i>. Those of the third form their pret. in <i>-aða</i>: +<i>kalla</i> (call), <i>kallaða</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +I. <b>'Hear'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<div class="header7"> +Active +</div> + +<p> +<a name="151"></a> +151. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-i</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ir</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ir</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-um</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ið</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-a</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ða</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ða</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðir</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ði</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ði</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðum</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðuð</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðu</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ði</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sg.</i> 1. heyr; <i>pl.</i> 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> heyr-andi; <i>pret.</i> heyr-ðr.<br /> +<i>Infin.</i> heyr-a. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +Middle +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-izk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðumk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðimk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðuzk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðizk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðusk</td> + <td class='cell'>heyr-ðisk</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sg.</i> 2. heyr-sk; <i>pl.</i> 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> heyr-andisk; <i>pret.</i> heyr-zk <i>neut.</i><br /> +<i>Infin.</i> heyr-ask. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +A. Without vowel-change +</div> + +<p> +<a name="152"></a> +152. The inflectional <i>ð</i> becomes <i>d</i> after long syllables ending +in <i>l</i> or <i>n</i>: <i>sigla</i> (sail), <i>siglda</i>; <i>nęfna</i> +(name), <i>nęfnda</i>, <i>nęfndr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="153"></a> +153. <i>-ðð</i> becomes <i>dd</i>: <i>leiða</i> (lead), <i>leidda</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="154"></a> +154. <i>ð</i> after <i>s</i> and <i>t</i> becomes <i>t</i>: <i>reisa</i> +(raise), <i>reista</i>; <i>mœta</i> (meet), <i>mœtta</i>. Also in a few +verbs in <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>: <i>mæla</i> (speak), <i>mælta</i>; +<i>spęnna</i> (buckle), <i>spęnta</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="155"></a> +155. After <i>nd</i> and <i>pt</i> it is dropped: <i>sęnda</i> (send), +<i>sęnda</i>, <i>sęndr</i>; <i>lypta</i> (lift), <i>lypta</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="156"></a> +156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: <i>dœma</i> +(judge), <i>dœmða</i>; <i>fœra</i> (lead), <i>fœrða</i>; <i>hęrða</i> +(harden), <i>hęrða</i>; <i>hleypa</i> (gallop), <i>hleypða</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +B. With vowel-change +</div> + +<p> +<a name="157"></a> +157. All these verbs have <i>j</i> preceded by a short syllable +(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or +<i>gg</i> (lęggja); the <i>j</i> being kept before <i>a</i> and +<i>u</i>, as in the pres. ind. of <i>spyrja</i> (ask): <i>spyr</i>, +<i>spyrr</i>, <i>spyrr</i>; <i>spyrjum</i>, <i>spyrið</i>, +<i>spyrja</i>, pres. subj. 1 sg. <i>ek spyrja</i>; they unmutate +their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, spurðr), the +mutation being restored in the pret. subj. <i>spyrða</i>, +<i>spyrðir</i>, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an <i>i</i> before the +<i>ð</i>. +</p> + + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>bęrja (<i>strike</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>barða</td> + <td class='cell'>barðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lęggja (<i>lay</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lagða</td> + <td class='cell'>lag(i)ðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>tęlja (<i>tell</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>talða</td> + <td class='cell'>tal(i)ðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vękja (<i>wake</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>vakða</td> + <td class='cell'>vakðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>flytja (<i>remove</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>flutta</td> + <td class='cell'>fluttr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>dȳja (<i>shake</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>dūða</td> + <td class='cell'>dūðr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="158"></a> +158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout: +</p> + + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sęlja (<i>sell</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sęlda</td> + <td class='cell'>sęldr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sętja (<i>set</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sętta</td> + <td class='cell'>sęttr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header7"> +C. +</div> + +<p> +<a name="159"></a> +159. The following are irregular: +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sœkja (<i>seek</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sōtta</td> + <td class='cell'>sōttr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þykkja (<i>seem</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þōtta</td> + <td class='cell'>þōttr</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Subj. pret. <i>sœtta</i>, <i>þœtta</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="160"></a> +160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.: +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈ra (<i>make</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈rða</td> + <td class='cell'>gǫ̈rr.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="header6"> +II. <b>'Have'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<p> +<a name="161"></a> +161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of +conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in <i>-i</i>: +<i>vaki</i>, <i>þęfi</i>; <i>uni</i>. <i>lifa</i>, <i>sęgja</i> +have imper. <i>lif</i>, <i>sęg</i>. They mutate the vowel of the +pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in +the neut.; sometimes the <i>a</i> is dropped. +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>lifa (<i>live</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>lifi</td> + <td class='cell'>lifða</td> + <td class='cell'>lifat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>una (<i>be contented</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>uni</td> + <td class='cell'>unða</td> + <td class='cell'>unat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skorta (<i>be wanting</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skorti</td> + <td class='cell'>skorta</td> + <td class='cell'>skort</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þola (<i>endure</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þoli</td> + <td class='cell'>þolða</td> + <td class='cell'>þolat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þora (<i>dare</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þori</td> + <td class='cell'>þorða</td> + <td class='cell'>þorat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>nā (<i>attain</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>nāi</td> + <td class='cell'>nāða</td> + <td class='cell'>nāðr, nāit</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="162"></a> +162. The following show mutation: +</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>sęgja (<i>say</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgi</td> + <td class='cell'>sagða</td> + <td class='cell'>sagðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þęgja (<i>be silent</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgi</td> + <td class='cell'>þagða</td> + <td class='cell'>þagat</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>hafa (<i>have</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfi</td> + <td class='cell'>hafða</td> + <td class='cell'>hafðr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kaupa (<i>buy</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kaupi</td> + <td class='cell'>keypta</td> + <td class='cell'>keyptr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="163"></a> +163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows: +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Sing.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfi</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgi</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgi</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2, 3.</td> + <td class='cell'>hęfir</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgir</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgir</td> + </tr> + <tr><td/></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Plur.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>hǫfum</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgjum</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgjum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>hafið</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgið</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>hafa</td> + <td class='cell'>sęgja</td> + <td class='cell'>þęgja</td> + </tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="164"></a> +164. The rest of <i>hafa</i> is regular. Pres. subj. <i>hafa</i>, +<i>hafir</i>, <i>hafi</i>; <i>hafim</i>, <i>hafið</i>, <i>hafi</i>. +Pret. indic. <i>hafða</i>, <i>hafðir</i>, <i>hafði</i>; <i>hǫfdum</i>, +<i>hǫfðuð</i>, <i>hǫfðu</i>. Pret. subj. <i>hęfða</i>, <i>hęfðir</i>, +<i>hęfði</i>; <i>hęfðim</i>, <i>hęfðið</i>, <i>hęfði</i>. Imper. +<i>haf</i>, <i>hǫfum</i>, <i>hafið</i>. Ptc. <i>hafandi</i>, <i>hafðr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +III. <b>'Call'</b>-conjugation +</div> + +<div class="header7"> +Active +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-a</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ar</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-um</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-im</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ið</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-a</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-i</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aða</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aða</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðir</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aði</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aði</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðum</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðuð</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðu</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aði</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sing.</i> 2. kall-a; <i>plur.</i> 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> kall-andi; <i>pret.</i> kallaðr (<i>neut.</i> kallat).<br /> +<i>Infin.</i> kalla. +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +Middle +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-umk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-umk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-imk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-izk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-izk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-ask</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-isk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðumk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðumk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðimk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðuzk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðizk</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>kǫll-uðusk</td> + <td class='cell'>kall-aðisk</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sing.</i> 2. kall-ask; <i>pl.</i> 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk.<br /> +<i>Partic. pres.</i> kall-andisk; <i>pret.</i> kall-azk <i>neut.</i><br /> +<i>Infin.</i> kall-ask. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="165"></a> +165. So also <i>byrja</i> (begin), <i>hęrja</i> (make war), <i>vakna</i> +(awake). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Strong-Weak Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="166"></a> +166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, +from which new weak preterites are formed. +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="cell"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Pres. Sg.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Pres. Pl.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Prt.</b></td> + <td class="cell"><b>Ptc.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell'>eiga (<i>possess</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ā</td> + <td class='cell'>eigu</td> + <td class='cell'>ātta</td> + <td class='cell'>āttr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>kunna (<i>can</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>kann</td> + <td class='cell'>kunnu</td> + <td class='cell'>kunna</td> + <td class='cell'>kunnat <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>mega (<i>can</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mā</td> + <td class='cell'>megu</td> + <td class='cell'>mātta</td> + <td class='cell'>mātt <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>muna (<i>remember</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>man</td> + <td class='cell'>munu</td> + <td class='cell'>munða</td> + <td class='cell'>munat <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>munu (<i>will</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>mun</td> + <td class='cell'>munu</td> + <td class='cell'>munða</td> + <td class='cell'>----</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>skulu (<i>shall</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>skal</td> + <td class='cell'>skulu</td> + <td class='cell'>skylda</td> + <td class='cell'>skyldr</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>þurfa (<i>need</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>þarf</td> + <td class='cell'>þurfu</td> + <td class='cell'>þurfta</td> + <td class='cell'>þurft <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>unna (<i>love</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>ann</td> + <td class='cell'>unnu</td> + <td class='cell'>unna</td> + <td class='cell'>unnt <i>n.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='cell'>vita (<i>know</i>)</td> + <td class='cell'>veit</td> + <td class='cell'>vitu</td> + <td class='cell'>vissa</td> + <td class='cell'>vitaðr</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name="167"></a> +167. Of these verbs <i>munu</i> and <i>skulu</i> have preterite infinitives: +<i>mundu</i>, <i>skyldu</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Anomalous Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="168"></a> +168. <i>Vilja</i> (will): +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +Present +</div> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Sing.</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Plur.</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>1.</td> + <td class='cell'>vil</td> + <td class='cell'>viljum</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>vill</td> + <td class='cell'>vilið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>vill</td> + <td class='cell'>vilja</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Subj. pres.</i> vili. <i>Pret. ind.</i> vilda. <i>Ptc. prt.</i> viljat. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="169"></a> +169. <i>Vera</i> (be): +</p> + + +<table> + <tr> + <td class='cell'></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Indicative</b></td> + <td class='cell'><b>Subjunctive</b></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Present sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>em</td> + <td class='cell'>sē</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>ert</td> + <td class='cell'>sēr</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>er</td> + <td class='cell'>sē</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>erum</td> + <td class='cell'>sēm</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>eruð</td> + <td class='cell'>sēð</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>eru</td> + <td class='cell'>sē</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>Preterite sg.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>var</td> + <td class='cell'>væra</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>vart</td> + <td class='cell'>værir</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>var</td> + <td class='cell'>væri</td> + </tr> + <tr><td colspan='4'></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'><i>pl.</i> 1.</td> + <td class='cell'>vārum</td> + <td class='cell'>værim</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>2.</td> + <td class='cell'>vāruð</td> + <td class='cell'>værið</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='cell' align='right'>3.</td> + <td class='cell'>vāru</td> + <td class='cell'>væri</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>Imper. sg.</i> ver; <i>pl.</i> verið. <i>Ptc. prt.</i> verit <i>n.</i> +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Composition +</div> + +<p> +<a name="170"></a> +170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. +Thus by the side of <i>skip-stjōrn</i> (ship-steering) we find +<i>skips-brot</i> (ship's breaking, shipwreck), <i>skipa-hęrr</i> (army of +ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, +as in <i>konungs-skip</i> (king's ship). +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Derivation +</div> + +<div class="header5"> +Prefixes +</div> + +<p> +<a name="171"></a> +171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old +English. +</p> +<p> +<b>al-</b> 'quite,' 'very': <i>al-būinn</i> 'quite ready,' <i>al-snotr</i> +'very clever.' +</p> +<p> +<b>all-</b> 'all,' 'very': <i>all-valdr</i> 'all-ruler, monarch,' +<i>all-harðr</i> 'very hard,' <i>all-stōrum</i> 'very greatly.' +</p> +<p> +<b>and-</b> 'against': <i>and-lit</i> 'countenance' (<i>lita</i>, look), +<i>and-svar</i> 'answer.' +</p> +<p> +<b>fjǫl-</b> 'many': <i>fjǫl-męnni</i> 'multitude' (<i>maðr</i>, man). +</p> +<p> +<b>mis-</b> 'mis-': <i>mis-līka</i> 'displease.' +</p> +<p> +<b>ū-</b> 'un-': <i>ū-friðr</i> 'war' (<i>friðr</i>, peace), <i>ū-happ</i> +'misfortune' (<i>happ</i> luck). +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Endings +</div> + +<div class="header6"> +(a) Nouns +</div> + +<div class="header7"> +Personal +</div> + +<p> +<a name="172"></a> +172. <b>-ingr, -ingi, -ing</b>: <i>vīkingr</i> 'pirate,' <i>hǫfðingi</i> +'chief,' <i>kęrling</i> 'old woman.' +</p> + +<div class="header7"> +Abstract +</div> + +<p> +<a name="173"></a> +173. <b>-ð</b>, fem. with mutation: <i>fęgrð</i> 'beauty' (<i>fagr</i>, +fair), <i>fęrð</i> 'journey' (<i>fara</i>, go), <i>lęngð</i> 'length' +(<i>langr</i>, long). +</p> +<p> +<b>-ing</b>, fem.: <i>svipting</i> 'pulling,' <i>vīking</i> 'piracy,' +<i>virðing</i> 'honour.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-leikr</b>, masc.: <i>kœr-leikr</i> 'affection' (<i>hœrr</i>, dear), +<i>skjōt-leikr</i> 'speed' (<i>skjōtr</i>, swift). +</p> +<p> +<b>-an, -un</b>, fem.: <i>skipan</i> 'arrangement,' <i>skęmtun</i> +'amusement.' +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(b) Adjectives +</div> + +<p> +<a name="174"></a> +174. <b>-ugr</b>: <i>rāðugr</i> 'sagacious,' <i>þrūðugr</i> 'strong.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-ōttr</b>: <i>kollōttr</i> 'bald,' <i>ǫndōttr</i> 'fierce.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-lauss</b> '-less': <i>fē-lauss</i> 'moneyless,' <i>ōtta-lauss</i> +'without fear.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-ligr</b> '-ly': <i>undr-ligr</i> 'wonderful,' <i>sann-ligr</i> +'probable' (<i>sannr</i>, true). +</p> +<p> +<b>-samr</b>: <i>līkn-samr</i> 'gracious,' <i>skyn-samr</i> 'intelligent.' +</p> +<p> +<b>-verðr</b> '-ward': <i>ofan-verðr</i> 'upper.' +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(c) Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="175"></a> +175. <b>-na</b>: <i>brotna</i> 'be broken' (<i>brotinn</i>, broken), +<i>hvītna</i> 'become white,' <i>vakna</i> 'awake.' Used to form +intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj. +</p> + +<div class="header6"> +(d) Adverbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="176"></a> +176. <b>-liga</b> '-ly': <i>undar-liga</i> 'wonderfully,' <i>stęrk-liga</i> +'strongly' (<i>stęrkr</i>, strong). +</p> +<p> +<b>-um</b>, dat. pl.: <i>stōrum</i> 'greatly' (<i>stōrr</i>, great). +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +Syntax +</div> + +<p> +<a name="177"></a> +177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has +several peculiarities of its own. +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Concord +</div> + +<p> +<a name="178"></a> +178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: <i>allir +męnn vāru būnir</i> 'all the men were ready,' <i>allir vāru drepnir</i> +'all were killed.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="179"></a> +179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different +(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: <i>þā +gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki</i> (masc.), <i>ok Þjālfi</i> (masc.), +<i>ok Rǫskva</i> (fem.). <i>þā er þau</i> (neut.) <i>hǫfðu lītla hrið +gęngit...</i> 'he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they +had walked for some time...' +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Cases +</div> + +<p> +<a name="180"></a> +180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very +characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb +can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by +the verb, it is put in the dative, as in <i>kasta spjōti</i> 'throw a +spear' (lit. 'throw <i>with</i> a spear'), <i>hann helt hamarskaptinu</i> +'he grasped the handle of the hammer,' <i>heita þvī</i> 'promise +that,' <i>jāta þvī</i> 'agree to that.' +</p> + +<div class="header4"> +Adjectives +</div> + +<p> +<a name="181"></a> +181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the +definite article, <i>þessi</i> and other demonstratives. <i>annarr</i> +(other) is always strong. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="182"></a> +182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to +denote part of it: <i>eiga hālft dȳrit</i> 'to have half of the +animal,' <i>ǫnnur þau</i> 'the rest of them,' <i>of miðja nātt</i> 'in the +middle of the night.' +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Pronouns +</div> + +<p> +<a name="183"></a> +183. <i>sā</i> is often put pleonastically before the definite article +<i>inn</i>, both before and after the subst.: <i>sā inn ungi maðr</i> 'that +young man,' <i>hafit þat it djūpa</i> 'the deep sea.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="184"></a> +184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or +else <i>einn</i>, <i>einnhvęrr</i> is used. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="185"></a> +185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a +dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the +third person: <i>þit fēlagar</i>, 'thou and thy companions,' <i>með +þeim Āka</i> 'with him and Āki.' Similarly <i>stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar</i> 'Thor and his companions get up.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="186"></a> +186. The plurals <i>vēr</i>, <i>þēr</i> are sometimes used instead of the +singulars <i>ek</i>, <i>þū</i>, especially when a king is speaking or being +spoken to. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="187"></a> +187. <i>sik</i> and <i>sēr</i> are used in a strictly reflexive sense, +referring back to the subject of the sentence, like <i>se</i> in +Latin: <i>Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr</i> 'Thor asked him to +supper with him.' +</p> + +<div class="header5"> +Verbs +</div> + +<p> +<a name="188"></a> +188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, +and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries +<i>skal</i> (shall), <i>hafa</i> (have), <i>vera</i> (be) with the infin. +and ptc. pret., much as in modern English. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="189"></a> +189. The historical present is much used, often alternating +abruptly with the preterite. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="190"></a> +190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: +<i>spara</i> 'spare,' <i>sparask</i> 'spare oneself, reserve one's +strength.' (2) intransitively: <i>būa</i> 'prepare,' <i>būask</i> 'become +ready, be ready'; <i>sętja</i> 'set,' <i>sętjask</i> 'sit down'; +<i>sȳna</i> 'show,' <i>sȳnask</i> 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: +<i>bęrja</i> 'strike,' <i>bęrjask</i> 'fight'; <i>hitta</i>, 'find,' +<i>hittask</i> 'meet.' In other cases it specializes the meaning of +the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: <i>koma</i> +'come,' <i>komask</i> 'make one's way.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="191"></a> +191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in +Icelandic: <i>rak ā storm</i> (acc.) <i>fyrir þeim</i> 'a storm was driven +in their face.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="192"></a> +192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third +pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the +subject is perfectly definite: <i>ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar</i> +'and this feat shall be tried (by you).' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="193"></a> +193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration +is very common: <i>Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit +bjarndȳri, 'ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'</i> 'King Harold was told that a +bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct +narration is also used after <i>at</i> (that): <i>hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til Hęljar'</i> 'he answers that he will ride to Hel.' +</p> + +<p><a name="texts"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Texts +</div> + +<p><a name="text1"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +I. Thor +</div> + +<div class="text">Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða +Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna. +<a href="#1-3">Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita</a>, en hǫll hans heitir +Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir; +<a href="#1-5">þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt</a>. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann- +grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina; +þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi. +Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg- +risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt: +hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira. +Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann +<a href="#1-13">spęnnir þeim</a> um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En +þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn- +glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En +engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans. +</div> + +<p><a name="text2"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +II. Thor and Ūgarðaloki +</div> + +<div class="text">Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr <a href="#2-1">fōr með hafra sīna +ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er</a> Loki er kallaðr; koma +þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um +kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru +þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er <a href="#2-5">soðit</a> var, þā sęttisk +Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar +með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr +bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr- +stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn +hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr +bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok <a href="#2-11">sprętti ā</a> knīfi sīnum, ok +braut <a href="#2-12">til męrgjar</a>. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu +fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn +Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp +hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr, +ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga +hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var +lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat +allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr +lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en <a href="#2-20">þat er sā augnanna</a>, +þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; <a href="#2-21">hann</a> +hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir. +En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka- +fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau +āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum +mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn +þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu- +męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī +Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir +hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann +upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau +hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu +þau þann dag allan <a href="#2-34">til myrkrs</a>. Þjālfi var allra manna +fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott. +Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu <a href="#2-36">þeir</a> sēr til nāttstaðar, ok +fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā +ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt- +bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin +undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok +hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til +hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk +Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru +þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja +sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at +dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok <a href="#2-46">sēr hvar lā maðr</a> skamt frā +honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut +stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of +nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum +āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en +þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt <a href="#2-51">einu sinni</a> at slā hann með ham- +rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā <a href="#2-52">nęfndisk Skrȳmir</a>: +'en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, 'at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni +ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka +minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn; +sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en +afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef +Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk +Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð, +en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at +þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir +nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk +fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi +leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. +Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at +sofna; 'en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok <a href="#2-66">būið til nātt-verðar +yðr</a>.