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diff --git a/5424-0.txt b/5424-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07a5c3a --- /dev/null +++ b/5424-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5429 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: An Icelandic Primer + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +Author: Henry Sweet + +Release Date: July 14, 2002 [eBook #5424] +[Most recently updated: February 5, 2022] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Sean Crist and Ben Crowder + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *** + + + + +AN ICELANDIC PRIMER + +With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +By Henry Sweet, M.A. + +SECOND EDITION + +1895 + + + +PREFACE + +The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of +Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from the very +beginning of that study in England. The _Icelandic Reader_, +edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press +Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands +of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary +primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would +have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for +some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to +undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more +formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before +definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to +induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but +they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I +myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my +Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some +students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I +determined to go on. + +In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere +strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have +themselves deviated from it in their _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, +in the way of separating _ǫ_ from _ö_, etc. My own principle has +been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional +spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no +practical gain for the beginner in writing _tīme_ for _tīmi_, +discarding _ð_, etc., although these changes certainly bring us +nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in +scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to +have _regular_ forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far +as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective +distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not +hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the +latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in Icelandic +as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual +accents of the MSS. + +In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to +Noreen's _Altisländische Grammatik_, which is by far the best +Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that +narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates +itself on phonology and inflections. + +The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and +representative as possible. With such a language, and such a +master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not +difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who +makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales +of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death +of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer +recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the +shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this +book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, +but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the +Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of +their whole political system. As the Reader does not include +poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of +the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity +and corruption--the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. + +In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very +inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts _þ_, _æ_, _œ_, +right at the end of the alphabet. + +I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the +texts and the glossary from Wimmer's _Oldnordisk Læsebog_, which +I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists +in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, +that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in +nearly every case. + +In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book +makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it +contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious +heritage--the old language and literature of Iceland--which our +miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them +of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. + +HENRY SWEET +London, +February, 1886 + + + +GRAMMAR + +1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, +between 1200 and 1350. + + +PRONUNCIATION + +2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the +addition of _þ_ and _ð_, and of the modified letters _ę_, _ǫ_, +_ø_, which last is in this book written _ö_, _ǫ̈_. + +Vowels + +3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old +English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book +long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)[1]. The following are +the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and +key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- + +[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of _ę_, _ö_ are written _æ_, +_œ_, respectively.] + + a _as in_ mann (G.) halda (_hold_) + ā " father rāð (_advice_) + e " été (F.) gekk (_went_) + ē[2] . . . lēt (let _pret._) + ę " men męnn (_men_) + +[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its +sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.] + + æ _as in_ there sær (_sea_) + i " fini (F.) mikill (_great_) + ī . . . lītill (_little_) + o " beau (F.) orð (_word_) + ō . . . tōk (_look_) + ǫ " not hǫnd (_hand_) + ö " peu (F.) kömr (_comes_) + œ . . . fœra (_bring_) + ǫ̈ " peur (F.) gǫ̈ra (_make_) + u " sou (F.) upp (_up_) + ū . . . hūs (_house_) + y " tu (F.) systir (_sister_) + ȳ . . . lȳsa (_shine_) + au " haus (G.) lauss (_loose_) + ei = ę + i bein (_bone_) + ey = ę + y leysa (_loosen_) + +4. The unaccented _i_ in _systir_, etc. (which is generally +written _e_ in the MSS.) probably had the sound of _y_ in _pity_, +which is really between _i_ and _e_. The unacc. _u_ in _fōru_ +(they went), etc. (which is generally written _o_ in the MSS.) +probably had the sound of _oo_ in _good_. + +Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of _close_ and +_open_, thus: + + close : e ē o ō ö œ + open : ę æ ǫ - ǫ̈ - + +Consonants + +5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced +really double, as in Italian. Thus the _kk_ in _drekka_ (to +drink) must be pronounced like the _kc_ in _bookcase_, while the +_k_ in _dręki_ (dragon) is single, as in _booking_. When final +(or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, +as in _munn_ (mouth _acc._), _hamarr_ (hammer _nom._), _steinn_ +(stone _nom._), distinguished from _mun_ (will _vb._), and the +accusatives _hamar_, _stein_. + +6. _k_ and _g_ had a more front (palatal) sound before the front +vowels _e_, _ę_, _i_, _ö_, _ǫ̈_, _y_, and their longs, as also +before _j_, as in _kęnna_ (known), _keyra_ (drive), _gǫ̈ra_ +(make), _liggja_ (lie). + +7. _kkj_, _ggj_ were probably pronounced simply as double front +_kk_, _gg_, the _j_ not being pronounced separately. + +8. *f* had initially the sound of our _f_, medially and finally +that of _v_, as in _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (gave), except of course +in such combinations as _ft_, where it had the sound of _f_. + +9. *g* was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons. +initially and in the combination _ng_, the two _g_'s in _ganga_ +(go) being pronounced as in _go_. It had the open sound of G. +_g_ in _sagen_ medially before the back vowels _a_, _o_, _ǫ_, +_u_, and all conss. except _j_, and finally:--_saga_ (tale), +_dǫgum_ (with days); _sagði_ (he said); _lag_ (he lay). Before +the front vowels and _j_ it had the sound of G. _g_ in _liegen_, +or nearly that of _j_ (our _y_), as in _sęgir_ (says), _sęgja_ +(to say). + +10. Before voiceless conss. (_t_, _s_) _g_ seems to have been +pronounced _k_, as in _sagt_ (said), _dags_ (day's). + +11. The _g_ was always sounded in the combination _ng_, +as in _single_, not as in _singer_. + +12. *h* was sounded before _j_ in such words as _hjarta_ (heart) +much as in E. _hue_ (= hjū). _hl_, _hn_, _hr_, _hv_ probably +represented voiceless _l_, _n_, _r_, _w_ respectively, _hv_ +being identical with E. _wh_: _hlaupa_ (leap), _hnīga_ (bend), +_hringr_ (ring), _hvat_ (what). + +13. *j* is not distinguished from _i_ in the MSS. It had the +sound of E. _y_ in _young_: _jǫrð_ (earth), _sętja_ (to set). + +14. *p* in _pt_ probably had the sound of _f_: _lopt_ (air). + +15. *r* was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. + +16. *s* was always sharp. + +17. *v* (which was sometimes written _u_ and _w_) had the sound +of E. _w_: _vel_ (well), _hǫggva_ (hew). + +18. *z* had the sound of _ts_: _bęztr_ (best). + +19. *þ* and *ð* were used promiscuously in the older MS., the +very oldest using _þ_ almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic +_þ_ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard _th_, +_ð_ medially and finally to express that of soft _th_; as there +can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old +pronunciation, it is retained in this book: _þing_ (parliament), +_faðir_ (father), _við_ (against). In such combinations as _pð_ +the _ð_ must of course be pronounced _þ_. + +Stress + +20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. + + +PHONOLOGY + +Vowels + +21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the +most important of which are _mutation_ (umlaut), _fracture_ +(brechung), and _gradation_ (ablaut). + +Mutation + +22. The following changes are *i*-mutations (caused by an older +_i_ or _j_ following, which has generally been dropped)[3]: + +[Footnote 3: Many of the _i_'s which appear in derivative and +inflectional syllables are late weakenings of _a_ and other +vowels, as in _bani_ (death) = Old English _bana_; these do not +cause mutation.] + +*a* (*ǫ*) ... *ę* :-- _mann_ (man _acc._), _męnn_ (men); _hǫnd_ +(hand), _hęndr_ (hands). + +*ā* ... *æ* :-- _māl_ (speech), _mæla_ (speak). + +*e* (*ja*, *jǫ*) ... *i* :-- _verðr_ (worth), _virða_ (estimate). + +*u* (*o*) ... *y* :-- _fullr_ (full), _fylla_ (to fill); _lopt_ +(air), _lypta_ (lift). + +*ū* ... *ȳ* :-- _brūn_ (eyebrow), pl. _brȳnn_. + +*o* ... *ö* :-- _koma_ (to come), _kömr_ (comes). + +*ō* ... *œ* :-- _fōr_ (went), _fœra_ (bring). + +*au* ... *ey* :-- _lauss_ (loose), _leysa_ (loosen). + +*jū* (*jō*) ... *ȳ* :-- _sjūkr_ (sick), _sȳki_ (sickness); +_ljōsta_ (strike), _lȳstr_ (strikes). + +23. The change of _a_ into _ę_ is sometimes the result of a +following _k_, _g_, or _ng_, as in _dęgi_ dat. sg. of _dagr_ +(day), _tękinn_ (taken), _gęnginn_ (gone), inf. _taka_, _ganga_. +_i_ appears instead of _e_, and _u_ instead of _o_ before a nasal +followed by another cons.: cp. _binda_ (to bind), _bundinn_ +(bound) with _bresta_ (burst) ptc. prt. _brostinn_. + +24. There is also a *u*-mutation, caused by a following _u_, +which has often been dropped: + +*a* ... *ǫ* :-- _dagr_ (day) dat. pl. _dǫgum_; _land_ (land) pl. +_lǫnd_. + +25. Unaccented _ǫ_ becomes _u_, as in _sumur_ pl. of _sumar_ +(summer), _kǫlluðu_ (they called), infin. _kalla_. + +Fracture + +26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is _e_: when +followed by original _a_ it becomes _ja_, when followed by +original _u_ it becomes _jǫ_, as in _jarðar_ gen. of _jǫrð_ +(earth)[4]. When followed by original _i_, the _e_ is, of +course, mutated to _i_, as in _skildir_ plur. nom. of _skjǫldr_ +(shield), gen. _skjaldar_. + +[Footnote 4: Cp. German _erde_.] + +Gradation + +27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- + +*a* ... *ō* :-- _fara_ (go) pret. _fōr_, whence by mut. _fœra_ +(bring). + +*e* (i, ja) ... *a* ... *u* (o) :-- _bresta_ (burst), prt. +_brast_, prt. pl. _brustu_, ptc. prt. _brostinn_; _finna_ (find), +_fundinn_ (found _ptc._), _fundr_ (meeting). + +*e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *o* :-- _stela_ (steal), prt. _stal_, +prt. pl. _stālu_, ptc. prt. _stolinn_. + +*e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *e* :-- _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (he gave), +_gāfu_ (they gave), _gefinn_ (given), _gjǫf_ (gift), _u_-fracture +of _gef-_, _gæfa_ (luck) mut. of _gāf-_. + +*ī* ... *ei* ... *i* :-- _skīna_ (shine), _skein_ (he shone), +_skinu_ (they shone). _sōl-skin_ (sunshine). + +*jū* (jō) ... *au* ... *u* ... *o* :-- _ljūga_ (tell a lie), prt. +_laug_, prt. pl. _lugu_, ptc. prt. _loginn_. _lygi_ (lie _sbst._) +mut. of _lug-_. _skjōta_ (shoot), _skjōtr_ (swift), _skotinn_ +(shot _ptc._), _skot_ (shot _subst._). + +Other changes + +28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: _þā_ (then), +_nū_ (now). + +29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long +accented vowels: cp. _ganga_ (to go) with _fā_ (to get), the dat. +plurals _knjām_ (knees) with _hūsum_ (houses). + +30. Vowels are often lengthened before _l_ + cons.: _hālfr_ (half +_adj._), _fōlk_ (people); cp. _fōlginn_ (hidden) with _brostinn_ +(burst _ptc._). + +Consonants + +31. _v_ is dropped before _o_ and _u_: _vaxa_ (to grow), prt. +_ōx_, _vinna_ (to win), _unninn_ (won _ptc._), _svelta_ (to +starve), _soltinn_ (starved, hungry). + +Final _r_ is often assimilated to a preceding cons. + +32. _*-lr_, _*-nr_, _*-sr_ always become _-ll_, _-nn_, _-ss_ +after a long vowel or diphthong, as in _stōll_ (chair _nom._), +acc. _stōl_, _steinn_ (stone _nom._), acc. _stein_, _vīss_ (wise +_masc. nom. sg._), _vīs_ fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables, +as in the masc. sg. nominatives _mikill_ (great), fem. _mikil_, +_borinn_ (carried), fem. _borin_, _ȳmiss_ (various) fem. _ȳmis_. + +33. Words in which _l_, _n_, _r_, _s_ are preceded by a cons. +drop the _r_ entirely, as in the masc. nominatives _jarl_ (earl), +_hrafn_ (raven), _vitr_ (wise), _þurs_ (giant), _lax_ (salmon). + +34. If _l_ and _n_ are preceded by a short accented vowel, the +_r_ is generally kept, as in _stelr_ (steals), _vinr_, (friend), +_sr_ becoming _ss_, as elsewhere. + +35. _r_ is kept after _ll_, and generally after _nn_, as in the +masc. nom. _allr_ (all), and in _bręnnr_ (burns). + +36. _z_ often stands for _ðs_ as well as _ts_, as in _þēr +þykkizk_ (ye seem) = _*þykkið-sk_, _Vest-firzkr_ (belonging to +the West Firths) = _-*firðskr_ (_fǫrðr_, firth). + +37. Inflectional _t_ is generally doubled after a long accented +vowel: _fār_ (few) neut. _fātt_ (cp. _allr_ 'all,' neut. _allt_), +_sā_ (I saw), _sātt_ 'thou sawest.' + + +INFLECTIONS + +Nouns + +38. *Gender*. There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine, +feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly +grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. +Compound words follow the gender of their last element. + +39. *Strong and Weak*. All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. +sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns +end in a cons. in the nom. sg. + +40. *Cases*. There are four cases--nominative, accusative, +dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the +gen. pl. in _-a_ (_fiska_, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in _-um_ +(_fiskum_). All strong masculines (_fiskr_) and some strong +feminines (_brūðr_, bride) take _r_[5] in the nom. sg. Most strong +feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with _u_-mutation, +if possible (_āst_, favour, _fǫr_, journey). The nom. pl. of all +strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in _r_ (_fiskar_, _āstir_). The +acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pl. (_āstir_). +The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel +(_fiska_). The plur. nom. and acc. of neuters is the same as the +sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. nom. and acc. they +take _u_-mutation, if possible (_hūs_, houses, _lǫnd_, lands). + +[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described +above.] + +41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the +acc. plur. + + Strong Masculines + + (1) a-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ fisk-r (_fish_) fisk-ar + _Acc._ fisk fisk-a + _Dat._ fisk-i fisk-um + _Gen._ fisk-s fisk-a + +42. So also _heimr_ (home, world); _konungr_ (king); _Þōrr_ +(Thor), acc. _Þōr_, gen. _Þōrs_; _steinn_ (stone), acc. _stein_, +gen. _steins_, pl. nom. _steinar_; _hrafn_ (raven), acc. +_hrafn_, pl. nom. _hrafnar_; _þurs_ (giant), acc. gen. _þurs_, +pl. nom. _þursar_. + +43. Dissyllables in _-r_, _-l_, _-n_ generally throw out the +preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: _hamarr_ (hammer), +dat. _hamri_; _jǫtunn_ (giant), pl. nom. _jǫtnar_. _kętill_ +(kettle) and _lykill_ (key) show unmutated vowels in the +contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. _katla_, _lukla_. + +44. Some nouns of this decl. take _-ar_ in the gen. sing., +especially proper names, such as _Hākon_, gen. _Hākonar_. + +45. Some nouns add _v_ before vowels: _sær_ (sea), gen. +_sævar_. + +46. The dat. sometimes drops the _i_: _sæ_ (sea), _Þōr_. _dagr_ +(day) mutates its vowel in the dat. _dęgi_. + +47. Nouns in _-ir_ keep the _i_ in the sing., and drop it in the +plur.: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ hęlli-r (_cave_) hęll-ar + _Acc._ hęlli hęll-a + _Dat._ hęlli hęll-um + _Gen._ hęlli-s hęll-a + +48. So also a number of proper names, such as _Skrȳmir_, _Þōrir_. + + (2) i-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ stað-r (_place_) stað-ir + _Acc._ stað stað-i + _Dat._ stað stǫð-um + _Gen._ stað-ar stað-a + +49. So also _gripr_ (precious thing), _salr_ (hall). + +50. _gęstr_ (guest) takes _-i_ in the dat. sg., and _-s_ in the +gen. sg. + +51. Those ending in _g_ or _k_ (together with some others) insert +_j_ before _a_ and _u_: _bękkr_ (bench), _bękk_, _bękk_, +_bękkjar_; _bękkir_, _bękki_, _bękkjum_, _bękkja_. So also +_męrgr_ (marrow), _stręngr_ (string). + + (3) u-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ skjǫld-r (_shield_) skild-ir + _Acc._ skjǫld skjǫld-u + _Dat._ skild-i skjǫld-um + _Gen._ skjald-ar skjald-a + +52. So also _vǫndr_ (twig), _vǫllr_ (plain), _viðr_ (wood). +_āss_ (god) has plur. nom. _æsir_, acc. _āsu_. _sonr_ (son) has +dat. sg. _syni_, plur. nom. _synir_. It regularly drops its _r_ +of the nom. in such compounds as _Tryggva-son_ (son of Tryggvi). + + (4) r-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ fōt-r (_foot_) fœt-r + _Acc._ fōt fœt-r + _Dat._ fœt-i fōt-um + _Gen._ fōt-ar fōt-a + +53. So also _fingr_ (finger), gen. _fingrar_, pl. _fingr_; _vetr_ +(winter), pl. _vetr_. _maðr_ (man) is irregular: _maðr_, _mann_, +_manni_, _manns_; _męnn_, _męnn_, _mǫnnum_, _manna_. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ faðir (_father_) fęðr + _Acc._ fǫður fęðr + _Dat._ fǫður fęðrum + _Gen._ fǫður fęðra + +54. So also _brōðir_ (brother), pl. _brœðr_. + +55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., +following the weak class in the sg.: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ bōndi (_yeoman_) bœndr + _Acc._ bōnda bœndr + _Dat._ bōnda bōndum + _Gen._ bōnda bōnda + +56. So also _frœndi_ (kinsman), pl. _frœndr_. + + Strong Neuters + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ skip (_ship_) skip + _Acc._ skip skip + _Dat._ skip-i skip-um + _Gen._ skip-s skip-a + +57. So also _orð_ (word), _land_ (land) pl. _lǫnd_, _sumar_ +(summer) pl. _sumur_ (§ 25). + +58. _męn_ (necklace), _kyn_ (race), _grey_ (dog) insert _j_ +before _a_ and _u_: _greyjum_. _hǫgg_ (stroke) inserts _v_ +before a vowel: _hǫggvi_. _knē_ (knee), _knē_, _knē_, _knēs_; +_knē_, _knē_, _kjām_, _knjā_. So also _trē_ (tree). + +59. _fē_ (money) is contracted: gen. _fjār_, dat. _fē_. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ kvæði (_poem_) kvæði + _Acc._ kvæði kvæði + _Dat._ kvæði kvæðum + _Gen._ kvæði-s kvæða + +60. So also _klæði_ (cloth). Those in _k_ insert _j_ before _a_ +and _u_: _męrki_ (mark), _męrkjum_, _męrkja_. So also _rīki_ +(sovereignty). + + Strong Feminines + + (1) ar-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ gjǫf (_gift_) gjaf-ar + _Acc._ gjǫf gjaf-ar + _Dat._ gjǫf gjǫf-um + _Gen._ gjaf-ar gjaf-a + +61. So also _mǫn_ (mane), _gjǫrð_ (girdle), _ār_ (oar). + +62. _ā_ (river) contracts: _ā_, _ā_, _ā_, _ār_; _ār_, _ār_, _ām_, +_ā_. + +63. Many take _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _kęrling_ (old woman), +_kęrling_, _kęrlingu_, _kęrlingar_; _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingar_, +_kęrlingum_, _kęrlinga_. So also _laug_ (bath). + +64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or _i_) insert _j_ in +inflection: _ey_ (island), _ey_, _eyju_, _eyjar_; _eyjar_, +_eyjar_, _eyjum_, _eyja_. So also _Frigg_, _Hęl_. _mær_ (maid), +_mey_, _meyju_, _meyjar_; _meyjar_, _meyjar_, _meyjum_, _meyja_. + +65. