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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d830711 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54088 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54088) diff --git a/old/54088-0.txt b/old/54088-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b1aee71..0000000 --- a/old/54088-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5507 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay in His -Majesty's Ship Rosamond, by Edward Chappell - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay in His Majesty's Ship Rosamond - Containing Some Account of the North-eastern Coast of America and of the Tribes Inhabiting That Remote Region - - -Author: Edward Chappell - - - -Release Date: February 2, 2017 [eBook #54088] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO HUDSON'S -BAY IN HIS MAJESTY'S SHIP ROSAMOND*** - - -E-text prepared by Andrew Sly, Stephen Hutcheson, and the online -Distributed Proofreaders Canada team (http://www.pgdpcanada.net) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 54088-h.htm or 54088-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54088/54088-h/54088-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54088/54088-h.zip) - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - A carat character is used to denote superscription. One - or more characters following the carat is/are superscripted - (examples: M^R, 13^th, M^cKenzie). - - - - - - [Illustration: MAP - of the - GREAT NELSON RIVER, - _from the_ - Great Lake Winnepeg to the Gull Lake. - _Shewing the different_ - Portages, Falls, and Rapids; - _BY M^R. WILLIAM HILLIER_ - _Master in the Royal Navy_ -_N.B. The figures denote the number of feet in each fall of the River._] - High-Resolution Map - - - NARRATIVE - OF A - VOYAGE - TO - HUDSON’S BAY - IN - HIS MAJESTY’S SHIP ROSAMOND - CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNT OF - THE NORTH-EASTERN COAST OF AMERICA - AND - OF THE TRIBES - INHABITING - THAT REMOTE REGION. - - - BY - LIEUT. EDWARD CHAPPELL, R. N. - - - Ὑµεῖς δ’, ὦ Μοῦσαι, σχολιὰς ἐνέποιτε χελεύθους. - DIONYSII PERIEGESIS. v. 63. _Ozon._ 1697. - - - - - - - LONDON: - PRINTED FOR J. MAWMAN, LUDGATE STREET: - By H. Watts, Crown Court, Temple Bar. - 1817. - - Originally printed in 1817 - for J. Mawman, - Ludgate Street, London, England - - - TO THE - LORD VISCOUNT PALMERSTONE - BARON TEMPLE - _SECRETARY OF WAR_ - MEMBER FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE - &c. &c. &c. - - THE FOLLOWING - NARRATIVE - WITH HIS LORDSHIP’S PERMISSION - IS DEDICATED - AS A MEMORIAL OF GRATITUDE - AND A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT - BY HIS LORDSHIP’S - OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT - EDWARD CHAPPELL. - - - - - ADVERTISEMENT. - - -Towards the close of the year 1814, a young naval officer, Lieutenant -_Chappell_, of his Majesty’s ship _Rosamond_, who had recently returned, -for the second time, from an expedition to the _North-eastern_ coast of -_America_, brought to _Cambridge_ a collection of the dresses, weapons, -&c. of the _Indians_ inhabiting _Hudson’s Bay_[1]; requesting that I -would present these curiosities to the Public Library of the University. -This Collection so much resembled another which the _Russian_ Commodore -_Billings_ brought to Petersburg from the _North-western_ shores of the -same continent, and part of which Professor _Pallas_ had given to me in -the _Crimea_, that, being desirous to learn whether the same customs and -language might not be observed over the whole of _North America_, -between the parallels 50° and 70° of north latitude, I proposed to -Lieutenant _Chappell_ a series of questions concerning the natives of -the _North-eastern_ coast; desiring to have an answer to each of them, -in writing, founded upon his own personal observations. In consequence -of this application, I was entrusted with a perusal of the following -_Journal_. It was written by himself, during his last expedition: and -having since prevailed upon him to make it public, it is a duty -incumbent upon me to vouch for its authenticity, and to make known some -particulars respecting its author, which may perhaps give an additional -interest to his Narrative. The Letters, indeed, which have accompanied -his communications with regard to his late voyage, are strongly tinged -with the “_infandum jubes renovare dolorem_;” because, to the ardent -spirit of a _British_ seaman, no service can be more depressing than -that which, during war, banishes him from the career of glory, to a -station where no proof of skill or of intrepidity, no enterprise of -fatigue or of danger, is ever attended with honour or reward[2]. -Lieutenant _Chappell_ was twice ordered upon this station; after -exploits in the navy, which, at a very early period of his life, -obtained for him the rank he now holds. - -In 1805, he assisted in cutting out the _Spanish_ privateer-schooner, -_Isabella La Demos_, from under the batteries of a small bay in _South -America_[3]. In 1806, after witnessing the battle of _St. Domingo_, he -was with the boats which burned the _Imperiale_ of 120 guns, and the -_Diomede_ of eighty guns. In the latter end of the same year, his ship, -the _King’s Fisher_, having towed _Lord Cochrane_’s frigate from under -the batteries of _L’Isle d’Aix_, near _Rochfort_, assisted in the -capture of _Le President_ of forty-four guns. In 1808, he was at the -capture of the _Danish_ islands, _St. Thomas_ and _St. Croix_, in the -_West Indies_. In 1808, or 1809, he was in the _Intrepid_ of sixty-four -guns, when she engaged two _French_ frigates, and was very severely -handled. Afterwards, he was at the capture of the _Saints_, and of the -Island of _Martinico_, when he was employed on the shore, in fighting -the _breaching_ batteries. In 1810, he commanded a gun-boat during the -siege of _Cadiz_. The conduct of the gun-boats upon this occasion -requires no comment: it was then that he received a severe wound in the -thigh, and was made Lieutenant. In 1812, he assisted in landing the -Expedition, under General _Maitland_, in _Murcia_. In 1813, he was -employed in protecting the fisheries upon the coast of _Labrador_. In -1814, he made the voyage to _Hudson’s Bay_, whereof the following pages -contain his unaltered Narrative. In 1815, being First Lieutenant of his -Majesty’s ship _Leven_, he was employed in assisting the Chiefs of _La -Vendee_, and in reinstating the Prince _Tremouille_ in the -Captain-generalship of the Department _de Cotes d’Or_. - -Such have been the services of this meritorious officer, now only -twenty-five years of age; but, owing to the termination of the war, -dismissed, with many other of his gallant comrades, from the active -duties in which they were engaged. These circumstances, as it must be -obvious, are by no means querulously introduced: nor is the following -Narrative made public with the slightest intention of reproaching the -_Admiralty_ with the hard lot to which one of its naval heroes was -exposed, in being twice employed in such a service:—it is a lot that -must fall somewhere; and the present Publication will shew, that the -person upon whom it devolved is able to give a satisfactory account of -the manner in which this part of his duty was performed. - - EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE. - - University Library, Cambridge, - _April 7, 1817_. - - - - - LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. - - - Map of the _Great Nelson River_, from the _Great Lake Winnepeg_ to - the _Gull Lake_; shewing the different Portages, Falls, - and Rapids: by Mr. _William Hillier_, Master in the Royal - Navy facing Title-page. - View of the _Rosamond_ passing to windward of an _Iceberg_ P. 1 - _Cape Saddle Back_, north 7 or 8 miles: with two remarkable - _Icebergs_ off the low point 55 - Male _Esquimaux_, in his Canoe ib. - An _Esquimaux_ Hut 75 - Sledge drawn by Dogs, used by _European_ Traders at _Hudson’s - Bay_, and on the Southern Coast of _Labrador_ 106 - Bark Canoe of the _Cree Indians_ in _Hudson’s Bay_ ib. - Appearance of the Entrance of _Prince of Wales’s Sound_, bearing - S. W. ½ W. about nine leagues;—taken August 17, 1814 133 - The _Rosamond_ grappled among close Ice ib. - Interior of a Wigwam of the _Cree Indians_ 211 - - [Illustration: VIEW _of the_ ROSAMOND, _passing to windward of an_ - ICEBERG.] - - - - - NARRATIVE, - &c. &c. - - -On the 14th day of _May_, 1814, Captain _Campbell_ received orders to -repair, without delay, to _Hoseley Bay_, on the coast of _Suffolk_; and -there to wait for his final directions from the Admiralty. - -The _Rosamond_, at this time, had been lying about a fortnight at -_Spithead_, perfectly ready for sea; and it was conjectured that -_America_ would have been the place of her destination: of course, many -among us were big with the hopes of fame, and many with the expectation -of fortune. When the above-mentioned orders arrived, however, all chance -of our proceeding to the seat of war appeared at an end: yet we consoled -ourselves with the reflection, that we should doubtless be employed on -the coast of _Norway_; as the whole of that kingdom had been declared in -a state of blockade, in consequence of the _Norwegians_ refusing to -accede to the Treaty of _Keil_, by which their country was to be annexed -for ever to the dominion of _Sweden_. Accordingly, we sailed from -_Spithead_. - -May _15th_.—We had light winds all this day. As we passed out of -_Spithead_, through _St. Helen’s_, we observed His Majesty’s ship -_Adamant_, and an _East-India_ ship, going in. About nine in the -evening: we passed close to the _Owers Light_. - -May _16th_.—In the forenoon, fine calm weather, we came to an anchor in -sight of _Brighton_, to wait the change of tide: saw His Majesty’s ship -_Hope_ at anchor in the _Roads_. In the afternoon, got under weigh: -observed His Majesty’s brig _Tigress_ standing down _Channel_. Towards -nightfall, we weathered the promontory of _Beachy Head_, and passed in -view of _Hastings_, where the famous battle was fought between _King -Harold_ and _William the Conqueror_. - -May _17th_.—At two in the morning, anchored in sight of _Dungeness_ -Light-house. At seven A.M. weighed, with a foul wind, and beat towards -the _South Foreland_. Came in sight of the coast of _France_: observed a -large pillar, or monument, on the hills above _Boulogne_, said to have -been erected by _Buonaparte_. In the afternoon, anchored off the town of -_Folkestone_. Towards evening, weighed again; and, after night-fall, -anchored in _Dover Roads_. - -May _18th_.—In the morning we had a fine view of _Dover Castle_, the -majestic _South Foreland_, &c. Got under weigh, and stood across the -_Channel_;—observed many vessels passing between _France_ and _England_. -Saw the spires of _Calais_. Beat up at the back of the _Goodwin -Sands_;—observed a three-decked ship in the _Downs_, hoisting the flag -of his Royal Highness the _Duke of Clarence_, under a general salute of -cannon from all the shipping. Towards evening, anchored in sight of -_Margate_; but after night-fall, got under weigh again. - -May _19th_.—In the morning, anchored again, near a shoal called the -_Galloper_. In the forenoon, weighed. Towards evening, passed -_Orford-Ness_ Light-houses, and anchored in _Hoseley Bay_. An officer -was immediately sent on shore, to bring on board the final orders. The -boat was nearly overturned in landing, in consequence of the heavy surf -on all parts of this coast: however, the officer returned about -midnight, and delivered the orders to the Captain. Nothing could exceed -the consternation and astonishment of every person on board, to find we -were directed to proceed, almost immediately, for _Hudson’s Bay_!—Had we -been ordered to the _North Pole_, there could not have been more long -faces among us. Down fell, at once, all the _aërial castles_ which we -had been so long building; and nothing remained, but the dismal prospect -of a tedious voyage, amidst icy seas, and shores covered with eternal -snows. - -May _20th_.—A boat was this day despatched to _Harwich_, from which -place we were about ten miles distant, to get on board what few naval -stores were wanted to complete us for the voyage. _Harwich_ is a small -town, with narrow streets, not paved: there are some pleasant walks in -the environs. The harbour is a good one, with sufficient depth of water -for a frigate. The place is well fortified towards the sea, and has a -small naval arsenal. A guard-ship is generally stationed at this port, -during war. - -May _21st_.—In the morning, His Majesty’s ship _Unicorn_ passed us, -under an immense press of sail, with a Royal standard flying at her -mast-head, which we saluted with twenty-one guns. - -May _22d_.—Towards the evening of this day, our Captain received orders -to proceed to the _Nore_, in order to procure pilots to conduct the ship -safe to the _Orkneys_. We had also another motive in visiting the _Nore_ -at this time, which I may, perhaps, be excused relating, although it -have no immediate connexion with the voyage that we were about to -undertake. Previous to our sailing from _Spithead_, a shipwright -belonging to the dock-yard had been accidentally killed, by our having -fired a signal-gun without taking out the shot. Unfortunately, the poor -man’s wife, at the moment of his death, was pregnant of her tenth child. -A subscription was instantly opened for her, on board our ship, and £.60 -was the next day paid into her hands. I have since been informed, that -the different ships at _Spithead_ followed our example, as did also the -workmen of the Dock-yard; and a handsome sum was collected in the whole. -No blame could be attributed to any person; but, to prevent the -possibility of such an imputation, it was thought necessary that the -gunner should be tried by a court-martial; and it was to assemble this -court, that we were now ordered to proceed to the _Nore_[4]. - -May _23d_.—In the morning, we weighed, with a strong breeze in our -favour; and at noon anchored at the _Great Nore_;—observed a _Russian_ -Vice-admiral, with a squadron belonging to that nation, at anchor there -also. We remained at this place, waiting the arrival of the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ traders, until the 30th; when the two ships arrived; -accompanied by a brig belonging to the _Moravian Missionary Society_, -bound for the coast of _Labrador_, whither she was to proceed under our -protection, or at least as far as our courses lay together. It is a rule -with the _Hudson’s-Bay Company_, to make their ships always _break -ground_ on the 29th of _May_; although, sometimes, they do not leave the -river _Thames_ before _June_. The same day on which the _Hudson’s-Bay_ -ships arrived at the _Nore_, we were joined by a new Captain -(_Stopford_); our former one (_Campbell_) not wishing, for many reasons, -to go the voyage. His loss was most sincerely regretted by all of us: -however, our new Commander proved himself, during the whole time we -sailed together, to be one of the most exemplary captains in His -Majesty’s navy. We continued getting our stores on board until— - -June _4th_.—Early this day, we weighed anchor. Being the birth-day of -our venerable King, all the _English_ and _Russian_ ships of war were -dressed with flags, and made a very gay appearance. - -June _5th_.—We anchored twice this day, to wait the change of tide: at -first, off the _Gunfleet Sand_; and towards evening we brought up, off -_Harwich_. - -June _6th_.—In the morning, weighed, and beat up into _Hoseley -Bay_;—found lying there His Majesty’s ship _Bristol_. Towards evening, -sent the purser on shore, to procure fresh beef. - -June _7th_.—The boat returned in the morning, with the purser in sad -distress; eight men having deserted from the boat, from an antipathy to -the voyage. - -June _8th_.—A party of soldiers, and an officer, were sent to look for -the deserters; but in the evening they returned, unsuccessful. - -June _9th_.—In the afternoon, weighed with our convoy, and beat towards -_Yarmouth_. In the evening, anchored off _Aldborough_. - -June _10th_.—In the morning, we again weighed. At noon, anchored at -_Yarmouth_; and sent a boat on shore, to procure beef and vegetables for -the ship’s company; as this was the last place we touched at, in -_England_. _Yarmouth_ is a large straggling place; consisting of one or -two good streets, and many narrow lanes; with open spaces here and -there, like squares. The church has a most beautiful spire. The town -does not contain any magnificent buildings: here is, however, a very -fine market-place; and an agreeable promenade, under the shade of two -rows of trees, running along the quay on the banks of the river -_Wensum_, on the N. W. side of the town. All the soil around the town is -barren; which accounts for the waste of room in the buildings, as land -is of little or no value. I know not any place in _Great Britain_ which -has finer bathing conveniences. In the evening, we again weighed; and at -night-fall passed by _Haseborough_ and _Cromer_ Light-houses. - - -June _11th_.—In the morning, we saw the _Spurn_ Light-house; and towards -noon, we passed by _Flamborough Head_, in _Yorkshire_. Towards evening, -we had a fine view of _Scarborough_. - -June _12th_.—A beautiful day, running with a fair wind and smooth sea. -In the evening, saw the blue tops of the _Cheviot Hills_. - -June _13th_.—A fine fair breeze. Towards noon, passed the _Buchan Ness_, -and had a good view of _Peterhead_. Towards evening the wind increased -to a gale;—hove-to, until morning. - -June _14th_.—In the morning, passed the _Pentland Frith_, in which the -tide is like a whirlpool; and, after having run by _Long-Hope_ Harbour, -we anchored at _Stromness_, in the Island of _Pomona_, the principal of -the _Orkneys_; immediately opposite to which is the _Isle of Hoy_, -having on it a remarkable high mountain, in shape very like the Rock of -_Gibraltar_. Immediately on our arrival, the two _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships -fired seven guns each, to give notice to the inhabitants of their -arrival. The visits of the _North-west men_, as the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships -are denominated, creates a sort of annual mart, or fair, in the -_Orkneys_; as it is from hence that they derive all the necessary -supplies of poultry, beef, vegetables, and even men, to fit them for so -long a voyage:—consequently, the _Orkney_ people listen with anxiety for -this salute of cannon, which announces the arrival of the N. W. ships; -as almost every person in the island is, in some way or other, -interested in their coming. - -June _15th_.—We were employed in watering the ship; and found it -difficult to procure a sufficient quantity, owing to a great drought -which had lately prevailed. - -The town of Stromness is an irregular assemblage of dirty huts, with -here and there a decent house. There is scarcely any thing deserving the -name of a street in the place, although it is said to contain a -population of two thousand souls. A few years ago it did not contain -above one third of that number. The harbour is small, but very secure: -it is defended from the sea by an island called _The Holmes_; and there -is a good summer roadstead outside the island, called the _Back of the -Holmes_. Firewood cannot be procured in the _Orkneys_, where there are -no trees; but _Newcastle_ coal is always remarkably cheap. About six -miles from _Stromness_ is a large lake, called _Stonehouse Loch_, in -consequence of some high flat stones which stand by the side of it, -something similar in appearance to _Stonehenge_, on _Salisbury Plain_: -they bear no inscription, and seem to have been set on their ends in the -same state as when taken from the quarry[5]:—the view given of them in -_Barrie’s_ Description of the _Orkney Islands_ is perfectly correct. The -quantities of grouse, partridge, plover, snipe, &c. in the _Orkneys_, is -astonishing: neither foxes nor hares are to be found; but rabbits are -very numerous. There are some spots of good land in the valleys; but in -such a bad state of cultivation, from idleness and want of manure, that -at least five weeds are produced to one blade of corn. Wheat is not -grown in any of the islands; the produce consisting, principally, in -barley and oats. But the chief export of the _Orkneys_ is kelp, ashes -obtained by the burning of sea-weed[6], with which all the shores -abound: this proves a most valuable acquisition to those gentlemen whose -estates border on the sea; as it sells, on an average, at £.11 a ton; -and is collected, at low water, without much difficulty. The kelp -estates produce triennial harvests; and when this commodity is gathered, -it is sent either to _Newcastle_, to _Dumbarton_, or to _Leith_; great -quantities being required for the use of the glass-houses established in -those towns. The number of tame geese reared in these islands is really -surprising: they wander about the barren hills in flocks, like sheep; -and the owners give themselves little or no trouble about them, until -they are wanted for sale, or for their own consumption. - -June _16th_.—I accompanied some of the officers on a shooting party. -This circumstance is merely mentioned to introduce a description of the -farm-houses; as we visited many of them during our excursion. The -delineation of _one_ will answer for _all_: and surely there never was a -scene better fitted for the pencil of a _Morland_! In one corner stood a -calf; in another, a sheep and its lambkin; in the next, walled in with -loose stones, a piece of sail-cloth served as a bed for the family; and -the fourth corner, as also the sides and roof of the building, were -garnished with decayed farming implements. The centre of the habitation -was occupied by a turf fire, before which some oaten cakes were -roasting; and, in the middle of the roof, a large square hole was cut, -to allow the smoke to escape. By the side of the fire, in a large and -remarkably high rush chair, sat an old woman, with a spinning-wheel -before her, endeavouring to still the cries of a very dirty infant that -lay in her lap. There was also another apartment to the hut, for the -accommodation of the cows, of which they had a considerable number. The -two rooms were not even divided by a door from each other, and the bare -earth was the only flooring of either. - -During this day we were still employed in getting water on board, -although it is rather difficult to be procured. - -June _17th_.—Our carpenters were busily employed in affixing ring-bolts -to the rudder; from which strong iron chains were brought in at the -quarter ports of the ship, in order to secure the rudder against the -shocks of the drift ice; as we were well aware that we should have to -force our way through large quantities of it, in passing _Hudson’s -Straits_: and we afterwards found this to have been a most necessary -precaution. We likewise borrowed from the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships the -necessary store of ice-anchors, ice-axes, and ice-poles; neither of -those articles having been supplied by the Admiralty, probably from not -knowing that they would be requisite. - -June _18th_.—During the whole of the time that we remained at _Orkney_ -after this day, we were busily employed in getting all kinds of -necessaries on board. - -June _29th_.—We sailed from _Orkney_, at 8 A.M. with the two -_Hudson’s-Bay_ ships, and the _Moravian_ Missionary brig, in company. -Towards evening it blew a fresh breeze, and the wind veered round -against us. At sunset we had a distant view of the _Caithness Hills_ and -the _Isle of Shetland_. - -June _30th_.—There being a very heavy sea, with rain at times, during -this day, we did not perceive any alteration in the climate. The wind -still proving foul, we continued to stand to the northward. In the -evening, after some very violent squalls and heavy showers of rain, the -wind suddenly veered to the N. W. and reduced us to close-reefed -topsails, blowing very hard. During the night we stood to the S. W. - -July _1st_.—In the early part of the day the gale abated by degrees, and -towards evening we had fine sunny weather. Wind still in the N. W. -quarter; consequently we have made way to the S. W. since yesterday, -about 67 miles. Latitude at noon this day, 59°. 10′. N. - -July _2d_.—In the morning, we saw the _Lewis Islands_; and the wind -chopping round to S. W. we tacked, and stood off shore to the N. W. At -noon, as the wind continued to blow steady in the S. S. W., we steered -W. N. W. Many Solan geese flying about: these are nearly the size of a -tame goose, but the neck much shorter, and the wings longer, tipped with -black; all the rest of their plumage being perfectly white. At -night-fall, the weather misty, but not cold. - -On taking our last departure from the land this morning, it is necessary -to observe, that, in my narrative of the voyage, I shall merely state, -on each day, the course and distance run by the ship in the preceding -day, without making a dull account of latitude, longitude, bearings and -distances, allowances for lee-way, currents, &c. &c.; as all this -farrago of nautical calculation, however necessary it may be to -mariners, cannot fail to tire out the patience of a general reader; and -the object of this publication, is not so much to point out the track of -the _Rosamond_, in her voyage to _Hudson’s Bay_, as to describe the -manners and customs of the different tribes inhabiting the shores of -that immense gulf. - -July _3d_.—Course run, W. by N. 66 miles. Thick, foggy weather. During -the morning we frequently lost sight of our convoy, but saw them again -on its clearing up. Light winds from the S. W. Ship standing to the -north. Observed great quantities of a peculiar kind of sea-weed, in the -shape of stars. Numberless sea-birds round the ship, particularly Solan -geese. - -July _4th_.—Course run, W. by S. ½ S. 79 miles. In the middle of the -night we had a fair wind, which held during the day, accompanied by a -thick fog; ship going generally about five miles an hour. Perhaps it is -deserving notice, that, since our departure from _Orkney_, we never had -a night so dark as not to be able to read and write. - -July _5th_.—Course run, W. by N. ¼ N. 101 miles. During the night, lost -our fair wind, and got a westerly breeze, with sunny weather. Towards -noon, the wind again veered to the S. W. This day we obtained an -observation of the sun, for the first time since our leaving _Orkney_, -and found ourselves in latitude 59°. 8′. N. We saw neither Solan geese -nor sea-weed. - -July _6th_.—Course run, W. by S. ½ S. 90 miles. A fair wind all day, -variable from N. E. to S. E., ship steering W. N. W. at about four miles -an hour. Noticed the air to be getting much colder, probably occasioned -by the wind shifting to the N. E. The sea-birds and weed appeared now to -have taken their final leave of us; which certainly agrees with the -great Cook’s opinion, that when met with in vast numbers, they are a -certain indication of the proximity of land. In the evening, we saw a -large _finner_ or two. Ship going about seven miles an hour. - -July _7th_.—Course run, W. ¾ S. 121 miles. In the middle of the night, -we lost our fair wind. Early in the morning, saw a strange vessel to -windward, and made all sail after her: continued in pursuit the whole -day, with light winds, varying from North to East. Every person on board -was highly elated with the thoughts of a prize. All notion of the -strange vessel’s being a friend was scouted; and it was carried _nem. -con._ that she could be no other than a rich _American_ from -_Archangel_, homeward bound. - -July _8th_.—Course, W. by N. ¼ N. 79 miles. At one A.M. spoke the vessel -that we were in pursuit of. She was a light brig from _Copenhagen_, -bound to _Davis’ Straits_, where the _Danes_ have some settlements. -Early in the morning we rejoined our convoy, and shortly afterwards -perceived another brig to windward: we immediately made all sail in -pursuit of her, but soon relinquished the chase, as we were apprehensive -it might lead us too far from our convoy. Wind about N. by W. Ship -standing to the westward. No birds to be seen, excepting one or two -solitary sea-gulls, which are to be met with at any distance from the -land. - -July _9th_.—Course run, S. W. ¾ W. 107 miles. A gloomy day. Wind blowing -fresh from the North. Towards evening, the wind abated; and it fell -calm, which continued through the night. - -July _10th_.—Course run, S. W. by W. ¾ W. 36 miles. At 2 A.M. the ship -was so surrounded by myriads of porpoises, that it appeared as if they -had some intention of taking us by _storm_. It is an opinion of the -sailors, that those fish generally precede a smart gale, and make -towards the point whence the wind will arise. These swarms were -proceeding in a North-east direction. During the fore-part of the day we -had light variable winds from the southward; and at noon were taken -aback, with a stiff gale from the N. N. W.: it continued to blow hard in -squalls. - -July _11th_.—Course run, S. W. 32 miles. During this day, the wind blew -a pleasant breeze from the N. W. At 10 A.M. we put about ship, and stood -to the North. It is worthy of remark, that the sky had been so -continually overcast, since we quitted the _Orkneys_, that we had been -only able to procure the meridian altitude of the sun twice. Thus we had -been twelve days already on our voyage, with only two good observations. -It ought also to be mentioned, that we found ourselves much retarded by -the bad sailing of the _North-west_ ships; but the _Moravian_ brig -sailed very well. - -July _12th_.—Course run, N. W. by W. 62 miles. It blew strong all night; -but we had a fine day; and towards noon, the wind shifted round, and -blew fair at South. We got a peep at the sun this day, and found we were -in latitude 57°. 15′. N. - -July _13th_.—Course run, W. ½ N. 76 miles. In the morning, the wind -changed to N. by E. and blew a moderate breeze. After night-fall we had -a faint appearance of the _Aurora Borealis_, in the shape of a -_rainbow_, which rendered it peculiarly interesting. - -July _14th_.—Course run, S. W. by S. 71 miles. At 9 A.M. we tacked -about; and the wind coming fair, we steered N. W. by N. Our ship this -forenoon was completely surrounded by innumerable flights of sea-gulls. -I should imagine that they had been attracted hither by some unusual -assemblage of fish, as they were all busily employed in attacks on the -finny tribe. - -July _15th_.—Course run, W. by N. 106 miles. This morning we were going -five miles an hour, with a fair breeze and thick weather. It is to be -observed, that, with a wind from the South-east or East, we have always -had a fog; and I have also noticed this to be the case as far to the -southward as the Banks of _Newfoundland_; although I am utterly -incapable to account for it satisfactorily. - -Since our departure from _Stromness_, the variation of the compass had -been gradually increasing. We this day allowed for a difference of four -points westerly, between the magnetic and the true needle; whereas at -_Orkney_ there is only a difference of two points and a half, or 28 -degrees. Thus it continued increasing until we arrived within about 300 -miles of the settlements in _Hudson’s Bay_; when it decreases much more -suddenly; falling away, in that short distance, to half a point, or five -degrees, West—this being the ascertained variation at _York Factory_. I -should think that no subject could exhibit to an inquisitive mind a more -astonishing matter of inquiry, than the singular phenomenon which I have -just noticed. Can any thing be more surprising, than that the variation -should increase but eighteen degrees, in a run of upwards of 2000 miles -to the westward; and that it should then begin to turn; and, in the -short run of 300 miles on the same course, that it should suddenly -decrease 41 degrees? An officer belonging to one of the _Hudson’s-Bay_ -ships attempted to account for this astonishing attraction of the -needle, by supposing the contiguity of metallic mountains; but he could -state no facts in support of his hypothesis: and, although the interior -of the N. W. part of _America_ has doubtless been explored, and is even -actually colonized, owing to the enterprising spirit of a _Selkirk_, yet -I cannot learn that any metallic mountains have been discovered, with a -sufficient profusion of ore to cause such an aberration in the compass, -and at so great a distance[7]. - -Our latitude this day was 56°. 35′. N.; longitude 38°. W. Towards noon, -our fair breeze died away, and we had light winds from the westward: in -the evening, we exercised the men with the great guns, in firing at a -cask in the water. - -July _16th_.—Course run, N. W. ¼ N. 35 miles. Light winds and vexatious -calms all this day. We now considered ourselves to be distant from the -entrance of _Hudson’s Straits_ about 840 miles. I know not what reason -could have induced the first discoverers of the northern regions to give -such intimidating names to all the most conspicuous capes, promontories, -bays, creeks, &c.; unless they were originally bestowed with a view of -preventing others from visiting those countries; and at the same time to -enhance the public opinion of their own courage:—for instance, we -passed, in our voyage to _Hudson’s Bay_, _Capes Resolution_, _Comfort_, -_Farewell_, _Discord_, and _Desolation_; also, _Icy_ and _Bear Coves_, -and the _Islands of God’s Mercies_. - -The ship was now continually surrounded by a species of sea-gull, which, -on the water, looked very much like wild-ducks. Those birds appear to be -spread in great multitudes quite across the mouth of _Davis’ Straits_, -from _Cape Farewell_ in _Greenland_ to the coast of _Labrador_. - -July _17th_.—Course run, W. by N. ¼ N. 20 miles. The light variable -winds still continued through this day. - -Towards evening we were highly entertained with a combat between a whale -and two or three of that species of fish called _Finners_. The fury with -which they engage is surprising. The whale, slowly lifting up his -enormous tail, lets it suddenly fall on his opponents with a most -tremendous crash; thereby throwing up foam to an amazing height. -Although the Finners have incomparably the advantage in agility, yet in -size and strength they fall but little short of the smaller whales. The -Finners derive their name from an immense fin, which they use with great -effect in their attacks on the whale. Sometimes they lift up this -enormous fin, and let it fall upon their antagonist, in the manner of a -thresher’s flail; at other times, they run their whole body -perpendicularly out of the water, exhibiting a beautiful view of their -snow-white bellies. In this position they have the singular power of -turning round; and thus they contrive to fall sideways on the whale, -with a shock that may be heard at a considerable distance. - -The sea was this day covered with an oily appearance; and some old -_Greenland_ fishermen, who were on board the ship, gave a marvellous -account of its being occasioned by the sperm of the whale. - -July _18th_.—Course run W. ¾ N. 65 miles. Early in the morning we had a -fine breeze from the N. E. Latitude at noon, by an observation of the -sun, 57°. 24′. N.; longitude, by our account, 41°. 17′. W. According to -some charts, we considered ourselves this day to be in the longitude of -_Cape Farewell_ in _Greenland_. Nothing can exceed the uncertainty that -prevails, in almost every chart and book of navigation, respecting the -longitude of the Cape in question. In proof of this, I shall quote an -extract from the accompanying Memoir to Mr. _Purdy’s_ Chart of the -_Atlantic_:—“Both the Requisite Tables, and _Connaissance de Tems_, -state the latitude of _Cape Farewell_ at 59°. 38′. N., and longitude, -_per_ chronometer, at 42°. 42′. W.; but the _Danish_ charts place the -Cape _two degrees_ more to the West. We know not which is right, or if -either; and have, _doubtingly_, placed it in 43°. 40′. W. as a mean -between the two. This is a point on which further information is -particularly required. The old books and charts place it from 44°. 30′. -to 44°. 45′. W.” - -Nothing can be a more serious inconvenience to mariners than this -uncertainty respecting the latitude and longitude of places; and it is -scarcely to be credited, that so little pains have been taken to -ascertain the longitude of _Greenland’s_ southernmost extremity. - -We experienced sharp cold this day, and ascribed it to the winds having -blown over the mountains of _Greenland_, on their way towards us. As the -next three days furnished no remarks worthy an insertion in this -narrative, I shall barely notice the course and distance run by the ship -on each day; and the reader may thus pass on to the _22d_. - -July _19th_.—Course run S. W. by W. ¾ W. 60 miles. - -July _20th_.—Course run W. by N. ¼ N. 68 miles. - -July _21st_.—Course run W. 67 miles. - -July _22d_.—Course run N. W. ½ N. 47 miles. As an indication of our -drawing near to some land, we this morning picked up a broken tree, -about eighteen feet long, of the yellow pine species. Although we could -not have been less than three hundred miles from the nearest land, it -certainly had not been long in the water. After night-fall, we were -gratified with a most brilliant display of the _Aurora Borealis_. - -July _23d_.—Course run, N. N. W. ¾ W. 23 miles. Early in the morning we -saw five _Greenland_ ships, returning to _England_ from the -whale-fishery; and shortly afterwards we perceived two ships of war, in -the N. W. quarter. At noon we spoke with His Majesty’s ships the -_Victorious_ and _Horatio_. They had been to _Davis’ Straits_, for the -purpose of protecting the whale-fishery; and the former vessel exhibited -a melancholy proof of the ill effects likely to result from the extreme -state of ignorance in which our best navigators are placed, relative to -the exact situation of the Northern lands. The _Victorious_ had struck -on a rock, in latitude 66°. 21′. N., longitude 53°. 47′. W.; entirely -owing to the coast of _Greenland_ having been laid down _four degrees_ -wrong in the _Admiralty Charts_. The consequences likely to result from -the loss of a seventy-four-gun ship, in such a situation, may be easily -imagined; allowing every man to have been safely conveyed on board the -_Horatio_. The frigate must herself have been short of provisions at the -moment; and in what possible way could the captain have provided for the -subsistence of nearly six hundred people in addition to his own ship’s -company, in a part of the world where he could not have formed the most -distant hope of receiving a supply?—Fortunately, they were not destined -to experience the horrors of so dreadful a situation; the _Victorious_ -was got off the rock again, without much difficulty: yet that her danger -had been imminent cannot be doubted, as she was obliged to get a topsail -under her bottom; and at the time when we met with her, there were some -apprehensions that she might not reach _England_ in safety; the leak -being so bad, that the crew were compelled to labour incessantly at the -pumps. The _Horatio_ of course remained with her until she reached a -_British_ port. - -After all that has been said respecting the erroneous state of even the -_Admiralty Charts_ for the Northern Seas, yet I do not imagine that the -smallest imputation of neglect can be charged to Government upon that -account. It has never yet been thought an object of sufficient national -importance, to warrant an expenditure of the public money towards -defraying the great expense that must necessarily be incurred in -surveying thoroughly those frozen coasts which border upon _Davis’_ and -_Hudson’s Straits_. The _Greenland_ mariners are notorious for paying so -little regard to the situation of the places they visit, that they are -incapable of giving any correct information: and the officers of the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ ships have a motive in concealing the knowledge which -they actually possess: this I shall notice more fully hereafter. - -July _24th_.—Course run, N. W. ½ W. 34 miles. This morning some slight -indication appeared of a lasting fair wind. The fine mild weather that -had prevailed for the last fortnight was far from affording satisfaction -to the commanders of the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships; as they prognosticated -much more difficulty in getting through _Hudson’s Straits_, the natural -consequence of so much calm weather. It would have pleased them better -to have encountered a few gales of wind, even if they had proved foul; -as it requires strong winds to carry the drift ice out of the _Straits_, -which is very likely otherwise to choke the passage. Entering _Hudson’s -Straits_, it is a necessary precaution to keep close in with the -northern shore; as the currents out of _Hudson’s_ and _Davis’ Straits_ -meet on the south side of the entrance, and carry the ice with great -velocity to the southward, along the coast of _Labrador_. We had seen, -lately, a number of the kind of birds called, by the sailors, -_Boatswains_: they are so numerous to the southward of the Tropic of -_Cancer_, that they are called _Tropic Birds_. I cannot say whether they -are accustomed to seat themselves upon the water or not; because our -visitors flew at a great height over the ship, and we could plainly hear -their melancholy screams by night as well as by day. Some amongst them -have long feathers, like spikes, projecting from their tails; whilst -others in the same flock, and evidently of the same species, are without -them: perhaps these remarkable feathers may serve as distinguishing -marks between the sexes. At noon this day we were in latitude 58°. 35′. -N. longitude 49°. 10′. W. In the afternoon, the _Moravian_ Missionary -brig asked, and obtained permission, to part company: she then quitted -us, and steered more away to the westward. During the stay of our ship -at the _Orkneys_, I had visited the brig in question, and had there met -with an old _German_ Missionary; from whom I learned, that the -difficulty of first getting on terms of intimacy with the _Esquimaux_ -was almost insurmountable. This Missionary had himself been one of the -first who succeeded in so dangerous an object, which could only be -accomplished by placing an entire confidence in this wild race of -people: he therefore remained alone with them, conforming to their -loathsome habits, and mildly endeavouring to gain an ascendancy over -their minds. It was a considerable time before he dared to attack those -established customs which, to him, appeared most exceptionable. Habit -had sanctioned polygamy amongst them; although the nature of their -climate, and the difficulty of procuring sustenance, had confined that -privilege almost exclusively to their Chiefs. Passion was allowed to be -pleaded successfully, in extenuation of murder. It was, therefore, with -a trembling, but a resigned heart, that the Missionary first ventured to -point out those practices as offences against the Great Spirit. “The -Almighty,” said the good _Moravian_, “assisted my humble efforts, and my -endeavours were crowned with success.” I shall also quote his own words -as to the result:—“On the bleak and rocky coast of _Labrador_, a temple -is now erected to the worship of God, in which the wild _Esquimaux_ -raises his voice in songs of praise to the Most High. Thirty years of my -life have been dedicated to this employment; and I am now on my return, -to finish my days amongst the flock which has been so manifestly -entrusted to my care.” - -The Missionary shewed me a _Testament_, _Creed_, and _Lord’s Prayer_, in -the _Esquimaux_ tongue: but it will be easily imagined that many -deficiencies must have arisen in the first instance; consequently, -whenever the _Esquimaux_ were at a loss for words to express any new -idea, or the name of any article that they had not before seen, the -Missionary supplied them with a corresponding _German_ expression; as -the _German_ language, of all others, is most easily pronounced by an -_Esquimaux_. - -An _English_ frigate had been on a cruize in _Davis’ Straits_; and -returning thence, along the coast of _Labrador_, she put into a little -bay, for the purpose of procuring a supply of wood and water. The -affrighted _Esquimaux_ flew to their beloved Missionary, and pointed out -the strange vessel as the cause of their fear: they were, however, soon -pacified, and returned quietly to their occupations. Nothing, then, -could equal the astonishment of the officers, on landing; when, instead -of a wild race of savages, prepared to oppose them, they found a small -village, inhabited by an inoffensive people, peaceably employed in their -daily duties; and the little children going quietly to school, with -books under their arms. Their surprise, however, must have been greatly -increased, when they were given to understand, that all this had been -accomplished by one man, zealously actuated by a wish of serving his -God, in the services he had rendered to these poor _Indians_[8]. - -July _25th_.—Course run, W. by N. 35 miles. Light variable winds from -the southward. We were this morning visited by an officer from one of -the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships; an intelligent man, who had _thirty_ times -performed the same voyage. It was his opinion, that the sharp cold, -which we had experienced on the 18th of this month, must have been -occasioned by the vicinity of ice; and we should doubtless have met with -it on that day, had we not fortunately tacked about in time to avoid it. -Our latitude at noon, this day, was 58°. 46′. N., and longitude 50°. -16′. W. Towards nightfall, the wind freshened to a fine steady breeze -from S. S. W.; and we could plainly discern a bright appearance in the -sky, towards the North; this was believed by every person on board to be -a certain indication of ice in that direction. - -July _26th_.—Course run W. by N. 128 miles.—A fine fair breeze all this -day; the ship going about seven miles an hour. In the forenoon, we took -on board the chief-mate of the _Prince of Wales_, (one of the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ ships,) to act as pilot, or rather to instruct us in the -management of our ship, amongst the ice in the _Straits_. He immediately -advised us to raise our anchors, lest the shocks of the heavier masses -of ice should break the stocks: we also rove smaller braces to all the -yards, that we might be able to manœuvre the ship with the greater -facility. At noon, we were in latitude, by account, 50°. 11′. N., and -longitude 54°. 20′. W. We now kept our course more to the northward, to -prevent the possibility of our falling in with the ice to the southward; -as there are always large quantities drifting out of _Hudson’s Straits_, -along the coast of _Labrador_. Ships do well, therefore, to keep to the -northward, until they reach the latitude of _Cape Resolution_; and when -that is attained, they may haul in N. W. and keep close in to the North -shore; thus making a semicircle round the ice: but they should be -particularly cautious not to keep too much to the North, until they -reach the longitude of 54° W. and are consequently quite clear of the -coast of _Greenland_. - -July _27th_.—Course run N. W. by W. 182 miles. As we were now getting -well to the northward, the air began to feel quite frigid; and the wind -drawing round to the East, we hauled up North. Latitude, at noon, was -60°. 54′. N. Longitude, 59°. 19′. Our distance from _Cape Resolution_ we -computed to be about 171 miles. In the afternoon we saw the first -_iceberg_, which was an immense mountain of solid ice, in the shape of -an English barn[9]. - -Towards evening, we passed another _iceberg_. It had a complete chain of -floating fragments on the lee-side of it, through which we butted our -way. We continued to run in for the land, all night, with a fair wind, -although it was a very thick fog, and there were numberless _icebergs_ -in all directions; indeed, it appeared to me almost miraculous, how we -escaped being dashed upon some of them. - -July _28th_.—The thick fog still continued, until 9 A.M. when it -suddenly cleared up, and we saw the island of _Cape Resolution_, bearing -E. N. E. about eighteen miles distant. We had been long wishing to get -into the _Straits_; and now that object was accomplished, we as -sincerely wished ourselves back again into the ocean. The prospect on -every side was of the most gloomy nature: the black and craggy mountains -on shore were only visible towards their bases; their summits being -covered with eternal snows, and the aspect of the countless _icebergs_, -on all sides of us, truly terrific. The strong southerly current -continually setting out from all the Northern seas has been -hypothetically explained, by supposing that Nature thus supplies the -deficiency of water occasioned by the evaporation caused by the heat of -the sun between the Tropics. It is not my intention to discuss this -philosophical question: suffice it to say, that I can bear testimony to -the existence of such a current in all the Northern seas, and along the -Coast of _Labrador_ and _Newfoundland_, facing the _Atlantic_; and the -effect caused by the continual flowing of the waters towards the South, -is attended with the most beneficial effects; as the Northern seas are -consequently cleared of the vast accumulation of ice, which would -otherwise infallibly block them up, and render all navigation -impracticable. We had taken care to get into the latitude of _Lake -Resolution_, before we bore away to make the land; and although, in -running in for the _Cape_, we still continued to steer a point to the -northward of our true course, yet, after all, the southerly current -proved so strong, as to set us to the southward of our land-fall: and on -our making the _Cape_, it was eighteen miles to the northward of us. - -During the remainder of the day, we were endeavouring, with light winds -from the N. E. to get in with the north shore; and towards evening we -saw much field ice towards the south. As the setting sun had a different -appearance to what it generally exhibits in _England_, perhaps it may be -thought worthy of notice. Although it glittered to the eye, and threw a -golden tint on the water, yet it produced no rays, and might be viewed, -for any length of time, without paining the sight by its refulgence. So -far was it from bestowing warmth, that the air appeared more intensely -cold than it had been during the whole of the preceding day. The clouds, -in parallel lines immediately above the descending luminary, exhibited, -in the most beautiful manner, all the varieties of the rainbow; the -dusky red and deep blue being the most predominant colours. If to all -this we add the dazzling reflection which glittered from the snow-capp’d -summits of the rugged mountains, and the shining fantastic forms of the -floating _icebergs_ in the _Straits_, the prospect will easily be -imagined to have excited in our minds those feelings, which induce the -mariner, as well as the poet, - - “To look, through Nature, up to Nature’s God!” - -At midnight we passed an immense _iceberg_, which roared like a thunder -storm; occasioned, perhaps, by some cavity in its side, through which -the sea was bursting. It was nearly a calm; and the surface of the sea -was quite smooth at the moment, attended with that gentle undulating -swell which is always prevalent in deep waters. - -July _29th_.—In the morning we were obliged to tack about, in order to -avoid a large assemblage of drifting masses, termed by the old seamen a -_patch_ of ice: the seals were leaping about in all directions, and some -few sea-calves were seen. The thermometer in the Captain’s cabin, with a -rousing fire, stood at 43°. At noon we were plying to windward off -_Savage Island_, which is the next land to the west of _Cape Resolution -Island_, on the north shore. _Savage Isle_, lying very low, has not so -much snow upon it, in general, as the other parts of the coast -hereabouts. The next land to the westward of it is called _Terra Nivea_; -owing to its having some mountains, about thirty miles from the sea, -entirely covered with snow. During the remaining part of this day we -continued our course up the _Straits_, but with the weather almost calm. - -July _30th_.—We were entirely surrounded this day with a patch of broken -ice, and it extended as far as the eye could reach. The sun shining -bright over the calm surface of the sea, called forcibly to my mind a -description I had once read of the Ruins of _Palmyra_, in the _Syrian -Desert_; the scattered fragments of ice bearing a strong resemblance to -the ruins of temples, statues, columns, &c. spread in confusion over a -vast plain. - - [Illustration: _Cape Saddle Back north 7 or 8 miles: with two - remarkable Icebergs off the low Point._] - - [Illustration: _Male Esquimaux in his Canoe._] - -July _31st_.—Early in the morning of this day we reached a remarkable -cape, called _Saddle Back_, from the resemblance that it bears to a -saddle: and as we were immediately visited by the _Esquimaux_, I must, -for a time, quit the ship and her proceedings, to describe the -appearance, manners, and customs of this singular race, who inhabit the -shores of _Hudson’s_ and _Davis’ Straits_, the northern part of -_Hudson’s Bay_, and both sides of the vast peninsula of _Labrador_. Upon -the first intelligence of the approach of the natives, I immediately -jumped out of bed, and ran upon deck; where, on my arrival, the most -discordant shouts and cries assailed my ears. Alongside the ship were -paddling a large assemblage of canoes, of the most curious construction: -these were built of a wooden frame-work of the lightest materials, -covered with oiled sealskin, with the hair scraped off; the skin being -sewed over the frame with the most astonishing exactness, and as tight -as parchment upon the head of a drum. But the most surprising -peculiarity of the canoes was, their being _twenty-two_ feet long, and -only _two_ feet wide. There was but one opening in the centre, -sufficiently large to admit the entrance of a man; and out of this hole -projected the body of the _Esquimaux_, visible only from the ribs -upwards. The paddle is held in the hand, by the middle; and it has a -blade at each end, curiously veneered, at the edges, with slips of a -sea-unicorn’s horn. On the top of the canoe were fastened strips of -sea-horses’ hide, to confine the lance and harpoon; and behind the -_Esquimaux_ were large lumps of whale blubber, for the purposes of -barter. These canoes are only capable of containing one person, for any -useful purpose; the slightest inclination of the body, on either side, -will inevitably overturn them; yet in these frail barks will the -_Esquimaux_ smile at the roughest sea; and in smooth water they can, -with ease, travel seven miles an hour[10]. - -Whilst I was still busily employed in making my remarks on the canoes of -the male Indians, a large open boat arrived, containing about twenty -women, besides many children. This last boat was steered by a very old -man, with a paddle: he was the only male adult amongst them. The women -pulled with oars, having a very broad wash at the extremity; and they -cheerfully kept time to the tune of a song, in which they all joined. -The boat was built of the same materials as the canoes; that is to say, -a frame-work covered with oiled seal-skins; but differed, in being -shaped more after the _European_ boats; also, in having a square sail -made of seal-skins, with the hair taken off; and owing to this -difference, the _Hudson’s-Bay_ traders have distinguished these boats by -the name of _Lug Boats_; although they never attempt to use the sail, -except with a fair wind. It is difficult to give an adequate idea of the -delight expressed by these poor creatures, on reaching the ships: they -jumped, shouted, danced, and sang, to express their joy. And here it -should be observed, that the arrival of the ships is considered by the -_Esquimaux_ as a sort of annual fair; their little manufactures of -dresses, spears, &c. are reserved for the expected jubilee; and when, -after long watching, they at last catch a glimpse of the approaching -vessels, their exultation knows no bounds. - -The male _Esquimaux_ have rather a prepossessing physiognomy, but with -very high cheek-bones, broad foreheads, and small eyes, rather farther -apart than those of an _European_: the corners of their eyelids are -drawn together so close, that none of the white is to be seen; their -mouths are wide, and their teeth white and regular: the complexion is a -dusky yellow, but some of the young women have a little colour bursting -through this dark tint: the noses of the men are rather flattened, but -those of the women are sometimes even prominent. The males are, -generally speaking, between five feet five inches and five feet eight -inches high; bony, and broad shouldered; but do not appear to possess -much muscular strength. The flesh of all the _Esquimaux_ feels soft and -flabby, which may be attributed to the nature of their food. But the -most surprising peculiarity of this people is the smallness of their -hands and feet; which is not occasioned, as in _China_, by compression, -nor by any other artificial means, as their boots and gloves are made -large, and of soft seals’-skin. To their continual employment in canoes -on the water, and to the sitting posture they are thus obliged to -preserve, perhaps their diminutive feet might be ascribed: but when we -reflect on the laborious life they must necessarily lead, and yet find -that their hands are equally small with their feet, it will naturally -lead us to the conclusion, that the same intense cold which restricts -vegetation to the forms of creeping shrubs has also its effect upon the -growth of mankind, preventing the extremities from attaining their due -proportion. - -The chin, cheek-bones, and forehead, among the women, are tattooed; and -this operation is performed among the _Esquimaux_ by pricking through -the skin with some sharp instrument, and rubbing ashes into the wound: -as the marks are not deep, their appearance is not disagreeable. I -imagine that the tattooing does not take place until the female arrives -at the age of puberty, because the youngest girls were without any such -marks. None of the men undergo the operation; but they have a few -straggling hairs on the chin and upper lip, while the women carefully -remove them from every part of the body, excepting the head, where they -have a lock on each temple, neatly braided, and bound with a thong of -hide. On the back of the head, the hair is turned up, much after the -fashion of the _English_ ladies. I hope the latter will not be offended -at the comparison. - -After having gone so far in a description of their persons, perhaps -their diet ought not to be overlooked; because it has been before -noticed, that the relaxed state of their flesh, and the sallow hue of -their complexions, may in a great measure be ascribed to the nature of -their food. As they seem to devour every thing raw, it has been -conjectured that they are unacquainted with the use of fire; but this is -not true. I observed, near one of their huts, a circle of loose stones, -containing the ashes of a recently extinguished fire, and a stone kettle -standing upon it[11]: also, in a hut, I saw a pan of vegetables, -resembling spinach, which had been boiled into the consistency of -paste[12]. Yet, after all, it is no less certain that an _Esquimaux_ -prefers all flesh raw. In proof of this it may be mentioned, that the -Commander of the _Eddystone_, a _Hudson’s-Bay_ ship, having shot a -sea-gull, an _Indian_ made signs that he wished for the bird: -immediately on receiving it, he sucked away the blood that flowed from -its mouth; then, hastily plucking off the feathers, he instantly -dispatched the body, entrails, &c. with the most surprising voracity. -The knowledge which the _Esquimaux_ possess of the use of fire, is -observable in the ingenuity with which they transform iron nails, hoops, -&c. into heads for their arrows, spears, and harpoons. May not their -fondness for raw flesh have arisen from the _scarcity of fuel_? There -was not a bit of wood to be found on that part of the coast where I -landed. - -We made many attempts to induce the natives to partake of our food. At -breakfast, we placed an _Esquimaux_ at table, and offered him every -species of food that the ship could afford. He tasted every thing; but, -with a broad laugh, he was sure to eject whatsoever he tasted, over our -plates and upon the table-cloth. The only thing they could be induced to -swallow was a piece of hog’s lard; and of this they all partook with -avidity. Above all, they appeared to have the greatest aversion from -sugar and salt. - -In their dealings, they manifested a strange mixture of honesty and -fraud. At one moment I observed an _Esquimaux_ striving, with all his -might, to convey into a sailor’s hands the article for which he had -already received his equivalent; and, in ten minutes afterwards, I -detected the same man in an endeavour to cut the hinder buttons from my -own coat. They value _metals_ more than any other article of barter, and -_iron_ most of all. As a specimen of the relative articles of traffic, I -shall briefly insert the prices which I paid for some little -curiosities[13]; viz. - - A seal’s-skin hooded frock, quite new, for a knife. - A seal’s-skin pair of breeches needle. - Seal’s-skin boots saw. - A pair of wooden spectacles, or rather shades, used by one bullet. - the _Esquimaux_ to defend their eyes against the - dazzling reflection of the sun from the ice - A pair of white feather gloves two buttons. - A fishing lance or spear file. - -They have a strange custom of licking with their tongue every thing that -comes into their possession, either by barter or otherwise; and they -evidently do not consider an article as their property until it has -undergone this operation. By way of experiment, I gave to a young girl -half a dozen iron nails: she immediately jumped, and shouted, to express -her gratitude; and then licking each nail separately, she put them into -her boot, that being the depository of all riches among the female -_Esquimaux_, who are entirely unacquainted with the use of pockets. I -could easily perceive that each man had a wife; but polygamy did not -appear to exist amongst them; perhaps more on account of their poverty, -and the difficulty of supporting a plurality of wives, than from any -idea they may entertain of the impropriety of the practice itself. -Several of the natives brought their wives on board the ship, and, in -return for a tin spoon or pot, compelled them, nothing loath, to receive -our salutations. Nay, one man plainly intimated, that if I wished to -hold any private conversation with his lady, he should have no objection -to her visiting my cabin, provided I rewarded him with an axe. Many of -the women had very pleasing features; but they were so disfigured with -dirt, and their persons smelt so strongly of the seal oil, that it -required a stout heart to salute even the prettiest of them. - -On board the ship, they were exceedingly curious in viewing every thing: -but however astonished or delighted they might appear in the first sight -of any novelty, yet ten minutes was the utmost limit of their -admiration. The pigs, cats, and fowls, attracted their attention in so -remarkable a manner, as to indicate a certainty of their not having seen -any such animals before. A sailor threw them all into the most violent -fit of jumping and shouting, by walking upon his hands along the deck. -But nothing seemed to fix their attention so much as Captain -_Stopford’s_ amputated arm[14]: they satisfied themselves, by feeling -the stump, that the arm was actually deficient, and then appeared to -wonder how it could have been lost: but when I made signs to them that -it had been severed by a saw, to the credit of their feelings, I must -state, that commiseration was depicted on every countenance. We did not -perceive an instance, either of man, woman, or child, amongst them, who -was in any way crippled or deformed. - -After breakfast, it was proposed that we should go on shore, and a party -accordingly made: we were all well armed, as a precaution against -treachery; because this people have been particularly accused of a -disposition that way,—whether with or without reason, it is impossible -for me positively to say. An _Esquimaux_, who had bartered his very last -covering away for some bauble, went with us, as a sort of pilot. On our -way to the shore, we met two of the large women’s boats; each steered, -as usual, by an old man. They expressed great joy at meeting with us, by -singing, shouting, and clapping their hands; and instead of proceeding -on toward the ships, they turned their boats, and followed us to the -shore. The coast appears to be completely fringed with small rocky -islands, and these no doubt form a shelter to many good harbours; but -the shores of _Hudson’s Straits_ have never been thoroughly examined, -although a small vessel might accomplish the task in two summers, with -ease: indeed, a voyage for this purpose would, if well conducted, turn -out advantageously, in a mercantile point of view; for although the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ Company’s ships do not procure much oil or whalebone from -the _Esquimaux_, it is because they have but little intercourse with -this people, and perhaps with only one particular tribe: yet it might be -very profitable to any merchant to send a small strong brig into -_Hudson’s Straits_, early in the month of June, so as to reach _Cape -Saddle-Back_ before the Company’s ships arrive. The _Hudson’s-Bay_ -Company would not wish to interrupt so laudable an attempt towards -opening a free intercourse with the wild _Esquimaux_ in those seas; -because the profits they derive from the traffic in question are -comparatively trifling, when put in competition with the other more -important objects of their annual voyage. A vessel intended for this -employ should not remain later than the beginning of October in the -_Straits_; and she ought to be well provided with saws, iron lances, -harpoons, files, open knives, kettles, spoons, hatchets, and a few beads -and looking-glasses. By coasting along both sides of the _Straits_, and -as far to the southward of _Cape Diggs_ or _Cape Smith_, she might -doubtless gather thirty or forty tons of good oil, besides whalebone and -a few skins. But the Master of a vessel, during such an expedition, -should be particularly cautious in not trusting a boat on shore, unless -well armed; and by no means ought he to admit more than _two_ or _three -Esquimaux_ at the same time into his vessel, however friendly they might -appear to be. - -But to return to our party, whom I left pulling in for the shore, under -the guidance of the naked _Esquimaux_, who continued pointing for us to -proceed still farther to the west, where some natives, from the bottom -of a creek, waved their hands for us to approach. A sort of -expostulation took place between these people and our conductor, by -which it seemed, that the former did not wish us to proceed any farther -to the west. We therefore landed, but walked about some time without -observing any habitations; although, from the deers’ bones and ashes -which lay scattered about the hills, it was evident that a party had not -long quitted the spot. From appearances upon the hills, we had reason to -suppose that rabbits must be abundant; and we were gradually receding -from the sea shore in search of them, when our guide stopped short, and -would not be prevailed upon, by any entreaties, to accompany us farther. -We could not guess the cause of this extra-ordinary conduct; but not -wishing to give any offence to the natives, we turned about, and -descended again to our boats. On our way to the beach, we were joined by -some young girls, to whom we had been, perhaps, rather pointedly -attentive on board the ships: they continued to pester us with the -continual whine of this people, repeating incessantly the word -“_Pillitay! pillitay! pillitay!