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk +nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt +mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar- +ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann +sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip +þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum +fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en +Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī +hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir +til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga +þau þā undir aðra eik. <a href="#2-77">Er þat þēr satt at sęgja</a>, at ekki var +þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at +Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā +stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok +hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at +hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar +Skrȳmir, ok mælti: 'hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð +mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr +skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā +var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat, +ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri +skyldi hann <a href="#2-88">sjā sik</a> sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir +sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir +mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir +þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er +upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ- +mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: 'hvārt +munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði, +er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð +mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa +ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar- +innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið +kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā +skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun +ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki +munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur- +sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok +<a href="#2-104">þann</a> ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram +fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla +þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag- +garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn +frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit <a href="#2-108">at æsirnir bæði þā heila +hittask</a>. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs +dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok <a href="#2-111">sęttu +hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr</a>, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga +til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr. +Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir +þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna +ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var +hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn +ā tvā bękki, ok flesta <a href="#2-118">œrit stōra</a>. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir +konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint +til þeira, ok <a href="#2-120">glotti um tǫnn</a>, ok mælti: 'seint er um langan +veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða <a href="#2-121">er annan veg en ek hygg, at</a> þessi +svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk +þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við +būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars +konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā +er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: 'kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em +al-būinn at reyna, at <a href="#2-127">engi er hēr sā inni er</a> skjōtara skal eta +mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: 'īþrōtt er þat, ef +þū ęfnir, ok <a href="#2-129">freista skal</a> þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā +bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista +sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar- +gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi +at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju +troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði +ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū +ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki +hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann +mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er +Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarða]oki, at þetta er +gōð īþrōtt, ok <a href="#2-140">kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē</a> vel at sēr +būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō +lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða- +loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum +vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er +nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā +taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann +snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða- +loki: 'þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū +skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit +þeir męnn er mēr þykkja <a href="#2-150">fōthvatari en svā</a>.' Þā taka þeir +aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda, +ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi +trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna, +er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en +er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, <a href="#2-156">ok er +Þjālfi eigi þā kominn</a> ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt +er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira +īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā +miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā +mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju +við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera; +ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at +hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af. +Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī +hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'af horni þessu þykkir þā +vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn +drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju- +maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk +ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr; +tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal +þurfa at lūta optar <a href="#2-172-1">at sinni</a> ī hornit. En er <a href="#2-172-2">hann</a> þraut +örindit, ok hann <a href="#2-173">laut ōr horninu</a>, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, +ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē +lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel er +drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri +sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en +þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.' +Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at +hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem +honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins +vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk +hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna +hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð +ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'hvat er nū, Þōrr? +muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun +hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu +inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun <a href="#2-188">mestr</a> ætlaðr; en ekki +muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir +kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr +līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr +hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok +þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā +hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp +hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: +'auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr +hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at +ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: 'freista mā ek ęnn of +nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var +heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En +hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'þat +gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja +upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla +þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu +minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr +einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok +tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en +kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en +er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti +kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði; +kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr- +męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: 'svā lītinn +sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við +mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um +ā bękkina, ok mælti: 'eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er +eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti +hann: 'sjām fyrst, <a href="#2-218">kalli</a> mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna +Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā +męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī +næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um. +at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at +fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til +þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip- +tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum +fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok +sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum +fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki +Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī +gōðum fagnaði. +</div> +<div class="text"> +En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom +þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi +gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā +snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr +með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn +orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en +sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi +hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; 'en <a href="#2-241">þō</a> veit +ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek +þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna, +er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k +rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa +mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at +þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær +haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr, +svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til +fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā +hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp +skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū +hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr +mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt +hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer- +skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber- +ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of +leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it +fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en +sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna +slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er +Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at +þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok +þōtti þēr seint līða,--en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat +undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir +hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr +til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit +ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann: +'eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt- +tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā, +er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi +sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd +ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki +sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var +þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū +fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi +mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin +ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum +skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið +eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg +mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu +þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til +hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā +sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til +borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr +hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann +þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð- +vanga. +</div> + +<p><a name="text3"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +III. Balder +</div> + +<div class="text">Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at +sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr +ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā +hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast; +ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki; +hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En +sū nāttūra fylgir honum at <a href="#3-7">engi</a> mā haldask dōmr hans. +Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim +stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: +</div> + +<div class="poetry"> + Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir + sēr of gǫ̈rva sali; + ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit + fæsta feikn-stafi. +</div> + +<p><a name="text4"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +IV. The Death of Balder +</div> + +<div class="text">Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði +drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði +āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat +gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg +tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn +ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin, +fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var +þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā +þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir +hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt, +sakaði <a href="#4-11">hann</a> ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er +þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr +sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā +sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir +hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri, +ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: 'eigi munu +vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum +þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira +Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: 'vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir +vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr <a href="#4-20">ungr</a> +at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki +tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð +utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti +Loki við hann: 'hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar: +'þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em +vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: 'gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra, +manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa +þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.' +Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka; +flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok +hęfir þat mest <a href="#4-31">ū-happ</a> verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. +Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok +svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok <a href="#4-33">vāru +allir með einum hug til</a> þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi +mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er +æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā <a href="#4-36">var hitt þō fyrr</a>, at grātrinn +kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā +sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða, +sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa +āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā +mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask +vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok <a href="#4-42">vili</a> hann rīða ā hęl-veg +ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn, +ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr +Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā +var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig +Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. +</div> +<div class="text"> +En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring- +horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann +vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en +skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir +gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi, +ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum, +en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu +þeir eigi haldit, <a href="#4-55">nema</a> þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā +fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā +at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð +Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð +hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit +ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps +dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā +bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með +Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er +Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt +honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti +margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum +fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru +með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en +Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja +kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg- +risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir +heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja +nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr +Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. +</div> +<div class="text"> +En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr +dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann +kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er +þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar- +innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn +fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; 'en eigi +dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra +manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat +sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar +riðit um Gjallarbrū; 'en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā +reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig +hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði +hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at +hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr <a href="#4-89">heim</a> til hallar- +innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī +ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um +nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at +Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill +grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi <a href="#4-94">svā</a> reyna, +hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir ī +heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara +til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við, +eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir +hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni +til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar, +Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī +Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja +at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir, +ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr; +svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir +koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok +hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum <a href="#4-108">hvar</a> +gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr +ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: +</div> +<div class="poetry"> + 'Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum + Baldrs bālfarar; + kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k <a href="#4-113">karls</a> sonar; + haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' +</div> +<div class="text"> +En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, +er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. +</div> + +<p><a name="text5"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +V. Hēðinn and Hǫgni +</div> + +<div class="text">Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt. +Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda- +son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er +hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī +braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok +spurði til hans at <a href="#5-6">Hēðinn</a> hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā +er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn +hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt +til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom <a href="#5-9">þar</a> sem heitir Hā-ey, þā +var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður +sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru +orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti +Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt +dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at +Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok +svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja +liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð +honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni: +'of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek +dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal +verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki +sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: 'sverði +hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin- +holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat, +ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til +skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp +með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu +konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er +fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir +annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli, +ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir +dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er +sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. +</div> + +<p><a name="text6"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +VI. The Death of Olaf Tryggvason +</div> + +<div class="text">Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu. +Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar; +ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum +við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein +konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok +kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full- +kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi +Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs +konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja +þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði +at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding +Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi +hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu +þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva- +son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar +fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa- +vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar <a href="#6-17">svā, +at</a> Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir +Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung, +ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum, +þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð +Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr +þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl +leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok +sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil +vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik +við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs, +var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum +fyrrum tęngðum, <a href="#6-30">er</a> Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur +hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann +kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk +fęrðina hans <a href="#6-33">austan at sigla</a>, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. +En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk +heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi +jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn +hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr, +ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland, +ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs +við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, <a href="#6-40">svā</a> þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla +at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana- +konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn +Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi +jarl sęgir konungi: 'ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at +lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā +mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā +þvī, at ū-friðr <a href="#6-48">muni fyrir</a>, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu +liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar +fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.' +Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt +konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu +męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu <a href="#6-53">meira</a> smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu +þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu, +ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: 'mēr er +kunnast,' sęgir hann, 'hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en +þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi +þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip, +en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum, +hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi +ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā +röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana- +konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða +seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr +jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr +ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir +hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu +ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir +eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir: +'þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn +langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: 'ekki er þetta Ormr hinn +langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði +af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu +meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: 'hræddr er +Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin +ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: 'ekki er þetta konungs +skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat +ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok +missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En +stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku +þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip, +ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā +ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr +jarl mælti: 'mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en +Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn: +'eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta +er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr +liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā +hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat +um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af +þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp +Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: 'hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī +kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn +var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra +slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn +heyrðu: 'þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta, +þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn +saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af +tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu +þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū +skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi. +En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu +at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara +Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu +allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr +Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at- +lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs, +Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi +eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason; +en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask +alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip +er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn, +er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan- +verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok +svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā +þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn- +ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum +undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir +honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl +sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vān at +ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er +Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip +er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi; +hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu +Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl- +manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er +þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en +lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar +hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: 'lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu +mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði +Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā +gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum. +Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn +skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku +at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, +ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja +fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra +skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: 'ef Orminn +skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur +skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir: +'eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.' +Ūlfr mælti: 'vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun +stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok +snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: 'skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig +sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, <a href="#6-149">bar hann hātt</a> +mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var +hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan +kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at +riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum, +þā spyrr hann: 'hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt +oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr +tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hræðumk +vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi +fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum +var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr +konungr sęgir: 'bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt- +bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir +eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?' +'Þar er,' sęgja þeir 'Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði +Ōlāfr konungr: 'hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan +fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru +Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr +sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski +lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs +Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā +hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði +ekki til orrostu. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram- +byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum +fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu +vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip +er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er +undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir +frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr +konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr +Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā +fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn, +ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum +við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō +þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst, +ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa +af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr +jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir +ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs +konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti +hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā +gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta +hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum, +at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema +Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var +hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum +langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt +með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit, +ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti +eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at +varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar; +þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn +Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin, +til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir +lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera. +En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi +annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með +vāpnum sīnum. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi; +hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr. +Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir +ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til, +ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom +ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar, +ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā +mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir +sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr: +'skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr +skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr +drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā +mælti Ōlāfr konungr: 'hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr +svarar: 'Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' 'Eigi mun svā +mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok +skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann, +ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: 'ofveikr, +ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā +skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok +skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum +gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok +sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu; +mælti þā hātt: 'hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē +at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: 'sverð vār eru slæ ok +brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk +upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk +mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā +męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi +hvar hann var sārr. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms- +mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest +mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit. +Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr +jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn <a href="#6-244">við fimtānda +mann</a>. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs, +með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk +svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er +honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar +varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā +Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar, +þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð +þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum, +þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok +veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit +lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn +vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar +ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir +hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok <a href="#6-259">vāpna</a>, Kolbjǫrn var ok +allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu +in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit +fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu, +en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en +lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir +męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli +stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir +hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn +hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu. +Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka +hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā +yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari +skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er +lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā +ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī +eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn +upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var +hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar +var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið +gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum, +þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall- +freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp +sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við +Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta, +er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En +þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði +hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi +jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda- +snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir +Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr +konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat +svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj- +unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok +eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar +sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir +verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis +ī Noregi. +</div> + +<p><a name="text7"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +VII. Auðun +</div> + +<div class="text">Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr +utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs, +ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með +Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri, +ok þā þessi laun af honum--utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā. +Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður +sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra +bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok +var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti +bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands, +ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir +þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla +eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til +Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með +sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins +konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī +landit, þar sem konungr <a href="#7-17">var fyrir</a>, þā gęngr hann upp af +skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi +konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi +mikil, 'ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn +ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann +konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan: +'āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk +eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: 'villtu sęlja oss dȳrit +við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek +þat, herra!' 'Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, 'at ek gefa þēr <a href="#7-26">tvau +verð slīk</a>, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla +þīna eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr +mælti: 'villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!' +Konungr mælti: 'hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar: +'fara,' sęgir hann, 'til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.' +Haraldr konungr sęgir: 'hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr +at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa, +eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask +með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at +nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: 'herra! þat er ā yðru +valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr +ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: 'hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir +leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr, +ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok +kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' 'Þvī heit ek þēr,' +sagði Auðun. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā +til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr +hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann +kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt, +ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit: +'ek ætla,' sęgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki +lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk +ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, 'at +þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.' +'Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar; +en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta, +at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en +<a href="#7-55">fē</a> sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok +er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat <a href="#7-56">ęptir sem</a> +ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at +hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt +saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā +gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir +borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera, +er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: 'hvęrr +er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em Īslęnzkr maðr, +herra,' sęgir hann, 'ok kominn <a href="#7-64">nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū</a> +af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k +þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir +mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu +farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti: +'er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' 'Satt er þat,' sęgir hann. +Konungr mælti: 'ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek +sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr +gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok +sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er +hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar +handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek +mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu, +ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun! +kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr +með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi +um hrīð. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung: +'braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint: +'hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, 'ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?' +Hann sęgir: 'suðr vil ek ganga.' 'Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott +rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, 'þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū +fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit, +ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr +til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr. +Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg. +Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann +aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran; +gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum +til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr +matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr +aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā +staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju- +skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi +til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok +hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik. +Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun +ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf +ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld- +sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum +þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir +hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr +mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram +at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr +ūt, ok mælti: 'gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik +grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram, +ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok +þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd +honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, 'ok hęfir þū mikit +skipazk,' segir hann, 'sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr +inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr +sagði: 'eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir +hann sēt fyr sinni sāl <a href="#7-116">hęldr</a> en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra +honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með +honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr +bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu +gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing. +Auðun sęgir: 'Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er +þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt +til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: 'þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga +kosit.' Auðun mælti: 'eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir +hann, 'at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, <a href="#7-125">en</a> mōðir mīn +troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri +er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar: +'vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verða +giptu-maðr; <a href="#7-129">þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at</a> mēr myndi eigi +mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til +er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. +</div> +<div class="text"> +Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā +bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa, +ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma +þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa +skipit. Þā spurði konungr: 'hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā +þetta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mælti: +'þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann +þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok +skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: 'þō +villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek +spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok +hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr +þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum +gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af +silfri, 'ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir +skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir +konungr, 'at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū +fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō +konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: 'þō +at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi +ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa +gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein +konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,' +sęgir hann, 'at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga +svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef +þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok +far nū heill!' +</div> +<div class="text"> +Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja +upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er +hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds +konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann +fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr +tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok 'sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, 'ok drekk +hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon- +ungr: 'hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun +svarar: 'þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði: +'launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?' +Auðun svarar: 'gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir +Haraldr konungr: 'mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr +silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum +gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' 'Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir +Auðun, 'at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til +mīn at lęggja.' 'Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, 'ok +launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: 'gaf hann mēr +knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' Þat +var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, 'en launat mynda ek þēr +þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: 'gaf +hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan, +ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr +sagði: 'þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt +hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt +launaði hann fleira?' 'Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun, +'at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi +ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu +ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn, +ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni +svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann +fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr, +dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði, +sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu, +ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk. +Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um +sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. +</div> + +<p><a name="text8"></a></p> +<div class="header3"> +VIII. Þrymskviða +</div> + +<div class="poetry">1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði, + ok sīns hamars of saknaði: + skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja, + rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli, + er engi veit <a href="#8-7">jarðar</a> hvęrgi + nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju <a href="#8-9">tūna</a>, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā, + ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?' +</div> + +<p> +Freyja kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri, + <a href="#8-15">ok-þō</a> sęlja at væri ōr silfri.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom āsa garða, + ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn, + greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri + ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði. +</div> + +<p> +Þrymr kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">7. 'Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum? + hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?' +</div> + +<p> +Loki kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry"> 'Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum; + hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?' +</div> + +<p> +Þrymr kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">8. 'Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn + ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema <a href="#8-32">fœri</a> mēr Freyju at kvān.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima + ok fyr innan kom āsa garða; + mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: +</div> + +<div class="poetry">10. 'Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði? + sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi: + opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask, + ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.' +</div> + +<p> +Loki kvað: +</p> + +<div class="poetry">11. 'Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi: + Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni! + vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði, + allr āsa salr undir bifðisk, + stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga: + 'mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta, + ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi + ok āsynjur allar ā māli, + ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar, + hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa + (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir): + 'bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni, + hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga! +</div> + +<div class="poetry">16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss: + 'mik munu æsir argan kalla, + ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða; + þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa, + nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni + ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera, + vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir, + skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna: + bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga, + ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki! + nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān, + Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr, + öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni; + fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja, + einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma, + ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit; + einn āt oxa, ātta laxa, + krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu, + drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara? + sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara, + nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">27. Sat in al-snotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa, + en hann utan stǫkk ęnd-langan sal: + 'hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju? + þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir, + hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði: + 'lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða, + ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar, + āstir mīnar, alla hylli!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja, + lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē, + vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!' +</div> + +<div class="poetry">32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti, + er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði; + Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin, + ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði. +</div> + +<div class="poetry">33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur, + hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði; + hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga, + en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð. + Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri. +</div> + +<p><a name="notes"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Notes +</div> + +<p> +The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +I. Thor +</div> + +<p> +<a name="1-3"></a> +Line 3. <b>Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita</b>, 'he reigns +(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e. in the place which is called +Þ. The plur. <i>heita</i> agrees with <i>þrūðvangar</i>, as in l. 14 +below: <i>þat eru jārnglōfar</i> 'that is (his) iron gloves.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="1-5"></a> +l. 5. <b>þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt</b>, 'that is the +largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest +house that has been built. Note the plur. <i>hūs</i> of a single +house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being +often a detached building. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="1-13"></a> +l. 13. <b>spęnnir þeim</b>, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +II. Thor and Ūtgarðaloki +</div> + +<p> +<a name="2-1"></a> +l. 1. <b>fōr með hafra sīna...ok með honum sā, āss er...</b> We +see here that <i>með</i> generally takes an acc. to denote passive, +and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-5"></a> +l. 5. <b>soðit</b> refers to some such subst. as <i>slātr</i> (meat) +understood. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-11"></a> +l. 11. <b>sprętti ā...</b> <i>ā</i> is here an adv. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-12"></a> +l. 12. <b>til męrgjar.</b> <i>til</i> here implies intention--to get at +the marrow. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-20"></a> +l. 20. <b>þat er sā augnanna</b>, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'-- +Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the +man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight +of them. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-21"></a> +l. 21. The second <b>hann</b> refers, of course, to Thor. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-34"></a> +l. 34. <b>til myrkrs</b>, till it was dark. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-36"></a> +l. 36. <b>þeir</b>, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 +<b>foll.</b>, showing that <i>leituðu</i> is meant to refer only to +the men of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.) +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-46"></a> +l. 46. <b>sēr hvar lā maðr</b>, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man +lying. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-51"></a> +l. 51. <b>einu sinni</b>, for once in his life. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-52"></a> +l. 52. <b>nęfndisk Skrȳmir</b>, said his name was Skr. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-66"></a> +l. 66. <b>būið til</b> (<i>prp.</i>) <b>nātt-verðar yðr</b>, prepare supper for +yourselves. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-77"></a> +l. 77. <b>Er þat þēr satt at sęgja</b>. <i>satt</i> is in apposition to +<i>þat</i>--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that...' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-88"></a> +l. 88. <b>sjā sik</b>, see himself alive. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-104"></a> +l. 104. <b>þann</b> = <i>þann veg</i>, that way, course. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-108"></a> +l. 108. <b>at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask</b>. The full sense is, +'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might +meet again safe and sound.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-111"></a> +ll. 111, 112. <b>sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr</b>, threw back the +backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw +back their heads. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-118"></a> +l. 118. <b>œrit stōra</b>, 'rather big,' i.e. very big. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-120"></a> +l. 120. <b>glotti um tǫnn</b>, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed +his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read <i>við</i> instead of +<i>um</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-121"></a> +l. 121. <b>er annan veg en ek hygg, at...?</b> is it otherwise than +as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in thinking +that...? +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-127"></a> +l. 127. <b>engi er hēr sā inni er...</b> = engi er hēr-inni sā-er... +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-129"></a> +l. 129. <b>freista skal</b>, Gr. § 192. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-140"></a> +l. 140. <b>kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē...</b> 'says that there +is more probability of that, namely that he is...than of the +contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be... +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-150"></a> +l. 150. <b>fōthvatari en svā</b>, 'more swift-footed than so--under +these circumstances,' i.e. than you. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-156"></a> +l. 156. <b>ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn...</b> = þā er Þjālfi eigi +kominn... +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-172-1"></a> +l. 172. <b>at sinni</b>, this time. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-172-2"></a> +l. 172. <b>hann</b>, acc. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-173"></a> +l. 173. <b>laut ōr horninu</b>, bent back from the horn. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-188"></a> +l. 188. <b>mestr</b> refers to <i>drykkr</i> understood. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-218"></a> +l. 218. <b>kalli</b>, Gr. § 192. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="2-241"></a> +l. 241. <b>þō</b> refers to <i>uni</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +III. Balder +</div> + +<p> +<a name="3-7"></a> +l. 7. <b>engi</b> agrees with <i>dōmr</i>. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +IV. The Death of Balder +</div> + +<p> +<a name="4-11"></a> +l. 11. <b>hann</b>, acc. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-20"></a> +l. 20. <b>ungr</b>, too young. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-31"></a> +l. 31. <b>ū-happ</b> is in apposition to <i>þat</i>; cp. 3. 7. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-33"></a> +ll. 33, 34. <b>vāru með einum hug til...</b> had the same feelings +towards. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-36"></a> +l. 36. <b>var...fyrr</b>, was beforehand, prevented. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-42"></a> +l. 42. <b>vili</b>, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-55"></a> +l. 55. <b>nema</b>, 'unless,' here = 'until.