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ heið-r (_heath_) heið-ar + _Acc._ heið-i heið-ar + _Dat._ heið-i heið-um + _Gen._ heið-ar heið-a + + (2) ir-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ tīð tīð-ir + _Acc._ tīð tīð-ir + _Dat._ tīð tīð-um + _Gen._ tīð-ar tīð-a + +66. So also _sorg_ (sorrow), _skipun_ (arrangement), _hǫfn_ +(harbour) pl. _hafnir_, and the majority of strong feminines. + +67. Many have _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _sōl_ (sun), _sōl_, _sōlu_, +_sōlar_; _sōlir_, _sōlir_, _sōlum_, _sōla_. So also _jǫrð_ +(earth), _stund_ (period of time). + +68. One noun has _r_ in the nom. sg., following _heiðr_ in the +sg.: _brūðr_ (bride), _brūði_, _brūði_, _brūðar_; _brūðir_, +_brūðir_, _brūðum_, _brūða_. + + (3) r-plurals + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ bōk (_book_) bœk-r + _Acc._ bōk bœk-r + _Dat._ bōk bōk-um + _Gen._ bōk-ar bōk-a + +69. So also _nātt_ (night) pl. _nætr_, _bōt_ (compensation) pl. +_bœtr_, _tǫnn_ (tooth) gen. _tannar_ pl. _tęnnr_. + +70. _hǫnd_ (hand) pl. _hęndr_ has dat. sg. _hęndi_. + +71. _kȳr_ (cow) has acc. _kū_, pl. _kȳr_. + +72. _brūn_ (eyebrow) assimilates the _r_ of the pl.: _brȳnn_. + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ mōðir (_mother_) mœðr + _Acc._ mōður mœðr + _Dat._ mōður mœðrum + _Gen._ mōður mœðra + +73. So also _dōttir_ (daughter) pl. _dœtr_; _systir_ (sister) pl. +_systr_. + + Weak Masculines + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ bog-i (_bow_) bog-ar + _Acc._ bog-a bog-a + _Dat._ bog-a bog-um + _Gen._ bog-a bog-a + +74. So also _māni_ (moon), _fēlagi_ (companion). + +75. _hǫfðingi_ (chief) and some others insert _j_ in inflection: +_hǫfðingja_, _hǫfðingjar_, _hǫfðingjum_. + +76. _lē_ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is _ljā_. + +77. _oxi_ (ox) has pl. _öxn_. + +78. _herra_ (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. + + Weak Neuters + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ hjart-a (_heart_) hjǫrt-u + _Acc._ hjart-a hjǫrt-u + _Dat._ hjart-a hjǫrt-um + _Gen._ hjart-a hjart-na + +79. So also _auga_ (eye). + + Weak Feminines + + SINGULAR PLURAL + + _Nom._ tung-a (_tongue_) tung-ur + _Acc._ tung-u tung-ur + _Dat._ tung-u tung-um + _Gen._ tung-u tung-na + +80. So also _stjarna_ (star) pl. _stjǫrnur_, _kirkja_ (church), +gen. plurals _stjarna_, _kirkna_. + + _Sg. Nom._ ęlli (_old age_) + _Acc._ ęlli + _Dat._ ęlli + _Gen._ ęlli + +81. So also _glęði_ (joy) and many abstract nouns. + +82. _lygi_ (falsehood) has pl. _lygar_; so also _gǫ̈rsimi_ +(precious thing). + +Adjectives + +83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, +though with partly different endings, together with strong and +weak forms. + + Strong Adjectives + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ ung-r (_young_) ung-t ung + _Acc._ ung-an ung-t ung-a + _Dat._ ung-um ung-u ung-ri + _Gen._ ung-s ung-s ung-rar + + _Pl. Nom._ ung-ir ung ung-ar + _Acc._ ung-a ung ung-ar + _Dat._ ung-um ung-um ung-um + _Gen._ ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra + +84. So also _fagr_ (fair), fem. _fǫgr_, neut. _fagrt_. + +85. Some insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _nȳr_ (new), _nȳjum_, +_nȳjan_. + +86. Some insert _v_ before a vowel: _hār_ (high), _hāvan_, +_dökkr_ (dark), _dökkvir_, _kykr_ (alive), _kykvir_. + +87. The _t_ of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: _nȳtt_, +_hātt_. Monosyllables in _ð_, _dd_, _tt_ form their neut. in +_-tt_: _breiðr_ (broad), _breitt_; _leiddr_ (led), _leitt_. +_gōðr_ (good) has neut. _gott_. _sannr_ (true) has neut. _satt_. +In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, _tt_ is shortened +to _t_: _kallaðr_ (called), _kallat_; _blindr_ (blind), _blint_, +_harðr_ (hard), _hart_, _fastr_ (firm), _fast_. + +88. _l_ and _n_ assimilate a following _r_: _gamall_ (old), fem. +_gǫmul_, fem. acc. _gamla_, dat. _gamalli_. _vǣnn_ (beautiful), +gen. pl. _vænna_. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ mikill (_great_) mikit mikil + _Acc._ mikinn mikit mikla + _Dat._ miklum miklu mikilli + _Gen._ mikils mikils mikillar + + _Pl. Nom._ miklir mikil miklar + _Acc._ mikla mikil miklar + _Dat._ miklum miklum miklum + _Gen._ mikilla mikilla mikilla + +89. So also _lītill_ (little). + +90. Dissyllables in _-inn_ have _-it_ in the neut., and _-inn_ in +the masc. sg. acc.: _tīginn_ (distinguished), _tīgit_, _tīginn_, +pl. _tīgnīr_. So also _kominn_ (come). + +91. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ annarr (_other_) annat ǫnnur + _Acc._ annan annat aðra + _Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðru annarri + _Gen._ annars annars annarrar + + _Pl. Nom._ aðrir ǫnnur aðrar + _Acc._ aðra ǫnnur aðrar + _Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðrum ǫðrum + _Gen._ annarra annarra annarra + + Weak Adjectives + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ ung-i ung-a ung-a + _Acc._ ung-a ung-a ung-u + _Dat._ ung-a ung-a ung-u + _Gen._ ung-a ung-a ung-u + + _Pl. Nom._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + _Acc._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + _Dat._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + _Gen._ ung-u ung-u ung-u + +92. So also _fagri_, _hāvi_, _mikli_, etc. + + _Sg. Nom._ yngri (_younger_) yngra yngri + _Acc._ yngra yngra yngri + _Dat._ yngra yngra yngri + _Gen._ yngra yngra yngri + + _Pl. Nom._ yngri yngri yngri + _Acc._ yngri yngri yngri + _Dat._ yngrum yngrum yngrum + _Gen._ yngri yngri yngri + +93. So also all comparatives, such as _meiri_ (greater), and +pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as _gefandi_ +(giving), dat. pl. _gefǫndum_. + +Comparison + +94. (1) with _-ari_, _-astr_: _rīkr_ (powerful), _rīkari_, +_rīkastr_; _gǫfugr_ (distinguished), _gǫfgari_, _gǫfgastr_. + +95. (2) with _-ri_, _-str_ and mutation: _langr_ (long), +_lęngri_, _lęngstr_; _stōrr_ (big), _stœrri_, _stœrstr_; _ungr_ +(young), _yngri_, _yngstr_. + +96. The following are irregular: + + gamall (_old_) ęllri ęlztr + gōðr (_good_) bętri bęztr + illr (_bad_) vęrri vęrstr + lītill (_little_) minni minstr + margr (_many_) fleiri flestr + mikill (_great_) meiri mestr + +Numerals + +97. + + CARDINAL ORDINAL + + 1. einn (_one_) fyrstr (_first_) + 2. tveir annarr + 3. þrīr þriði + 4. fjōrir fjōrði + 5. fimm fimmti + 6. sex sētti + 7. sjau sjaundi + 8. ātta ātti + 9. nīu nīundi + 10. tīu tīundi + 11. ellifu ellifti + 12. tōlf tōlfti + 13. þrettān þrettāndi + 14. fjōrtān + 15. fimmtān + 16. sextān + 17. sjautān + 18. ātjān + 19. nītjān + 20. tuttugu + 21. einn ok tuttugu, etc. + 30. þrīr tigir, etc. + 100. tīu tigir + 110. ellifu tigir + 120. hundrað + 1200. þūsund + +_einn_ is declined like other adjectives:-- + +98. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ einn eitt ein + _Acc._ einn eitt eina + _Dat._ einum einu einni + _Gen._ eins eins einnar + +It also has a pl. _einir_, _einar_, _ein_; gen. _einna_, etc. in +the sense of 'some.' + +The next three show various irregularities. + +99. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ tveir tvau tvær + _Acc._ tvā tvau tvær + _Dat._ tveim tveim tveim + _Gen._ tvęggja tvęggja tvęggja + +Similarly _bāðir_ (both): + +100. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ bāðir bæði bāðar + _Acc._ bāða bæði bāðar + _Dat._ bāðum bāðum bāðum + _Gen._ bęggja bęggja bęggja + +101. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ þrīr þrjū þrjār + _Acc._ þrjā þrjū þrjār + _Dat._ þrim þrim þrim + _Gen._ þriggja þriggja þriggja + +102. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Nom._ fjōrir fjogur fjōrar + _Acc._ fjōra fjogur fjōrar + _Dat._ fjōrum fjōrum fjōrum + _Gen._ fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra + +103. The others are indeclinable up to _þrīr tigir_, etc.; the +_tigir_ being declined regularly as a plural strong _u_-masculine +_tigir_, _tigu_, _tigum_, _tiga_. + +104. _hundrað_ is a strong neut.: _tvau hundruð_ (240), _tveim +hundruðum_, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does _þūsund_): +_fimm hundruð gōlfa_, 'five (six) hundred chambers.' + +105. _þūsund_ is a strong _ir_-feminine: _tvær þūsundir_ (2400). + +106. _hundrað_ and _þūsund_ are rarely = 100 and 1000. + +107. Of the ordinals _fyrstr_ and _annarr_ (§ 91) are strong, the +others weak adjectives. _þriði_ inserts a _j_: _þriðja_, etc. + +Pronouns + +108. + + Personal + + _Sg. Nom._ ek (_I_) þū (_thou_) -- + _Acc._ mik þik sik (_oneself_) + _Dat._ mēr þēr sēr + _Gen._ mīn þīn sīn + + _Dual Nom._ vit it -- + _Acc._ okkr ykkr sik + _Dat._ okkr ykkr sēr + _Gen._ okkar ykkar sīn + + _Pl. Nom._ vēr (_we_) þēr (_ye_) -- + _Acc._ oss yðr sik (_oneselves_) + _Dat._ oss yðr sēr + _Gen._ vār yðar sīn + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ hann (_he_) þat (_it_) hon (_she_) + _Acc._ hann þat hana + _Dat._ honum þvī hęnni + _Gen._ hans þess hęnnar + + _Pl. Nom._ þeir (_they_) þau þær + _Acc._ þā þau þær + _Dat._ þeim þeim þeim + _Gen._ þeira þeira þeira + +109. _ek_ was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, +being sometimes added twice over: _mætta-k_ (I might), _sā-k-a-k_ +(I saw not; _a_='not'). So also _þū_: _er-tu_ (art thou), +_skalt-u_ (shalt thou) = _*skalt-tu_. + + Possessive + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ minn (_my_) mitt mīn + _Acc._ minn mitt mīna + _Dat._ mīnum mīnu minni + _Gen._ mīns mīns minnar + + _Pl. Nom._ mīnir mīn mīnar + _Acc._ mīna mīn mīnar + _Dat._ mīnum mīnum mīnum + _Gen._ minna minna minna + +110. So also _þinn_ (thy), _sinn_ (his, etc., reflexive). + +111. _vārr_, _vārt_, _vār_ (our) is regular: acc. masc. _vārn_, +masc. plur. _vārir_, _vāra_, _vārum_, _vārra_, etc. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ yðarr (_your_) yðart yður + _Acc._ yðarn yðart yðra + _Dat._ yðrum yðru yðarri + _Gen._ yðars yðars yðarrar + + _Pl. Nom._ yðrir yður yðrar + _Acc._ yðra yður yðrar + _Dat._ yðrum yðrum yðrum + _Gen._ yðarra yðarra yðarra + +112. So also _okkarr_ (our two) and _ykkarr_ (your two). + +113. _hans_ (his), _þess_ (its), _hęnnar_ (her), and _þeira_ +(their) are indeclinable. + + Demonstrative + +114. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ sā (_that_) þat sū + _Acc._ þann þat þā + _Dat._ þeim þvī þeiri + _Gen._ þess þess þeirar + + _Pl. Nom._ þeir þau þær + _Acc._ þā þau þær + _Dat._ þeim þeim þeim + _Gen._ þeira þeira þeira + +115. _hinn_, _hitt_, _hin_ (that) is inflected like _minn_ +(except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. _hinn_, +plur. masc. _hinir_, _hina_, _hinum_, _hinna_. + +116. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ þessi (_this_) þetta þessi + _Acc._ þenna þetta þessa + _Dat._ þessum þessu þessi + _Gen._ þessa þessa þessar + + _Pl. Nom._ þessir þessi þessar + _Acc._ þessa þessi þessar + _Dat._ þessum þessum þessum + _Gen._ þessa þessa þessa + + Definite + +The prefixed definite article is declined thus: + +117. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ inn it in + _Acc._ inn it ina + _Dat._ inum inu inni + _Gen._ ins ins innar + + _Pl. Nom._ inir in inar + _Acc._ ina in inar + _Dat._ inum inum inum + _Gen._ inna inna inna + +118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In +its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short +(un-accented) vowel, as in _auga-t_ (the eye), but keeps it after +a long vowel, as in _ā-in_ (the river), _trē-it_ (the tree). The +dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; +not, however, after the _-ar_, _-r_, of the gen. sg., nor in +_męnninir_ (men, _nom._), _męnn-ina_ (men, _acc._). The _-m_ of +the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed _-num_. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ fiskr-inn skip-it gjǫf-in + _Acc._ fisk-inn skip-it gjǫf-ina + _Dat._ fiski-num skipi-nu gjǫf-inni + _Gen._ fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar + + _Pl. Nom._ fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar + _Acc._ fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar + _Dat._ fisku-num skipu-num gjǫfu-num + _Gen._ fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna + + _Sg. Nom._ bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n + _Acc._ boga-nn auga-t tungu-na + _Dat._ boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni + _Gen._ boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar + + _Pl. Nom._ bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar + _Acc._ boga-na augu-n tungur-nar + _Dat._ bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num + _Gen._ boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna + + Relative + +119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable _er_, often +preceded by _sā_: _sā er_ = he who, who, _sū er_ who fem. + + Interrogative + +120. The neut. _hvat_ has gen. _hvess_, dat. _hvī_, which last is +chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.' + +121. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ hvārr (_which hvārt hvār + of two_) + _Acc._ hvārn hvārt hvāra + _Dat._ hvārum hvāru hvārri + _Gen._ hvārs hvārs hvārrar + + _Pl. Nom._ hvārir hvār hvārar + _Acc._ hvāra hvār hvārar + _Dat._ hvārum hvārum hvārum + _Gen._ hvārra hvārra hvārra + +122. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ hvęrr (_which, hvęrt hvęr + who_) + _Acc._ hvęrn hvęrt hvęrja + _Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrju hvęrri + _Gen._ hvęrs hvęrs hvęrrar + + _Pl. Nom._ hvęrir hvęr hvęrjar + _Acc._ hvęrja hvęr hvęrjar + _Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrjum hvęrjum + _Gen._ hvęrra hvęrra hvęrra + + Indefinite + +123. _einn-hvęrr_, _eitthvęrt_, _einhvęr_ (some one) keeps an +invariable _ein-_ in the other cases, the second element being +inflected as above. + +124. _sumr_ (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. + +125. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ nakkvarr nakkvat nǫkkur + (_some_) + _Acc._ nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara + _Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkuru nakkvarri + _Gen._ nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar + + _Pl. Nom._ nakkvarir nǫkkur nakkvarar + _Acc._ nakkvara nǫkkur nakkvarar + _Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkurum nǫkkurum + _Gen._ nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra + +126. + + MASC. NEUT. FEM. + + _Sg. Nom._ engi (_none, ekki engi + no_) + _Acc._ engan ekki enga + _Dat._ engum engu engri + _Gen._ engis engis engrar + + _Pl. Nom._ engir engi engar + _Acc._ enga engi engar + _Dat._ engum engum engum + _Gen._ engra engra engra + +127. In _hvār-tvęggja_ (each of the two, both) the first element +is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. + +Verbs + +128. There are two classes of verbs, _strong_ and _weak_. Strong +verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by +adding _ð_ (_d_, _t_). + +129. The _ð_ of the 2 pl. is dropt before _þit_ (ye two) and +_þēr_ (ye): _gefi þēr_, _gāfu þit_. + +130. There is a middle voice, which ends in _-mk_ in the 1 pers. +sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding _sk_ to +the active endings, _r_ being dropt, the resulting _ts_, _ðs_ +being written _z_ (§ 36): _kvezk_ (active _kveðr_ 'says'), _þu +fekkzk_ (_fekkt_ 'gottest'). + +131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _gefa_ +(give), which will show those endings which are common to all +verbs: + + Active + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Present sg._ 1. gef gef-a + 2. gef-r gef-ir + 3. gef-r gef-i + + _pl._ 1. gef-um gef-im + 2. gef-ið gef-ið + 3. gef-a gef-i + +_Preterite sg._ 1. gaf gæf-a + 2. gaf-t gæf-ir + 3. gaf gæf-i + + _pl._ 1. gāf-um gæf-im + 2. gāf-uð gæf-ið + 3. gāf-u gæf-i + +_Imperative sg._ 2 gef; _pl._ 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. +_Participle pres._ gef-andi; _pret._ gef-inn. +_Infin._ gefa. + + Middle + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. gef-umk gef-umk + 2. gef-sk gef-isk + 3. gef-sk gef-isk + + _pl._ 1. gef-umk gef-imk + 2. gef-izk gef-izk + 3. gef-ask gef-isk + + _Pret. sg._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-umk + 2. gaf-zk gæf-isk + 3. gaf-sk gæf-isk + + _pl._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-imk + 2. gāf-uzk gæf-izk + 3. gāf-usk gæf-isk + +_Impers. sg._ 2 gef-sk; _pl._ 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. +_Partic. pres._ gef-andisk; _pret._ gef-izk _neut._ +_Infin._ gef-ask. + + Strong Verbs + +132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally +has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of +the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: _gāfumk_. +The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: +_skaut_ (he shot), _skutu_ (they shot), _skyti_ (he might shoot). +But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: _hljōpi_, +inf. _hlaupa_ (leap). + +133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three +persons: _ek skȳt_, _þū skȳtr_, _hann skȳtr_, infin. _skjōta_ +(shoot). _e_ however is not mutated: _ek gef_, _þū gefr_. The +inflectional _r_ is liable to the same modifications as the _r_ +of nouns (§ 32): _skīnn_, _vęx_, infin. _skīna_ (shine), _vaxa_ +(grow). + +134. Verbs in _ld_ change the _d_ into _t_ in the 1, 3 sg. pret. +indic. and in the imper. sg.: _helt_ (held), _halt_ (hold!), +infin. _halda_. _nd_ becomes _tt_, and _ng_ becomes _kk_ under +the same conditions: _binda_ (bind), _ganga_ (go), pret. _batt_, +_gekk_, imper. _bitt_, _gakk_. + +135. The _t_ of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long +accented vowel: _þū sātt_ (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. +indic. ends in _t_ or _ð_, the 2 sg. ends in _zt_: _lēt_ (I let), +_þū lēzt_, _bauð_ (I offered) _þū bauzt_. + +136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished +mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. + +137. + + I. 'Fall'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +falla (_fall_) fęllr fell fellu fallinn +lāta (_let_) lætr lēt lētu lātinn +rāða (_advise_) ræðr rēð rēðu rāðinn +heita (_call_) heitr hēt hētu heitinn +halda (_hold_) hęldr helt heldu haldinn +ganga (_go_) gęngr gekk gengu gęnginn +fā (_get_) fær fekk fengu fęnginn + ----------------- +auka (_increase_) eykr jōk jōku aukinn +būa (_dwell_) bȳr bjō bjoggu būinn +hǫggva (_hew_) hǫggr hjō hjoggu hǫggvinn +hlaupa (_leap_) hleypr hljōp hljōpu hlaupinn + +138. The following have weak preterites in _r_: + +grōa (_grow_) grœr gröri gröru grōinn +rōa (_row_) rœr röri röru rōinn +snūa (_twist_) snȳr snöri snöru snūinn + +139. _heita_ in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a +weak present: _ek heiti_, _þū heitir_. + +140. + + II. 'Shake'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +fara (_go_) fęrr fōr fōru farinn +grafa (_dig_) gręfr grōf grōfu grafinn +hlaða (_load_) hlęðr hlōð hlōðu hlaðinn +vaxa (_grow_) vęx ōx ōxu vaxinn +standa (_stand_) stęndr stōð stōðu staðinn +aka (_drive_) ękr ōk ōku ękinn +taka (_take_) tękr tōk tōku tękinn +draga (_draw_) dręgr drō drōgu dręginn +flā (_flay_) flær flō flōgu flęginn +slā (_strike_) slær slō slōgu slęginn + +141. The following have weak presents: + +hęfja (_lift_) hęfr hōf hōfu hafinn +deyja (_die_) deyr dō dō dāinn +hlæja (_laugh_) hlær hlō hlōgu hlęginn + +142. + + III. 'Bind'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bresta (_burst_) brestr brast brustu brostinn +hverfa (_turn_) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn +svelga (_swallow_) svelgr svalg sulgu sōlginn +verða (_become_) verðr varð urðu orðinn +skjālfa (_shake_) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn +drekka (_drink_) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn +finna (_find_) finnr fann fundu fundinn +vinna (_win_) vinnr vann unnu unninn +binda (_bind_) bindr batt bundu bundinn +springa (_spring_) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn +stinga (_pierce_) stingr stakk stungu stunginn +bregða (_pull_) bregðr brā brugðu brugðinn +sökkva (_sink_) sökkr sǫkk sukku sokkinn +stökkva (_spring_) stökkr stǫkk stukku stokkinn + +143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no +difference in their conjugation): + +bręnna (_burn_) bręnnr brann brunnu brunninn +ręnna (_run_) ręnnr rann runnu runninn + +144. + + IV. 'Bear'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bera (_carry_) berr bar bāru borinn +nema (_take_) nemr nam nāmu numinn +fela (_hide_) felr fal fālu fōlginn +koma (_come_) kömr kom kvāmu kominn +sofa (_sleep_) söfr svaf svāfu sofinn + +145. + + V. 'Give'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +drepa (_kill_) drepr drap drāpu drepinn +gefa (_give_) gefr gaf gāfu gefinn +kveða (_say_) kveðr kvað kvāðu kveðinn +meta (_estimate_) metr mat mātu metinn +reka (_drive_) rekr rak rāku rekinn +eta (_eat_) etr āt ātu etinn +sjā (_see_) sēr[6] sā sā[7] sēnn + +[Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; +sēm, sēð, sē.] + +[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.] + +146. The following have weak presents:-- + +biðja (_ash_) biðr bað bāðu beðinn +sitja (_sit_) sitr sat sātu setinn +liggja (_lie_) liggr lā lāgum leginn +þiggja (_receive_) þiggr þā þāgu þeginn + +147. + + VI. 'Shine'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bīta (_bite_) bītr beit bitu bitinn +drīfa (_drive_) drīfr dreif drifu drifinn +grīpa (_grasp_) grīpr greip gripu gripinn +līða (_go_) līðr leið liðu liðinn +līta (_look_) lītr leit litu litinn +rīða (_ride_) rīðr reið riðu riðinn +sīga (_sink_) sīgr seig sigu siginn +slīta (_tear_) slītr sleit slitu slitinn +stīga (_advance_) stīgr steig stigu stiginn +bīða (_wait_) bīðr beið biðu beiðnn + +148. The following has a weak present: + +vīkja (_move_) vīkr veik viku vikinn + +149. + + VII. 'Choose'-conjugation + +INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. + +bjōða (_offer_) bȳðr bauð buðu boðinn +brjōta (_break_) brȳtr braut brutu brotinn +fljōta (_float_) flȳtr flaut flutu flotinn +hljōta (_receive_) hlȳtr hlaut hlutu hlotinn +kjōsa (_choose_) kȳss kaus kusum kosinn +njōta (_enjoy_) nȳtr naut nutu notinn +skjōta (_shoot_) skȳtr skaut skutu skotinn +drjūpa (_drop_) drȳpr draup drupu dropinn +ljūga (_tell lies_) lȳgr laug lugu loginn +lūka (_close_) lȳkr lauk luku lokinn +lūta (_bend_) lȳtr laut lutu lotinn +fljūga (_fly_) flȳgr flō flugu floginn + + Weak Verbs + +150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of +the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form +their pret. with _ð_ (_d_, _t_): _heyra_ (hear), _heyrða_. Those +of the second form their pret. in the same way, but have +unmutated vowels in the pres.: _hafa_ (have) _hafða_. Those of +the third form their pret. in _-aða_: _kalla_ (call), _kallaða_. + + I. 'Hear'-conjugation + + Active + +151. + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-i heyr-a + 2. heyr-ir heyr-ir + 3. heyr-ir heyr-i + + _pl._ 1. heyr-um heyr-im + 2. heyr-ið heyr-ið + 3. heyr-a heyr-i + + _Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ða heyr-ða + 2. heyr-ðir heyr-ðir + 3. heyr-ði heyr-ði + + _pl._ 1. heyr-ðum heyr-ðim + 2. heyr-ðuð heyr-ðið + 3. heyr-ðu heyr-ði + +_Imper. sg._ 1. heyr; _pl._ 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið. +_Partic. pres._ heyr-andi; _pret._ heyr-ðr. +_Infin._ heyr-a. + + Middle + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk + 2. heyr-isk heyr-isk + 3. heyr-isk heyr-isk + + _pl._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk + 2. heyr-izk heyr-izk + 3. heyr-ask heyr-isk + + _Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðumk + 2. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk + 3. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk + + _pl._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðimk + 2. heyr-ðuzk heyr-ðizk + 3. heyr-ðusk heyr-ðisk + +_Imper. sg._ 2. heyr-sk; _pl._ 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk. +_Partic. pres._ heyr-andisk; _pret._ heyr-zk _neut._ +_Infin._ heyr-ask. + + A. Without vowel-change + +152. The inflectional _ð_ becomes _d_ after long syllables ending +in _l_ or _n_: _sigla_ (sail), _siglda_; _nęfna_ (name), +_nęfnda_, _nęfndr_. + +153. _-ðð_ becomes _dd_: _leiða_ (lead), _leidda_. + +154. _ð_ after _s_ and _t_ becomes _t_: _reisa_ (raise), +_reista_; _mœta_ (meet), _mœtta_. Also in a few verbs in _l_, +_n_: _mæla_ (speak), _mælta_; _spęnna_ (buckle), _spęnta_. + +155. After _nd_ and _pt_ it is dropped: _sęnda_ (send), _sęnda_, +_sęndr_; _lypta_ (lift), _lypta_. + +156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: _dœma_ +(judge), _dœmða_; _fœra_ (lead), _fœrða_; _hęrða_ (harden), +_hęrða_; _hleypa_ (gallop), _hleypða_. + + B. With vowel-change + +157. All these verbs have _j_ preceded by a short syllable +(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or +_gg_ (lęggja); the _j_ being kept before _a_ and _u_, as in the +pres. ind. of _spyrja_ (ask): _spyr_, _spyrr_, _spyrr_; +_spyrjum_, _spyrið_, _spyrja_, pres. subj. 1 sg. _ek spyrja_; +they unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, +spurðr), the mutation being restored in the pret. subj. _spyrða_, +_spyrðir_, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an _i_ before the _ð_. + + bęrja (_strike_) barða barðr + lęggja (_lay_) lagða lag(i)ðr + tęlja (_tell_) talða tal(i)ðr + vękja (_wake_) vakða vakðr + flytja (_remove_) flutta fluttr + dȳja (_shake_) dūða dūðr + +158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout: + + sęlja (_sell_) sęlda sęldr + sętja (_set_) sętta sęttr + + C. + +159. The following are irregular: + + sœkja (_seek_) sōtta sōttr + þykkja (_seem_) þōtta þōttr + +Subj. pret. _sœtta_, _þœtta_. + +160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.: + + gǫ̈ra (_make_) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr. + + II. 