_” signifying “_Give us something_:” and -having now stripped us of every thing, by their solicitations, they only -seemed to have acquired an incitement to make new demands. It is -generally the case with all barbarous nations, that the receiving of a -gift appears to them to confer a right to levy fresh contributions: -therefore, in all dealings with savages, it is adviseable to teach them -that something will be expected in return for every present bestowed; -and the equivalent should be strenuously insisted upon, let it be of -ever so trifling a nature. A departure from this rule may, indeed, be -necessary in the first opening of a communication with a strange people; -but, even then, the presents ought only to be bestowed on the principal -chieftains, priests, and women. - -As we were upon the point of re-embarking, one of our party offered to a -young girl, who stood on the beach, a pinch of snuff; shewing her, at -the same time, how it was to be used. She imitated her instructor with -great exactness, giving a hearty sniff; but it was attended with rather -a violent effect; a torrent of blood instantly gushing from her nose. -Entertaining some apprehensions lest the natives should imagine that we -had been guilty of a premeditated injury to the poor girl, we all made a -point of taking snuff before her: this had the desired effect, in -convincing them that no serious evil was to be apprehended; and the -young woman went, at my request, to wash her nose in a neighbouring -pool. Unfortunately, the cold water produced a contrary effect to what -was intended; the blood again streaming from her nose: yet so far was -this mild creature from being offended, that she smilingly held forth -her hand to me, with the old exclamation of “_Pillitay!_ (Give).” I cut -two brass buttons from my coat, and gave them to her; and with this -atonement she was quite satisfied. The fact is, as we afterwards -discovered, that bleeding at the nose is a most common incident among -the _Esquimaux_; and it is certain to follow the least exertion. -Possibly this may also be occasioned by the quantities of raw flesh they -devour daily. - -Perhaps some readers may deem an incident like the foregoing of too -trifling a description to merit a recital; but the manners, -dispositions, and customs of a wild people may be better judged of from -a simple relation of the most trivial circumstances, than from any -inferences which the narrator himself might presume to draw from them: -therefore I would run the chance of being thought jejune, or even -tedious, rather than incur the greater risk of misleading others by my -own weak conclusions. - - [Illustration: huts] - -Embarking again, we pulled along shore, towards the west, among barren -rocky islands, until we at last got sight of some huts on an eminence at -the bottom of a creek; and putting ashore, we examined them minutely. -They are more properly tents than huts, because they are erected much -after the fashion of a marquee: a triangle supports the tent at one end, -and two poles, fastened at the top, at the other: over all is thrown a -covering of seals’-skins sewed together, the hair being scraped off: -they are equally impervious to air or water, and the light is much the -same as in the interior of an _European_ linen tent. At the lower end of -their dwellings is a flap of seal’s-skin, left loose, to answer the -purpose of a door; and when this is thrown back, a person must stoop low -to enter. If a whole family happen to be absent from their home at the -same time, the only security for their property, during the time they -are away, consists in a few loose stones piled against the flap of -seal-skin which covers the entrance to the tent: and although they be -not rigidly honest towards strangers, yet the _Esquimaux_ appear to have -a great respect for each other’s property. At the top of their huts is a -piece of wood, in an horizontal position, for the purpose of supporting -slips of the sea-horse’s hide to dry in the sun; and of this hide they -form a sort of rope, possessing uncommon strength, and useful to them in -a variety of ways. - -With respect to the interior of their habitations, it is a general -custom to appropriate the lower end or entrance of the tent to answer -the purpose of a larder, where all their delicacies are displayed; such -as, deer’s flesh, oil, and whale blubber. The upper end of the tent, -under the triangle, was thickly carpeted with skins of different -animals, particularly the deer, and it is set apart for their resting -and sleeping place. I noticed, that whenever I entered a tent, which had -not been previously visited by any of our party, the owner of it ran -forward, with great precipitation, to conceal something under the skins -at the farther end of the tent. Curiosity prompted me to inquire into -this mysterious conduct; and, on removing the skins, I discovered his -bow and arrows, in a sort of seal-skin quiver. The owner stood quite -tranquil during my search, and he did not appear angry when the arms -were produced; but when I offered him a knife, with the usual -expression, “_Chymo_ (barter),” he smiled, as I thought, rather -suspiciously; and taking the quiver gently out of my hand, he replaced -it under the skins; at the same time, offering me an unfinished bow, -without a string, in exchange for the knife. As often as I continued to -point to the quiver, and make signs that I wished to purchase the set -complete, he seemed to feel confused, and endeavoured instantly to draw -off my attention from the subject. I tried at each tent, with no better -success; and it struck me, from appearances, that the _Esquimaux_ have -some superstitious veneration for their bows and arrows: but their -hiding them may be intended as a compliment to their visitors, or an -assurance of their security whilst under that roof. None of the canoes -that visited us, during our stay in _Hudson’s Straits_, had either bow -or arrows on board; consequently, they are only used by the _Esquimaux_ -in their wars, and not for the purpose of killing birds or fishes. After -having said this respecting their singular attachment to their weapons, -perhaps it will be expected that those articles are curiously -manufactured and ornamented: but the bow is merely made of two pieces of -plain wood, firmly corded together, and rarely strengthened at the back -with thongs of the sea-horse’s hide; the string is formed of two slips -of hide or dried gut; the arrows are headed, either with iron, -sea-horse’s teeth, sea-unicorn’s horn, or, in some few instances, with -stone[15]; and the whole fabrication of the bow and arrows does not -surpass the workmanship of an English school-boy. - -In one of their tents, I saw a female far advanced in pregnancy; she was -sitting upon the ground, closely wrapt in skins as high as her hips; and -during the whole of my stay, she never attempted to rise. It may now be -proper to relate an anecdote of a very interesting nature; which I -received upon such indisputable authority, that it will not admit of a -doubt, as to its veracity. - -The land to the northward of _Churchill Factory_, in _Hudson’s Bay_, is -inhabited by _Esquimaux_, who, contrary to the general customs of this -people, employ themselves in hunting. They carry their furs annually to -_Churchill Factory_, for the purpose of traffic. In one of their -periodical visits, a young woman was seen amongst them, having a sickly -infant in her arms, respecting whose health she appeared to be -particularly solicitous; and as some of the domesticated _Indian_ women -in the factory, belonging to the nation of _Cree Indians_, partly -understood the _Esquimaux_ tongue, the young woman explained to them, -that, as the infant was her first-born child, if it should unfortunately -die, her husband would undoubtedly put her to death. The infant expired -shortly after this explanation took place; and some _Europeans_ visiting -the _Esquimaux_ encampment a day or two afterwards, made inquiries -respecting the unhappy mother; when the _Indians_ silently pointed to -the spot where the poor victim was interred! - -This circumstance has given rise to an assertion, that if a first-born -child die before it reaches a particular age, the mother is certain of -being immolated, for a supposed want of attention to her infant. I had -no means of ascertaining this singular custom myself; but I have before -observed, that there did not appear either sickly or deformed child or -adult amongst them. - -Their fire-places, as before stated, are outside the tents; and they -have no need of any in the interior, as the seal-skins that cover them -are like parchment oiled, and will not admit the wind, nor give egress -to the breath; therefore their habitations are not only warm, but at -mid-day, when I visited them, they were oppressively hot. With respect -to their winter residence, I can say little or nothing. Most people -suppose that they live in caves, by lamp-light; but the Abbé _Raynal_, -who mentions the _Esquimaux_ in his History of the _East_ and _West -Indies_, is of a different opinion. As the Abbé is both correct and -incorrect, in many points of which I had a good opportunity to judge, -perhaps it may not be amiss to give an extract from the part of his work -relating to the _Esquimaux Indians_. - -“This sterility of Nature extends itself to every thing. The human race -are few in number, _and scarce any of its individuals above four feet -high. Their heads bear the same enormous proportion to their bodies as -those of children_: the smallness of their feet makes them awkward and -tottering in their gait: small hands, and a round mouth, which in -_Europe_ are reckoned a beauty, seem almost a deformity in these people; -because we see nothing here but the effects of a weak organization, and -of a cold that contracts and restrains the springs of growth, and is -fatal to the progress of animal as well as vegetable life. Besides all -this, their men, although they _have neither hair nor beard_, have the -appearance of being old, even in their youth: this is partly occasioned -by the _formation of their lower lip, which is thick, fleshy, and -projecting beyond the upper_. Such are the _Esquimaux_, who inhabit not -only the coast of _Labrador, from whence they have taken their name_, -but also all that tract of land which extends from the point of -_Bellisle_ to the most northern part of _America_. - -“_The inhabitants of Hudson’s-Bay_ have, like the _Greenlanders_, a flat -face, with short, but not flattened noses; _the pupil of their eyes -yellow, and the iris black_. Their women have marks of deformity -peculiar to their sex; amongst others, very long and flabby breasts. -This deformity, which is not natural, arises from their custom of giving -suck to their children until they are five or six years old. They -frequently carry their children on their shoulders, who pull their -mothers’ breasts with their hands, and almost suspend themselves by -them. - -“It is not true, that there are races of _Esquimaux_ entirely black, as -has been supposed, and afterwards pretended to be accounted for; neither -do they live under ground. How should they dig into a soil, which the -cold renders harder than stone? How is it possible they should live in -caverns, where they would be infallibly drowned by the first melting of -the snows? What, however, is certain, and almost equally surprising, is, -that these people spend the winter under huts, run up in haste, and made -of flints joined together by cements of ice, where they live without any -other fire, but that of a lamp hung up in the middle of the shed, for -the purpose of dressing their game, and the fish they feed upon. The -heat of their blood and of their breath, added to the vapour arising -from this small flame, is sufficient to make their huts as hot as -stoves. - -“The _Esquimaux_ dwell constantly near the sea, from whence they are -supplied with all their provisions. Both their constitutions and -complexions partake of the quality of their food. The flesh of the seal, -which is their food, and the oil of the whale, which is their drink, -give them an olive complexion, a strong smell of fish, an oily and -tenacious sweat, and sometimes a sort of scaly leprosy. This last is -probably the reason why the mothers have the same custom as the bears of -licking their young ones. - -“This nation, weak and degraded by nature, is, notwithstanding, most -intrepid on a sea that is constantly dangerous. In boats, made and sewed -together like so many borachio’s, but at the same time so well closed -that it is impossible for the water to penetrate them, they follow the -shoals of herrings through the whole of their polar emigrations, and -attack the whales and seals at the peril of their lives. - -“One stroke of a whale’s tail is sufficient to drown a hundred of these -assailants; _and the seal is armed with teeth, to devour those he cannot -drown_: but the hunger of the _Esquimaux_ is superior to the rage of -these monsters. They have an inordinate thirst for the oil of the whale, -which is necessary to preserve the heat in their stomachs, and defend -them from the severity of the cold. Indeed, men, whales, birds, and all -the quadrupeds and fishes of the North, are supplied by nature with a -degree of fat, which prevents the muscles from freezing, and the blood -from coagulating. Every thing in these Arctic regions is either oily or -gummy, and even the trees are resinous. - -“The _Esquimaux_ are, notwithstanding, subject to two fatal disorders; -the scurvy, and loss of sight. The continuation of snows upon the -ground, joined to the reverberation of the rays of the sun on the ice, -dazzle their eyes in such a manner, that they are almost constantly -obliged to wear shades of two pieces of very thin wood, through which -small apertures for the light have been bored with fish-bones. Doomed to -six months’ night, they never see the sun but obliquely; and then it -seems rather to blind them, than to give them light. Sight, the most -delightful blessing of nature, is a fatal gift to them, _and they are -generally deprived of it when young_. A still more cruel evil, which is -the scurvy, consumes them by slow degrees: it insinuates itself into -their blood, and changes, thickens, and impoverishes the whole mass. The -fogs of the sea, which they inspire; the dense and inelastic air they -breathe in their huts, which are shut up from all communication with the -external air; the constant and tedious inactivity of their winters; a -mode of life alternately roving and sedentary; every thing, in short, -tends to increase this dreadful malady, which in a little time becomes -contagious, and, spreading itself through their abodes, is transmitted -by cohabitation, and perhaps likewise by the means of generation. - -“Notwithstanding these inconveniences, the _Esquimaux_ is so -passionately attached to his country, that no inhabitant of the -most-favoured spot under Heaven quits it with greater reluctance, than -he does his frozen deserts. The difficulty he finds in breathing in a -softer and cooler climate may possibly be the reason of this attachment. -The sky of _Amsterdam_, _Copenhagen_, and _London_, though constantly -obscured by thick and fetid vapours, is too clear for an _Esquimaux_. -Perhaps, too, there may be something in the change of life and manners -more contrary to the health of savages than the climate: it is not -impossible but that the indulgences of an _European_ may be poison to an -_Esquimaux_.—Such are the inhabitants of a _country discovered, in 1610, -by Henry Hudson_!” - -Although many parts of the foregoing extract are strictly descriptive of -the _Esquimaux_, yet it is very evident that the Abbé _Raynal_ has -undertaken to describe a people whom he never saw: consequently, nothing -can be more absurd than those remarks which, it may be observed, I have -particularized: and I shall now notice them, in the order in which they -occur. - -In the first place, the Abbé says, that “_scarce any of the individuals -are above four feet high!_” It has been before noticed, that, of all -those whom we saw, a fair average standard might determine their height -to be between five feet five inches, and five feet eight inches: -moreover, we even saw some of the females five feet seven inches high. -In the next place, he observes: “_Their heads bear the same enormous -proportion to their bodies as those of children._” This, again, is about -as fabulous as those old stories of a race having been discovered with -_two heads_. There is certainly nothing peculiar about the heads of the -_Esquimaux_, to distinguish them from the _Europeans_; unless, indeed, -we except the enormous quantity of thick, coarse, straight, black hair, -which covers them: and this last fact will bear rather hard upon the -next marvellous remark of the Abbé’s, in which he asserts that _they -have neither hair nor beard_! The amazing coarseness of their hair, -which generally is as thick as a mat on their heads, is, of all others, -the most likely characteristic to strike the attention of a stranger: -they have also a straggling beard upon the chin and upper lip; although, -certainly, it must be admitted that the beard never grows thick or -bushy. - -The aged appearance of the _Esquimaux_ is, as he says, owing to the -_formation of their lower lip_!—Being able to adduce, if necessary, the -testimony of a hundred witnesses to prove the truth of my assertions, I -shall content myself with simply stating, that there is no such -_projection of the lower lip_ as the Abbé has described. He states that -the _Esquimaux_ have _taken their name from the coast of Labrador_; but -_Esquimaux_, or _Skimaux_, is an expression, in the language of the -_Cree_ and other inland _Indians_, signifying “_eaters of raw flesh!_” -and they have bestowed this appellation on the maritime _Indians_, in -contempt; as there has always been a most deadly hatred between them. - -Then again, with a bold dash of his pen, the Abbé peoples the _whole of -Hudson’s Bay with Esquimaux_: whereas, in fact, they occupy but a very -small proportion of it, when compared with the vast extent of territory -inhabited by the different tribes of Hunting _Indians_, the inveterate -enemies of the _Esquimaux_. The northern and unexplored parts of the -Bay, and the western shore of _Labrador_, from _Cape Diggs_ to the -southward, are alone inhabited by the latter; whilst the whole of the -western and southern shores are peopled by the former. - -I know not what could have induced him, also, to describe the -_Esquimaux_ as having “_the pupil of their eyes yellow, and the iris -black_:” this is not true; but I suppose that such a supposition may -have arisen from that peculiar contraction of the eyelids which has -already been noticed in the foregoing part of this Narrative. - -It is not less absurd to affirm, that “_the seal is armed with teeth, to -devour those he cannot drown_,” than to say, that the hare is armed with -teeth, to devour those dogs from which she cannot escape;—the former -being almost as timid an animal as the latter; and there cannot be much -danger from the _rage of that monster_, who coolly suffers a man to -strike him a blow over the nose, which puts an almost immediate end to -his existence. - -I believe _Raynal_ to be very correct in his remarks on the prevalent -diseases of the _Esquimaux_; but he goes too far, in asserting that -“_they are generally deprived of sight when young_.” Sore eyes, indeed, -are common amongst them; but there were many old men without this -complaint, and few of the women were troubled with it. “_Such_,” he -concludes, “_are the inhabitants of a country discovered, in 1610, by -Henry Hudson_.”—However, if curiosity should lead any person hereafter -to visit the shores of _Labrador_, in the hopes of meeting with a race -of people _four feet in height_, with _enormous heads_ without _any hair -on them_, and _yellow eye-balls_, he will be grievously disappointed: -and so far are they from being that miserable degraded race which the -Abbé describes them to be, that they are really possessed of industry, -ingenuity, and courage; and certainly as far superior to the disgusting -_Hottentot_, as an _European_ is superior to that race of men. - -After having ventured to correct these errors of the Abbé, it would be -injustice if I did not bear testimony to the authenticity of his -description in other respects. The scaly leprosy, which he mentions, is -common amongst them: we at first believed it to be the small-pox, to -which it bears a great resemblance; but, from an attentive inspection -being made by Mr. _Arnot_, our surgeon, he was of opinion, that the -latter disease had not as yet reached them, or that, if it had, it must -have been in its mildest form. Almost all the men are afflicted with -_ophthalmia_, and wear the wooden shades which the Abbé has described; -but, as I before mentioned, few of the women labour under this disease. -The pendant breasts of the latter have certainly a disgusting -appearance; yet it is so common amongst them, that one of the young -girls shewed me, with conscious pride, that her breasts had not as yet -been thus relaxed; intimating, that she differed from the other dusky -damsels in this respect, and was therefore to be considered as an object -of greater admiration. From which it is evident, that they consider long -breasts as a deformity, even among themselves. - -With respect to their winter habitations, it is more probable that the -Abbé is correct, than that those persons are so, who entertain the -notion of their residing in caverns; but it is not certain that the -_Esquimaux_ live in a state of total inactivity during the winter: they -must, doubtless, leave their retreats daily, in search of food: and that -they do not depend on the water for all their supplies, is very evident, -from the number of deer-skins which may be observed in every habitation. - -It is now pretty well ascertained that the tribes of _Esquimaux_, -inhabiting the northern shores of _Hudson’s Straits_, migrate, in the -fall of the year, towards the south; for the double purpose of taking up -their winter quarters, and of procuring fuel and game amongst the -pine-tree forests of _Labrador_. The northern shore of _Hudson’s -Straits_ is, from end to end, a barren rock; having no mark of -vegetation, except here and there a tuft or two of wild sorrel, or -scurvy-grass: consequently, the wooden frame-work of the canoes, the -poles for their summer-tents, and the handles of their fishing-spears, -can only be procured by the _Esquimaux_ during their annual migrations -to the coast of _Labrador_. Add to this, that, on our visit to their -tents, we observed five or six large boats, hauled up on the shore, and -completely laden with all sorts of furs and necessaries, as if -preparatory to a speedy removal of the whole tribe into winter quarters. - -I should not have been led into so long a digression, had it not been -from a wish to correct the very erroneous statements, of even the most -eminent authors, respecting this singular race. That those authors have -derived their descriptions from the confused accounts of other writers, -is evident, by the gross mistakes they have fallen into. It is indeed -probable, that, of those who have written upon this subject, no one ever -personally visited the _Esquimaux_: neither is it a surprising thing -that they have not done this, because the _Esquimaux_ have always been -represented hostile to strangers, prone to treachery, and exceedingly -disgusting in their persons. - -To return, then, to our party.—We continued roving for some time amongst -the habitations of the _Esquimaux_; and could not help admiring the -various ways in which they contrive to render the seal useful: indeed, -this creature may be said to supply them with food, light, clothes, -houses, beds, boats, and casks. The blubber of the seal is either eaten, -or converted into oil for the winter lamps; the skin, with the hair on, -is made into frocks, breeches, boots, and stockings; and with the hair -scraped off, and well oiled, the skin serves also for a covering to -their houses and boats: numbers of them, heaped together with the skins -of bears and deer, constitute their beds: lastly, after having carefully -skinned a seal, the females sew the hide neatly up; then fill it with -wind, like a bladder, and dry it in the sun; and, after this -preparation, it fully answers all the purposes of a cask, for containing -oil, or any other liquid for which it may be required; in the same -manner as the mountaineers of _Spain_ and _Portugal_ carry their wine in -the skins of animals. - -The _Esquimaux_ have various methods of killing the seal; but the most -common is, by spearing him with a long lance, which they discharge from -a _throwing stick_, exactly in the same manner as described by _Cook_ to -be in use among the natives of _Otaheite_. The seal, when once struck, -becomes an easy prey: a large bladder, affixed to the dart, effectually -prevents his sinking; and a heavy log of wood, also fastened to the -dart, acts as a drag, to prevent his swimming away with any velocity. -They have also a manner of passing the handle of the lance through the -centre of a sort of tambourine; which, in this case, is substituted for -the drag: of course, the seal is soon exhausted, with the efforts he is -compelled to make, in pulling this machine against the water; and a blow -on the nose, from his pursuers, soon puts a period to his existence. - -After leaving their huts, we stood on the top of a hill, with the whole -of the remaining population of the place around us:—I say, the remaining -population; because many of the natives were still trafficking on board -the ships. From their numbers, I should think that either several -families must reside in one tent, or that there were other hamlets along -the shore, at a short distance, from whence we had visitors; as the -assemblage on the hill with us consisted of ten men, twenty women, and -fourteen children; and yet there were only nine finished tents, and four -or five in the frame. - -Nothing, as before observed, can be more troublesome than the continual -solicitations of these people for gifts; men, women, and children, -tormented us incessantly with “_Pillitay! pillitay! pillitay!_” It -became therefore, at last, absolutely necessary, in our own defence, to -invent some means of diverting their attention from these importunities. -Accordingly, one of our party, who was well acquainted with the manners -of the _Indians_ in _Hudson’s Bay_, began a song in the language of the -_Cree_ tribe. The _Esquimaux_ gaped with great astonishment and evident -pleasure, preserving the most profound silence, until he gave a loud -shout, as a finale; when they sat up an universal shouting and jumping, -and it appeared as if they were half beside themselves with delight: yet -we were certain that they understood nothing of the sense of the song. -We thought this a good opportunity to petition them for a similar -favour: our signs were instantly comprehended, and a ring immediately -formed, consisting entirely of women, with the exception of an old man, -whom we recognised to have seen before, as steersman of one of the large -women’s boats. This old man began the song; walking, at the same time, -in a circle; followed by the women, with their backs to each other. At a -certain turn in the air, the women all raised their voices; I shall not -say in a chorus, as it appeared more like a continuation of the song. -After a short time, the women suffered their voices to die gradually -away, in the most plaintive manner; and the old man again resumed the -song alone, until a similar turn again brought in the women’s voices. -This alternation lasted a considerable time; during which they still -continued to walk round in a circle, and all the while bestowed the most -friendly smiles upon us. Meantime, the men stood scattered outside the -ring; and whenever the old man resumed his song, they jumped, shouted, -and laughed, in the most extravagant manner. One of the men at last -kissed two of the females, making plain signs for us to take the same -liberty, in rotation, with the whole circle; at the same time uttering, -repeatedly, the exclamation, “_Coo-nee!_” We, however, pretended not to -comprehend his meaning, as we were not at all desirous of so -indiscriminate a salutation. I noticed one of the women earnestly making -the same gesticulations, and crying out “_Coo-nee!_” also; but as we did -not comply, they soon after finished the song. We adopted their own -method of jumping and shouting, to express our satisfaction; at which -they seemed particularly well pleased. - -Preparing now to leave this interesting spot, we descended to the sea, -followed by the whole of the natives: and as I turned about to observe -if there were any thing belonging to their tents which had before -escaped our notice, my eyes rested upon a group of about a dozen huge -dogs, around a piece of whale blubber. It is really surprising what -numbers of these animals the _Esquimaux_ uselessly support during -summer; but they are amply repaid by the benefits derived from them in -the winter; as the dogs are then employed to drag the sledge of their -owners, after the manner of the reindeer in _Lapland_. In -_Newfoundland_, and in its environs, large dogs are also used, for the -purpose of transporting fire-wood, and other articles, over the snow: -and I have been assured, by a respectable merchant, who resides -occasionally at _Lance-a-Loup Bay_ on the southern coast of _Labrador_, -that he has travelled one hundred miles in twenty-four hours, in a -sledge drawn by ten brace of dogs: they are not accustomed to reins, but -two well-trained dogs are placed foremost, and the whole are then -managed by a singular kind of whip, the use of which it is difficult to -acquire, as the handle is but three feet long, and the lash fifteen.[16] - - [Illustration: _Sledge drawn by Dogs. - used by European Traders at Hudson’s Bay, and on the Southern Coast of - Labrador_] - - [Illustration: _Engraved by J. Smith & Clements Inc. Strand - Bark Canoe of the Cree Indians in Hudsons Bay. - London Published by J. Mawman 13^th May 1817_] - -After giving away amongst the natives all the metals we possessed, even -to the buttons of our coats, we embarked; and resting upon our oars, at -a trifling distance from the shore, we gave them three hearty cheers. -This was merely intended by us as an experiment; but the effect produced -by it surpassed in interest any thing that we had yet seen amongst this -people. - -The echoes of our huzzas had scarce subsided, before the three young -girls, who had attended us the whole day, stepped down to the edge of -the water; having each of them previously drawn on a pair of gloves made -of white feathers. They first held out their arms, in an horizontal -position, with the fingers extended; then waved them to and fro, with an -undulating motion; and, at last, suddenly sunk them towards the earth. -Again, recommencing for a short time the waving of their hands, they -finished this affecting ceremony by extending both arms, to their full -extent, towards the right side, pointing their snow-white gloves towards -the sky. They continued to repeat the same motions without the least -variation, until we began to pull away from the shore; when they ceased -entirely, and retired into the crowd of natives, who had stood behind -the three girls during the foregoing exhibition, and, in profound -silence, appeared to be watching every motion. Never had we seen a more -interesting spectacle: the young _Esquimaux_ kept the most exact time -with each other, and accompanied their gestures by the most graceful -motion of their heads; their eyes bespeaking, at the same time, the most -tender solicitude for our safety. It is not a trifling matter that can -agitate, even for a moment, the rough feelings of a seaman; yet the -crews of our boats sat, during this scene, in mute astonishment, with -their mouths wide open; and at last, with the utmost reluctance, we tore -ourselves away. - -Unlike the generality of savage nations, this people did not exhibit any -dances peculiar to themselves: the only instance that we observed, to -prove they have an idea of dancing, was on board the ship; here a young -girl threw one leg out, and then another, alternately, for some time; -when, stopping suddenly, she shut her eyes, and, holding her head down, -fell to moaning and howling, as if in great pain: next followed a -convulsive gurgling in the throat, and deep-drawn sighs; then gradually -opening her eyes, and relaxing her features into a smile, she repeated -the whole over again. - -It is a curious fact, that the inland or hunting tribes of _Indians_ in -_Hudson’s Bay_ believe the _Esquimaux_ to be a nation of sorcerers. -Should the season prove a bad one in procuring their furs, they say that -the _Esquimaux_ have enchanted the game; and they then set off to the -northward, to punish them accordingly. Whenever they discover the tents -of the supposed magicians, they remain lurking about the place until a -favourable opportunity offers; when, raising the dreadful war-whoop, -they rush on to the attack with inconceivable fury. Every individual of -the vanquished is instantly massacred, whether they make resistance, or -implore for mercy. The animosity between them is hereditary, bloody, and -implacable. - -When Mr. _Hearne_ travelled to the N. W. in search of the long-sought -passage to the _Southern Ocean_, he was escorted by a party of _Cree -Indians_, and was himself an eye-witness of the massacre of an -_Esquimaux_ tribe; although he used his most earnest entreaties with his -conductors, to spare an innocent-looking young girl who had supplicated -his protection: the _Indians_ frowned furiously upon him; and asking, -with haughty contempt, _if he wanted an Esquimaux wife_, they speared -her to death on the spot[17]. - -It is rather remarkable, that the habitations of the _Esquimaux_ had -never before been visited by the officers of the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships, -although they had often landed in the Straits: but this may be explained -in two ways. In the first place, the _Esquimaux_ are evidently anxious -to conceal their places of abode; secondly, the commanders of the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ ships have directions from the Company not to go on shore -amongst the _Esquimaux_ themselves, nor to send their boats; and they -have orders also to be continually on their guard, in all communications -with this people. Possibly these orders have been issued since the -horrid termination of an attempt to establish a permanent white whale -fishery at _Richmond_; and probably that circumstance may have given -rise to the regulation. I shall relate the dreadful story in the sequel, -when I reach that part of my Narrative where it will be necessary to -give a short description of the factories in _Hudson’s Bay_: it would be -considered as too long a digression to insert it at present. We had the -good fortune, therefore, to be the first _Europeans_ who, for the last -forty years, have visited the habitations of the _Esquimaux_. I have -thus been enabled to describe them fully, from my own observations. And -there is another point upon which I am able to speak _positively_, -although the circumstance did not fall under my own inspection: I allude -to the manner of disposing of their dead. - -His Majesty’s ship _Brazen_, Captain _Stirling_, in the year 1813, -convoyed the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships into the Bay. Captain _Stirling_ and -some of his officers landed in the Straits, but could not find any -habitations of the natives: however, in wandering about the hills, they -discovered an object of no less curiosity; namely, the dead body of an -_Esquimaux_: it was closely wrapt in skins, and laid in a sort of gully -between two rocks, as if intended to be defended from the cold winds of -the ocean: by the side of the corpse lay the bow and arrows, spears, and -harpoon of the deceased; together with a tin pot, containing a few beads -and three or four _English_ halfpence: the last articles had evidently -been procured by the deceased in traffic with the Company’s ships. - -The reason of the body having been laid on the surface of the earth, is -in consequence of the impossibility of penetrating the flinty rock, of -which the whole coast is composed; and the custom of depositing his arms -by the side of the corpse of a deceased _Indian_, is common to many -barbarous nations.[18] - -As it may be expected that something should be said respecting the -government and religion of the _Esquimaux_, I shall briefly state, that -they did not appear to me to trouble their heads with either. They -certainly paid great respect to the old man who sang to us the song -before mentioned; but it does not necessarily follow that he was either -a prince or a priest. It is probable that they venerated him more on -account of his age, than from any civil or ecclesiastical authority with -which he was invested. But the _Esquimaux_, and all other nations around -_Hudson’s Bay_, have a notion of a superior spirit, whom they concur in -styling _Manéto_, or _Good Spirit_. It is not known whether the -_Esquimaux_ have any idea of an Evil Being; but the _Cree Indians_ -imagine that there is a great number of that species, whose sole delight -consists in tormenting mankind[19]. - -With respect to the language of the _Esquimaux_, I have been able to -collect a few specimens: and I shall insert, against each word, in what -part of the coast each expression was ascertained to be in use, and the -authority from whence I derived my information. - - Words. Signification. Where used. Authority. - - Chymo _Barter._ On the shores of Ascertained by - _Hudson’s myself. - Straits_. - Pillitay _Give me - something._ - We-we _A white goose._ - Wau-ve _An egg._ - Muck Mhameek _A knife._ - Kippy Swau, beck _A saw._ - Muck-tu _A deer._ - Twau-ve _Go away—begone._ - Tuck-tu _Seal blubber._ - Kiack _Canoe._ _Churchill_, and Ascertained by - in _Hudson’s one of the most - Straits_. respectable - Traders - belonging to - _Churchill - Factory_. - Omiack _A ship._ - Kannau weet ameg _A dart._ - Ye meck _Water._ - Hennelay _A woman._ - Aunay _Far off._ - Cob-loo-nak _An Englishman._ _Churchill - Factory._ - Mai _Good._ - Nagga Mai _Not good._ - Karrack _Wood._ - Peo-me-wonga _I would have._ By the Natives By the _German_ - of the Missionary - Missionary before mentioned. - Settlement. - Ak-ka-karor _It shall have - mapock payment._ - - Having given a short account of the _Esquimaux_, their manners, and -customs, I may now proceed with my Journal as before; and content myself -with making a few cursory remarks, as we sail along. - - August _1st_.—The whole of this day we continued off _Saddle -Back_[20]; as the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships had some arrangements to make, -previous to their final separation, which always takes place off -_Mansfield Island_, at the entrance of _Hudson’s Bay_. Towards evening, -we began to ply to windward, with a fresh breeze at west. Thermometer -40° in the shade. - - August _2d_.—Beating to windward with a strong breeze, in the -afternoon we hove-to off _Icy Cove_, about a mile to the westward of two -remarkable hills, called the _Virgin’s Paps_, which last lay nine -leagues to the westward of _Saddle Back_. On firing a gun and hoisting -our colours, we were immediately visited by another party of -_Esquimaux_: there was no difference whatever in their appearance from -those we had seen before. One of our officers purchased a canoe of a -native, for which he paid a kettle, a lance, a saw, and a spoon. Our -curiosity was considerably excited, to observe in what manner this man -would contrive to reach the shore; and we really entertained serious -apprehensions for his safety, when we perceived him stretch himself out -upon his belly on another canoe, at the back of the man who used the -paddle. He was in this dangerous position conveyed to land, not daring -to lift his head, through fear of destroying the equilibrium of the -canoe; which did not swim two inches above the surface of the sea. - - After night-fall, we were compelled to tack ship about, to avoid a -large patch of floating ice. - - August _3d_.—We continued plying to windward all this day; and in -the evening we had reached _Upper Savage Island_. It lays about -twenty-three leagues to the west of _Saddle Back_, in an opening which -has never been explored. Thermometer 32° in the sun. - - August _4th_.—Towards the evening of this day we had a fair wind, -the ship butting her way through immense quantities of ice. Passed by a -bluff cape, called _Point Look-out_. This cape is eight leagues to the -west of _Upper Savage Island_. We saw a number of _Esquimaux_ following -us among the windings of the loose ice. These poor creatures laboured -hard to overtake us, hallooing and shouting “_Chymo!_” but we were now -exceedingly anxious to get forward, and therefore could not wait for -them; at which their disappointment must have been great. - - August _5th_.—This morning forcing our way with difficulty through -the ocean of ice that surrounded us; at length, being enveloped in a -thick fog, and the wind dying away, we lashed our ship to a large piece -of ice; and firing three guns as a signal for our convoy to do the same, -we were astonished at the effect produced by the cannon, The explosion -issued like thunder over the ice; then appeared to roll rumbling back -towards the ship; bellowing forth again in tremendous peals. The echo -died away in distant reverberation. - - Shortly afterwards, we imagined that we could distinguish the sound -of voices through the fog: we immediately beat the drum, to point out -our situation; and, in a few minutes, we plainly heard the shouting of -the _Esquimaux_: they soon came alongside the ship, with the usual -expressions of delight. It is really surprising that this people should -venture so far from the land, in such frail barks, through a mass of ice -which is enough to daunt an _European_, even in a stout-built ship. - - The fog clearing away, we cast the ship loose, and endeavoured to -force our way forward among the ice; until, from its increasing -consolidation, we were again obliged to lash to a large piece of it. -This operation is called _grappling_; and it is performed by running the -vessel alongside of the piece of ice to which it is intended to make her -fast: two men then leap on the ice: the one runs, with a sort of -pickaxe, to dig a hole in it, using the precaution to stand with his -back to the ship; and the other man follows the first, with a -serpent-like iron on his back, having a strong rope affixed to one end -of it: this serpent (or ice-anchor, as it is termed) is hooked into the -hole on the ice, and the rope is fastened on board the ship. Other -ice-anchors and ropes are then hooked to different parts of the piece of -ice; and the number of ropes is varied according to the state of the -weather. In a gale of wind, we had generally five anchors a-head; and -with a moderate breeze, not more than two. The whole manœuvre of -grappling is generally accomplished in five minutes; and although the -ship be lashed to windward of a clump of ice, yet the action of the wind -on a vessel’s masts, yards, &c. turns the ice round, and she will -consequently soon be under the lee of it, with water as smooth as a -mill-pond. - - We were employed this evening in filling our casks from a pool of -snow-water on the ice; and our people were highly diverted with running -upon it, leaping, playing at foot-ball, and shooting at seals. At -length, four of the seamen were so imprudent as to venture on a sort of -peninsula which projected from the main body of the ice; when the -isthmus instantly gave way, leaving them adrift on a small piece that -was barely sufficient to sustain their weight. It was long after -night-fall, and with the utmost exertion and difficulty, that we -succeeded in getting them safe on board again, by the help of a boat. - - August _6th_.—In the middle of the night, the prospect from the ship -was one of the most awful and sublime that I ever remember having -witnessed, during a life spent entirely upon the ocean: and I regret -that no language of mine can give an adequate idea of the grandeur of -the scene. As far as the eye could reach, a vast alabaster pavement -overspread the surface of the sea, whose dark blue waters could only be -seen at intervals, where parts of the pavement appeared to have been -convulsively torn up, and heaped upon each other in ruined fragments. -The snow-white surface of this immense plain formed a most striking -contrast to the deep black clouds of a stormy night; through which, -uninterrupted flashes of forky lightning succeeded each other with great -rapidity, as if intending, by their fiery glare, to shew to us the -horrors of our situation, and then to magnify them by leaving us in -utter darkness. Add to this, the reiterated peals of thunder that burst -forth, in a thousand roaring echoes, over the surrounding ice; also the -heavy plashing of the rain, which poured down in torrents; the distant -growling of affrighted bears, the screams of sea-birds, and the loud -whistling of the wind;—the whole forming a midnight prospect which I -would have gone any distance to see; but having once beheld, never wish -to witness again. - - In the morning, we were surprised by the appearance of two -_Esquimaux_, who had contrived to reach the ship, although we were at -least seven leagues from the land, and the ice closely hemming us round -on all sides: the Indians had effected their passage by dragging their -canoes over the different fields of ice which obstructed their progress. -At 4 A.M. we got under sail; as there appeared a possibility of our -pushing through, the ice having loosened a little; however, we looked in -vain for an opening. The ship running fast, with a fair breeze, struck -violently upon a large field, and the shock fairly lifted up her bows. -We continued butting through until 8 A.M. when we grappled to a large -field of ice, as an impenetrable mass now presented itself on all sides -of us: the wind shifted into the N. W. and blew a heavy gale, -accompanied by drifts of snow and sleet. We lay in this position all -night, closely hemmed in, with five ice-anchors a-head. An inspection -being made by the carpenter, he found that the heavy shocks which the -ship had received this day had started the ceiling about her bows, and -also twelve or fourteen of the trunnels. - - August _7th_.—During the whole of this day, we continued closely -wedged in by the ice. It blew a hard gale from the west, attended by a -heavy fall of snow and sleet. The loose ice was incessantly varying its -position: at one time, we were so closely hemmed in as to be hardly able -to discern any water; then, suddenly, the ice would again open to a -considerable distance. This is easily accounted for; as the light pieces -of ice drift much faster before the wind than the heavier masses, which -are deeper in the water: it will naturally occur, therefore, that the -three ships would alter their position, according to the size of the -clump to which they were fastened. The _Eddystone_ was three miles to -the east of us last night; and at sunset this evening, she was as far to -the west; yet that ship was still grappled to the same piece of ice as -before; and, from the coagulated mass which surrounded us, one would -have been led to conclude that the relative distance from each other -could not have been so easily altered: but it varies according to the -depth and solidity of the ice to which the ships are affixed. - - August _8th_.—In the forenoon, the snow ceased to fall, and we had a -finer day. Latitude, by an observation at noon, 62°. 54′. N. The ice -loosened considerably in the course of the day, but not sufficiently for -us to get under sail. At night-fall, we lost sight of the _Eddystone_, -to the west. - - August _9th_.—The day had just began to dawn, when an animal was -observed swimming near the ship: we at first conjectured it to be a -seal, and accordingly sent a quarter-master over the ice, to knock it on -the head, if it attempted to get upon it; but the man was fain to make a -rapid retreat, when he discovered the form of a prodigious bear emerging -from the water. This enormous creature came close to the ship’s head; -and had I been armed with a pistol only, it would have been easy to have -dispatched him; but during the time we were all bustling for a musquet, -the bear marched up the field of ice. Mr. _Wells_, a young midshipman, -and myself, instantly pursued him, by different routes; but the grey of -the twilight was favourable to him; and his hide being but a shade or -two deeper than the ice itself, he escaped unseen. We afterwards traced -his footsteps to the edge of the ice, opposite the spot where he landed, -and he must therefore have replunged into the sea from that place. I -mention this circumstance to shew in what manner these animals contrive -to procure subsistence: they swim, during the night, in the quiet manner -now described; and drawing close to a piece of ice, they immediately -smell if there be any seals upon the top of it; in which case they -ascend gently on the opposite side, and suddenly springing upon the -sleeping seal, they instantly tear it in pieces.—As this proved to be a -fine day, we drew our seamen out upon the ice, and exercised them by -firing at a target. Towards evening the ice began to loosen -considerably. - - August _10th_.—A fine day; but the ice still close. Wind remains at -N. W. During the last twenty-four hours, the _Eddystone_ again appeared -in sight; and towards evening, she again neared us considerably. We -believed this to be owing to her having got into a southerly current. -Our latitude this day was 62°. 50′. N.; and at night-fall the -thermometer stood at 28°. - - August _11th_.—At 4 A.M. ungrappled, and got under sail, with a fair -wind, running a zig-zag course amongst the ice; the ship, at intervals, -striking excessively hard. Towards evening, we again grappled to a piece -of ice; and, upon inspection, we found several more trunnels started, -and the ship much shaken, by her repeated blows. The Admiralty must -certainly have been deceived by the _Hudson’s-Bay_ Company, respecting a -Voyage to _Hudson’s Bay_; or they certainly would never have sent a ship -of war to perform it, without previously strengthening her for the -occasion. It is exceedingly dangerous for any ship to attempt a passage -through the sea of ice in _Hudson’s Straits_, unless her bows be doubled -with oak-plank and heavy blocks of wood, bolted to each side of her -cutwater; as the floating masses of ice may be considered so many _rocks -of crystal_. - - This day, in a vacancy between the ice, we saw the first regular -whale. On his second rising to blow, I discharged a load of small shot -into his back; at which, however, he did not even seem to feel the least -annoyance, though we saw him no more. - - August _12th_.—At day-light, ungrappled, with a light wind at south; -but, to our great mortification, we were again obliged to anchor, at -noon, to a field of ice about half a mile long; and both the other ships -made fast to the same piece, so that we could walk across the ice to -visit each other. Our people were immediately set to work; and in three -hours’ time, we had filled fifty-six casks with snow-water, from a large -pond on the ice. We had _Charles’ Island_ in sight, bearing W. N. W. -about nine leagues distant. This small island is on the southern shore -of the Straits, in the narrowest part; the channel there not being above -twenty miles broad. _Charles’ Island_ lies about twenty-one leagues to -the west of _Lady Lake’s Inlet_; and hence the ships leave the northern -shore, and steer for the south end of _Salisbury Island_, lying off Cape -Diggs, at the western extremity of _Hudson’s Straits_. - - The ice continuing very close all around us, we were compelled to -remain in this situation, without ungrappling, for five days; in which -nothing occurred worthy of notice. - - [Illustration: _Appearance of the Entrance of Prince of Wales’s Sound, - bearing S.W.½W. about nine leagues.—taken August 17, 1814._] - - [Illustration: _The Rosamond grappled among close Ice._] - - August _17th_.—In the morning, we were opposite a deep inlet, called -_Prince of Wales’s Sound_, on the southern shore of the Straits, which -has never been explored. All this coast, as well as the northern shore, -is fringed with islands; the principal of which are called _King -George_, _Prince of Wales_, _Maiden’s Paps_, and _Mannil’s Islands_; and -they doubtless afford shelter to many fine harbours. - - August _18th_.—We did not grapple during the night, but hove to, for -about two hours, whilst it continued dark; and at day-light we again -bore up, and continued running through loose ice. Towards noon it fell -nearly calm: we observed seven large seals, basking on a piece of ice; -but as soon as we approached them in a boat, they rolled into the water, -and disappeared. We were visited by two _Esquimaux_ in the afternoon: -they had nothing remarkable about them, except that their mustachios -were rather more bushy than those we had seen before. In the evening it -fell quite calm, and we grappled. - - August _19th_.—During the night, the other ships had fallen -considerably to the eastward; but the wind coming round to the -south-west, we ungrappled, and waited for their coming up. _Queen Anne’s -Foreland_, a high cape on the north shore, bore E. N. E. nine leagues; -and although at so great distance, we were visited by three canoes of -_Esquimaux_, bringing their usual commodities for traffic. Our latitude -this day was observed to be 63°. 38′. N.; longitude, 72°. 45′. W. We -grappled again in the evening, and lay so until— - - August _21st_.—At 2 A.M. was presented one of those awful -appearances which are so common in these hyperborean regions. The water, -for some distance around the ship, had, for a time, been partially -cleared of the ice; when, on a sudden, a noise was heard like very -distant thunder, and the crackling of falling beams in some immense -conflagration. The loose ice, which had appeared so distant before, now -approached on all sides with an unusual rapidity; the pieces driving one -over another in their course, and seeming to menace the destruction of -our ship. In ten minutes we were completely hemmed in, on all sides; and -a person might travel for miles over a space which had just before been -an expanse of water. The ice must have been forced together by some -extraordinary meeting of the currents, as there was but a slight breeze -at the moment. - - At noon, the wind became fair: we ungrappled, and steered through -loose weighty ice until 8 P.M. when a thick fog came on, and we again -grappled for the night. About 10 P.M. the deep darkness of the sky was -suddenly changed to a bright twilight; and having continued so for about -five minutes, it again relapsed into its former gloom. This singular -appearance was occasioned by a streamer of the _aurora borealis_ -bursting through the thick fog which surrounded us.