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-89"></a> +l. 89. <b>heim</b>. This use of <i>heim</i> in the sense of 'someone +else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.' +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-94"></a> +l. 94. <b>svā</b> refers to <i>ok ef allir hlutir...</i>, the <i>ok</i> +being pleonastic. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-108"></a> +l. 108. <b>hvar</b>, cp. 2. 46. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="4-113"></a> +l. 113. <b>karl</b>, 'old man,' here = Odin. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +V. Hēðinn and Hǫgni +</div> + +<p> +<a name="5-6"></a> +l. 6. <b>Hēðinn</b> = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a +pronoun is frequent. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="5-9"></a> +l. 9. <b>þar</b>. Cp. 1. 3. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +VI. The Death of Olaf Tryggvason +</div> + +<p> +<a name="6-17"></a> +l. 17. <b>svā at</b>, so that, i.e. just when. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-30"></a> +l. 30. <b>er</b>, namely that. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-33"></a> +l. 33. <b>austan at sigla</b>, is in a kind of apposition to +<i>fęrðina</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-40"></a> +l. 40. <b>svā</b>, also. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-48"></a> +l. 48. <b>muni fyrir</b>, awaits you, is impending. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-53"></a> +l. 53. <b>meira</b>, adv., better, faster. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-149"></a> +l. 149. <b>bar hann hātt</b>, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous +place. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-244"></a> +l. 244. <b>við fimtānda mann</b>, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="6-259"></a> +l. 259. <b>vāpna</b> is governed by the second half of the genitival +compound <i>klæða-būnað</i>, which is here considered as two +independent words. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +VII. Auðun +</div> + +<p> +<a name="7-17"></a> +l. 17. <b>var fyrir</b>, was to be found. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-26"></a> +l. 26. <b>tvau verð slīk</b>, double the price you gave. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-55"></a> +l. 55. <b>fē</b> is probably dat. here, but may be nom. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-56"></a> +l. 56. <b>ęptir sem...</b>, according as, in accordance with what. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-64"></a> +l. 64. <b>nū...nū</b>, lately...just now. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-116"></a> +l. 116. <b>hęldr</b> is here used pleonastically in a kind of +apposition to the preceding <i>bętr</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-125"></a> +l. 125. <b>en</b>, and = while. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="7-129"></a> +l. 129. <b>þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at...</b>, this single thing +is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is that... +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +VIII. Þrymskviða +</div> + +<p> +<a name="8-7"></a> +l. 7. <b>jarðar</b> is governed by <i>hvęrgi</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8-9"></a> +l. 9. <b>tūna</b>. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of +motion. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8-15"></a> +l. 15. <b>þō</b> goes with the following <i>at</i> = <i>ok sęlja, þōat (þōtt) +væri ōr silfri</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name="8-32"></a> +l. 32. <b>fœri</b> may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers. +</p> + +<p><a name="glossary"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Glossary +</div> + +<p> +æ <i>follows</i> að, ð <i>follows</i> d, ę <i>follows</i> e, œ +<i>follows</i> oð, ǫ <i>follows</i> o, ö <i>follows</i> ǫ, þ +<i>follows</i> t. +</p> +<p> +The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. +</p> +<p> +(-rs) etc. means that the <i>r</i> of the nom. is kept in inflection. +</p> + +<div class="header3"> +A +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>-a</b> <i>adv.</i> not.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā</b> <i>sf.</i> river.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eiga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> on, in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āðr</b> <i>adv., cj.</i> before.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aðrir</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>annar</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>æsir</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>āss</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ætla</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, consider, deem: 'ætlask fyrir,' intend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ætt</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, race, descent, family.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ætta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eiga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>af</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> from; of; with; <i>adv.</i> 'drekka af,' drink off.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>af-hūs</b> <i>sn.</i> out-house, side room.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>afl</b> <i>sn.</i> strength, might.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>af-taka</b> <i>wf.</i> damage, injury.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āgætliga</b> <i>adv.</i> splendidly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aka</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, drive (a chariot, etc.).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ākafliga</b> <i>adv.</i> vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>akarn</b> <i>sn.</i> acorn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>akkeri</b> <i>sn.</i> anchor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ālar-ęndir</b> <i>sm.</i> thong-end, end of a strap.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>al-būinn</b> <i>adj. w. gen.</i> quite ready.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aldinn</b> <i>adj.</i> old.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aldri</b> <i>adv.</i> never.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-lęngðar</b> <i>adv.</i> for some time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ālfr</b> <i>sm.</i> elf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-lit</b> <i>snpl.</i> appearance, countenance [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-harðr</b> <i>adj.</i> very hard, very violent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-lītill</b> <i>adj.</i> very little.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-mann-skœðr</b> <i>adj.</i> (very injurious to men), very murderous + (of a battle) [skaði, 'injury'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-mikill</b> <i>adj.</i> very great.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>allr</b> <i>adj.</i> all, whole; 'með ǫllu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,' + first of all.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-stōrum</b> <i>adv.</i> very greatly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>all-valdr</b> <i>sm.</i> monarch, king.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>al-snotr</b> <i>adj.</i> very clever.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>al-svartr</b> <i>adj.</i> very black, coal-black.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>alt</b> <i>adv.</i> quite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ambātt</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, female slave, maid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>and-lit</b> <i>sn.</i> face [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>annarr</b> <i>prn.</i> second; following, next; other; one of the + two--'annar...annarr,' one...the other.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aptann</b> <i>sm.</i> evening.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aptastr</b> <i>adj.</i> most behind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aptr</b> <i>adv.</i> back, backwards, behind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār</b> <i>sf.</i> oar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār</b> <i>sn.</i> year.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>argr</b> <i>adj.</i> cowardly, base.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ār-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> steward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>armr</b> <i>adj.</i> wretched.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ās-męgin</b> <i>sn.</i> divine strength.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āss</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, (Scandinavian) god.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āst</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, affection, love, <i>often in pl.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āst-sæll</b> <i>adj.</i> beloved, popular. [sæll, 'happy'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āsynja</b> <i>wf.</i> (Scandinavian) goddess [āss].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance + with, after.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at</b> <i>adv.</i> to.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>-at</b> <i>adv.</i> not.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at-laga</b> <i>wf.</i> attack [lęggja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>at-rōðr (-rar)</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, rowing against, attack.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ātta</b> <i>num.</i> eight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ātta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>eiga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auð-kęndr</b> <i>adj.</i> easy to be recognized, easily + distinguishable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auðr</b> <i>adj.</i> desert, deserted, without men.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auð-sēnn</b> <i>adj.</i> evident.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auga</b> <i>wn.</i> eye.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aug-sȳn</b> <i>sf.</i> sight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>auka</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, increase; <i>impers., w. dat. of what is + added</i> 'jōk nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation + increased).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austan</b> <i>adv.</i> from the east.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>aust-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> Easterner, Norwegian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austr</b> <i>sn.</i> the east--'ī au.,' eastwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austr</b> <i>adv.</i> eastwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>austr-vegr</b> <i>sm.</i> the East, <i>especially</i> Russia.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>āvalt</b> <i>adv.</i> continually, all the time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-vanr</b> <i>adj.</i> wanting; <i>impers. neut. in</i> 'einnar + mēr Freyju āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ā-vinnr</b> <i>adj.</i> toilsome, <i>only in the impers. neut.</i> + 'mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +B +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bað</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>biðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāðir</b> <i>prn.</i> both, <i>neut. as adv. in</i> 'bæði...ok,' + both...and.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>biðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bǣða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>biðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bǣði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bāðir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>baggi</b> <i>wm.</i> bag; bundle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bak</b> <i>sn.</i> back, 'vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with + the back, i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bak-borði</b> <i>wm.</i> larboard.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāl</b> <i>sn.</i> flame; funeral pile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bāl-fǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> funeral.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bani</b> <i>wm.</i> death.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bardagi</b> <i>wm.</i> battle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barð</b> <i>sn.</i> edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship + formed by the continuation of the keel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bęrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barði</b> <i>wm.</i> war-ship with a sharp prow, ram.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>barn</b> <i>sn.</i> child.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>batt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>binda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bauð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>beiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. + benefited</i>, ask, demand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bein</b> <i>sn.</i> bone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bękkr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, bench.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęlla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, <i>generally + in a bad sense</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bera</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, carry, take; bear, endure. <b>berask at</b>, + happen. <b>b. fram</b>, bring forward, out. <b>b. vāpn niðr</b>, + shoot down. <b>b. rāð sīn saman</b>, hold council, deliberate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>berg-risi</b> <i>wm.</i> hill-giant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, strike--'b. grjōti,' stone. <b>bęrjask</b>, + fight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęrr</b> <i>adj.</i> bare, unsheathed (of a sword).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ber-sęrkr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally + 'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.]</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bętr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vel</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bętri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gōðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęzt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vel</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bęztr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gōðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>beygja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bend, arch.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bīða</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, <i>w. gen.</i> wait for; <i>w. acc.</i> + abide, undergo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>biðja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, ask, beg, pray, <i>w. gen. of thing, acc. + of the pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited</i>; express a + wish, bid--'bað hann vel kominn' (vera <i>understood</i>), bad + him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bifask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, tremble, shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bil</b> <i>sn.</i> moment of time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bila</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bilt</b> <i>neut. adj.</i> <i>only in the impers.</i> 'einum verðr + bilt,' one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>binda</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, bind, tie up; dress.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>birta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, show [bjartr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bīta</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, bite; cut.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bittu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>binda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bitu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bīta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjarn-dȳri</b> <i>sn.</i> bear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjartr</b> <i>adj.</i> bright, clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>būa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjōða</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> offer, + propose--'b. einum fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. + <b>b. upp</b>, give up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bjǫrg</b> <i>sf.</i> help; means of subsistence, store of food.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blāsa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bleyða</b> <i>wf.</i> coward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blīða</b> <i>wf.</i> gentleness, friendliness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blindr</b> <i>adj.</i> blind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blōð</b> <i>sn.</i> blood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>blōt-bolli</b> <i>wm.</i> sacrificial bowl.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bœtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bōt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>boga-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> bowshot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bogi</b> <i>wm.</i> bow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bog-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> bowman, archer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bōndi</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>borð</b> <i>sn.</i> side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between + the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nū er gott beranda + b. ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the + horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be + lifted without spilling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>borg</b> <i>sf.</i> fortress, castle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>borg-hlið</b> <i>sn.</i> castle gate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bōt</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, mending, improvement; <i>plur.</i> <b>bœtr</b>, + compensation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bǫrn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>barn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brā</b> <i>sf.</i> eyelid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bregða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bragð</b> <i>sn.</i> trick, stratagem [bregða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bręnna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brast</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bresta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brātt</b> <i>adv.</i> quickly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>braut</b> <i>sf.</i> way--<b>ā braut</b>, <i>adv.</i> away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>braut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>braut, brott</b> <i>adv.</i> away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bregða</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> jerk, pull, push; + <b>b. upp</b>, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>breiðr</b> <i>adj.</i> broad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bręnna</b> <i>wf.</i> burning; incremation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bręnna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, burn <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bręnna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, burn <i>trans.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bresta</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, break, crack, burst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brestr</b> <i>sm.</i> crack; loss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brjōst</b> <i>sn.</i> breast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, + <i>also impers.</i> 'skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>broddr</b> <i>sm.</i> point.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brōðir</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, brother.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brotinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brotna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, break <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brott</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>braut</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brott-laga</b> <i>sf.</i> retreat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brū</b> <i>sf.</i> bridge.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brūð-fē</b> <i>sn.</i> bridal gift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brūðr</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, bride.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brūn</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, eyebrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bryggja</b> <i>wf.</i> pier.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brynja</b> <i>wf.</i> corslet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brȳnn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brūn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bryn-stūka</b> <i>wf.</i> corslet-sleeve.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bryti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>brȳtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>brjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bū</b> <i>sn.</i> dwelling, home.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>būa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. + <b>būask</b>, get ready, prepare <i>intr.</i> 'er būit við at...' + it is likely to be that..., there is danger of...</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>buðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>būinn</b> <i>adj.</i> ready; in a certain condition--'(við) svā + būit' <i>adv.</i> under such circumstances; capable, fit for--'vel + at sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bundu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>binda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>burr</b> <i>sm.</i> son.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bȳðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>bjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>bȳr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>būa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>byrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, begin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>byr-vænn</b> <i>adj.</i> promising a fair wind.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +D +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>daga</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, dawn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dagan</b> <i>sf.</i> dawn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dagr</b> <i>sm.</i> day.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dalr</b> <i>sm.</i> valley.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dauðr</b> <i>adj.</i> dead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dęgi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>dagr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>deyja</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, die.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>djūpr</b> <i>adj.</i> deep.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>deyja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dōmr</b> <i>sm.</i> decision.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dōttir</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, daughter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dǫgurðr</b> <i>sm.</i> breakfast [-urð = -verðr, <i>cp.</i> nāttverðr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dōkkr (-vir)</b> <i>adj.</i> dark.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>draga</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, draw, drag. <b>d. saman</b>, collect.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drakk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drekka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drap</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drepa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>draumr</b> <i>sm.</i> dream.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dręginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>draga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dreif</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drīfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dręki</b> <i>wm.</i> dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head + as a beak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drekka</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, drink.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drepa</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, strike; kill.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dreyma</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the + thing</i> dream [draumr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drīfa</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, drive; hasten.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drjūpa</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, drop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>draga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drōgu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>draga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drōttinn</b> <i>sm.</i> lord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drōttin-hollr</b> <i>adj.</i> faithful to its master.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drukkinn</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> drunk.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drupu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>drjūpa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drykkja</b> <i>wf.</i> drinking [drekka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drykkju-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> drinker.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>drykkr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, draught.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>duna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, resound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dunði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>dynja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dvalða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>dvęlja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dvęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, delay. <b>dvęljask</b>, dwell, stop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dvergr</b> <i>sm.</i> dwarf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dyðrill</b> <i>sm.</i> (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dȳja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dynja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, resound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dȳr</b> <i>sn.</i> animal, beast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>dyrr</b> <i>sfnpl.</i> door.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +E +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eða</b> <i>cj.</i> or.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ef</b> <i>cj.</i> if.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, perform, carry out.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęggja</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, incite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eiðr</b> <i>sm.</i> oath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eiga</b> <i>wf.</i> property.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eiga</b> <i>swv.</i> possess, have: have as wife, be married to; + have <i>in the sense of</i> must.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eigi</b> <i>adv.</i> not; no.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eign</b> <i>sf.</i> property.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eignask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, appropriate, gain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eik</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, oak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>einka-māl</b> <i>snpl.</i> personal agreement, special treaty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>einn</b> <i>num., prn.</i> one; the same; a certain, a; alone, + only--'einn saman,' alone, mere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>einn-hvęrr</b> <i>prn.</i> a certain, some, a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eira</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> spare.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eitr</b> <i>sn.</i> poison.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ek</b> <i>prn.</i> I.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>aka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ekki</b> <i>prn. neut.</i> nothing; <i>adv.</i> not.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eldr</b> <i>sm.</i> fire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęlli</b> <i>wf.</i> old age.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ellifti</b> <i>adj.</i> eleventh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ellifu</b> <i>num.</i> eleven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>em</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>en</b> <i>cj.</i> but; and.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>en</b> <i>adv.</i> than, <i>after compar.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęndask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, end, suffice for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęndi, ęndir</b> <i>sm.</i> end.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęnd-langr</b> <i>adj.</i> the whole length--'ęndlangan sal,' the + whole length of the hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęndr</b> <i>adv.</i> again.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>engi</b> <i>prn.</i> none, no.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęnn</b> <i>adv.</i> yet, still; besides; after all.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęptir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc.</i> after (of time). <i>w. + dat.</i> along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. + <i>adv.</i> afterwards; behind [aptr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęptri</b> <i>adj. compar.</i> hind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>er</b> <i>prn. rel.</i> who, which, <i>rel. adv.</i> where; + when; because, that.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>er</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>er</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ęrfiði</b> <i>sn.</i> work; trouble.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ert</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eru</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>eta</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, eat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ey</b> <i>sf.</i> island.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +F +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fā</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. + <b>fāsk</b>, wrestle. <b>fāsk ā</b>, be obtained, be.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>faðir</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, father.