'Have'-conjugation + +161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of +conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in _-i_: +_vaki_, _þęfi_; _uni_. _lifa_, _sęgja_ have imper. _lif_, _sęg_. +They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. +pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the _a_ is +dropped. + + lifa (_live_) lifi lifða lifat + una (_be contented_) uni unða unat + skorta (_be wanting_) skorti skorta skort + þola (_endure_) þoli þolða þolat + þora (_dare_) þori þorða þorat + nā (_attain_) nāi nāða nāðr, nāit + +162. The following show mutation: + + sęgja (_say_) sęgi sagða sagðr + þęgja (_be silent_) þęgi þagða þagat + hafa (_have_) hęfi hafða hafðr + kaupa (_buy_) kaupi keypta keyptr + +163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows: + + _Sing._ 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi + 2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir + + _Plur._ 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum + 2. hafið sęgið þęgið + 3. hafa sęgja þęgja + +164. The rest of _hafa_ is regular. Pres. subj. _hafa_, _hafir_, +_hafi_; _hafim_, _hafið_, _hafi_. Pret. indic. _hafða_, +_hafðir_, _hafði_; _hǫfdum_, _hǫfðuð_, _hǫfðu_. Pret. subj. +_hęfða_, _hęfðir_, _hęfði_; _hęfðim_, _hęfðið_, _hęfði_. Imper. +_haf_, _hǫfum_, _hafið_. Ptc. _hafandi_, _hafðr_. + + III. 'Call'-conjugation + + Active + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. kall-a kall-a + 2. kall-ar kall-ir + 3. kall-ar kall-i + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-um kall-im + 2. kall-ið kall-ið + 3. kall-a kall-i + + _Pres. sg._ 1. kall-aða kall-aða + 2. kall-aðir kall-aðir + 3. kall-aði kall-aði + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim + 2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið + 3. kǫll-uðu kall-aði + +_Imper. sing._ 2. kall-a; _plur._ 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið. +_Partic. pres._ kall-andi; _pret._ kallaðr (_neut._ kallat). +_Infin._ kalla. + + Middle + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. kǫll-umk kǫll-umk + 2. kall-ask kall-isk + 3. kall-ask kall-isk + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk kall-imk + 2. kall-izk kall-izk + 3. kall-ask kall-isk + + _Pret. sg._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kǫll-uðumk + 2. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk + 3. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk + + _pl._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kall-aðimk + 2. kǫll-uðuzk kall-aðizk + 3. kǫll-uðusk kall-aðisk + +_Imper. sing._ 2. kall-ask; _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk. +_Partic. pres._ kall-andisk; _pret._ kall-azk _neut._ +_Infin._ kall-ask. + +165. So also _byrja_ (begin), _hęrja_ (make war), _vakna_ +(awake). + + Strong-Weak Verbs + +166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, +from which new weak preterites are formed. + +INFIN. PRES. SG. PRES. PL. PRT. PTC. + +eiga (_possess_) ā eigu ātta āttr +kunna (_can_) kann kunnu kunna kunnat _n._ +mega (_can_) mā megu mātta mātt _n._ +muna (_remember_) man munu munða munat _n._ +munu (_will_) mun munu munða ---- +skulu (_shall_) skal skulu skylda skyldr +þurfa (_need_) þarf þurfu þurfta þurft _n._ +unna (_love_) ann unnu unna unnt _n._ +vita (_know_) veit vitu vissa vitaðr + +167. Of these verbs _munu_ and _skulu_ have preterite +infinitives: _mundu_, _skyldu_. + + Anomalous Verbs + +168. _Vilja_ (will): + + Present + + Sing. Plur. + + 1. vil viljum + 2. vill vilið + 3. vill vilja + +_Subj. pres._ vili. _Pret. ind._ vilda. _Ptc. prt._ viljat. + +169. _Vera_ (be): + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + + _Pres. sg._ 1. em sē + 2. ert sēr + 3. er sē + + _pl._ 1. erum sēm + 2. eruð sēð + 3. eru sē + + _Pret. sg._ 1. var væra + 2. vart værir + 3. var væri + + _pl._ 1. vārum værim + 2. vāruð værið + 3. vāru væri + +_Imper. sg._ ver; _pl._ verið. _Ptc. prt._ verit _n._ + + +COMPOSITION + +170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. +Thus by the side of _skip-stjōrn_ (ship-steering) we find +_skips-brot_ (ship's breaking, shipwreck), _skipa-hęrr_ (army of +ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, +as in _konungs-skip_ (king's ship). + + +DERIVATION + +Prefixes + +171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old +English. + +*al-* 'quite,' 'very': _al-būinn_ 'quite ready,' _al-snotr_ 'very +clever.' + +*all-* 'all,' 'very': _all-valdr_ 'all-ruler, monarch,' +_all-harðr_ 'very hard,' _all-stōrum_ 'very greatly.' + +*and-* 'against': _and-lit_ 'countenance' (_lita_, look), +_and-svar_ 'answer.' + +*fjǫl-* 'many': _fjǫl-męnni_ 'multitude' (_maðr_, man). + +*mis-* 'mis-': _mis-līka_ 'displease.' + +*ū-* 'un-': _ū-friðr_ 'war' (_friðr_, peace), _ū-happ_ +'misfortune' (_happ_ luck). + +Endings + + (a) Nouns + + Personal + +172. *-ingr*, *-ingi*, *-ing*: _vīkingr_ 'pirate,' _hǫfðingi_ +'chief,' _kęrling_ 'old woman.' + + Abstract + +173. *-ð*, fem. with mutation: _fęgrð_ 'beauty' (_fagr_, fair), +_fęrð_ 'journey' (_fara_, go), _lęngð_ 'length' (_langr_, long). + +*-ing*, fem.: _svipting_ 'pulling,' _vīking_ 'piracy,' _virðing_ +'honour.' + +*-leikr*, masc.: _kœr-leikr_ 'affection' (_hœrr_, dear), +_skjōt-leikr_ 'speed' (_skjōtr_, swift). + +*-an*, *-un*, fem.: _skipan_ 'arrangement,' _skęmtun_ +'amusement.' + + (b) Adjectives + +174. *-ugr*: _rāðugr_ 'sagacious,' _þrūðugr_ 'strong.' + +*-ōttr*: _kollōttr_ 'bald,' _ǫndōttr_ 'fierce.' + +*-lauss* '-less': _fē-lauss_ 'moneyless,' _ōtta-lauss_ 'without +fear.' + +*-ligr* '-ly': _undr-ligr_ 'wonderful,' _sann-ligr_ 'probable' +(_sannr_, true). + +*-samr*: _līkn-samr_ 'gracious,' _skyn-samr_ 'intelligent.' + +*-verðr* '-ward': _ofan-verðr_ 'upper.' + + (c) Verbs + +175. *-na*: _brotna_ 'be broken' (_brotinn_, broken), _hvītna_ +'become white,' _vakna_ 'awake.' Used to form intransitive and +inchoative verbs of the third conj. + + (d) Adverbs + +176. *-liga* '-ly': _undar-liga_ 'wonderfully,' _stęrk-liga_ +'strongly' (_stęrkr_, strong). + +*-um*, dat. pl.: _stōrum_ 'greatly' (_stōrr_, great). + + +SYNTAX + +177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has +several peculiarities of its own. + +Concord + +178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: _allir +męnn vāru būnir_ 'all the men were ready,' _allir vāru drepnir_ +'all were killed.' + +179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different +(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: _þā +gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki_ (masc.), _ok Þjālfi_ (masc.), +_ok Rǫskva_ (fem.). _þā er þau_ (neut.) _hǫfðu lītla hrið +gęngit..._ 'he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they +had walked for some time...' + +Cases + +180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very +characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb +can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by +the verb, it is put in the dative, as in _kasta spjōti_ 'throw a +spear' (lit. 'throw _with_ a spear'), _hann helt hamarskaptinu_ +'he grasped the handle of the hammer,' _heita þvī_ 'promise +that,' _jāta þvī_ 'agree to that.' + +Adjectives + +181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the +definite article, _þessi_ and other demonstratives. _annarr_ +(other) is always strong. + +182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to +denote part of it: _eiga hālft dȳrit_ 'to have half of the +animal,' _ǫnnur þau_ 'the rest of them,' _of miðja nātt_ 'in the +middle of the night.' + +Pronouns + +183. _sā_ is often put pleonastically before the definite article +_inn_, both before and after the subst.: _sā inn ungi maðr_ 'that +young man,' _hafit þat it djūpa_ 'the deep sea.' + +184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or +else _einn_, _einnhvęrr_ is used. + +185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a +dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the +third person: _þit fēlagar_, 'thou and thy companions,' _með þeim +Āka_ 'with him and Āki.' Similarly _stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar_ 'Thor and his companions get up.' + +186. The plurals _vēr_, _þēr_ are sometimes used instead of the +singulars _ek_, _þū_, especially when a king is speaking or being +spoken to. + +187. _sik_ and _sēr_ are used in a strictly reflexive sense, +referring back to the subject of the sentence, like _se_ in +Latin: _Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr_ 'Thor asked him to +supper with him.' + +Verbs + +188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, +and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries +_skal_ (shall), _hafa_ (have), _vera_ (be) with the infin. and +ptc. pret., much as in modern English. + +189. The historical present is much used, often alternating +abruptly with the preterite. + +190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: +_spara_ 'spare,' _sparask_ 'spare oneself, reserve one's +strength.' (2) intransitively: _būa_ 'prepare,' _būask_ 'become +ready, be ready'; _sętja_ 'set,' _sętjask_ 'sit down'; _sȳna_ +'show,' _sȳnask_ 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: _bęrja_ +'strike,' _bęrjask_ 'fight'; _hitta_, 'find,' _hittask_ 'meet.' +In other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb, often +emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: _koma_ 'come,' _komask_ +'make one's way.' + +191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in +Icelandic: _rak ā storm_ (acc.) _fyrir þeim_ 'a storm was driven +in their face.' + +192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third +pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the +subject is perfectly definite: _ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar_ +'and this feat shall be tried (by you).' + +193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration +is very common: _Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit +bjarndȳri, 'ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'_ 'King Harold was told that a +bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct +narration is also used after _at_ (that): _hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til Hęljar'_ 'he answers that he will ride to Hel.' + + + +TEXTS + +[Note: The asterisks are to help find the spots mentioned in the +notes. (I took out the line numbers to keep the line width as +close to 65 characters as possible.) --B.C.] + +I. THOR + +Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða +Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna. +Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir [*] +Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir; +þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. [*] + +Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann- +grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina; +þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi. +Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg- +risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt: +hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira. +Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann +spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En [*] +þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn- +glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En +engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans. + + +II. THOR AND ŪGARÐALOKI + +Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna [*] +ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma +þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um +kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru +þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk [*] +Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar +með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr +bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr- +stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn +hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr +bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok [*] +braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu [*] +fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn +Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp +hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr, +ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga +hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var +lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat +allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr +lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna, [*] +þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann [*] +hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir. +En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka- +fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau +āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum +mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn +þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu- +męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. + +Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī +Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir +hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann +upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau +hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu +þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna [*] +fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott. +Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok [*] +fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā +ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt- +bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin +undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok +hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til +hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk +Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru +þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja +sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at +dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā [*] +honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut +stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of +nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum +āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en +þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham- [*] +rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir: [*] +'en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, 'at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni +ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka +minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn; +sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en +afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef +Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk +Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð, +en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at +þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir +nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk +fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi +leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. +Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at +sofna; 'en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar [*] +yðr.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk +nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt +mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar- +ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann +sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip +þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum +fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en +Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī +hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir +til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga +þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var [*] +þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at +Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā +stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok +hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at +hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar +Skrȳmir, ok mælti: 'hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð +mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr +skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā +var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat, +ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri +skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir [*] +sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir +mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir +þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er +upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ- +mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: 'hvārt +munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði, +er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð +mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa +ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar- +innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið +kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā +skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun +ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki +munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur- +sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok +þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram [*] +fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla +þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag- +garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn +frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila [*] +hittask. + +Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs +dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu [*] +hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga +til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr. +Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir +þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna +ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var +hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn +ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir [*] +konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint +til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: 'seint er um langan [*] +veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi [*] +svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk +þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við +būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars +konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā +er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: 'kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em +al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta [*] +mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: 'īþrōtt er þat, ef +þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā [*] +bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista +sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar- +gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi +at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju +troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði +ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū +ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki +hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann +mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er +Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er +gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr [*] +būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō +lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða- +loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum +vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er +nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā +taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann +snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða- +loki: 'þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū +skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit +þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.' Þā taka þeir [*] +aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda, +ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi +trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna, +er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en +er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er [*] +Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt +er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira +īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā +miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā +mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju +við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera; +ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at +hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af. +Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī +hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'af horni þessu þykkir þā +vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn +drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju- +maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk +ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr; +tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal +þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut [*] +örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, [*] +ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē +lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel er +drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri +sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en +þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.' +Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at +hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem +honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins +vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk +hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna +hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð +ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'hvat er nū, Þōrr? +muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun +hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu +inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki [*] +muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir +kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr +līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr +hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok +þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā +hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp +hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: +'auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr +hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at +ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: 'freista mā ek ęnn of +nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var +heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En +hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'þat +gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja +upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla +þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu +minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr +einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok +tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en +kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en +er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti +kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði; +kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr- +męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: 'svā lītinn +sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við +mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um +ā bękkina, ok mælti: 'eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er +eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti +hann: 'sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna [*] +Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā +męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī +næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um. +at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at +fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til +þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip- +tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum +fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok +sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum +fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki +Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī +gōðum fagnaði. + +En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom +þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi +gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā +snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr +með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar- +ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn +orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en +sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi +hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; 'en þō veit [*] +ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek +þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna, +er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k +rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa +mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at +þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær +haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr, +svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til +fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā +hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp +skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū +hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr +mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt +hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer- +skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber- +ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of +leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it +fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en +sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna +slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er +Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at +þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok +þōtti þēr seint līða,--en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat +undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir +hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr +til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit +ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann: +'eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt- +tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā, +er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi +sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd +ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki +sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var +þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū +fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi +mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin +ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum +skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið +eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg +mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu +þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til +hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā +sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til +borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr +hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann +þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð- +vanga. + + +III. BALDER + +Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at +sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr +ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā +hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast; +ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki; +hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En +sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans. [*] +Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim +stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: + + Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir + sēr of gǫ̈rva sali; + ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit + fæsta feikn-stafi. + + +IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER + +Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði +drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði +āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat +gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg +tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn +ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin, +fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var +þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā +þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir +hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt, +sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er [*] +þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr +sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā +sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir +hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri, +ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: 'eigi munu +vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum +þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira +Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: 'vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir +vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr [*] +at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki +tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð +utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti +Loki við hann: 'hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar: +'þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em +vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: 'gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra, +manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa +þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.' +Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka; +flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok +hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. [*] +Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok +svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru [*] +allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi +mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er +æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn [*] +kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā +sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða, +sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa +āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā +mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask +vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg [*] +ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn, +ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr +Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā +var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig +Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. + +En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring- +horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann +vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en +skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir +gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi, +ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum, +en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu +þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā [*] +fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā +at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð +Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð +hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit +ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps +dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā +bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með +Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er +Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt +honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti +margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum +fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru +með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en +Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja +kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg- +risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir +heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja +nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr +Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. + +En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr +dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann +kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er +þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar- +innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn +fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; 'en eigi +dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra +manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek +skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat +sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar +riðit um Gjallarbrū; 'en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā +reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig +hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði +hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at +hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar- [*] +innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī +ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um +nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at +Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill +grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna, [*] +hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir ī +heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara +til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við, +eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir +hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni +til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar, +Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī +Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. + +Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja +at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir, +ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr; +svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir +koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok +hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar [*] +gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr +ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: + + 'Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum + Baldrs bālfarar; + kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k karls sonar; [*] + haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' + +En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, +er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. + + +V. HEÐINN AND HǪGNI + +Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt. +Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda- +son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er +hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī +braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok +spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā [*] +er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn +hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt +til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā [*] +var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður +sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru +orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti +Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt +dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at +Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok +svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja +liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð +honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni: +'of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek +dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal +verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki +sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: 'sverði +hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin- +holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat, +ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til +skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp +með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu +konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er +fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir +annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli, +ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir +dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er +sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. + + +VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON + +Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu. +Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar; +ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum +við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein +konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok +kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full- +kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi +Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs +konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja +þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði +at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding +Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi +hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu +þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva- +son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar +fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa- +vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā, [*] +at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir +Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung, +ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. + +Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum, +þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð +Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr +þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl +leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok +sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil +vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik +við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs, +var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum +fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur [*] +hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann +kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk +fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. [*] +En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk +heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi +jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn +hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr, +ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland, +ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs +við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla [*] +at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. + +Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana- +konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn +Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi +jarl sęgir konungi: 'ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at +lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā +mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā +þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu [*] +liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar +fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.' +Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt +konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu +męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu [*] +þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu, +ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: 'mēr er +kunnast,' sęgir hann, 'hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en +þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi +þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip, +en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum, +hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi +ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā +röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana- +konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða +seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. + +Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr +jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr +ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir +hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu +ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir +eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir: +'þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn +langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: 'ekki er þetta Ormr hinn +langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði +af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu +meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: 'hræddr er +Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin +ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: 'ekki er þetta konungs +skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat +ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok +missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En +stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku +þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip, +ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā +ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr +jarl mælti: 'mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en +Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn: +'eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta +er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr +liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā +hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat +um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af +þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp +Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: 'hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī +kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn +var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra +slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn +heyrðu: 'þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta, +þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn +saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af +tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu +þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū +skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi. +En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu +at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara +Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu +allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr +Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at- +lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs, +Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi +eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason; +en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask +alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip +er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn, +er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan- +verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok +svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. + +Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā +þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn- +ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum +undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir +honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl +sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vān at +ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er +Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip +er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi; +hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu +Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl- +manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er +þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en +lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar +hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: 'lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu +mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði +Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā +gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. + +Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum. +Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn +skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku +at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, +ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja +fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra +skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: 'ef Orminn +skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur +skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir: +'eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.' +Ūlfr mælti: 'vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun +stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok +snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: 'skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig +sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' + +Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt [*] +mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var +hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan +kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at +riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum, +þā spyrr hann: 'hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt +oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr +tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hræðumk +vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi +fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum +var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr +konungr sęgir: 'bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt- +bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir +eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?' +'Þar er,' sęgja þeir 'Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði +Ōlāfr konungr: 'hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan +fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru +Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' + +Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr +sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski +lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs +Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā +hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði +ekki til orrostu. + +Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram- +byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum +fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu +vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip +er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er +undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir +frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr +konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr +Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā +fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn, +ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum +við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō +þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst, +ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa +af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr +jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir +ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs +konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti +hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā +gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta +hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum, +at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema +Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var +hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum +langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. + +Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt +með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit, +ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti +eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at +varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar; +þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn +Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin, +til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir +lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera. +En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi +annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með +vāpnum sīnum. + +Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi; +hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr. +Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir +ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til, +ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom +ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar, +ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā +mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir +sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr: +'skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr +skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr +drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā +mælti Ōlāfr konungr: 'hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr +svarar: 'Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' 'Eigi mun svā +mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok +skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann, +ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: 'ofveikr, +ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā +skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. + +Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok +skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum +gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok +sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu; +mælti þā hātt: 'hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē +at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: 'sverð vār eru slæ ok +brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk +upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk +mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā +męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi +hvar hann var sārr. + +Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms- +mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest +mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit. +Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr +jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda [*] +mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs, +með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk +svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er +honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar +varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā +Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar, +þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð +þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum, +þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok +veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit +lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn +vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar +ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. + +Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir +hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok [*] +allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu +in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit +fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu, +en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en +lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir +męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli +stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir +hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn +hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu. +Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka +hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā +yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari +skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er +lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā +ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī +eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn +upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var +hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar +var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið +gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum, +þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall- +freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp +sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. + +Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við +Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta, +er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En +þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði +hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi +jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda- +snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir +Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr +konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat +svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj- +unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok +eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar +sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir +verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis +ī Noregi. + + +VII. AUÐUN + +Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr +utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs, +ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með +Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri, +ok þā þessi laun af honum--utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā. +Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður +sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra +bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok +var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti +bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands, +ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir +þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla +eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til +Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með +sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins +konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī +landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af [*] +skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi +konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi +mikil, 'ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn +ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann +konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan: +'āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk +eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: 'villtu sęlja oss dȳrit +við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek +þat, herra!' 'Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, 'at ek gefa þēr tvau [*] +verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla +þīna eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr +mælti: 'villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!' +Konungr mælti: 'hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar: +'fara,' sęgir hann, 'til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.' +Haraldr konungr sęgir: 'hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr +at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa, +eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask +með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at +nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: 'herra! þat er ā yðru +valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr +ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: 'hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir +leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr, +ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok +kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' 'Þvī heit ek þēr,' +sagði Auðun. + +Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā +til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr +hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann +kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt, +ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit: +'ek ætla,' sęgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki +lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk +ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, 'at +þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.' +'Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar; +en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta, +at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en +fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok [*] +er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem [*] +ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at +hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt +saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā +gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir +borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera, +er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: 'hvęrr +er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em Īslęnzkr maðr, +herra,' sęgir hann, 'ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū [*] +af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k +þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir +mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu +farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti: +'er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' 'Satt er þat,' sęgir hann. +Konungr mælti: 'ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek +sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr +gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok +sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er +hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar +handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek +mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu, +ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun! +kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr +með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi +um hrīð. + +Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung: +'braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint: +'hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, 'ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?' +Hann sęgir: 'suðr vil ek ganga.' 'Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott +rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, 'þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū +fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit, +ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr +til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr. +Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg. +Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann +aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran; +gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum +til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr +matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr +aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā +staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju- +skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi +til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok +hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik. +Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun +ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf +ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld- +sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum +þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir +hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr +mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram +at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr +ūt, ok mælti: 'gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik +grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram, +ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok +þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd +honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, 'ok hęfir þū mikit +skipazk,' segir hann, 'sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr +inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr +sagði: 'eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir +hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra [*] +honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með +honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr +bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu +gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing. +Auðun sęgir: 'Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er +þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt +til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: 'þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga +kosit.' Auðun mælti: 'eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir +hann, 'at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn [*] +troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri +er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar: +'vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verða +giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi [*] +mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til +er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. + +Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā +bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa, +ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma +þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa +skipit. Þā spurði konungr: 'hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā +þetta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mælti: +'þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann +þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok +skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: 'þō +villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek +spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok +hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr +þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum +gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af +silfri, 'ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir +skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir +konungr, 'at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū +fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō +konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: 'þō +at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi +ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa +gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein +konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,' +sęgir hann, 'at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga +svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef +þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok +far nū heill!' + +Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja +upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er +hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds +konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann +fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr +tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok 'sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, 'ok drekk +hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon- +ungr: 'hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun +svarar: 'þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði: +'launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?' +Auðun svarar: 'gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir +Haraldr konungr: 'mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr +silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum +gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' 'Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir +Auðun, 'at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til +mīn at lęggja.' 'Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, 'ok +launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: 'gaf hann mēr +knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' Þat +var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, 'en launat mynda ek þēr +þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: 'gaf +hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan, +ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr +sagði: 'þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt +hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt +launaði hann fleira?' 'Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun, +'at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi +ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu +ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn, +ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni +svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann +fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr, +dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði, +sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu, +ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk. +Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um +sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. + + +VII. ÞRYMS-KVIÐA + +1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði, + ok sīns hamars of saknaði: + skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja, + rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask. + +2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli, + er engi veit jarðar hvęrgi [*] + nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!' + +3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju tūna, [*] + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā, + ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?' + + Freyja kvað: + +4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri, + ok-þō sęlja at væri ōr silfri.' [*] + +5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom āsa garða, + ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima. + +6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn, + greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri + ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði. + + Þrymr kvað: + +7. 'Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum? + hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?' + + Loki kvað: + + 'Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum; + hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?' + + Þrymr kvað: + +8. 'Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn + ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema fœri mēr Freyju at kvān.' [*] + +9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, + unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima + ok fyr innan kom āsa garða; + mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + +10. 'Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði? + sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi: + opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask, + ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.' + + Loki kvað: + +11. 'Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi: + Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn; + hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, + nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.' + +12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta, + ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: + 'bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni! + vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.' + +13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði, + allr āsa salr undir bifðisk, + stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga: + 'mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta, + ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.' + +14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi + ok āsynjur allar ā māli, + ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar, + hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti. + +15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa + (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir): + 'bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni, + hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga! + +16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!' + +17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss: + 'mik munu æsir argan kalla, + ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.' + +18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða; + þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa, + nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.' + +19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni + ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga. + +20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla + ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, + en ā brjōsti breiða steina, + ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu. + +21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: + 'mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera, + vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.' + +22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir, + skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna: + bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga, + ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima. + +23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki! + nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān, + Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum. + +24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr, + öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni; + fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja, + einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.' + +25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma, + ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit; + einn āt oxa, ātta laxa, + krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu, + drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar. + +26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara? + sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara, + nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.' + +27. Sat in al-snotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.' + +28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa, + en hann utan stǫkk ęnd-langan sal: + 'hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju? + þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.' + +29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, + er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: + 'svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, + svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.' + +30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir, + hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði: + 'lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða, + ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar, + āstir mīnar, alla hylli!' + +31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: + 'berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja, + lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē, + vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!' + +32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti, + er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði; + Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin, + ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði. + +33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur, + hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði; + hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga, + en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð. + Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri. + + +NOTES + +The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. + +I. THOR + +Line 3. *Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita*, 'he reigns +(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e. in the place which is called +Þ. The plur. _heita_ agrees with _þrūðvangar_, as in l. 14 +below: _þat eru jārnglōfar_ 'that is (his) iron gloves.' + +l. 5. *þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt*, 'that is the +largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest +house that has been built. Note the plur. _hūs_ of a single +house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being +often a detached building. + +l. 13. *spęnnir þeim*, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49. + + +II. THOR AND ŪTGARÐALOKI + +l. 1. *fōr með hafra sīna...ok með honum sā, āss er...* We +see here that _með_ generally takes an acc. to denote passive, +and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment. + +l. 5. *soðit* refers to some such subst. as _slātr_ (meat) +understood. + +l. 11. *sprętti ā...* _ā_ is here an adv. + +l. 12. *til męrgjar.* _til_ here implies intention--to get at +the marrow. + +l. 20. *þat er sā augnanna*, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'-- +Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the +man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight +of them. + +l. 21. The second *hann* refers, of course, to Thor. + +l. 34. *til myrkrs*, till it was dark. + +l. 36. *þeir*, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 +*foll.*, showing that _leituðu_ is meant to refer only to the men +of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.) + +l. 46. *sēr hvar lā maðr*, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man +lying. + +l. 51. *einu sinni*, for once in his life. + +l. 52. *nęfndisk Skrȳmir*, said his name was Skr. + +l. 66. *būið til* (_prp._) *nātt-verðar yðr*, prepare supper for +yourselves. + +l. 77. *Er þat þēr satt at sęgja*. _satt_ is in apposition to +_þat_--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that...' + +l. 88. *sjā sik*, see himself alive. + +l. 104. *þann* = _þann veg_, that way, course. + +l. 108. *at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask*. The full sense is, +'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might +meet again safe and sound.' + +ll. 111, 112. *sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr*, threw back the +backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw +back their heads. + +l. 118. *œrit stōra*, 'rather big,' i.e. very big. + +l. 120. *glotti um tǫnn*, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed +his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read _við_ instead of +_um_. + +l. 121. *er annan veg en ek hygg, at...?* is it otherwise than +as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in thinking +that...? + +l. 127. *engi er hēr sā inni er...* = engi er hēr-inni sā-er... + +l. 129. *freista skal*, Gr. § 192. + +l. 140. *kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē...* 'says that there +is more probability of that, namely that he is...than of the +contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be... + +l. 150. *fōthvatari en svā*, 'more swift-footed than so--under +these circumstances,' i.e. than you. + +l. 156. *ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn...* = þā er Þjālfi eigi +kominn... + +l. 172. *at sinni*, this time. + +l. 172. *hann*, acc. + +l. 173. *laut ōr horninu*, bent back from the horn. + +l. 188. *mestr* refers to _drykkr_ understood. + +l. 218. *kalli*, Gr. § 192. + +l. 241. *þō* refers to _uni_. + + +III. BALDER + +l. 7. *engi* agrees with _dōmr_. + + +IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER + +l. 11. *hann*, acc. + +l. 20. *ungr*, too young. + +l. 31. *ū-happ* is in apposition to _þat_; cp. 3. 7. + +ll. 33, 34. *vāru með einum hug til...* had the same feelings +towards. + +l. 36. *var...fyrr*, was beforehand, prevented. + +l. 42. *vili*, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction. + +l. 55. *nema*, 'unless,' here = 'until.' + +l. 89. *heim*. This use of _heim_ in the sense of 'someone +else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.' + +l. 94. *svā* refers to _ok ef allir hlutir..._, the _ok_ being +pleonastic. + +l. 108. *hvar*, cp. 2. 46. + +l. 113. *karl*, 'old man,' here = Odin. + + +V. HĒÐINN AND HEGNI + +l. 6. *Hēðinn* = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a +pronoun is frequent. + +l. 9. *þar*. Cp. 1. 3. + + +VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON + +l. 17. *svā at*, so that, i.e. just when. + +l. 30. *er*, namely that. + +l. 33. *austan at sigla*, is in a kind of apposition to +_fęrðina_. + +l. 40. *svā*, also. + +l. 48. *muni fyrir*, awaits you, is impending. + +l. 53. *meira*, adv., better, faster. + +l. 149. *bar hann hātt*, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous +place. + +l. 244. *við fimtānda mann*, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. + +l. 259. *vāpna* is governed by the second half of the genitival +compound _klæða-būnað_, which is here considered as two +independent words. + + +VII. AUÐUN + +l. 17. *var fyrir*, was to be found. + +l. 26. *tvau verð slīk*, double the price you gave. + +l. 55. *fē* is probably dat. here, but may be nom. + +l. 56. *ęptir sem...*, according as, in accordance with what. + +l. 64. *nū...nū*, lately...just now. + +l. 116. *hęldr* is here used pleonastically in a kind of +apposition to the preceding _bętr_. + +l. 125. *en*, and = while. + +l. 129. *þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at...*, this single thing +is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is that... + + +VIII. ÞRYMSKVIÐA + +l. 7. *jarðar* is governed by _hvęrgi_. + +l. 9. *tūna*. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of +motion. + +l. 15. *þō* goes with the following _at_ = _ok sęlja, þōat_ +(_þōtt_) _væri ōr silfri_. + +l. 32. *fœri* may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers. + + + +GLOSSARY + +æ _follows_ að, ð _follows_ d, ę _follows_ e, œ _follows_ oð, ǫ +_follows_ o, ö _follows_ ǫ, þ _follows_ t. + +The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. + +(-rs) etc. means that the _r_ of the nom. is kept in inflection. + +A + +-a _adv._ not. +ā _sf._ river. +ā _see_ *eiga*. +ā _prp. w. acc. and dat._ on, in. +āðr _adv., cj._ before. +aðrir _see_ *annar*. +æsir _see_ *āss*. +ætla _wv._ 3, consider, deem: 'ætlask fyrir,' intend. +ætt _sf._ 2, race, descent, family. +ætta _see_ *eiga*. +af _prp. w. dat._ from; of; with; _adv._ 'drekka af,' drink off. +af-hūs _sn._ out-house, side room. +afl _sn._ strength, might. +af-taka _wf._ damage, injury. +āgætliga _adv._ splendidly. +aka _sv._ 2, drive (a chariot, etc.). +ākafliga _adv._ vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly. +akarn _sn._ acorn. +akkeri _sn._ anchor. +ālar-ęndir _sm._ thong-end, end of a strap. +al-būinn _adj. w. gen._ quite ready. +aldinn _adj._ old. +aldri _adv._ never. +ā-lęngðar _adv._ for some time. +ālfr _sm._ elf. +ā-lit _snpl._ appearance, countenance [līta]. +all-harðr _adj._ very hard, very violent. +all-lītill _adj._ very little. +all-mann-skœðr _adj._ (very injurious to men), very murderous + (of a battle) [skaði, 'injury']. +all-mikill _adj._ very great. +allr _adj._ all, whole; 'með ǫllu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,' + first of all. +all-stōrum _adv._ very greatly. +all-valdr _sm._ monarch, king. +al-snotr _adj._ very clever. +al-svartr _adj._ very black, coal-black. +alt _adv._ quite. +ambātt _sf._ 2, female slave, maid. +and-lit _sn._ face [līta]. +annarr _prn._ second; following, next; other; one of the two-- + 'annar...annarr,' one...the other. +aptann _sm._ evening. +aptastr _adj._ most behind. +aptr _adv._ back, backwards, behind. +ār _sf._ oar. +ār _sn._ year. +ār _see_ *ā*. +argr _adj._ cowardly, base. +ār-maðr _sm._ steward. +armr _adj._ wretched. +ās-męgin _sn._ divine strength. +āss _sm._ 3, (Scandinavian) god. +āst _sf._ 2, affection, love, _often in pl._ +āst-sæll _adj._ beloved, popular. [sæll, 'happy']. +āsynja _wf._ (Scandinavian) goddess [āss]. +āt _see_ *eta*. +at _prp. w. dat._ at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance + with, after. +at _adv._ to. +-at _adv._ not. +at-laga _wf._ attack [lęggja]. +at-rōðr (-rar) _sm._ 2, rowing against, attack. +ātta _num._ eight. +ātta see *eiga*. +auð-kęndr _adj._ easy to be recognized, easily distinguishable. +auðr _adj._ desert, deserted, without men. +auð-sēnn _adj._ evident. +auga _wn._ eye. +aug-sȳn _sf._ sight. +auka _sv._ 1, increase; _impers., w. dat. of what is added_ 'jōk + nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation increased). +austan _adv._ from the east. +aust-maðr _sm._ Easterner, Norwegian. +austr _sn._ the east--'ī au.,' eastwards. +austr _adv._ eastwards. +austr-vegr _sm._ the East, _especially_ Russia. +āvalt _adv._ continually, all the time. +ā-vanr _adj._ wanting; _impers. neut. in_ 'einnar mēr Freyju + āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want. +ā-vinnr _adj._ toilsome, _only in the impers. neut._ 'mun ā-vint + verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow. + +B + +bað _see_ *biðja*. +bāðir _prn._ both, _neut. as adv. in_ 'bæði...ok,' both...and. +bāðu _see_ *biðja*. +bǣða _see_ *biðja*. +bǣði _see_ *bāðir*. +baggi _wm._ bag; bundle. +bak _sn._ back, 'vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with the back, + i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward. +bak-borði _wm._ larboard. +bāl _sn._ flame; funeral pile. +bāl-fǫr _sf._ funeral. +bani _wm._ death. +bar _see_ *bera*. +bardagi _wm._ battle. +barð _sn._ edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship formed by + the continuation of the keel. +barða _see_ *bęrja*. +barði _wm._ war-ship with a sharp prow, ram. +barn _sn._ child. +batt _see_ *binda*. +bauð _see_ *bjōða*. +beiða _wv._ 1, _w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited_, + ask, demand. +bein _sn._ bone. +bękkr _sm._ 2, bench. +bęlla _wv._ 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, _generally in a bad + sense_. +bera _sv._ 4, carry, take; bear, endure. berask at, happen. + b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vāpn niðr, shoot down. b. + rāð sīn saman, hold council, deliberate. +berg-risi _wm._ hill-giant. +bęrja _wv._ 1b, strike--'b. grjōti,' stone. *bęrjask*, fight. +bęrr _adj._ bare, unsheathed (of a sword). +ber-sęrkr _sm._ 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally + 'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.] +bętr _see_ *vel*. +bętri _see_ *gōðr*. +bęzt _see_ *vel*. +bęztr _see_ *gōðr*. +beygja _wv._ 1, bend, arch. +bīða _sv._ 6, _w. gen._ wait for; _w. acc._ abide, undergo. +biðja _sv._ 5, ask, beg, pray, _w. gen. of thing, acc. of the + pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited_; express a + wish, bid--'bað hann vel kominn' (vera _understood_), bad + him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell. +bifask _wv._ 1, tremble, shake. +bil _sn._ moment of time. +bila _wv._ 2, fail. +bilt _neut. adj. only in the impers._ 'einum verðr bilt,' one + hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid. +binda _sv._ 3, bind, tie up; dress. +birta _wv._ 1, show [bjartr]. +bīta _sv._ 6, bite; cut. +bittu _see_ *binda*. +bitu _see_ *bīta*. +bjarn-dȳri _sn._ bear. +bjartr _adj._ bright, clear. +bjō _see_ *būa*. +bjōða _sv._ 7, _w. acc. and dat._ offer, propose--'b. einum + fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. b. upp, give up. +bjǫrg _sf._ help; means of subsistence, store of food. +blāsa _sv._ 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal. +bleyða _wf._ coward. +blīða _wf._ gentleness, friendliness. +blindr _adj._ blind. +blōð _sn._ blood. +blōt-bolli _wm._ sacrificial bowl. +bœtr _see_ *bōt*. +boga-skot _sn._ bowshot. +bogi _wm._ bow. +bog-maðr _sm._ bowman, archer. +bōndi _sm._ 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa]. +borð _sn._ side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between the + rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nū er gott beranda + b. ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the + horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be + lifted without spilling. +borg _sf._ fortress, castle. +borg-hlið _sn._ castle gate. +bōt _sf._ 3, mending, improvement; _plur._ *bœtr*, + compensation. +bǫrn _see_ *barn*. +brā _sf._ eyelid. +brā _see_ *bregða*. +bragð _sn._ trick, stratagem [bregða]. +brann _see_ *bręnna*. +brast _see_ *bresta*. +brātt _adv._ quickly. +braut _sf._ way--*ā braut*, _adv._ away. +braut _see_ *brjōta*. +braut, brott _adv._ away. +bregða _sv._ 3, _w. dat._ jerk, pull, push; b. upp, lift, raise + (to strike). change, transform. +breiðr _adj._ broad. +bręnna _wf._ burning; incremation. +bręnna _sv._ 3, burn _intr._ +bręnna _wv._ 1, burn _trans._ +bresta _sv._ 3, break, crack, burst. +brestr _sm._ crack; loss. +brjōst _sn._ breast. +brjōta _sv._ 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, _also + impers._ 'skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked. +broddr _sm._ point. +brōðir _sm._ 4, brother. +brotinn _see_ *brjōta*. +brotna _wv._ 3, break _intr._ +brott _see_ *braut*. +brott-laga _sf._ retreat. +brū _sf._ bridge. +brūð-fē _sn._ bridal gift. +brūðr _sf._ 2, bride. +brūn _sf._ 3, eyebrow. +bryggja _wf._ pier. +brynja _wf._ corslet. +brȳnn _see_ *brūn*. +bryn-stūka _wf._ corslet-sleeve. +bryti _see_ *brjōta*. +brȳtr _see_ *brjōta*. +bū _sn._ dwelling, home. +būa _sv._ 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. *būask*, get + ready, prepare _intr._ 'er būit við at...' it is likely to + be that..., there is danger of... +buðu _see_ *bjōða*. +būinn _adj._ ready; in a certain condition--'(við) svā būit' + _adv._ under such circumstances; capable, fit for--'vel at + sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at). +bundu _see_ *binda*. +burr _sm._ son. +bȳðr _see_ *bjōða*. +bȳr _see_ *būa*. +byrja _wv._ 3, begin. +byr-vænn _adj._ promising a fair wind. + +D + +daga _wv._ 3, dawn. +dagan _sf._ dawn. +dagr _sm._ day. +dalr _sm._ valley. +dauðr _adj._ dead. +dęgi _see_ *dagr*. +deyja _sv._ 2, die. +djūpr _adj._ deep. +dō _see_ *deyja*. +dōmr _sm._ decision. +dōttir _sf._ 3, daughter. +dǫgurðr _sm._ breakfast [-urð = -verðr, _cp._ nāttverðr]. +dōkkr (-vir) _adj._ dark. +draga _sv._ 2, draw, drag. d. saman, collect. +drakk _see_ *drekka*. +drap _see_ *drepa*. +draumr _sm._ dream. +dręginn _see_ *draga*. +dreif _see_ *drīfa*. +dręki _wm._ dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head as a + beak. +drekka _sv._ 3, drink. +drepa _sv._ 5, strike; kill. +dreyma _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the thing_ + dream [draumr]. +drīfa _sv._ 6, drive; hasten. +drjūpa _sv._ 7, drop. +drō _see_ *draga*. +drōgu _see_ *draga*. +drōttinn _sm._ lord. +drōttin-hollr _adj._ faithful to its master. +drukkinn _adj. (ptc.)_ drunk. +drupu _see_ *drjūpa*. +drykkja _wf._ drinking [drekka]. +drykkju-maðr _sm._ drinker. +drykkr _sm._ 2, draught. +duna _wv._ 3, resound. +dunði _see_ *dynja*. +dvalða _see_ *dvęlja*. +dvęlja _wv._ 1b, delay. *dvęljask*, dwell, stop. +dvergr _sm._ dwarf. +dyðrill _sm._ (?). +dȳja _wv._ 1b, shake. +dynja _wv._ 1b, resound. +dȳr _sn._ animal, beast. +dyrr _sfnpl._ door. + +E + +eða _cj._ or. +ef _cj._ if. +ęfna _wv._ 1, perform, carry out. +ęggja _wv._ 3, incite. +eiðr _sm._ oath. +eiga _wf._ property. +eiga _swv._ possess, have: have as wife, be married to; have _in + the sense of_ must. +eigi _adv._ not; no. +eign _sf._ property. +eignask _wv._ 3, appropriate, gain. +eik _sf._ 3, oak. +einka-māl _snpl._ personal agreement, special treaty. +einn _num., prn._ one; the same; a certain, a; alone, only-- + 'einn saman,' alone, mere. +einn-hvęrr _prn._ a certain, some, a. +eira _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ spare. +eitr _sn._ poison. +ek _prn._ I. +ęk _see_ *aka*. +ekki _prn. neut._ nothing; _adv._ not. +eldr _sm._ fire. +ęlli _wf._ old age. +ellifti _adj._ eleventh. +ellifu _num._ eleven. +em _see_ *vera*. +en _cj._ but; and. +en _adv._ than, _after compar._ +ęndask _wv._ 1, end, suffice for. +ęndi, ęndir _sm._ end. +ęnd-langr _adj._ the whole length--'ęndlangan sal,' the whole + length of the hall. +ęndr _adv._ again. +engi _prn._ none, no. +ęnn _adv._ yet, still; besides; after all. +ęptir _prp. w. acc._ after (of time). _w. dat._ along, over; + in quest of, after; according to, by. _adv._ afterwards; + behind [aptr]. +ęptri _adj. compar._ hind. +er _prn. rel._ who, which, _rel. adv._ where; when; because, + that. +er _see_ *vera*. +er _see_ *þū*. +ęrfiði _sn._ work; trouble. +ert _see_ *vera*. +eru _see_ *vera*. +eta _sv._ 5, eat. +ey _sf._ island. + +F + +fā _sv._ 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. *fāsk*, + wrestle. *fāsk ā*, be obtained, be. +faðir _sm._ 4, father. +fær _see_ *fā*. +fæstr _see_ *fār*. +fagnaðr _sm._ 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality. +fagr _adj._ beautiful, fair, fine. +fagrliga _adv._ finely. +fall _sn._ fall. +falla _sv._ 1, fall. *fallask*, be forgotten, fail. +fang _sn._ embrace, grasp; wrestling. +fann _see_ *finna*. +fār _adj._ few--_neut._ fātt _w. gen._: 'fātt manna,' few men. +fara go, travel--_w. gen. in such constr. as_ 'f. fęrðar + sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; + experience; 'f. með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use + up _w. dat._ *farask* _impers. in_ 'fęrsk þeim vel,' they + have a good passage. +farmr _sm._ lading, cargo. +fastr _adj._ firm, fast, strong. +fē _sn._ property, money. +fęðrum _see_ *faðir*. +fekk _see_ *fā*. +fęgrð _sf._ beauty [fagr]. +fęgrstr _see_ *fagr*. +feikn-stafir _smpl._ 2, wickedness. +fela _sv._ 3, hide. +fēlagi _wm._ companion. +fē-lauss _adj._ penniless. +fē-lītill _adj._ with little money, poor. +fell _see_ *falla*. +fęlla _wv._ 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla]. +fengu, fęnginn _see_ *fā*. +fęr _see_ *fara*. +fęrð _sf._ 2, journey [fara]. +fer-skeyttr _adj._ four-cornered. +fimm _num._ five. +fimtāndi _adj._ fifteenth. +finna _sv._ 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see. +fjaðr-hamr _sm._ feathered (winged) coat. +fjall _sn._ mountain. +fjār _see_ *fē*. +fjara _sf._ ebb-tide; beach. +fjogur _see_ *fjōrir*. +fjōrði _adj._ fourth. +fjōrir _num._ four. +fjǫlð _wf._ quantity. +fjǫl-kyngi _sn._ magic. +fjǫl-męnni _sn._ multitude; troop [maðr]. +fjǫrðr _sm._ 3, firth. +fjǫrur _see_ *fjara*. +flā _sv._ 2, flay, skin. +flaug _see_ *fljūga*. +flęginn _see_ *flā*. +flestr _see_ *margr*. +fljōta _sv._ 7, float, drift. +fljūga _sv._ 7, fly. +flō _see_ *fljūga*. +floti _wm._ fleet [fljōtal. +flōtti _wm._ flight [flȳja]. +flugu _see_ *fljūga*. +fluttu _see_ *flytja*. +flȳja _wv._ 1, flee. +flytja _wv._ 1b. remove, bring. +fnāsa _wv._ 3, snort. +fœra _wv._ 1, bring, take; fasten [fara]. +fœrir _see_ *fara*. +fœti _see_ *fōt*. +fōlginn _see_ *fela*. +fōlk _sn._ multitude, troop; people. +fōr _see_ *fara*. +for-tǫlur _wpl._ representations, arguments [tala]. +fōstra _wf._ nurse. +fōt-hvatr _adj._ swift-footed. +fōtr _sm._ foot; leg. +fǫður _see_ *faðir*. +fǫr _sf._ journey [fara]. +fǫru-neyti _sn._ company [njōta]. +frā _prp._ from, away from; about, concerning. 