—Thermometer 29°. - - During our stay in _Hudson’s Bay_, and upon our voyage home from -thence, our nights were constantly illuminated by the most vivid and -brilliant coruscations of the _aurora borealis_. Its appearance was very -different from that which I have seen in more southern latitudes; -resembling continual jets of meteoric fire from the northern part of the -horizon, which, after darting upwards in long streamers towards the -zenith, suddenly collapsed, and receded; falling back, in zig-zag, -serpentine lines, with diminished splendour; and ultimately dying away, -and vanishing from the sight; being succeeded by other jets, as -beautiful as the first. The _Cree Indians_ inhabiting _Hudson’s Bay_, -and indeed the _European_ traders there, maintain, that, in the serene -stillness of their severe winters, a soft rushing noise constantly -accompanies these coruscations, like that which is occasioned by the -quick waving of a _fan_, or of a _winnow_. The same remarkable -circumstance is mentioned by _Hearne_, who bears positive testimony to -the fact. “I can positively affirm,” says he[21], “that in still nights -I have frequently heard the _northern lights_ make a rustling and -crackling noise, like the waving of a large flag in a fresh gale of -wind. This is not peculiar to the place of which I am now writing (_the -Athapusco Lake_), as I have heard the same noise very plain at -_Churchill River_: and, in all probability, it is only for want of -attention that it has not been heard in every part of the northern -hemisphere, where these lights have been known to shine with any -considerable degree of lustre.” - - August _22d_.—Early in the morning we again ungrappled. The reader -of this Journal may easily conceive that, by this time, our impatience -was at its height, as we had now been nearly a month incessantly -occupied in endeavouring to push our ship through the never-ending -drifts of ice in _Hudson’s Straits_. I shall not, therefore, attempt to -describe the joy of every person on board, when at 8 A.M. we emerged -into an open sea, and, the wind blowing tolerably fresh, at ten we -passed by _Charles’ Island_. At noon, we had lost sight of both land and -ice; and we now sailed forwards at a great rate, with both our ships in -company. Towards night-fall, we passed by a low level island, called -_Salisbury Island_, which lies at the entrance of _Hudson’s Bay_. - - August _23d_.—In the morning, passed to the southward of -_Nottingham_, a long rocky island, lying north of _Cape Diggs_. I know -not if _Salisbury_ and _Nottingham Islands_ are inhabited by the -_Esquimaux_; but it is natural to suppose that this people visit them -occasionally, during their periodical voyages. At 8 A.M. we were off -_Cape Walsingham_, which is only remarkable for its being the north-west -promontory of _Labrador_, and having a string of small islands running -from it towards the sea. - - In the afternoon, the _Eddystone_ parted company; as that ship was -bound for _Moose Factory_, at the southernmost extremity of the bay; -whilst we intended to proceed with the _Prince of Wales_ to _York -Factory_, on the western side. And now, having brought the ship safely -through these formidable Straits, and conducted her into the immense -gulf of _Hudson’s Bay_, we will leave her for a while to pursue her -voyage, and take an excursion round the _Bay_, in order to give some -short description of its factories, inhabitants, &c. - - Amongst the many adventurous naval enterprises which reflect such -lustre upon the last years of Queen _Elizabeth_, and the beginning of -the reign of _James_ the _First_, none, perhaps, can surpass, in -intrepidity and perseverance, the voyages of _Henry Hudson_; undertaken -for the express purpose of effecting a north-west passage to the -_Pacific Ocean_. All that I have been able to collect respecting this -brave but unfortunate man is, that he sailed in the year 1610, and -discovered the Straits which now bear his name. He boldly pushed his way -through them; and finding that, after a length of six hundred miles, he -emerged into an open sea, his heart beat high with exultation on having, -as he doubtless imagined, succeeded in discovering that famous passage -for which so many had sought in vain[22]. Sailing forward, therefore, -four hundred miles towards the west, his disappointment was great, at -finding himself suddenly stopped, in the midst of his career, by an -unknown coast, extending (as has since been ascertained) from 51° to 63° -N. latitude. However, the spirit of _Hudson_ was not easily checked; -and, astonishing as it may appear, he determined on remaining the whole -winter on this dreary coast, so that he might be able to prosecute his -voyage early in the ensuing spring. After suffering innumerable -hardships, this daring adventurer sailed, early in the next year, -towards the north, in search of the much-wished-for outlet to the -_Pacific_; but his crew, not feeling the same enthusiasm which animated -their leader, and greatly fearing lest his ardent thirst for discovery -might expose them to the horrors of another winter, or, what was still -worse, to the chance of perishing amidst the terrific mountains of ice -with which they saw themselves to be surrounded, they accordingly -proceeded from murmurs to open mutiny; and having turned the heroic -_Hudson_ adrift in a small boat, together with the few who adhered to -his fortune, they basely left their leader to perish, and sailed away -for _England_, where they arrived in safety. As for the unhappy Captain, -I grieve to add, that he was never afterwards heard of: neither have we -the poor consolation of knowing that his murderers met with the -punishment due to their inhuman crime. There can be no doubt that -_Hudson’s Bay_ would have remained much longer unexplored, had it not so -happened that the winter preceding the year in which the discovery was -made must have been remarkably mild; consequently, _Hudson_ could not -have met with many obstacles in passing through the Straits;—no seaman -would have endeavoured to penetrate farther, if he had found them so -completely blocked up with ice as to impede a ship’s progress, even with -the advantage of a favourable wind attending her;—and that this was the -case with us, will appear evident, from a perusal of the preceding part -of this Journal. - - The _Hudson’s-Bay_ Company’s charter is said to confirm to that body -the whole and sole right of trading with the _Indians_, within the -limits of _Hudson’s Straits_; and they have no less than six factories -established at the mouths of as many different rivers, which empty -themselves into the Bay. The northernmost of these factories is called -_Churchill_: it stands on the west side of the Bay, in latitude 58°. -50′. N.; longitude, 93°. 4′. W. The port is tolerably good, and ships of -any size may anchor in it. At the entrance is a danger, called _Cape -Mary’s Rock_; but it is easily to be avoided. On entering _Churchill -River_, ships pass between two points of land. One of them forms a sort -of peninsula; and it has a large strong fort of stone upon it, the -erection of which is said to have cost the _Hudson’s-Bay_ Company -30,000_l._: it was formerly mounted with twenty 32-pound guns. The -opposite Cape (_Mary_) has also a small battery, which formerly had six -guns on it; yet, with the most culpable pusillanimity, did the traveller -_Hearne_ (who acted as chief at that time) yield this strong position to -the _French_ Admiral _La Perouse_, without so much as attempting a -defence; who, in the year 1782, spiked the cannon, and destroyed the -factory. Since that time, the fortifications of _Churchill_ have been -suffered to remain in their present dilapidated state; and, as a -trifling security against any sudden invasion in future, the new factory -was erected at a short distance higher up the river. It is matter of -surprise, that the Company do not repair the large stone fort, which is -made uncommonly strong, both by nature and by art. As it stands upon the -extremity of a peninsula, a body of men passing the isthmus to attack it -by land, would be completely exposed to the enfilading fire of the fort. -It would be difficult also for an enemy to force the gates, because -there is a small half-moon battery built on that side, expressly for -their defence. Besides, there are dwelling-houses in the interior of the -fort, sufficiently large for the reception of the whole factory. - - The shore about _Churchill River_ is high and rocky, producing only -a very few insignificant trees and shrubs. Farther north, towards the -country of the _Esquimaux_, this small vestige of vegetation dwindles -away even to a simple bush or two, and these are only to be found at a -considerable distance from each other. - - Proceeding southward, towards a more genial country, we arrive at -_York Factory_, standing upon low swampy ground, completely covered with -wood: its latitude is 57°. 2′. N.; longitude 92°. 40′. W. This place was -also visited by the _French_ in 1782, who burnt the factory, and -destroyed a small battery at the entrance of _Hayes’ River_. But -_Perouse_ was grievously disappointed in the chief object of his voyage: -and as it is so intimately connected with the subject on which I am -writing, perhaps it will not be thought improper to describe the -disappointment which the _French_ suffered in the expedition; -particularly as the fitting-out of the squadron must have cost the -_French_ nation much money; and their burning a few miserable -mart-houses in _Hudson’s Bay_ could only injure individuals, and most -probably was not felt at all by the public. - - _Perouse_ entered _Hudson’s Bay_ in 1782, having under his command a -line-of-battle ship and two large frigates. With this force he of course -insured the capture of the annual ships, together with their rich cargo -of furs, oil, &c.; and as the escape of the three ships does high honour -to the skill and intrepidity of their commanders, it is well worthy of -notice. The ship which was bound to _Churchill_, was commanded by -Captain _Christopher_; and the _French_ admiral fell in with her at sea, -just previous to her arrival at that place. A frigate was immediately -dispatched in pursuit; but the night drawing on apace, Captain -_Christopher_ resolved on a bold manœuvre, which he accordingly carried -into execution with great success. Perceiving that the _Frenchman_ was -ignorant of the coast, and, by his following the _English_ ship, that he -was determined to govern his own vessel by her motions,—whereby he hoped -to avoid all danger, and in the end secure his prize,—Captain -_Christopher_ sent his men aloft, and furled his sails, pretending to -come to an anchor. The enemy immediately conjectured that it would be -dangerous for him to proceed farther; therefore he directly brought his -frigate to anchor in reality. Captain _Christopher_ rejoiced that his -deception had so far succeeded to his wishes; and he made sail to sea -with the greatest dispatch. Night coming on, and the _Frenchman_ being a -long time in getting up his anchor, the _Englishman_ was soon out of -sight, and escaped in safety to the northward. Fired with this -disappointment, _Perouse_ burnt the factory; and proceeded to _York_, to -secure the other ship, then lying at that place, under the command of -Captain _Fowler_. As there was not depth of water sufficient for his -ships to enter _York_, he anchored in _Nelson River_, and made every -disposition for an attack upon the ship and factory by the dawn of the -next day; but, to his utter mortification, he found in the morning that -the bird had taken wing;—for Captain _Fowler_ had perceived three large -ships at anchor in _Nelson River_ the evening before, and, wisely -conjecturing that they could have no good intentions towards him, put to -sea during the night. _Perouse_ dispatched a fast-sailing frigate in -search of him, which soon had sight of the runaway; but Captain _Fowler_ -finding the _Frenchman_ to have much superiority in point of speed, -tacked about, and stood in for the land to the south of _York_, hoping -thereby to entice the _Frenchman_ into shallow water: the enemy, -however, discovering his design, and fearing lest, in further pursuit, -he might incur the risk of shipwreck, put off to sea; and Captain -_Fowler_ pursued his voyage to _England_ in safety. The season was too -far advanced to attempt any other exploit; and having therefore burnt -the factory at _York_, _Perouse_ returned to _Europe_; highly chagrined, -no doubt, at being thus foiled by a pair of _English_ sailors, and at -having failed of success in the principal aim of his expedition. As -there are many shoals and dangerous rocks in _James’ Bay_[23], he did -not think fit to send a ship to destroy the southern settlements: and to -the credit of this unfortunate navigator, I must state, that he -publickly averred, if he had been aware of the factories being the -property of individuals, he would assuredly have quitted them without -molestation. It is remarkable that the Bay ship (as she is called) got -safe to _Moose Factory_, and returned to _England_, without being at all -aware how very narrowly she must have escaped falling into the hands of -the enemy. - - The next factory to the south of _York_ is called _Severn_; but the -shore at this place runs off much too shoal to allow a ship to approach -the coast; therefore a schooner of about eighty tons is employed to take -the furs to _York_, and to bring back the necessary supplies. This is -also the case with _Albany_, the next factory towards the south; except -that the latter place sends its furs, &c. to _Moose_, instead of _York -Factory_. - - At the very bottom or southernmost part of _Hudson’s Bay_, which is -styled _James’s Bay_, we arrive at _Moose Factory_; standing, like all -the rest, on a river, bearing the same name. This place has a good -anchorage, and the climate is milder than in any of the other factories. -It is annually visited by a ship from _England_; as at _Moose_ the furs -are collected together from the lesser mart-houses of _Albany_, _East -Main_, and _Richmond_, for the purpose of being shipped off to _Europe_. -We must now proceed round the bottom of the Bay;—and the next settlement -is at _East Main River_, nearly opposite to the western shore of -_Labrador_. The factory was established at this place for the purpose of -trading with the natives of that vast peninsula; but their internal -mart-houses verge generally towards the south, and the marten skins from -this factory are said to be the finest in quality of any which are -received from _Hudson’s Bay_. The inhabitants around this settlement are -a roving race of people, styled, by the _Europeans_, _Mountain Indians_, -to distinguish them from the _Esquimaux_, who inhabit the sea-coast to -the northward. - - At some distance to the north of _East Main_ is a bight, called -_Richmond Bay_: here is a house belonging to the Company, but not a -permanent establishment; as the people who arrive from _East-Main -Factory_ in the spring, return again to that place in the fall of the -year, to remain for the winter. The annual voyages to _Richmond_ are -undertaken for the purpose of procuring oil, as there is a good -white-whale fishery in this Bay. The white whale[24] is not much larger -than a first-rate porpoise; neither does it yield any whalebone fit for -use: but the oil is nearly equal in value to that of the seal; and it -was sold in _England_, in the year 1813, at fifty-six pounds a ton. The -fish itself is perfectly white. - - There is also a small whale fishery at _Churchill Factory_, but it -is not very productive: perhaps it would be more advantageous for the -Company if they were to convert the remains of it into a new fishing -establishment in some more efficient situation. - - I have now reached that part of my Journal which I before alluded -to, as being the most proper place to introduce the account of the -disastrous termination of two attempts made by the _Hudson’s-Bay -Company_ to settle a permanent white-whale fishery at _Richmond Bay_. - - When first the _Europeans_ went to settle at _Richmond_, the -_Esquimaux_, who reside about this part, kept them in a continual state -of alarm all the winter, by lurking about the woods, in their sledges -drawn by dogs. At length an English boy was missing from the settlement; -and, after some difficulty, two _Esquimaux_ were seized, and confined in -separate apartments. In order to recover the absent youth, the settlers -made use of a stratagem. A musket was discharged in a remote apartment; -and the settlers entering the room in which one of the _Esquimaux_ was -confined, they informed him, by signs, that his comrade had been put to -death, for decoying away the boy; and they gave him to understand, at -the same time, that he must prepare to undergo the same fate, unless he -would faithfully pledge himself to restore the absentee. The _Esquimaux_ -naturally promised every thing; and on being set at liberty, he made the -best of his way into the woods, and, of course, was never afterwards -heard of. They kept the other native for some time a prisoner: at -length, he tried to effect his escape, by boldly seizing the sentinel’s -firelock at night, but the piece accidentally going off, he was so -terrified at the report, that they easily replaced him in confinement: -yet either the loss of liberty, a supposition that his countryman had -been murdered, or that he was himself reserved for some cruel death, -deprived the poor wretch of reason. As he became exceedingly -troublesome, the settlers held a conference as to the most eligible mode -of getting rid of him; and it being deemed _good policy_ to deter the -natives from similar offences, by making an example, they accordingly -shot the poor maniac in cold blood, without having given themselves the -trouble to ascertain whether he were really guilty or innocent. - - Possessing only the plain leading facts of this affair[25], it is -not easy to determine how far existing circumstances might have -justified such an act of severity towards an ignorant being, who was -also, perhaps, totally innocent. The reasons ought certainly to have -been weighty which induced them to put the poor man to death; and I hope -they will be able hereafter to reconcile the deed to God and to their -own consciences. - - After this time, _Richmond_ was abandoned as a permanent -establishment; and they fell into the present method of visiting this -place only during the fishing season, and returning to pass the winter -at _East-Main Factory_. Captain _Turner_, however, represented to the -_Hudson’s-Bay Company_, that, in his opinion, want of perseverance was -alone necessary to render _Richmond_ a safe and permanent settlement; -and that, by having people on the spot, ready to begin fishing early in -the spring of the year, much greater profit would necessarily accrue to -the Company. Accordingly, he received directions to take thither seven -people, who were to remain at _Richmond_ during the whole winter. In the -spring of the succeeding year, the northern or _Hunting Indians_, who -had visited _Richmond_ in pursuit of game, came, as usual, to barter -their furs at _East-Main Factory_; at the same time bringing the -dreadful intelligence that the seven unfortunate _Europeans_ had been -murdered by the _Esquimaux_. The bodies of some of the settlers were -afterwards found; although it be by no means certain that they were -killed by the _Esquimaux_: such, however, is a fair presumption, as this -people had before displayed a hostile disposition in the case of the -boy; and the place was rifled of all the metal, of which the _Esquimaux_ -are known to be remarkably fond: add to this, that the northern -_Indians_ had long been accustomed to trade yearly at _East Main_, and -no instance had ever been known of their behaving with treachery towards -the _Europeans_. - - On the other hand, we must allow, that the _Hunting Indians_ and the -_Esquimaux_ live in a state of constant enmity, and, consequently, that -their evil reports of each other should be cautiously received. It is -also certain, that the northern _Indians_ are as partial to spirituous -liquors as the _Esquimaux_ are to metals. Three bloody shirts, belonging -to the murdered settlers, were found in the tent of a northern _Indian_, -which he alleged to have taken from the bodies of the slain, after the -_Esquimaux_ had quitted them. Upon the whole, it remains uncertain -whether the settlers at _Richmond_ perished by the hands of the -_Esquimaux_, or by those of the northern _Indians_: for my own part, I -should be inclined to the former opinion. This catastrophe has -effectually put a stop to any further attempts towards establishing a -permanent settlement at _Richmond Bay_. - - The following anecdote of Mr. _Darby_, the father of the celebrated -Mrs. _Mary Robinson_, will shew that the _Esquimaux_ are of a -treacherous disposition, and extremely averse from any settlements being -made on their coasts. - - Mr. _Darby_ had long fostered in his mind a scheme of establishing a -whale fishery upon the coast of _Labrador_, and of civilizing the -_Esquimaux Indians_, in order to employ them in the extensive -undertaking. Hazardous and wild as this plan appeared to his wife and to -his friends, Mr. _Darby_ persevered in his resolution to prosecute it; -and actually obtained the approbation and encouragement of some of the -leading men at that time in power, who promoted his designs. To -facilitate the execution of his plan, he deemed it necessary to reside -at least two years in _America_. His wife felt an invincible antipathy -for the sea, and, of course, heard his determination with horror. The -pleadings of affection, of reason, and of prudence, were alike -ineffectual, and he sailed for _America_. - - The issue of this rash enterprise proved quite as unfortunate as it -was predicted. Mr. _Darby_ had embarked in it his whole fortune; and it -failed. The noble patrons of his plan deceived him in their assurances -of marine protection, and the island of promise became a scene of -desolation. “_The Indians rose in a body, burnt his settlement, murdered -many of his people, and turned the product of their toil adrift on the -merciless ocean._”—This great misfortune was followed by other -commercial losses; and the family of this too enterprising man were, in -consequence, reduced from a state of affluence and luxury to a very -different condition[26]. - - Having now described the whole of the Factories established upon the -sea-coast of _Hudson’s Bay_, it will be necessary to say something of -the interior: this is so far from being unknown, that a man may with -safety travel from _Hudson’s Bay_ to _Quebec_, in _Canada_, by land. The -_Hudson’s-Bay Company_ have many small factories, or rather mart-houses, -dispersed in all directions, for upwards of one thousand miles in the -interior; to which the _Indians_ bring furs, feathers, quills, &c. in -exchange for cloths, blankets, ammunition, fowling-pieces, trinkets, &c. -The furs thus collected are sent down the rivers, in large boats, to the -factories on the sea-coast, whence they are shipped off for Europe, as -before described. There is great jealousy existing between the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ traders and the _Canadian Company_, styled the -_North-West Adventurers_, respecting the traffic in _peltry_ with the -_Indians_. As the mart-houses of the two parties meet inland, each uses -all the means in its power to induce the natives to barter furs with -themselves, in preference to their opponents: nay, to such a pitch have -they carried their mutual animosity, that it is not long since a man in -the Company’s employ actually killed a _Canadian_ trader, in a dispute -relative to the purchase of some furs from the _Indians_; for which -offence the culprit was tried at _Montreal_: and as it appeared that the -_Canadian_ had given him sufficient provocation, the jury returned a -verdict of manslaughter. - - The _Indians_ have not failed to observe this competition, so -impolitic on both parts, and they profit by it accordingly. - - Each factory and mart-house has its _Chief_, appointed by the -Company; and there is also a northern and southern Superintendant, who -is directed to visit all the places of note within his district, at -least once in the year. The northern department comprises _Churchill_, -_York_, and _Severn_ factories, on the coast; and the southern embraces -_Albany_, _Moose_, _East Main_, and _Richmond_. To determine the -interior limits of each, an imaginary line of demarcation is drawn east -and west from _Hudson’s Bay_ to the _Stony Mountains_. - - With respect to the inhabitants of this vast desert I shall say but -little, as Sir _Alexander M^cKenzie_ has given a very full description -of the various tribes by which it is peopled[27]. The most populous of -all, perhaps, are the _Cree Indians_: they appear to me to be the same -race described by the before-mentioned author, under the name of -_Knisteneaux_. They occupy the country from _Churchill_ nearly as far -south as _Moose_, and are found scattered almost as far to the west as -the _Stony Mountains_; but their numbers have been much diminished of -late, owing to the small-pox. When this dreadful malady first reached -this country, as the _Indians_ were not aware of any remedy by which -they could counteract its violence, they were accustomed to leave the -person afflicted in the midst of a wood, with a sufficient stock of food -for two or three days’ subsistence; and when this scanty provision was -expended, the unhappy victim must have necessarily perished with hunger. -The banks of the rivers, for a time, exhibited a most loathsome -spectacle, of bodies which had thus fallen a sacrifice to this disorder. - - Besides the _Cree_ or _Knisteneaux Indians_, there are innumerable -tribes spread over the interior of this vast country; the principal of -which are, the _Copper_, _Dog-ribbed_, and _Hare-foot Indians_, towards -the north; the _Swees_, _Bongees_, _Slave_, and _Stone Indians_, towards -the west; likewise a variety of tribes inhabiting the southern country -around _Moose_, such as the _Mistassins_, and others. The different -tribes have frequently wars with each other; and they appear to agree -unanimously in one respect only, that is to say, in universal and -eternal hatred of the _Esquimaux_. However, it fortunately happens, from -the contrariety of their modes of life, that their parties seldom come -into contact with each other, and consequently the battles between them -are very rare. - - It remains now to speak of one of the most enterprising -speculations, perhaps, ever undertaken by a single person; namely, the -attempt lately made by Lord _Selkirk_ to establish a colony upon the -banks of the _Red River_, in a situation nearly equidistant from _York -Factory_ and _Lake Superior_, and in the latitude of 50° N.[28] - - His Lordship holds this land by a grant of 12,000 square acres from -the _Hudson’s-Bay Company_. The first settlers left _Sligo_ in the year -1811; and arriving in _Hudson’s Bay_, they past the winter of that year -at _York Factory_. In the spring of 1812, they proceeded to their -destination, under the command of a Captain _M^cDonald_, formerly -belonging to a veteran corps in _Canada_: but this gentleman seems -deficient in the essential art of conciliating those who are placed -under his government: however, the situation of the colony is -undoubtedly good, and the soil so fertile as to produce every thing -almost spontaneously. The winters, indeed, are more severe than in -places upon the same parallel of latitude in Europe, but much milder -than at _Moose_, or any of the factories in _Hudson’s Bay_; and yet even -at _Moose_ they produce barley, if it be a fine year; and _Orkney_ oats -every year, by sowing them a short distance from the sea-beach. Still, -it is extremely doubtful if ever his Lordship’s descendants will derive -much benefit from their father’s mighty speculations; unless, indeed, he -could prevail upon his tenants to grant him a sort of tithe from their -produce, in lieu of rent. With this corn he could supply the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ settlements, which would save the Company a considerable -expense, and they might repay his Lordship in the current coin of the -realm. - - The _Prince of Wales_ took out many women and settlers for the -colony, as also a Mr. _White_, to act as surgeon. Lord _Selkirk_ has -agreed with this gentleman, to give him a yearly stipend of 100_l._ -together with a grant of five hundred acres of land, and a labourer four -days in the week for its cultivation. - - It is difficult to imagine what were his Lordship’s intentions with -respect to the colony at _Red River_. Allowing the luxuriance of the -soil to answer his fullest expectations, by what possible means could -the produce be conveyed to an adequate market, so as to repay the -expenses of its carriage? The communication between the colony and _York -Factory_ is kept up by boats, through the great _Lake Winnepeg_; a -little to the southward of which runs the _Asnaboyne_ or _Red River_: -yet the channels of the different rivers are so full of falls, rapids, -portages and carrying-places, that the labour of conveying the boats is -immense, and consequently quite unfit for the purposes of commerce, -except it be in furs, and in such light merchandize. - - It was for some time believed that a large opening to the northward -of _Richmond_, and near to _Cape Smith_, was an inlet to some large -inland sea; but, in the year 1786, Mr. _Davison_, an officer in one of -the Company’s ships, was sent in a schooner to explore the same. The -following extract contains the description of his progress, as expressed -by himself. “On entering the bight, and perceiving no land a-head, we -sat down to a bottle of wine, and drank success to the new discovery: -however, we were soon chagrined by the appearance of some low islands -stretching across the opening; and shortly afterwards, coming to an -anchor under one of them, we climbed to the top of it, and, to our great -mortification, we perceived that the supposed sea was nothing more than -a deep gulf, terminated at the bottom by thick clusters of islands, -among which the sea ran winding in romantic mazes. Here we found the -_Esquimaux_, who bartered away their dresses, &c. with great avidity, -for any sort of metal.”—Notwithstanding this clear statement, there are -experienced men who still suppose that an inland sea does exist; and for -these reasons:—1st. There is a continual current setting to the east -from _Cape Henrietta Maria_, towards the supposed opening; 2dly, The bay -ship, in her voyage to _Moose_, has frequently observed a large glut of -loose ice off _Cape Henrietta Maria_, which, before her return, has -entirely disappeared; and whither could it have drifted with a strong -easterly current, unless some opening had admitted its escape from the -bay?—These are the reasons for and against the existence of the supposed -sea; but it is to be regretted, that the Company do not make a decisive -attempt to ascertain the fact. - - It will now be necessary to return to the proceedings of the ship. - - August _24th_.—Course run S. W. by W. ¼W. 34 miles. In the morning, -past to the northward of _Mansfield_, a very long, low, level island, -lying about seventeen leagues to the westward of _Cape Diggs_. Its -extent from north to south is said to be full sixty miles. As it abounds -with marshes and ponds of fresh water, it may be considered as the grand -nursery of those innumerable flocks of wild geese and ducks which -afterwards line the shores of _Hudson’s Bay_: however, it is but seldom -visited; and the ships generally avoid going too near to it, in -consequence of some shoals that lay around the shore. Towards evening, -we steered away W. S. W. by compass. - - August _25th_.—Course run S. S. W. ¾ W. 101 miles. As there is -generally a glut of ice floating about the centre of _Hudson’s Bay_, a -ship, on leaving _Mansfield Island_, and having a northerly wind, ought -to steer for _Cape Churchill_, until they reach within sixty leagues of -the land, when they may alter the course, and steer for _York_ direct. -It is necessary to make this angle, to avoid the body of ice in -question. Another thing worthy of remark is, that if a ship steer in for -_Cape Churchill_ until she have forty fathoms water, she may be certain -of being in latitude of the Cape: and when she reaches within five or -six leagues of the land, she will have eighteen fathoms water. But a -navigator must be cautious to make allowance for the southerly current, -which sets continually along the western coast of _Hudson’s Bay_. - - August _26th_.—Course run S. W. ¼ S. 56 miles. The wind this day to -the S. S. W. Our latitude at noon was 60°. 11′. N. ship still standing -to the westward. It has been already noticed, that the officers of the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ ships have a motive in concealing from the public the -knowledge which they actually possess relative to the navigation of the -Northern Seas; and I pledged myself to explain that motive at a proper -opportunity. I cannot undertake this unpleasant task at a more apposite -time than the present, when it may serve to enliven the dulness of a few -nautical remarks, which I think it necessary to insert into this part of -my Journal. - - In the first place, it is proper to state, that this illiberal -concealment has its origin in the Company themselves, who (as I am told -by their own officers) have issued the strictest and most peremptory -commands to the people in their employment, “that they take especial -care to conceal all papers, and every other document, which may tend to -throw light upon the Company’s fur-trade.”—It is probable that the -Company had no other motive in issuing these directions, than to keep -themselves and their gains shrowded in a profound silence; as it appears -that, above all other things, they wish their trading concerns not to -become a topic of general conversation in the mother-country. Actuated -by such principles, the officers of the _Hudson’s-Bay_ ships conceive it -to be their duty to conceal likewise all those remarks which their -experience has taught them to make upon the navigation of the _Northern -Seas_: consequently, nothing can be more incorrect than the Chart -supplied by the _Admiralty_ for the guidance of a man-of-war in -_Hudson’s Straits_: it absolutely bears no resemblance to the channel of -which it is intended to be an exact delineation. During the time we -continued in _Hudson’s Straits_, the _Rosamond_ was entirely piloted by -a chart belonging to the chief mate of the _Prince of Wales_, and one of -his own making; yet he was so jealous of his performance, that he was -highly offended at our Master’s having endeavoured to take a copy of it; -and from thenceforward kept his charts carefully locked up. When I -questioned him, with some freedom, on this mysterious conduct, the -selfish motive stood at once confessed: he feared lest, from others -attaining the same knowledge as himself, they might be induced to enter -into the service of the Company, and thereby possibly supplant him in -his situation. And such I found to be the motives which induced the -majority of these experienced seamen to keep their truly valuable -information concealed within their own bosoms. After the foregoing -statement, it will be unnecessary to explain my reasons for inserting -the very few nautical observations which I was enabled to collect. - - August _27th_.—Course run, W. S. W. ¼ W. 87 miles. - - We continued running all this day across the bay, with a fine -leading wind. Our latitude at noon was 59°. 40′. N. - - August _28th_.—Course run W. S. W. 74 miles. - - At noon this day we sounded, and found that we were in eighty -fathoms water. About sun-set we observed a large body of ice to -windward; our latitude at this time 58°. 56′. N.; and longitude, by -chronometer, 89°. 50′. W. It is about this spot that the _Hudson’s-Bay_ -ships generally calculate on seeing ice, allowing they meet with it at -all. - - August _29th_.—Course run S. by W. ¼ W. 68 miles. - - At 1 A.M. we sounded in sixty-seven fathoms water. At four in the -morning, the wind suddenly increased to a violent gale, which died away -again at sunset. Our latitude at noon was 58°. 6′. N.; longitude, 90° W. -Towards night-fall we sounded in forty-two fathoms, with a muddy bottom; -and at the same time we caught an owl and a hawk, which we considered as -sure signs of the vicinity of land. - - August _30th_.—As we were now running in to make the land, I shall -insert a Table of the Soundings, taken from the depth of water, which we -ascertained last night at sun-set. - - Table _of_ Soundings _ascertained on the 30th of_ August, _while - standing in for the Land to the Southward of_ York Factory. - - Hours. Ship’s Distance run Depth of Bottom. - Course, by since last Water. - Compass. Soundings. - - 4 A.M. S. S. W. 20 Miles 25 Fathoms Mud - 5^h 0^m Ditto 4 Ditto 21 Ditto Ditto - 5.30 Ditto 5 Ditto 15 Ditto Ditto - 6.0 Ditto 5 Ditto 14 Ditto Ditto - 6.30 Ditto 5 Ditto 19 Ditto Ditto & sand - 7.0 Ditto 6 Ditto 12 Ditto Sand & pebbles - _Note._—At seven o’clock in the morning we saw the trees a-head, the - land itself being too low to be seen. The land probably about seven - leagues distant. - 7.30 S. by W. 5 Ditto 9½ Ditto Ditto - 7.50 Ditto 2 Ditto 7 Ditto Ditto - - As we continued beating to windward, in various soundings, all the -forenoon, I shall not mark them down, but proceed to 1 P.M. when _Cape -Tottenham_ bore S. by E. five leagues distant. - - Table _of_ Soundings _ascertained on the 30th of_ August, _while - standing in for the Land to the Southward of_ York Factory;—continued - from the preceding page. - - Hours. Ship’s Distance run Depth of Bottom. - Course, by since last Water. - Compass. Soundings. - - 1 P.M. We had —— 13 Fathoms Rocky and - gravelly, which - denotes the - Cape bearing S. - by E. - 2^h. 0^m. W. N. W. 4½ Miles 14 Ditto Rocky. - 3.— Ditto 6 Ditto 23 Ditto Ditto - 5.— S. S. E. 5 Ditto 26 Ditto Brown sand. - 6.— Ditto 5 Ditto 17 Ditto Mud, shells, - and stones. - 7.30 Southward 7½ Ditto 8 Ditto Mud. - & Westward - 9.— Ditto 7 Ditto 11 Ditto Ditto - 9.30 Ditto 2 Ditto 11 Ditto Sand. - 10.— Ditto 2 Ditto 11½ Ditto Ditto - 10.30 Ditto 2 Ditto 12 Ditto Fine sand. - 11.— Ditto 2 Ditto 12 Ditto Very fine sand. - 11.30 Ditto 2 Ditto 14 Ditto Gravelly sand, - and black - specks. - 12.— Ditto 2 Ditto 14½ Ditto Very fine sand. - - Table _of_ Soundings _ascertained on the 31st of_ August, while - standing in for the Land to the Southward of York Factory. - - Hours. Ship’s Distance run Depth of Bottom. - Course, by since last Water. - Compass. Soundings. - - 12^h. Southward 2 Miles 14 Fathoms Grey sand with - 30^m. A.M. & Westward black specks. - 1.— Ditto 3 Ditto 15 Ditto Ditto - 1.30 S. W. ½ W. 3 Ditto 15½ Ditto Oozy - 2.— S. W. 3 Ditto 15½ Ditto Mud - 2.30 Ditto 2 Ditto 16½ Ditto Ditto - 3.— Ditto 2 Ditto 14½ Ditto Oozy - 3.30 Ditto 2 Ditto 12 Ditto Brown sand, - black specks, & - broken shells. - 4.— Ditto 2 Ditto 7½ Ditto Sand - 4.30 Standing in for _York 7½ Ditto Ditto - Flats_ - 5.— Ditto 3 Ditto 7¾ Ditto Hard ground. - 6.— Ditto 6 Ditto 7 Ditto Ditto - 7.— Ditto 6 Ditto 8½ Ditto Ditto - 8.— Ditto 7 Ditto 8½ Ditto Soft ground. - - At eight in the morning, it will be observed, we were in 8½ fathoms -water, on _York Flats_; and we therefore came to an anchor, with the -beacon, at the mouth of _York River_, bearing S. W. by compass; the land -being distant about ten miles, although it could barely be discerned in -a blue line above the horizon. Thus, it may be observed, we had been -sixty-three days on our voyage; and that it may be compared with other -voyages to _Hudson’s Bay_, I have annexed to this Journal a Schedule[29] -of those performed by the Company’s ships since the year 1788; although -I have not been able to obtain the dates of their departures from the -_Orkneys_. - - By the Sounding Table which I have inserted, it is evident that the -depth of water abreast of _York River_, and off _Cape Tottenham_, to the -southward, is uncommonly regular; and it may therefore be fairly -concluded, that, although the western coast of the Bay be very low land, -yet there is no great danger in making it. - - It is not expected that ships during their return to _Europe_ will -ever meet with loose ice[30]: therefore, as soon as our ship anchored on -_York Flats_, we _undid_ all the preparations which had been made for -manœuvring whilst amongst the ice; such as, re-stowing our anchors, and -putting below ice-ropes, ice-anchors, ice-axes, &c.; and we rejoiced in -being rid of them. - - The factory was about twenty miles distant from the anchorage of the -ship, but not visible. At 10 A.M. I went, therefore, from the ship, to -report our arrival to the Governor. We were met at some distance from -the ship by a large boat from the factory. It appeared that they had -noticed the arrival of the ship; and mistaking her for the _Prince of -Wales_, the boat was immediately despatched for letters, parcels, news, -&c. &c. Finding their mistake[31], the boat returned with us to the -factory, which we reached about nine at night. On landing, we were -hailed by a sentinel; and a guard of honour was drawn out to receive us, -with a pair of _Highland_ bagpipes in front. The guard was composed of -the traders, boatmen, and others, belonging to the factory: and through -the gloom of the night I discerned the Governor and his officers, -standing in a group to receive us. After the necessary business of -introduction was over, we walked up to a large wooden building, -surrounded by a double row of wooden palisades; and here we were regaled -with venison steaks and buffalo tongue. - - Sept. _1st_.—At 2 A.M. the tide answering for our return, we quitted -the factory, and reached the vessel again about 8 A.M. - - Whilst we were at _York Fort_, we received information that the -factory at _Churchill_ had been burnt to the ground, in the month of -_November_, 1813. The miseries which the people of that place suffered -during the remainder of the winter were very great. As there were -seventy-three chests of gunpowder in the warehouse at the time the -conflagration took place, their whole attention was occupied in removing -away the powder to prevent an explosion; and by the most strenuous -exertions they succeeded in this undertaking; but the time lost -prevented their being able to save a mouthful of provisions, or a single -utensil, from the flames. An old out-house that had escaped destruction, -and a few tents which they erected of rein-deer skins, served them as -habitations during the remainder of the winter; and, as if Providence -had taken especial care to provide for their necessities, partridges -abounded to a greater degree than had been known for many years before. -Of course, these birds proved a seasonable supply to the sufferers; -particularly as the partridges are so very tame, that they suffer -themselves to be driven into nets, by which means large quantities are -taken at one time. - - A family in _England_ would be justly esteemed objects of great -pity, if they were burnt out of their home in the midst of winter, -although many friendly habitations might be humanely opened for their -reception. What then, comparatively speaking, must have been the -situation of the _Churchill_ people—driven out by the flames in the -middle of a _November_ night, on the shores of a frozen ocean, with the -thermometer 78° below the freezing point, without any shelter save that -of a decayed out-house, no bedding, no cooking utensils, no immediate -nourishment, and no final prospect of relief, except from a reliance on -the adventitious aid of their fowling-pieces! Such a night must surely -be allowed to have had its share of horrors. But heroic strength of mind -is the characteristic of the _European_ traders to _Hudson’s Bay_; and -this alone enabled the people of _Churchill_ to escape all the evils -attendant on such a calamity. - - Towards the evening of this day, the _Prince of Wales_ came to an -anchor near us. - - Sept. _2d_.—In the morning we weighed anchor, and ran into the mouth -of the river, otherwise called _Five-fathom Hole_. It is a very -contracted anchorage, and at high water there is not more than three -fathoms’ water on the bar. In running in from _York Flats_, the large -beacon must be kept bearing S. W. by W. by compass. To moor the ship, -one anchor must be laid up the stream, and another down it; and the -width of swinging room at low water does not much exceed four times a -ship’s length; having a dry muddy flat on the N. W. and a shoal to the -S. E. The water is perfectly fresh, and fit for use, at the last quarter -ebb, and first quarter of the flood-tide. - - As we lay at this anchorage until the 28th instant, I shall not -notice each day separately, but proceed to make such remarks as occurred -during our stay; contenting myself with briefly stating, that the -_Prince of Wales_ was employed during the time in stowing away her -cargo, &c. - - The whole of the north-west part of the continent of _America_ is so -completely intersected with rivers and lakes, that _Mackenzie_ went the -greater part of his journeys by water. _York Factory_ is situated on the -bank of a river, which has sometimes been called _York River_; although -it appears that the majority agree in giving it the name of _Hayes’ -River_: but it undergoes many appellations in its course from the -_Echemamis_ to the sea. I shall therefore endeavour to describe the -river, by tracing a journey from _York Factory_ to _Lake Winnepeg_, a -distance of about five hundred miles: but the fur-traders of -_Hudson’s-Bay_ are so well accustomed to the route, that two men in a -slight bark canoe will undertake it without the slightest hesitation. - - On leaving _York Factory_, the boats proceed against the stream, -without meeting any obstruction, up _Hayes’ River_, _Steel River_, and -forty miles of _Hill River_; when they arrive at the first -carrying-place, called _Rock Portage_. The obstructions from -henceforward begin to augment; and at every portage, the boat, with her -whole cargo, must be carried over land; which is rendered sometimes -extremely difficult, by the ground being either rough or swampy. - - After passing _Rock Portage_, the stream is contracted; and there -are a number of portages intervening, before the boats can arrive at a -broad part of the stream, called _Swampy Lake_, which contains a number -of small islands; and it may be considered as a short half-way to _Lake -Winnepeg_. Leaving _Swampy Lake_, the stream is again contracted into a -narrow slip, called _Jack River_, in which are four portages. On -crossing these, they enter a broader part, intersected by innumerable -small islands. This space is styled the _Knee Lake_, and is sixty miles -in length. One of the small islands in the centre of _Knee Lake_ -contains so great a quantity of iron ore, as to cause the compass to -spin round with uncommon velocity. At the upper end of the lake the -stream gradually lessens into another slip, called _Trout River_, and -here are four more portages: then gently extending its boundaries, the -river opens on a wide expanse, called _Holey Lake_, from some deep holes -in the bottom of it, and the great inequality of the soundings -throughout. At the eastern extremity of this lake stands _Oxford House_, -the first trading port to be met with after leaving the factory. Owing -to the richness of the soil, and the geniality of the climate, this -place produces a number of excellent vegetables[32]. - - Proceeding onwards, the boats leave the main body of _Holey Lake_ to -the left hand: the stream then suddenly narrows; and after passing four -more carrying-places, the last of which is called _Hill’s Portage_, -there is a clear space, until a sudden serpentine bend in the river -forms the _White-fall_. The current now begins to be very weak; and a -little farther on, they enter a narrow part with still water. This spot -is the highest part of the land between _Lake Winnepeg_ and _Hudson’s -Bay_; and _Hayes’ River_ may, perhaps, be said to take its rise about -seven miles to the southward of it, in a small lake called -_Winnepegosis_. The boats now meet with a singular rock, which, from -some curious _Indian_ paintings once found there, has since been called -the _Painted Stone_. Over this rock the boat must be dragged, and again -launched on the opposite side, into a long, narrow, boggy slip of water, -called the _Echemamis_. After emerging from this strait, the current of -the river begins to operate in favour of the boats; and this proves that -the _Echemamis_ is a small river, taking its rise in the morasses about -the _Painted Stone_, and having no connection with the river which leads -from the _Painted Stone_ towards the sea. The _Echemamis_ is, however, -lost at a short distance from its source; as after the boats pass _Hairy -Lake_, the stream falls into the _Sea River_; and there is a portage at -their junction, called the _Sea River_ carrying-place. The _Sea River_ -is a branch of the great _Nelson River_, separated from the main stream -at the _Play-green Lake_, and rejoining it by a creek that opens near -_Hairy Lake_. - - The boats go against the current up the _Sea River_; and passing the -little _Cross Lake_ and _Pike River_, they reach _Winnepeg_, through the -_Play-green Lake_. This last is a wide body of water, covered with -islands; and may properly be said to be merely a part of _Nelson River_, -which holds its course from the _Stony Mountains_ to _Hudson’s Bay_. The -rough course from _York Factory_ to Lake _Winnepeg_ is about south-west; -but the _Nelson River_ makes a great angle between _Winnepeg_ and the -sea; as it first runs off N. N. E.; and then takes its course, due E. N. -E. to _Hudson’s Bay_, where it empties itself by the side of _Hayes’ -River_[33]. - - The labour of getting the boats up these rivers is amazingly great: -their crews encamp on the banks every night; and they generally land -also to cook their meals, except when they are compelled to subsist on -_pemmican_, a sort of dried, husky compound, composed of pounded venison -and deer’s fat mixed together. This species of food is extremely -nutritious: it requires no cooking, and is sometimes rendered more -palatable by the addition of berries. - - There are many kinds of wood growing on the banks of the rivers, and -indeed the whole of the interior near the sea is covered with it: but in -the country about Lake _Winnepeg_ there are very few trees, and the -inhabitants are therefore compelled to use the dung of the buffalo for -fuel. Both buffaloes and horses abound in the open country. The woods on -the coast are principally composed of dwarf poplars, larches, and all -the varieties of the pine species. - - Having thus described the communication by water between Lake -_Winnepeg_ and _York Factory_, I shall conclude with a statement of the -respective distances. - - Miles - - Distance from _York Factory_ to the top of _Hayes’ River_ 50 - Thence to the upper end of _Steel River_ 35 - To _Rock Portage_ 35 - To _Swampy Lake_ 35 - Length of Ditto 9 - Length of _Jack River_ 9 - _Knee Lake_ 60 - _Trout River_ 12 - _Holey Lake_ 30 - To _White-fall_ 45 - _Painted Stone_ 15 - Along the _Echemamis_ to _Hairy Lake_ 35 - Length of Ditto 4 - _Play-green Lake_ 35 - - It must be allowed, that the above is a mere rough statement of an -old trader, who had been accustomed to traversing the route for nearly -twenty years. - - _Nelson River_ is a much more noble stream than _Hayes’ River_, with -respect to its navigation, extending about twenty miles from the sea; -but from thenceforward it becomes so full of obstructions, from -portages, falls, and rapids, that the Company have been compelled to -establish their factory upon, and give a decided preference to, _Hayes’ -River_, although they have an establishment or two for trade on the -former. The _Nelson River_ takes its rise, according to _M^cKenzie_, in -the _Stony Mountains_; and empties itself into _Hudson’s Bay_, at the -same place as _Hayes’ River_. It is only divided from the latter, at the -mouth, by a very low cape, called _Point of Marsh_, upon which an -exceeding high wooden beacon has been erected by the Company, to enable -their ships to distinguish the mouth of the river. The continual washing -of the waters on either side of the _Point of Marsh_ has enabled the sea -to encroach a great deal on the land, and thereby created many dangerous -shoals in the mouths of the rivers: the navigation has, by these means, -been rendered extremely contracted and difficult. The breaking up of the -rivers in the spring tends also, in a great measure, to increase these -evils: for, in the first place, the ice being driven towards the sea -with an amazing velocity, it carries every thing forcibly away, and -causes a general ruin upon the banks, by cutting down large bodies of -earth, and hurling trees and rocks from their places. In the second -place, it frequently happens that immense stones lying at the bottom of -the rivers become fixed into the ice during the winter, and the freshes, -in the spring, consequently bear them away towards the sea; but the ice -not being able to sustain their ponderous weight for any length of time, -it naturally occurs, that those masses become disengaged, and are -deposited at the mouths of the rivers, where they not only incommode the -passages, but likewise injure the ships’ cables by their friction. - - On the second day after our coming, an _Indian_ Chief arrived at the -factory from Lake _Winnepeg_, and some of our officers brought him on -board. He staid with us two days; and as he was the Chief of one of -those tribes who still maintain a great part of their primeval manners, -_untainted_ by _European_ civilization, a full description of him may -not be thought unentertaining. - - This man had been brought from Lord _Selkirk’s_ colony, at _Red -River_, to _York Factory_, by Captain _M^cDonald_, the chief of the -colony. As far as I could collect, his tribe are properly called the -_Sotees_, or people who go up and down the falls of rivers. But they -have been styled _Bongees_ by the _British_, from their being addicted -to mendacity; and as they are always crying out “_Bongee!_” which, in -their tongue, signifies “a little,” perhaps, too, the colonists may have -thought the appellation peculiarly adapted to the _Sotees_, as they are -but a weak tribe in point of numbers. - - The Chief in question was about five feet eight inches high, and, to -all appearance, about thirty years of age. It seems that he had some -claims to the territory on which Lord _Selkirk’s_ colony now stands; but -he had sold his birth-right “for a mess of pottage.” Therefore, to keep -him in good humour with the infant establishment, he had been brought -down on a visit to _York Factory_, where it was intended that he should -receive an accumulation of honours. A coat of coarse blue cloth, -tawdrily ornamented with tarnished lace, and adorned with -shoulder-knots; a round hat, with a red ostrich feather in front; a very -coarse white shirt, with frill and ruffles; a pair of red stockings, -yellow garters, and black shoes, were presented to him immediately upon -his arrival. If we add to all this finery, his native ornaments, such as -a neck-band of wampum or bead-work[34], a long string of beads suspended -by his hair from each temple, and a number of large metal links of the -coarsest workmanship, dangling from either ear, his appearance will -naturally be imagined to have bordered upon the grotesque. His thighs -were entirely naked, as he could not be prevailed upon to fetter them -with breeches; and the cartilage of his nose had been perforated. - - He appeared a very intelligent man, and was highly delighted with -every thing he saw on board the ship. He was not particularly pleased -with any of our musical instruments, except the drum. A sky-rocket -struck him quite dumb with astonishment; and he afterwards observed to a -person who understood his language, “That the _Water-Governors_[35] must -be very powerful, who could thus force the stars to fall from the sky.” -Like most _Indians_, he was a great egotist, and the general tenor of -his conversation ran upon his dignity. He observed that he was a -Governor, like ourselves; and when the snow became deep on the ground, -his tribe were going out, under his command, to make war upon the _Swee_ -Tribe; and that after quitting his own territory, he expected to meet -his enemy in eight days. He exulted that he had already killed two of -the _Swee_ nation with his own hand; and he gave us to understand, that -his own tribe always made war on horseback. We presented him with a -cutlass, at which he was delighted, waving it above his head, and -boasting what wonders he should be able to perform by its assistance. -Upon the whole, he was rather a swaggerer; but, perhaps, this was a -little excusable; because, according to the character given of him by -those _Europeans_ who had heard of his fame, he had acquired an amazing -influence amongst many savage tribes, by his courage and wisdom. Indeed, -his remaining two days with us, perfectly easy and contented, is a proof -that he possessed a good share of the former quality; particularly as we -were all utter strangers to him, and he had neither seen the sea nor a -ship before in his life: nor did he appear to be at all deficient in the -more tender susceptibilities of nature. He had two wives, four sons, and -six daughters; and when I presented him with a few spangles and beads, -he gave me to understand, that those trifles would be received with -great pleasure by his children, on his return to his native country. It -surprised us much to observe with what a degree of exactness he copied -all our methods of eating, drinking, &c. As we desired to hear him sing, -we took advantage of his imitative powers to make him comprehend our -wishes: accordingly, the person who sat next to him began first, and the -song went regularly round the table, until it reached the _Bongee_ -Chief; when, instantly taking the hint, he rose up, and prefaced his -ditty with a long speech, which we of course did not comprehend; but, by -his gestures, we could perceive that it was evidently intended as an -explanation of the subject on which he was about to sing. Then he -suddenly struck off into an air that gave us a much higher opinion of -the strength than the harmony of his voice. The subject, we could -perceive, was an appeal to the Deity (_Manito_), to protect the ship -from all dangers, in her voyage across the waters. We had many other -songs from him during the evening: and on a special application, we were -favoured with a specimen of the war-whoop, a most discordant howl, -produced by striking the hand quick against the mouth, and shouting at -the same time. But the most farcical scene of all was the business of -getting him into a bed. The purser of the ship undertook the difficult -task of chambermaid; but our _Indian_ Chief disencumbered himself of all -his finery in a twinkling; and having reduced himself to a state of -nature, he rolled head foremost into the bed, placing his feet upon the -pillow: this produced great vexation in the mind of his _Abigail_, who -the next night succeeded, with much difficulty, in causing his _Indian_ -Highness to lie down like a _Christian_. - - On the evening of the second day, our _Indian_ friend left us, to -return back to his native country. He seemed to feel great regret at -parting with the _Water-Governors_; and he gave us all to understand, -that if we should hereafter visit his territories, he would insure us a -hearty welcome, and a handsome bed-fellow to boot. - - Captain _Stopford_ having expressed a wish to observe the manner of -killing the reindeer, as practised by the _Indians_, and a party being -accordingly made to ascend the river, we left the factory early in the -morning, with a small boat of Captain _Stopford_’s, and a birch-bark -canoe to carry the provisions, tents, &c. We continued to push along -shore, against the stream, until 10 A.M. when we rested at a small -creek, called _Dram-gat_, to breakfast. _Dram-gat_ is about seven miles -from the factory: it abounds with wild-duck; and receives its name from -an old custom of giving the people in the traders’ boats a dram at this -spot, previously to proceeding farther on their journey up the river. -The tide of the sea ceases to affect the current of the river entirely -at the _Dram-gat_. - - We landed upon the bank, kindled a fire, and roasted some -venison-steaks after the _Indian_ manner, called by them _ponask_. -Having cut a long skewer of wood, they scrape off the bark, and stick -the meat upon its point. The other end of the skewer is then forced into -the ground, close to the fire; and by turning it round occasionally, the -food is soon sufficiently cooked. I never tasted any thing more savoury -than a venison-steak prepared in this manner. After making a hearty -meal, we embarked again; and two men taking out a line to the beach, we -were thus laboriously dragged along shore. There are many islands and -shoals on the south side of the river; whilst the northern shore is, -generally speaking, steep. The mouth of _Hayes’ River_ is gradually -verging towards the north, in consequence of the perceptible -encroachments of the water upon the north bank, and the evident emerging -of islands and shoals towards the south side of the river. - - As we proceeded up the stream, we met several canoes of _Indians_, -deeply laden with venison for the factory. After receiving from us a -small present of tobacco, they continued their course. - - At 3 P.M. we had reached a large circular island on the south side -of the river, called _Rainbow Island_. The view from this spot was -delightfully picturesque. The northern shore was bounded with high clay -banks, covered with dark forests of the spruce-pine tree. Above us, upon -the southern banks, five or six remarkable mounds of earth rose -majestically from the river. At the termination of a long view upwards, -the stream was lost in a sudden bend to the northward; and the vista in -that direction was bounded by a noble grove of poplars, that stood on -the declivity of the green sloping bank; and their bright yellow colour -formed a fine contrast with the sable hue of a frowning forest in the -back ground. Directly opposite to the place where we stood, several -_Indian_ canoes lay scattered about the shore; and the natives sat -regaling themselves, around a blazing fire upon the beach. The river, -glittering with the golden tints of the sun, ran smoothly beneath our -feet; and a little farther down, foamed, in distant murmurs, over a -shoal-bed of pebbles. Whilst we stood contemplating the varied objects -in this interesting scene, a flock of wild geese flew screaming past; -and a gentleman, who knew the country well, immediately observed, that -we should have an “_early fall_;” thereby intimating that the winter -would soon make its appearance. Our admiration of the fine view before -us instantly gave way to other sensations; and we could not avoid -wishing ourselves speedily out of a country where the transition is so -instantaneous, from the most oppressive heat to intense cold; where the -ground is bound up in frost eight months of the year; and the miserable -inhabitants are tormented to madness by heat and mosquitoes during the -remaining four. - - Upon leaving _Rainbow Island_, we approached the spiral mounds of -earth before mentioned. Their formation was so regular, that an -enthusiastic antiquary might easily have believed them to be antient -_Indian_ Tumuli; but upon a close inspection, we plainly perceived that -they had been separated from the body of the bank by the ices in the -spring; and they had probably assumed a circular form owing to the -washing of the great floods which follow the breaking up of the rivers, -and melting of the snows, at that season of the year. - - [Illustration: _Interior of a Wigwam of the Cree Indians - London Published by J. Mawman 16.