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fær</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fæstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fār</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fagnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fagr</b> <i>adj.</i> beautiful, fair, fine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fagrliga</b> <i>adv.</i> finely.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fall</b> <i>sn.</i> fall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>falla</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, fall. <b>fallask</b>, be forgotten, + fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fang</b> <i>sn.</i> embrace, grasp; wrestling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>finna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fār</b> <i>adj.</i> few--<i>neut.</i> fātt <i>w. gen.</i>: + 'fātt manna,' few men.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fara</b> <i></i> go, travel--<i>w. gen. in such constr. as</i> + 'f. fęrðar sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; + experience; 'f. með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use + up <i>w. dat.</i> <b>farask</b> <i>impers. in</i> 'fęrsk þeim vel,' + they have a good passage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>farmr</b> <i>sm.</i> lading, cargo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fastr</b> <i>adj.</i> firm, fast, strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fē</b> <i>sn.</i> property, money.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęðrum</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>faðir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fekk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęgrð</b> <i>sf.</i> beauty [fagr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęgrstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fagr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>feikn-stafir</b> <i>smpl.</i> 2, wickedness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fela</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, hide.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fēlagi</b> <i>wm.</i> companion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fē-lauss</b> <i>adj.</i> penniless.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fē-lītill</b> <i>adj.</i> with little money, poor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fell</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>falla</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęlla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fengu, fęnginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fęrð</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, journey [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fer-skeyttr</b> <i>adj.</i> four-cornered.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fimm</b> <i>num.</i> five.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fimtāndi</b> <i>adj.</i> fifteenth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>finna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjaðr-hamr</b> <i>sm.</i> feathered (winged) coat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjall</b> <i>sn.</i> mountain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjār</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fē</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjara</b> <i>sf.</i> ebb-tide; beach.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjogur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fjōrir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjōrði</b> <i>adj.</i> fourth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjōrir</b> <i>num.</i> four.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫlð</b> <i>wf.</i> quantity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫl-kyngi</b> <i>sn.</i> magic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫl-męnni</b> <i>sn.</i> multitude; troop [maðr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫrðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, firth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fjǫrur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fjara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flā</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, flay, skin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flaug</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fljūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flęginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>flā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flestr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>margr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fljōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, float, drift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fljūga</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, fly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flō</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fljūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>floti</b> <i>wm.</i> fleet [fljōtal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flōtti</b> <i>wm.</i> flight [flȳja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flugu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fljūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fluttu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>flytja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flȳja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, flee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>flytja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b. remove, bring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fnāsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, snort.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fœra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bring, take; fasten [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fœrir</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fœti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fōt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōlginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fela</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōlk</b> <i>sn.</i> multitude, troop; people.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fara</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>for-tǫlur</b> <i>wpl.</i> representations, arguments [tala].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōstra</b> <i>wf.</i> nurse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōt-hvatr</b> <i>adj.</i> swift-footed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fōtr</b> <i>sm.</i> foot; leg.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fǫður</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>faðir</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> journey [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fǫru-neyti</b> <i>sn.</i> company [njōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frā</b> <i>prp.</i> from, away from; about, concerning. 'ī frā' + <i>adv.</i> away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frændi</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, relation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frā-fall</b> <i>sn.</i> death.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fram</b> <i>adv.</i> forward, forth. <i>compar.</i> <b>framar</b>, + ahead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>framastr</b> <i>adj. superl.</i> chief, most distinguished.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frami</b> <i>wm.</i> advantage, courage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>framiðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>fręmja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fram-stafn</b> <i>sm.</i> prow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frā-sǫgn</b> <i>sf.</i> narrative, relation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>freista</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. gen.</i> try, test.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fręmja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, perform [fram].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>friðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, peace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frīðr</b> <i>adj.</i> beautiful, fine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frōðr</b> <i>adj.</i> learned, wise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frœkn</b> <i>adj.</i> bold, daring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>frost</b> <i>sn.</i> frost.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fugl</b> <i>sm.</i> bird.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>full-kominn</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> complete; ready (for).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fullr</b> <i>adj.</i> full.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fundr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, meeting [finna].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fundu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>finna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>furðu</b> <i>adv.</i> awfully, very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fūss</b> <i>adj.</i> eager.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> follow; accompany.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylki</b> <i>sn.</i> troop [fōlk].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> draw up (troops) [fōlk].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fylla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, fill [fullr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyr, fyrir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> before; beyond, + over--'f. borð,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' <i>adv.</i> be + given as compensation; for; because of. 'f. þvī at,' because. + 'lītill. f. sēr,' insignificant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrir-rūm</b> <i>sn.</i> fore-hold, chief-cabin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrirrūms-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> man in the fore-hold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrr</b> <i>adv.</i> <i>compar.</i> before, formerly. <i>superl.</i> + <b>fyrst</b>, first.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fyrri</b> <i>adj.</i> <i>compar.</i> former. <i>superl.</i> + <b>fyrstr</b>, first.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>fȳsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, hasten <i>trans.--impers.</i> 'braut fȳsir + mik,' I feel a desire to go away [fūss].</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +G +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen.</i> heed, care for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gæfa</b> <i>wf.</i> luck [gefa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gæta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, watch, take care of [geta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gaf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gefa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gæfu-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> lucky man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gaflak</b> <i>sn.</i> javelin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gamall</b> <i>adj.</i> old.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gaman</b> <i>sn.</i> amusement, joy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ganga</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, go, <i>with gen. of goal in poetry</i>; + attack--'g. ā skip,' board a ship. <b>g. af</b>, be finished. + <b>g. til</b>, come up. <b>g. upp</b>, land; board a ship; be + used up, expended (of money).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>garðr</b> <i>sm.</i> enclosure, court; dwelling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gat</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>geta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gefa</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, give.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gęgnum, ī gęgnum</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. gen.</i> through.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gekk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ganga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gęlti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gǫltr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gęnginn, gęngr, gengu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ganga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>geta</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, <i>w. gen.</i> mention, speak of; guess, + suppose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>geysi</b> <i>adv.</i> excessively.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gipta</b> <i>wf.</i> luck [gefa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>giptu-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> lucky man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gjafar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gjǫf</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gjǫf</b> <i>sf.</i> gift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>glotta</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, smile maliciously, grin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>glæsiligr</b> <i>adj.</i> magnificent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gnȳr</b> <i>sm.</i> din, noise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gōðr</b> <i>adj.</i> good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get + at, obtain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gōlf</b> <i>sn.</i> floor; apartment, room.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gott</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gōðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫfugr</b> <i>adj.</i> distinguished [gefa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫltr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, boar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫmul</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>gamall</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫ̈ra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1c, do, make. <b>gǫ̈rask</b>, set about + doing; be made into, become. <b>gǫ̈ra at</b>, accomplish, + carry out.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gǫ̈rsimi</b> <i>wf.</i> article of value, treasure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>granda</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> injure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grār</b> <i>adj.</i> gray.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gras</b> <i>sn.</i> grass; plant, flower.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grāta</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, weep, mourn for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grātr</b> <i>sm.</i> weeping.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>greiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, put in order, arrange.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>greip</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>grīpa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gres-jārn</b> <i>sn.</i> iron wire (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grey</b> <i>sn.</i> dog.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grið</b> <i>snpl.</i> peace, security.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>griða-staðr</b> <i>sm.</i> sanctuary.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grind</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, lattice door, wicket.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grīpa</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, seize.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gripr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, article of value, treasure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grjōt</b> <i>sn.</i> stone (collectively).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grōa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, grow; heal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grœr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>grōa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gruna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>impers.</i>--'mik grunar,' I + suspect, think.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>grunr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, suspicion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull</b> <i>sn.</i> gold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-band</b> <i>sn.</i> gold band.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-būinn</b> <i>adj.</i> adorned with gold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-hringr</b> <i>sm.</i> gold ring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-hyrndr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> with gilt horns.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gull-roðinn</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> gilt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gȳgr</b> <i>sf.</i> giantess.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gyltr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> gilt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>gyrða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, gird.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +H +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hæstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hār</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hætta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> desist from, stop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hættligr</b> <i>adj.</i> dangerous, threatening.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hættr</b> <i>adj.</i> dangerous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>haf</b> <i>sn.</i> sea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, have; 'h. einn nær einu,' bring near to, + expose to; use, utilize. <b>at hafask</b>, undertake. <b>til + hafa</b>, have at hand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafna</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫfn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafr</b> <i>sm.</i> goat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hafr-staka</b> <i>wf.</i> goatskin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hagliga</b> <i>adv.</i> neatly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hagr</b> <i>sm.</i> condition; advantage--'þēr mun h. ā vera,' + will avail thee, be profitable to you.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hag-stœðr</b> <i>adj.</i> favourable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>halda</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> hold (also with prp. + <i>ā</i>); keep. <i>w. acc.</i> observe, keep (laws, etc.). + <i>intr.</i> take a certain direction, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hālfr</b> <i>adj.</i> half.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hālfu</b> <i>adv.</i> by half, half as much again.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hallar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫll</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hallar-gōlf</b> <i>sn.</i> hall floor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>haltr</b> <i>adj.</i> lame.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamarr</b> <i>sm.</i> hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamars-muðr</b> <i>sm.</i> thin end of hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamar-skapt</b> <i>sn.</i> handle of a hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hamar-spor</b> <i>sn.</i> mark made by a hammer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hana</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>handar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫnd</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hand-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> throwing with the hand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hand-tękinn</b> <i>ptc. pret.</i> taken by hand, taken alive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hann</b> <i>prn.</i> he.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hār</b> <i>sn.</i> hair.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hār</b> <i>adj.</i> high.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harð-hugaðr</b> <i>adj.</i> stern of mood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harðr</b> <i>adj.</i> hard; strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harð-skeytr</b> <i>adj.</i> strong-shooting [skjōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>harmr</b> <i>sm.</i> grief.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hāski</b> <i>wm.</i> danger.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hā-sæti</b> <i>sn.</i> high seat, dais [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hāsætis-kista</b> <i>sf.</i> chest under the dais.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hātt</b> <i>adv.</i> high; loudly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>haugr</b> <i>sm.</i> mound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hauss</b> <i>sm.</i> skull.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heðan</b> <i>adv.</i> hence.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęfi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hafa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęfja</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, raise, lift; begin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen.</i> revenge, avenge.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heill</b> <i>adj.</i> sound, safe, prosperous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heil-rǣði</b> <i>sn.</i> sound advice, good advice [rāð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heim</b> <i>adv.</i> to one's home, home (domum).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heima</b> <i>adv.</i> at home (domi).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heima-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> man of the household.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heim-fūss</b> <i>adj.</i> longing to go home, homesick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heimr</b> <i>sm.</i> home, dwelling; world.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heimta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, fetch, obtain, get back.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heita</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, call; <i>w. dat. of pers. and dat. of + thing</i> promise; <i>intr.</i> (<i>pres.</i> heiti) be named, + called.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęldr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>halda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęldr</b> <i>adv. compar.</i> more willingly, rather, sooner, + more; rather, very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęl-grindr</b> <i>sf.</i> the doors of hell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęllir</b> <i>sm.</i> cave.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>helt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>halda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęl-vegr</b> <i>sm.</i> road to hell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęlzt</b> <i>adv. superl.</i> most willingly, soonest, especially, + most [hęldr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęndi, hęndr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hǫnd</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęnnar, hęnni</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hępta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bind; hinder, stop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hēr</b> <i>adv.</i> here--'h. af,' etc. here-of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęr-bergi</b> <i>sn.</i> quarters, lodgings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęrða</b> <i>wv.</i> harden, clench.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęr-fang</b> <i>sn.</i> booty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, make war, ravage [hęrr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęrr</b> <i>sm.</i> army, fleet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>herra</b> <i>sm.</i> lord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hęr-skip</b> <i>sn.</i> war-ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hestr</b> <i>sm.</i> horse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hēt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>heita</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>heyra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, hear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>himinn</b> <i>sm.</i> heaven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hingat</b> <i>adv.</i> hither.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hinn</b> <i>prn.</i> that.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hirð</b> <i>sf.</i> court.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hirð-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> courtier.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hiti</b> <i>wm.</i> heat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hitta</b> <i>wv.</i> come upon, find, meet; <i>trans.</i> go + to. <b>hittask</b>, meet, <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hjā</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> by, at; in comparison with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hjālmr</b> <i>sm.</i> helmet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hjōn</b> <i>snpl.</i> household.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlaða</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlæja</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, laugh.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlaupa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, jump, leap; run.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlaut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hljōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hleyp</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlaupa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hleypa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlīf</b> <i>sf.</i> shield.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlīfa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> shelter, cover, protect.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hljōp</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlaupa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hljōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, get, receive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlōðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlaða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlōgu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hlæja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlunnr</b> <i>sm.</i> roller (for launching ships).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hluti</b> <i>wm.</i> portion [hljōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlutr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hlut-skipti</b> <i>sn.</i> booty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hnakki</b> <i>wm.</i> back of head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hōf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hęfja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hollr</b> <i>adj.</i> gracious, faithful.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hōlmr</b> <i>sm.</i> small island.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hon</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>honum</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hann</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>horn</b> <i>sn.</i> horn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hœgri</b> <i>adj. compar.</i> right (hand).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hœla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> praise, boast of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfðingi</b> <i>wm.</i> chief [hǫfuð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfða-fjǫl</b> <i>sf.</i> head-board (especially of a bedstead).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hafa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfn</b> <i>sf.</i> harbour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫfuð</b> <i>sn.</i> head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫgg</b> <i>sn.</i> stroke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫgg-ormr</b> <i>sm.</i> viper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫgg-orrosta</b> <i>wf.</i> 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫggva</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, hew, cut, strike.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫll</b> <i>sf.</i> hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hǫnd</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, hand; side--'hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both + sides, for both parties.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hræddr</b> <i>adj.</i> frightened, afraid [<i>ptc.</i> of hræðask].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hræðask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, be frightened, fear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hræzla</b> <i>wf.</i> fear [hræðask].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrafn</b> <i>sm.</i> raven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hratt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrinda</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrauð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hraut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hreyfa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, move.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrīð</b> <i>sf.</i> period of time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrīm-þurs</b> <i>sm.</i> frost giant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrinda</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, push, launch (ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrista</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrjōða</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, strip, clear, disable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, start, burst out.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrǫkk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrökkva</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrökkva</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, start back.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hryði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrynja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b. fall down.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hrȳtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>hyggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugi</b> <i>wm.</i> thought.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugr</b> <i>sm.</i> mind, heart; courage, spirit.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hugsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, consider, think.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hundrað</b> <i>sn.</i> hundred.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hurð</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, door.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hūs</b> <i>sn.</i> room; house.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvar</b> <i>adv.</i> where; that.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārr</b> <i>prn.</i> which of two; each of the two, both.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārr-tvęggja</b> <i>prn.</i> each of the two, both.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārt</b> <i>adv.</i> whether, <i>both in direct and indirect + questions</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvārt-tvęggja</b> <i>adv.</i> 'hv...ok,' both...and.