'ī frā' _adv._ + away. +frændi _sm._ 4, relation. +frā-fall _sn._ death. +fram _adv._ forward, forth. _compar._ *framar*, ahead. +framastr _adj. superl._ chief, most distinguished. +frami _wm._ advantage, courage. +framiðr _see_ *fręmja*. +fram-stafn _sm._ prow. +frā-sǫgn _sf._ narrative, relation. +freista _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ try, test. +fręmja _wv._ 1b, perform [fram]. +friðr _sm._ 2, peace. +frīðr _adj._ beautiful, fine. +frōðr _adj._ learned, wise. +frœkn _adj._ bold, daring. +frost _sn._ frost. +fugl _sm._ bird. +full-kominn _adj._ (_ptc._) complete; ready (for). +fullr _adj._ full. +fundr _sm._ 2, meeting [finna]. +fundu _see_ *finna*. +furðu _adv._ awfully, very. +fūss _adj._ eager. +fylgja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ follow; accompany. +fylki _sn._ troop [fōlk]. +fylkja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ draw up (troops) [fōlk]. +fylla _wv._ 1, fill [fullr]. +fyr, fyrir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ before; beyond, over--'f. + borð,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' _adv._ be given as + compensation; for; because of. 'f. þvī at,' because. + 'lītill. f. sēr,' insignificant. +fyrir-rūm _sn._ fore-hold, chief-cabin. +fyrirrūms-maðr _sm._ man in the fore-hold. +fyrr _adv. compar._ before, formerly. _superl._ *fyrst*, first. +fyrri _adj. compar._ former. _superl._ *fyrstr*, first. +fȳsa _wv._ 1, hasten _trans.--impers._ 'braut fȳsir mik,' I feel + a desire to go away [fūss]. + +G + +gā _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ heed, care for. +gæfa _wf._ luck [gefa]. +gæta _wv._ 1, watch, take care of [geta]. +gaf _see_ *gefa*. +gæfu-maðr _sm._ lucky man. +gaflak _sn._ javelin. +gamall _adj._ old. +gaman _sn._ amusement, joy. +ganga _sv._ 1, go, _with gen. of goal in poetry_; attack--'g. ā + skip,' board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. til, come up. + g. upp, land; board a ship; be used up, expended (of money). +garðr _sm._ enclosure, court; dwelling. +gat _see_ *geta*. +gefa _sv._ 5, give. +gęgnum, ī gęgnum _prp. w. gen._ through. +gekk _see_ *ganga*. +gęlti _see_ *gǫltr*. +gęnginn, gęngr, gengu _see_ *ganga*. +geta _sv._ 5, _w. gen._ mention, speak of; guess, suppose. +geysi _adv._ excessively. +gipta _wf._ luck [gefa]. +giptu-maðr _sm._ lucky man. +gjafar _see_ *gjǫf*. +gjǫf _sf._ gift. +glotta _wv._ 2, smile maliciously, grin. +glæsiligr _adj._ magnificent. +gnȳr _sm._ din, noise. +gōðr _adj._ good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get at, + obtain. +gōlf _sn._ floor; apartment, room. +gott _see_ *gōðr*. +gǫfugr _adj._ distinguished [gefa]. +gǫltr _sm._ 3, boar. +gǫmul _see_ *gamall*. +gǫ̈ra _wv._ 1c, do, make. *gǫ̈rask*, set about doing; be made + into, become. *gǫ̈ra at*, accomplish, carry out. +gǫ̈rsimi _wf._ article of value, treasure. +granda _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ injure. +grār _adj._ gray. +gras _sn._ grass; plant, flower. +grāta _sv._ 1, weep, mourn for. +grātr _sm._ weeping. +greiða _wv._ 1, put in order, arrange. +greip _see_ *grīpa*. +gres-jārn _sn._ iron wire (?). +grey _sn._ dog. +grið _snpl._ peace, security. +griða-staðr _sm._ sanctuary. +grind _sf._ 3, lattice door, wicket. +grīpa _sv._ 6, seize. +gripr _sm._ 2, article of value, treasure. +grjōt _sn._ stone (collectively). +grōa _sv._ 1, grow; heal. +grœr _see_ *grōa*. +gruna _wv._ 3, _impers._--'mik grunar,' I suspect, think. +grunr _sm._ 2, suspicion. +gull _sn._ gold. +gull-band _sn._ gold band. +gull-būinn _adj._ adorned with gold. +gull-hringr _sm._ gold ring. +gull-hyrndr _adj._ (_ptc._) with gilt horns. +gull-roðinn _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt. +gȳgr _sf._ giantess. +gyltr _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt. +gyrða _wv._ 1, gird. + +H + +hæstr _see_ *hār*. +hætta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ desist from, stop. +hættligr _adj._ dangerous, threatening. +hættr _adj._ dangerous. +haf _sn._ sea. +hafa _wv._ 1, have; 'h. einn nær einu,' bring near to, expose + to; use, utilize. at hafask, undertake. til hafa, have at + hand. +hafna _see_ *hǫfn*. +hafr _sm._ goat. +hafr-staka _wf._ goatskin. +hagliga _adv._ neatly. +hagr _sm._ condition; advantage--'þēr mun h. ā vera,' will avail + thee, be profitable to you. +hag-stœðr _adj._ favourable. +halda _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ hold (also with prp. _ā_); keep. _w. + acc._ observe, keep (laws, etc.). _intr._ take a certain + direction, go. +hālfr _adj._ half. +hālfu _adv._ by half, half as much again. +hallar _see_ *hǫll*. +hallar-gōlf _sn._ hall floor. +haltr _adj._ lame. +hamarr _sm._ hammer. +hamars-muðr _sm._ thin end of hammer. +hamar-skapt _sn._ handle of a hammer. +hamar-spor _sn._ mark made by a hammer. +hana _see_ *hann*. +handar _see_ *hǫnd*. +hand-skot _sn._ throwing with the hand. +hand-tękinn _ptc. pret._ taken by hand, taken alive. +hann _prn._ he. +hār _sn._ hair. +hār _adj._ high. +harð-hugaðr _adj._ stern of mood. +harðr _adj._ hard; strong. +harð-skeytr _adj._ strong-shooting [skjōta]. +harmr _sm._ grief. +hāski _wm._ danger. +hā-sæti _sn._ high seat, dais [sitja]. +hāsætis-kista _sf._ chest under the dais. +hātt _adv._ high; loudly. +haugr _sm._ mound. +hauss _sm._ skull. +heðan _adv._ hence. +hęfi _see_ *hafa*. +hęfja _sv._ 2, raise, lift; begin. +hęfna _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ revenge, avenge. +heill _adj._ sound, safe, prosperous. +heil-rǣði _sn._ sound advice, good advice [rāð]. +heim _adv._ to one's home, home (domum). +heima _adv._ at home (domi). +heima-maðr _sm._ man of the household. +heim-fūss _adj._ longing to go home, homesick. +heimr _sm._ home, dwelling; world. +heimta _wv._ 1, fetch, obtain, get back. +heita _sv._ 1, call; _w. dat. of pers. and dat. of thing_ + promise; _intr._ (_pres._ heiti) be named, called. +hęldr _see_ *halda*. +hęldr _adv. compar._ more willingly, rather, sooner, more; + rather, very. +hęl-grindr _sf._ the doors of hell. +hęllir _sm._ cave. +helt _see_ *halda*. +hęl-vegr _sm._ road to hell. +hęlzt _adv. superl._ most willingly, soonest, especially, most + [hęldr]. +hęndi, hęndr _see_ *hǫnd*. +hęnnar, hęnni _see_ *hann*. +hępta _wv._ 1, bind; hinder, stop. +hēr _adv._ here--'h. af,' etc. here-of. +hęr-bergi _sn._ quarters, lodgings. +hęrða _wv._ harden, clench. +hęr-fang _sn._ booty. +hęrja _wv._ 3, make war, ravage [hęrr]. +hęrr _sm._ army, fleet. +herra _sm._ lord. +hęr-skip _sn._ war-ship. +hestr _sm._ horse. +hēt _see_ *heita*. +heyra _wv._ 1, hear. +himinn _sm._ heaven. +hingat _adv._ hither. +hinn _prn._ that. +hirð _sf._ court. +hirð-maðr _sm._ courtier. +hiti _wm._ heat. +hitta _wv._ come upon, find, meet; _trans._ go to. *hittask*, + meet, _intr._ +hjā _prp. w. dat._ by, at; in comparison with. +hjālmr _sm._ helmet. +hjōn _snpl._ household. +hlaða _sv._ 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails. +hlæja _sv._ 2, laugh. +hlaupa _sv._ 1, jump, leap; run. +hlaut _see_ *hljōta*. +hleyp _see_ *hlaupa*. +hleypa _wv._ 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop. +hlīf _sf._ shield. +hlīfa _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ shelter, cover, protect. +hljōp _see_ *hlaupa*. +hljōta _sv._ 7, get, receive. +hlōðu _see_ *hlaða*. +hlōgu _see_ *hlæja*. +hlunnr _sm._ roller (for launching ships). +hluti _wm._ portion [hljōta]. +hlutr _sm._ 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta]. +hlut-skipti _sn._ booty. +hnakki _wm._ back of head. +hōf _see_ *hęfja*. +hollr _adj._ gracious, faithful. +hōlmr _sm._ small island. +hon _see_ *hann*. +honum _see_ *hann*. +horn _sn._ horn. +hœgri _adj. compar._ right (hand). +hœla _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ praise, boast of. +hǫfðingi _wm._ chief [hǫfuð]. +hǫfða-fjǫl _sf._ head-board (especially of a bedstead). +hǫfðu _see_ *hafa*. +hǫfn _sf._ harbour. +hǫfuð _sn._ head. +hǫgg _sn._ stroke. +hǫgg-ormr _sm._ viper. +hǫgg-orrosta _wf._ 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight. +hǫggva _sv._ 1, hew, cut, strike. +hǫll _sf._ hall. +hǫnd _sf._ 3, hand; side--'hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both + sides, for both parties. +hræddr _adj._ frightened, afraid [_ptc._ of hræðask]. +hræðask _wv._ 1, be frightened, fear. +hræzla _wf._ fear [hræðask]. +hrafn _sm._ raven. +hratt _see_ *hrinda*. +hrauð _see_ *hrjōða*. +hraut _see_ *hrjōta*. +hreyfa _wv._ 1, move. +hrīð _sf._ period of time. +hrīm-þurs _sm._ frost giant. +hrinda _sv._ 3, push, launch (ship). +hrista _wv._ 1, shake. +hrjōða _sv._ 7, strip, clear, disable. +hrjōta _sv._ 7, start, burst out. +hrǫkk _see_ *hrökkva*. +hrökkva _sv._ 3, start back. +hryði _see_ *hrjōta*. +hrynja _wv._ 1b. fall down. +hrȳtr _see_ *hrjōta*. +hugða _see_ *hyggja*. +hugi _wm._ thought. +hugr _sm._ mind, heart; courage, spirit. +hugsa _wv._ 3, consider, think. +hundrað _sn._ hundred. +hurð _sf._ 2, door. +hūs _sn._ room; house. +hvar _adv._ where; that. +hvārr _prn._ which of two; each of the two, both. +hvārr-tvęggja _prn._ each of the two, both. +hvārt _adv._ whether, _both in direct and indirect questions_. +hvārt-tvęggja _adv._ 'hv...ok,' both...and. +hvass _adj._ sharp. +hvat _prn. neut._ what. +hvart _adj._ brisk, bold. +hvē _adv._ how. +hverfa _sv._ 3, turn, go. +hvęr-gi _adv._ nowhere--'hv. jarðar,' nowhere on earth; in no + respect, by no means. +hvęrnig _adv._ how [= hvęrn veg.]. +hvęrr _prn._ who. +hvęrsu _adv._ how. +hvī _adv._ why. +hvirfill _sm._ crown of head. +hvītna _wv._ 2, whiten. +hvītr _adj._ white. +hyggja _wv._ 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr]. +hylli _wf._ favour [hollr]. + +I + +ī _prp._ in. +ī-huga _wv._ 3, try to remember, consider [hugr]. +illa _adv._ ill, badly. +illr _adj._ ill, bad. +inn _art._ the. +inn _adv._ in _compar._ *innar*, further in. +inna _wv._ 1, accomplish. +innan _adv._ within, inside. *fyrir innan* _prp. w. gen._ + within, in. +inni _adv._ in. +it _see_ *þū*. +it _see_ *inn*. +ī-þrōtt _sf._ feat. + +J + +jafn-breiðr _adj._ equally broad. +jafn-hǫfugr _adj._ equally heavy [hęfja]. +jafn-mikill _adj._ equally great. +jafn-skjōtt _adv._ equally quick. +jafna _wv._ 3, smooth; compare _w. dat. of thing compared._ +jafnan _adv._ always. +jarl _sm._ earl. +jārn _sn._ iron. +jārn-glōfi _sm._ iron gauntlet. +jārn-spǫng _sf._ iron plate. +jāta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ agree to. +jōk _see_ *auka*. +jǫrð _sf._ earth. +jǫtun-heimar _smpl._ home, world of the giants. +jǫtunn _sm._ giant. + +K + +kær-leikr _sm._ love, affection [kærr, 'dear']. +kaf _sn._ diving; deep water, water under the surface. +kafa _wv._ 3, dive. +kalla _wv._ 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call. +kann _see_ *kunna*. +kapp _sn._ competition. +karl _sm._ man; old man. +kasta _wv._ 3, cast, throw. +kaupa _wv._ 2, buy. +kęngr _sm._ bend. +kęnna _wv._ 1, know; perceive. +kęrling _sf._ old woman [karl]. +kęrra _wf._ chariot. +kętill _sm._ kettle. +keypta _see_ *kaupa*. +keyra _wv._ 1, drive. +kirkja _wf._ church. +kirkju-skot _sn._ wing of a church. +kjōsa _sv._ 7, choose. +klakk-laust _adv._ uninjured. +klæða _wv._ 1, clothe. +klæða-būnaðr _sm._ apparel. +klæði _snpl._ clothes. +knē _sn._ knee. +knīfr _sm._ knife. +knǫrr _sm._ merchant-ship. +knūði _see_ *knȳja*. +knūi _wm._ knuckle. +knūtr _sm._ knot. +knȳja _wv._ 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert oneself + [knūi]. +kōlf-skot _sn._ (distance of a) bolt-shot. +kollōttr _adj._ bald. +koma _sv._ 4. come; happen, turn out; _w. dat._ bring into a + certain condition. *k. fyrir*, be paid in atonement. + *komask*, make one's way (by dint of exertion). +kona _wf._ woman; wife. +konr _sm._ kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' of + some kind. +konunga-stęfna _wf._ congress of kings. +konungr _sm._ king. +konungs-dōttir _sf._ king's daughter. +konungs-skip _sn._ king's ship. +kosinn _see_ *kjōsa*. +kost-gripr _sm._ precious thing, treasure. +kostr _sm._ 2, choice--'at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; power + [kjōsa]. +kǫgur-sveinn _sm._ little boy, urchin. +kǫpp _see_ *kapp*. +kǫpur-yrði _sn._ boasting [orð]. +kǫttr _sm._ 3, cat. +köm _see_ *koma*. +krappa-rūm _sn._ back cabin. +krappr _adj._ narrow. +kraptr _sm._ strength. +krās _sf._ 2, delicacy. +kręfja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, demand. +kunna _swv._ know; feel; venture; like to. +kunnandi _wf._ knowledge, accomplishments. +kunnusta _wf._ knowledge, power. +kunnr _adj._ known. +kurr _sm._ murmur, rumour. +kvæði _sn._ poem. +kvæma _see_ *koma*. +kvān _sf._ wife. +kveða _sv._ 5, say. *kv. ā* settle, agree on. +kvęðja _wf._ salutation [kveða]. +kvęðja _wv._ 1b, greet. +kveld _sn._ evening--'ī kv.,' this evening. +kveld-sǫngr _sm._ vespers. +kvenn-vāðir _sfpl._ woman's clothes. +kviðr _sm._ 3, stomach, belly. +kvisa _wv._ 3, whisper. +kvistr _sm._ 3, branch, twig. +kvǫddu _see_ *kvęðja*. +kykr (-vir) _adj._ living. +kykvendi _sn._ living creature, animal. +kȳll _sm._ bag. +kyn _sn._ race, lineage. +kȳr _sf._ 3, cow. +kyssa _wv._ 1, kiss. + +L + +lā _see_ *liggja*. +lægri _see_ *lāgr*. +lær-lęggr _sm._ thigh-bone. +læt _see_ *lāta*. +lagða _see_ *lęggja*. +lāgr _adj._ low; short of stature [liggja]. +lags-maðr _sm._ companion. +lagu _see_ *liggja*. +lamða, lamit _see_ *lęmja*. +land _sn._ land, country. +land-skjālfti _wm._ earthquake. +langr _adj._ long, far. +lāt _snpl._ noise. +lāta _sv._ 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; behave, + act; say. +lauf _sn._ foliage. +laufs-blað _sn._ (blade of foliage), leaf. +laug _sf._ bath. +laun _snpl._ reward. +launa _wv._ 3, reward, requite _w. dat. of the thing given and + of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited._ +lauss _adj._ loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation. +laust _see_ *ljōsta*. +laut _see_ *lūta*. +lax _sm._ salmon. +leðr-hosa _wf._ leather bag. +lęggja _wv._ 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, settle + on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; _intr. w._ skip + _understood_ sail, row--*l. at*, land; attack; *l. frā*, + retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. *lęggjask*, set + out, proceed; swim [liggja]. +leið _sf._ way--'koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða]. +leið _see_ *līða*. +leiða _wv._ 1, lead, conduct [līða]. +leiðangr (-rs) _sm._ levy [leið]. +leiga _wv._ 1, borrow. +leikr _sm._ game; athletic sports, contest. +leita _wv._ 3, _w. gen. and dat._ seek; take to, have recourse + to. *leitask*, feel one's way [līta]. +lęmja _wv._ 1b, break. +lęngð _sf._ length [langr]. +lęngi _adv._ long (of time) [langr]. +lęngstr _see_ *langr*. +lēt _see_ *lāta*. +lętja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, hinder, + dissuade. +lētta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift. +leyniliga _adv._ secretly. +leysa _wv._ 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss]. +lið _sn._ troop. +līða _sv._ 6, go; pass (of time); _impers._ *līðr*, _w. dat._ + fare, get on. _impers._ 'līðr ā (nāttina),' (the night) is + drawing to a close. +līf _sn._ life--'ā līfi,' alive. +lifa _wv._ 2, live. +liggja _sv._ 5, lie. *l. til*, be fitting. +līk _sn._ body; corpse. +līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ please. +līki _sn._ form [līk]. +līking _sf._ likeness, similarity [līkr]. +līknsamr _adj._ gracious. +līkr _adj._ like. +līn _sn._ linen; linen headdress. +list _sf._ art. +līta _sv._ 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til eins.' turn to, + acknowledge greeting. *lītask* _impers. w. dat._ seem. +litask _wv._ 3, look round one [līta]. +lītill _adj._ little, small--'lītit veðr,' not very windy + weather. *lītlu* _adv._ by a little, a little. +lītil-ræði _sm._ degradation [rāð]. +litr _sm._ 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta]. +līzk _see_ *līta*. +ljā _wv._ 1, _w. gen. and dat._ lend. +ljōsta _sv._ 7, strike, _w. dat. of instr. and acc. of the thing + struck_--'l. ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, begin to + row. +lofa _wv._ 3, praise. +lōga _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ part with. +logi _wm._ flame. +lokinn _see_ *lūka*. +lopt _sn._ air--'ā l.,' up. +lūka _sv._ 7, lock, close; _impers._ 'lȳkr einu,' it is + finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open. +lukla _see_ *lykill*. +lustu _see_ *ljōsta*. +lūta _sv._ 7, bend, bow. +lygi _wf._ lie, falsehood. +lykð _sf._ ending--'at lykðum,' finally. +lykill _sm._ key [lūka]. +lypta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift [lopt]. +lypting _sf._ raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship + [lypta]. +lȳsa _wv._ 1, shine. +lȳsi-gull _sn._ bright gold. +lȳst _see_ *ljōsta*. +lysta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire. + +M + +mā _see_ *mega*. +maðr _sm._ 4, man. +mæla (mælta) _wv._ 1, speak--'m. við einu,' refuse; suggest. +mær _sf._ virgin, maid. +mætta _see_ *mega*. +magr (-ran) _adj._ thin. +māgr _sm._ kinsman, relation, connection. +makligr _adj._ fitting. +māl _sn._ narrative; _in plur._ poem; proper time, time. +mālmr _sm._ metal. +mann _see_ *maðr*. +mann-fōlk _sn._ troops, crew. +mann-hringr _sm._ ring of men. +mannliga _adv._ manlily. +margr _adj._ many, much. +mark _sn._ mark; importance. +marka _wv._ 3, infer. +marr _sm._ horse. +mart _see_ *margr*. +matask _wv._ 3, eat a meal. +matr _sm._ 2, food. +mātta _see_ *mega*. +māttr _sm._ 2, might, strength. +með _prp. w. acc. and dat._ with. +meðal _s._ middle--ā m. _w. gen._ between. +meðan _adv._ whilst. +mega _swv._ can, may. +megin --'ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; 'ǫllum m.,' on all sides + [_corruption of_ vegum]. +męgin-gjarðar _sfpl._ girdle of strength [mega]. +meiðmar _sfpl._ treasures. +meiri _see_ *mikill*. +męn _sn._ necklace, piece of jewelry. +męnn _see_ *maðr*. +mēr _see_ *ek*. +męrgr _sm._ 2, marrow. +męrki _sn._ mark; banner [mark]. +mest _see_ *mikill*. +meta _sv._ 5, measure; estimate. +mey _see_ *mær*. +mið-garðr _sm._ (middle enclosure), world. +miðgarðs-ormr _sm._ world-serpent. +miðr _adj._ middle. +mik _see_ *ek*. +mikill _adj._ big, tall, great. *mikit* _adv._ much, very. +miklu _adv._ (_instr._) much. +milli, ā milli _prp._ between, among. +minjar _sfpl._ remembrance, memorial. +minn _see_ *ek*. +minni _see_ *lītill*. +minnr _adv._ less. +mis-līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ displease, not please. +missa _wf._ loss, want. +missa _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ lose; do without. +mistil-teinn _sm._ mistletoe [teinn, 'twig']. +mitt _see_ *ek*. +mjǫðr _sm._ 3, mead. +mjǫk _adv._ very. +mōðir _sf._ 3, mother. +mōðr _sm._ anger. +mœtask _wv._ 1, meet _intr._ [mōt]. +mǫn _sf._ mane. +morginn _sm._ morning. +mǫrk _sf._ 3, forest. +mǫrum _see_ *marr*. +mōt _sn._ meeting. *ī mōti* _prp. w. dat._ against. +mǫtu-neyti _sn._ community of food--'lęggja m. sitt,' make + their provision into a common store [matr; njōta]. +mundu _see_ *munu*. +munnr _sm._ mouth. +munr _sm._ difference--'þeim mun,' to that extent. +munu _swv._ will, may (of futurity and probability). +myndi _see_ *munu*. +myrkr _sn._ darkness. +myrkr _adj._ dark. + +N + +nā _wv._ 1, reach, obtain; succeed in. +nǣr _adv. w. dat._ near; nearly. _superl._ *næst*--'þvī n.,' + thereupon. +nǣtr _see_ *nātt*. +nafn _sn._ name. +nakkvarr _prn._ some, a certain. *nakkvat* _adv._ somewhat; + perhaps. +nātt _sf._ 3, night. +nātt-bōl _sn._ night-quarters. +nātt-langt _adv._ the whole night long. +nātt-staðr _sm._ night-quarters. +nāttūra _wf._ nature, peculiarity. +nātt-verðr _sm._ 2, supper. +nauð-syn _sf._ necessity. +naut _see_ *njōta*. +neðan _adv._ below. *fyrir n.