^th May 1817_] - - About 5 P.M. we reached a place called _Poplar-fall_; and observing -an _Indian_ wigwam on the north bank, we crossed the river, and encamped -within pistol-shot of it. We had pitched our tent within the wood; and -from it we could discern the river, at intervals, through the openings -of the trees. Although we were but a short distance from the _Indian_ -wigwam, yet the wood was so intricate, that we found it difficult to -find our way thither. We, however, paid the natives a visit, and sat -familiarly down in the wigwam. It contained one old and two young men, -one old and one young woman, and five or six children of both sexes, -besides two infants. The wigwam was a circular tent, constructed with -three or four poles, lashed together at the top, and covered over with -an inferior kind of leather, made of tanned deer-skins. In the midst of -the tent was a blazing fire; and in the smoke above, a quantity of -deer’s flesh was suspended, after the manner of bacon in _England_. On -the outside of the hut, there were several stages, on which their strips -of venison were exposed in the sun to dry, for the winter’s consumption. -After sitting a short time with the natives, and inquiring at what part -of the river the rein-deer were crossing, we were at length about to -depart, when the old _Indian_ presented Captain _Stopford_ with eight -deers’ legs, which, when roasted, are considered a great delicacy, on -account of the rich marrow they contain. The young woman then gave -another of our party a deer’s heart and tongue; and the old squaw, whose -aspect was sufficient to give any man a dis-relish to the whole sex, -kindly tossed into my lap a head and a brisket. Laden with these -presents, we returned to our tents, and dined heartily off a tongue and -heart, _ponasked_. But our kind _Indian_ neighbours had not been so -exceedingly munificent without entertaining strong expectations of an -adequate remuneration: accordingly, the visit was soon returned by the -whole horde; and the old _Indian_ brought a kettle in his hand, which -was intended as a _gentle hint_ that he wished for a liquid equivalent. -We therefore gave him about a quart of rum, mixed with three quarts of -water, and a trifling supply of tobacco. Extraordinary as it may appear, -this small donation was amply sufficient to intoxicate every member of -the wigwam; and their voices resounded, in song, through the woods, for -many hours after we had retired to rest. - - Very shortly after the first dawn of day, we were awakened by the -old _Indian_: he came to inform us, that several herd of deer had -already crossed the river, and that it was high time we should repair to -our stations, to intercept any more which might attempt to follow; as it -is an ascertained fact, that these animals, during their periodical -journeys, are accustomed to follow each other’s footsteps. - - According to the old _Indian_’s advice, we proceeded about two miles -farther up the river, until we reached a place called _Twenty-mile -Island_; so named from its distance from _York Factory_. Still pursuing -the directions of the friendly _Indian_, we hauled our canoe close to -the beach, on the north side of the river; as, at this season of the -year, the rein-deer, in pursuance of their northern journey, cross all -the rivers from the southward. The _Indian_ proceeded with his canoe -higher up the stream, and took his post opposite to the spot from whence -he had seen the before-mentioned herds crossing in the morning: he then -concealed himself in the high grass, by the side of his canoe; and we -also followed his example. After lying thus in ambush for a short time, -a small herd, consisting of five deer and a fawn, appeared on the south -bank of the river, exactly opposite the old _Indian_’s canoe. The timid -and wary animals stood for some time on the bank of the river, casting -an inquisitive glance across the water. We all crouched closer than -before, in the grass; and we had soon the satisfaction to see the whole -herd leap boldly from the shore. The _Indian_ above us immediately -pushed across the stream with his canoe, to intercept the retreat of the -deer; and this he was enabled to do unobserved, as he was also a -considerable distance above the deer; and the animals neither looked to -the right nor to the left, but kept their eyes anxiously fixed on the -shore which they were endeavouring to reach. As our lurking-place was -about half a mile lower down than the place from whence the deer had -taken to the water, and the rapid current of the river naturally drifted -them downwards, they would have attempted to land close to us, had not a -shoal in the river arrested their progress, upon which they mounted; and -by their superior height they immediately discovered us. The deer now -stood hesitating what they should do; and so in fact did we: but our -_Indian_ co-adjutor having by this time succeeded in gaining the -opposite shore, called loudly on us to rise and advance. As soon as we -sprang from the grass, the affrighted herd replunged into the river, and -attempted to gain the shore which they had quitted; but we pursued them -across the stream with such activity, that only one effected its -landing, and the remaining four again turned their heads to gain the -northern bank. From this moment their deaths were considered inevitable, -as the chief skill then lay in continually turning the weary animals -from the shore, which we were easily enabled to do, by the superior -speed of our canoe. The _Indian_, meanwhile, followed close behind a -large buck, until it approached the bank; when he deliberately speared -it in the haunch; and as it emerged from the water, he fired a bullet -into its body: yet the animal ran with speed into the wood, and we all -naturally concluded it must have escaped;—but the skilful hunter smiled -at the idea: “No, no,” said he; “I have it safe:—now for another;” on -which, he wheeled about his canoe, and instantly speared to death an -amazing fine doe. My gun being loaded with goose-shot only, I discharged -it into the rump of the surviving doe, which bled profusely; I also -again fired, and struck it on the nose, when my ramrod unfortunately -fell overboard: however, we still kept turning the animal from the -shore; and having now no weapon in the canoe wherewith we could kill it, -I was obliged to halloo for the _Indian_ to bring us a spear; -accordingly, he paddled towards the deer with all his might, and, on -reaching our canoe, tossed me the spear. Following the native’s example, -I made a deep thrust into its haunch, which soon put an end to its -existence; and putting a cord over its head, we towed it on shore in -triumph. - - As the _Indian_ had predicted, he soon found the carcase of the -wounded buck, lying about ten yards within the wood. Thus we succeeded -in obtaining _three_ out of the original _five_: and with respect to the -other two; one, as above-mentioned, made good its escape in the first -instance; and the fawn also landed, whilst we were engaged with the doe. - - I have been more particular in relating this expedition, because it -will serve as a specimen of the general manner in which the _Indians_ -procure their supplies of venison and deer-skins. There have been -instances of taking the rein-deer alive, by throwing a rope about the -antlers; but this can only be attempted by a boat, as the sudden plunges -of the animal, when thus entangled, is very likely to upset a slight -bark canoe. - - From the continual crossings that we had made athwart the stream, -whilst in pursuit of the deer, the current had drifted us down about two -miles below our encampment, which we did not regain until towards -evening; and our _Indian_ neighbour soon paid us a visit, to talk over -the day’s sport. Having received another present of _Scutee Wapper_[36] -(rum) and tobacco, he wished us a good-night; and their songs shortly -afterwards began to swell on the air; giving to us a sure indication of -the liquor having had its due effect on their senses. - - To conclude my account of the rein-deer of _Hudson’s Bay_, I must -observe, that they are evidently the same species with those of -_Lapland_; although the _Indians_ have never attempted to render them in -any way useful for domestic purposes: but Lord _Selkirk_, with his usual -perseverance, has procured people from _Sweden_ to train the rein-deer -in _Hudson’s Bay_; although they have not yet been a sufficient time in -the country to ascertain the practicability of such a scheme[37]. - - If the _Indians_ be so fortunate, during their hunting journeys, as -to kill a rein-deer in the woods, they eat of it until they literally -cannot cram another mouthful. When their meal is finished, they erect a -high stage, on which they lay the remainder of the carcase, so as to -secure it from the wild beasts; and then cover it with branches of -trees, to defend it against the birds of prey. All this trouble is -taken, that the food which they are compelled by necessity to leave -behind them may be of service to some wandering tribe of hunters like -themselves, who may not have been so fortunate as to have met with any -deer in their journey. - - When, therefore, in traversing the immense plains or forests of the -interior, a half-famished _Indian_ descries at a distance one of those -charitable stages erected on high for his relief, he hails the cheering -sight with the same feelings of delight that is experienced by a -tempest-tost and bewildered sailor, when he descries, through the dark -clouds of a stormy night, the cheering fire-beacon which denotes the -situation of a sheltering port. Whenever an _Indian_ has satisfied his -hunger at one of the stages in question, he marks the supporting poles -with the character peculiar to his tribe; so that those to whom he is -indebted for relief may perceive, on their return, whether their friends -have benefitted by their humane intentions. And it is a singular point -of honour amongst them, that if, by the characters before mentioned, -they should discover that the stage had been erected by an hostile -tribe, they will rather suffer the severest pangs of hunger than be -obliged to their enemy for relief. - - Upon our return to the factory from the deer-hunt, we found much -anxiety prevailing respecting the safety of a small schooner, which had -sailed hence, on our arrival, to bring the furs from _Churchill River_, -and had not yet returned. There was the more foundation for such -apprehensions, as it blew a heavy gale on the day after her departure, -and she must consequently have been overtaken by it before she could -have possibly reached her destined port. However, it was determined to -wait her return until the 28th of _September_, when prudence dictated -our departure, to avoid the risk of a detention for the whole winter. In -the mean time, we occupied our time in procuring a stock of fresh -provisions against the day of sailing. Accordingly, a party of _Indians_ -were despatched in pursuit of game; and in a few days they returned with -eleven hundred wild geese, which they had shot in the marshes to the -southward of _York_; and several other parties of the natives poured in -a copious supply of venison and wild duck. - - Nor were we idle ourselves, as we constantly drew the _seine_ in the -mouth of the river; but the supplies of fish thus obtained were -exceedingly trifling. Of those we caught, the principal part consisted -of mullet, and _tittameg_, a small delicate fish peculiar to the rivers -of _Hudson’s Bay_. - - Before I quit entirely this almost unknown country, I shall insert -an extract from an author whose observations will serve materially to -illustrate my own[38]. - - “The animals of _Hudson’s Bay_ are, the moose-deer, stags, -rein-deer, bears, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, -squirrels, ermines, wild-cats, and hares; of the feathered kind, geese, -bustards, ducks, partridges, and all manner of wild fowl: of fish, -whales, morses, seals, cod, sea-horses, and sea-unicorns: and in the -rivers and fresh waters, pike, perch, carp, and trout. There have been -taken in one season, at _Nelson River_, 90,000 partridges, as large as -hens; and 25,000 hares. Every thing changes white in winter; even -_European_ animals after being a short time in the country. - - “The inhabitants shew great ingenuity in kindling a fire, in -clothing themselves, and in preserving their eyes: in other respects, -they are very savage[39]. In their shapes and faces they do not resemble -the _Indians_, who live to the south: they are more like the -_Laplanders_ and _Samoeids_ of _Europe_, from whom they are probably -descended. Those on the sea-coast are dexterous in managing their kiacks -or boats[40]. The other _Americans_ seem to be of a _Tartar_ original. - - “In 1670, a Charter was granted to a Company, which does not consist -of more than nine or ten persons, for the exclusive trade to this Bay; -and they have acted under it ever since, with great benefit to -themselves. The fur and peltry trade might be carried on to a much -greater extent, were it not entirely in the hands of this exclusive -Company; whose interested, not to say inquisitive spirit, has been the -subject of long and just complaint. The Company employ four ships, and -130 seamen[41]. - - “The _French_ destroyed the forts in 1782, valued at 500,000_l._ The -Company export commodities to the amount of 16,000_l._ and bring home -returns to the value of 29,340_l._ which yield to the revenue 3,734_l._ -This includes the fishing in _Hudson’s Bay_. - - “This commerce, small as it is, affords great profits to the -Company, and is advantageous to _Great Britain_ in general; for the -commodities we exchange with the _Indians_, for their skins and furs, -are all manufactured in _Great Britain_; and as the _Indians_ are not -very nice in their choice, those things are sent of which we have the -greatest plenty, and which, in the mercantile phrase, are _drugs_ with -us.——Though the workmanship, too, happens to be, in many respects, so -deficient, that no civilized people would take it off our hands, it may -nevertheless be admired by the _Indians_. On the other hand, the skins -and furs we bring from _Hudson’s Bay_ enter largely into our -manufactures, and afford us materials for a lucrative trade with many -nations of _Europe_. These circumstances tend to prove incontestably the -immense benefit that would redound to _Great Britain_ by throwing open -the trade to _Hudson’s Bay_; since, even in its present restrained -state, it is so advantageous. The exclusive Company, it is probable, do -not find commerce so advantageous now as it was before we got possession -of _Canada_. The only attempt made to trade with _Labrador_ has been -directed towards the fishery. - - “From the journeys of _M^cKenzie_ and _Hearne_, a complete -confirmation has arisen, that there can be no northern communication -between the _Atlantic_ and _Pacific Oceans_, except at so high a -latitude that it must be impeded by perpetual ice. - - “The mouth of the _Copper-mine River_, as ascertained by Mr. -_Hearne_, lies in latitude 72° N.; longitude, 119° W. of _Greenwich_.” - - Since the _British_ have had possession of _Canada_, a strong -competition has arisen between the people of that country and the -_Hudson’s-Bay_ traders. It is therefore doubtful whether the opening of -a free trade into _Hudson’s Bay_ would be productive of those very -advantageous results which Mr. _Pinkerton_ has supposed: the -indefatigable _Canadians_ have contrived to carry their mercantile -expeditions into almost every part of the N. W. continent of _America_; -and it can be of little political consequence to the mother country, -whether the peltry trade is made to pass through _Canada_ or _Hudson’s -Bay_; except, indeed, that the opening of a free intercourse with the -Bay might operate as a stimulus upon the _Esquimaux_, to animate their -exertions in the seal and whale fisheries; as they would be then certain -of finding an adequate market for their oil, whalebone, and seal-skins. - - That nothing serves so effectually to deaden the spirit of -mercantile application as an unjust monopoly, is evident, from an old -record of the year 1742; which runs thus:— - - “When the _Indians_ came to the factory in _June_ 1742, they could get - but a pound of gunpowder for four beaver skins, a pound of shot for - one beaver, an ell of coarse cloth for fifteen, a blanket for twelve, - two fish-hooks or three flints for one, a gun for twenty-five skins, a - pistol for ten, a hat with a white lace for seven, an axe for four, a - hedging-bill for one, a gallon of brandy for four, a checked shirt for - seven; all which was sold at the monstrous profit of 2000 per cent. - Notwithstanding which discouragement, the _Indians_ brought down to - _Port Nelson_ that season 50,000 beaver skins, and 9000 martens; these - beaver skins being worth five or six shillings a pound; whereas those - which the _English_ purchase at _New York_ are not worth more than - three shillings and sixpence a pound. - - “Besides these skins, the _Indians_, during the same year (1742), - brought to the factory, at _Churchill_, 20,000 beaver skins.” - -If the _Indians_ were industrious at a season when their labour was so -miserably repaid, they would consequently become, at this moment, much -more diligent; because, owing to the competition before noticed, they -are certain of meeting with something like an adequate return for their -commodities. - -To this increased activity of the natives is probably owing the late -very visible diminution in the staple article of their commerce, the -beaver skins; as it is evident that those animals are becoming much more -scarce, in consequence of the perseverance with which their haunts are -sought out and invaded. - -The 28th of _September_ having at length arrived, and the mercury in -_Fahrenheit_’s thermometer having sunk to 20°, we gave up all hopes of -the schooner returning from _Churchill_; and came to the melancholy -conclusion, that she must have perished on her voyage. We therefore -weighed anchor from _York River_, and steered our course towards the -north, with an intention of touching, if possible, at the former place, -to seek information of the schooner, and to get the furs from that -factory; but a brisk gale springing up from the N. W. which was -immediately against us, we gave up our design of visiting _Churchill_, -and bore away for _Hudson’s Straits_. From henceforward we had one -continued gale in our favour, until we reached the _Orkneys_, after an -unparalleled quick voyage of nineteen days. In passing through _Hudson’s -Straits_, we could perceive none of the drift-ice or _Esquimaux_, which -were so plentiful in our voyage outwards: the former had been carried -away to the ocean, by the prevalence of the southerly currents; and the -latter had most probably retired to their winter habitations. - -We saw, however, many _icebergs_ of enormous magnitude in the _Straits_; -but, after leaving _Cape Resolution_, we reached the _Orkneys_ without -noticing any more of those dangerous islands[42]. - -We remained at the _Orkneys_ nineteen days before the other -_Hudson’s-Bay_ ship arrived from thence; but she had experienced much -bad weather, and made a much longer passage than ourselves. - -A few straggling remarks, made during our stay at the _Orkneys_, will -conclude this Journal. - -Entering _Stromness Harbour_, by the _Hoy Passage_, the view on either -hand is extremely awful and sublime. _Hoy Head_ is a tremendous height; -and it appears doubly so from a ship sailing near to it, as the western -side of this craggy mountain is nearly perpendicular; so much so, -indeed, that it obtained the appellation of _Hoy Walls_. At a particular -part of this awful cliff, an immense rent has torn a large fragment from -the wall; and this huge disjointed mass is now washed, on all sides, by -the most terrific breakers. It stands however erect, repelling all their -shocks; and it has assumed so completely the human form, as to be styled -the _Old Man of Hoy_. This gigantic figure may be about five hundred -feet high. - -If the lowness of the eastern shore gives it a less grand appearance, -yet the ledges of sunken rocks, on which many a gallant vessel has -perished, together with the horrid breakers roaring mountain high above -them, do not fail to inspire a spectator with equal awe and terror. - -The Cathedral of _St. Magnus_, at _Kirkwall_, is built of a reddish kind -of stone, in the shape of a cross; and it looks, at a short distance, -much like a brick edifice. It is of very large dimensions; and appears -to a stranger in a more imposing light, because it is erected on an -eminence. The square tower issuing from the top of the cathedral, in the -centre of the cross, was formerly surmounted by a magnificent spire; but -being shattered some few years ago, by lightning, a mean brick -substitute has since been erected. There is an amazing number of -windows; many of which have been lately broken; and there are two in the -shape of a rose, exceedingly antique and beautiful. - -The doors of this structure are low and arched, surrounded by a curious -embroidery of the same red stone as the rest of the building. On -entering the main portal, the space not allotted to public worship, the -roof is supported by a double row of enormous columns, eight on each -side: they are very simple and plain, composed of square stones laid -over each other horizontally, and the shafts of the pillars are of the -same diameter from their capitals to their bases. Owing to the moisture -of the place, a green mould has covered them, and given to the interior -a most venerable aspect. - -Passing up the centre of the isle between these aged pillars, we arrive -at the centre of the cross, where four immense fluted columns support -the spire, bells, and clock. A boarded partition then runs across the -church; and a scrap of Scripture painted over a door marks out the place -of modern worship. The interior of this part is neat, and ornamented -with some fine specimens of carved oak, about two hundred years old. -Over many of the seats are antique escutcheons of the former Earls of -_Orkney_. The one appertaining to Earl Patrick Stuart, last Earl of -_Orkney_, (who was beheaded,) was quartered with lions and ships, and -inscribed thus: - - E SIC · FVIT · EST · ET · ERIT - = - P : S - -We had the curiosity to go up to the belfry, by spiral staircases -between the outer and inner walls of the cathedral. The number and -intricacy of these dark passages was really astonishing; and the -darkness of the place inspiring gloomy ideas, we fancied that it was in -such dismal recesses that the bigotted monks used formerly to immure -their victims. There is one fine bell, and two inferior ones, in the -church, and a noble clock by a _Scotch_ mechanist. From the belfry, a -small door opens upon a rough ledge about two feet wide: the view from -this dizzy height was extremely fine, as the town of _Kirkwall_, the -adjacent islands, and numerous lochs, appear to lie in a panoramic view -beneath the feet: but we were truly glad to re-enter the belfry, as the -want of security on the ledge quite destroyed the pleasure arising from -so fine a prospect. - -On leaving the Cathedral of _St. Magnus_, we stepped aside, between the -enormous circular columns before mentioned, to observe the only -sepulchral arch of any antique appearance in the place. There was a -shield sculptured at the apex, bearing three _hearts_ as a device; from -which we conjectured that it must have received the ashes of a -_Douglas_—the _heart_ having been the device of this family ever since -the heart of the far-famed _Bruce_ was conveyed, by that king’s desire, -to the _Holy Land_, by an Earl _Douglas_[43]. - -This noble cathedral is said to have been built in the year 1200, and is -in an excellent state of preservation. - -On the right of _St. Magnus_ stand the ruins of the palaces formerly -inhabited by the Earls and Bishops of _Orkney_. The cathedral and palace -are within a stone’s throw of each other; but the latter stands on each -side of a space which appears to have been the former court-yard of the -building. The entrance to this court-yard is by a low arched gateway. -The palace of the Earls is in better preservation than the cathedral; -and it is to be regretted, that the dilapidations to which it is exposed -are suffered to take place. - -The corners of the Earl’s palace are laden with immense turrets, which -give the building a very heavy appearance. The main portal is a massy -low doorway; and the ascent to the great hall is by a fine broad flight -of stone steps. Within the hall are two arched fire-places, each -sufficiently capacious to roast a whole ox at a time. One of the -fire-places is formed beneath an arch constructed in the usual way; but -the other is considered as a curiosity in architecture: it is a plane -arch, supported by the transverse joining of the stones without the aid -of cement. The windows of the hall are high and arched, but without -either frame-work or glass. - -The Bishop’s palace is now nearly destroyed; and, from the unceasing -attacks made upon it, will soon be entirely so. - -It is difficult to ascertain the original shape of this venerable -structure; there being but two walls now remaining. At the end of one of -these walls is a circular tower, of great strength and solidity, which, -probably, was intended for the defence of the palace. Although the Earl -and the Bishop had their residences so near to each other, yet the -temporal and ecclesiastical Chiefs were ever at variance, and their -quarrels and intrigues occupy a large portion of the _Orkney_ history. - -The town of _Kirkwall_ consists of one long narrow street, which, from -its proximity to the sea, and its central situation, was chosen to be -the metropolis of the _Orkneys_ many years ago: it is now a royal burgh, -and it sends one member to Parliament. The street is generally damp and -muddy, and there are very few good-looking houses in it. The house of a -gentleman of the name of _Baikie_ has five or six trees growing before -it; and these are, I believe, almost the only trees in _Orkney_; -although it be proved, from the number of roots dug up occasionally, -that the _Orkneys_, in former times, were by no means destitute of -wood[44]. - -The town is badly lighted; but, in this respect, it is superior to -_Stromness_; which place cannot boast of a single lamp. When we -mentioned this inconvenience, during a conversation with one of the -magistrates, he most ingeniously parried the attack, by asserting that -the inhabitants were all so sober and good, that they never quitted -their houses after dark; consequently the lighting of the town would be -attended with _unnecessary_ expense and trouble. - -The people of _Kirkwall_ boast much of the _Ayr_, a public promenade -belonging to the town. The _Ayr_ is a natural embankment, projecting -like a pier into the sea, and it is washed on both sides by the water. -In summer time, the _Ayr_ must prove a very refreshing walk, and an -agreeable escape from the filthy street of _Kirkwall_. - -With regard to the people of _Orkney_, it will be only necessary to add, -that a most unbounded hospitality is their leading characteristic; and -perhaps an eager curiosity is also an equally prominent trait. When a -stranger enters the town of _Kirkwall_, the intelligence of his arrival -flies with the rapidity of wild-fire: the old women, with their knitting -apparatus in their hands, stand staring at the doors; and they hardly -suffer him to pass, before his ears are assailed by a general inquiry of -“_D’ye ken wha that chiel is?_” This exclamation is repeated by a dozen -voices at once, at every door he passes in his route; and he will -perhaps feel uneasy in thus becoming an object of scrutiny to the whole -population. - -The people of _Orkney_ are naturally grave and sober, with much outward -appearance of devotion; yet, at the annual fair which is held at -_Kirkwall_, they suddenly relax into the most unbridled licentiousness: -neither are they in general to be admired for the honour or liberality -of their dealings, as they delight in making what is called a “_gude -bargain_;” and they feel no hesitation in overcharging a stranger, to -accomplish this desirable end. - -I shall here conclude this Narrative; merely adding, that the _Rosamond_ -and her convoy again sailed from the _Orkneys_ on the 7th of _November_, -and arrived safe at the _Nore_ on the 17th of the same month; when an -inspection having been made of the _Rosamond_’s defects, she was -reported to be totally unfit for sea, in consequence of the damage she -had sustained amongst the ice of _Hudson’s Straits_; and she was -accordingly put out of commission, and immediately advertised to be sold -out of His Majesty’s service. - - - - - Appendix (A). - STATEMENT _of the_ VARIATION _of the_ COMPASS, - WEST FROM LONDON. - - - From the Latitude of 59° 00 N. - From the Longitude of 3° to 6° 28° - 6° ... 12° 31° - 12° ... 16° 32° - 16° ... 18° 34° - 18° ... 22° 36° - 22° ... 26° 38° - 26° ... 30° 40° - 30° ... 34° 42° - 34° ... 39° 44° - 39° ... 42° 45° - 42° ... 60° 45° - 60° ... 63° 47° - 63° ... 78° into Lat. 63° N. 48° & 49° - 78° ... 81° 62° 40′ 48° - 81° 45′ ... — 62° 38′ 46° - 82° — ... — 62° 36′ 44° - 82° 15′ ... — 62° 34′ 42° - 82° 00′ ... — 62° 32′ 40° - 82° 45′ ... — 62° 30′ 38° - 83° — ... — 62° 25′ 36° - 83° 30′ ... — 62° 00′ 33° - 85° 00′ ... — 61° 30′ 28° - 87° 00′ ... — 60° 45′ 22° - 89° — ... — 59° 45′ 19° - 91° — ... 92° 59° 00′ 11° - 92° — ... 95° 59° 00′ 5° - - Lat. of _Hoy Head_ 58° 58′ N. Long. 3° 30′ W. - —— of _York Factory_ 57° 2′ N. —— 92° 40′ W. - —— of _Cape Churchill_ 58° 50′ N. —— 93° 4′ W. - —— Where the Ships lay at _York_ 57° 8′ N. —— 92° 30′ W. - - - - - Appendix (B). - TABLE _of the_ VOYAGES _of the_ COMPANY’S SHIPS _to_ HUDSON’S BAY, - _since the Year 1773_. - - - Date. Arrived Arrived Arrived Whither Arrived at - abreast of abreast of abreast of bound. _Hudson’s - _Charles_. _Cape Diggs_. _Mansfield Bay_. - Isle_. - - 1773 Did not see Aug. 12 Did not see it CR Aug. 20 - it - 1774 Aug. 6 . . . Aug. 9 MR Sept. 5 - 1779 Aug. 22 Aug. 24 Aug. 25 MR Sept. 3 - 1780 Aug. 21 Aug. 25 . . . MR Sept. 4 - 1783 Sept. 2 Sept. 4 . . . MR Sept. 17 - 1784 Aug. 21 Aug. 25 Aug. 26 YF Aug. 31 - 1788 July 31 Aug. 1 . . . MR Aug. 15 - 1789 Aug. 4 Aug. 7 Aug. 7 YF Aug. 16 - 1791 Aug. 19 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 CR Aug. 31 - 1793 July 29 Aug. 2 . . . YF Aug. 11 - 1794 Aug. 4 Aug. 6 . . . CR Aug. 16 - 1796 Aug. 1 Aug. 2 . . . MR Aug. 20 - 1797 July 29 Aug. 4 . . . MR Aug. 28 - 1798 Aug. 22 Aug. 26 . . . MR Sept. 5 - 1799 Aug. 19 Aug. 21 . . . MR Aug. 30 - 1800 . . . Aug. 29 . . . YF Sept. 6 - 1801 . . . Aug. 6 . . . CR Aug. 16 - 1802 Aug. 4 Aug. 9 . . . MR Aug. 11 - 1803 . . . Aug. 4 Aug. 5 MR Aug. 5 - 1804 July 28 July 30 . . . MR Aug. 5 - 1805 Aug. 9 Aug. 10 Aug. 11 MR Aug. 16 - 1806 Aug. 1 Aug. 5 . . . MR Aug. 17 - 1807 Aug. 22 Aug. 29 Aug. 31 YF Sept. 18 - 1808 July 20 July 24 . . . MR Aug. 14 - 1809 Aug. 16 Aug. 20 . . . MR Aug. 30 - 1810 July 21 July 30 . . . MR Aug. 10 - 1811 Sept 13 . . . Sept. 16 MR Sept. 26 - 1812 . . . . . . . . . CR - 1813 . . . Aug. 11 . . . CR Aug. 19 - - _Note._—CR signifies _Churchill River_—MR _Mouse River_— YF _York - Factory_. - - - - - Appendix (C). - THERMOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS - MADE AT - OXFORD HOUSE, HUDSON’S BAY - _In the Year 1811_ - UPON THE SCALE OF _FAHRENHEIT_. - Shewing the _Extreme Heat_ and _Extreme Cold_ of each Month. - - - JANUARY. - - State of the Atmosphere. - _Extreme Heat._ - At Noon on the 20th, 38 degrees above 0 Rainy. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 8 A.M. on the 12th, 51 degrees below 0 Clear. - - FEBRUARY. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 8 P.M. on the 24th, 39 degrees above 0 Cloudy. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 8 A.M. on the 20th, 35 degrees below 0 Clear. - - MARCH. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 8 P.M. on the 17th, 44 degrees above 0 Overcast, Rain. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 6 A.M. on the 5th, 31 degrees below 0 Clear. - - APRIL. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 8 P.M. on the 14th, 57 degrees above 0 Overcast. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 6 A.M. on the 3d, 22 degrees below 0 Clear. - - MAY. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 8 P.M. on the 30th, 65 degrees above 0 Cloudy. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 5 A.M. on the 10th, 15 degrees above 0 Clear. - - JUNE. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 4. A.M. on the 22d, 85 degrees above 0 Thick fog. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 5 A.M. on the 1st, 32 degrees above 0 Showers. - - JULY. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 5 A.M. on the 18th, 85 degrees above 0 Clear. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 5 A.M. on the 29th, 35 degrees above 0 Cloudy. - - AUGUST. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 8 P.M. on the 17th, 80 degrees above 0 Clear. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 5 A.M. on the 26th, 37 degrees above 0 Clear. - - SEPTEMBER. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 5 A.M. on the 6th, 78 degrees above 0 Clear. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 6 A.M. on the 30th, 18 degrees above 0 Clear. - - OCTOBER. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 6 A.M. on the 4th, 45 degrees above 0 Clear. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 6 A.M. on the 21st, 11 degrees below 0 Clear. - - NOVEMBER. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 6 A.M. on the 2d, 37 degrees above 0 Rather overcast. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 6 A.M. on the 18th, 26 degrees below 0 Overcast. - - DECEMBER. - - _Extreme Heat._ - At 8 P.M. on the 6th, 22 degrees above 0 Clear. - _Extreme Cold._ - At 6 A.M. on the 23d, 31 degrees below 0 Cloudy. - - - - - Appendix (D.) - ABSTRACT _of the_ RECKONING _of the_ VOYAGE _of His_ MAJESTY’S SHIP - ROSAMOND, _from_ HUDSON’S STRAITS _to the_ ORKNEYS. - - - Date. Course Distance Latitude by Latitude Longitude REMARKS. - corrected. run. Observation. by by - Account. Account. - - _Oct._ 6. At 6 P.M. we took our departure from _Cape Resolution_, bearing North - by Compass, distant 15 miles. - 7. S. E. by 62 miles No 60°.46′N. 62°.50′W. A very thick - E. ¼ E. observation misty day, - with a - tumbling sea. - 8. S. E. by 90 miles Sun obscured 60. 7 59.48 In the - E. ¾ E. morning the - wind shifted - to the N. N. - E. and blew a - heavy gale - with a high - sea. - 9. E. S. E. 187 miles Sun obscured 58.55 54.00 Scudding - under a - close-reefed - main-topsail. - 10. E. by S. 154 miles Sun obscured 58.25 49. 6 The wind - varying - continually, - accompanied - by heavy hail - showers. - 11. E. by S. 187 miles Sun obscured 57.54 43.20 A strong wind - with a heavy - sea. We - consider - ourselves - this day - nearly - abreast of - _Cape - Farewell_. - 12. E. ¼ S. 200 miles 57°.46′N. 57. 2 A very heavy - gale from the - North. - Scudding - under the - goose wings - of the - foresail. - 13. E. ½ N. 229 miles 58. 5 29.52 A tremendous - high sea - running. - Scudding - under a - main-topsail. - 14. E. ½ N. 203 miles 58.17 25.34 Scudding in - very fierce - squalls. - _Prince of - Wales_ in - company. - 15. N. 89° E. 165 miles 58.23 18.24 A fine day. - Wind in the - N. W. - quarter, much - more moderate. - 16. East 186 miles 58.23 12.24 Weather - moderate, - with a fine - fair breeze. - 17. E. ¼ N. 152 miles Sun obscured 58.32 7.38 On a - calculation, - we lost time, - since leaving - _Cape - Resolution_, - 3 hrs. 49 - min.; for - which loss we - allow 28 - miles. This - correction - makes the - longitude - 8°.31′ W. - 18. At day-light we saw the Butt of the _Lewis Islands_, having run 70 - miles E. ¼ S. since yesterday at noon. Observed the Isles of _Barra_ - and _Rona_. - 19. In the morning, made all sail; and at noon we anchored in _Stromness_ - Harbour, after the shortest passage from _York Fort_ ever before - known. The _Prince of Wales_ accompanied us into the harbour. - - - - - Appendix (E). - LIST - OF THE - DRESSES, &c. OF THE ESQUIMAUX INDIANS - IN HUDSON’S STRAITS - _Brought by His Majesty’s Ship_ Rosamond _in_ 1814 - AND - Presented by LIEUTENANT CHAPPELL to the University Library at _Cambridge_. - - -Dress of the Men, made of Seal-skins. - -Dress of the Women, with a Hood and Tail, made of the Moose-Deer Skins. - -Seal-skin Boots of the Men, water proof. - -Boots of the Women. - -Gloves of ditto. - -Dress of an _Esquimaux_ Child, made of the Skins of Sea Mice. - -Pouch of Seal-skin. - -Ditto of the Dog-fish, with the Fins remaining, as Ornaments. - -Small Box made of Rushes, in which they carry their Trinkets. - -A most curious Mask for defending the Eyes from the Snow, with a Place -for the Ornaments of their Foreheads. - -Barb of a Harpoon, with Sculptured Images of Water-Fowls. - -Instrument whereby they hurl their Darts, Arrows, and Harpoons. - -Two of their Images; the one representing a _Man_, and the other a -_Woman_, in the _Esquimaux_ Dress; shewing the first dawning of -sculpture, and their inability to represent the human countenance, -hands, or feet. - - -LIST _of Articles illustrating the Manners and Customs of the Natives of -the North-western Coast of_ America; _brought to_ Europe _by Commodore_ -Billings. - -Machines used in casting their Arrows; from the neighbourhood of _Cook’s -River_. - -Harpoons of Bone, with Ropes made of the Tendons of Animals. - -Ditto of Fossil Ivory, with ditto. - -Idols of Wood and Hair, brought to the Coast from the interior of the -_North-American_ Continent. - -Bone Fish-hooks. - -Pouches, worn by the Men for covering the Genitals, made of a Marine -Plant. - -Head-dresses of the Women, made of the Entrails of Fishes. - -Dresses of Men and Women, made of Skins of Moose-Deer. - -Bracelets and Fishing-lines made of Fishes’ Entrails. - -Thread for Sewing, manufactured of the same materials. - -Needle-work of the Women, ditto. - -Circular Rattle of the Enchanters or Sorcerers, made of the Beaks of -Sea-Hawks. - -Bonnet worn by the Men; adorned with long Spikes made of the Beard of -the Sea-Lion. - -Hatchet for making Canoes; the Handle being of wood, to which, by -thongs, a piece of _Jade_ is fastened. - -Lancet for Bleeding, made of _Pitchstone_. - -Idols made of the Sea-Mouse, adorned with Porcupine’s Quills. - -Work-bags and Needle-cases, made of Fishes’ Entrails; the Needles, of -Fishes’ Bones; &c. &c.; from _Prince William’s Sound_. - -Small Boxes, and Pouches for carrying Trinkets, &c. - -Fish-hooks, False Worms as Baits, Idols, Ornaments for Bonnets, &c. - -Seal-skin Boots. - - - - - Appendix (F). - A VOCABULARY - OF THE - LANGUAGE - OF THE - _CREÉ or KNISTENEAUX[45] INDIANS_ - INHABITING - THE WESTERN SHORES OF HUDSON’S BAY -Presented to the Author by a Trader who had resided Thirty Years in that - Country. - - - _Athis_, implies what is past, and could - not be avoided. - _As-tum_, Come here. - _As-tum-et-tay_, On this side of any particular - spot. - _As-kow-wee_, Rotten. - _Ap-pah-qua-soon_, Tent leather alone. - _Ap-pus-swy-uch_, Tent-poles. - _Ah-chakk_, The soul. - _As-tum-as-taik_, In the sunshine. - _Awoos-us-pee_, Past such a time. - _Astum-us-pee_, Prior to such a time. - _A-gues-spee_, At such a time. - _Ath-tha-gusk-cow_, Broad. - _Ah-to-we-thah_, It certainly was so. - _Ah-tues-cay_, To work, toil, labour, or attend - as a servant. - _Ah-too-ska-thog-gan_, An attendant, or servant. - _Asse-che_, Also, Besides. - _Ke-we-Assas-su-min_, You mean to deceive me. - _Ah-tah-mah_, Very often repeated. - _Ke-we-Ath-the-mah-hittin_, I mean to be troublesome to you. - _As-cow_, Sometimes. - _Aquay-thakk_, or _Aqua-thoch_, The first time. - _Athee-mis-sue_, Ill-natured, Hard to please. - _Assus-kee_, Earth, or mould. - _Abby-tow_, Half. - _Abby-tham-oo-tuch_, Middle of a canoe. - _An-nis-coo-tah-pan_, A knot of any kind of line. - _Ah-tie_, Fur. - _Ah-spee-che_, In the meanwhile, whilst. - _An-nouch_, Just now. - - _Che-pai-tuck-guow_, Blue. - _Cow-ish-she-moo_, Go to bed. - _Ne-we-Cow-ish-e-moon_, I want to go to bed. - _Cow-wow_, Rough. - _Chim-mah-sin_, Short. - _Cat-tah_, Conceal it. - _Ke-gah-Cah-twah-tin_, I will conceal it from you. - _Co-ke-oo_, Dive. - _Cup-pah-she-moo_, To bathe. - _Cap-pah-she-mow_, To boil meat. - _Chick-ka-mah_, Yes. - _Che-powee_, Narrow. - _Copan-na-sue_, A common man, - _Cooke-kay_, Always. - _Cock-ke-thoue_, All of them. - _Che-che_, Finger. - _Che-che-coom_, Wart. - _Che-che-kin_, To scratch. - _Chah-kiet-tin-now_, A hill, Rising ground. - _Cas-pow_, Brittle. - _Chup-pah-shish_, Below, Beneath. - _Cup-pow-a-thoue_, Leaving off paddling at the - approach of winter. - - _Ke-Chim-mah-cah-pow-wis-in_, You are short. - _Ke-Co-pah-chemoon_, You disappoint yourself. - _Cos-see-hah_, To wipe, To rub out. - _Cos-see-quan_, A towel. - _Cos-sah-higgan_, The implement used in rubbing out - any thing. - _Che-man_, Name of a canoe. - _Check-a-gam_, Close to the shore. - - _Es-kah_, N.B. In recounting a dream, this - word is much made use of. - _Ethin-artick_, A small kind of pine. - _Es-skun_, Home. - _Ethe-e-coke_, Striving. - _Eth-e-coke-queth-e-mow_, Strive. - _Eth-the-boak-cow_, Wise, Sensible. - _Numma-Ethe-boak-cow_, Foolish, Not wise. - _Ethin-nut-took_, In reality. - _Ethin-nut-to_, Common, The most common kind of - any thing. - _Ethee-pin-nay_, Truly. - _Egah-waudge-no-gun_, Any thing almost imperceptible. - _Egah-pittah_, Stop a little. - _Esqua_, Presently. - _Es-pee-hum-moak_, Flying high. - _Ethin-ne-woo_, Living, Still alive. - _En-coo-se-queth-e-moon_, I think myself a conjurer, or - godlike. - _Espim-mick_, Above. - _E-sput-tin-now_, Steep; or rising ground. - _Es-pum-me-seek_, A little above. - _Es-qui-an-mek_, The end. - - _Ke-Guy-as-sues-stah-tin_, I will hide myself from you. - _Gay-tow-woo_, Reflection, To reflect. - _Gay-tak-tin-e-thick_, The whole number. - _Gay-te-un_, It happened to you. - _Gay-te-an_, It happened to me. - _Guy-tut_, You to him. - _Guy-tat_, He to him. - _Guy-tow-wut-oo-punny_, You said so to him. - _Guy-tow-wat-oo-punny_, He said so. - _Guy-tack-oo-punny_, He said so of him. - _Guy-tisk-oo-punny_, He said so of you. - _Guy-sus-takee_, At the same place. - - _Hay-wee_, A word of notice. - _Hay-way_, Have you found it—inanimate. - _Hay-waw_, Have you found it—animate. - _How-wee-gas-take_, Not exposed to the ray of the sun. - _Hook-e-moow_, A Chief. - _Hay-e-tus-see-chick_, As many as there are. - _Huth-thee-wah-ka-kin_, A word of surprise. - - _I-es-cue_, Tired. - _I-es-coo-tai-oo_, Tired with walking. - _I-es-coos-se-man_, Tired with paddling. - _Iam-me_, Talk, or Speak. - _Ith-e-cah-pah-low_, Run away, Not to be found. - - _Kit-Ithe-cah-hittan_, I have eat or drunk without saving - you any, or without asking you to - partake. - _Is-see-boy-tayoo_, To set off by land. - _Kiska-tow-a-cow_, A high bank. - _Ke-shich_, The blue sky. - _Ke-shi-cow_, Day. - _Ke-too_, Any noise made by an animate being - _Ke-too-mah-gun_, or Any noise made by an inanimate - _Ke-too-mah-gusk_, object. - _Kis-sway-way_, Talk loud. - _Egah-Kis-sway-way_, Don’t talk loud. - _Kis-tuck-gah-much_, Main land. - _Kin-wow_, Long. - _Ke-che_, Equal to you. - _Ke-hitch-chu_, Any thing grand. - _Kin-no-koo-mow_, A long lake. - _Kis-ki-ow-wow_, Deep water. - _Kisshe-as-tun_, Fast sailing. - _Kishee-puthen_, Any thing moving fast. - _Kisshe-wahk_, Nigh at hand. - _Kissas-tow_, Middling. - _Ka-ke-che-moo_, Insignificance. - _Kis-steth-e-moo_, Proud, Haughty, Opinionated. - _Ke-Kuck-quay-che-met-tin_, I ask you. - _Kuck-quay-che-that-hit-took_, Strive to excel each other. - _Kuck-qua-che-pus-ke-that-hit-took_, To support a spirit of emulation. - _Koos-coon_, To awaken. - _Koos-coon-ne-gan_, Awaken me. - _Kas-ses-cow_, The present opportunity. - _Kis-tin-natch_, Perhaps. - _Kis-pin_, When (future). - _Ke-kah-nah-gun_, Plain to be seen. - _Ke-too-his-ca_, Calling like a goose. - _Ke-ke-toon_, You did speak. - _Kis-scut-tah_, Cut it in two, (a stick or piece - of wood.) - _Kis-scut-ta-higgan_, A stump, the remaining part of a - tree cut down. - _Ke-hoo-tay-oo_, To visit. - _Ke-hich-coo_, Any thing escaping. - _Kith-the-pah_, Be quick, Make haste. - _Kit-tis-kin-now_, To let fall. - _Ke-mo-he-how_, You teaze it. - _Ke-ket-te-mah-how_, You are cruel to him. - _Ne-Kit-te-mah-tin-na-wow_, I feel for him. - _Kuth-ke-tai-wap-pit_, Black eyes. - _Ke-kick_, Your house or cabin. - _Kis-pin-nut-tow_, To earn, To come at, To purchase. - _Kut-che-wap-pum-mut_, That you should see it, was the - _Go-pa-she-wug-geet_, reason we brought it. - _Ke-thas-kah-che-moo_, To tell falsehood. - _Kis-sha-wah-tis-sue_, Good-natured. - _Ke-wak-tis-sue_, Friendless. - _Kis-kah-mut-tin-now_, Steep hill. - _Kis-kah-pis-cow_, - _Ke-satch_, Immediately. - _Ke-satch-ut-tow-way-win_, Debt, or buying before you intend - to pay. - _Kee-sin-ne-gun_, A dressed skin. - _Kee-sin-nah_, Dress it. - _Kis-sis-sah_, To warm. To make warm. - _Kee-sis-sah_, To cook, either by boiling or - roasting. - _Ky-as-en-equn_, Any thing old or worn out. - _Kusketh-etum-etah-goos_, A person talking impatiently. - _Ka-ke-che-moo_, Boasting, To boast. - _Ke-kas-sis-po-min_, You speak ironically. - _Ke-Ka-pah-tis-sin_, You are not clever or acute. - _Ke-they-e-tou_, Making a noise like scratching. - _Kis-quay-can_, A fool. - - _Manito_, God. - _Mus-cow-wow_, or _Mus-cow-wis-sue_, Strong. - _Ne-Me-thou_, I gave it to him. - _Ne-Meeth-ick_, He gave it to me. - _Ne-Meeth-ick-gowin_, It was given to me. - _Ne-Meeth-ick-wuck_, They gave it to me. - _Ne-Meeth-thou-uck_, I gave it to them. - _Ne-Meeth-thee-ammet_, He or she gave it to us. - _Ne-Meeth-ick-coo-nan_, It was given to us by him. - _Ke-Meeth-ick_, It was given to you. - _Ke-Meeth-it-tin_, I give it to you, or I gave it to - you. - _Owee-nah-gah-Me-thisk_, Who gave it to you? - _Owee-nah-ke-Meeth-ich-coo_, - _Owee-nah-wah-Mee-thut_, Who do you design to give it to? - _Owee-nah-wah-Mee-thut_, Who does he intend to give it to? - _Owee-nah-gah-Mee-that_, Who did he give it to? - _Owee-nah-gah-Mee-thick-coot_, Who was it given to? - _Owee-na-hah-Mee-thick-coot_, Who? - _Mee-thick-coot_, Any thing given from one person to - another. - _Mee-thee-coot_, Hairy nose. - _Mee-this-tow-wan_, Beard. - _Mee-the-chap_, Hairy face. - _Mith-coo_, Blood. - _Mith-coo-sue_, or _Mith-gwow_, Red. - _Mah-tow-wee_, Poor flesh, Any thing not fat. - _Mah-Mah-tow-wee-wick_, Ditto, (plural.) - _Mee-gee-wap_, A tent, when erected. - _Mut-too-gaph_, Where a tent formerly stood. - _Min-nis-tick_, An island. - _Min-nay-he-wat-tun_, Point of land. - _Mess-kaik_, A plain, or swamp. - _Mis-sick-a-mow_, A large lake. - _Matoon-eth-e-chiggan_, The mind. - _Musqua_, Black bear. - _Oo-sow-we-Musqua_, Brown ditto. - _Missee-musqua_, Grizzlier, great bear. - _Wah-pisk_, White bear. - _Minna-hig_, Large pine. - _Metuse_, Poplar. - _Mithqua-pim-mook_, Red willow. - _Mun-na-win_, Barren country, not plentiful. - _Me-chim-is-skum-my-gon_, A country abounding in provision. - _Ke-Meth-tho-tho-tow-wow_, You use him well. - _N’ Ne-mith-too-too-lakk_, He uses me well. - _Ne-me-tah-tow_, I regret the loss without crying. - _Ne-mow-wee-cah-tow_, I regret the loss with crying. - _Missa-gow_, To arrive. - _Missa-gow-uck_, They are arrived, or I arrived. - _Missa-gy-ack_, We have arrived. - _Missa-gy-eg_, You arrived (plural.) - _Ne-Missa-gan-nau_, I and my companions arrived. - _Muthch-e-puthue_, Any thing moving slowly. - _Math-e-puthue_, Any thing that does not go well, - as a gun that does not throw its - shot well. - _Mach-wange_, At that time. - _Mack-was-kah_, To overtake. - _Mah-that-tun_, Bad. - _Me-tho-was-sin_, Good. - _Me-tho-sis-sue_, Handsome - _Me-tho-nah-gun_, Good-looking. - _Much-il-nah-gun_, Ordinary. - _Much-ethe-lah-gun_, Disagreeable. - _Metho-tah-gun_, Agreeable talking. - _Ne-Meth-thoot-tow-wow_, I dislike talking. - _Ne-Much-in-nak-wow_, I think it ugly. - _Ne-Mith-thoo-now-wow_, I think it handsome - _My-itch-che_, Exactly. - _N’ Ne-Mith-thoo-wah-tan_, I am happy. - _Ne-Mah-mus-kah-tain_, I am surprised. - _Ma-muh-lah-coo-sue_, Proud. - _Me-tow-wee_, Longing for any thing eatable. - _N’me-tow-with-e-moon_, I am longing, or I am a longer. - _Mun-nus-qua_, To make ready with a gun. - _Me-tho-mah-qun_, Sweet smell. - _Me-tho-gow_, Fine, Soft, Mossy. - _Misse-hen_, To occasion a difference between - two persons - _Ke-Misse-ken_, You have injured me in the opinion - of such a person. - _Muck-coo-sa_, To feast. - _N’gah-muck-coo-san_, I will feast, or I will make a - feast. - _Mahtin-nah-wayoo_, To divide, To share. - _Mah-hum_, To go before the current. - _Mah-kis-cum_, To walk from inland to the shore. - _Mo-tway-tayoo_, or _Matway-way_, Report of a gun. - _Mun-nah-che-tow_, To spare, or be frugal. - _Mun-nah-che-how_, To avoid offending. - _Ke-mun-nah-che-hittan_, I do not wish to offend you. - _Ke-gah-mow-wee-mittan_, I shall hurt your feelings. - _Moo-schuck_, Always. - _Mis-cow-wow_, To find. - _Mus-cow-wow_, Hard. - _Misshe-way_, The whole. - _Ne-moo-see-how_, I feel it inwardly or outwardly, - _Ne-mee-scoo-nau_, I feel it with my hand. - _Ne-moo-see-tan_, I feel its motion. - _Mis-ske-shick_, Eyes. - _Mith-quah-pit_, Red eyes. - _Mis-kee-shick-cake_, The face. - _Missah-gow_, To arrive by water. - _Missa-gow-ma-as-tun_, To arrive by sailing as a ship. - _Min-a-ho_, To provide provender. - _In-ne-tah-mina-ho_, Applied to a good hunter, - signifies he is not deficient in - providing for his family. - _Nut-to-min-nah-ho_, A man in the employ of a hunter. - _Mus-hu-kee_, Physic. - _Mus-cow-wun_, A strong mind, A strong opinion. - _Ne-Me-tay-win_, I am a conjurer. - _Ne-Me-tay-with-emoon_, I think myself a conjurer. - _Ne-Mun-to-win_, or I am godlike. - _Ne-mun-ne-to-win_, - _Ne-Me-tow-wan_, I long for it. - _Mah-that-chis-la-hay-oo_, Ill-natured, Quarrelsome, - Hard-hearted. - _Ne-much-ethe-mow_, I have a bad opinion of him. - _Miss-sa-gy-akk_, We arrive by water. - _Mis-sa-gy-eg_, You arrive by water. - _Mis-sa-gow-wuck_, They arrive by water. - _Mis-sah-gow_, To arrive. - _Mis-sah-gan_, I arrive. - _Mis-sah-gan-nan_, We arrive. - _Ne-Mis-sah-gah-nan_, We arrived. - _Ne-Mis-sah-gan_, I arrived. - _Ke-Mis-sah-gan_, You arrived. - _Gah-Mis-sah-gy-akk_, When we arrived. - _Gah-Mis-sah-gy-eg_, When you arrived. - _Mis-sah-gy-akk-ke_, When we arrive, (speaking to a - person not of the party.) - _Mis-sah-gy-akk-coo_, When we arrive, (speaking to one - of the party.) - _Mis-sa-gy-eg-co_, When you arrive. - _Mis-sah-gy-ahny_, When I arrive. - _Moos-tus-cum-meek_, The ground, The earth. - _Moo-cheek_, On the ground. - _Mah-chis-tun_, Breaking up of the river-ice. - _Ke-Me-me-shick-ke-tin_, You are large. - _Ke-Mitho-nah-goo-sin_, You are handsome. - _Ke-Much-ee-nah-goo-sin_, You are ugly. - _Ke-Mitho-nah-tin_, You appear handsome to me. - _Ke-Mitho-nah-k_, He thinks you handsome. - _Ke-Much-nak-tin_, I think you ugly. - _Ke-Much-e-hah-k_, He thinks you ugly. - _Mah-nah-goo-tee_, Mind if it is not so. - _My-ak-quam_, Mind if I do not, (a threat.) - _Muchee_, Indifferent, Not good, Not - pleasing. - _Moi-see_, Much. - _Mis-tay-hay_, A great quantity. - _Mis-te-sue_, Scalded or burnt. - _Mes-tin-nah_, To expend, Expended. - _Mes-tun-mick_, The white skin that is between the - bark and body of a tree. - _Me-sah-hum_, To patch, To mend by patching. - _Me-sah-higgan_, The patch. - _May-che-moose_, A little. - _May-che-how_, To extirpate. - _Ne-May-hay-pit-chin_, To move toward the sea-shore. - _Muck-co-to-pay-oo_, A stomach that can bear a great - quantity of liquor. - _Missina-higgan_, Writing. - _Maith-waith-e-mai-oo_, To be very careful of any person. - _Minne-quog-gan_, A vessel used for drinking, A pot. - _Metch-chis-kun_, A fishing-wire. - _Ne-Meth-oon_, Handy, Not aukward. - _Mitho-wo-gass_, A length of time. - _Mah-no-kay_, To build a house, To erect a tent. - - _Ne-that-mis-sue_, Weak. - _Nip-as-cue_, Applied to a great sleeper. - _Nippow_, He is a-sleep, or Sleep. - _Un-too-we-nip-pow_, Go to sleep. - _Tan-tee-wah-nip-pee-an_, Where do you want to sleep? - _Tan-ta-gah-nip-pe-an_, Where shall I sleep? - _Nee-kee-nan_, Our dwelling, or tent. - _Nut-toot-tow-in_, Listen to me. - _Nai-ow_, A point. - _Nai-ah-pisk_, Rocky point. - _Nuh-pow-wis_, A word of surprise. - _Nuggy-nah-gun_, Land in sight at a great distance. - _Nuthin_, To the north. - _Nah-me-win_, To the south. - _Na-puck-ka-see-tuck_, Silver pine. - _Nepisee_, Willow. - _Nis-sten-ne-gaw-win_, A landing-place. - _Ke-Nay-cut-teth-emoon_, You grieve. - _Nuggisk_, For a little time. - _Nug-gisk-cow-wow_, Two walking parties meeting on a - journey. - _Nuck-ka-wow_, To meet by water. - _Ne-hee_, Right. - _Ne-ach-toa-win_, Aukward. - _N’ Nah-qut-tick_, He left me behind. - _N’ Ni-hah-tow-wis-scane_, It does not fit well, or It fits - aukwardly. - _N’ Ne-he-scane_, It fits me right. - _Ne-ha-tow-win-nah-gun_, Aukward appearance. - _Nip-pue_, Dead. - _Nip-pee_, Water. - _Na-Nip-patchick_, or When they were asleep. - _Nip-pat-twow_, - _Nas-pit-too-tah_, To imitate, - _Nus-pit-tahk_, Likeness. - _Nogun_, In sight. - _Nah-Nah-lay-oo_, Trembling, Shivering, Shaking, &c. - _Nah-nah-tay-we-nah-gun_, Any thing that appears to shake. - _Nah-cow-we-nah-gun_, Variety. - _No-che-chig-gay_, To work at any job, &c. - _Na-mah_, That. - _Nut-toom_, Tell him to come here. - _Num-mum-ne-kee-toon_, I did not speak. - _Numma-no-che-etwan_, I never said so. - _Numma-ne-ke-e-twan_, _Nah-pait_, I cannot say it. - _Nutha-hum_, To go against the current. - _Nut-too-tum-wow_, To ask for it. - _Nut-tah-aes-cum_, To walk inland from the sea-shore. - _Nee-shoo_, Two. - _Ne-shoo-stoo-wow_, A double shot, killing two at a - time. - _Nub-but-lay-stow-in_, A hut with a back and two sides, - open in front. - _No-tum-me-hick_, I am puzzled or plagued by him. - _Nay-pay-catch_, Moderate, Not in the extreme - either way. - _Ne-gan_, Going before. - _Nay-pay-quan_, To break one’s fast. - _Nay-pay-kah-hoo-soo_, To break one’s fast with the - produce of his hunt. - _Nut-to-ko-how_, To administer physic. - _Ne-mutch-che-the-wa-sin_, I am disappointed. - _Ne-mow-win_, Provisions for a journey. - _N’ Ne-ne-mah-hick_, Goods entrusted to the disposal of - another. - _No-che-how_, To work at. - _N’ Gah-no-chi-chiggan_, I will employ myself. - _No-sin-na-wow_, To go after any thing. - _No-hak-wow_, To go after any thing on the water. - _No-at-tick-way_, The act of going after deer with a - canoe. - _Not-attick-way_, Hunting deer by land or water. - _Ke-Nah-nah-toke-kat-how_, You tease it. - _Nup-puch-is-sue_, Flat, Thin. - _Ne-Nut-tay-hay-pitchin_, To move inland. - _Nis-to-pay-oo_, Not having a fill. - _N’ Nis-to-pan_, I have not had my fill. - _Ke-Nus-coo-mittan_, I give you my consent. - _Ke-Nus-coo-moon_, You have given your consent. - _No-chim-mick_, From the water in the woods. - _Nass_, or _Nah-tah_, Fetch it, or Go for it. - _Noo-tow-wee_, My father. - _Nick-gow-wee_, My mother. - _Noo-tah_, Father. - _Nic-cah_, Mother. - _Nis-slais_, My elder brother. - _Oo-slais_, His or her elder brother. - _Ne-seem_, My younger brother or sister. - _Ne-mis_, My elder sister. - _N’che-waham_, My brother. - _Ne-che-san_, My nearest relation, as brother or - sister. - _Ne-shisk_, My uncle. - _No-kum-mis_, My father-in-law. - _N-to-shisk_, My mother-in-law. - _Nis-se-coos_, My aunt or step-mother. - _No-cum_, My grandmother. - _Ne-moo-soom_, My grandfather. - _No-sis-sim_, My grand-son or grand-daughter. - _Nis-tim_, My niece. - _Kis-gim-mis_, My cousin—female. - _Ne-tim_, My cousin—male. - _Nees-tow_, My brother-in-law. - _N-cha-coose_, A relation on the woman’s side - only. - _N-teet-tow-wow_, The relationship between two - people whose children are united - in marriage. - _No-tassuee_, Good for nothing. - _Ke-Ninne-ke-twan_, You are in a hurry. - - _Oo-ne-gaph_, Carrying-place. - _Oo-skah-ta-gow_, or _Oo-shisk_, Fur. - _Oo-skun_, Bone. - _Oo-tay-hee_, The heart. - _Oo-tay_, Boiling. - And, _See-cah-che-wut-tay-oo_, Boiling over. - _Oo-mah-moggah_, This too, or This also. - _Oo-mah_, This. - _Oo-tahk_, Going behind. - _Oa-sow-we-quay_, Brown face. - _Owanah-n’gah-nut-to-mine-nah-hook_, Who will hunt for me? - _Oo-tah-coo-sin_, Evening. - _Ow-wee-how_, To lend. - _Oo-wee-hah-sue_, To borrow. - _Oo-tee_, and _Oo-see_, Names of a canoe. - _Oo-tahk-athuck_, Stern of a canoe. - _O-ask-kah-pus-ke-layoo_, - _Oo-sken-equm_, Any thing new or not much used. - _Oo-scooh-tim_, A beaver dam. - _Oth-this-sah_, To cut anything out, as shoes, &c. - - _Ne-Pah-wah-min_, I dream. - _Pemee_, Fat, melted and prepared. - _Pus-coo-na-oo_, Fat animal. - _Pis-seth-che-hin_, Listen to me. - _Ke-pay-tow-in_, You hear me. - _Ke-Pay-tartin_, I hear you. - _N’ Ne-Pay-tah-soon_, I hear myself. - _Ke-Pay-tahk_, You are heard. - _Ke-Pay-tahk-coo-wow_, They hear you, (plural.) - _Ke-Pay-tahk-coo-wow-uck_, - _Pow-is-stick_, A waterfall. - _Pe-chow_, A long distance by land. - _Pe-tahk-ho-gun_, A long distance by water. - _Pe-tis-quon-my-gow_, A long distance by ice. - _Pus-quas-qua-ow_, A hummock of wood. - _Pay-soo-sin_, A short distance. - _Pim-mith-e-hick-oo-mow_, A lake broader than long. - _Pah-kahk_, A ghost, or skeleton. - _Pow-woggan_, Morpheus, or the God of Dreams. - _Pe-wee-tog-gun_, A shooting-place; _i.e._ a - waterfall, practicable for boats - to go down. - _Parqua-sin_, Shoal water. - _Parquow_, Dry, or little water. - _Pim-mah-gam-mah-hummock_, Canoes crossing a lake or river - obliquely. - _N’ Ne-Pee-kis-curtain_, I am uneasy. - _Pee-kis-kah-tethe-tah-gun_, The case is melancholy. - _Ke-Pait-twah-tin_, I have brought it you. - _Ke-Pait-tah-hoo-twah-tin_, I have brought it you by water. - _Ke-Pait-lah-hoo-tow-in_, You have brought me something. - _Pemass-sue_, To sail. - _Pimiss-scow_, To paddle. - _Peen-me-gun_, Crooked-grained wood. - _Peemow_, Crooked. - _Pah-tuce_, Afterwards. - _N’ Ne-Puk-kis-cah-tam_, I am unhappy. - _Pis-sin-nah-tis-sue_, Mischievous. - _Pus-ke-thahk_, To excel, He is excelled. - _Ne-Pus-ke-thak-gan_, I have excelled. - _Pay-pay-me-tah-che-moo_, To crawl. - _Pem-oo-tah_, To walk. - _Pe-mo-at-tah-muck_, To ride. - _Pim-me-thow_, To fly. - _Pepoon_, Winter. - _Pepurisue_, To