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvass</b> <i>adj.</i> sharp.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvat</b> <i>prn. neut.</i> what.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvart</b> <i>adj.</i> brisk, bold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvē</b> <i>adv.</i> how.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hverfa</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, turn, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęr-gi</b> <i>adv.</i> nowhere--'hv. jarðar,' nowhere on + earth; in no respect, by no means.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęrnig</b> <i>adv.</i> how [= hvęrn veg.].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęrr</b> <i>prn.</i> who.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvęrsu</b> <i>adv.</i> how.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvī</b> <i>adv.</i> why.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvirfill</b> <i>sm.</i> crown of head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvītna</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, whiten.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hvītr</b> <i>adj.</i> white.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hyggja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>hylli</b> <i>wf.</i> favour [hollr].</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +I +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ī</b> <i>prp.</i> in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ī-huga</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, try to remember, consider [hugr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>illa</b> <i>adv.</i> ill, badly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>illr</b> <i>adj.</i> ill, bad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inn</b> <i>art.</i> the.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inn</b> <i>adv.</i> in <i>compar.</i> <b>innar</b>, further in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, accomplish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>innan</b> <i>adv.</i> within, inside. <b>fyrir innan</b> <i>prp. + w. gen.</i> within, in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>inni</b> <i>adv.</i> in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>it</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>it</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>inn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ī-þrōtt</b> <i>sf.</i> feat.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +J +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-breiðr</b> <i>adj.</i> equally broad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-hǫfugr</b> <i>adj.</i> equally heavy [hęfja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-mikill</b> <i>adj.</i> equally great.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafn-skjōtt</b> <i>adv.</i> equally quick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, smooth; compare <i>w. dat. of + thing compared.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jafnan</b> <i>adv.</i> always.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jarl</b> <i>sm.</i> earl.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jārn</b> <i>sn.</i> iron.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jārn-glōfi</b> <i>sm.</i> iron gauntlet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jārn-spǫng</b> <i>sf.</i> iron plate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jāta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> agree to.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jōk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>auka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jǫrð</b> <i>sf.</i> earth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jǫtun-heimar</b> <i>smpl.</i> home, world of the giants.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>jǫtunn,</b> <i>sm.</i> giant.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +K +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kær-leikr</b> <i>sm.</i> love, affection [kærr, 'dear'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kaf</b> <i>sn.</i> diving; deep water, water under the surface.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kafa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, dive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kalla</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kunna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kapp</b> <i>sn.</i> competition.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>karl</b> <i>sm.</i> man; old man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kasta</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, cast, throw.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kaupa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, buy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęngr</b> <i>sm.</i> bend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęnna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, know; perceive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęrling</b> <i>sf.</i> old woman [karl].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kęrra</b> <i>wf.</i> chariot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kętill</b> <i>sm.</i> kettle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>keypta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kaupa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>keyra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, drive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kirkja</b> <i>wf.</i> church.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kirkju-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> wing of a church.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kjōsa</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, choose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klakk-laust</b> <i>adv.</i> uninjured.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klæða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, clothe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klæða-būnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> apparel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>klæði</b> <i>snpl.</i> clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knē</b> <i>sn.</i> knee.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knīfr</b> <i>sm.</i> knife.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knǫrr</b> <i>sm.</i> merchant-ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knūði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>knȳja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knūi</b> <i>wm.</i> knuckle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knūtr</b> <i>sm.</i> knot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>knȳja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert + oneself [knūi].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kōlf-skot</b> <i>sn.</i> (distance of a) bolt-shot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kollōttr</b> <i>adj.</i> bald.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>koma</b> <i>sv.</i> 4. come; happen, turn out; <i>w. dat.</i> + bring into a certain condition. <b>k. fyrir</b>, be paid in + atonement. <b>komask</b>, make one's way (by dint of exertion).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kona</b> <i>wf.</i> woman; wife.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konr</b> <i>sm.</i> kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' + of some kind.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konunga-stęfna</b> <i>wf.</i> congress of kings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konungr</b> <i>sm.</i> king.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konungs-dōttir</b> <i>sf.</i> king's daughter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>konungs-skip</b> <i>sn.</i> king's ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kosinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kjōsa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kost-gripr</b> <i>sm.</i> precious thing, treasure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kostr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, choice--'at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; + power [kjōsa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫgur-sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> little boy, urchin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫpp</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kapp</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫpur-yrði</b> <i>sn.</i> boasting [orð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kǫttr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, cat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>köm</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>koma</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>krappa-rūm</b> <i>sn.</i> back cabin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>krappr</b> <i>adj.</i> narrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kraptr</b> <i>sm.</i> strength.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>krās</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, delicacy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kręfja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, <i>w. acc. of pers. and gen. of + thing</i>, demand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunna</b> <i>swv.</i> know; feel; venture; like to.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunnandi</b> <i>wf.</i> knowledge, accomplishments.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunnusta</b> <i>wf.</i> knowledge, power.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kunnr</b> <i>adj.</i> known.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kurr</b> <i>sm.</i> murmur, rumour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvæði</b> <i>sn.</i> poem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvæma</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>koma</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvān</b> <i>sf.</i> wife.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kveða</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, say. <b>kv. ā</b> settle, agree on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvęðja</b> <i>wf.</i> salutation [kveða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvęðja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, greet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kveld</b> <i>sn.</i> evening--'ī kv.,' this evening.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kveld-sǫngr</b> <i>sm.</i> vespers.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvenn-vāðir</b> <i>sfpl.</i> woman's clothes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kviðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, stomach, belly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvisa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, whisper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvistr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, branch, twig.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kvǫddu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>kvęðja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kykr (-vir)</b> <i>adj.</i> living.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kykvendi</b> <i>sn.</i> living creature, animal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kȳll</b> <i>sm.</i> bag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kyn</b> <i>sn.</i> race, lineage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kȳr</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, cow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>kyssa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, kiss.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +L +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>liggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lægri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lāgr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lær-lęggr</b> <i>sm.</i> thigh-bone.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>læt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lāta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lagða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lęggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lāgr</b> <i>adj.</i> low; short of stature [liggja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lags-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> companion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lagu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>liggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lamða, lamit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lęmja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>land</b> <i>sn.</i> land, country.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>land-skjālfti</b> <i>wm.</i> earthquake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>langr</b> <i>adj.</i> long, far.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lāt</b> <i>snpl.</i> noise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lāta</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; + behave, act; say.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lauf</b> <i>sn.</i> foliage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laufs-blað</b> <i>sn.</i> (blade of foliage), leaf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laug</b> <i>sf.</i> bath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laun</b> <i>snpl.</i> reward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>launa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, reward, requite <i>w. dat. of the + thing given and of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lauss</b> <i>adj.</i> loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laust</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ljōsta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>laut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lūta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lax</b> <i>sm.</i> salmon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leðr-hosa</b> <i>wf.</i> leather bag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęggja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, + settle on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; <i>intr. w.</i> skip + <i>understood</i> sail, row--<b>l. at</b>, land; attack; <b>l. frā</b>, + retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. <b>lęggjask</b>, set + out, proceed; swim [liggja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leið</b> <i>sf.</i> way--'koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leið</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>līða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, lead, conduct [līða].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leiðangr (-rs)</b> <i>sm.</i> levy [leið].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leiga</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, borrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leikr</b> <i>sm.</i> game; athletic sports, contest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leita</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. gen. and dat.</i> seek; take to, have + recourse to. <b>leitask</b>, feel one's way [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęmja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, break.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęngð</b> <i>sf.</i> length [langr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęngi</b> <i>adv.</i> long (of time) [langr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lęngstr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>langr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lēt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lāta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lętja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, <i>w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing</i>, + hinder, dissuade.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lētta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lift.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leyniliga</b> <i>adv.</i> secretly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>leysa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lið</b> <i>sn.</i> troop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līða</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, go; pass (of time); <i>impers.</i> <b>līðr</b>, + <i>w. dat.</i> fare, get on. <i>impers.</i> 'līðr ā (nāttina),' (the + night) is drawing to a close.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līf</b> <i>sn.</i> life--'ā līfi,' alive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lifa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, live.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>liggja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, lie. <b>l. til</b>, be fitting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līk</b> <i>sn.</i> body; corpse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> please.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līki</b> <i>sn.</i> form [līk].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līking</b> <i>sf.</i> likeness, similarity [līkr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līknsamr</b> <i>adj.</i> gracious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līkr</b> <i>adj.</i> like.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līn</b> <i>sn.</i> linen; linen headdress.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>list</b> <i>sf.</i> art.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līta</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til + eins.' turn to, acknowledge greeting. <b>lītask</b> <i>impers. + w. dat.</i> seem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>litask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, look round one [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lītill</b> <i>adj.</i> little, small--'lītit veðr,' not very + windy weather. <b>lītlu</b> <i>adv.</i> by a little, a little.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lītil-ræði</b> <i>sm.</i> degradation [rāð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>litr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>līzk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>līta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ljā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen. and dat.</i> lend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ljōsta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, strike, <i>w. dat. of instr. and acc. of + the thing struck</i>--'l. ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, + begin to row.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lofa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, praise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lōga</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> part with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>logi</b> <i>wm.</i> flame.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lokinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lūka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lopt</b> <i>sn.</i> air--'ā l.,' up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lūka</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, lock, close; <i>impers.</i> 'lȳkr einu,' + it is finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lukla</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lykill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lustu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ljōsta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lūta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, bend, bow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lygi</b> <i>wf.</i> lie, falsehood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lykð</b> <i>sf.</i> ending--'at lykðum,' finally.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lykill</b> <i>sm.</i> key [lūka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lypta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lift [lopt].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lypting</b> <i>sf.</i> raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship + [lypta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lȳsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, shine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lȳsi-gull</b> <i>sn.</i> bright gold.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lȳst</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ljōsta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>lysta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc.</i> desire.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +M +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mega</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 4, man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mæla (mælta)</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, speak--'m. við einu,' refuse; suggest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mær</b> <i>sf.</i> virgin, maid.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mætta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mega</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>magr (-ran)</b> <i>adj.</i> thin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>māgr</b> <i>sm.</i> kinsman, relation, connection.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>makligr</b> <i>adj.</i> fitting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>māl</b> <i>sn.</i> narrative; <i>in plur.</i> poem; proper time, time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mālmr</b> <i>sm.</i> metal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>maðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mann-fōlk</b> <i>sn.</i> troops, crew.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mann-hringr</b> <i>sm.</i> ring of men.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mannliga</b> <i>adv.</i> manlily.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>margr</b> <i>adj.</i> many, much.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mark</b> <i>sn.</i> mark; importance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>marka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, infer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>marr</b> <i>sm.</i> horse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mart</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>margr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>matask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, eat a meal.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>matr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, food.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mātta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mega</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>māttr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, might, strength.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>með</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meðal</b> <i>s.</i> middle--ā m. <i>w. gen.</i> between.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meðan</b> <i>adv.</i> whilst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mega</b> <i>swv.</i> can, may.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>megin</b> <i></i> --'ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; 'ǫllum m.,' on all + sides [<i>corruption of</i> vegum].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męgin-gjarðar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> girdle of strength [mega].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meiðmar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> treasures.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meiri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mikill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męn</b> <i>sn.</i> necklace, piece of jewelry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męnn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>maðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męrgr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, marrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>męrki</b> <i>sn.</i> mark; banner [mark].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mest</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mikill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>meta</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, measure; estimate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mey</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>mær</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mið-garðr</b> <i>sm.</i> (middle enclosure), world.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>miðgarðs-ormr</b> <i>sm.</i> world-serpent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>miðr</b> <i>adj.</i> middle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mik</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mikill</b> <i>adj.</i> big, tall, great. <b>mikit</b> <i>adv.</i> + much, very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>miklu</b> <i>adv.</i> (<i>instr.</i>) much.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>milli, ā milli</b> <i>prp.</i> between, among.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minjar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> remembrance, memorial.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minni</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>lītill</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>minnr</b> <i>adv.</i> less.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mis-līka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat.</i> displease, not please.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>missa</b> <i>wf.</i> loss, want.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>missa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. gen.</i> lose; do without.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mistil-teinn</b> <i>sm.</i> mistletoe [teinn, 'twig'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mitt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mjǫðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, mead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mjǫk</b> <i>adv.</i> very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mōðir</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, mother.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mōðr</b> <i>sm.</i> anger.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mœtask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, meet <i>intr.</i> [mōt].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫn</b> <i>sf.</i> mane.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>morginn</b> <i>sm.</i> morning.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫrk</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, forest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫrum</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>marr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mōt</b> <i>sn.</i> meeting. <b>ī mōti</b> <i>prp. w. dat.</i> + against.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mǫtu-neyti</b> <i>sn.</i> community of food--'lęggja m. sitt,' + make their provision into a common store [matr; njōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>mundu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>munu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>munnr</b> <i>sm.</i> mouth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>munr</b> <i>sm.</i> difference--'þeim mun,' to that extent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>munu</b> <i>swv.</i> will, may (of futurity and probability).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>myndi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>munu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>myrkr</b> <i>sn.</i> darkness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>myrkr</b> <i>adj.</i> dark.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +N +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, reach, obtain; succeed in.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nǣr</b> <i>adv.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> near; nearly. <i>superl.</i> + <b>næst</b>--'þvī n.,' thereupon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nǣtr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>nātt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nafn</b> <i>sn.</i> name.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nakkvarr</b> <i>prn.</i> some, a certain. <b>nakkvat</b> <i>adv.</i> + somewhat; perhaps.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, night.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-bōl</b> <i>sn.</i> night-quarters.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-langt</b> <i>adv.</i> the whole night long.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-staðr</b> <i>sm.</i> night-quarters.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nāttūra</b> <i>wf.</i> nature, peculiarity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nātt-verðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, supper.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nauð-syn</b> <i>sf.</i> necessity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>naut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>njōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>neðan</b> <i>adv.</i> below. <b>fyrir n.</b> <i>prp. w. + dat.</i> below.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nęfja</b> <i>adj.</i> long-nosed (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, name, call. <b>nęfnask</b>, name + oneself, give one's name as [nafn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nema</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, take; begin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nema</b> <i>adv.</i> except, unless.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nest</b> <i>sn.</i> provisions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nest-baggi</b> <i>sm.</i> provision-bag.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>niðr</b> <i>adv.</i> down, downwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nīundi</b> <i>adj.</i> ninth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>njōsn</b> <i>sf.</i> spying; news.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>njōsna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, spy; get intelligence.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>njōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, enjoy, profit.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>norðr</b> <i>adv.</i> northwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nǫkkvi</b> <i>wm.</i> vessel, small ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nū</b> <i>adv.</i> now; therefore, so.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nȳ-vaknaðr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> newly awoke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nȳr</b> <i>adj.</i> new.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>nȳta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, profit [njōta].</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +O +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>oddr</b> <i>sm.</i> point.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōð-fūss</b> <i>adj.</i> madly eager.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōðr</b> <i>adj.</i> mad, furious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>œ̄pa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, shout [ōp, 'shout'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>œrit</b> <i>adv.</i> enough; very.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>of</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> over; during; with respect + to, about. <i>adv.</i> too (of excess).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>of</b> <i>adv.,</i> <i>often used in poetry as a mere expletive.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>of-veikr</b> <i>adj.</i> too weak.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ofan</b> <i>adv.</i> above; down.