* _prp. w. dat._ below. +nęfja _adj._ long-nosed (?). +nęfna _wv._ 1, name, call. *nęfnask*, name oneself, give one's + name as [nafn]. +nema _sv._ 4, take; begin. +nema _adv._ except, unless. +nest _sn._ provisions. +nest-baggi _sm._ provision-bag. +niðr _adv._ down, downwards. +nīundi _adj._ ninth. +njōsn _sf._ spying; news. +njōsna _wv._ 3, spy; get intelligence. +njōta _sv._ 7, enjoy, profit. +norðr _adv._ northwards. +nǫkkvi _wm._ vessel, small ship. +nū _adv._ now; therefore, so. +nȳ-vaknaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) newly awoke. +nȳr _adj._ new. +nȳta _wv._ 1, profit [njōta]. + +O + +oddr _sm._ point. +ōð-fūss _adj._ madly eager. +ōðr _adj._ mad, furious. +œ̄pa _wv._ 1, shout [ōp, 'shout']. +œrit _adv._ enough; very. +of _prp. w. dat._ over; during; with respect to, about. _adv._ + too (of excess). +of _adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive._ +of-veikr _adj._ too weak. +ofan _adv._ above; down. +ofan-verðr _adj._ upper, on the top. +ōk _see_ *aka*. +ok _conj._ and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but. +okkr _see_ *þū*. +opt _adv._ often. _compar._ *optar*, oftener, again. +ōr _prp. w. dat._ out of. +orð _sn._ word--'ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise. +orðinn _see_ *verða*. +orð-sęnding _sf._ verbal message. +orð-tak _sn._ expression, word. +ormr _sm._ serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head. +orrosta _wf._ battle. +oss _see_ *ek*. +ōtta _wf._ the end of night, just before dawn. +ōttalaust _adj._ without fear. +ōx _see_ *vaxa*. +oxi _wm._ ox. +ǫðlask _wv._ 3, obtain. +ǫðru _see_ *annarr*. +ǫl _sn._ ale. +ǫldnu _see_ *aldinn*. +ǫndōttr _adj._ fierce. +ǫnd-vegi _sn._ high seat, dais. +ǫnnur _see_ *annar*. +ǫr _sf._ arrow. +ör-æfi _sn._ harbourless coast. +örendi _sn._ errand. +örendi _sn._ holding the breath, breath. +örind-reki _sm._ messenger [reka]. +öxn _see_ *oxi*. + +P + +pati _sm._ rumour. +pęnningr _sm._ penny. + +R + +rāð _sn._ advice; what is advisable--'sjā eitt at rāði,' + consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution. +rāða _sv._ 1, advise, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._; + consider, deliberate; undertake, begin _w. prp._ til _or + infin._; dispose of, have control over _w. prp._ fyrir. +rāða-gǫ̈rð _sf._ deliberation, decision. +rāðugr _adj._ sagacious. +ragna-rökr _sn._ twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna + _gen. of_ ręgin _neut. plur._ 'gods.'] +ragr _adj._ cowardly. +rāku _see_ *reka*. +rann _see_ *ręnna*. +rās _sf._ race. +rauðr _adj._ red. +rausn _sf._ magnificence, anything magnificent. +rēð _see_ *rāða*. +reið _sf._ chariot. +reið _see_ *rīða*. +reiða _wv._ 1, swing, wield, brandish. +reið-fara _adj._--'vera vel r.,' have a good passage. +reiði _sn._ trappings, harness. +reiðr _adj._ angry. +reka _sv._ 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjǫld,' take + down awning. +rękkja _wf._ bed. +ręnna _sv._ 3, run. +rētta _wv._ 1, direct; reach, stretch. *r. upp*, pull up. +rēttr _adj._ right, correct; equitable, fair. +reyna _wv._ 1, try, test. +reyr-bǫnd _supl._ the wire with which the arrow-head was bound + to the shaft. +rīða _sv._ 6, _w. dat._ ride. +riðu _see_ *rīða*. +riðlask _wv._ 3, set oneself in motion. +rīki _sn._ power; sovereignty, reign. +rīkr _adj._ powerful, distinguished. +ripti _sn._ linen cloth. +rita _wv._ 3, write. +rōa _sv._ 1, row. +rœða _wv._ 1, talk about, discuss. +röra _see_ *rōa*. +rǫst _sf._ league. + +S + +sā _prn._ that; he; such, such a one. +sā _see_ *sjā*. +sær _sm._ sea. +særa _wv._ 1, wound [sār]. +sæti _sn._ seat [sitja]. +sætt _sf._ 2, reconciliation, peace. +sættask _wv._ 1, be reconciled, agree. +saga _wf._ narrative, history, story. +sagða _see_ *sęgja*. +saka _wv. impers. w. acc._--'hann (acc.) sakaði ekki,' he was + not injured. +sakna _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ miss. +sāl _sf._ 2, soul. +sāld _sn._ gallon. +salr _sm._ 2, hall. +saman _adv._ together. +sami _weak adj._ same. +sam-laga _wf._ laying ships together for battle. +samt _adv._ together. +sannligr _adj._ probable; suitable, right. +sannr _adj._ true. +sār _sn._ wound. +sārr _adj._ wounded. +sat _see_ *sitja*. +satt _see_ *sannr*. +sē _see_ *vera*. +sē _see_ *sjā*. +sefask _wv._ 3, be pacified. +sęgja _wv._ 1b, say, relate [saga]. +segl _sn._ sail. +seilask _wv._ 1, stretch _intr._ +seinn _adj._ late, slow, tedious. *seint* _adv._ slowly. +sęlja _wv._ 1, give; sell. +sem _adv._ as; _w. subj._ as if; _to strengthen the + superl._--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible. +sęnda _wv._ 1, send. +sęndi-maðr _sm._ messenger. +sęnn _adv._ at the same time, at once; immediately, forthwith. +sēnn _see_ *sjā*. +sēr _see_ *sik*. +sēr _see_ *sjā*. +sēt _see_ *sjā*. +set-berg _sn._ seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. +sętja _wv._ 1, set, place. *s. fram*, launch (a ship). + *sętjask*, sit down. *sętjask upp*, sit up [sitja]. +sī-byrða _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lay a ship alongside another. + _neut. ptc._ *sībyrt*, close up to [borð]. +sīð _adv._ late. _comp._ sīðar, later, afterwards. _superl._ + *sīðast*, latest, last. +sīða _wf._ side. +sīðan _adv._ afterwards, then; since. +sīðari _adj. comp._ later, second (in order). +siðr _sm._ 3, custom. +sīga _sv._ 6, sink. +sigla _wf._ mast [segl]. +sigla _wv._ 1, sail. +siglu-skeið _sn._ middle of a ship. +sigr (-rs) _sm._ victory. +sigr-ōp shout of victory. +sik _prn._ oneself. +silfr _sn._ silver. +sīn _see_ *sik*. +sinn _sn._ time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, for once. + 'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, i.e. only + once. +sinn _see_ *sik*. +sitja _sv._ 5, sit. *s. fyrir*, sit in readiness. +sjā = þessi. +sjā _sv._ 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. + _impers._ 'lītt sēr þat ā, at'...it will hardly be seen + that... *sjāsk*, see one another, meet. +sjālfr _prn._ self. +sjōða _sv._ 7, boil; cook. +sjōn _sf._ sight. +sjōn-hvęrfing _sf._ ocular delusion. +skal _see_ *skulu*. +skalf _see_ *skjālfa*. +skāli _wm._ hall. +skammr _adj._ short. +skap _sn._ state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour. +skapligr _adj._ suitable, fit. +skapt _sn._ shaft, handle. +skar _see_ *skera*. +skarð _sn._ notch, gap; defect. +skaut _see_ *skjōta*. +skęgg _sn._ beard; beak (of a ship). +skeið _sn._ race-course, running-ground; race--'taka sk.,' start + in a race. +skeina _wv._ 1, graze. +skellr _sm._ knock. +skęmtun _sf._ amusement, entertainment [skammr, _literally + 'shortening (of time)'_]. +skera _sv._ 4, cut, cut up; kill (animal). +skiljask _wv._ 1, separate, part _intr._ +skillingr _sm._ shilling, coin. +skilnaðr _sm._ separation, parting. +skip _sn._ ship. +skipa _wv._ 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. 'sk. til um + eitt,' make arrangements for. *skipask*, take one's place; + change, alter _intr._ +skipa-hęrr _sm._ fleet. +skipan _sf._ arranging; ship's crew. +skips-brot _sn._ shipwreck. +skip-stjōrnar-maðr _sm._ (steerer), commander of a ship, + captain. +skjald-borg _sf._ wall of shields, testudo. +skjālfa _sv._ 3, shake _intr._ +skjōta _sv._ 7, _w. dat._ shoot, throw, push. +skjōt-fœri _sn._ swiftness. +skjōt-leikr _sm._ swiftness. +skjōt-liga _adv._ swiftly, quick. +skjōtr _adj._ swift, quick. *skjōtt* _adv._ quickly. +skjǫldr _sm._ 3, shield. +skōgr _sm._ forest, wood. +skorta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and of thing_, want, + fail. +skot _sn._ shot; missile [skjōta]. +skot-māl _sn._ shot-measure, range. +skotta _wv._ 3, dangle--sk. við drift (of ships). +skǫkull _sm._ shaft (of a cart). +skǫmm _sf._ disgrace, shame. +skǫr _sf._ hair of the head. +skreppa _wf._ bag, wallet. +skulfu _see_ *skjālfa*. +skulu _swv._ shall. +skuta _wf._ small ship, cutter. +skutill _sm._ trencher, small table. +skutil-sveinn _sm._ page, chamberlain. +skutu _see_ *skjōta*. +skykkr _sm._ shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake. +skylda _see_ *skulu*. +skyldr _adj._ obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu]. +skyn _sn._ understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand. +skynda _wv._ 1, hasten, bring in haste. +skyndiliga _adv._ hastily, quickly. +skynsamliga _adv._ intelligently, carefully. +skȳt _see_ *skjōta*. +slā _sv._ 2, strike. 'slā eldi ī,' light a fire. +slæliga _adv._ sluggishly, weakly. +slær _adj._ blunt. +slær _see_ *slā*. +slātr _sn._ meat. +sleikja _wv._ lick. +sleit _see_ *slīta*. +slēttr _adj._ level, smooth; comfortable, easy. +slīkr _adj._ such. +slīta _sv._ 6, tear--*sl. upp*, pull up; _w. dat._ break + (agreement). +smæri _see_ *smār*. +smār _adj._ small, insignificant. +smā-skip _snpl._ small ships. +smā-skūta _wf._ small cutter. +smjūga _sv._ 7, squeeze through, slip. +smugu _see_ *smjūga*. +snarpligr _adj._ vigorous. +snarpr _adj._ sharp; vigorous. +snimma _adv._ early. +snöra _see_ *snūa*. +snūa _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ turn _or_ (_trans._) direct; twist, + plait. *snūask*, turn (_intr._). +soðinn _see_ *sjōða*. +sœkja _wv._ 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat. +sœmð _sf._ honour [sōma]. +sœtti _see_ *sœkja*. +sofa _sv._ 4, sleep. +sofna _wv._ 3, go to sleep. +sǫgur _see_ *saga*. +sǫk _sf._ cause--'fyrir þā s. at'..., because. +sökkva _sv._ 3, sink. +sōl _sf._ sun. +sōl-skin _sn._ sunshine. +soltinn _adj._ hungry [_ptc. of_ 'svelta,' starve]. +sōma _wv._ 2, _w. dat._, be suitable, befitting. +sōmi _wm._ honour. +sonr _sm._ son. +sōtt _sf._ illness. +sōtta _see_ *sœkja*. +sǫx _snpl._ raised prow of a war-ship. +spala _see_ *spǫlr*. +sparask _wv._ 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy. +spęnna (spęnta) _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, gird, buckle on. +spjōt _sn._ spear. +sporðr _sm._ tail. +spori _sm._ spur. +spǫlr _sm._ rail. +sprakk _see_ *springa*. +sprętta _wv._ 1, split. +springa _sv._ 3, burst. +spurða _see_ *spyrja*. +spyrja _wv._ 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have news + of, hear of his arrival. *spyrjask*, be known. +spyrna _wv._ 1, kick. +staddr _adj._ placed, staying [_ptc. of_ 'stęðja,' place]. +staðr _sm._ place--'ī staðinn,' instead. +stafaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) striped. +staf-karl _sm._ (staff-man), beggar. +stafn _sm._ prow. +stafn-būi _wm._ prow-man. +stafn-lē _wm._ grappling-hook. +stafr _sm._ 2 (_gen. sg._ stafs), staff, stick. +stakk _see_ *stinga*. +stallari _sm._ marshall. +standa _sv._ 2, stand. *st. upp*, stand up, rise. +starfa _wv._ 3, work. +stęfna _wv._ 1, steer; take a course, go. +steig _see_ *stīga*. +steinn _sm._ stone; jewel. +stela _sv._ 4, _w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers._ steal, rob. +stęndr _see_ *standa*. +stęrkliga _adv._ vigorously. +stęrkr _adj._ strong. +steypa _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, throw; pull off. *steypask*, + throw oneself. +stīga _sv._ 6, advance, walk, go. *st. upp*, mount (horse). +stīgr _sm._ path, way. +stikill _sm._ point. +stilla (stilta) _wv._ 1, arrange. *st. til*, arrange, dispose. +stinga _sv._ 3, pierce; 'st. stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow + against a ship's side. +stirt _adv._ harshly [_neut. of_ 'stirðr,' stiff]. +stōð _see_ *standa*. +stœrri _see_ *stōr*. +stōkkva _sv._ 3, spring, rebound, start back. +stolinn _see_ *stela*. +stōrliga _adv._ bigly, arrogantly. +stōr-mannligr _adj._ magnificent, aristocratic. +stōr-męnni _sn._ great men (collective), aristocracy. +stōrr _adj._ big, great. *stōrum* _adv._ greatly. +stōr-rāðr _adj._ (great of plans), ambitious. +stōr-skip _sn._ big ship, +stōr-virki _sn._ great deed. +strā _wv._ 1, strew, cover with straw. +strauk _see_ *strjūka*. +stręngr _sm._ 2, string. +strjūka _sv._ 7, stroke. +stund _sf._ period of time, time. +stutt _adv._ shortly, abruptly [_neut. of_ 'stuttr' short]. +stȳra _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ steer. +stȳri _sn._ rudder. +stȳris-hnakki _wm._ top piece of rudder. +styrkr _sm._ strength; help. +sū _see_ *sā*. +suðr _adv._ southward. +suðr-ganga _wf._ journey south (to Rome). +sukku _see_ *sökkva*. +sumar _sn._ summer. +sumr _prn._ some. +sund _sn._ sound, channel. +svā _adv._ so, as; as soon as. 'ok svā,' also. +svaf _see_ *sofa*. +svara _wv._ 3, _w. dat. of thing_, answer. +svardagi _sm._ oath. +sveinn _sm._ boy. +sveinn-stauli _wm._ small boy. +sveit _sf._ troop. +svelga _sv._ 3, swallow, gulp. +sverð _sn._ sword. +sverðs-hǫgg _sn._ swordstroke. +svipan _sf._ jerk; moment. +svipting _sf._ pull, struggle. +sȳnask _wv._ 1, seem [sjōn]. +syni _see_ *sonr*. +systir _sf._ 3, sister. + +T + +taka _wv._ 2, _w. acc._ take, seize, take possession of; _w. + inf._ begin; _w. dat._ receive (well, ill, etc.). *takask*, + take place, begin. *t. at*, choose. *t. til*, engage in, + try. *t. upp*, take to, choose. +tala _wf._ talk, speech. +tala _wv._ 3, speak, talk about, discuss. +taliðr _see_ *tęlja*. +tālma _wv._ 3, hinder. +tār _sn._ tear. +taumar _smpl._ reins. +tękinn _see_ *taka*. +tęlja _wv._ 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, say + [tala]. +tęngðir _sfpl._ relationship, connection by marriage. +tęngja _wv._ 1, bind, fasten together. +tęngsl _snpl._ cable. +tīða _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire. +tīðindi _snpl._ tidings, news. +tīðr _adj._ usual, happening--'hvat er tītt um þik?' what is the + matter with you? *tītt* _adv._ often, quickly--'sem tīðast,' + as quickly as possible. +tiginn _adj._ of high rank. +tigr _sm._--'fjōrir tigir,' forty. +til _prp. w. gen._ to; till; for (of use)--'alt er t. vāpna + var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for (of + object, intention)--'brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to + get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var eigi + gott,' they were not well off for provisions. +til _adv._ too (of excess). +til-vīsan _sf._ direction, guidance. +tītt _see_ *tīðr*. +tīvi _wm._ god. +tjald _sn._ tent. +tjūgu-skęgg _sn._ forked beard. +tœka _see_ *taka*. +tōk _see_ *taka*. +tǫnn _sf._ 3, tooth. +trani _wm._ crane. +trē _sn._ tree. +troða _sv._ tread. +trog _sn._ trough. +tros _sn._ droppings, rubbish. +trūa _wf._ faith--'þat veit tr. mīn at...,' by my faith. +trūa _wv._ 2, _w. dat. of pers._ believe, trust, rely on. +tūn _sn._ enclosure, dwelling. +tveir _num._ two. +tȳna _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lose. +typpa _wv._ tie in a top-knot. + +Þ + +þā _see_ *sā*. +þā _see_ *þiggja*. +þā _adv._ then. +þær _see_ *sā*. +þakðr _see_ *þękja*. +þakka _wv._ 3, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._ thank; + requite, reward. +þambar-skęlfir _sm._ bowstring-shaker (?). +þann _see_ *sā*. +þannig _adv._ thither; so [= þann veg]. +þar _adv._ there; then; 'þ. af,' _etc._, thereof. 'þar sem,' + since, because. 'þar til,' until. +þarf _see_ *þurfa*. +þat _see_ *sā*. +þau _see_ *sā*. +þegar _adv._ at once. 'þ. er,' as soon as. +þęginn _see_ *þiggja*. +þęgja _wv._ 1b, be silent. +þeim _see_ *sā*. +þeir, þeirra _see_ *sā*. +þękja _wv._ 1b, roof. +þękkja _wv._ 1, notice. *þękkjask*, take pleasure in; accept. +þēr _see_ *þū*. +þess _see_ *sā*. +þess _adv. w. comp._ the, so much the. +þessi _prn._ this. +þiggja _sv._ 5, receive. +þik _see_ *þū*. +þing _sn._ meeting, parliament. +þinn _see_ *þū*. +þit _see_ *þū*. +þjōð _sf._ nation, race. +þō _adv._ though, yet. +þǫkð _see_ *þękja*. +þǫkk _sf._ thanks, gratitude [þakka]. +þola _wv._ 2, endure, put up with. +þora _wv._ 2, dare. +þǫrf _sf._ need. +þorrinn _see_ *þverra*. +þōtt _adv._ though [= þō at]. +þōtta _see_ *þykkja*. +þraut _see_ *þrjōta*. +þreifask _wv._ 3, grope, feel. +þreyta _wv._ 1, make exertions, try. +þriði _adj._ third. +þriðjungr _sm._ third. +þrīr _num._ three. +þrjōta _sv._ 7, _impers. w. acc. of pers._ come to an end, fail. +þrūðugr _adj._ mighty. +þū _prn._ thou. +þumlungr _sm._ thumb of glove. +þunn-vangi _wm._ temple (of head). +þurðr _sm._ diminution. +þurfa _swv. often impers._ require, need. +þurr _adj._ dry. +þurs _sm._ giant. +þverra _sv._ 3, diminish. +þvers _adv._ across. +þvī _see_ *sā*. +þvī _adv._ therefore; _w. compar._ the, so much the more. +þvīlikr _adj._ such. +þykkja _wv._ 1c, seen, be considered. 'þykkir einum fyrir,' + there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. + 'myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,' I should be displeased. *þykkjask*, + think. +þykkr _adj._ thick, close. +þynna _wv._ 1, make thin. *þynnask* get thin. +þyrstr _adj._ (_ptc._) thirsty. + +U + +ū-fœra _wf._ impassable place; fix, difficulty. +ū-friðr _sm._ hostility, war. +ū-grynni _sn._ countless number [grunnr, 'bottom']. +ū-happ _sn._ misfortune. +ū-hreinn _adj._ impure. +um _prp. w. acc._ around, about, over; _of time_ in, at; _of + superiority_ beyond; concerning, about. +um-rāð _sn._ advice, help. +um-sjā _sf._ care. +una _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ be contented--'u. illa,' be discontented. +undan _prp. w. dat._, _adv._ away (from). +undarliga _adv._ strangely. +undarligr _adj._ strange. +undir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ under. +undr _sn._ wonder. +ungr _adj._ young. +unninn _see_ *vinna*. +unz _adv._ until. +upp _adv._ up. +upp-ganga _wf._ boarding (ship). +upp-haf _sn._ beginning [hęfja]. +upp-himinn _sm._ high heaven. +uppi _adv._ up; at an end. +urðu _see_ *verða*. +ūt _adv._ out. _comp._ *utar*, outer, outwards, farther away. +utan _adv._ outside; outwards. +utan-fęrð _sf._ journey abroad. +utar _see_ *ūt*. +ūti _adv._ outside, out on the sea. +ūt-lausn _sf._ ransom. +ū-vinr _sm._ enemy. + +V + +vægð _sf._ forbearance. +vænn _adj._ likely, to be expected. +væri _see_ *vera*. +vætr _neut._ nothing. +vaka _wv._ 3, be awake, wake up. +vakna _wv._ 3, awake. +vald _sn._ power, control. +val-kyrja _sf._ chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjōsa]. +valr _sm._ corpses on the battle-field. +vān, _sf._ hope, expectation, probability. +vandræða-skāld _sn._ the 'awkward' poet, the poet who is + difficult to deal with. +vandræði _snpl._ difficulty. +vangi _wm._ cheek. +vanr _adj._ accustomed. +vāpn _sn._ weapon. +vāpna-burð _sm._ bearing weapons, shower of missiles. +vāpn-lauss _adj._ without weapons. +var _see_ *vera*. +vār _sn._ spring. +vār _see_ *ek*. +vara _wv._ 2, _impers. w. acc. of pers._--'mik varði,' I + expected. +varð _see_ *verða*. +varði _see_ *vęrja*. +vargr _sm._ wolf. +variðr _see_ *vęrja*. +varla _adv._ scarcely. +varnaðr _sm._ goods, merchandise. +vāru _see_ *vera*. +vatn _sn._ water. +vaxa _sv._ 2, grow; increase. +veðr _sn._ weather. +vegr _sm._ road; way, manner; direction, side; _in composition_, + region, tract, land. +veik _see_ *vikja*. +veit _see_ *vita*. +veita _wv._ 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.). +vękja _wv._ 1b, wake [vaka]. +vēl _sf._ artifice, cunning. +vęlja _wv._ 1b, choose. +vęndi _see_ *vǫndr*. +vēr _see_ *ek*. +vera _sv._ exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat lātum hafði + verit,' what had caused the noise. *v. at*, be occupied + with. +verð _sn._ worth, value; price. +verða _sv._ 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir einum,' come + in one's way, appear before one; become; come into being, be; + 'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; _w. infin._ be + obliged, must. 'nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have + come into a great perplexity, difficulty. *v. at*, happen. +verðr _adj._ worth; important. +ver-gjarn _adj._ desirous of a husband, loose. +verit _see_ *vera*. +vert _see_ *verðr*. +vęrja _wv._ 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, turn + one's back on. +vęrja _wv._ 1b, dress; lay out money, invest. +verk _sn._ work, job. +verr _sm._ man; husband. +vęrr _adv. comp._ worse. _superl._ *vęrst*, worst. +verǫld _sf._ world. +vestan _adv._ from the west. 'v. fyrir' _w. gen. or acc._, west + of. +vestr _adv._ westwards. +vetr _sm._ winter; year. +vęx _see_ *vaxa*. +vęxti _see_ *vǫxtr*. +við _prp. w. acc._ by, near; towards (of place and time); with + (of various relations). _w. dat._ towards, at (laugh at, + etc.); in exchange for, for. +vīða _adv._ widely, far and wide, on many sides. +viðar-teinungr _sm._ tree-shoot, plant. +við-bragð _sn._ push. +viðr _sm._ 3, tree. +vīðr _adj._ wide, broad. +við-skipti _snpl._ dealings. +við-taka _wf._ reception; resistance. +vīgja _wv._ 1, consecrate, hallow. +vīgr _adj._ warlike, able-bodied. +vīking _sf._ piracy, piratical expedition. +vīkingr _sm._ pirate. +vīkja _sv._ 6, turn, move, go. +vilja _swv._ will. +villi-eldr _sm._ wildfire, conflagration. +vinātta _wf._ friendship. +vināttu-māl _snpl._ assurances of friendship. +vinna _sv._ 3, do, perform; win, conquer. *vinnask til*, + suffice. +vinr _sm._ 2, friend. +virðing _sf._ honour [verðr]. +vīsa _wv._ 2, _w. dat._ show, guide. +vīss _adj._ wise; certain. +vissa _see_ *vita*. +vist _sf._ 2, board and lodging; provisions. +vit _see_ *ek*. +vita _swv._ know; be turned in a certain direction. *v. fram*, + see into futurity. +vīti _sn._ punishment, penalty. +vītis-horn _sn._ penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk as a + punishment). +vitkask _wv._ 3, come to one's senses. +vitr (-ran) _adj._ wise. +vǫllr _sm._ 3, plain, field. +vǫndr _sm._ 3, twig, rod. +vǫrn _sf._ defence, resistance. +vǫxtr _sm._ 3, growth, stature. +vreiðr = reiðr. + +Y + +yðr _see_ *þū*. +yfir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ over [ofan]. +ȳmiss _adj._ various, different. +ymr _sm._ rumbling noise. +ytri _adj. comp._ outer. _superl._ *yztr*, outside(st) [ūt]. + + + +PROPER NAMES + +Āki _sm._ +Āsa-þōrr _sm._ (divine) Thor. +Āstrīðr _sf._ +Auðun _sm._ + +Baldr (-rs) _sm._ +Barði _wm._ 'the Ram' (name of a ship). +Bil-skīrnir _sm._ +Brīsinga-męn _sn._ Freyja's necklace. +Burizleifr _sm._ + +Dāins-leif _sf._ relic of Dāinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage]. +Dana-konungr _sm._ king of the Danes. +Danir _smpl._ the Danes. +Dan-mǫrk _sf._ 3, Denmark. +Draupnir _sm._ + +Einarr _sm._ +Eindriði _wm._ +Eirīkr _sm._ +Erlingr _sm._ + +Fęn-salr _sm._ 2. +Finnr _sm._ +Finskr _adj._ Finnish. +Freyja _wf._ +Freyr _sm._ +Frigg _sf._ wife of Odin. +Fulla _wf._ Frigg's handmaid. + +Geira _wf._ +Gimsar _fpl._ +Gjallar-brū _sf._ the bridge over the river Gjǫll. +Gjǫll _sf._ 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell. +Grœn-land _sn._ Greenland. +Gullin-bursti _wm._ 'Golden-bristle.' +Gull-toppr _sm._ 'Gold-top.' + +Hā-ey _sf._ 'High-island.' +Hākon _sm._ +Hall-freðr _sm._ +Haraldr _sm._ +Hēðinn _sm._ +Heim-dallr _sm._ +Hęl _sf._ the goddess of the infernal regions. +Hęr-mōðr _sm._ +Hildr _sf._ ['hildr,' war]. +Hjaðninga-vīg _sn._ battle of the Hjaðnings. +Hjarrandi _wm._ +Hlōriði _wm._ the Thunderer, Thor. +Hǫgni _wm._ +Hring-horni _wm._ 'Ring-prowed.' +Hyrningr _sm._ +Hyrrokin _sf._ +Hǫðr _sm._ + +Īs-land _sn._ Iceland. +Īsland-fęrð _sf._ journey to Iceland. +Īslęnzkr _adj._ Icelandic. + +Jōms-borg _sf._ +Jōms-vīkingar _smpl._ the pirates of Jōmsborg. + +Kol-bjǫrn _sm._ + +Laufey _sf._ +Litr _sm._ +Loki _wm._ + +Mōð-guðr _sf._ +Mœri _wf._ + +Nanna _wf._ +Nepr _sm._ +Njarðar _see_ *Njǫrðr*. +Njǫrðr _sm._ +Nōa-tūn _snpl._ +Noregr _sm._ Norway [= norð-vegr]. + +Ǫku-þōrr _sm._ Thor (the driver) [aka]. +Ōlāfr _sm._ +Ōðinn _sm._ Odin. +Orkn-eyjar _sfpl._ Orkneys. + +Rōma-borg _sf._ Rome. +Rūm-fęrli _wm._ pilgrim to Rome [fara]. +Rǫskva _wf._ + +Sax-land _sn._ Saxony, Germany. +Sif _sf._ +Sigrīðr _sf._ +Sig-valdi _wm._ +Skjālgr _sm._ +Skrȳmir _sm._ +Sleipnir _sm._ +Slīðrug-tanni _wm._ [tǫnn]. +Sœnskr _adj._ Swedish. +Sveinn _sm._ +Svīa-konungr _sm._ king of Sweden. +Svīar _smpl._ Swedes. +Svīa-vęldi _sn._ Sweden [vald]. +Svī-þjōð _sf._ Sweden. +Svǫlðr (-rar) _sf._ island of Svolder, near Rügen. + +Tann-gnjōstr _sm._ [tǫnn]. +Tann-grisnir _sm._ [tǫnn]. +Tryggvi _wm._ 'Trusty.' + +Þjālfi _wm._ +Þōrir _sm._ +Þor-kęll _sm._ +Þōrr _sm._ Thor. +Þor-steinn _sm._ +Þrūð-vangar _smpl._ 'plains of strength.' +Þrymyr _sm._ +Þǫkk _sf._ + +Ūlfr _sm._ +Ūtgarða-loki _wm._ +Ūt-garðr _sm._ *Ūt-garðar* _pl._ 'outer enclosure,' world of + the giants. + +Vanir _smpl._ race of Gods. +Vār _sf._ goddess of betrothal and marriage. +Vest-firzkr _adj._ of the west firths (in Iceland). +Vīk _sf._ 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. +Vinda-snękkja _wf._ Wendish ship. +Vind-land _sn._ Wendland. +Vindr _smpl._ the Wends. +Ving-þōrr _sm._ name of Thor. + +THE END. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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