winter. Also the name of a - winter-bird. - _N’-Pe-pun-is-sin_, I wintered. - _Pe-mah-tah-gas-gun_, To go on the ice. - _Pah-mah-ta-gow_, To go into the water—deep. - _Pah-coo-pay_, To walk ditto—shoal. - _Pay-coo-pay_, To come up after diving. - _Pan-nis-swow_, To split meat. - _Pus-sah-wow_, To split wood, and work it with a - hatchet. - _N’gah-Pus-sa-higgan_, I will go and sit down and split - some wood. - _Pah-pe-tues-is-se-nah-gun_, Variety. - _Pus-sah-qua-pue_, To shut the eyes. - _Pus-pah-pue_, To look through, or peep. - _Pus-pah-pue-win_, A window. - _Pun-mis-cah-tayoo_, To go to a house any distance in - winter. - _Puah-pee-tway-tin_, Missing fire. - _Pwas-tow-we-mah-tway-tayoo_, Hanging fire. - _Pwas-towe-we_, Tedious, Not quick. - _Pah-ke-tit-tow_, To let fall. - _Pay-catch_, Slow. - _Pet-tah_, Thirst. - _Pah-too-mah_, By-and-bye. - _Pah-pue_, Laugh. - _Pah-pisk_, A great laughter. - _Pah-pin-nah-ne-woo_, Very laughable. - _Ke-Pah-pe-pin_, You laugh at me. - _Ke-Pah-pi-hittan_, I laugh at you. - _Poo-see_, To set off by water. - _Pim-mah-hum-moak_, Flying towards the sea-shore. - _Pemah-tis-sue_, Living, Still alive, Longevity. - _Pe-mah-tis-se-win_, Any thing that promotes life. - _Pe-mah-che-how_, To bring to life. - _Peth-coo-wow_, To penetrate. - _Puck-queth-qua-sue_, To let blood. - _Pah-coo-moo_, To vomit. - _Pah-puthe-tow_, To bring up any thing accidentally - swallowed. - _Pis-se-quah-tis-sue_, Mischievous. - _Pee-kis-quay_, To sing, or make a noise. - _Pah-mit-tis-saw-wow_, To run after any thing. - _Peway-pisk_, Iron, Almost all kinds of metal. - _Pah-pus-qua-hum_, Breaking-up of lake-ice. - _Ka-Pah-tis-sue_, Dull, Not clever. - _Pis-us_, To doubt. - _Pee-tah_, Any thing that frustrates a design. - _Pit-tah_, Stop. - _Pitche-coo_, To move about from one place to - another. - _Ne-Pit-chin_, I have moved. - _Ne-Pus-cay-wan_, I parted. - _Ne-Pus-cay-pitchin_, To part company, A party taking - different routes. - _Pus-ca_, To part with a companion by ditto. - _Pus-cay-tah_, To tear with the mouth. - _Pah-pow-wah-hah_, or _Poo-two-wah_, Shake it. - _Pah-ke-puthee_, A swelling. - _Pay-nass_, or _Pach-nass_, Come for it. - - _Qui-usk_, Straight, In a direct line. - _Ne-Qui-usk-queth-eten_, I have fixed my mind, or come to a - determination. - _Ke-Qui-usk-co-mitten_, Candidly. - _Qua-pah-kay_, or _Qua-pah-hah_, Dip a drink. - _Qua-pah-hum-mow-in_, Dip me a drink. - _Qua-pah-hum-nah-sue_, Dip a drink yourself. - _Qua-pah-hum-mow-win-nan_, Dip us a drink. - _Ques-ke-tai_, The other side. - _Ke-Qui-ske-queth-e-tin_, You have come to a determination. - - _Sepun_, Strong. - _Sepen-nay-oo_, Strong in health, Not easy killed. - _Sow-with-coo-sue_, Bloody. - _Oo-Sow-wow_, Yellow. - _Oo-Sow-us-quow_, Green. - _Ta-na-Sin-ne-cow-take_, What is the name of it? - _Soo-sow-wow_, Smooth. - _Sug-goo_, Thick, One after another. - _Sug-gow_, Thicket of woods. - _Sack-ka-higgan_, A lake. - _Ke-we-Sah-wan-ne-how_, You do not use him well. - _Sem-mahk_, At first. - _Sack-ke-how_, I love. - _Sacke-how-e-wah-bah-ne_, If I had loved. - _Sack-ke-how-wahk-oo-punny_, If we had loved, If they had loved. - _Sack-ke-hitch-che_, If she loves her or him. - _Sack-ke-huck-ke_, If I love her. - _Sack-ke-hisk-kee_, - _Sack-ke-hit-too-uck_, They love each other. - _Sack-ke-hit-too-nan_, Loving each other. - _Sack-kee_, Love. - _Sack-ke-hin_, Love me. - _Ke-Sack-ke-hitten_, I love you. - _Ke-Sack-ke-hick_, He loves you, or You are loved by - him. - _Ke-Sack-ke-hick-wuck_, They love you. - _Ke-Sack-ke-how_, You love him. - _Ke-Sack-ke-hich-coo-wow_, He loves you both. - _Ke-Sack-ke-hittan-now-wow_, I love you both. - _Ke-Sack-ke-hin-now-wow_, You both love him. - _Ke-wee-Se-gan-nis-qua-pis-sin_, You want to pull my hair. - _Se-gan-nis-qua-pis_, Pull his hair. - _See-tap-pah-quan_, A tent made with leather. - _Soak-ethe-tum_, Obstinate. - _Sa-sah-gis-sue_, Stingy. - _Suthe-an_, Any kind of coin, A medal. - _Suthe-an-ahpish_, The metal of which any coin is - made. - _Soo-Sow-wah-pisk_, Any smooth stone. - _Sepah_, Underneath. - _Sepayow_, Hollow, like a bridge. - _Sa-cooleh_, It must be so. - _Ke-Sack-cooch-e-hitten_, I overpower you. - _Sah-puaw-pow-way_, Wet through. - _Sah-paw-pwow-we-nah-gwun_, Any thing that has a wet look. - _Sah-puaw-pum-e-nah-gwun_, Transparent. - _See-coo-win_, Spittle. - _Soake-sue_, Strong wood. - _Sag-ga-wow_, Narrow. - - _Tan-na-twe-un_, What do you say? - _Tan-na-tway-un_, What do I say? - _Tan-na-twit_, What does he or she say? - _Tan-natwit-twow_ or What do they say? - _Tanna-twitch-ick_, - _Tibbis-cow_, Night. - _N’Tit-tah-pah-tain_, I dreamed. - _Tah-nah-twan-nick_, What is the meaning of it? - _Ta-bith-e-tah_, _Tho-theth-e-tah_, You direct. - _N’Took-e-moam_, My chief. - _N’Tut-tah-min-na-wow_, I overtook or came up with him. - _Tah-nah-the-coke_, What distance? - _Thah-than-nah_, To swim. - _Thow-we-nah-gun_, A long distance, but in sight - sometimes. - _Ke-took-e-maam-in-now_, Our chief. - _N’Tas-tah-gat-tis-soon_, I think I am not sufficient for - the task. - _Tho-is-cow_, Soft. - _Tho-skeg-gan_, Soft skin, Well dressed. - _Tay-poy_, Call. - _Tay-pois_, Call him. - _To-kin_, To open. - _To-kap-pue_, To open the eyes. - _Ke-Tah-hah-ee-mow_, You adopt him. - _Tah-nah-tah-co-mut_, In what line of relationship do - you hold him? - _Tan-na-tah-co-misk_, In what line of relationship does - he hold you? - _Tah-nait-te-gowan_, What is my name? or, What am I - called? - _Tah-nait-te-gow-we-en_, What is your name? - _Tah-na-sin-ne-cau-soo-yen_, - _Tah-na-sin-ne-caw-swa-an_, What is my name? - _Tah-na-sin-ne-caw-soot_, What is it’s name? - _Tah-hutch-e-tow-in-nah_, Tools, Utensils. - _N’-Tah-but-teth-emow_, I think him, or it, useful. - _Tow-weg_, The middle of a skin. - _Ke-Tis-qua-how-uck_, You killed a great many. - _Ke-Tis-coo-now_, You left some. - _Tick-cuck_, All of them. - _Tah-to_, The number. - _Than-tah-to_, What number? - _Than-a-tus-se-chick_, - _Tahn-a-tah-tin-e-thick_, What number were there? - _Tahn-as-takee_, or _Tan-a-koo-tu_, What of that? - _Tahn-a-te-theme-un_, What do you think of me? - _Tahn-a-teshe-tum-mun_, What do I think of it? - _Tahn-a-teshe-tum-man_, What do I think? - _Tahn-a-teshe-tum-me-u’onny_, Whatever you think or have thought. - _Tuck-ke-coom_, Phlegm. - _Tethe-coom_, Nostril. - _Tuck-oo-sin_, To arrive by land. - _Tah-pa-tah-hum-moak_, Flying low. - _Tabeth-a-way_, Real. - _Ta-bith-was-sue_, Possessed of property. - _Tah-ti-sue_, The behaviour of a person. - _To-is-pis-sue_, Good-natured. - _Tus-swow_, Straight. - _Tah-cuoch_, Above, Uppermost. - _Tus-tow-widge_, Middle, Between. - _Ke-keppah-Tow-a-gan_, Your ears are sloped. - _Tah-but-tis-sue_, Useful. - _Tah-na-tah-but-tis-sue_, For what use? - _N’-Tah-coo-sin_, I am ill. - _Ke-Tith-e-wee-cah-pow-wis-tow-wow_, You are taller than him. - _Ke-Tap-pe-se-si-sin_, You are little. - _Ke-Tay-ack-quam-ethe-mittan_, I have a great opinion of him. - _Tay-poo-pay-oo_, Satisfied with drinking. - _N’-Tay-poo-pan_, I am full of liquor. - _Tip-pah-hum_, To pay, To measure. - _Tip-pah-higgan_, A measure, A rule. - _Ke-Tow-we-hah-soon_, You borrow. - _Ke-Tul-tow-wan_, You trade. - _Kit-Tut-tah-mittan_, I trade with you. - _Ke-Tus-tum-mah-tin_, I hinder you. - _Ke-Tit-twes-tum-mah-tin_, I am your interpreter. - _Ta-ow-wedge_, A word used by way of confirmation. - _Ta-tow-wedge_, The middle. - _Tow-weidge_, Far from the shore. - - _Us-to-gum-moo_, Still water. - _Utch-chahk_, A star. - _Un-ne-mah_, That - _Un-to-wappun_, Make use of your eyes, Look well - for him. - _Uh-tah-meek_, Underneath. - _Uh-tah-mus-cum-meek_, Under ground. - _Us-kee_, A country. - _Us-kee-ah_, Moss - _Us-keek-wah_, Lead - _Us-keek_, A kettle. - _Us-too-thoo_, To build canoes. - _Us-tay-boo_, Sober. - _Us-pah-che-gun_, An ingredient or sauce, as gravy - to beef. - _Us-put-tis-ewin_, Payment. - _Us-put-tis-sin_, Pay me. - _Uttow-way_, To trade or barter. - _Uttah-muck_, Inside. - _Um-misk_, A beaver. - _Um-misk-wy-an_, A beaver’s skin. - _Us-skah-tie_, A green fur-skin, or undressed - skin. - _Up-pwooy_, Paddle. - - _Wah-ha-wun_, Weak. - _Wappun_, Daylight. - _Wappas-sue_, An early riser, One who rises by - daylight. - _Wee-kee_, What used to be. - _Weggee-moggan_, Mate, (a person that lives in the - same tent.) - _Wiggee_, Place of abode. - _Nis-tais-Weggee-mah-gun_, He lives with my elder brother. - _Weggee-wow_, Their dwelling. - _Wethin_, Fat in its natural state. - _Wee-thin-noo_, Fat (as a fat animal), Fat meat. - _Wah-thou_, A great distance. - _Wah-thoue_, A hollow or vacuum. - _Wappow_, Narrow part of a lake, where the - two shores almost meet. - _Wap-pick-oo-mow_, A narrow lake. - _Wow-we-ick-oo-mow_, A round lake. - _Wappusk_, A white bear. - _Wah-ke-nog-gan_, Jumper. - _Wus-qui_, Birch. - _Ke-Wan-nay-too-tow-wow_, You do not use him well. - _Wah-gow_, Crooked. - _Wee-lah_, Tell it. - _Wee-tum-mow_, Tell him. - _Wee-rup-pow_, _Ne-Wee-rup-pan_, He wants to sleep. - _We-thun-e-taggay_, Disjointing and cutting up an - animal. - _We-thun-e-how_, To cut up, To disjoint. - _Walhow-nah-gun_, Any thing seen far off. - _Wee-cheg-gun_, Stink. - _Wo-waudge_, Also. - _Kee-Wappin_, You see. - _Wy-ais_, Something. - _Ke-Wah-co-mow_, You call him your relation. - _Ke-We-way-a-se-min_, You hinted to deceive me. - _We-co-to_, To feast. - _We-co-too-nah-me-woo_, Feasting. - _Weeth_, Name it, Mention its name. - _Wee-this-sue_, Mention your own name. - _Was-cah_, Around. - _Was-cah-higgan_, A house. - _Was-keig_, The edge of a skin. - _We-ug-ge-tow_, Not to be frugal, To be wasteful. - _Wun-ny-hov_, To loose, Lost. - _Ne-Wan-eth-etum-mow-mick_, He makes me at a loss what to say. - _Wan-eth-etum_, He is quite at a loss. - _Was-tai-ab-bel_, Light eyes. - _We-the-gre-quay_, Dirty face. - _Wow-we-ec-quay_, Round face. - _Wow-we-eg-se-nah-goo-sue_, Droll looking. - _Wo-we-et-tis-sue_, A funny person. - _Ke-Wo-we-ase-hittan_, I was jesting with you. - _N’-Wo-we-etwan_, I spoke it in jest. - _Wee-kee_, Accustomed. - _Wutchee_, A hill. - _Wah-gis-cow_, Any thing that bends well. - _Ne-Wap-pah-tin_, I saw it. - _Ne-Wap-puh-tith-ick_, It was shown to me. - _Was-dis-sue_, To appear bright with the - reflection of the sun. - _Wah-thoue_, Hollow, like an empty nut-shell. - _Wow-we-ah-sue_, The full moon. - _Wow-we-a-sue_, Round. - _Was-cum-mis-sue_, Not intoxicated, Sober. - _Wus-kitch_, Outside. - _Wes-kutch_, Formerly. - _Wee-sin-now_, Castorum. - _Wee-pus-cow_, Burnt wood, lying on the ground. - _Wan-nah-scootch_, The end, edge, or extremity. - _Wenne-peg,_ The sea called by that name; also - a lake. - - - THE END. - - - R. Watts, _Printer, - Crown Court, Temple Bar_. - - - - - FOOTNOTES - - -[1]See Appendix (E). - -[2]This duty is considered by all naval officers as the severest trial - of health and spirit to which the profession of a seaman is liable: - and in proof of this, it will appear, by the following Narrative, - that, upon the _Rosamond_ being ordered a second time to this - station, her Captain obtained leave to quit his ship, and eight of - her crew deserted the first time the boat went to shore, after the - order arrived from the _Admiralty_. - -[3]See the narrative of this circumstance, as it appeared, at the time, - in the _Naval Chronicle_ and other public journals. Upon this signal - instance of _British_ valour in a person so young as to be almost a - child in the service, and who had gallantly volunteered to accompany - the expedition upon this dangerous enterprise, the Captain of his - ship presented Mr. _Chappell_ with the sword of the _Spanish_ - Commander, as the prize of his valour. - -[4]The Gunner was tried by a Court-martial, during our stay at the - _Nore_; and was sentenced, to be reprimanded, and to receive an - admonition to be more cautious in future. - -[5]This is one of the most remarkable examples of the _Cyclopéan - architecture_ of the _Celts_ which is known to exist; owing to its - remote situation with regard to the rest of _Europe_. - -[6]The _Fucus Vesiculosus_ of _Linnœus_, or _Bladder Fucus_; called also - _Sea Oak_, and _Sea Wrack_. The _alkaline_ salt obtained from these - ashes is the common _carbonate of soda_. - -[7]For an accurate Table of the different degrees of variation, see - _Appendix_ (A). - -[8]For any further particulars respecting the Settlements and progress - of the _Moravians_, on the Coast of _Labrador_ and elsewhere, the - Reader is referred to a “History of the Mission of the _United - Brethren_ among the _Indians_ in _North America_,” in Three Parts, - by _George Henry Laskiel_; translated from the _German_, by - _Christian Ignatius La Trobe_, 1794. Also to “The Periodical - Accounts of their Missions,” published by the _Brethren’s Society_, - for the furtherance of the Gospel, at No. 10, _Nevil’s Court, Fetter - Lane, Holborn, London_. - -[9]See the _Vignette_ to p. 1. - -[10]See the rough Sketch of a Canoe, made by the Author on the spot. - _Plate_ I. - -[11]Mr. _Hearne_, in his Journey to the Mouth of the _Coppermine River_, - observes, that the _Esquimaux_, on the sea coast to the northward, - used kettles made of _lapis ollaris_. - -[12]It was probably _Sea-weed_; a kind of food eaten as a stew, or soup, - by the natives of the Isle of _St. Kilda_, in the _Hebrides_. - -[13]A List is contained in the _Appendix_, of the different articles of - _Esquimaux_ manufacture which were presented, by the Author, to the - University Library at _Cambridge_; accompanied, also, by a List of - things of a similar nature brought to _Russia_ by Commodore - _Billings_, from the N. W. coast of _America_. - -[14]This gallant officer lost his arm in the attack on _Java_, by a - cannon-ball. The seamen seeing him knocked backwards by the shock, - and lying senseless, conjectured that he had been killed outright; - but as they were bearing him off the field, the Captain recovered - his senses, and feeling the hot beams of a vertical sun striking - directly on his face and head (his hat having rolled off when he - fell), he immediately exclaimed to one of his men, “_Damme, Sir! - fetch me my hat._” - -[15]Some of the arrows brought to _England_ by the Author were barbed - _flint_, and exactly resemble the arrow-heads found in the _Tomb of - the Athenians_ in the _Plain of Marathon_. - -[16]See the Plate. - -[17]See _Hearne’s_ “Journey to the _Northern Ocean_,” p. 154, _London_, - 1795. - -[18]This practice was common to almost all the antient world; especially - to the _Celtic_ and _Gothic_ tribes, as manifested by the - antiquities now found in their sepulchres. Possibly, therefore, the - _Asiatic_ origin of the _Esquimaux_ may hence be deduced. The same - custom also exists among the _Greenlanders_; who are, in fact, a - branch of the _Esquimaux_. “They like,” says _Crantz_, “to make the - grave in some remote high place, laying a little moss upon the bare - ground (for the rock admits of no digging), and spread a skin upon - it. . . . . Near the burying spot they deposit the _kajak_ and darts - of the deceased, and the tools he daily used.”—See _Crantz’s - Greenland_, _vol._ I. _p._ 237. _London_, 1767. - -[19]_Moschetos_ are considered as among the winged agents of the _Evil - Spirit_, by some of the _North-American_ tribes. - -[20]See the Sketch of this remarkable _Cape_, taken on the tops. - -[21]_Hearne’s_ Journey to the Northern Ocean, p. 224. _Lond._ 1795. - -[22]See the Voyages of _Frobisher_, _Davies_, and others. - -[23]This is the denomination of the bottom of _Hudson’s Bay_ to the - southward of _Cape Henrietta Maria_. - -[24]The Beluga. - -[25]The account of the above transaction was derived from the most - indubitable authority. - -[26]Memoirs of Mrs. _Mary Robinson_. - -[27]See the account of Expeditions through the North-West Continent of - _America_ to the _Pacific Ocean_. - -[28]The infant colony is called by his Lordship, _Osna Boia_ (two - _Gaelic_ words signifying _Ossian’s Town_), from the resemblance - between _that_ and the _Indian_ name of _Red River_—_Asnaboyne_. - -[29]See _Appendix_ B. - -[30]It is astonishing, that, before the return of the ships, the whole - of the drift ice in the _Straits_ disappeared. - -[31]I should have before mentioned, that the _Prince of Wales_ did not - arrive at _York Flats_ until the day after our ship. - -[32]As it may be amusing to some people, I have added a few - thermometrical observations made at _Oxford House_, in the year - 1811.—See _Appendix_ C. - -[33]Instead of tracing the _Nelson River_ from its source to the sea, it - will be expedient to annex a map of the river from _Lake Winnipeg_ - to the _Gull Lake_, shewing also the portages, &c.; and this part of - the river may be taken as a sample of the whole. - -[34]The badge of his dignity among the _Indians_. - -[35]The title by which he distinguished the officers of the ship from - the gentlemen of the factory. - -[36]A very expressive name given by the _Indians_ to spirituous liquors, - signifying _Mad-Water_. - -[37]Whilst this Journal was preparing for the press, the following - article appeared in many of the Daily Prints. - - “Intelligence has been received, by a late arrival from _Canada_, of - the entire dispersion of the Colony founded by Lord _Selkirk_, in - conjunction with the _Hudson’s-Bay Company_, on the River - _Asnaboyne_, in the interior of the N. W. Continent of _America_. - Disputes with the _Metiffs_ of the Country, a race of people between - _Canadians_ and _Indians_, inflamed the natural jealousy which the - latter have always felt, relative to the agricultural encroachments - on their hunting-grounds in the interior, and, we understand, - compelled his Lordship’s Governor to abandon the establishment which - had been made.”—“About one hundred and forty settlers were conveyed - by the _Canadian_ traders to Lake _Superior_, on their way to - _Canada_; and the remainder are supposed to have gone to _Hudson’s - Bay_, with a view of finding a passage to _Great Britain_. - - “The Governor, Mr. _M^cDonald_, and a Sheriff, also appointed by - Lord _Selkirk_ (Mr. _Spencer_), were brought down prisoners to - _Montreal_; the one for having granted, the other for having - executed, a warrant, under the authority of which, provisions, the - property of _Canadian_ traders, were seized during the preceding - winter, for the maintenance of the colonists; and these gentlemen - were admitted to bail in the Courts of _Lower Canada_, to take their - trials for this alleged offence.” - - Whatever may be the decision of the Judges on this trial, the - _Metiffs_ will have succeeded in their malevolent intention, that of - destroying all prospect of the Colony ever arriving to a flourishing - condition. - -[38]See _Pinkerton’s Geography_. - -[39]Here Mr. _Pinkerton_, although perfectly correct in every other - respect, has fallen into the same error as other geographers; - namely, in peopling _Hudson’s Bay_ with _Esquimaux_: whereas, the - _Cree Indians_, who inhabit the Bay, are not savage, take no care of - their eyes, and are clothed by the _European_ traders. - -[40]Here he plainly alludes to the _Esquimaux_ of _Hudson’s Straits_; - not to the _Cree Indians_ of the Bay. - -[41]At present they employ but two ships, and consequently considerably - fewer seamen. - -[42]For the amusement of persons who are desirous of such information, I - have annexed an abstract of the ship’s reckoning from _Cape - Resolution_ to the _Orkneys_. See Appendix D. - -[43]See _Walter Scott_’s Notes on _Marmion, a Tale of Flodden Field_. - -[44]Fossil timber, in a mineralized state, is found in the _Orkneys_ and - in the _Hebrides_. In the island of _Skie_ there was found part of a - large tree mineralized by _Hornstone_; which is now in the - possession of the Professor of Mineralogy at _Cambridge_. - -[45]So called by the _Canadians_. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - ---Silently corrected obvious typographical errors. - ---Retained non-standard spellings and dialect. - ---Re-ordered items in the Table of Illustrations, to match actual order - in the text. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO HUDSON'S -BAY IN HIS MAJESTY'S SHIP ROSAMOND*** - - -******* This file should be named 54088-0.txt or 54088-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/4/0/8/54088 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- clear: both; } -</style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay in His -Majesty's Ship Rosamond, by Edward Chappell</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay in His Majesty's Ship Rosamond</p> -<p> Containing Some Account of the North-eastern Coast of America and of the Tribes Inhabiting That Remote Region</p> -<p>Author: Edward Chappell</p> -<p>Release Date: February 2, 2017 [eBook #54088]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO HUDSON'S BAY IN HIS MAJESTY'S SHIP ROSAMOND***</p> -<p> </p> -<h3>E-text prepared by Andrew Sly, Stephen Hutcheson,<br /> - and the online Distributed Proofreaders Canada team<br /> - (http://www.pgdpcanada.net)</h3> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson’s Bay in His Majesty’s Ship Rosamond" width="500" height="781" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/map.jpg" alt="" width="649" height="800" /> -<p class="caption">MAP -<br />of the -<br />GREAT NELSON RIVER, -<br /><i>from the</i> -<br />Great Lake Winnepeg to the Gull Lake. -<br /><i>Shewing the different</i> -<br />Portages, Falls, and Rapids; -<br /><i>BY M<sup>R.</sup> WILLIAM HILLIER</i> -<br /><i>Master in the Royal Navy</i> -<br /><i>N.B. The figures denote the number of feet in each fall of the River.</i> -<br /><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-Resolution Map</a></p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>NARRATIVE -<br /><span class="smallest">OF A</span> -<br /><span class="small">VOYAGE</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">TO</span> -<br /><span class="large">HUDSON’S BAY</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">IN</span> -<br /><span class="small">HIS MAJESTY’S SHIP ROSAMOND</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNT OF</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">THE NORTH-EASTERN COAST OF AMERICA</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">AND</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">OF THE TRIBES</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">INHABITING</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">THAT REMOTE REGION.</span></h1> -<hr /> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">BY</span> -<br /><span class="large">LIEUT. EDWARD CHAPPELL, R. N.</span></p> -<hr /> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Ὑμεῖς δ’, ὦ Μοῦσαι, σχολιὰς ἐνέποιτε χελεύθους.</p> -<p class="lr"><span class="small">DIONYSII PERIEGESIS. v. 63. <i>Ozon.</i> 1697.</span></p> -</div> -<hr /> -<p class="center">LONDON: -<br /><span class="small">PRINTED FOR J. MAWMAN, LUDGATE STREET:</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">By H. Watts, Crown Court, Temple Bar.</span> -<br /><span class="small">1817.</span></p> -</div> -<p class="center small">Originally printed in 1817 -<br />for J. Mawman, -<br />Ludgate Street, London, England</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smaller">TO THE</span> -<br />LORD VISCOUNT PALMERSTONE -<br /><span class="small">BARON TEMPLE -<br /><i>SECRETARY OF WAR</i></span> -<br /><span class="smaller">MEMBER FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE -<br />&c. &c. &c.</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="smallest">THE FOLLOWING</span> -<br /><span class="small">NARRATIVE</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">WITH HIS LORDSHIP’S PERMISSION -<br />IS DEDICATED -<br />AS A MEMORIAL OF GRATITUDE -<br />AND A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">BY HIS LORDSHIP’S -<br />OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT</span> -<br /><span class="jr"><span class="small">EDWARD CHAPPELL.</span></span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<h2>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2> -<p>Towards the close of the year 1814, a -young naval officer, Lieutenant <i>Chappell</i>, -of his Majesty’s ship <i>Rosamond</i>, who had -recently returned, for the second time, -from an expedition to the <i>North-eastern</i> -coast of <i>America</i>, brought to <i>Cambridge</i> -a collection of the dresses, weapons, -&c. of the <i>Indians</i> inhabiting <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i><a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a>; requesting that I would present -these curiosities to the Public Library -of the University. This Collection so -much resembled another which the -<i>Russian</i> Commodore <i>Billings</i> brought to -Petersburg from the <i>North-western</i> shores -of the same continent, and part of which -<span class="pb" id="Page_iv">iv</span> -Professor <i>Pallas</i> had given to me in the -<i>Crimea</i>, that, being desirous to learn whether -the same customs and language might not -be observed over the whole of <i>North America</i>, -between the parallels 50° and 70° of -north latitude, I proposed to Lieutenant -<i>Chappell</i> a series of questions concerning -the natives of the <i>North-eastern</i> coast; -desiring to have an answer to each of them, -in writing, founded upon his own personal -observations. In consequence of this application, -I was entrusted with a perusal of -the following <i>Journal</i>. It was written by -himself, during his last expedition: and -having since prevailed upon him to make it -public, it is a duty incumbent upon me to -vouch for its authenticity, and to make -known some particulars respecting its -author, which may perhaps give an additional -interest to his Narrative. The Letters, -indeed, which have accompanied his communications -with regard to his late voyage, -<span class="pb" id="Page_v">v</span> -are strongly tinged with the “<i>infandum jubes -renovare dolorem</i>;” because, to the ardent -spirit of a <i>British</i> seaman, no service can be -more depressing than that which, during -war, banishes him from the career of glory, -to a station where no proof of skill or of -intrepidity, no enterprise of fatigue or of -danger, is ever attended with honour or -reward<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a>. Lieutenant <i>Chappell</i> was twice -ordered upon this station; after exploits in -the navy, which, at a very early period -of his life, obtained for him the rank he -now holds.</p> -<p>In 1805, he assisted in cutting out the -<i>Spanish</i> privateer-schooner, <i>Isabella La -Demos</i>, from under the batteries of a small -<span class="pb" id="Page_vi">vi</span> -bay in <i>South America</i><a class="fn" id="fr_3" href="#fn_3">[3]</a>. In 1806, after witnessing -the battle of <i>St. Domingo</i>, he was -with the boats which burned the <i>Imperiale</i> of -120 guns, and the <i>Diomede</i> of eighty guns. -In the latter end of the same year, his ship, -the <i>King’s Fisher</i>, having towed <i>Lord -Cochrane</i>’s frigate from under the batteries -of <i>L’Isle d’Aix</i>, near <i>Rochfort</i>, assisted in -the capture of <i>Le President</i> of forty-four -guns. In 1808, he was at the capture of -the <i>Danish</i> islands, <i>St. Thomas</i> and <i>St. Croix</i>, -in the <i>West Indies</i>. In 1808, or 1809, he -was in the <i>Intrepid</i> of sixty-four guns, -when she engaged two <i>French</i> frigates, and -was very severely handled. Afterwards, -he was at the capture of the <i>Saints</i>, and of -<span class="pb" id="Page_vii">vii</span> -the Island of <i>Martinico</i>, when he was employed -on the shore, in fighting the <i>breaching</i> -batteries. In 1810, he commanded a gun-boat -during the siege of <i>Cadiz</i>. The conduct -of the gun-boats upon this occasion -requires no comment: it was then that he -received a severe wound in the thigh, and -was made Lieutenant. In 1812, he assisted -in landing the Expedition, under General -<i>Maitland</i>, in <i>Murcia</i>. In 1813, he was -employed in protecting the fisheries upon -the coast of <i>Labrador</i>. In 1814, he made -the voyage to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, whereof the -following pages contain his unaltered Narrative. -In 1815, being First Lieutenant of -his Majesty’s ship <i>Leven</i>, he was employed -in assisting the Chiefs of <i>La Vendee</i>, and -in reinstating the Prince <i>Tremouille</i> in the -Captain-generalship of the Department <i>de -Cotes d’Or</i>.</p> -<p>Such have been the services of this -<span class="pb" id="Page_viii">viii</span> -meritorious officer, now only twenty-five -years of age; but, owing to the termination -of the war, dismissed, with many other -of his gallant comrades, from the active -duties in which they were engaged. -These circumstances, as it must be obvious, -are by no means querulously introduced: -nor is the following Narrative made public -with the slightest intention of reproaching -the <i>Admiralty</i> with the hard lot to which -one of its naval heroes was exposed, in being -twice employed in such a service:—it is a -lot that must fall somewhere; and the -present Publication will shew, that the -person upon whom it devolved is able to -give a satisfactory account of the manner in -which this part of his duty was performed.</p> -<p><span class="lr"><span class="small">EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE.</span></span></p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">University Library, Cambridge</span>,</span></p> -<p class="t3"><span class="smaller"><i>April 7, 1817</i>.</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ix">ix</div> -<h2 id="c1">LIST <span class="small">OF</span> ENGRAVINGS.</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#fig1">Map of the <i>Great Nelson River</i>, from the <i>Great Lake Winnepeg</i> to the <i>Gull Lake</i>; shewing the different Portages, Falls, and Rapids: by Mr. <i>William Hillier</i>, Master in the Royal Navy</a> facing Title-page.</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig2">View of the <i>Rosamond</i> passing to windward of an <i>Iceberg</i></a> <span class="small">P.</span> 1</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig3"><i>Cape Saddle Back</i>, north 7 or 8 miles: with two remarkable <i>Icebergs</i> off the low point</a> 55</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig4">Male <i>Esquimaux</i>, in his Canoe</a> ib.</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig5">An <i>Esquimaux</i> Hut</a> 75</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig6">Sledge drawn by Dogs, used by <i>European</i> Traders at <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, and on the Southern Coast of <i>Labrador</i></a> 106</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig7">Bark Canoe of the <i>Cree Indians</i> in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i></a> ib.</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig8">Appearance of the Entrance of <i>Prince of Wales’s Sound</i>, bearing <span class="small">S. W.</span> ½ <span class="small">W.</span> about nine leagues;—taken August 17, 1814</a> 133</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig9">The <i>Rosamond</i> grappled among close Ice</a> ib.</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig10">Interior of a Wigwam of the <i>Cree Indians</i></a> 211</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/img-001.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="243" /> -<p class="caption">VIEW <i>of the</i> ROSAMOND, <i>passing to windward of an</i> ICEBERG.</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c2">NARRATIVE, -<br /><span class="small">&c. &c.</span></h2> -<p>On the 14th day of <i>May</i>, 1814, Captain -<i>Campbell</i> received orders to repair, without -delay, to <i>Hoseley Bay</i>, on the coast of -<i>Suffolk</i>; and there to wait for his final -directions from the Admiralty.</p> -<p>The <i>Rosamond</i>, at this time, had been -lying about a fortnight at <i>Spithead</i>, -perfectly ready for sea; and it was conjectured -that <i>America</i> would have been -the place of her destination: of course, -<span class="pb" id="Page_2">2</span> -many among us were big with the hopes -of fame, and many with the expectation -of fortune. When the above-mentioned -orders arrived, however, all chance of our -proceeding to the seat of war appeared -at an end: yet we consoled ourselves with -the reflection, that we should doubtless -be employed on the coast of <i>Norway</i>; as -the whole of that kingdom had been -declared in a state of blockade, in consequence -of the <i>Norwegians</i> refusing to -accede to the Treaty of <i>Keil</i>, by which -their country was to be annexed for ever -to the dominion of <i>Sweden</i>. Accordingly, -we sailed from <i>Spithead</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>15th</i>.—We had light winds all -this day. As we passed out of <i>Spithead</i>, -through <i>St. Helen’s</i>, we observed His -Majesty’s ship <i>Adamant</i>, and an <i>East-India</i> -ship, going in. About nine in the evening: -we passed close to the <i>Owers Light</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>16th</i>.—In the forenoon, fine calm -weather, we came to an anchor in sight of -<i>Brighton</i>, to wait the change of tide: -saw His Majesty’s ship <i>Hope</i> at anchor -in the <i>Roads</i>. In the afternoon, got under -weigh: observed His Majesty’s brig <i>Tigress</i> -standing down <i>Channel</i>. Towards nightfall, -we weathered the promontory of -<i>Beachy Head</i>, and passed in view of -<i>Hastings</i>, where the famous battle was -fought between <i>King Harold</i> and <i>William -the Conqueror</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>17th</i>.—At two in the morning, -anchored in sight of <i>Dungeness</i> Light-house. -At seven <span class="small">A.M.</span> weighed, with a foul -wind, and beat towards the <i>South Foreland</i>. -Came in sight of the coast of <i>France</i>: -observed a large pillar, or monument, on -the hills above <i>Boulogne</i>, said to have -been erected by <i>Buonaparte</i>. In the afternoon, -anchored off the town of <i>Folkestone</i>. -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -Towards evening, weighed again; and, after -night-fall, anchored in <i>Dover Roads</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>18th</i>.—In the morning we had a -fine view of <i>Dover Castle</i>, the majestic -<i>South Foreland</i>, &c. Got under weigh, -and stood across the <i>Channel</i>;—observed -many vessels passing between <i>France</i> and -<i>England</i>. Saw the spires of <i>Calais</i>. Beat -up at the back of the <i>Goodwin Sands</i>;—observed -a three-decked ship in the <i>Downs</i>, -hoisting the flag of his Royal Highness -the <i>Duke of Clarence</i>, under a general -salute of cannon from all the shipping. -Towards evening, anchored in sight of -<i>Margate</i>; but after night-fall, got under -weigh again.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>19th</i>.—In the morning, anchored -again, near a shoal called the <i>Galloper</i>. In -the forenoon, weighed. Towards evening, -passed <i>Orford-Ness</i> Light-houses, and -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -anchored in <i>Hoseley Bay</i>. An officer was -immediately sent on shore, to bring on board -the final orders. The boat was nearly -overturned in landing, in consequence of -the heavy surf on all parts of this coast: -however, the officer returned about midnight, -and delivered the orders to the -Captain. Nothing could exceed the consternation -and astonishment of every person -on board, to find we were directed to -proceed, almost immediately, for <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i>!—Had we been ordered to the <i>North -Pole</i>, there could not have been more -long faces among us. Down fell, at once, -all the <i>aërial castles</i> which we had been -so long building; and nothing remained, -but the dismal prospect of a tedious -voyage, amidst icy seas, and shores covered -with eternal snows.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>20th</i>.—A boat was this day despatched -to <i>Harwich</i>, from which place we -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -were about ten miles distant, to get on board -what few naval stores were wanted to complete -us for the voyage. <i>Harwich</i> is a small -town, with narrow streets, not paved: -there are some pleasant walks in the -environs. The harbour is a good one, with -sufficient depth of water for a frigate. -The place is well fortified towards the sea, -and has a small naval arsenal. A guard-ship -is generally stationed at this port, -during war.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>21st</i>.—In the morning, His Majesty’s -ship <i>Unicorn</i> passed us, under an -immense press of sail, with a Royal -standard flying at her mast-head, which -we saluted with twenty-one guns.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>22d</i>.—Towards the evening of this -day, our Captain received orders to proceed -to the <i>Nore</i>, in order to procure pilots to -conduct the ship safe to the <i>Orkneys</i>. We had -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -also another motive in visiting the <i>Nore</i> at -this time, which I may, perhaps, be excused -relating, although it have no immediate -connexion with the voyage that we were -about to undertake. Previous to our sailing -from <i>Spithead</i>, a shipwright belonging to -the dock-yard had been accidentally killed, -by our having fired a signal-gun without -taking out the shot. Unfortunately, the -poor man’s wife, at the moment of his -death, was pregnant of her tenth child. -A subscription was instantly opened for -her, on board our ship, and £.60 was -the next day paid into her hands. I have -since been informed, that the different ships -at <i>Spithead</i> followed our example, as did -also the workmen of the Dock-yard; and a -handsome sum was collected in the whole. -No blame could be attributed to any person; -but, to prevent the possibility of such an imputation, -it was thought necessary that the -gunner should be tried by a court-martial; -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -and it was to assemble this court, that we -were now ordered to proceed to the <i>Nore</i><a class="fn" id="fr_4" href="#fn_4">[4]</a>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">May</span> <i>23d</i>.—In the morning, we weighed, -with a strong breeze in our favour; and -at noon anchored at the <i>Great Nore</i>;—observed -a <i>Russian</i> Vice-admiral, with a -squadron belonging to that nation, at anchor -there also. We remained at this place, -waiting the arrival of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -traders, until the 30th; when the two ships -arrived; accompanied by a brig belonging -to the <i>Moravian Missionary Society</i>, bound -for the coast of <i>Labrador</i>, whither she was -to proceed under our protection, or at -least as far as our courses lay together. It -is a rule with the <i>Hudson’s-Bay Company</i>, -to make their ships always <i>break ground</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -on the 29th of <i>May</i>; although, sometimes, -they do not leave the river <i>Thames</i> before -<i>June</i>. The same day on which the -<i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships arrived at the <i>Nore</i>, -we were joined by a new Captain (<i>Stopford</i>); -our former one (<i>Campbell</i>) not wishing, for -many reasons, to go the voyage. His loss -was most sincerely regretted by all of us: -however, our new Commander proved himself, -during the whole time we sailed -together, to be one of the most exemplary -captains in His Majesty’s navy. We continued -getting our stores on board until—</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>4th</i>.—Early this day, we weighed -anchor. Being the birth-day of our venerable -King, all the <i>English</i> and <i>Russian</i> -ships of war were dressed with flags, and -made a very gay appearance.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>5th</i>.—We anchored twice this day, -to wait the change of tide: at first, off the -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -<i>Gunfleet Sand</i>; and towards evening we -brought up, off <i>Harwich</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>6th</i>.—In the morning, weighed, -and beat up into <i>Hoseley Bay</i>;—found lying -there His Majesty’s ship <i>Bristol</i>. Towards -evening, sent the purser on shore, to -procure fresh beef.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>7th</i>.—The boat returned in the -morning, with the purser in sad distress; -eight men having deserted from the boat, -from an antipathy to the voyage.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>8th</i>.—A party of soldiers, and an -officer, were sent to look for the deserters; -but in the evening they returned, unsuccessful.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>9th</i>.—In the afternoon, weighed with -our convoy, and beat towards <i>Yarmouth</i>. -In the evening, anchored off <i>Aldborough</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>10th</i>.—In the morning, we again -weighed. At noon, anchored at <i>Yarmouth</i>; -and sent a boat on shore, to procure beef -and vegetables for the ship’s company; as -this was the last place we touched at, in -<i>England</i>. <i>Yarmouth</i> is a large straggling -place; consisting of one or two good streets, -and many narrow lanes; with open spaces -here and there, like squares. The church has -a most beautiful spire. The town does not -contain any magnificent buildings: here is, -however, a very fine market-place; and -an agreeable promenade, under the shade of -two rows of trees, running along the quay -on the banks of the river <i>Wensum</i>, on the -<span class="small">N. W.</span> side of the town. All the soil around -the town is barren; which accounts -for the waste of room in the buildings, -as land is of little or no value. I know -not any place in <i>Great Britain</i> which has -finer bathing conveniences. In the evening, -we again weighed; and at night-fall -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -passed by <i>Haseborough</i> and <i>Cromer</i> Light-houses.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">June</span> <i>11th</i>.—In the morning, we saw the -<i>Spurn</i> Light-house; and towards noon, we -passed by <i>Flamborough Head</i>, in <i>Yorkshire</i>. -Towards evening, we had a fine view of -<i>Scarborough</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>12th</i>.—A beautiful day, running with -a fair wind and smooth sea. In the evening, -saw the blue tops of the <i>Cheviot Hills</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>13th</i>.—A fine fair breeze. Towards -noon, passed the <i>Buchan Ness</i>, and had a -good view of <i>Peterhead</i>. Towards evening -the wind increased to a gale;—hove-to, -until morning.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>14th</i>.—In the morning, passed the -<i>Pentland Frith</i>, in which the tide is like a -whirlpool; and, after having run by <i>Long-Hope</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -Harbour, we anchored at <i>Stromness</i>, -in the Island of <i>Pomona</i>, the principal of -the <i>Orkneys</i>; immediately opposite to which -is the <i>Isle of Hoy</i>, having on it a remarkable -high mountain, in shape very like the -Rock of <i>Gibraltar</i>. Immediately on our -arrival, the two <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships fired -seven guns each, to give notice to the -inhabitants of their arrival. The visits of -the <i>North-west men</i>, as the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ships are denominated, creates a sort of -annual mart, or fair, in the <i>Orkneys</i>; as -it is from hence that they derive all the -necessary supplies of poultry, beef, vegetables, -and even men, to fit them for so -long a voyage:—consequently, the <i>Orkney</i> -people listen with anxiety for this salute -of cannon, which announces the arrival -of the <span class="small">N. W.</span> ships; as almost every person -in the island is, in some way or other, -interested in their coming.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>15th</i>.—We were employed in watering -the ship; and found it difficult to -procure a sufficient quantity, owing to -a great drought which had lately prevailed.</p> -<p>The town of <span class="sc">Stromness</span> is an irregular -assemblage of dirty huts, with here and -there a decent house. There is scarcely -any thing deserving the name of a street -in the place, although it is said to contain -a population of two thousand souls. A -few years ago it did not contain above one -third of that number. The harbour is small, -but very secure: it is defended from the sea -by an island called <i>The Holmes</i>; and there -is a good summer roadstead outside the -island, called the <i>Back of the Holmes</i>. Firewood -cannot be procured in the <i>Orkneys</i>, -where there are no trees; but <i>Newcastle</i> -coal is always remarkably cheap. About -six miles from <i>Stromness</i> is a large lake, -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -called <i>Stonehouse Loch</i>, in consequence of -some high flat stones which stand by the side -of it, something similar in appearance to -<i>Stonehenge</i>, on <i>Salisbury Plain</i>: they bear -no inscription, and seem to have been set -on their ends in the same state as when -taken from the quarry<a class="fn" id="fr_5" href="#fn_5">[5]</a>:—the view given -of them in <i>Barrie’s</i> Description of the -<i>Orkney Islands</i> is perfectly correct. The -quantities of grouse, partridge, plover, -snipe, &c. in the <i>Orkneys</i>, is astonishing: -neither foxes nor hares are to be found; -but rabbits are very numerous. There -are some spots of good land in the valleys; -but in such a bad state of cultivation, from -idleness and want of manure, that at least -five weeds are produced to one blade of -corn. Wheat is not grown in any of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -islands; the produce consisting, principally, -in barley and oats. But the chief -export of the <i>Orkneys</i> is kelp, ashes obtained -by the burning of sea-weed<a class="fn" id="fr_6" href="#fn_6">[6]</a>, with -which all the shores abound: this proves -a most valuable acquisition to those gentlemen -whose estates border on the sea; -as it sells, on an average, at £.11 a ton; -and is collected, at low water, without -much difficulty. The kelp estates produce -triennial harvests; and when this commodity -is gathered, it is sent either to -<i>Newcastle</i>, to <i>Dumbarton</i>, or to <i>Leith</i>; -great quantities being required for the -use of the glass-houses established in -those towns. The number of tame geese -reared in these islands is really surprising: -they wander about the barren hills in -flocks, like sheep; and the owners give -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -themselves little or no trouble about them, -until they are wanted for sale, or for their -own consumption.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>16th</i>.—I accompanied some of -the officers on a shooting party. This -circumstance is merely mentioned to introduce -a description of the farm-houses; -as we visited many of them during our -excursion. The delineation of <i>one</i> will -answer for <i>all</i>: and surely there never was -a scene better fitted for the pencil of a -<i>Morland</i>! In one corner stood a calf; in -another, a sheep and its lambkin; in the -next, walled in with loose stones, a piece of -sail-cloth served as a bed for the family; and -the fourth corner, as also the sides and roof -of the building, were garnished with decayed -farming implements. The centre of -the habitation was occupied by a turf fire, -before which some oaten cakes were roasting; -and, in the middle of the roof, a large -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -square hole was cut, to allow the smoke -to escape. By the side of the fire, in a -large and remarkably high rush chair, sat an -old woman, with a spinning-wheel before -her, endeavouring to still the cries of a -very dirty infant that lay in her lap. There -was also another apartment to the hut, for -the accommodation of the cows, of which -they had a considerable number. The two -rooms were not even divided by a door -from each other, and the bare earth was -the only flooring of either.</p> -<p>During this day we were still employed -in getting water on board, although it is -rather difficult to be procured.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>17th</i>.—Our carpenters were busily -employed in affixing ring-bolts to the -rudder; from which strong iron chains -were brought in at the quarter ports of the -ship, in order to secure the rudder against -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -the shocks of the drift ice; as we were well -aware that we should have to force our -way through large quantities of it, in -passing <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>: and we afterwards -found this to have been a most necessary -precaution. We likewise borrowed -from the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships the necessary -store of ice-anchors, ice-axes, and ice-poles; -neither of those articles having -been supplied by the Admiralty, probably -from not knowing that they would be -requisite.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>18th</i>.—During the whole of the -time that we remained at <i>Orkney</i> after this -day, we were busily employed in getting -all kinds of necessaries on board.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>29th</i>.—We sailed from <i>Orkney</i>, at -8 <span class="small">A.M.</span> with the two <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships, and -the <i>Moravian</i> Missionary brig, in company. -Towards evening it blew a fresh breeze, -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -and the wind veered round against us. At -sunset we had a distant view of the -<i>Caithness Hills</i> and the <i>Isle of Shetland</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">June</span> <i>30th</i>.—There being a very heavy sea, -with rain at times, during this day, we did -not perceive any alteration in the climate. -The wind still proving foul, we continued -to stand to the northward. In the evening, -after some very violent squalls and heavy -showers of rain, the wind suddenly veered -to the <span class="small">N. W.</span> and reduced us to close-reefed -topsails, blowing very hard. During the -night we stood to the <span class="small">S. W.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>1st</i>.—In the early part of the day -the gale abated by degrees, and towards -evening we had fine sunny weather. Wind -still in the <span class="small">N. W.</span> quarter; consequently we -have made way to the <span class="small">S. W.</span> since yesterday, -about 67 miles. Latitude at noon this day, -59°. 10′. <span class="small">N.</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>2d</i>.—In the morning, we saw the -<i>Lewis Islands</i>; and the wind chopping round -to <span class="small">S. W.</span> we tacked, and stood off shore to -the <span class="small">N. W.</span> At noon, as the wind continued -to blow steady in the <span class="small">S. S. W.</span>, we steered -<span class="small">W. N. W.</span> Many Solan geese flying about: -these are nearly the size of a tame goose, -but the neck much shorter, and the wings -longer, tipped with black; all the rest -of their plumage being perfectly white. At -night-fall, the weather misty, but not cold.</p> -<p>On taking our last departure from -the land this morning, it is necessary to -observe, that, in my narrative of the voyage, -I shall merely state, on each day, the -course and distance run by the ship in the -preceding day, without making a dull account -of latitude, longitude, bearings and -distances, allowances for lee-way, currents, -&c. &c.; as all this farrago of nautical calculation, -however necessary it may be to -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -mariners, cannot fail to tire out the patience -of a general reader; and the object of this -publication, is not so much to point out -the track of the <i>Rosamond</i>, in her voyage -to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, as to describe the manners -and customs of the different tribes -inhabiting the shores of that immense gulf.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>3d</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> 66 miles. -Thick, foggy weather. During the morning -we frequently lost sight of our convoy, but -saw them again on its clearing up. Light -winds from the <span class="small">S. W.</span> Ship standing to the -north. Observed great quantities of a peculiar -kind of sea-weed, in the shape of stars. -Numberless sea-birds round the ship, particularly -Solan geese.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>4th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">S.</span> ½ S. 79 miles. -In the middle of the night we had a fair wind, -which held during the day, accompanied -by a thick fog; ship going generally about -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -five miles an hour. Perhaps it is deserving -notice, that, since our departure from -<i>Orkney</i>, we never had a night so dark as -not to be able to read and write.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>5th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> ¼ <span class="small">N.</span> 101 -miles. -During the night, lost our fair wind, and -got a westerly breeze, with sunny weather. -Towards noon, the wind again veered to the -<span class="small">S. W.</span> This day we obtained an observation of -the sun, for the first time since our leaving -<i>Orkney</i>, and found ourselves in latitude -59°. 8′. <span class="small">N.</span> We saw neither Solan geese -nor sea-weed.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>6th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">S.</span> ½ <span class="small">S.</span> 90 -miles. -A fair wind all day, variable from <span class="small">N. E.</span> -to <span class="small">S. E.</span>, ship steering <span class="small">W. N. W.</span> at about four -miles an hour. Noticed the air to be getting -much colder, probably occasioned by the -<span class="pb" id="Page_24">24</span> -wind shifting to the <span class="small">N. E.</span> The sea-birds -and weed appeared now to have taken their -final leave of us; which certainly agrees -with the great Cook’s opinion, that when -met with in vast numbers, they are a certain -indication of the proximity of land. In -the evening, we saw a large <i>finner</i> or two. -Ship going about seven miles an hour.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>7th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">S.</span> 121 miles. -In the middle of the night, we lost our fair -wind. Early in the morning, saw a strange -vessel to windward, and made all sail after -her: continued in pursuit the whole day, -with light winds, varying from North to -East. Every person on board was highly -elated with the thoughts of a prize. All -notion of the strange vessel’s being a -friend was scouted; and it was carried -<i>nem. con.</i> that she could be no other than a -rich <i>American</i> from <i>Archangel</i>, homeward -bound.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>8th</i>.—Course, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> ¼ <span class="small">N.</span> 79 miles. -At one <span class="small">A.M.</span> spoke the vessel that we were -in pursuit of. She was a light brig from -<i>Copenhagen</i>, bound to <i>Davis’ Straits</i>, -where the <i>Danes</i> have some settlements. -Early in the morning we rejoined our -convoy, and shortly afterwards perceived -another brig to windward: we immediately -made all sail in pursuit of her, but soon -relinquished the chase, as we were apprehensive -it might lead us too far from our -convoy. Wind about <span class="small">N.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> Ship standing -to the westward. No birds to be seen, excepting -one or two solitary sea-gulls, which -are to be met with at any distance from -the land.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>9th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">S. W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">W.</span> 107 miles. -A gloomy day. Wind blowing fresh -from the North. Towards evening, the -wind abated; and it fell calm, which continued -through the night.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>10th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">S. W.</span> by -<span class="small">W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">W.</span> 36 miles. -At 2 <span class="small">A.M.</span> the ship was so surrounded -by myriads of porpoises, that it appeared as -if they had some intention of taking us by -<i>storm</i>. It is an opinion of the sailors, that -those fish generally precede a smart gale, -and make towards the point whence the -wind will arise. These swarms were proceeding -in a North-east direction. During -the fore-part of the day we had light variable -winds from the southward; and at noon -were taken aback, with a stiff gale from -the <span class="small">N. N. W.</span>: it continued to blow hard in -squalls.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>11th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">S. W.</span> 32 miles. -During this day, the wind blew a pleasant -breeze from the <span class="small">N. W.</span> At 10 <span class="small">A.M.</span> we put -about ship, and stood to the North. It is -worthy of remark, that the sky had been -so continually overcast, since we quitted -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -the <i>Orkneys</i>, that we had been only able to -procure the meridian altitude of the sun -twice. Thus we had been twelve days -already on our voyage, with only two good -observations. It ought also to be mentioned, -that we found ourselves much retarded -by the bad sailing of the <i>North-west</i> -ships; but the <i>Moravian</i> brig sailed very -well.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>12th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">N. W.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> 62 miles. -It blew strong all night; but we had a -fine day; and towards noon, the wind shifted -round, and blew fair at South. We got a -peep at the sun this day, and found we -were in latitude 57°. 15′. <span class="small">N.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>13th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> ½ <span class="small">N.</span> 76 miles. -In the morning, the wind changed to -<span class="small">N.</span> by <span class="small">E.</span> and blew a moderate breeze. After -night-fall we had a faint appearance of -the <i>Aurora Borealis</i>, in the shape of a -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -<i>rainbow</i>, which rendered it peculiarly interesting.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>14th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">S. W.</span> by <span class="small">S.</span> 71 miles. -At 9 <span class="small">A.M.</span> we tacked about; and the -wind coming fair, we steered <span class="small">N. W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> -Our ship this forenoon was completely surrounded -by innumerable flights of sea-gulls. -I should imagine that they had been attracted -hither by some unusual assemblage -of fish, as they were all busily employed -in attacks on the finny tribe.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>15th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> 106 miles. -This morning we were going five miles an -hour, with a fair breeze and thick weather. -It is to be observed, that, with a wind from -the South-east or East, we have always had -a fog; and I have also noticed this to be -the case as far to the southward as the Banks -of <i>Newfoundland</i>; although I am utterly -incapable to account for it satisfactorily.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<p>Since our departure from <i>Stromness</i>, the -variation of the compass had been gradually -increasing. We this day allowed for a -difference of four points westerly, between -the magnetic and the true needle; whereas -at <i>Orkney</i> there is only a difference of two -points and a half, or 28 degrees. Thus -it continued increasing until we arrived -within about 300 miles of the settlements -in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>; when it decreases much -more suddenly; falling away, in that short -distance, to half a point, or five degrees, -West—this being the ascertained variation -at <i>York Factory</i>. I should think that no -subject could exhibit to an inquisitive mind -a more astonishing matter of inquiry, than -the singular phenomenon which I have just -noticed. Can any thing be more surprising, -than that the variation should increase but -eighteen degrees, in a run of upwards of 2000 -miles to the westward; and that it should -then begin to turn; and, in the short run of -<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span> -300 miles on the same course, that it should -suddenly decrease 41 degrees? An officer -belonging to one of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships -attempted to account for this astonishing -attraction of the needle, by supposing the -contiguity of metallic mountains; but he -could state no facts in support of his hypothesis: -and, although the interior of the -<span class="small">N. W.