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ofan-verðr</b> <i>adj.</i> upper, on the top.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>aka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ok</b> <i>conj.</i> and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>okkr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>opt</b> <i>adv.</i> often. <i>compar.</i> <b>optar</b>, oftener, + again.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōr</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i> out of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orð</b> <i>sn.</i> word--'ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orðinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orð-sęnding</b> <i>sf.</i> verbal message.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orð-tak</b> <i>sn.</i> expression, word.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ormr</b> <i>sm.</i> serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>orrosta</b> <i>wf.</i> battle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>oss</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōtta</b> <i>wf.</i> the end of night, just before dawn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōttalaust</b> <i>adj.</i> without fear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ōx</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vaxa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>oxi</b> <i>wm.</i> ox.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫðlask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, obtain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫðru</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>annarr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫl</b> <i>sn.</i> ale.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫldnu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>aldinn</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫndōttr</b> <i>adj.</i> fierce.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫnd-vegi</b> <i>sn.</i> high seat, dais.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫnnur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>annar</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> arrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ör-æfi</b> <i>sn.</i> harbourless coast.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>örendi</b> <i>sn.</i> errand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>örendi</b> <i>sn.</i> holding the breath, breath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>örind-reki</b> <i>sm.</i> messenger [reka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>öxn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>oxi</b>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +P +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>pati</b> <i>sm.</i> rumour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>pęnningr</b> <i>sm.</i> penny.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +R +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāð</b> <i>sn.</i> advice; what is advisable--'sjā eitt at rāði,' + consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāða</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, advise, <i>w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.</i>; + consider, deliberate; undertake, begin <i>w. prp.</i> til <i>or + infin.</i>; dispose of, have control over <i>w. prp.</i> fyrir.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāða-gǫ̈rð</b> <i>sf.</i> deliberation, decision.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāðugr</b> <i>adj.</i> sagacious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ragna-rökr</b> <i>sn.</i> twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna + <i>gen. of</i> ręgin <i>neut. plur.</i> 'gods.']</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ragr</b> <i>adj.</i> cowardly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rāku</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>reka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ręnna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rās</b> <i>sf.</i> race.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rauðr</b> <i>adj.</i> red.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rausn</b> <i>sf.</i> magnificence, anything magnificent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rēð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rāða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reið</b> <i>sf.</i> chariot.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reið</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rīða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reiða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, swing, wield, brandish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reið-fara</b> <i>adj.</i> --'vera vel r.,' have a good passage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reiði</b> <i>sn.</i> trappings, harness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reiðr</b> <i>adj.</i> angry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reka</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjǫld,' take + down awning.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rękkja</b> <i>wf.</i> bed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ręnna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, run.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rētta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, direct; reach, stretch. <b>r. upp</b>, pull + up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rēttr</b> <i>adj.</i> right, correct; equitable, fair.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reyna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, try, test.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>reyr-bǫnd</b> <i>supl.</i> the wire with which the arrow-head was bound + to the shaft.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rīða</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, <i>w. dat.</i> ride.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>riðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rīða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>riðlask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, set oneself in motion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rīki</b> <i>sn.</i> power; sovereignty, reign.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rīkr</b> <i>adj.</i> powerful, distinguished.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ripti</b> <i>sn.</i> linen cloth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rita</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, write.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rōa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, row.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rœða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, talk about, discuss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>röra</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>rōa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>rǫst</b> <i>sf.</i> league.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +S +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sā</b> <i>prn.</i> that; he; such, such a one.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sær</b> <i>sm.</i> sea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>særa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, wound [sār].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sæti</b> <i>sn.</i> seat [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sætt</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, reconciliation, peace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sættask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, be reconciled, agree.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>saga</b> <i>wf.</i> narrative, history, story.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sagða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sęgja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>saka</b> <i>wv.</i> <i>impers. w. acc.</i>--'hann (acc.) sakaði + ekki,' he was not injured.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sakna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. gen.</i> miss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sāl</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, soul.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sāld</b> <i>sn.</i> gallon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>salr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>saman</b> <i>adv.</i> together.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sami</b> <i>weak adj.</i> same.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sam-laga</b> <i>wf.</i> laying ships together for battle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>samt</b> <i>adv.</i> together.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sannligr</b> <i>adj.</i> probable; suitable, right.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sannr</b> <i>adj.</i> true.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sār</b> <i>sn.</i> wound.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sārr</b> <i>adj.</i> wounded.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sat</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sitja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>satt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sannr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sē</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sē</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sefask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, be pacified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, say, relate [saga].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>segl</b> <i>sn.</i> sail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>seilask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, stretch <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>seinn</b> <i>adj.</i> late, slow, tedious. <b>seint</b> + <i>adv.</i> slowly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, give; sell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sem</b> <i>adv.</i> as; <i>w. subj.</i> as if; <i>to strengthen + the superl.</i>--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęnda</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, send.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęndi-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> messenger.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sęnn</b> <i>adv.</i> at the same time, at once; immediately, + forthwith.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēnn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sik</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sēt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>set-berg</b> <i>sn.</i> seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sętja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, set, place. <b>s. fram</b>, launch (a + ship). <b>sętjask</b>, sit down. <b>sętjask upp</b>, sit up + [sitja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sī-byrða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lay a ship alongside + another. <i>neut. ptc.</i> <b>sībyrt</b>, close up to [borð].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīð</b> <i>adv.</i> late. <i>comp.</i> sīðar, later, afterwards. + <i>superl.</i> <b>sīðast</b>, latest, last.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīða</b> <i>wf.</i> side.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīðan</b> <i>adv.</i> afterwards, then; since.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīðari</b> <i>adj. comp.</i> later, second (in order).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>siðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, custom.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīga</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, sink.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigla</b> <i>wf.</i> mast [segl].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigla</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, sail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>siglu-skeið</b> <i>sn.</i> middle of a ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigr (-rs)</b> <i>sm.</i> victory.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sigr-ōp</b> <i></i> shout of victory.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sik</b> <i>prn.</i> oneself.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>silfr</b> <i>sn.</i> silver.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sīn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sik</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sinn</b> <i>sn.</i> time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, + for once. 'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, + i.e. only once.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sik</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sitja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, sit. <b>s. fyrir</b>, sit in readiness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjā</b> <i></i> = þessi.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjā</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. + <i>impers.</i> 'lītt sēr þat ā, at'...it will hardly be seen + that... <b>sjāsk</b>, see one another, meet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjālfr</b> <i>prn.</i> self.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjōða</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, boil; cook.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjōn</b> <i>sf.</i> sight.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sjōn-hvęrfing</b> <i>sf.</i> ocular delusion.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skal</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skulu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skalf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjālfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skāli</b> <i>wm.</i> hall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skammr</b> <i>adj.</i> short.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skap</b> <i>sn.</i> state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skapligr</b> <i>adj.</i> suitable, fit.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skapt</b> <i>sn.</i> shaft, handle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skarð</b> <i>sn.</i> notch, gap; defect.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skaut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skęgg</b> <i>sn.</i> beard; beak (of a ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skeið</b> <i>sn.</i> race-course, running-ground; + race--'taka sk.,' start in a race.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skeina</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, graze.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skellr</b> <i>sm.</i> knock.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skęmtun</b> <i>sf.</i> amusement, entertainment [skammr, + <i>literally 'shortening (of time)'</i>].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skera</b> <i>sv.</i> cut, cut up; kill (animal).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skiljask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, separate, part <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skillingr</b> <i>sm.</i> shilling, coin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skilnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> separation, parting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skip</b> <i>sn.</i> ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skipa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. + 'sk. til um eitt,' make arrangements for. <b>skipask</b>, take + one's place; change, alter <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skipa-hęrr</b> <i>sm.</i> fleet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skipan</b> <i>sf.</i> arranging; ship's crew.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skips-brot</b> <i>sn.</i> shipwreck.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skip-stjōrnar-maðr</b> <i>sm.</i> (steerer), commander of a ship, + captain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjald-borg</b> <i>sf.</i> wall of shields, testudo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjālfa</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, shake <i>intr.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, <i>w. dat.</i> shoot, throw, push.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōt-fœri</b> <i>sn.</i> swiftness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōt-leikr</b> <i>sm.</i> swiftness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōt-liga</b> <i>adv.</i> swiftly, quick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjōtr</b> <i>adj.</i> swift, quick. <b>skjōtt</b> <i>adv.</i> + quickly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skjǫldr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, shield.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skōgr</b> <i>sm.</i> forest, wood.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skorta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers. and of + thing</i>, want, fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skot</b> <i>sn.</i> shot; missile [skjōta].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skot-māl</b> <i>sn.</i> shot-measure, range.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skotta</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, dangle--sk. við drift (of ships).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skǫkull</b> <i>sm.</i> shaft (of a cart).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skǫmm</b> <i>sf.</i> disgrace, shame.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skǫr</b> <i>sf.</i> hair of the head.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skreppa</b> <i>wf.</i> bag, wallet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skulfu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjālfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skulu</b> <i>swv.</i> shall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skuta</b> <i>wf.</i> small ship, cutter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skutill</b> <i>sm.</i> trencher, small table.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skutil-sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> page, chamberlain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skutu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skykkr</b> <i>sm.</i> shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skylda</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skulu</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skyldr</b> <i>adj.</i> obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skyn</b> <i>sn.</i> understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skynda</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, hasten, bring in haste.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skyndiliga</b> <i>adv.</i> hastily, quickly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skynsamliga</b> <i>adv.</i> intelligently, carefully.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>skȳt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>skjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slā</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, strike. 'slā eldi ī,' light a fire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slæliga</b> <i>adv.</i> sluggishly, weakly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slær</b> <i>adj.</i> blunt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slær</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>slā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slātr</b> <i>sn.</i> meat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sleikja</b> <i>wv.</i> lick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sleit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>slīta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slēttr</b> <i>adj.</i> level, smooth; comfortable, easy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slīkr</b> <i>adj.</i> such.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>slīta</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, tear--<b>sl. upp</b>, pull up; <i>w. dat.</i> + break (agreement).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smæri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>smār</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smār</b> <i>adj.</i> small, insignificant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smā-skip</b> <i>snpl.</i> small ships.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smā-skūta</b> <i>wf.</i> small cutter.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smjūga</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, squeeze through, slip.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>smugu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>smjūga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snarpligr</b> <i>adj.</i> vigorous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snarpr</b> <i>adj.</i> sharp; vigorous.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snimma</b> <i>adv.</i> early.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snöra</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>snūa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>snūa</b> <i>sv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> turn <i>or</i> (<i>trans.</i>) + direct; twist, plait. <b>snūask</b>, turn (<i>intr.</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>soðinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sjōða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sœkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sœmð</b> <i>sf.</i> honour [sōma].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sœtti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sœkja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sofa</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, sleep.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sofna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, go to sleep.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sǫgur</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>saga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sǫk</b> <i>sf.</i> cause--'fyrir þā s. at'..., because.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sökkva</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, sink.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōl</b> <i>sf.</i> sun.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōl-skin</b> <i>sn.</i> sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>soltinn</b> <i>adj.</i> hungry [<i>ptc. of</i> 'svelta,' starve].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōma</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. dat.</i>, be suitable, befitting.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōmi</b> <i>wm.</i> honour.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sonr</b> <i>sm.</i> son.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōtt</b> <i>sf.</i> illness.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sōtta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sœkja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sǫx</b> <i>snpl.</i> raised prow of a war-ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spala</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>spǫlr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sparask</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spęnna (spęnta)</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat. of thing</i>, gird, + buckle on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spjōt</b> <i>sn.</i> spear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sporðr</b> <i>sm.</i> tail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spori</b> <i>sm.</i> spur.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spǫlr</b> <i>sm.</i> rail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sprakk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>springa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sprętta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, split.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>springa</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, burst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spurða</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>spyrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spyrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have + news of, hear of his arrival. <b>spyrjask</b>, be known.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>spyrna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, kick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>staddr</b> <i>adj.</i> placed, staying [<i>ptc. of</i> 'stęðja,' + place].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>staðr</b> <i>sm.</i> place--'ī staðinn,' instead.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafaðr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> striped.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>staf-karl</b> <i>sm.</i> (staff-man), beggar.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafn</b> <i>sm.</i> prow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafn-būi</b> <i>wm.</i> prow-man.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafn-lē</b> <i>wm.</i> grappling-hook.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stafr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2 (<i>gen. sg.</i> stafs), staff, stick.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stakk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stinga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stallari</b> <i>sm.</i> marshall.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>standa</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, stand. <b>st. upp</b>, stand up, rise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>starfa</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, work.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęfna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, steer; take a course, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>steig</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stīga</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>steinn</b> <i>sm.</i> stone; jewel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stela</b> <i>sv.</i> 4, <i>w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers.</i> + steal, rob.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęndr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>standa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęrkliga</b> <i>adv.</i> vigorously.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stęrkr</b> <i>adj.</i> strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>steypa</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat. of thing</i>, throw; pull off. + <b>steypask</b>, throw oneself.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stīga</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, advance, walk, go. <b>st. upp</b>, mount + (horse).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stīgr</b> <i>sm.</i> path, way.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stikill</b> <i>sm.</i> point.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stilla (stilta)</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, arrange. <b>st. til</b>, + arrange, dispose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stinga</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, pierce; 'st. stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow + against a ship's side.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stirt</b> <i>adv.</i> harshly [<i>neut. of</i> 'stirðr,' stiff].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>standa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stœrri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stōr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōkkva</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, spring, rebound, start back.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stolinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>stela</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōrliga</b> <i>adv.</i> bigly, arrogantly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-mannligr</b> <i>adj.</i> magnificent, aristocratic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-męnni</b> <i>sn.</i> great men (collective), aristocracy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōrr</b> <i>adj.</i> big, great. <b>stōrum</b> <i>adv.</i> greatly.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-rāðr</b> <i>adj.</i> (great of plans), ambitious.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-skip</b> <i>sn.</i> big ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stōr-virki</b> <i>sn.</i> great deed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>strā</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, strew, cover with straw.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>strauk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>strjūka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stręngr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, string.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>strjūka</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, stroke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stund</b> <i>sf.</i> period of time, time.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stutt</b> <i>adv.</i> shortly, abruptly [<i>neut. of</i> 'stuttr' + short].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stȳra</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> steer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stȳri</b> <i>sn.</i> rudder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>stȳris-hnakki</b> <i>wm.</i> top piece of rudder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>styrkr</b> <i>sm.</i> strength; help.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sū</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>suðr</b> <i>adv.</i> southward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>suðr-ganga</b> <i>wf.</i> journey south (to Rome).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sukku</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sökkva</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sumar</b> <i>sn.</i> summer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sumr</b> <i>prn.</i> some.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sund</b> <i>sn.</i> sound, channel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svā</b> <i>adv.</i> so, as; as soon as. 'ok svā,' also.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svaf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sofa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svara</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. dat. of thing</i>, answer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svardagi</b> <i>sm.</i> oath.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> boy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sveinn-stauli</b> <i>wm.</i> small boy.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sveit</b> <i>sf.</i> troop.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svelga</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, swallow, gulp.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sverð</b> <i>sn.</i> sword.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sverðs-hǫgg</b> <i>sn.</i> swordstroke.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svipan</b> <i>sf.</i> jerk; moment.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>svipting</b> <i>sf.</i> pull, struggle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>sȳnask</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, seem [sjōn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>syni</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sonr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>systir</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, sister.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +T +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>taka</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. acc.