</span> part of <i>America</i> has doubtless been -explored, and is even actually colonized, -owing to the enterprising spirit of a <i>Selkirk</i>, -yet I cannot learn that any metallic mountains -have been discovered, with a sufficient -profusion of ore to cause such an aberration -in the compass, and at so great a distance<a class="fn" id="fr_7" href="#fn_7">[7]</a>.</p> -<p>Our latitude this day was 56°. 35′. <span class="small">N.</span>; -longitude 38°. <span class="small">W.</span> Towards noon, our fair -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -breeze died away, and we had light -winds from the westward: in the evening, -we exercised the men with the great guns, -in firing at a cask in the water.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>16th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">N. W.</span> ¼ <span class="small">N.</span> 35 miles. -Light winds and vexatious calms all this -day. We now considered ourselves to be -distant from the entrance of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i> -about 840 miles. I know not what reason -could have induced the first discoverers of -the northern regions to give such intimidating -names to all the most conspicuous -capes, promontories, bays, creeks, &c.; unless -they were originally bestowed with a -view of preventing others from visiting those -countries; and at the same time to enhance -the public opinion of their own courage:—for -instance, we passed, in our voyage to -<i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, <i>Capes Resolution</i>, <i>Comfort</i>, -<i>Farewell</i>, <i>Discord</i>, and <i>Desolation</i>; also, <i>Icy</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -and <i>Bear Coves</i>, and the <i>Islands of God’s -Mercies</i>.</p> -<p>The ship was now continually surrounded -by a species of sea-gull, which, on the water, -looked very much like wild-ducks. Those -birds appear to be spread in great multitudes -quite across the mouth of <i>Davis’ Straits</i>, -from <i>Cape Farewell</i> in <i>Greenland</i> to the -coast of <i>Labrador</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>17th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> ¼ <span class="small">N.</span> 20 -miles. -The light variable winds still continued -through this day.</p> -<p>Towards evening we were highly entertained -with a combat between a whale and -two or three of that species of fish called -<i>Finners</i>. The fury with which they engage -is surprising. The whale, slowly lifting up -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -his enormous tail, lets it suddenly fall on -his opponents with a most tremendous -crash; thereby throwing up foam to an -amazing height. Although the Finners -have incomparably the advantage in agility, -yet in size and strength they fall but little -short of the smaller whales. The Finners -derive their name from an immense fin, -which they use with great effect in their -attacks on the whale. Sometimes they lift -up this enormous fin, and let it fall upon -their antagonist, in the manner of a thresher’s -flail; at other times, they run their whole -body perpendicularly out of the water, exhibiting -a beautiful view of their snow-white -bellies. In this position they have -the singular power of turning round; and -thus they contrive to fall sideways on the -whale, with a shock that may be heard at a -considerable distance.</p> -<p>The sea was this day covered with an -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -oily appearance; and some old <i>Greenland</i> -fishermen, who were on board the ship, gave -a marvellous account of its being occasioned -by the sperm of the whale.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>18th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">N.</span> 65 miles. -Early in the morning we had a fine breeze -from the <span class="small">N. E.</span> Latitude at noon, by an -observation of the sun, 57°. 24′. <span class="small">N.</span>; longitude, -by our account, 41°. 17′. <span class="small">W.</span> According -to some charts, we considered ourselves this -day to be in the longitude of <i>Cape Farewell</i> -in <i>Greenland</i>. Nothing can exceed the -uncertainty that prevails, in almost every -chart and book of navigation, respecting -the longitude of the Cape in question. -In proof of this, I shall quote an -extract from the accompanying Memoir -to Mr. <i>Purdy’s</i> Chart of the <i>Atlantic</i>:—“Both -the Requisite Tables, and <i>Connaissance -de Tems</i>, state the latitude of <i>Cape -Farewell</i> at 59°. 38′. <span class="small">N.</span>, and longitude, <i>per</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -chronometer, at 42°. 42′. <span class="small">W.</span>; but the <i>Danish</i> -charts place the Cape <i>two degrees</i> more -to the West. We know not which is -right, or if either; and have, <i>doubtingly</i>, -placed it in 43°. 40′. <span class="small">W.</span> as a mean between -the two. This is a point on which further -information is particularly required. The -old books and charts place it from 44°. 30′. -to 44°. 45′. <span class="small">W.</span>”</p> -<p>Nothing can be a more serious inconvenience -to mariners than this uncertainty -respecting the latitude and longitude of -places; and it is scarcely to be credited, -that so little pains have been taken to -ascertain the longitude of <i>Greenland’s</i> -southernmost extremity.</p> -<p>We experienced sharp cold this day, -and ascribed it to the winds having blown -over the mountains of <i>Greenland</i>, on their -way towards us. As the next three days -<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span> -furnished no remarks worthy an insertion -in this narrative, I shall barely notice the -course and distance run by the ship on each -day; and the reader may thus pass on to -the <i>22d</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>19th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">S. W.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">W.</span> -60 miles.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>20th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> ¼ <span class="small">N.</span> -68 miles.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>21st</i>.—Course run <span class="small">W.</span> 67 miles.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>22d</i>.—Course run <span class="small">N. W.</span> ½ <span class="small">N.</span> 47 -miles. As an indication of our drawing -near to some land, we this morning picked -up a broken tree, about eighteen feet long, -of the yellow pine species. Although we -could not have been less than three hundred -miles from the nearest land, it certainly -had not been long in the water. After -<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span> -night-fall, we were gratified with a most -brilliant display of the <i>Aurora Borealis</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>23d</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">N. N. W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">W.</span> 23 -miles. -Early in the morning we saw five <i>Greenland</i> -ships, returning to <i>England</i> from the -whale-fishery; and shortly afterwards we -perceived two ships of war, in the <span class="small">N. W.</span> -quarter. At noon we spoke with His Majesty’s -ships the <i>Victorious</i> and <i>Horatio</i>. -They had been to <i>Davis’ Straits</i>, for the -purpose of protecting the whale-fishery; and -the former vessel exhibited a melancholy -proof of the ill effects likely to result from -the extreme state of ignorance in which our -best navigators are placed, relative to the -exact situation of the Northern lands. The -<i>Victorious</i> had struck on a rock, in latitude -66°. 21′. <span class="small">N.</span>, longitude 53°. 47′. <span class="small">W.</span>; entirely -owing to the coast of <i>Greenland</i> having -been laid down <i>four degrees</i> wrong in the -<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span> -<i>Admiralty Charts</i>. The consequences likely -to result from the loss of a seventy-four-gun -ship, in such a situation, may be easily -imagined; allowing every man to have been -safely conveyed on board the <i>Horatio</i>. The -frigate must herself have been short of -provisions at the moment; and in what possible -way could the captain have provided -for the subsistence of nearly six hundred -people in addition to his own ship’s company, -in a part of the world where he could -not have formed the most distant hope of -receiving a supply?—Fortunately, they were -not destined to experience the horrors of -so dreadful a situation; the <i>Victorious</i> was -got off the rock again, without much difficulty: -yet that her danger had been imminent -cannot be doubted, as she was -obliged to get a topsail under her bottom; -and at the time when we met with her, -there were some apprehensions that she -might not reach <i>England</i> in safety; the -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -leak being so bad, that the crew were compelled -to labour incessantly at the pumps. -The <i>Horatio</i> of course remained with her -until she reached a <i>British</i> port.</p> -<p>After all that has been said respecting -the erroneous state of even the <i>Admiralty -Charts</i> for the Northern Seas, yet I do not -imagine that the smallest imputation of -neglect can be charged to Government -upon that account. It has never yet been -thought an object of sufficient national -importance, to warrant an expenditure of -the public money towards defraying the -great expense that must necessarily be incurred -in surveying thoroughly those frozen -coasts which border upon <i>Davis’</i> and -<i>Hudson’s Straits</i>. The <i>Greenland</i> mariners -are notorious for paying so little regard to -the situation of the places they visit, that -they are incapable of giving any correct information: -and the officers of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -ships have a motive in concealing -the knowledge which they actually possess: -this I shall notice more fully hereafter.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>24th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">N. W.</span> ½ <span class="small">W.</span> 34 -miles. -This morning some slight indication appeared -of a lasting fair wind. The fine -mild weather that had prevailed for the last -fortnight was far from affording satisfaction -to the commanders of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ships; as they prognosticated much -more difficulty in getting through <i>Hudson’s -Straits</i>, the natural consequence of so much -calm weather. It would have pleased them -better to have encountered a few gales of -wind, even if they had proved foul; as it -requires strong winds to carry the drift ice -out of the <i>Straits</i>, which is very likely -otherwise to choke the passage. Entering -<i>Hudson’s Straits</i>, it is a necessary precaution -to keep close in with the northern shore; -<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span> -as the currents out of <i>Hudson’s</i> and <i>Davis’ -Straits</i> meet on the south side of the entrance, -and carry the ice with great velocity -to the southward, along the coast of -<i>Labrador</i>. We had seen, lately, a number of -the kind of birds called, by the sailors, -<i>Boatswains</i>: they are so numerous to the -southward of the Tropic of <i>Cancer</i>, that they -are called <i>Tropic Birds</i>. I cannot say whether -they are accustomed to seat themselves upon -the water or not; because our visitors flew -at a great height over the ship, and we could -plainly hear their melancholy screams by -night as well as by day. Some amongst -them have long feathers, like spikes, projecting -from their tails; whilst others in the -same flock, and evidently of the same -species, are without them: perhaps these -remarkable feathers may serve as distinguishing -marks between the sexes. At -noon this day we were in latitude 58°. 35′. <span class="small">N.</span> -longitude 49°. 10′. <span class="small">W.</span> In the afternoon, -<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span> -the <i>Moravian</i> Missionary brig asked, and -obtained permission, to part company: she -then quitted us, and steered more away to -the westward. During the stay of our -ship at the <i>Orkneys</i>, I had visited the brig -in question, and had there met with an old -<i>German</i> Missionary; from whom I learned, -that the difficulty of first getting on terms -of intimacy with the <i>Esquimaux</i> was almost -insurmountable. This Missionary had himself -been one of the first who succeeded in -so dangerous an object, which could only be -accomplished by placing an entire confidence -in this wild race of people: he therefore -remained alone with them, conforming -to their loathsome habits, and mildly endeavouring -to gain an ascendancy over -their minds. It was a considerable time -before he dared to attack those established -customs which, to him, appeared most exceptionable. -Habit had sanctioned polygamy -amongst them; although the nature -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -of their climate, and the difficulty of procuring -sustenance, had confined that privilege -almost exclusively to their Chiefs. -Passion was allowed to be pleaded successfully, -in extenuation of murder. It was, -therefore, with a trembling, but a resigned -heart, that the Missionary first ventured to -point out those practices as offences against -the <span class="sc">Great Spirit</span>. “The <span class="sc">Almighty</span>,” said -the good <i>Moravian</i>, “assisted my humble -efforts, and my endeavours were crowned -with success.” I shall also quote his own -words as to the result:—“On the bleak -and rocky coast of <i>Labrador</i>, a temple -is now erected to the worship of <span class="sc">God</span>, -in which the wild <i>Esquimaux</i> raises his -voice in songs of praise to the <span class="sc">Most -High</span>. Thirty years of my life have been -dedicated to this employment; and I am -now on my return, to finish my days -amongst the flock which has been so -manifestly entrusted to my care.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<p>The Missionary shewed me a <i>Testament</i>, -<i>Creed</i>, and <i>Lord’s Prayer</i>, in the -<i>Esquimaux</i> tongue: but it will be easily -imagined that many deficiencies must have -arisen in the first instance; consequently, -whenever the <i>Esquimaux</i> were at a loss for -words to express any new idea, or the name -of any article that they had not before -seen, the Missionary supplied them with a -corresponding <i>German</i> expression; as the -<i>German</i> language, of all others, is most -easily pronounced by an <i>Esquimaux</i>.</p> -<p>An <i>English</i> frigate had been on a cruize -in <i>Davis’ Straits</i>; and returning thence, -along the coast of <i>Labrador</i>, she put into a -little bay, for the purpose of procuring a -supply of wood and water. The affrighted -<i>Esquimaux</i> flew to their beloved Missionary, -and pointed out the strange vessel as the -cause of their fear: they were, however, -soon pacified, and returned quietly to their -<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span> -occupations. Nothing, then, could equal -the astonishment of the officers, on landing; -when, instead of a wild race of savages, -prepared to oppose them, they found a small -village, inhabited by an inoffensive people, -peaceably employed in their daily duties; -and the little children going quietly to -school, with books under their arms. -Their surprise, however, must have been -greatly increased, when they were given -to understand, that all this had been accomplished -by one man, zealously actuated by -a wish of serving his <span class="sc">God</span>, in the services -he had rendered to these poor <i>Indians</i><a class="fn" id="fr_8" href="#fn_8">[8]</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>25th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> 35 -miles. -Light variable winds from the southward. -We were this morning visited by an officer -from one of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships; an -intelligent man, who had <i>thirty</i> times -performed the same voyage. It was his -opinion, that the sharp cold, which we had -experienced on the 18th of this month, -must have been occasioned by the vicinity -of ice; and we should doubtless have -met with it on that day, had we not fortunately -tacked about in time to avoid it. -Our latitude at noon, this day, was 58°. 46′. <span class="small">N.</span>, -and longitude 50°. 16′. <span class="small">W.</span> Towards nightfall, -the wind freshened to a fine steady -breeze from <span class="small">S. S. W.</span>; and we could plainly -discern a bright appearance in the sky, -towards the North; this was believed by -every person on board to be a certain indication -of ice in that direction.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>26th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">W.</span> by <span class="small">N.</span> 128 miles.—A -fine fair breeze all this day; the ship -going about seven miles an hour. In the -forenoon, we took on board the chief-mate -of the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, (one of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ships,) to act as pilot, or rather to -instruct us in the management of our -ship, amongst the ice in the <i>Straits</i>. He -immediately advised us to raise our anchors, -lest the shocks of the heavier masses of -ice should break the stocks: we also -rove smaller braces to all the yards, that -we might be able to manœuvre the ship -with the greater facility. At noon, we -were in latitude, by account, 50°. 11′. <span class="small">N.</span>, and -longitude 54°. 20′. <span class="small">W.</span> We now kept our -course more to the northward, to prevent -the possibility of our falling in with the -ice to the southward; as there are always -large quantities drifting out of <i>Hudson’s -Straits</i>, along the coast of <i>Labrador</i>. Ships -do well, therefore, to keep to the northward, -until they reach the latitude of <i>Cape -<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span> -Resolution</i>; and when that is attained, they -may haul in <span class="small">N. W.</span> and keep close in to -the North shore; thus making a semicircle -round the ice: but they should be particularly -cautious not to keep too much to -the North, until they reach the longitude -of 54° <span class="small">W.</span> and are consequently quite clear -of the coast of <i>Greenland</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>27th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">N. W.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> 182 -miles. -As we were now getting well to the -northward, the air began to feel quite frigid; -and the wind drawing round to the East, -we hauled up North. Latitude, at noon, -was 60°. 54′. <span class="small">N.</span> Longitude, 59°. 19′. Our -distance from <i>Cape Resolution</i> we computed -to be about 171 miles. In the afternoon we -saw the first <i>iceberg</i>, which was an immense -mountain of solid ice, in the shape of an -English barn<a class="fn" id="fr_9" href="#fn_9">[9]</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<p>Towards evening, we passed another <i>iceberg</i>. -It had a complete chain of floating -fragments on the lee-side of it, through -which we butted our way. We continued -to run in for the land, all night, with a fair -wind, although it was a very thick fog, and -there were numberless <i>icebergs</i> in all directions; -indeed, it appeared to me almost -miraculous, how we escaped being dashed -upon some of them.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>28th</i>.—The thick fog still continued, -until 9 <span class="small">A.M.</span> when it suddenly cleared up, -and we saw the island of <i>Cape Resolution</i>, -bearing <span class="small">E. N. E.</span> about eighteen miles distant. -We had been long wishing to get into the -<i>Straits</i>; and now that object was accomplished, -we as sincerely wished ourselves -back again into the ocean. The prospect -on every side was of the most gloomy -nature: the black and craggy mountains on -shore were only visible towards their bases; -<span class="pb" id="Page_50">50</span> -their summits being covered with eternal -snows, and the aspect of the countless -<i>icebergs</i>, on all sides of us, truly terrific. -The strong southerly current continually -setting out from all the Northern seas -has been hypothetically explained, by -supposing that Nature thus supplies the -deficiency of water occasioned by the -evaporation caused by the heat of the sun -between the Tropics. It is not my intention -to discuss this philosophical question: suffice -it to say, that I can bear testimony -to the existence of such a current in all -the Northern seas, and along the Coast of -<i>Labrador</i> and <i>Newfoundland</i>, facing the -<i>Atlantic</i>; and the effect caused by the continual -flowing of the waters towards the -South, is attended with the most beneficial -effects; as the Northern seas are consequently -cleared of the vast accumulation -of ice, which would otherwise infallibly -block them up, and render all navigation -<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span> -impracticable. We had taken care to get -into the latitude of <i>Lake Resolution</i>, before we -bore away to make the land; and although, -in running in for the <i>Cape</i>, we still continued -to steer a point to the northward of our true -course, yet, after all, the southerly current -proved so strong, as to set us to the southward -of our land-fall: and on our making -the <i>Cape</i>, it was eighteen miles to the northward -of us.</p> -<p>During the remainder of the day, we were -endeavouring, with light winds from the -<span class="small">N. E.</span> to get in with the north shore; and -towards evening we saw much field ice towards -the south. As the setting sun had a -different appearance to what it generally -exhibits in <i>England</i>, perhaps it may be -thought worthy of notice. Although it glittered -to the eye, and threw a golden tint on -the water, yet it produced no rays, and -might be viewed, for any length of time, -<span class="pb" id="Page_52">52</span> -without paining the sight by its refulgence. -So far was it from bestowing warmth, that -the air appeared more intensely cold than it -had been during the whole of the preceding -day. The clouds, in parallel lines immediately -above the descending luminary, -exhibited, in the most beautiful manner, all -the varieties of the rainbow; the dusky red -and deep blue being the most predominant -colours. If to all this we add the dazzling -reflection which glittered from the snow-capp’d -summits of the rugged mountains, -and the shining fantastic forms of the floating -<i>icebergs</i> in the <i>Straits</i>, the prospect will -easily be imagined to have excited in our -minds those feelings, which induce the -mariner, as well as the poet,</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">“To look, through Nature, up to Nature’s God!”</p> -</div> -<p>At midnight we passed an immense <i>iceberg</i>, -which roared like a thunder storm; -occasioned, perhaps, by some cavity in its -<span class="pb" id="Page_53">53</span> -side, through which the sea was bursting. -It was nearly a calm; and the surface of -the sea was quite smooth at the moment, -attended with that gentle undulating swell -which is always prevalent in deep waters.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>29th</i>.—In the morning we were -obliged to tack about, in order to avoid a -large assemblage of drifting masses, termed -by the old seamen a <i>patch</i> of ice: the seals -were leaping about in all directions, and -some few sea-calves were seen. The thermometer -in the Captain’s cabin, with a -rousing fire, stood at 43°. At noon we -were plying to windward off <i>Savage Island</i>, -which is the next land to the west of -<i>Cape Resolution Island</i>, on the north shore. -<i>Savage Isle</i>, lying very low, has not so much -snow upon it, in general, as the other -parts of the coast hereabouts. The next -land to the westward of it is called -<i>Terra Nivea</i>; owing to its having some -<span class="pb" id="Page_54">54</span> -mountains, about thirty miles from the sea, -entirely covered with snow. During the -remaining part of this day we continued -our course up the <i>Straits</i>, but with the -weather almost calm.</p> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>30th</i>.—We were entirely surrounded -this day with a patch of broken ice, and it -extended as far as the eye could reach. The -sun shining bright over the calm surface -of the sea, called forcibly to my mind a -description I had once read of the Ruins of -<i>Palmyra</i>, in the <i>Syrian Desert</i>; the scattered -fragments of ice bearing a strong resemblance -to the ruins of temples, statues, -columns, &c. spread in confusion over a -vast plain.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/img-055.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="72" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Cape Saddle Back north 7 or 8 miles: with two remarkable Icebergs off the low Point.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/img-055a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="318" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Male Esquimaux in his Canoe.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<p><span class="sc">July</span> <i>31st</i>.—Early in the morning of this -day we reached a remarkable cape, called -<i>Saddle Back</i>, from the resemblance that -it bears to a saddle: and as we were immediately -visited by the <i>Esquimaux</i>, I must, -for a time, quit the ship and her proceedings, -to describe the appearance, manners, and -customs of this singular race, who inhabit -the shores of <i>Hudson’s</i> and <i>Davis’ Straits</i>, -the northern part of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, and -both sides of the vast peninsula of <i>Labrador</i>. -Upon the first intelligence of the approach -of the natives, I immediately jumped out -of bed, and ran upon deck; where, on my -arrival, the most discordant shouts and -cries assailed my ears. Alongside the ship -were paddling a large assemblage of canoes, -of the most curious construction: these -were built of a wooden frame-work of the -lightest materials, covered with oiled sealskin, -with the hair scraped off; the skin -being sewed over the frame with the most -astonishing exactness, and as tight as parchment -upon the head of a drum. But the -most surprising peculiarity of the canoes was, -their being <i>twenty-two</i> feet long, and only -<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span> -<i>two</i> feet wide. There was but one opening -in the centre, sufficiently large to admit -the entrance of a man; and out of this -hole projected the body of the <i>Esquimaux</i>, -visible only from the ribs upwards. The -paddle is held in the hand, by the middle; -and it has a blade at each end, curiously -veneered, at the edges, with slips of a sea-unicorn’s -horn. On the top of the canoe -were fastened strips of sea-horses’ hide, -to confine the lance and harpoon; and behind -the <i>Esquimaux</i> were large lumps of -whale blubber, for the purposes of barter. -These canoes are only capable of containing -one person, for any useful purpose; the -slightest inclination of the body, on either -side, will inevitably overturn them; yet in -these frail barks will the <i>Esquimaux</i> smile at -the roughest sea; and in smooth water they -can, with ease, travel seven miles an hour<a class="fn" id="fr_10" href="#fn_10">[10]</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<p>Whilst I was still busily employed in -making my remarks on the canoes of the -male Indians, a large open boat arrived, -containing about twenty women, besides -many children. This last boat was steered -by a very old man, with a paddle: he was -the only male adult amongst them. The -women pulled with oars, having a very -broad wash at the extremity; and they -cheerfully kept time to the tune of a song, -in which they all joined. The boat was -built of the same materials as the canoes; -that is to say, a frame-work covered with -oiled seal-skins; but differed, in being -shaped more after the <i>European</i> boats; also, -in having a square sail made of seal-skins, -with the hair taken off; and owing to -this difference, the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> traders -have distinguished these boats by the -name of <i>Lug Boats</i>; although they never -attempt to use the sail, except with a fair -wind. It is difficult to give an adequate -<span class="pb" id="Page_58">58</span> -idea of the delight expressed by these poor -creatures, on reaching the ships: they -jumped, shouted, danced, and sang, to -express their joy. And here it should be -observed, that the arrival of the ships is considered -by the <i>Esquimaux</i> as a sort of annual -fair; their little manufactures of dresses, -spears, &c. are reserved for the expected -jubilee; and when, after long watching, -they at last catch a glimpse of the approaching -vessels, their exultation knows -no bounds.</p> -<p>The male <i>Esquimaux</i> have rather a prepossessing -physiognomy, but with very high -cheek-bones, broad foreheads, and small -eyes, rather farther apart than those of an -<i>European</i>: the corners of their eyelids are -drawn together so close, that none of the -white is to be seen; their mouths are wide, -and their teeth white and regular: the complexion -is a dusky yellow, but some of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_59">59</span> -young women have a little colour bursting -through this dark tint: the noses of the men -are rather flattened, but those of the women -are sometimes even prominent. The males -are, generally speaking, between five feet -five inches and five feet eight inches -high; bony, and broad shouldered; but -do not appear to possess much muscular -strength. The flesh of all the <i>Esquimaux</i> -feels soft and flabby, which may be attributed -to the nature of their food. But -the most surprising peculiarity of this -people is the smallness of their hands and -feet; which is not occasioned, as in <i>China</i>, -by compression, nor by any other artificial -means, as their boots and gloves are made -large, and of soft seals’-skin. To their continual -employment in canoes on the water, -and to the sitting posture they are thus -obliged to preserve, perhaps their diminutive -feet might be ascribed: but when we reflect -on the laborious life they must necessarily -<span class="pb" id="Page_60">60</span> -lead, and yet find that their hands are -equally small with their feet, it will naturally -lead us to the conclusion, that the same -intense cold which restricts vegetation to -the forms of creeping shrubs has also its -effect upon the growth of mankind, preventing -the extremities from attaining their -due proportion.</p> -<p>The chin, cheek-bones, and forehead, -among the women, are tattooed; and this -operation is performed among the <i>Esquimaux</i> -by pricking through the skin with some -sharp instrument, and rubbing ashes into the -wound: as the marks are not deep, their appearance -is not disagreeable. I imagine that -the tattooing does not take place until the -female arrives at the age of puberty, because -the youngest girls were without any such -marks. None of the men undergo the -operation; but they have a few straggling -hairs on the chin and upper lip, while the -<span class="pb" id="Page_61">61</span> -women carefully remove them from every -part of the body, excepting the head, where -they have a lock on each temple, neatly -braided, and bound with a thong of hide. -On the back of the head, the hair is turned -up, much after the fashion of the <i>English</i> -ladies. I hope the latter will not be offended -at the comparison.</p> -<p>After having gone so far in a description -of their persons, perhaps their diet ought -not to be overlooked; because it has been -before noticed, that the relaxed state of -their flesh, and the sallow hue of their -complexions, may in a great measure be -ascribed to the nature of their food. As -they seem to devour every thing raw, it has -been conjectured that they are unacquainted -with the use of fire; but this is not true. -I observed, near one of their huts, a circle -of loose stones, containing the ashes of a -recently extinguished fire, and a stone -<span class="pb" id="Page_62">62</span> -kettle standing upon it<a class="fn" id="fr_11" href="#fn_11">[11]</a>: also, in a hut, I -saw a pan of vegetables, resembling spinach, -which had been boiled into the consistency -of paste<a class="fn" id="fr_12" href="#fn_12">[12]</a>. Yet, after all, it is no less certain -that an <i>Esquimaux</i> prefers all flesh raw. In -proof of this it may be mentioned, that the -Commander of the <i>Eddystone</i>, a <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ship, having shot a sea-gull, an <i>Indian</i> -made signs that he wished for the bird: -immediately on receiving it, he sucked away -the blood that flowed from its mouth; then, -hastily plucking off the feathers, he instantly -dispatched the body, entrails, &c. -with the most surprising voracity. The -knowledge which the <i>Esquimaux</i> possess of -the use of fire, is observable in the ingenuity -with which they transform iron nails, -hoops, &c. into heads for their arrows, -<span class="pb" id="Page_63">63</span> -spears, and harpoons. May not their fondness -for raw flesh have arisen from the -<i>scarcity of fuel</i>? There was not a bit of -wood to be found on that part of the coast -where I landed.</p> -<p>We made many attempts to induce the -natives to partake of our food. At breakfast, -we placed an <i>Esquimaux</i> at table, and -offered him every species of food that the -ship could afford. He tasted every thing; -but, with a broad laugh, he was sure to -eject whatsoever he tasted, over our plates -and upon the table-cloth. The only thing -they could be induced to swallow was a piece -of hog’s lard; and of this they all partook with -avidity. Above all, they appeared to have -the greatest aversion from sugar and salt.</p> -<p>In their dealings, they manifested a -strange mixture of honesty and fraud. -At one moment I observed an <i>Esquimaux</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_64">64</span> -striving, with all his might, to convey into -a sailor’s hands the article for which he had -already received his equivalent; and, in ten -minutes afterwards, I detected the same -man in an endeavour to cut the hinder -buttons from my own coat. They value -<i>metals</i> more than any other article of barter, -and <i>iron</i> most of all. As a specimen of -the relative articles of traffic, I shall briefly -insert the prices which I paid for some -little curiosities<a class="fn" id="fr_13" href="#fn_13">[13]</a>; viz.</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">A seal’s-skin hooded frock, quite new, for a </td><td class="l">knife.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">A seal’s-skin pair of breeches </td><td class="l">needle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Seal’s-skin boots </td><td class="l">saw.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">A pair of wooden spectacles, or rather shades, used by the <i>Esquimaux</i> to defend their eyes against the dazzling reflection of the sun from the ice </td><td class="l">one bullet.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">A pair of white feather gloves </td><td class="l">two buttons.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">A fishing lance or spear </td><td class="l">file.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<p>They have a strange custom of licking -with their tongue every thing that comes -into their possession, either by barter or -otherwise; and they evidently do not consider -an article as their property until it has -undergone this operation. By way of experiment, -I gave to a young girl half a dozen iron -nails: she immediately jumped, and shouted, -to express her gratitude; and then licking -each nail separately, she put them -into her boot, that being the depository of -all riches among the female <i>Esquimaux</i>, -who are entirely unacquainted with the -use of pockets. I could easily perceive -that each man had a wife; but polygamy did -not appear to exist amongst them; perhaps -more on account of their poverty, and the -difficulty of supporting a plurality of wives, -than from any idea they may entertain of the -impropriety of the practice itself. Several of -the natives brought their wives on board -the ship, and, in return for a tin spoon or pot, -<span class="pb" id="Page_66">66</span> -compelled them, nothing loath, to receive -our salutations. Nay, one man plainly intimated, -that if I wished to hold any private -conversation with his lady, he should have -no objection to her visiting my cabin, provided -I rewarded him with an axe. Many -of the women had very pleasing features; -but they were so disfigured with dirt, and -their persons smelt so strongly of the seal -oil, that it required a stout heart to salute -even the prettiest of them.</p> -<p>On board the ship, they were exceedingly -curious in viewing every thing: but however -astonished or delighted they might -appear in the first sight of any novelty, yet -ten minutes was the utmost limit of their -admiration. The pigs, cats, and fowls, attracted -their attention in so remarkable a -manner, as to indicate a certainty of their not -having seen any such animals before. A -sailor threw them all into the most violent -<span class="pb" id="Page_67">67</span> -fit of jumping and shouting, by walking -upon his hands along the deck. But nothing -seemed to fix their attention so much as -Captain <i>Stopford’s</i> amputated arm<a class="fn" id="fr_14" href="#fn_14">[14]</a>: they -satisfied themselves, by feeling the stump, -that the arm was actually deficient, and -then appeared to wonder how it could -have been lost: but when I made signs to -them that it had been severed by a saw, to -the credit of their feelings, I must state, that -commiseration was depicted on every countenance. -We did not perceive an instance, -either of man, woman, or child, amongst -them, who was in any way crippled or deformed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div> -<p>After breakfast, it was proposed that we -should go on shore, and a party accordingly -made: we were all well armed, as a precaution -against treachery; because this people -have been particularly accused of a disposition -that way,—whether with or without -reason, it is impossible for me positively -to say. An <i>Esquimaux</i>, who had bartered -his very last covering away for some bauble, -went with us, as a sort of pilot. On our -way to the shore, we met two of the large -women’s boats; each steered, as usual, -by an old man. They expressed great joy -at meeting with us, by singing, shouting, -and clapping their hands; and instead of -proceeding on toward the ships, they turned -their boats, and followed us to the shore. -The coast appears to be completely fringed -with small rocky islands, and these no doubt -form a shelter to many good harbours; but -the shores of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i> have never -been thoroughly examined, although a small -<span class="pb" id="Page_69">69</span> -vessel might accomplish the task in two summers, -with ease: indeed, a voyage for this -purpose would, if well conducted, turn out -advantageously, in a mercantile point of view; -for although the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> Company’s -ships do not procure much oil or whalebone -from the <i>Esquimaux</i>, it is because they have -but little intercourse with this people, and -perhaps with only one particular tribe: yet -it might be very profitable to any merchant -to send a small strong brig into <i>Hudson’s -Straits</i>, early in the month of June, so as to -reach <i>Cape Saddle-Back</i> before the Company’s -ships arrive. The <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> Company -would not wish to interrupt so laudable -an attempt towards opening a free intercourse -with the wild <i>Esquimaux</i> in those seas; -because the profits they derive from the traffic -in question are comparatively trifling, when -put in competition with the other more -important objects of their annual voyage. -A vessel intended for this employ should -<span class="pb" id="Page_70">70</span> -not remain later than the beginning of -October in the <i>Straits</i>; and she ought to be -well provided with saws, iron lances, harpoons, -files, open knives, kettles, spoons, -hatchets, and a few beads and looking-glasses. -By coasting along both sides of -the <i>Straits</i>, and as far to the southward of -<i>Cape Diggs</i> or <i>Cape Smith</i>, she might -doubtless gather thirty or forty tons of good -oil, besides whalebone and a few skins. -But the Master of a vessel, during such -an expedition, should be particularly cautious -in not trusting a boat on shore, unless -well armed; and by no means ought he to -admit more than <i>two</i> or <i>three Esquimaux</i> at -the same time into his vessel, however -friendly they might appear to be.</p> -<p>But to return to our party, whom I left -pulling in for the shore, under the guidance -of the naked <i>Esquimaux</i>, who continued -pointing for us to proceed still farther to -<span class="pb" id="Page_71">71</span> -the west, where some natives, from the -bottom of a creek, waved their hands for us -to approach. A sort of expostulation took -place between these people and our conductor, -by which it seemed, that the former -did not wish us to proceed any farther to the -west. We therefore landed, but walked -about some time without observing any -habitations; although, from the deers’ bones -and ashes which lay scattered about the -hills, it was evident that a party had not -long quitted the spot. From appearances -upon the hills, we had reason to suppose that -rabbits must be abundant; and we were -gradually receding from the sea shore in -search of them, when our guide stopped -short, and would not be prevailed upon, -by any entreaties, to accompany us farther. -We could not guess the cause of this extra-ordinary -conduct; but not wishing to give -any offence to the natives, we turned about, -and descended again to our boats. On our -<span class="pb" id="Page_72">72</span> -way to the beach, we were joined by some -young girls, to whom we had been, perhaps, -rather pointedly attentive on board -the ships: they continued to pester us with -the continual whine of this people, repeating -incessantly the word “<i>Pillitay! pillitay! -pillitay!</i>” signifying “<i>Give us something</i>:” -and having now stripped us of every thing, -by their solicitations, they only seemed to -have acquired an incitement to make new -demands. It is generally the case with -all barbarous nations, that the receiving -of a gift appears to them to confer a -right to levy fresh contributions: therefore, -in all dealings with savages, it is adviseable -to teach them that something will -be expected in return for every present -bestowed; and the equivalent should be -strenuously insisted upon, let it be of ever -so trifling a nature. A departure from this -rule may, indeed, be necessary in the first -opening of a communication with a strange -<span class="pb" id="Page_73">73</span> -people; but, even then, the presents ought -only to be bestowed on the principal chieftains, -priests, and women.</p> -<p>As we were upon the point of re-embarking, -one of our party offered to a young girl, -who stood on the beach, a pinch of snuff; -shewing her, at the same time, how it was -to be used. She imitated her instructor with -great exactness, giving a hearty sniff; but it -was attended with rather a violent effect; a -torrent of blood instantly gushing from her -nose. Entertaining some apprehensions lest -the natives should imagine that we had been -guilty of a premeditated injury to the poor -girl, we all made a point of taking snuff -before her: this had the desired effect, in -convincing them that no serious evil was -to be apprehended; and the young woman -went, at my request, to wash her nose in a -neighbouring pool. Unfortunately, the cold -water produced a contrary effect to what was -<span class="pb" id="Page_74">74</span> -intended; the blood again streaming from -her nose: yet so far was this mild creature -from being offended, that she smilingly held -forth her hand to me, with the old exclamation -of “<i>Pillitay!</i> (Give).” I cut two -brass buttons from my coat, and gave them -to her; and with this atonement she was -quite satisfied. The fact is, as we afterwards -discovered, that bleeding at the nose is a -most common incident among the <i>Esquimaux</i>; -and it is certain to follow the least -exertion. Possibly this may also be occasioned -by the quantities of raw flesh they -devour daily.</p> -<p>Perhaps some readers may deem an incident -like the foregoing of too trifling a description -to merit a recital; but the manners, -dispositions, and customs of a wild people -may be better judged of from a simple relation -of the most trivial circumstances, than from -any inferences which the narrator himself -<span class="pb" id="Page_75">75</span> -might presume to draw from them: therefore -I would run the chance of being -thought jejune, or even tedious, rather than -incur the greater risk of misleading others -by my own weak conclusions.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/img-075.jpg" alt="huts" width="500" height="208" /> -</div> -<p>Embarking again, we pulled along shore, -towards the west, among barren rocky -islands, until we at last got sight of some huts -on an eminence at the bottom of a creek; -and putting ashore, we examined them -minutely. They are more properly tents -than huts, because they are erected much -after the fashion of a marquee: a triangle -supports the tent at one end, and two poles, -fastened at the top, at the other: over all -is thrown a covering of seals’-skins sewed -together, the hair being scraped off: they are -<span class="pb" id="Page_76">76</span> -equally impervious to air or water, and the -light is much the same as in the interior -of an <i>European</i> linen tent. At the lower -end of their dwellings is a flap of seal’s-skin, -left loose, to answer the purpose of a door; -and when this is thrown back, a person must -stoop low to enter. If a whole family happen -to be absent from their home at the same time, -the only security for their property, during -the time they are away, consists in a few -loose stones piled against the flap of seal-skin -which covers the entrance to the tent: -and although they be not rigidly honest -towards strangers, yet the <i>Esquimaux</i> appear -to have a great respect for each other’s property. -At the top of their huts is a piece -of wood, in an horizontal position, for the -purpose of supporting slips of the sea-horse’s -hide to dry in the sun; and of this hide -they form a sort of rope, possessing uncommon -strength, and useful to them in a variety -of ways.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div> -<p>With respect to the interior of their -habitations, it is a general custom to appropriate -the lower end or entrance of the -tent to answer the purpose of a larder, -where all their delicacies are displayed; such -as, deer’s flesh, oil, and whale blubber. The -upper end of the tent, under the triangle, -was thickly carpeted with skins of different -animals, particularly the deer, and it is set -apart for their resting and sleeping place. -I noticed, that whenever I entered a tent, -which had not been previously visited by -any of our party, the owner of it ran forward, -with great precipitation, to conceal -something under the skins at the farther end -of the tent. Curiosity prompted me to -inquire into this mysterious conduct; and, -on removing the skins, I discovered his -bow and arrows, in a sort of seal-skin -quiver. The owner stood quite tranquil -during my search, and he did not appear -angry when the arms were produced; but -<span class="pb" id="Page_78">78</span> -when I offered him a knife, with the usual -expression, “<i>Chymo</i> (barter),” he smiled, -as I thought, rather suspiciously; and taking -the quiver gently out of my hand, he -replaced it under the skins; at the same -time, offering me an unfinished bow, without -a string, in exchange for the knife. -As often as I continued to point to the -quiver, and make signs that I wished to -purchase the set complete, he seemed to -feel confused, and endeavoured instantly to -draw off my attention from the subject. I -tried at each tent, with no better success; -and it struck me, from appearances, that -the <i>Esquimaux</i> have some superstitious veneration -for their bows and arrows: but -their hiding them may be intended as -a compliment to their visitors, or an assurance -of their security whilst under that -roof. None of the canoes that visited us, -during our stay in <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>, had -either bow or arrows on board; consequently, -<span class="pb" id="Page_79">79</span> -they are only used by the <i>Esquimaux</i> -in their wars, and not for the purpose -of killing birds or fishes. After having said -this respecting their singular attachment -to their weapons, perhaps it will be expected -that those articles are curiously manufactured -and ornamented: but the bow -is merely made of two pieces of plain -wood, firmly corded together, and rarely -strengthened at the back with thongs of -the sea-horse’s hide; the string is formed of -two slips of hide or dried gut; the arrows -are headed, either with iron, sea-horse’s -teeth, sea-unicorn’s horn, or, in some few -instances, with stone<a class="fn" id="fr_15" href="#fn_15">[15]</a>; and the whole fabrication -of the bow and arrows does not -surpass the workmanship of an English -school-boy.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div> -<p>In one of their tents, I saw a female far -advanced in pregnancy; she was sitting -upon the ground, closely wrapt in skins as -high as her hips; and during the whole of -my stay, she never attempted to rise. It -may now be proper to relate an anecdote -of a very interesting nature; which I received -upon such indisputable authority, -that it will not admit of a doubt, as to its -veracity.</p> -<p>The land to the northward of <i>Churchill -Factory</i>, in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, is inhabited by -<i>Esquimaux</i>, who, contrary to the general -customs of this people, employ themselves -in hunting. They carry their furs -annually to <i>Churchill Factory</i>, for the -purpose of traffic. In one of their periodical -visits, a young woman was seen -amongst them, having a sickly infant in -her arms, respecting whose health she appeared -to be particularly solicitous; and -<span class="pb" id="Page_81">81</span> -as some of the domesticated <i>Indian</i> women -in the factory, belonging to the nation of -<i>Cree Indians</i>, partly understood the <i>Esquimaux</i> -tongue, the young woman explained -to them, that, as the infant was her first-born -child, if it should unfortunately die, -her husband would undoubtedly put her -to death. The infant expired shortly after -this explanation took place; and some -<i>Europeans</i> visiting the <i>Esquimaux</i> encampment -a day or two afterwards, made inquiries -respecting the unhappy mother; -when the <i>Indians</i> silently pointed to the -spot where the poor victim was interred!</p> -<p>This circumstance has given rise to an -assertion, that if a first-born child die before -it reaches a particular age, the mother -is certain of being immolated, for a supposed -want of attention to her infant. I -had no means of ascertaining this singular -custom myself; but I have before observed, -that there did not appear either -<span class="pb" id="Page_82">82</span> -sickly or deformed child or adult amongst -them.</p> -<p>Their fire-places, as before stated, are -outside the tents; and they have no need -of any in the interior, as the seal-skins that -cover them are like parchment oiled, and -will not admit the wind, nor give egress -to the breath; therefore their habitations -are not only warm, but at mid-day, -when I visited them, they were oppressively -hot. With respect to their winter -residence, I can say little or nothing. Most -people suppose that they live in caves, by -lamp-light; but the Abbé <i>Raynal</i>, who -mentions the <i>Esquimaux</i> in his History of -the <i>East</i> and <i>West Indies</i>, is of a different -opinion. As the Abbé is both correct and -incorrect, in many points of which I had -a good opportunity to judge, perhaps it -may not be amiss to give an extract from -the part of his work relating to the -<i>Esquimaux Indians</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div> -<p>“This sterility of Nature extends itself -to every thing. The human race are -few in number, <i>and scarce any of its -individuals above four feet high. Their -heads bear the same enormous proportion -to their bodies as those of children</i>: the -smallness of their feet makes them awkward -and tottering in their gait: small -hands, and a round mouth, which in -<i>Europe</i> are reckoned a beauty, seem almost -a deformity in these people; because -we see nothing here but the effects of a -weak organization, and of a cold that -contracts and restrains the springs of -growth, and is fatal to the progress of -animal as well as vegetable life. Besides -all this, their men, although they <i>have -neither hair nor beard</i>, have the appearance -of being old, even in their youth: -this is partly occasioned by the <i>formation -of their lower lip, which is thick, fleshy, -and projecting beyond the upper</i>. Such -are the <i>Esquimaux</i>, who inhabit not only -<span class="pb" id="Page_84">84</span> -the coast of <i>Labrador, from whence they -have taken their name</i>, but also all that -tract of land which extends from the -point of <i>Bellisle</i> to the most northern -part of <i>America</i>.</p> -<p>“<i>The inhabitants of Hudson’s-Bay</i> have, -like the <i>Greenlanders</i>, a flat face, with -short, but not flattened noses; <i>the pupil -of their eyes yellow, and the iris black</i>. -Their women have marks of deformity -peculiar to their sex; amongst others, very -long and flabby breasts. This deformity, -which is not natural, arises from their -custom of giving suck to their children -until they are five or six years old. They -frequently carry their children on their -shoulders, who pull their mothers’ breasts -with their hands, and almost suspend -themselves by them.</p> -<p>“It is not true, that there are races of -<i>Esquimaux</i> entirely black, as has been -<span class="pb" id="Page_85">85</span> -supposed, and afterwards pretended to be -accounted for; neither do they live under -ground. How should they dig into a -soil, which the cold renders harder than -stone? How is it possible they should -live in caverns, where they would be infallibly -drowned by the first melting of -the snows? What, however, is certain, -and almost equally surprising, is, that -these people spend the winter under huts, -run up in haste, and made of flints joined -together by cements of ice, where they -live without any other fire, but that of a -lamp hung up in the middle of the shed, -for the purpose of dressing their game, -and the fish they feed upon. The heat -of their blood and of their breath, added -to the vapour arising from this small -flame, is sufficient to make their huts as -hot as stoves.</p> -<p>“The <i>Esquimaux</i> dwell constantly near -<span class="pb" id="Page_86">86</span> -the sea, from whence they are supplied -with all their provisions. Both -their constitutions and complexions partake -of the quality of their food. The -flesh of the seal, which is their food, and -the oil of the whale, which is their drink, -give them an olive complexion, a strong -smell of fish, an oily and tenacious sweat, -and sometimes a sort of scaly leprosy. -This last is probably the reason why the -mothers have the same custom as the -bears of licking their young ones.</p> -<p>“This nation, weak and degraded by -nature, is, notwithstanding, most intrepid -on a sea that is constantly dangerous. -In boats, made and sewed together like -so many borachio’s, but at the same time -so well closed that it is impossible for -the water to penetrate them, they follow -the shoals of herrings through the whole -<span class="pb" id="Page_87">87</span> -of their polar emigrations, and attack the -whales and seals at the peril of their -lives.</p> -<p>“One stroke of a whale’s tail is sufficient -to drown a hundred of these assailants; -<i>and the seal is armed with teeth, to -devour those he cannot drown</i>: but the -hunger of the <i>Esquimaux</i> is superior to -the rage of these monsters. They have -an inordinate thirst for the oil of the -whale, which is necessary to preserve -the heat in their stomachs, and defend -them from the severity of the cold. Indeed, -men, whales, birds, and all the -quadrupeds and fishes of the North, are -supplied by nature with a degree of fat, -which prevents the muscles from freezing, -and the blood from coagulating. -Every thing in these Arctic regions is -either oily or gummy, and even the trees -are resinous.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div> -<p>“The <i>Esquimaux</i> are, notwithstanding, -subject to two fatal disorders; the scurvy, -and loss of sight. The continuation of -snows upon the ground, joined to the -reverberation of the rays of the sun on -the ice, dazzle their eyes in such a manner, -that they are almost constantly -obliged to wear shades of two pieces of -very thin wood, through which small -apertures for the light have been bored -with fish-bones. Doomed to six -months’ night, they never see the sun -but obliquely; and then it seems rather -to blind them, than to give them light. -Sight, the most delightful blessing of -nature, is a fatal gift to them, <i>and they -are generally deprived of it when young</i>. -A still more cruel evil, which is the -scurvy, consumes them by slow degrees: -it insinuates itself into their blood, and -changes, thickens, and impoverishes the -whole mass. The fogs of the sea, which -<span class="pb" id="Page_89">89</span> -they inspire; the dense and inelastic air -they breathe in their huts, which are -shut up from all communication with the -external air; the constant and tedious -inactivity of their winters; a mode of life -alternately roving and sedentary; every -thing, in short, tends to increase this -dreadful malady, which in a little time -becomes contagious, and, spreading itself -through their abodes, is transmitted by -cohabitation, and perhaps likewise by the -means of generation.</p> -<p>“Notwithstanding these inconveniences, -the <i>Esquimaux</i> is so passionately attached -to his country, that no inhabitant of the -most-favoured spot under Heaven quits -it with greater reluctance, than he does -his frozen deserts. The difficulty he finds -in breathing in a softer and cooler climate -may possibly be the reason of this -attachment. The sky of <i>Amsterdam</i>, -<span class="pb" id="Page_90">90</span> -<i>Copenhagen</i>, and <i>London</i>, though constantly -obscured by thick and fetid vapours, -is too clear for an <i>Esquimaux</i>. -Perhaps, too, there may be something in -the change of life and manners more -contrary to the health of savages than the -climate: it is not impossible but that the -indulgences of an <i>European</i> may be -poison to an <i>Esquimaux</i>.—Such are the -inhabitants of a <i>country discovered, in -1610, by Henry Hudson</i>!”</p> -<p>Although many parts of the foregoing -extract are strictly descriptive of the <i>Esquimaux</i>, -yet it is very evident that the Abbé -<i>Raynal</i> has undertaken to describe a people -whom he never saw: consequently, nothing -can be more absurd than those remarks -which, it may be observed, I have particularized: -and I shall now notice them, in the -order in which they occur.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div> -<p>In the first place, the Abbé says, that -“<i>scarce any of the individuals are above four -feet high!</i>” It has been before noticed, that, -of all those whom we saw, a fair average -standard might determine their height to be -between five feet five inches, and five feet -eight inches: moreover, we even saw some -of the females five feet seven inches high. -In the next place, he observes: “<i>Their -heads bear the same enormous proportion to -their bodies as those of children.</i>” This, -again, is about as fabulous as those old -stories of a race having been discovered -with <i>two heads</i>. There is certainly nothing -peculiar about the heads of the <i>Esquimaux</i>, -to distinguish them from the <i>Europeans</i>; -unless, indeed, we except the enormous -quantity of thick, coarse, straight, black hair, -which covers them: and this last fact will -bear rather hard upon the next marvellous -remark of the Abbé’s, in which he asserts -that <i>they have neither hair nor beard</i>! The -<span class="pb" id="Page_92">92</span> -amazing coarseness of their hair, which -generally is as thick as a mat on their -heads, is, of all others, the most likely -characteristic to strike the attention of -a stranger: they have also a straggling -beard upon the chin and upper lip; -although, certainly, it must be admitted -that the beard never grows thick or -bushy.</p> -<p>The aged appearance of the <i>Esquimaux</i> -is, as he says, owing to the <i>formation of -their lower lip</i>!—Being able to adduce, if -necessary, the testimony of a hundred witnesses -to prove the truth of my assertions, -I shall content myself with simply stating, -that there is no such <i>projection of the lower -lip</i> as the Abbé has described. He states -that the <i>Esquimaux</i> have <i>taken their name -from the coast of Labrador</i>; but <i>Esquimaux</i>, -or <i>Skimaux</i>, is an expression, in the language -of the <i>Cree</i> and other inland <i>Indians</i>, -<span class="pb" id="Page_93">93</span> -signifying “<i>eaters of raw flesh!</i>” and -they have bestowed this appellation on the -maritime <i>Indians</i>, in contempt; as there has -always been a most deadly hatred between -them.</p> -<p>Then again, with a bold dash of his pen, -the Abbé peoples the <i>whole of Hudson’s Bay -with Esquimaux</i>: whereas, in fact, they -occupy but a very small proportion of it, -when compared with the vast extent of -territory inhabited by the different tribes of -Hunting <i>Indians</i>, the inveterate enemies -of the <i>Esquimaux</i>. The northern and unexplored -parts of the Bay, and the western -shore of <i>Labrador</i>, from <i>Cape Diggs</i> to the -southward, are alone inhabited by the -latter; whilst the whole of the western -and southern shores are peopled by the -former.</p> -<p>I know not what could have induced -<span class="pb" id="Page_94">94</span> -him, also, to describe the <i>Esquimaux</i> as -having “<i>the pupil of their eyes yellow, and -the iris black</i>:” this is not true; but I suppose -that such a supposition may have arisen -from that peculiar contraction of the eyelids -which has already been noticed in the -foregoing part of this Narrative.</p> -<p>It is not less absurd to affirm, that “<i>the -seal is armed with teeth, to devour those he -cannot drown</i>,” than to say, that the hare is -armed with teeth, to devour those dogs -from which she cannot escape;—the -former being almost as timid an animal -as the latter; and there cannot be much -danger from the <i>rage of that monster</i>, -who coolly suffers a man to strike him a -blow over the nose, which puts an almost -immediate end to his existence.</p> -<p>I believe <i>Raynal</i> to be very correct in his -remarks on the prevalent diseases of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_95">95</span> -<i>Esquimaux</i>; but he goes too far, in asserting -that “<i>they are generally deprived of sight -when young</i>.” Sore eyes, indeed, are -common amongst them; but there were -many old men without this complaint, and -few of the women were troubled with it. -“<i>Such</i>,” he concludes, “<i>are the inhabitants -of a country discovered, in 1610, by -Henry Hudson</i>.”—However, if curiosity -should lead any person hereafter to visit -the shores of <i>Labrador</i>, in the hopes of -meeting with a race of people <i>four feet -in height</i>, with <i>enormous heads</i> without -<i>any hair on them</i>, and <i>yellow eye-balls</i>, -he will be grievously disappointed: and so -far are they from being that miserable degraded -race which the Abbé describes them -to be, that they are really possessed of -industry, ingenuity, and courage; and -certainly as far superior to the disgusting -<i>Hottentot</i>, as an <i>European</i> is superior to that -race of men.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div> -<p>After having ventured to correct these -errors of the Abbé, it would be injustice -if I did not bear testimony to the -authenticity of his description in other -respects. The scaly leprosy, which he -mentions, is common amongst them: we at -first believed it to be the small-pox, to -which it bears a great resemblance; -but, from an attentive inspection being -made by Mr. <i>Arnot</i>, our surgeon, he was -of opinion, that the latter disease had -not as yet reached them, or that, if it had, -it must have been in its mildest form. -Almost all the men are afflicted with <i>ophthalmia</i>, -and wear the wooden shades which -the Abbé has described; but, as I before -mentioned, few of the women labour under -this disease. The pendant breasts of the -latter have certainly a disgusting appearance; -yet it is so common amongst them, -that one of the young girls shewed me, -with conscious pride, that her breasts had -<span class="pb" id="Page_97">97</span> -not as yet been thus relaxed; intimating, -that she differed from the other dusky -damsels in this respect, and was therefore -to be considered as an object of greater -admiration. From which it is evident, -that they consider long breasts as a deformity, -even among themselves.</p> -<p>With respect to their winter habitations, -it is more probable that the Abbé is correct, -than that those persons are so, who entertain -the notion of their residing in caverns; -but it is not certain that the <i>Esquimaux</i> -live in a state of total inactivity during -the winter: they must, doubtless, leave -their retreats daily, in search of food: and -that they do not depend on the water for -all their supplies, is very evident, from the -number of deer-skins which may be observed -in every habitation.</p> -<p>It is now pretty well ascertained that the -<span class="pb" id="Page_98">98</span> -tribes of <i>Esquimaux</i>, inhabiting the northern -shores of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>, migrate, in the -fall of the year, towards the south; for the -double purpose of taking up their winter -quarters, and of procuring fuel and game -amongst the pine-tree forests of <i>Labrador</i>. -The northern shore of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i> is, -from end to end, a barren rock; having no -mark of vegetation, except here and there a -tuft or two of wild sorrel, or scurvy-grass: -consequently, the wooden frame-work of -the canoes, the poles for their summer-tents, -and the handles of their fishing-spears, can -only be procured by the <i>Esquimaux</i> during -their annual migrations to the coast of <i>Labrador</i>. -Add to this, that, on our visit to -their tents, we observed five or six large -boats, hauled up on the shore, and completely -laden with all sorts of furs and -necessaries, as if preparatory to a speedy -removal of the whole tribe into winter -quarters.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_99">99</div> -<p>I should not have been led into so long -a digression, had it not been from a wish -to correct the very erroneous statements, -of even the most eminent authors, respecting -this singular race. That those authors -have derived their descriptions from the -confused accounts of other writers, is -evident, by the gross mistakes they have -fallen into. It is indeed probable, that, -of those who have written upon this -subject, no one ever personally visited the -<i>Esquimaux</i>: neither is it a surprising thing -that they have not done this, because -the <i>Esquimaux</i> have always been represented -hostile to strangers, prone to -treachery, and exceedingly disgusting in -their persons.</p> -<p>To return, then, to our party.—We -continued roving for some time amongst the -habitations of the <i>Esquimaux</i>; and could -not help admiring the various ways in -<span class="pb" id="Page_100">100</span> -which they contrive to render the seal -useful: indeed, this creature may be said -to supply them with food, light, clothes, -houses, beds, boats, and casks. The blubber -of the seal is either eaten, or converted -into oil for the winter lamps; the skin, with -the hair on, is made into frocks, breeches, -boots, and stockings; and with the hair -scraped off, and well oiled, the skin serves -also for a covering to their houses and -boats: numbers of them, heaped together -with the skins of bears and deer, constitute -their beds: lastly, after having carefully -skinned a seal, the females sew the hide -neatly up; then fill it with wind, like -a bladder, and dry it in the sun; and, after -this preparation, it fully answers all the -purposes of a cask, for containing oil, or any -other liquid for which it may be required; -in the same manner as the mountaineers of -<i>Spain</i> and <i>Portugal</i> carry their wine in -the skins of animals.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div> -<p>The <i>Esquimaux</i> have various methods of -killing the seal; but the most common is, -by spearing him with a long lance, which -they discharge from a <i>throwing stick</i>, exactly -in the same manner as described by -<i>Cook</i> to be in use among the natives of -<i>Otaheite</i>. The seal, when once struck, -becomes an easy prey: a large bladder, -affixed to the dart, effectually prevents his -sinking; and a heavy log of wood, also fastened -to the dart, acts as a drag, to prevent his -swimming away with any velocity. They -have also a manner of passing the handle -of the lance through the centre of a sort of -tambourine; which, in this case, is substituted -for the drag: of course, the seal is -soon exhausted, with the efforts he is compelled -to make, in pulling this machine -against the water; and a blow on the -nose, from his pursuers, soon puts a period -to his existence.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_102">102</div> -<p>After leaving their huts, we stood on the -top of a hill, with the whole of the remaining -population of the place around us:—I -say, the remaining population; because -many of the natives were still trafficking on -board the ships. From their numbers, I -should think that either several families -must reside in one tent, or that there were -other hamlets along the shore, at a short -distance, from whence we had visitors; as -the assemblage on the hill with us consisted -of ten men, twenty women, and fourteen -children; and yet there were only nine -finished tents, and four or five in the frame.</p> -<p>Nothing, as before observed, can be more -troublesome than the continual solicitations -of these people for gifts; men, women, -and children, tormented us incessantly with -“<i>Pillitay! pillitay! pillitay!</i>” It became -therefore, at last, absolutely necessary, in -<span class="pb" id="Page_103">103</span> -our own defence, to invent some means of -diverting their attention from these importunities. -Accordingly, one of our party, -who was well acquainted with the manners -of the <i>Indians</i> in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, began -a song in the language of the <i>Cree</i> tribe. -The <i>Esquimaux</i> gaped with great astonishment -and evident pleasure, preserving the -most profound silence, until he gave a loud -shout, as a finale; when they sat up an universal -shouting and jumping, and it appeared -as if they were half beside themselves -with delight: yet we were certain -that they understood nothing of the sense -of the song. We thought this a good -opportunity to petition them for a similar -favour: our signs were instantly comprehended, -and a ring immediately formed, -consisting entirely of women, with the -exception of an old man, whom we recognised -to have seen before, as steersman -of one of the large women’s boats. -<span class="pb" id="Page_104">104</span> -This old man began the song; walking, -at the same time, in a circle; followed -by the women, with their backs to each -other. At a certain turn in the air, the -women all raised their voices; I shall not -say in a chorus, as it appeared more like a -continuation of the song. After a short -time, the women suffered their voices to -die gradually away, in the most plaintive -manner; and the old man again resumed -the song alone, until a similar turn again -brought in the women’s voices. This -alternation lasted a considerable time; -during which they still continued to walk -round in a circle, and all the while -bestowed the most friendly smiles upon -us. Meantime, the men stood scattered -outside the ring; and whenever the old -man resumed his song, they jumped, -shouted, and laughed, in the most extravagant -manner. One of the men at last kissed -two of the females, making plain signs for -<span class="pb" id="Page_105">105</span> -us to take the same liberty, in rotation, with -the whole circle; at the same time uttering, -repeatedly, the exclamation, “<i>Coo-nee!</i>” -We, however, pretended not to comprehend -his meaning, as we were not -at all desirous of so indiscriminate a salutation. -I noticed one of the women earnestly -making the same gesticulations, and -crying out “<i>Coo-nee!</i>” also; but as we did -not comply, they soon after finished the -song. We adopted their own method of -jumping and shouting, to express our satisfaction; -at which they seemed particularly -well pleased.</p> -<p>Preparing now to leave this interesting -spot, we descended to the sea, followed by -the whole of the natives: and as I turned -about to observe if there were any thing -belonging to their tents which had before -escaped our notice, my eyes rested upon a -<span class="pb" id="Page_106">106</span> -group of about a dozen huge dogs, around -a piece of whale blubber. It is really surprising -what numbers of these animals the -<i>Esquimaux</i> uselessly support during summer; -but they are amply repaid by the benefits -derived from them in the winter; as the -dogs are then employed to drag the sledge of -their owners, after the manner of the reindeer -in <i>Lapland</i>. In <i>Newfoundland</i>, and -in its environs, large dogs are also used, for -the purpose of transporting fire-wood, and -other articles, over the snow: and I have -been assured, by a respectable merchant, -who resides occasionally at <i>Lance-a-Loup -Bay</i> on the southern coast of <i>Labrador</i>, -that he has travelled one hundred miles in -twenty-four hours, in a sledge drawn by -ten brace of dogs: they are not accustomed -to reins, but two well-trained dogs are -placed foremost, and the whole are then -managed by a singular kind of whip, the -use of which it is difficult to acquire, as the -handle is but three feet long, and the lash -fifteen.<a class="fn" id="fr_16" href="#fn_16">[16]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/img-106.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="596" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Sledge drawn by Dogs.<br /><span class="small">used by European Traders at Hudson’s Bay, and on the Southern Coast of Labrador</span></i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/img-106a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="599" /> -<p class="caption"><i><span class="small">Engraved by J. Smith & Clements Inc. Strand</span> -<br />Bark Canoe of the Cree Indians in Hudsons Bay. -<br /><span class="small">London Published by J. Mawman 13<sup>th</sup> May 1817</span></i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div> -<p>After giving away amongst the natives -all the metals we possessed, even to the -buttons of our coats, we embarked; -and resting upon our oars, at a trifling distance -from the shore, we gave them three -hearty cheers. This was merely intended -by us as an experiment; but the effect produced -by it surpassed in interest any thing -that we had yet seen amongst this -people.</p> -<p>The echoes of our huzzas had scarce subsided, -before the three young girls, who -had attended us the whole day, stepped -down to the edge of the water; having -each of them previously drawn on a pair of -gloves made of white feathers. They first -<span class="pb" id="Page_108">108</span> -held out their arms, in an horizontal position, -with the fingers extended; then waved -them to and fro, with an undulating motion; -and, at last, suddenly sunk them towards the -earth. Again, recommencing for a short -time the waving of their hands, they finished -this affecting ceremony by extending both -arms, to their full extent, towards the -right side, pointing their snow-white -gloves towards the sky. They continued -to repeat the same motions without the -least variation, until we began to pull -away from the shore; when they ceased -entirely, and retired into the crowd of natives, -who had stood behind the three girls -during the foregoing exhibition, and, in -profound silence, appeared to be watching -every motion. Never had we seen a -more interesting spectacle: the young -<i>Esquimaux</i> kept the most exact time with -each other, and accompanied their gestures -by the most graceful motion of -<span class="pb" id="Page_109">109</span> -their heads; their eyes bespeaking, at the -same time, the most tender solicitude for our -safety. It is not a trifling matter that can -agitate, even for a moment, the rough feelings -of a seaman; yet the crews of our -boats sat, during this scene, in mute -astonishment, with their mouths wide open; -and at last, with the utmost reluctance, -we tore ourselves away.</p> -<p>Unlike the generality of savage nations, -this people did not exhibit any dances -peculiar to themselves: the only instance -that we observed, to prove they have an -idea of dancing, was on board the ship; -here a young girl threw one leg out, and -then another, alternately, for some time; -when, stopping suddenly, she shut her eyes, -and, holding her head down, fell to -moaning and howling, as if in great pain: -next followed a convulsive gurgling in -the throat, and deep-drawn sighs; then -<span class="pb" id="Page_110">110</span> -gradually opening her eyes, and relaxing -her features into a smile, she repeated the -whole over again.</p> -<p>It is a curious fact, that the inland or -hunting tribes of <i>Indians</i> in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> -believe the <i>Esquimaux</i> to be a nation of -sorcerers. Should the season prove a bad -one in procuring their furs, they say that -the <i>Esquimaux</i> have enchanted the game; -and they then set off to the northward, to -punish them accordingly. Whenever they -discover the tents of the supposed magicians, -they remain lurking about the place until -a favourable opportunity offers; when, -raising the dreadful war-whoop, they rush -on to the attack with inconceivable fury. -Every individual of the vanquished is -instantly massacred, whether they make -resistance, or implore for mercy. The -animosity between them is hereditary, -bloody, and implacable.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_111">111</div> -<p>When Mr. <i>Hearne</i> travelled to the <span class="small">N. W.</span> -in search of the long-sought passage to the -<i>Southern Ocean</i>, he was escorted by a party -of <i>Cree Indians</i>, and was himself an eye-witness -of the massacre of an <i>Esquimaux</i> -tribe; although he used his most earnest -entreaties with his conductors, to spare -an innocent-looking young girl who had -supplicated his protection: the <i>Indians</i> -frowned furiously upon him; and asking, -with haughty contempt, <i>if he wanted an -Esquimaux wife</i>, they speared her to death -on the spot<a class="fn" id="fr_17" href="#fn_17">[17]</a>.</p> -<p>It is rather remarkable, that the habitations -of the <i>Esquimaux</i> had never before been -visited by the officers of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ships, although they had often landed in -the Straits: but this may be explained -in two ways. In the first place, the -<span class="pb" id="Page_112">112</span> -<i>Esquimaux</i> are evidently anxious to conceal -their places of abode; secondly, the commanders -of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships have -directions from the Company not to go on -shore amongst the <i>Esquimaux</i> themselves, -nor to send their boats; and they have -orders also to be continually on their guard, -in all communications with this people. -Possibly these orders have been issued since -the horrid termination of an attempt to -establish a permanent white whale fishery -at <i>Richmond</i>; and probably that circumstance -may have given rise to the regulation. -I shall relate the dreadful story in the -sequel, when I reach that part of my -Narrative where it will be necessary to -give a short description of the factories -in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>: it would be considered -as too long a digression to insert it at -present. We had the good fortune, -therefore, to be the first <i>Europeans</i> who, -for the last forty years, have visited the -<span class="pb" id="Page_113">113</span> -habitations of the <i>Esquimaux</i>. I have thus -been enabled to describe them fully, from -my own observations. And there is another -point upon which I am able to speak -<i>positively</i>, although the circumstance did -not fall under my own inspection: I allude -to the manner of disposing of their dead.</p> -<p>His Majesty’s ship <i>Brazen</i>, Captain <i>Stirling</i>, -in the year 1813, convoyed the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ships into the Bay. Captain <i>Stirling</i> and some -of his officers landed in the Straits, but could -not find any habitations of the natives: -however, in wandering about the hills, they -discovered an object of no less curiosity; -namely, the dead body of an <i>Esquimaux</i>: -it was closely wrapt in skins, and laid in a -sort of gully between two rocks, as if -intended to be defended from the cold winds -of the ocean: by the side of the corpse lay -the bow and arrows, spears, and harpoon -of the deceased; together with a tin pot, -<span class="pb" id="Page_114">114</span> -containing a few beads and three or four -<i>English</i> halfpence: the last articles had -evidently been procured by the deceased in -traffic with the Company’s ships.</p> -<p>The reason of the body having been laid -on the surface of the earth, is in consequence -of the impossibility of penetrating the flinty -rock, of which the whole coast is composed; -and the custom of depositing his arms by -the side of the corpse of a deceased <i>Indian</i>, -is common to many barbarous nations.<a class="fn" id="fr_18" href="#fn_18">[18]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_115">115</div> -<p>As it may be expected that something -should be said respecting the government -and religion of the <i>Esquimaux</i>, I shall -briefly state, that they did not appear to -me to trouble their heads with either. They -certainly paid great respect to the old man -who sang to us the song before mentioned; -but it does not necessarily follow that he -was either a prince or a priest. It is probable -that they venerated him more on -account of his age, than from any civil or -ecclesiastical authority with which he was -invested. But the <i>Esquimaux</i>, and all other -nations around <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, have a notion -of a superior spirit, whom they concur in -styling <i>Manéto</i>, or <i>Good Spirit</i>. It is not -known whether the <i>Esquimaux</i> have any -idea of an Evil Being; but the <i>Cree Indians</i> -imagine that there is a great number of -that species, whose sole delight consists in -tormenting mankind<a class="fn" id="fr_19" href="#fn_19">[19]</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div> -<p>With respect to the language of the -<i>Esquimaux</i>, I have been able to collect -a few specimens: and I shall insert, against -each word, in what part of the coast each -expression was ascertained to be in use, -and the authority from whence I derived -my information.</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Words. </th><th>Signification. </th><th>Where used. </th><th>Authority.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Chymo </td><td class="l"><i>Barter.</i> </td><td class="l">On the shores of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>. </td><td class="l">Ascertained by myself.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Pillitay </td><td class="l"><i>Give me something.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">We-we </td><td class="l"><i>A white goose.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Wau-ve </td><td class="l"><i>An egg.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Muck Mhameek </td><td class="l"><i>A knife.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kippy Swau, beck </td><td class="l"><i>A saw.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Muck-tu </td><td class="l"><i>A deer.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Twau-ve </td><td class="l"><i>Go away—begone.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Tuck-tu </td><td class="l"><i>Seal blubber.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kiack </td><td class="l"><i>Canoe.</i> </td><td class="l"><i>Churchill</i>, and in <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>. </td><td class="l">Ascertained by one of the most respectable Traders belonging to <i>Churchill Factory</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Omiack </td><td class="l"><i>A ship.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kannau weet ameg </td><td class="l"><i>A dart.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ye meck </td><td class="l"><i>Water.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hennelay </td><td class="l"><i>A woman.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Aunay </td><td class="l"><i>Far off.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cob-loo-nak </td><td class="l"><i>An Englishman.</i> </td><td class="l"><i>Churchill Factory.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mai </td><td class="l"><i>Good.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Nagga Mai </td><td class="l"><i>Not good.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Karrack </td><td class="l"><i>Wood.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Peo-me-wonga </td><td class="l"><i>I would have.</i> </td><td class="l">By the Natives of the Missionary Settlement. </td><td class="l">By the <i>German</i> Missionary before mentioned.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ak-ka-karor mapock </td><td class="l"><i>It shall have payment.</i></td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_117">117</div> -<p>Having given a short account of the -<i>Esquimaux</i>, their manners, and customs, -I may now proceed with my Journal as -before; and content myself with making -a few cursory remarks, as we sail along.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>1st</i>.—The whole of this day -we continued off <i>Saddle Back</i><a class="fn" id="fr_20" href="#fn_20">[20]</a>; as the -<i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships had some arrangements -to make, previous to their final separation, -which always takes place off <i>Mansfield -Island</i>, at the entrance of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>. -Towards evening, we began to ply to -windward, with a fresh breeze at west. -Thermometer 40° in the shade.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>2d</i>.—Beating to windward with -a strong breeze, in the afternoon we hove-to -off <i>Icy Cove</i>, about a mile to the westward -of two remarkable hills, called the -<span class="pb" id="Page_118">118</span> -<i>Virgin’s Paps</i>, which last lay nine leagues -to the westward of <i>Saddle Back</i>. On -firing a gun and hoisting our colours, -we were immediately visited by another -party of <i>Esquimaux</i>: there was no difference -whatever in their appearance from those -we had seen before. One of our officers -purchased a canoe of a native, for which -he paid a kettle, a lance, a saw, and a spoon. -Our curiosity was considerably excited, to -observe in what manner this man would -contrive to reach the shore; and we really -entertained serious apprehensions for his -safety, when we perceived him stretch -himself out upon his belly on another canoe, -at the back of the man who used the -paddle. He was in this dangerous position -conveyed to land, not daring to lift his -head, through fear of destroying the -equilibrium of the canoe; which did not -swim two inches above the surface of the -sea.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_119">119</div> -<p>After night-fall, we were compelled to -tack ship about, to avoid a large patch of -floating ice.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>3d</i>.—We continued plying to -windward all this day; and in the evening -we had reached <i>Upper Savage Island</i>. It -lays about twenty-three leagues to the west -of <i>Saddle Back</i>, in an opening which has -never been explored. Thermometer 32° in -the sun.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>4th</i>.—Towards the evening of -this day we had a fair wind, the ship butting -her way through immense quantities of ice. -Passed by a bluff cape, called <i>Point Look-out</i>. -This cape is eight leagues to the west of -<i>Upper Savage Island</i>. We saw a number -of <i>Esquimaux</i> following us among the -windings of the loose ice. These poor creatures -laboured hard to overtake us, hallooing -and shouting “<i>Chymo!</i>” but we were -<span class="pb" id="Page_120">120</span> -now exceedingly anxious to get forward, -and therefore could not wait for them; at -which their disappointment must have been -great.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>5th</i>.—This morning forcing our -way with difficulty through the ocean of -ice that surrounded us; at length, being enveloped -in a thick fog, and the wind dying -away, we lashed our ship to a large piece -of ice; and firing three guns as a signal for -our convoy to do the same, we were -astonished at the effect produced by the -cannon, The explosion issued like thunder -over the ice; then appeared to roll -rumbling back towards the ship; bellowing -forth again in tremendous peals. The -echo died away in distant reverberation.</p> -<p>Shortly afterwards, we imagined that we -could distinguish the sound of voices -through the fog: we immediately beat the -<span class="pb" id="Page_121">121</span> -drum, to point out our situation; and, in a -few minutes, we plainly heard the shouting -of the <i>Esquimaux</i>: they soon came alongside -the ship, with the usual expressions of -delight. It is really surprising that this -people should venture so far from the land, -in such frail barks, through a mass of ice -which is enough to daunt an <i>European</i>, -even in a stout-built ship.</p> -<p>The fog clearing away, we cast the -ship loose, and endeavoured to force our -way forward among the ice; until, from its -increasing consolidation, we were again -obliged to lash to a large piece of it. This -operation is called <i>grappling</i>; and it is performed -by running the vessel alongside of -the piece of ice to which it is intended -to make her fast: two men then leap on -the ice: the one runs, with a sort of pickaxe, -to dig a hole in it, using the precaution -to stand with his back to the ship; and the -<span class="pb" id="Page_122">122</span> -other man follows the first, with a serpent-like -iron on his back, having a strong rope -affixed to one end of it: this serpent (or -ice-anchor, as it is termed) is hooked into -the hole on the ice, and the rope is -fastened on board the ship. Other ice-anchors -and ropes are then hooked to different -parts of the piece of ice; and the -number of ropes is varied according to the -state of the weather. In a gale of wind, -we had generally five anchors a-head; and -with a moderate breeze, not more than -two. The whole manœuvre of grappling -is generally accomplished in five minutes; -and although the ship be lashed to windward -of a clump of ice, yet the action of the -wind on a vessel’s masts, yards, &c. turns -the ice round, and she will consequently -soon be under the lee of it, with water as -smooth as a mill-pond.</p> -<p>We were employed this evening in filling -<span class="pb" id="Page_123">123</span> -our casks from a pool of snow-water on the -ice; and our people were highly diverted -with running upon it, leaping, playing -at foot-ball, and shooting at seals. At -length, four of the seamen were so imprudent -as to venture on a sort of peninsula -which projected from the main body of the -ice; when the isthmus instantly gave way, -leaving them adrift on a small piece that -was barely sufficient to sustain their weight. -It was long after night-fall, and with the -utmost exertion and difficulty, that we succeeded -in getting them safe on board -again, by the help of a boat.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>6th</i>.—In the middle of the night, -the prospect from the ship was one of the -most awful and sublime that I ever remember -having witnessed, during a life spent -entirely upon the ocean: and I regret -that no language of mine can give an -adequate idea of the grandeur of the scene. -<span class="pb" id="Page_124">124</span> -As far as the eye could reach, a vast alabaster -pavement overspread the surface of the sea, -whose dark blue waters could only be -seen at intervals, where parts of the pavement -appeared to have been convulsively -torn up, and heaped upon each other in -ruined fragments. The snow-white surface -of this immense plain formed a most striking -contrast to the deep black clouds of a -stormy night; through which, uninterrupted -flashes of forky lightning succeeded each -other with great rapidity, as if intending, by -their fiery glare, to shew to us the horrors -of our situation, and then to magnify them -by leaving us in utter darkness. Add to this, -the reiterated peals of thunder that burst -forth, in a thousand roaring echoes, over the -surrounding ice; also the heavy plashing -of the rain, which poured down in torrents; -the distant growling of affrighted -bears, the screams of sea-birds, and the loud -whistling of the wind;—the whole forming a -<span class="pb" id="Page_125">125</span> -midnight prospect which I would have gone -any distance to see; but having once beheld, -never wish to witness again.</p> -<p>In the morning, we were surprised -by the appearance of two <i>Esquimaux</i>, who -had contrived to reach the ship, although -we were at least seven leagues from the -land, and the ice closely hemming us -round on all sides: the Indians had effected -their passage by dragging their canoes -over the different fields of ice which -obstructed their progress. At 4 <span class="small">A.M.</span> we -got under sail; as there appeared a possibility -of our pushing through, the ice -having loosened a little; however, we looked -in vain for an opening. The ship running -fast, with a fair breeze, struck violently -upon a large field, and the shock fairly lifted -up her bows. We continued butting through -until 8 <span class="small">A.M.</span> when we grappled to a large -field of ice, as an impenetrable mass now -<span class="pb" id="Page_126">126</span> -presented itself on all sides of us: the wind -shifted into the <span class="small">N. W.</span> and blew a heavy gale, -accompanied by drifts of snow and sleet. -We lay in this position all night, closely -hemmed in, with five ice-anchors a-head. -An inspection being made by the carpenter, -he found that the heavy shocks -which the ship had received this day had -started the ceiling about her bows, and also -twelve or fourteen of the trunnels.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>7th</i>.—During the whole of this -day, we continued closely wedged in by the -ice. It blew a hard gale from the west, -attended by a heavy fall of snow and sleet. -The loose ice was incessantly varying its -position: at one time, we were so closely -hemmed in as to be hardly able to discern -any water; then, suddenly, the ice would -again open to a considerable distance. This -is easily accounted for; as the light pieces -of ice drift much faster before the wind -<span class="pb" id="Page_127">127</span> -than the heavier masses, which are deeper in -the water: it will naturally occur, therefore, -that the three ships would alter their -position, according to the size of the clump -to which they were fastened. The <i>Eddystone</i> -was three miles to the east of us last -night; and at sunset this evening, she was -as far to the west; yet that ship was still -grappled to the same piece of ice as before; -and, from the coagulated mass which surrounded -us, one would have been led to -conclude that the relative distance from -each other could not have been so easily -altered: but it varies according to the depth -and solidity of the ice to which the ships -are affixed.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>8th</i>.—In the forenoon, the snow -ceased to fall, and we had a finer day. Latitude, -by an observation at noon, 62°. 54′. <span class="small">N.</span> -The ice loosened considerably in the course -of the day, but not sufficiently for us to -<span class="pb" id="Page_128">128</span> -get under sail. At night-fall, we lost sight -of the <i>Eddystone</i>, to the west.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>9th</i>.—The day had just began to -dawn, when an animal was observed swimming -near the ship: we at first conjectured -it to be a seal, and accordingly sent a quarter-master -over the ice, to knock it on -the head, if it attempted to get upon it; -but the man was fain to make a rapid retreat, -when he discovered the form of a -prodigious bear emerging from the water. -This enormous creature came close to the -ship’s head; and had I been armed with a -pistol only, it would have been easy to have -dispatched him; but during the time we -were all bustling for a musquet, the bear -marched up the field of ice. Mr. <i>Wells</i>, -a young midshipman, and myself, instantly -pursued him, by different routes; but the -grey of the twilight was favourable to him; -and his hide being but a shade or two -<span class="pb" id="Page_129">129</span> -deeper than the ice itself, he escaped unseen. -We afterwards traced his footsteps -to the edge of the ice, opposite the spot -where he landed, and he must therefore -have replunged into the sea from that place. -I mention this circumstance to shew in -what manner these animals contrive to procure -subsistence: they swim, during the -night, in the quiet manner now described; -and drawing close to a piece of ice, they -immediately smell if there be any seals upon -the top of it; in which case they ascend -gently on the opposite side, and suddenly -springing upon the sleeping seal, they instantly -tear it in pieces.—As this proved to -be a fine day, we drew our seamen out -upon the ice, and exercised them by firing -at a target. Towards evening the ice began -to loosen considerably.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>10th</i>.—A fine day; but the ice -still close. Wind remains at <span class="small">N. W.</span> During -<span class="pb" id="Page_130">130</span> -the last twenty-four hours, the <i>Eddystone</i> -again appeared in sight; and towards evening, -she again neared us considerably. We -believed this to be owing to her having got -into a southerly current. Our latitude this -day was 62°. 50′. <span class="small">N.</span>; and at night-fall the -thermometer stood at 28°.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>11th</i>.—At 4 <span class="small">A.M.</span> ungrappled, -and got under sail, with a fair wind, running -a zig-zag course amongst the ice; the -ship, at intervals, striking excessively hard. -Towards evening, we again grappled to -a piece of ice; and, upon inspection, we -found several more trunnels started, and -the ship much shaken, by her repeated -blows. The Admiralty must certainly have -been deceived by the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> Company, -respecting a Voyage to <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i>; or they certainly would never have -sent a ship of war to perform it, without -previously strengthening her for the -<span class="pb" id="Page_131">131</span> -occasion. It is exceedingly dangerous for -any ship to attempt a passage through -the sea of ice in <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>, unless her -bows be doubled with oak-plank and -heavy blocks of wood, bolted to each side -of her cutwater; as the floating masses of -ice may be considered so many <i>rocks of -crystal</i>.</p> -<p>This day, in a vacancy between the ice, -we saw the first regular whale. On his -second rising to blow, I discharged a load -of small shot into his back; at which, however, -he did not even seem to feel the least -annoyance, though we saw him no more.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>12th</i>.—At day-light, ungrappled, -with a light wind at south; but, to our -great mortification, we were again obliged -to anchor, at noon, to a field of ice about -half a mile long; and both the other ships -made fast to the same piece, so that we could -<span class="pb" id="Page_132">132</span> -walk across the ice to visit each other. Our -people were immediately set to work; and -in three hours’ time, we had filled fifty-six -casks with snow-water, from a large pond -on the ice. We had <i>Charles’ Island</i> in sight, -bearing <span class="small">W. N. W.</span> about nine leagues distant. -This small island is on the southern shore -of the Straits, in the narrowest part; -the channel there not being above -twenty miles broad. <i>Charles’ Island</i> lies -about twenty-one leagues to the west of -<i>Lady Lake’s Inlet</i>; and hence the ships -leave the northern shore, and steer for -the south end of <i>Salisbury Island</i>, lying off -Cape Diggs, at the western extremity of -<i>Hudson’s Straits</i>.</p> -<p>The ice continuing very close all around -us, we were compelled to remain in this -situation, without ungrappling, for five -days; in which nothing occurred worthy -of notice.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/img-133.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="169" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Appearance of the Entrance of Prince of Wales’s Sound, bearing S.W.½W. about nine leagues.—taken August 17, 1814.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/img-133a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="320" /> -<p class="caption"><i>The Rosamond grappled among close Ice.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>17th</i>.—In the morning, we were -opposite a deep inlet, called <i>Prince of Wales’s -Sound</i>, on the southern shore of the Straits, -which has never been explored. All this -coast, as well as the northern shore, is -fringed with islands; the principal of which -are called <i>King George</i>, <i>Prince of Wales</i>, -<i>Maiden’s Paps</i>, and <i>Mannil’s Islands</i>; and -they doubtless afford shelter to many fine -harbours.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>18th</i>.—We did not grapple -during the night, but hove to, for about two -hours, whilst it continued dark; and at -day-light we again bore up, and continued -running through loose ice. Towards noon -it fell nearly calm: we observed seven large -seals, basking on a piece of ice; but as -soon as we approached them in a boat, they -rolled into the water, and disappeared. We -were visited by two <i>Esquimaux</i> in the afternoon: -they had nothing remarkable about -<span class="pb" id="Page_134">134</span> -them, except that their mustachios were -rather more bushy than those we had seen -before. In the evening it fell quite calm, -and we grappled.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>19th</i>.—During the night, the -other ships had fallen considerably to the -eastward; but the wind coming round to -the south-west, we ungrappled, and waited -for their coming up. <i>Queen Anne’s Foreland</i>, -a high cape on the north shore, bore -<span class="small">E. N. E.</span> nine leagues; and although at so -great distance, we were visited by three -canoes of <i>Esquimaux</i>, bringing their usual -commodities for traffic. Our latitude this -day was observed to be 63°. 38′. <span class="small">N.</span>; longitude, -72°. 45′. <span class="small">W.</span> We grappled again in the -evening, and lay so until—</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>21st</i>.—At 2 <span class="small">A.M.</span> was presented -one of those awful appearances which are -so common in these hyperborean regions. -<span class="pb" id="Page_135">135</span> -The water, for some distance around the -ship, had, for a time, been partially cleared -of the ice; when, on a sudden, a noise was -heard like very distant thunder, and the -crackling of falling beams in some immense -conflagration. The loose ice, which had -appeared so distant before, now approached -on all sides with an unusual rapidity; the -pieces driving one over another in their -course, and seeming to menace the destruction -of our ship. In ten minutes we were -completely hemmed in, on all sides; and a -person might travel for miles over a space -which had just before been an expanse of -water. The ice must have been forced together -by some extraordinary meeting of -the currents, as there was but a slight -breeze at the moment.</p> -<p>At noon, the wind became fair: we ungrappled, -and steered through loose weighty -ice until 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> when a thick fog came on, -<span class="pb" id="Page_136">136</span> -and we again grappled for the night. About -10 <span class="small">P.M.</span> the deep darkness of the sky was -suddenly changed to a bright twilight; and -having continued so for about five minutes, -it again relapsed into its former gloom. This -singular appearance was occasioned by a -streamer of the <i>aurora borealis</i> bursting -through the thick fog which surrounded us.—Thermometer -29°.</p> -<p>During our stay in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, and -upon our voyage home from thence, our -nights were constantly illuminated by the -most vivid and brilliant coruscations of the -<i>aurora borealis</i>. Its appearance was very -different from that which I have seen in -more southern latitudes; resembling continual -jets of meteoric fire from the northern -part of the horizon, which, after darting -upwards in long streamers towards the -zenith, suddenly collapsed, and receded; -falling back, in zig-zag, serpentine lines, with -<span class="pb" id="Page_137">137</span> -diminished splendour; and ultimately dying -away, and vanishing from the sight; being -succeeded by other jets, as beautiful as the -first. The <i>Cree Indians</i> inhabiting <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i>, and indeed the <i>European</i> traders there, -maintain, that, in the serene stillness of -their severe winters, a soft rushing noise -constantly accompanies these coruscations, -like that which is occasioned by the quick -waving of a <i>fan</i>, or of a <i>winnow</i>. The same -remarkable circumstance is mentioned by -<i>Hearne</i>, who bears positive testimony to -the fact. “I can positively affirm,” says -he<a class="fn" id="fr_21" href="#fn_21">[21]</a>, “that in still nights I have frequently -heard the <i>northern lights</i> make a rustling -and crackling noise, like the waving -of a large flag in a fresh gale of wind. -This is not peculiar to the place of which -I am now writing (<i>the Athapusco Lake</i>), -as I have heard the same noise very plain -<span class="pb" id="Page_138">138</span> -at <i>Churchill River</i>: and, in all probability, -it is only for want of attention that it has -not been heard in every part of the -northern hemisphere, where these lights -have been known to shine with any considerable -degree of lustre.”</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>22d</i>.—Early in the morning we -again ungrappled. The reader of this Journal -may easily conceive that, by this time, our -impatience was at its height, as we had -now been nearly a month incessantly occupied -in endeavouring to push our ship -through the never-ending drifts of ice in -<i>Hudson’s Straits</i>. I shall not, therefore, -attempt to describe the joy of every person -on board, when at 8 <span class="small">A.M.</span> we emerged into -an open sea, and, the wind blowing tolerably -fresh, at ten we passed by <i>Charles’ -Island</i>. At noon, we had lost sight of both -land and ice; and we now sailed forwards -at a great rate, with both our ships in -<span class="pb" id="Page_139">139</span> -company. Towards night-fall, we passed by -a low level island, called <i>Salisbury Island</i>, -which lies at the entrance of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>23d</i>.—In the morning, passed to -the southward of <i>Nottingham</i>, a long rocky -island, lying north of <i>Cape Diggs</i>. I know -not if <i>Salisbury</i> and <i>Nottingham Islands</i> are -inhabited by the <i>Esquimaux</i>; but it is natural -to suppose that this people visit them -occasionally, during their periodical voyages. -At 8 <span class="small">A.M.</span> we were off <i>Cape Walsingham</i>, -which is only remarkable for its being the -north-west promontory of <i>Labrador</i>, and -having a string of small islands running -from it towards the sea.</p> -<p>In the afternoon, the <i>Eddystone</i> parted -company; as that ship was bound for <i>Moose -Factory</i>, at the southernmost extremity of -the bay; whilst we intended to proceed with -the <i>Prince of Wales</i> to <i>York Factory</i>, on the -<span class="pb" id="Page_140">140</span> -western side. And now, having brought -the ship safely through these formidable -Straits, and conducted her into the immense -gulf of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, we will leave -her for a while to pursue her voyage, and -take an excursion round the <i>Bay</i>, in order -to give some short description of its factories, -inhabitants, &c.</p> -<p>Amongst the many adventurous naval -enterprises which reflect such lustre upon -the last years of Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>, and -the beginning of the reign of <i>James</i> -the <i>First</i>, none, perhaps, can surpass, -in intrepidity and perseverance, the voyages -of <i>Henry Hudson</i>; undertaken for the express -purpose of effecting a north-west -passage to the <i>Pacific Ocean</i>. All that I have -been able to collect respecting this brave but -unfortunate man is, that he sailed in the -year 1610, and discovered the Straits which -now bear his name. He boldly pushed his -<span class="pb" id="Page_141">141</span> -way through them; and finding that, after -a length of six hundred miles, he emerged -into an open sea, his heart beat high with -exultation on having, as he doubtless imagined, -succeeded in discovering that famous -passage for which so many had sought in -vain<a class="fn" id="fr_22" href="#fn_22">[22]</a>. Sailing forward, therefore, four -hundred miles towards the west, his disappointment -was great, at finding himself -suddenly stopped, in the midst of his career, -by an unknown coast, extending (as has since -been ascertained) from 51° to 63° <span class="small">N.</span> latitude. -However, the spirit of <i>Hudson</i> was not easily -checked; and, astonishing as it may appear, -he determined on remaining the whole -winter on this dreary coast, so that he -might be able to prosecute his voyage early -in the ensuing spring. After suffering innumerable -hardships, this daring adventurer -sailed, early in the next year, towards -the north, in search of the much-wished-for -<span class="pb" id="Page_142">142</span> -outlet to the <i>Pacific</i>; but his crew, not feeling -the same enthusiasm which animated -their leader, and greatly fearing lest his ardent -thirst for discovery might expose them to -the horrors of another winter, or, what was -still worse, to the chance of perishing amidst -the terrific mountains of ice with which -they saw themselves to be surrounded, they -accordingly proceeded from murmurs to open -mutiny; and having turned the heroic <i>Hudson</i> -adrift in a small boat, together with the -few who adhered to his fortune, they basely -left their leader to perish, and sailed away -for <i>England</i>, where they arrived in safety. -As for the unhappy Captain, I grieve to -add, that he was never afterwards heard of: -neither have we the poor consolation of -knowing that his murderers met with the -punishment due to their inhuman crime. -There can be no doubt that <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> -would have remained much longer unexplored, -had it not so happened that the -<span class="pb" id="Page_143">143</span> -winter preceding the year in which the discovery -was made must have been remarkably -mild; consequently, <i>Hudson</i> could not -have met with many obstacles in passing -through the Straits;—no seaman would have -endeavoured to penetrate farther, if he had -found them so completely blocked up with -ice as to impede a ship’s progress, even -with the advantage of a favourable wind -attending her;—and that this was the case -with us, will appear evident, from a perusal -of the preceding part of this Journal.</p> -<p>The <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> Company’s charter is -said to confirm to that body the whole and -sole right of trading with the <i>Indians</i>, -within the limits of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>; and -they have no less than six factories established -at the mouths of as many different -rivers, which empty themselves into the -Bay. The northernmost of these factories -is called <i>Churchill</i>: it stands on the -<span class="pb" id="Page_144">144</span> -west side of the Bay, in latitude 58°. 50′. <span class="small">N.</span>; -longitude, 93°. 4′. <span class="small">W.</span> The port is tolerably -good, and ships of any size may anchor in -it. At the entrance is a danger, called <i>Cape -Mary’s Rock</i>; but it is easily to be avoided. -On entering <i>Churchill River</i>, ships pass between -two points of land. One of them -forms a sort of peninsula; and it has a large -strong fort of stone upon it, the erection of -which is said to have cost the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -Company 30,000<i>l.</i>: it was formerly mounted -with twenty 32-pound guns. The opposite -Cape (<i>Mary</i>) has also a small battery, which -formerly had six guns on it; yet, with the -most culpable pusillanimity, did the traveller -<i>Hearne</i> (who acted as chief at that -time) yield this strong position to the -<i>French</i> Admiral <i>La Perouse</i>, without so -much as attempting a defence; who, in the -year 1782, spiked the cannon, and destroyed -the factory. Since that time, the fortifications -of <i>Churchill</i> have been suffered to remain -<span class="pb" id="Page_145">145</span> -in their present dilapidated state; and, as a -trifling security against any sudden invasion -in future, the new factory was erected at a -short distance higher up the river. It is -matter of surprise, that the Company do not -repair the large stone fort, which is made uncommonly -strong, both by nature and by art. -As it stands upon the extremity of a peninsula, -a body of men passing the isthmus to -attack it by land, would be completely exposed -to the enfilading fire of the fort. It -would be difficult also for an enemy to -force the gates, because there is a small half-moon -battery built on that side, expressly for -their defence. Besides, there are dwelling-houses -in the interior of the fort, sufficiently -large for the reception of the whole factory.</p> -<p>The shore about <i>Churchill River</i> is high -and rocky, producing only a very few insignificant -trees and shrubs. Farther north, -towards the country of the <i>Esquimaux</i>, this -<span class="pb" id="Page_146">146</span> -small vestige of vegetation dwindles away -even to a simple bush or two, and these are -only to be found at a considerable distance -from each other.</p> -<p>Proceeding southward, towards a more -genial country, we arrive at <i>York Factory</i>, -standing upon low swampy ground, -completely covered with wood: its latitude -is 57°. 2′. <span class="small">N.</span>; longitude 92°. 40′. <span class="small">W.</span> This -place was also visited by the <i>French</i> in -1782, who burnt the factory, and destroyed -a small battery at the entrance of <i>Hayes’ -River</i>. But <i>Perouse</i> was grievously disappointed -in the chief object of his voyage: -and as it is so intimately connected with the -subject on which I am writing, perhaps it -will not be thought improper to describe -the disappointment which the <i>French</i> suffered -in the expedition; particularly as the -fitting-out of the squadron must have cost -the <i>French</i> nation much money; and their -<span class="pb" id="Page_147">147</span> -burning a few miserable mart-houses in -<i>Hudson’s Bay</i> could only injure individuals, -and most probably was not felt at all by the -public.</p> -<p><i>Perouse</i> entered <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> in 1782, -having under his command a line-of-battle -ship and two large frigates. With this -force he of course insured the capture of -the annual ships, together with their rich -cargo of furs, oil, &c.; and as the escape of -the three ships does high honour to the -skill and intrepidity of their commanders, -it is well worthy of notice. The ship which -was bound to <i>Churchill</i>, was commanded by -Captain <i>Christopher</i>; and the <i>French</i> admiral -fell in with her at sea, just previous -to her arrival at that place. A frigate was -immediately dispatched in pursuit; but the -night drawing on apace, Captain <i>Christopher</i> -resolved on a bold manœuvre, which -he accordingly carried into execution with -<span class="pb" id="Page_148">148</span> -great success. Perceiving that the <i>Frenchman</i> -was ignorant of the coast, and, by his -following the <i>English</i> ship, that he was determined -to govern his own vessel by her -motions,—whereby he hoped to avoid all -danger, and in the end secure his prize,—Captain -<i>Christopher</i> sent his men aloft, and -furled his sails, pretending to come to an -anchor. The enemy immediately conjectured -that it would be dangerous for him -to proceed farther; therefore he directly -brought his frigate to anchor in reality. -Captain <i>Christopher</i> rejoiced that his deception -had so far succeeded to his wishes; -and he made sail to sea with the greatest -dispatch. Night coming on, and the <i>Frenchman</i> -being a long time in getting up his -anchor, the <i>Englishman</i> was soon out of -sight, and escaped in safety to the northward. -Fired with this disappointment, -<i>Perouse</i> burnt the factory; and proceeded to -<i>York</i>, to secure the other ship, then lying -<span class="pb" id="Page_149">149</span> -at that place, under the command of -Captain <i>Fowler</i>. As there was not depth of -water sufficient for his ships to enter <i>York</i>, -he anchored in <i>Nelson River</i>, and made -every disposition for an attack upon the -ship and factory by the dawn of the next -day; but, to his utter mortification, he -found in the morning that the bird had -taken wing;—for Captain <i>Fowler</i> had perceived -three large ships at anchor in <i>Nelson -River</i> the evening before, and, wisely conjecturing -that they could have no good intentions -towards him, put to sea during -the night. <i>Perouse</i> dispatched a fast-sailing -frigate in search of him, which soon had -sight of the runaway; but Captain <i>Fowler</i> -finding the <i>Frenchman</i> to have much superiority -in point of speed, tacked about, and -stood in for the land to the south of <i>York</i>, -hoping thereby to entice the <i>Frenchman</i> -into shallow water: the enemy, however, -discovering his design, and fearing lest, -<span class="pb" id="Page_150">150</span> -in further pursuit, he might incur the risk -of shipwreck, put off to sea; and Captain -<i>Fowler</i> pursued his voyage to <i>England</i> -in safety. The season was too far advanced -to attempt any other exploit; and having -therefore burnt the factory at <i>York</i>, <i>Perouse</i> -returned to <i>Europe</i>; highly chagrined, no -doubt, at being thus foiled by a pair of -<i>English</i> sailors, and at having failed of success -in the principal aim of his expedition. -As there are many shoals and dangerous -rocks in <i>James’ Bay</i><a class="fn" id="fr_23" href="#fn_23">[23]</a>, he did not think fit -to send a ship to destroy the southern settlements: -and to the credit of this unfortunate -navigator, I must state, that he publickly -averred, if he had been aware of the -factories being the property of individuals, -he would assuredly have quitted them without -molestation. It is remarkable that the -Bay ship (as she is called) got safe to <i>Moose -<span class="pb" id="Page_151">151</span> -Factory</i>, and returned to <i>England</i>, without -being at all aware how very narrowly she -must have escaped falling into the hands of -the enemy.</p> -<p>The next factory to the south of <i>York</i> is -called <i>Severn</i>; but the shore at this place -runs off much too shoal to allow a ship to -approach the coast; therefore a schooner -of about eighty tons is employed to take the -furs to <i>York</i>, and to bring back the necessary -supplies. This is also the case with -<i>Albany</i>, the next factory towards the south; -except that the latter place sends its furs, -&c. to <i>Moose</i>, instead of <i>York Factory</i>.