</i> take, seize, take possession + of; <i>w. inf.</i> begin; <i>w. dat.</i> receive (well, ill, etc.). + <b>takask</b>, take place, begin. <b>t. at</b>, choose. <b>t. + til</b>, engage in, try. <b>t. upp</b>, take to, choose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tala</b> <i>wf.</i> talk, speech.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tala</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, speak, talk about, discuss.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>taliðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>tęlja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tālma</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, hinder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tār</b> <i>sn.</i> tear.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>taumar</b> <i>smpl.</i> reins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tękinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>taka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, + say [tala].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęngðir</b> <i>sfpl.</i> relationship, connection by marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęngja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, bind, fasten together.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tęngsl</b> <i>snpl.</i> cable.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīða</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>impers. w. acc.</i> desire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīðindi</b> <i>snpl.</i> tidings, news.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīðr</b> <i>adj.</i> usual, happening--'hvat er tītt um þik?' what + is the matter with you? <b>tītt</b> <i>adv.</i> often, quickly--'sem + tīðast,' as quickly as possible.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tiginn</b> <i>adj.</i> of high rank.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tigr</b> <i>sm.</i> --'fjōrir tigir,' forty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>til</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. gen.</i> to; till; for (of use)--'alt + er t. vāpna var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for + (of object, intention)--'brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to + get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var eigi + gott,' they were not well off for provisions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>til</b> <i>adv.</i> too (of excess).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>til-vīsan</b> <i>sf.</i> direction, guidance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tītt</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>tīðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tīvi</b> <i>wm.</i> god.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tjald</b> <i>sn.</i> tent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tjūgu-skęgg</b> <i>sn.</i> forked beard.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tœka</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>taka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tōk</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>taka</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tǫnn</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, tooth.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trani</b> <i>wm.</i> crane.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trē</b> <i>sn.</i> tree.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>troða</b> <i>sv.</i> tread.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trog</b> <i>sn.</i> trough.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tros</b> <i>sn.</i> droppings, rubbish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trūa</b> <i>wf.</i> faith--'þat veit tr. mīn at...,' by + my faith.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>trūa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. dat. of pers.</i> believe, trust, + rely on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tūn</b> <i>sn.</i> enclosure, dwelling.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tveir</b> <i>num.</i> two.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>tȳna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> lose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>typpa</b> <i>wv.</i> tie in a top-knot.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +Þ +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þā</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þiggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þā</b> <i>adv.</i> then.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þær</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þakðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þękja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þakka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, <i>w. acc. of thing and dat. of + pers.</i> thank; requite, reward.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þambar-skęlfir</b> <i>sm.</i> bowstring-shaker (?).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þann</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þannig</b> <i>adv.</i> thither; so [= þann veg].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þar</b> <i>adv.</i> there; then; 'þ. af,' <i>etc.</i>, + thereof. 'þar sem,' since, because. 'þar til,' until.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þarf</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þurfa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þat</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þau</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þegar</b> <i>adv.</i> at once. 'þ. er,' as soon as.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þęginn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þiggja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þęgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, be silent.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þeim</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þeir, þeirra</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þękja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, roof.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þękkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, notice. <b>þękkjask</b>, take pleasure + in; accept.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þess</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þess</b> <i>adv. w. comp.</i> the, so much the.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þessi</b> <i>prn.</i> this.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þiggja</b> <i>sv.</i> 5, receive.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þik</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þing</b> <i>sn.</i> meeting, parliament.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þjōð</b> <i>sf.</i> nation, race.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þō</b> <i>adv.</i> though, yet.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þǫkð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þękja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þǫkk</b> <i>sf.</i> thanks, gratitude [þakka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þola</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, endure, put up with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þora</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, dare.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þǫrf</b> <i>sf.</i> need.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þorrinn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þverra</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þōtt</b> <i>adv.</i> though [= þō at].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þōtta</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þykkja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þraut</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þrjōta</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þreifask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, grope, feel.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þreyta</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, make exertions, try.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þriði</b> <i>adj.</i> third.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þriðjungr</b> <i>sm.</i> third.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þrīr</b> <i>num.</i> three.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þrjōta</b> <i>sv.</i> 7, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers.</i> come to + an end, fail.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þrūðugr</b> <i>adj.</i> mighty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þū</b> <i>prn.</i> thou.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þumlungr</b> <i>sm.</i> thumb of glove.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þunn-vangi</b> <i>wm.</i> temple (of head).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurðr</b> <i>sm.</i> diminution.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurfa</b> <i>swv.</i> <i>often impers.</i> require, need.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurr</b> <i>adj.</i> dry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þurs</b> <i>sm.</i> giant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þverra</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, diminish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvers</b> <i>adv.</i> across.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvī</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>sā</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvī</b> <i>adv.</i> therefore; <i>w. compar.</i> the, so much the + more.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þvīlikr</b> <i>adj.</i> such.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þykkja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1c, seen, be considered. 'þykkir einum + fyrir,' there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. + 'myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,' I should be displeased. <b>þykkjask</b>, + think.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þykkr</b> <i>adj.</i> thick, close.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þynna</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, make thin. <b>þynnask</b> get thin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>þyrstr</b> <i>adj. (ptc.)</i> thirsty.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +U +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-fœra</b> <i>wf.</i> impassable place; fix, difficulty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-friðr</b> <i>sm.</i> hostility, war.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-grynni</b> <i>sn.</i> countless number [grunnr, 'bottom'].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-happ</b> <i>sn.</i> misfortune.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-hreinn</b> <i>adj.</i> impure.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>um</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc.</i> around, about, over; <i>of + time</i> in, at; <i>of superiority</i> beyond; concerning, about.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>um-rāð</b> <i>sn.</i> advice, help.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>um-sjā</b> <i>sf.</i> care.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>una</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, <i>w. dat.</i> be contented--'u. illa,' be + discontented.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undan</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. dat.</i>, <i>adv.</i> away (from).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undarliga</b> <i>adv.</i> strangely.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undarligr</b> <i>adj.</i> strange.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> under.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>undr</b> <i>sn.</i> wonder.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ungr</b> <i>adj.</i> young.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>unninn</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vinna</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>unz</b> <i>adv.</i> until.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp</b> <i>adv.</i> up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp-ganga</b> <i>wf.</i> boarding (ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp-haf</b> <i>sn.</i> beginning [hęfja].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>upp-himinn</b> <i>sm.</i> high heaven.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>uppi</b> <i>adv.</i> up; at an end.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>urðu</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ūt</b> <i>adv.</i> out. <i>comp.</i> <b>utar</b>, outer, outwards, + farther away.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>utan</b> <i>adv.</i> outside; outwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>utan-fęrð</b> <i>sf.</i> journey abroad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>utar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ūt</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ūti</b> <i>adv.</i> outside, out on the sea.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ūt-lausn</b> <i>sf.</i> ransom.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ū-vinr</b> <i>sm.</i> enemy.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +V +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vægð</b> <i>sf.</i> forbearance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vænn</b> <i>adj.</i> likely, to be expected.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>væri</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vætr</b> <i>neut.</i> nothing.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vaka</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, be awake, wake up.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vakna</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, awake.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vald</b> <i>sn.</i> power, control.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>val-kyrja</b> <i>sf.</i> chooser of the slain, + war-goddess [kjōsa].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>valr</b> <i>sm.</i> corpses on the battle-field.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vān,</b> <i>sf.</i> hope, expectation, probability.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vandræða-skāld</b> <i>sn.</i> the 'awkward' poet, the poet + who is difficult to deal with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vandræði</b> <i>snpl.</i> difficulty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vangi</b> <i>wm.</i> cheek.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vanr</b> <i>adj.</i> accustomed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāpn</b> <i>sn.</i> weapon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāpna-burð</b> <i>sm.</i> bearing weapons, shower of missiles.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāpn-lauss</b> <i>adj.</i> without weapons.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>var</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vār</b> <i>sn.</i> spring.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vār</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vara</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>impers. w. acc. of pers.</i>--'mik varði,' + I expected.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varð</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verða</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varði</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vęrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vargr</b> <i>sm.</i> wolf.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>variðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vęrja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varla</b> <i>adv.</i> scarcely.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>varnaðr</b> <i>sm.</i> goods, merchandise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vāru</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vatn</b> <i>sn.</i> water.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vaxa</b> <i>sv.</i> 2, grow; increase.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veðr</b> <i>sn.</i> weather.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vegr</b> <i>sm.</i> road; way, manner; direction, side; + <i>in composition</i>, region, tract, land.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veik</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vikja</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vita</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>veita</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vękja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, wake [vaka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vēl</b> <i>sf.</i> artifice, cunning.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęlja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, choose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęndi</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vǫndr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vēr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vera</b> <i>sv.</i> exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat + lātum hafði verit,' what had caused the noise. <b>v. at</b>, be + occupied with.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verð</b> <i>sn.</i> worth, value; price.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verða</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir + einum,' come in one's way, appear before one; become; come into + being, be; 'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; <i>w. infin.</i> + be obliged, must. 'nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have + come into a great perplexity, difficulty. <b>v. at</b>, happen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verðr</b> <i>adj.</i> worth; important.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ver-gjarn</b> <i>adj.</i> desirous of a husband, loose.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vera</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vert</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>verðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, + turn one's back on.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęrja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1b, dress; lay out money, invest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verk</b> <i>sn.</i> work, job.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verr</b> <i>sm.</i> man; husband.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęrr</b> <i>adv.</i> <i>comp.</i> worse. <i>superl.</i> + <b>vęrst</b>, worst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>verǫld</b> <i>sf.</i> world.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vestan</b> <i>adv.</i> from the west. 'v. fyrir' <i>w. gen. or + acc.</i>, west of.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vestr</b> <i>adv.</i> westwards.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vetr</b> <i>sm.</i> winter; year.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęx</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vaxa</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vęxti</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vǫxtr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc.</i> by, near; towards (of place + and time); with (of various relations). <i>w. dat.</i> towards, at + (laugh at, etc.); in exchange for, for.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīða</b> <i>adv.</i> widely, far and wide, on many sides.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>viðar-teinungr</b> <i>sm.</i> tree-shoot, plant.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við-bragð</b> <i>sn.</i> push.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>viðr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, tree.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīðr</b> <i>adj.</i> wide, broad.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við-skipti</b> <i>snpl.</i> dealings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>við-taka</b> <i>wf.</i> reception; resistance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīgja</b> <i>wv.</i> 1, consecrate, hallow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīgr</b> <i>adj.</i> warlike, able-bodied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīking</b> <i>sf.</i> piracy, piratical expedition.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīkingr</b> <i>sm.</i> pirate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīkja</b> <i>sv.</i> 6, turn, move, go.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vilja</b> <i>swv.</i> will.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>villi-eldr</b> <i>sm.</i> wildfire, conflagration.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vinātta</b> <i>wf.</i> friendship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vināttu-māl</b> <i>snpl.</i> assurances of friendship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vinna</b> <i>sv.</i> 3, do, perform; win, conquer. <b>vinnask + til</b>, suffice.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vinr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2, friend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>virðing</b> <i>sf.</i> honour [verðr].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīsa</b> <i>wv.</i> 2, <i>w. dat.</i> show, guide.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīss</b> <i>adj.</i> wise; certain.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vissa</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>vita</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vist</b> <i>sf.</i> 2, board and lodging; provisions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vit</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>ek</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vita</b> <i>swv.</i> know; be turned in a certain direction. + <b>v. fram</b>, see into futurity.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vīti</b> <i>sn.</i> punishment, penalty.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vītis-horn</b> <i>sn.</i> penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk + as a punishment).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vitkask</b> <i>wv.</i> 3, come to one's senses.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vitr (-ran)</b> <i>adj.</i> wise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫllr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, plain, field.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫndr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, twig, rod.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫrn</b> <i>sf.</i> defence, resistance.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vǫxtr</b> <i>sm.</i> 3, growth, stature.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>vreiðr</b> <i></i> = reiðr.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="header3"> +Y +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>yðr</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>yfir</b> <i>prp.</i> <i>w. acc. and dat.</i> over [ofan].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ȳmiss</b> <i>adj.</i> various, different.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ymr</b> <i>sm.</i> rumbling noise.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>ytri</b> <i>adj.</i> <i>comp.</i> outer. <i>superl.</i> <b>yztr</b>, + outside(st) [ūt].</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="names"></a></p> +<div class="header2"> +Proper Names +</div> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Āki</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Āsa-þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> (divine) Thor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Āstrīðr</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Auðun</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Baldr (-rs)</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Barði</b> <i>wm.</i> 'the Ram' (name of a ship).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Bil-skīrnir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Brīsinga-męn</b> <i>sn.</i> Freyja's necklace.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Burizleifr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Dāins-leif</b> <i>sf.</i> relic of Dāinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Dana-konungr</b> <i>sm.</i> king of the Danes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Danir</b> <i>smpl.</i> the Danes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Dan-mǫrk</b> <i>sf.</i> 3, Denmark.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Draupnir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Einarr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Eindriði</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Eirīkr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Erlingr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Fęn-salr</b> <i>sm.</i> 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Finnr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Finskr</b> <i>adj.</i> Finnish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Freyja</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Freyr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Frigg</b> <i>sf.</i> wife of Odin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Fulla</b> <i>wf.</i> Frigg's handmaid.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Geira</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gimsar</b> <i>fpl.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gjallar-brū</b> <i>sf.</i> the bridge over the river Gjǫll.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gjǫll</b> <i>sf.</i> 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Grœn-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Greenland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gullin-bursti</b> <i>wm.</i> 'Golden-bristle.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Gull-toppr</b> <i>sm.</i> 'Gold-top.'</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hā-ey</b> <i>sf.</i> 'High-island.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hākon</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hall-freðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Haraldr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hēðinn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Heim-dallr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hęl</b> <i>sf.</i> the goddess of the infernal regions.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hęr-mōðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hildr</b> <i>sf.</i> ['hildr,' war].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hjaðninga-vīg</b> <i>sn.</i> battle of the Hjaðnings.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hjarrandi</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hlōriði</b> <i>wm.</i> the Thunderer, Thor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hǫgni</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hring-horni</b> <i>wm.</i> 'Ring-prowed.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hyrningr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hyrrokin</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Hǫðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Īs-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Iceland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Īsland-fęrð</b> <i>sf.</i> journey to Iceland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Īslęnzkr</b> <i>adj.</i> Icelandic.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Jōms-borg</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Jōms-vīkingar</b> <i>smpl.</i> the pirates of Jōmsborg.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Kol-bjǫrn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Laufey</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Litr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Loki</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Mōð-guðr</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Mœri</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Nanna</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Nepr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Njarðar</b> <i></i> <i>see</i> <b>Njǫrðr</b>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Njǫrðr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Nōa-tūn</b> <i>snpl.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Noregr</b> <i>sm.</i> Norway [= norð-vegr].</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ǫku-þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> Thor (the driver) [aka].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ōlāfr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ōðinn</b> <i>sm.</i> Odin.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Orkn-eyjar</b> <i>sfpl.</i> Orkneys.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Rōma-borg</b> <i>sf.</i> Rome.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Rūm-fęrli</b> <i>wm.</i> pilgrim to Rome [fara].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Rǫskva</b> <i>wf.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sax-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Saxony, Germany.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sif</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sigrīðr</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sig-valdi</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Skjālgr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Skrȳmir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sleipnir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Slīðrug-tanni</b> <i>wm.</i> [tǫnn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sœnskr</b> <i>adj.</i> Swedish.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Sveinn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svīa-konungr</b> <i>sm.</i> king of Sweden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svīar</b> <i>smpl.</i> Swedes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svīa-vęldi</b> <i>sn.</i> Sweden [vald].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svī-þjōð</b> <i>sf.</i> Sweden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Svǫlðr (-rar)</b> <i>sf.</i> island of Svolder, near Rügen.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Tann-gnjōstr</b> <i>sm.</i> [tǫnn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Tann-grisnir</b> <i>sm.</i> [tǫnn].</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Tryggvi</b> <i>wm.</i> 'Trusty.'</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þjālfi</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þōrir</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þor-kęll</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> Thor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þor-steinn</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þrūð-vangar</b> <i>smpl.</i> 'plains of strength.'</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þrymyr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Þǫkk</b> <i>sf.</i> </td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ūlfr</b> <i>sm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ūtgarða-loki</b> <i>wm.</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ūt-garðr</b> <i>sm.</i> <b>Ūt-garðar</b> <i>pl.</i> 'outer enclosure,' + world of the giants.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vanir</b> <i>smpl.</i> race of Gods.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vār</b> <i>sf.</i> goddess of betrothal and marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vest-firzkr</b> <i>adj.</i> of the west firths (in Iceland).</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vīk</b> <i>sf.</i> 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vinda-snękkja</b> <i>wf.</i> Wendish ship.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vind-land</b> <i>sn.</i> Wendland.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Vindr</b> <i>smpl.</i> the Wends.</td></tr> +<tr><td class='cell'><b>Ving-þōrr</b> <i>sm.</i> name of Thor.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +THE END. +</p> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN 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