</p> -<p>At the very bottom or southernmost -part of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, which is styled -<i>James’s Bay</i>, we arrive at <i>Moose Factory</i>; -standing, like all the rest, on a river, -bearing the same name. This place has -a good anchorage, and the climate is -<span class="pb" id="Page_152">152</span> -milder than in any of the other factories. -It is annually visited by a ship from <i>England</i>; -as at <i>Moose</i> the furs are collected -together from the lesser mart-houses of -<i>Albany</i>, <i>East Main</i>, and <i>Richmond</i>, for -the purpose of being shipped off to <i>Europe</i>. -We must now proceed round the bottom of -the Bay;—and the next settlement is at <i>East -Main River</i>, nearly opposite to the western -shore of <i>Labrador</i>. The factory was established -at this place for the purpose of -trading with the natives of that vast -peninsula; but their internal mart-houses -verge generally towards the south, and -the marten skins from this factory are -said to be the finest in quality of any -which are received from <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>. -The inhabitants around this settlement are -a roving race of people, styled, by the <i>Europeans</i>, -<i>Mountain Indians</i>, to distinguish -them from the <i>Esquimaux</i>, who inhabit the -sea-coast to the northward.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div> -<p>At some distance to the north of <i>East -Main</i> is a bight, called <i>Richmond Bay</i>: -here is a house belonging to the Company, -but not a permanent establishment; as the -people who arrive from <i>East-Main Factory</i> -in the spring, return again to that place -in the fall of the year, to remain for the -winter. The annual voyages to <i>Richmond</i> -are undertaken for the purpose of procuring -oil, as there is a good white-whale fishery -in this Bay. The white whale<a class="fn" id="fr_24" href="#fn_24">[24]</a> is not much -larger than a first-rate porpoise; neither -does it yield any whalebone fit for use: but -the oil is nearly equal in value to that of -the seal; and it was sold in <i>England</i>, in the -year 1813, at fifty-six pounds a ton. The -fish itself is perfectly white.</p> -<p>There is also a small whale fishery at -<i>Churchill Factory</i>, but it is not very productive: -perhaps it would be more advantageous -<span class="pb" id="Page_154">154</span> -for the Company if they were to -convert the remains of it into a new -fishing establishment in some more efficient -situation.</p> -<p>I have now reached that part of my Journal -which I before alluded to, as being the -most proper place to introduce the account -of the disastrous termination of two attempts -made by the <i>Hudson’s-Bay Company</i> -to settle a permanent white-whale fishery -at <i>Richmond Bay</i>.</p> -<p>When first the <i>Europeans</i> went to settle -at <i>Richmond</i>, the <i>Esquimaux</i>, who reside -about this part, kept them in a continual -state of alarm all the winter, by lurking -about the woods, in their sledges drawn by -dogs. At length an English boy was missing -from the settlement; and, after some -difficulty, two <i>Esquimaux</i> were seized, and -confined in separate apartments. In order -<span class="pb" id="Page_155">155</span> -to recover the absent youth, the settlers -made use of a stratagem. A musket was -discharged in a remote apartment; and the -settlers entering the room in which one of -the <i>Esquimaux</i> was confined, they informed -him, by signs, that his comrade had been put -to death, for decoying away the boy; and -they gave him to understand, at the same -time, that he must prepare to undergo the -same fate, unless he would faithfully pledge -himself to restore the absentee. The <i>Esquimaux</i> -naturally promised every thing; and -on being set at liberty, he made the best of -his way into the woods, and, of course, was -never afterwards heard of. They kept the -other native for some time a prisoner: at -length, he tried to effect his escape, by -boldly seizing the sentinel’s firelock at -night, but the piece accidentally going -off, he was so terrified at the report, -that they easily replaced him in confinement: -yet either the loss of liberty, a -<span class="pb" id="Page_156">156</span> -supposition that his countryman had been -murdered, or that he was himself reserved -for some cruel death, deprived the poor -wretch of reason. As he became exceedingly -troublesome, the settlers held a conference -as to the most eligible mode of -getting rid of him; and it being deemed <i>good -policy</i> to deter the natives from similar -offences, by making an example, they accordingly -shot the poor maniac in cold -blood, without having given themselves the -trouble to ascertain whether he were really -guilty or innocent.</p> -<p>Possessing only the plain leading facts -of this affair<a class="fn" id="fr_25" href="#fn_25">[25]</a>, it is not easy to determine -how far existing circumstances might have -justified such an act of severity towards an -ignorant being, who was also, perhaps, -<span class="pb" id="Page_157">157</span> -totally innocent. The reasons ought certainly -to have been weighty which induced -them to put the poor man to death; -and I hope they will be able hereafter to -reconcile the deed to God and to their own -consciences.</p> -<p>After this time, <i>Richmond</i> was abandoned -as a permanent establishment; and they fell -into the present method of visiting this -place only during the fishing season, and -returning to pass the winter at <i>East-Main -Factory</i>. Captain <i>Turner</i>, however, represented -to the <i>Hudson’s-Bay Company</i>, that, -in his opinion, want of perseverance was -alone necessary to render <i>Richmond</i> a safe -and permanent settlement; and that, by -having people on the spot, ready to begin -fishing early in the spring of the year, much -greater profit would necessarily accrue to -the Company. Accordingly, he received -directions to take thither seven people, who -<span class="pb" id="Page_158">158</span> -were to remain at <i>Richmond</i> during the -whole winter. In the spring of the succeeding -year, the northern or <i>Hunting -Indians</i>, who had visited <i>Richmond</i> in pursuit -of game, came, as usual, to barter their furs -at <i>East-Main Factory</i>; at the same time -bringing the dreadful intelligence that the -seven unfortunate <i>Europeans</i> had been -murdered by the <i>Esquimaux</i>. The bodies of -some of the settlers were afterwards found; -although it be by no means certain that -they were killed by the <i>Esquimaux</i>: such, -however, is a fair presumption, as this people -had before displayed a hostile disposition in -the case of the boy; and the place was rifled -of all the metal, of which the <i>Esquimaux</i> -are known to be remarkably fond: add to -this, that the northern <i>Indians</i> had long -been accustomed to trade yearly at <i>East -Main</i>, and no instance had ever been known -of their behaving with treachery towards -the <i>Europeans</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_159">159</div> -<p>On the other hand, we must allow, that -the <i>Hunting Indians</i> and the <i>Esquimaux</i> live -in a state of constant enmity, and, consequently, -that their evil reports of each other -should be cautiously received. It is also -certain, that the northern <i>Indians</i> are as -partial to spirituous liquors as the <i>Esquimaux</i> -are to metals. Three bloody shirts, -belonging to the murdered settlers, were -found in the tent of a northern <i>Indian</i>, -which he alleged to have taken from the -bodies of the slain, after the <i>Esquimaux</i> had -quitted them. Upon the whole, it remains -uncertain whether the settlers at <i>Richmond</i> -perished by the hands of the <i>Esquimaux</i>, or -by those of the northern <i>Indians</i>: for my -own part, I should be inclined to the former -opinion. This catastrophe has effectually -put a stop to any further attempts towards -establishing a permanent settlement at <i>Richmond -Bay</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_160">160</div> -<p>The following anecdote of Mr. <i>Darby</i>, the -father of the celebrated Mrs. <i>Mary Robinson</i>, -will shew that the <i>Esquimaux</i> are of a treacherous -disposition, and extremely averse -from any settlements being made on their -coasts.</p> -<p>Mr. <i>Darby</i> had long fostered in his -mind a scheme of establishing a whale -fishery upon the coast of <i>Labrador</i>, and of -civilizing the <i>Esquimaux Indians</i>, in order -to employ them in the extensive undertaking. -Hazardous and wild as this plan -appeared to his wife and to his friends, Mr. -<i>Darby</i> persevered in his resolution to -prosecute it; and actually obtained the -approbation and encouragement of some -of the leading men at that time in power, -who promoted his designs. To facilitate -the execution of his plan, he deemed it -necessary to reside at least two years in -<span class="pb" id="Page_161">161</span> -<i>America</i>. His wife felt an invincible -antipathy for the sea, and, of course, heard -his determination with horror. The pleadings -of affection, of reason, and of prudence, -were alike ineffectual, and he sailed -for <i>America</i>.</p> -<p>The issue of this rash enterprise proved -quite as unfortunate as it was predicted. -Mr. <i>Darby</i> had embarked in it his whole -fortune; and it failed. The noble patrons -of his plan deceived him in their assurances -of marine protection, and the island -of promise became a scene of desolation. -“<i>The Indians rose in a body, burnt his settlement, -murdered many of his people, and -turned the product of their toil adrift on -the merciless ocean.</i>”—This great misfortune -was followed by other commercial -losses; and the family of this too -enterprising man were, in consequence, -<span class="pb" id="Page_162">162</span> -reduced from a state of affluence and -luxury to a very different condition<a class="fn" id="fr_26" href="#fn_26">[26]</a>.</p> -<p>Having now described the whole of the -Factories established upon the sea-coast of -<i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, it will be necessary to say -something of the interior: this is so far -from being unknown, that a man may with -safety travel from <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> to <i>Quebec</i>, -in <i>Canada</i>, by land. The <i>Hudson’s-Bay -Company</i> have many small factories, or -rather mart-houses, dispersed in all directions, -for upwards of one thousand miles in -the interior; to which the <i>Indians</i> bring furs, -feathers, quills, &c. in exchange for cloths, -blankets, ammunition, fowling-pieces, trinkets, -&c. The furs thus collected are sent -down the rivers, in large boats, to the factories -on the sea-coast, whence they are -shipped off for Europe, as before described. -<span class="pb" id="Page_163">163</span> -There is great jealousy existing between -the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> traders and the <i>Canadian -Company</i>, styled the <i>North-West Adventurers</i>, -respecting the traffic in <i>peltry</i> with -the <i>Indians</i>. As the mart-houses of the two -parties meet inland, each uses all the -means in its power to induce the natives -to barter furs with themselves, in preference -to their opponents: nay, to such a -pitch have they carried their mutual animosity, -that it is not long since a man in the -Company’s employ actually killed a <i>Canadian</i> -trader, in a dispute relative to the purchase -of some furs from the <i>Indians</i>; for which -offence the culprit was tried at <i>Montreal</i>: -and as it appeared that the <i>Canadian</i> had -given him sufficient provocation, the jury -returned a verdict of manslaughter.</p> -<p>The <i>Indians</i> have not failed to observe -this competition, so impolitic on both parts, -and they profit by it accordingly.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_164">164</div> -<p>Each factory and mart-house has its <i>Chief</i>, -appointed by the Company; and there is -also a northern and southern Superintendant, -who is directed to visit all the places -of note within his district, at least once in -the year. The northern department comprises -<i>Churchill</i>, <i>York</i>, and <i>Severn</i> factories, -on the coast; and the southern embraces -<i>Albany</i>, <i>Moose</i>, <i>East Main</i>, and <i>Richmond</i>. -To determine the interior limits of each, -an imaginary line of demarcation is drawn -east and west from <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> to the -<i>Stony Mountains</i>.</p> -<p>With respect to the inhabitants of this -vast desert I shall say but little, as Sir -<i>Alexander M<sup>c</sup>Kenzie</i> has given a very full -description of the various tribes by which it -is peopled<a class="fn" id="fr_27" href="#fn_27">[27]</a>. The most populous of all, -perhaps, are the <i>Cree Indians</i>: they appear -<span class="pb" id="Page_165">165</span> -to me to be the same race described by the -before-mentioned author, under the name -of <i>Knisteneaux</i>. They occupy the country -from <i>Churchill</i> nearly as far south as <i>Moose</i>, -and are found scattered almost as far to the -west as the <i>Stony Mountains</i>; but their -numbers have been much diminished of late, -owing to the small-pox. When this dreadful -malady first reached this country, as the -<i>Indians</i> were not aware of any remedy by -which they could counteract its violence, -they were accustomed to leave the person -afflicted in the midst of a wood, with a sufficient -stock of food for two or three days’ -subsistence; and when this scanty provision -was expended, the unhappy victim -must have necessarily perished with hunger. -The banks of the rivers, for a time, exhibited -a most loathsome spectacle, of bodies -which had thus fallen a sacrifice to this -disorder.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_166">166</div> -<p>Besides the <i>Cree</i> or <i>Knisteneaux Indians</i>, -there are innumerable tribes spread over the -interior of this vast country; the principal -of which are, the <i>Copper</i>, <i>Dog-ribbed</i>, -and <i>Hare-foot Indians</i>, towards the north; -the <i>Swees</i>, <i>Bongees</i>, <i>Slave</i>, and <i>Stone Indians</i>, -towards the west; likewise a variety of -tribes inhabiting the southern country -around <i>Moose</i>, such as the <i>Mistassins</i>, and -others. The different tribes have frequently -wars with each other; and they appear to -agree unanimously in one respect only, that -is to say, in universal and eternal hatred of the -<i>Esquimaux</i>. However, it fortunately happens, -from the contrariety of their modes of life, -that their parties seldom come into contact -with each other, and consequently the battles -between them are very rare.</p> -<p>It remains now to speak of one of the -most enterprising speculations, perhaps, ever -<span class="pb" id="Page_167">167</span> -undertaken by a single person; namely, -the attempt lately made by Lord <i>Selkirk</i> to -establish a colony upon the banks of the <i>Red -River</i>, in a situation nearly equidistant -from <i>York Factory</i> and <i>Lake Superior</i>, and -in the latitude of 50° <span class="small">N.</span><a class="fn" id="fr_28" href="#fn_28">[28]</a></p> -<p>His Lordship holds this land by a grant of -12,000 square acres from the <i>Hudson’s-Bay -Company</i>. The first settlers left <i>Sligo</i> in -the year 1811; and arriving in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, -they past the winter of that year at <i>York -Factory</i>. In the spring of 1812, they proceeded -to their destination, under the command -of a Captain <i>M<sup>c</sup>Donald</i>, formerly -belonging to a veteran corps in <i>Canada</i>: -but this gentleman seems deficient in the -essential art of conciliating those who are -placed under his government: however, -<span class="pb" id="Page_168">168</span> -the situation of the colony is undoubtedly -good, and the soil so fertile as to -produce every thing almost spontaneously. -The winters, indeed, are more severe -than in places upon the same parallel of -latitude in Europe, but much milder than -at <i>Moose</i>, or any of the factories in <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i>; and yet even at <i>Moose</i> they produce -barley, if it be a fine year; and <i>Orkney</i> oats -every year, by sowing them a short distance -from the sea-beach. Still, it is extremely -doubtful if ever his Lordship’s descendants -will derive much benefit from their father’s -mighty speculations; unless, indeed, he -could prevail upon his tenants to grant -him a sort of tithe from their produce, -in lieu of rent. With this corn he could -supply the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> settlements, -which would save the Company a considerable -expense, and they might repay -his Lordship in the current coin of the -realm.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_169">169</div> -<p>The <i>Prince of Wales</i> took out many -women and settlers for the colony, as also -a Mr. <i>White</i>, to act as surgeon. Lord <i>Selkirk</i> -has agreed with this gentleman, to give -him a yearly stipend of 100<i>l.</i> together with -a grant of five hundred acres of land, and a -labourer four days in the week for its cultivation.</p> -<p>It is difficult to imagine what were his -Lordship’s intentions with respect to the -colony at <i>Red River</i>. Allowing the luxuriance -of the soil to answer his fullest -expectations, by what possible means could -the produce be conveyed to an adequate -market, so as to repay the expenses of -its carriage? The communication between -the colony and <i>York Factory</i> is kept up by -boats, through the great <i>Lake Winnepeg</i>; a -little to the southward of which runs the -<i>Asnaboyne</i> or <i>Red River</i>: yet the channels -of the different rivers are so full of falls, -<span class="pb" id="Page_170">170</span> -rapids, portages and carrying-places, that -the labour of conveying the boats is immense, -and consequently quite unfit for the -purposes of commerce, except it be in furs, -and in such light merchandize.</p> -<p>It was for some time believed that a -large opening to the northward of <i>Richmond</i>, -and near to <i>Cape Smith</i>, was an inlet -to some large inland sea; but, in the year -1786, Mr. <i>Davison</i>, an officer in one of the -Company’s ships, was sent in a schooner to -explore the same. The following extract -contains the description of his progress, as -expressed by himself. “On entering the -bight, and perceiving no land a-head, we -sat down to a bottle of wine, and drank -success to the new discovery: however, -we were soon chagrined by the appearance -of some low islands stretching across -the opening; and shortly afterwards, coming -to an anchor under one of them, we -<span class="pb" id="Page_171">171</span> -climbed to the top of it, and, to our great -mortification, we perceived that the supposed -sea was nothing more than a deep -gulf, terminated at the bottom by thick -clusters of islands, among which the sea -ran winding in romantic mazes. Here we -found the <i>Esquimaux</i>, who bartered away -their dresses, &c. with great avidity, for -any sort of metal.”—Notwithstanding this -clear statement, there are experienced men -who still suppose that an inland sea does -exist; and for these reasons:—1st. There is -a continual current setting to the east from -<i>Cape Henrietta Maria</i>, towards the supposed -opening; 2dly, The bay ship, in -her voyage to <i>Moose</i>, has frequently -observed a large glut of loose ice off <i>Cape -Henrietta Maria</i>, which, before her return, -has entirely disappeared; and whither -could it have drifted with a strong -easterly current, unless some opening -had admitted its escape from the bay?—These -<span class="pb" id="Page_172">172</span> -are the reasons for and against the -existence of the supposed sea; but it is to -be regretted, that the Company do not make -a decisive attempt to ascertain the fact.</p> -<p>It will now be necessary to return to the -proceedings of the ship.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>24th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">S. W.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> -¼<span class="small">W.</span> 34 miles. In the morning, past to -the northward of <i>Mansfield</i>, a very long, -low, level island, lying about seventeen -leagues to the westward of <i>Cape Diggs</i>. Its -extent from north to south is said to be full -sixty miles. As it abounds with marshes -and ponds of fresh water, it may be -considered as the grand nursery of those -innumerable flocks of wild geese and -ducks which afterwards line the shores of -<i>Hudson’s Bay</i>: however, it is but seldom -visited; and the ships generally avoid going -too near to it, in consequence of some -<span class="pb" id="Page_173">173</span> -shoals that lay around the shore. Towards -evening, we steered away <span class="small">W. S. W.</span> -by compass.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>25th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">S. S. W.</span> ¾ <span class="small">W.</span> -101 miles. As there is generally a glut of -ice floating about the centre of <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i>, a ship, on leaving <i>Mansfield Island</i>, -and having a northerly wind, ought to -steer for <i>Cape Churchill</i>, until they reach -within sixty leagues of the land, when they -may alter the course, and steer for <i>York</i> -direct. It is necessary to make this angle, -to avoid the body of ice in question. Another -thing worthy of remark is, that if a -ship steer in for <i>Cape Churchill</i> until she -have forty fathoms water, she may be -certain of being in latitude of the Cape: -and when she reaches within five or six -leagues of the land, she will have eighteen -fathoms water. But a navigator must be -cautious to make allowance for the southerly -<span class="pb" id="Page_174">174</span> -current, which sets continually along the -western coast of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>26th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">S. W.</span> ¼ <span class="small">S.</span> 56 -miles. The wind this day to the <span class="small">S. S. W.</span> -Our latitude at noon was 60°. 11′. <span class="small">N.</span> ship -still standing to the westward. It has -been already noticed, that the officers of -the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships have a motive in -concealing from the public the knowledge -which they actually possess relative to -the navigation of the Northern Seas; and -I pledged myself to explain that motive -at a proper opportunity. I cannot undertake -this unpleasant task at a more apposite -time than the present, when it may -serve to enliven the dulness of a few nautical -remarks, which I think it necessary to -insert into this part of my Journal.</p> -<p>In the first place, it is proper to state, -that this illiberal concealment has its -<span class="pb" id="Page_175">175</span> -origin in the Company themselves, who -(as I am told by their own officers) have -issued the strictest and most peremptory -commands to the people in their employment, -“that they take especial care to conceal -all papers, and every other document, -which may tend to throw light upon the -Company’s fur-trade.”—It is probable -that the Company had no other motive in -issuing these directions, than to keep themselves -and their gains shrowded in a profound -silence; as it appears that, above all -other things, they wish their trading concerns -not to become a topic of general conversation -in the mother-country. Actuated -by such principles, the officers of the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> -ships conceive it to be their duty -to conceal likewise all those remarks which -their experience has taught them to make -upon the navigation of the <i>Northern Seas</i>: -consequently, nothing can be more incorrect -than the Chart supplied by the -<span class="pb" id="Page_176">176</span> -<i>Admiralty</i> for the guidance of a man-of-war -in <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>: it absolutely bears no -resemblance to the channel of which it is -intended to be an exact delineation. During -the time we continued in <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>, -the <i>Rosamond</i> was entirely piloted by a -chart belonging to the chief mate of the -<i>Prince of Wales</i>, and one of his own making; -yet he was so jealous of his performance, -that he was highly offended at our -Master’s having endeavoured to take a copy -of it; and from thenceforward kept his -charts carefully locked up. When I questioned -him, with some freedom, on this -mysterious conduct, the selfish motive stood -at once confessed: he feared lest, from -others attaining the same knowledge as -himself, they might be induced to enter into -the service of the Company, and thereby -possibly supplant him in his situation. And -such I found to be the motives which induced -the majority of these experienced -<span class="pb" id="Page_177">177</span> -seamen to keep their truly valuable information -concealed within their own -bosoms. After the foregoing statement, -it will be unnecessary to explain my -reasons for inserting the very few nautical -observations which I was enabled to -collect.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>27th</i>.—Course run, <span class="small">W. S. W.</span> ¼ <span class="small">W.</span> -87 miles.</p> -<p>We continued running all this day across -the bay, with a fine leading wind. Our -latitude at noon was 59°. 40′. <span class="small">N.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>28th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">W. S. W.</span> 74 -miles.</p> -<p>At noon this day we sounded, and found -that we were in eighty fathoms water. -About sun-set we observed a large body of -ice to windward; our latitude at this time -58°. 56′. <span class="small">N.</span>; and longitude, by chronometer, -89°. 50′. <span class="small">W.</span> It is about this spot that the -<span class="pb" id="Page_178">178</span> -<i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ships generally calculate on -seeing ice, allowing they meet with it at all.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>29th</i>.—Course run <span class="small">S.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> ¼ <span class="small">W.</span> -68 miles.</p> -<p>At 1 <span class="small">A.M.</span> we sounded in sixty-seven fathoms -water. At four in the morning, the -wind suddenly increased to a violent gale, -which died away again at sunset. Our latitude -at noon was 58°. 6′. <span class="small">N.</span>; longitude, 90° <span class="small">W.</span> -Towards night-fall we sounded in forty-two -fathoms, with a muddy bottom; and -at the same time we caught an owl and a -hawk, which we considered as sure signs of -the vicinity of land.</p> -<p><span class="sc">August</span> <i>30th</i>.—As we were now running -in to make the land, I shall insert a -Table of the Soundings, taken from the -depth of water, which we ascertained last -night at sun-set.</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_179">179</div> -<p><span class="sc">Table</span> <i>of</i> <span class="sc">Soundings</span> <i>ascertained on the 30th of</i> August, -<i>while standing in for the Land to the Southward of</i> -York Factory.</p> -</blockquote> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Hours. </th><th>Ship’s Course, by Compass. </th><th>Distance run since last Soundings. </th><th>Depth of Water. </th><th>Bottom.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 4 A.M. </td><td class="c">S. S. W. </td><td class="c">20 Miles </td><td class="c">25 Fathoms </td><td class="c">Mud</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 5<sup>h</sup> 0<sup>m</sup> </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">4 Ditto </td><td class="c">21 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 5.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">5 Ditto </td><td class="c">15 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 6.0 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">5 Ditto </td><td class="c">14 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 6.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">5 Ditto </td><td class="c">19 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto & sand</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 7.0 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">6 Ditto </td><td class="c">12 Ditto </td><td class="c">Sand & pebbles</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="5" class="l"><i>Note.</i>—At seven o’clock in the morning we saw the trees a-head, the land itself being too low to be seen. The land probably about seven leagues distant. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 7.30 </td><td class="c">S. by W. </td><td class="c">5 Ditto </td><td class="c">9½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 7.50 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">7 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -</table> -<p>As we continued beating to windward, in -various soundings, all the forenoon, I shall -not mark them down, but proceed to 1 <span class="small">P.M.</span> -when <i>Cape Tottenham</i> bore <span class="small">S.</span> by <span class="small">E.</span> five -leagues distant.</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_180">180</div> -<p><span class="sc">Table</span> <i>of</i> <span class="sc">Soundings</span> <i>ascertained on the 30th of</i> August, -<i>while standing in for the Land to the Southward of</i> -York Factory;—continued from the preceding page.</p> -</blockquote> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Hours. </th><th>Ship’s Course, by Compass. </th><th>Distance run since last Soundings. </th><th>Depth of Water. </th><th>Bottom.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="c">1 P.M. </td><td class="c">We had </td><td class="c">—— </td><td class="c">13 Fathoms </td><td class="c">Rocky and gravelly, which denotes the Cape bearing S. by E.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 2<sup>h.</sup> 0<sup>m.</sup> </td><td class="c">W. N. W. </td><td class="c">4½ Miles </td><td class="c">14 Ditto </td><td class="c">Rocky.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 3.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">6 Ditto </td><td class="c">23 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 5.— </td><td class="c">S. S. E. </td><td class="c">5 Ditto </td><td class="c">26 Ditto </td><td class="c">Brown sand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 6.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">5 Ditto </td><td class="c">17 Ditto </td><td class="c">Mud, shells, and stones.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 7.30 </td><td class="c">Southward & Westward </td><td class="c">7½ Ditto </td><td class="c">8 Ditto </td><td class="c">Mud.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 9.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">7 Ditto </td><td class="c">11 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 9.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">11 Ditto </td><td class="c">Sand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 10.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">11½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 10.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">12 Ditto </td><td class="c">Fine sand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 11.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">12 Ditto </td><td class="c">Very fine sand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 11.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">14 Ditto </td><td class="c">Gravelly sand, and black specks.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c"> 12.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">14½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Very fine sand.</td></tr> -</table> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_181">181</div> -<p><span class="sc">Table</span> <i>of</i> <span class="sc">Soundings</span> <i>ascertained on the 31st of</i> August, -while standing in for the Land to the Southward of -York Factory.</p> -</blockquote> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Hours. </th><th>Ship’s Course, by Compass. </th><th>Distance run since last Soundings. </th><th>Depth of Water. </th><th>Bottom.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="c">12<sup>h.</sup> 30<sup>m.</sup> A.M. </td><td class="c">Southward & Westward </td><td class="c">2 Miles </td><td class="c">14 Fathoms </td><td class="c">Grey sand with black specks.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">1.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">3 Ditto </td><td class="c">15 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">1.30 </td><td class="c">S. W. ½ W. </td><td class="c">3 Ditto </td><td class="c">15½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Oozy </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">2.— </td><td class="c">S. W. </td><td class="c">3 Ditto </td><td class="c">15½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Mud </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">2.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">16½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">3.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">14½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Oozy </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">3.30 </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">12 Ditto </td><td class="c">Brown sand, black specks, & broken shells.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">4.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">2 Ditto </td><td class="c">7½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Sand </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">4.30 </td><td colspan="2" class="c">Standing in for <i>York Flats</i> </td><td class="c">7½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">5.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">3 Ditto </td><td class="c">7¾ Ditto </td><td class="c">Hard ground. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">6.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">6 Ditto </td><td class="c">7 Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">7.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">6 Ditto </td><td class="c">8½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">8.— </td><td class="c">Ditto </td><td class="c">7 Ditto </td><td class="c">8½ Ditto </td><td class="c">Soft ground. </td><td></td></tr> -</table> -<p>At eight in the morning, it will be observed, -we were in 8½ fathoms water, on -<span class="pb" id="Page_182">182</span> -<i>York Flats</i>; and we therefore came to an -anchor, with the beacon, at the mouth of -<i>York River</i>, bearing <span class="small">S. W.</span> by compass; the -land being distant about ten miles, although -it could barely be discerned in a blue line -above the horizon. Thus, it may be observed, -we had been sixty-three days on our -voyage; and that it may be compared with -other voyages to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, I have annexed -to this Journal a Schedule<a class="fn" id="fr_29" href="#fn_29">[29]</a> of those -performed by the Company’s ships since -the year 1788; although I have not been -able to obtain the dates of their departures -from the <i>Orkneys</i>.</p> -<p>By the Sounding Table which I have inserted, -it is evident that the depth of water -abreast of <i>York River</i>, and off <i>Cape Tottenham</i>, -to the southward, is uncommonly -regular; and it may therefore be fairly concluded, -that, although the western coast of -<span class="pb" id="Page_183">183</span> -the Bay be very low land, yet there is no -great danger in making it.</p> -<p>It is not expected that ships during their -return to <i>Europe</i> will ever meet with loose -ice<a class="fn" id="fr_30" href="#fn_30">[30]</a>: therefore, as soon as our ship anchored -on <i>York Flats</i>, we <i>undid</i> all the -preparations which had been made for -manœuvring whilst amongst the ice; such -as, re-stowing our anchors, and putting -below ice-ropes, ice-anchors, ice-axes, &c.; -and we rejoiced in being rid of them.</p> -<p>The factory was about twenty miles -distant from the anchorage of the ship, -but not visible. At 10 <span class="small">A.M.</span> I went, -therefore, from the ship, to report our -arrival to the Governor. We were met at -some distance from the ship by a large boat -from the factory. It appeared that they -<span class="pb" id="Page_184">184</span> -had noticed the arrival of the ship; and mistaking -her for the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, the boat -was immediately despatched for letters, -parcels, news, &c. &c. Finding their -mistake<a class="fn" id="fr_31" href="#fn_31">[31]</a>, the boat returned with us to the -factory, which we reached about nine at -night. On landing, we were hailed by a -sentinel; and a guard of honour was drawn -out to receive us, with a pair of <i>Highland</i> -bagpipes in front. The guard was -composed of the traders, boatmen, and -others, belonging to the factory: and -through the gloom of the night I discerned -the Governor and his officers, standing -in a group to receive us. After the -necessary business of introduction was over, -we walked up to a large wooden building, -surrounded by a double row of wooden -palisades; and here we were regaled with -venison steaks and buffalo tongue.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_185">185</div> -<p><span class="sc">Sept.</span> <i>1st</i>.—At 2 <span class="small">A.M.</span> the tide answering -for our return, we quitted the factory, and -reached the vessel again about 8 <span class="small">A.M.</span></p> -<p>Whilst we were at <i>York Fort</i>, we received -information that the factory at -<i>Churchill</i> had been burnt to the ground, in -the month of <i>November</i>, 1813. The miseries -which the people of that place suffered -during the remainder of the winter were -very great. As there were seventy-three -chests of gunpowder in the warehouse at -the time the conflagration took place, -their whole attention was occupied in -removing away the powder to prevent an -explosion; and by the most strenuous exertions -they succeeded in this undertaking; -but the time lost prevented their being -able to save a mouthful of provisions, or a -single utensil, from the flames. An old out-house -that had escaped destruction, and a -<span class="pb" id="Page_186">186</span> -few tents which they erected of rein-deer -skins, served them as habitations during -the remainder of the winter; and, as if -Providence had taken especial care to -provide for their necessities, partridges -abounded to a greater degree than had been -known for many years before. Of course, -these birds proved a seasonable supply to -the sufferers; particularly as the partridges -are so very tame, that they suffer themselves -to be driven into nets, by which means large -quantities are taken at one time.</p> -<p>A family in <i>England</i> would be justly -esteemed objects of great pity, if they were -burnt out of their home in the midst of -winter, although many friendly habitations -might be humanely opened for their reception. -What then, comparatively speaking, -must have been the situation of the -<i>Churchill</i> people—driven out by the flames -<span class="pb" id="Page_187">187</span> -in the middle of a <i>November</i> night, on the -shores of a frozen ocean, with the thermometer -78° below the freezing point, without -any shelter save that of a decayed out-house, -no bedding, no cooking utensils, no immediate -nourishment, and no final prospect of -relief, except from a reliance on the adventitious -aid of their fowling-pieces! Such a -night must surely be allowed to have had -its share of horrors. But heroic strength -of mind is the characteristic of the <i>European</i> -traders to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>; and this alone -enabled the people of <i>Churchill</i> to escape -all the evils attendant on such a calamity.</p> -<p>Towards the evening of this day, the -<i>Prince of Wales</i> came to an anchor near us.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Sept.</span> <i>2d</i>.—In the morning we weighed -anchor, and ran into the mouth of the -river, otherwise called <i>Five-fathom Hole</i>. -<span class="pb" id="Page_188">188</span> -It is a very contracted anchorage, and at -high water there is not more than three -fathoms’ water on the bar. In running in -from <i>York Flats</i>, the large beacon must be -kept bearing <span class="small">S. W.</span> by <span class="small">W.</span> by compass. To -moor the ship, one anchor must be laid up -the stream, and another down it; and the -width of swinging room at low water does -not much exceed four times a ship’s length; -having a dry muddy flat on the <span class="small">N. W.</span> and a -shoal to the <span class="small">S. E.</span> The water is perfectly -fresh, and fit for use, at the last quarter -ebb, and first quarter of the flood-tide.</p> -<p>As we lay at this anchorage until the -28th instant, I shall not notice each day -separately, but proceed to make such remarks -as occurred during our stay; contenting -myself with briefly stating, that the -<i>Prince of Wales</i> was employed during the -time in stowing away her cargo, &c.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_189">189</div> -<p>The whole of the north-west part of the -continent of <i>America</i> is so completely intersected -with rivers and lakes, that <i>Mackenzie</i> -went the greater part of his journeys by -water. <i>York Factory</i> is situated on the bank -of a river, which has sometimes been called -<i>York River</i>; although it appears that the -majority agree in giving it the name of -<i>Hayes’ River</i>: but it undergoes many appellations -in its course from the <i>Echemamis</i> to -the sea. I shall therefore endeavour to -describe the river, by tracing a journey from -<i>York Factory</i> to <i>Lake Winnepeg</i>, a distance -of about five hundred miles: but the fur-traders -of <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> are so well accustomed -to the route, that two men in a -slight bark canoe will undertake it without -the slightest hesitation.</p> -<p>On leaving <i>York Factory</i>, the boats proceed -against the stream, without meeting -any obstruction, up <i>Hayes’ River</i>, <i>Steel -<span class="pb" id="Page_190">190</span> -River</i>, and forty miles of <i>Hill River</i>; when -they arrive at the first carrying-place, called -<i>Rock Portage</i>. The obstructions from henceforward -begin to augment; and at every -portage, the boat, with her whole cargo, -must be carried over land; which is rendered -sometimes extremely difficult, by the -ground being either rough or swampy.</p> -<p>After passing <i>Rock Portage</i>, the stream is -contracted; and there are a number of portages -intervening, before the boats can arrive -at a broad part of the stream, called -<i>Swampy Lake</i>, which contains a number of -small islands; and it may be considered as a -short half-way to <i>Lake Winnepeg</i>. Leaving -<i>Swampy Lake</i>, the stream is again contracted -into a narrow slip, called <i>Jack River</i>, in -which are four portages. On crossing these, -they enter a broader part, intersected by -innumerable small islands. This space is -styled the <i>Knee Lake</i>, and is sixty miles -<span class="pb" id="Page_191">191</span> -in length. One of the small islands in the -centre of <i>Knee Lake</i> contains so great a -quantity of iron ore, as to cause the compass -to spin round with uncommon velocity. -At the upper end of the lake the stream -gradually lessens into another slip, called -<i>Trout River</i>, and here are four more portages: -then gently extending its boundaries, -the river opens on a wide expanse, called -<i>Holey Lake</i>, from some deep holes in the -bottom of it, and the great inequality of the -soundings throughout. At the eastern extremity -of this lake stands <i>Oxford House</i>, -the first trading port to be met with after -leaving the factory. Owing to the richness -of the soil, and the geniality of the climate, -this place produces a number of excellent -vegetables<a class="fn" id="fr_32" href="#fn_32">[32]</a>.</p> -<p>Proceeding onwards, the boats leave the -<span class="pb" id="Page_192">192</span> -main body of <i>Holey Lake</i> to the left hand: -the stream then suddenly narrows; and after -passing four more carrying-places, the last -of which is called <i>Hill’s Portage</i>, there is a -clear space, until a sudden serpentine bend -in the river forms the <i>White-fall</i>. The current -now begins to be very weak; and a -little farther on, they enter a narrow part -with still water. This spot is the highest -part of the land between <i>Lake Winnepeg</i> -and <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>; and <i>Hayes’ River</i> may, -perhaps, be said to take its rise about seven -miles to the southward of it, in a small lake -called <i>Winnepegosis</i>. The boats now meet -with a singular rock, which, from some -curious <i>Indian</i> paintings once found there, -has since been called the <i>Painted Stone</i>. -Over this rock the boat must be dragged, -and again launched on the opposite side, -into a long, narrow, boggy slip of water, -called the <i>Echemamis</i>. After emerging from -this strait, the current of the river begins to -<span class="pb" id="Page_193">193</span> -operate in favour of the boats; and this -proves that the <i>Echemamis</i> is a small river, -taking its rise in the morasses about the -<i>Painted Stone</i>, and having no connection -with the river which leads from the <i>Painted -Stone</i> towards the sea. The <i>Echemamis</i> is, -however, lost at a short distance from its -source; as after the boats pass <i>Hairy Lake</i>, -the stream falls into the <i>Sea River</i>; and there -is a portage at their junction, called the <i>Sea -River</i> carrying-place. The <i>Sea River</i> is a -branch of the great <i>Nelson River</i>, separated -from the main stream at the <i>Play-green -Lake</i>, and rejoining it by a creek that opens -near <i>Hairy Lake</i>.</p> -<p>The boats go against the current up the -<i>Sea River</i>; and passing the little <i>Cross -Lake</i> and <i>Pike River</i>, they reach <i>Winnepeg</i>, -through the <i>Play-green Lake</i>. This last is -a wide body of water, covered with islands; -<span class="pb" id="Page_194">194</span> -and may properly be said to be merely a -part of <i>Nelson River</i>, which holds its course -from the <i>Stony Mountains</i> to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>. -The rough course from <i>York Factory</i> to -Lake <i>Winnepeg</i> is about south-west; but the -<i>Nelson River</i> makes a great angle between -<i>Winnepeg</i> and the sea; as it first runs off -<span class="small">N. N. E.</span>; and then takes its course, due -<span class="small">E. N. E.</span> to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, where it empties -itself by the side of <i>Hayes’ River</i><a class="fn" id="fr_33" href="#fn_33">[33]</a>.</p> -<p>The labour of getting the boats up these -rivers is amazingly great: their crews encamp -on the banks every night; and they -generally land also to cook their meals, -except when they are compelled to subsist -on <i>pemmican</i>, a sort of dried, husky compound, -composed of pounded venison and -<span class="pb" id="Page_195">195</span> -deer’s fat mixed together. This species of -food is extremely nutritious: it requires no -cooking, and is sometimes rendered more -palatable by the addition of berries.</p> -<p>There are many kinds of wood growing -on the banks of the rivers, and indeed -the whole of the interior near the sea -is covered with it: but in the country -about Lake <i>Winnepeg</i> there are very few -trees, and the inhabitants are therefore -compelled to use the dung of the buffalo -for fuel. Both buffaloes and horses abound -in the open country. The woods on the -coast are principally composed of dwarf -poplars, larches, and all the varieties of the -pine species.</p> -<p>Having thus described the communication -by water between Lake <i>Winnepeg</i> and -<i>York Factory</i>, I shall conclude with a statement -of the respective distances.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_196">196</div> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th> </th><th> </th><th><span class="small">Miles</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="r">Distance from <i>York Factory</i> to the top of </td><td class="l"><i>Hayes’ River</i> </td><td class="r">50</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">Thence to the upper end of </td><td class="l"><i>Steel River</i> </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">To </td><td class="l"><i>Rock Portage</i> </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">To </td><td class="l"><i>Swampy Lake</i> </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">Length of </td><td class="l">Ditto </td><td class="r">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">Length of </td><td class="l"><i>Jack River</i> </td><td class="r">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"><i>Knee Lake</i> </td><td class="r">60</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"><i>Trout River</i> </td><td class="r">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"><i>Holey Lake</i> </td><td class="r">30</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">To </td><td class="l"><i>White-fall</i> </td><td class="r">45</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"><i>Painted Stone</i> </td><td class="r">15</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">Along the <i>Echemamis</i> to </td><td class="l"><i>Hairy Lake</i> </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">Length of </td><td class="l">Ditto </td><td class="r">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"><i>Play-green Lake</i> </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -</table> -<p>It must be allowed, that the above is a -mere rough statement of an old trader, who -had been accustomed to traversing the route -for nearly twenty years.</p> -<p><i>Nelson River</i> is a much more noble stream -than <i>Hayes’ River</i>, with respect to its -navigation, extending about twenty miles -from the sea; but from thenceforward it -<span class="pb" id="Page_197">197</span> -becomes so full of obstructions, from portages, -falls, and rapids, that the Company -have been compelled to establish their factory -upon, and give a decided preference to, -<i>Hayes’ River</i>, although they have an establishment -or two for trade on the former. -The <i>Nelson River</i> takes its rise, according -to <i>M<sup>c</sup>Kenzie</i>, in the <i>Stony Mountains</i>; and -empties itself into <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, at the -same place as <i>Hayes’ River</i>. It is only -divided from the latter, at the mouth, by a -very low cape, called <i>Point of Marsh</i>, upon -which an exceeding high wooden beacon -has been erected by the Company, to enable -their ships to distinguish the mouth of the -river. The continual washing of the waters -on either side of the <i>Point of Marsh</i> has -enabled the sea to encroach a great deal on -the land, and thereby created many dangerous -shoals in the mouths of the rivers: -the navigation has, by these means, been -rendered extremely contracted and difficult. -<span class="pb" id="Page_198">198</span> -The breaking up of the rivers in the -spring tends also, in a great measure, to increase -these evils: for, in the first place, -the ice being driven towards the sea -with an amazing velocity, it carries every -thing forcibly away, and causes a general -ruin upon the banks, by cutting down -large bodies of earth, and hurling trees -and rocks from their places. In the -second place, it frequently happens that -immense stones lying at the bottom of -the rivers become fixed into the ice during -the winter, and the freshes, in the spring, -consequently bear them away towards the -sea; but the ice not being able to sustain -their ponderous weight for any length of -time, it naturally occurs, that those masses -become disengaged, and are deposited at -the mouths of the rivers, where they -not only incommode the passages, but -likewise injure the ships’ cables by their -friction.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_199">199</div> -<p>On the second day after our coming, an -<i>Indian</i> Chief arrived at the factory from -Lake <i>Winnepeg</i>, and some of our officers -brought him on board. He staid with us -two days; and as he was the Chief of one -of those tribes who still maintain a great -part of their primeval manners, <i>untainted</i> -by <i>European</i> civilization, a full description -of him may not be thought unentertaining.</p> -<p>This man had been brought from Lord -<i>Selkirk’s</i> colony, at <i>Red River</i>, to <i>York Factory</i>, -by Captain <i>M<sup>c</sup>Donald</i>, the chief of -the colony. As far as I could collect, his -tribe are properly called the <i>Sotees</i>, or people -who go up and down the falls of rivers. -But they have been styled <i>Bongees</i> by the -<i>British</i>, from their being addicted to mendacity; -and as they are always crying out -“<i>Bongee!</i>” which, in their tongue, signifies -“a little,” perhaps, too, the colonists may -<span class="pb" id="Page_200">200</span> -have thought the appellation peculiarly -adapted to the <i>Sotees</i>, as they are but a -weak tribe in point of numbers.</p> -<p>The Chief in question was about five feet -eight inches high, and, to all appearance, -about thirty years of age. It seems that he -had some claims to the territory on which -Lord <i>Selkirk’s</i> colony now stands; but he -had sold his birth-right “for a mess of pottage.” -Therefore, to keep him in good -humour with the infant establishment, he -had been brought down on a visit to <i>York -Factory</i>, where it was intended that he -should receive an accumulation of honours. -A coat of coarse blue cloth, tawdrily ornamented -with tarnished lace, and adorned -with shoulder-knots; a round hat, with a -red ostrich feather in front; a very coarse -white shirt, with frill and ruffles; a pair of -red stockings, yellow garters, and black -shoes, were presented to him immediately -<span class="pb" id="Page_201">201</span> -upon his arrival. If we add to all this finery, -his native ornaments, such as a neck-band -of wampum or bead-work<a class="fn" id="fr_34" href="#fn_34">[34]</a>, a long string -of beads suspended by his hair from each -temple, and a number of large metal links -of the coarsest workmanship, dangling from -either ear, his appearance will naturally -be imagined to have bordered upon the grotesque. -His thighs were entirely naked, as -he could not be prevailed upon to fetter -them with breeches; and the cartilage of -his nose had been perforated.</p> -<p>He appeared a very intelligent man, and -was highly delighted with every thing he -saw on board the ship. He was not particularly -pleased with any of our musical instruments, -except the drum. A sky-rocket -struck him quite dumb with astonishment; -and he afterwards observed to a person who -understood his language, “That the -<span class="pb" id="Page_202">202</span> -<i>Water-Governors</i><a class="fn" id="fr_35" href="#fn_35">[35]</a> must be very powerful, who -could thus force the stars to fall from the -sky.” Like most <i>Indians</i>, he was a great -egotist, and the general tenor of his conversation -ran upon his dignity. He observed -that he was a Governor, like ourselves; and -when the snow became deep on the ground, -his tribe were going out, under his command, -to make war upon the <i>Swee</i> Tribe; -and that after quitting his own territory, he -expected to meet his enemy in eight days. -He exulted that he had already killed two -of the <i>Swee</i> nation with his own hand; and -he gave us to understand, that his own -tribe always made war on horseback. We -presented him with a cutlass, at which he -was delighted, waving it above his head, -and boasting what wonders he should be -able to perform by its assistance. Upon -the whole, he was rather a swaggerer; but, -<span class="pb" id="Page_203">203</span> -perhaps, this was a little excusable; because, -according to the character given of him by -those <i>Europeans</i> who had heard of his -fame, he had acquired an amazing influence -amongst many savage tribes, by his courage -and wisdom. Indeed, his remaining two -days with us, perfectly easy and contented, -is a proof that he possessed a good share of -the former quality; particularly as we were -all utter strangers to him, and he had neither -seen the sea nor a ship before in his -life: nor did he appear to be at all deficient -in the more tender susceptibilities of nature. -He had two wives, four sons, and six -daughters; and when I presented him with -a few spangles and beads, he gave me to -understand, that those trifles would be -received with great pleasure by his children, -on his return to his native country. It -surprised us much to observe with what -a degree of exactness he copied all our -methods of eating, drinking, &c. As we -<span class="pb" id="Page_204">204</span> -desired to hear him sing, we took advantage -of his imitative powers to make him comprehend -our wishes: accordingly, the person -who sat next to him began first, and the -song went regularly round the table, until -it reached the <i>Bongee</i> Chief; when, instantly -taking the hint, he rose up, and prefaced -his ditty with a long speech, which we of -course did not comprehend; but, by his -gestures, we could perceive that it was -evidently intended as an explanation of the -subject on which he was about to sing. -Then he suddenly struck off into an air -that gave us a much higher opinion of the -strength than the harmony of his voice. -The subject, we could perceive, was an -appeal to the Deity (<i>Manito</i>), to protect the -ship from all dangers, in her voyage across -the waters. We had many other songs -from him during the evening: and on a -special application, we were favoured with -a specimen of the war-whoop, a most -<span class="pb" id="Page_205">205</span> -discordant howl, produced by striking the -hand quick against the mouth, and shouting -at the same time. But the most farcical -scene of all was the business of getting him -into a bed. The purser of the ship undertook -the difficult task of chambermaid; but -our <i>Indian</i> Chief disencumbered himself of -all his finery in a twinkling; and having -reduced himself to a state of nature, he -rolled head foremost into the bed, placing his -feet upon the pillow: this produced great -vexation in the mind of his <i>Abigail</i>, who -the next night succeeded, with much difficulty, -in causing his <i>Indian</i> Highness to lie -down like a <i>Christian</i>.</p> -<p>On the evening of the second day, our -<i>Indian</i> friend left us, to return back to his -native country. He seemed to feel great -regret at parting with the <i>Water-Governors</i>; -and he gave us all to understand, that -if we should hereafter visit his territories, -<span class="pb" id="Page_206">206</span> -he would insure us a hearty welcome, and -a handsome bed-fellow to boot.</p> -<p>Captain <i>Stopford</i> having expressed a wish -to observe the manner of killing the reindeer, -as practised by the <i>Indians</i>, and a -party being accordingly made to ascend the -river, we left the factory early in the morning, -with a small boat of Captain <i>Stopford</i>’s, and -a birch-bark canoe to carry the provisions, -tents, &c. We continued to push along -shore, against the stream, until 10 <span class="small">A.M.</span> -when we rested at a small creek, called -<i>Dram-gat</i>, to breakfast. <i>Dram-gat</i> is about -seven miles from the factory: it abounds -with wild-duck; and receives its name from -an old custom of giving the people in the -traders’ boats a dram at this spot, previously -to proceeding farther on their journey -up the river. The tide of the sea ceases to -affect the current of the river entirely at the -<i>Dram-gat</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_207">207</div> -<p>We landed upon the bank, kindled a fire, -and roasted some venison-steaks after the -<i>Indian</i> manner, called by them <i>ponask</i>. -Having cut a long skewer of wood, they -scrape off the bark, and stick the meat upon -its point. The other end of the skewer is -then forced into the ground, close to the -fire; and by turning it round occasionally, -the food is soon sufficiently cooked. I -never tasted any thing more savoury than a -venison-steak prepared in this manner. -After making a hearty meal, we embarked -again; and two men taking out a line to the -beach, we were thus laboriously dragged -along shore. There are many islands and -shoals on the south side of the river; whilst -the northern shore is, generally speaking, -steep. The mouth of <i>Hayes’ River</i> is gradually -verging towards the north, in consequence -of the perceptible encroachments -of the water upon the north -bank, and the evident emerging of islands -<span class="pb" id="Page_208">208</span> -and shoals towards the south side of the -river.</p> -<p>As we proceeded up the stream, we met -several canoes of <i>Indians</i>, deeply laden -with venison for the factory. After receiving -from us a small present of tobacco, -they continued their course.</p> -<p>At 3 <span class="small">P.M.</span> we had reached a large circular -island on the south side of the river, called -<i>Rainbow Island</i>. The view from this spot -was delightfully picturesque. The northern -shore was bounded with high clay banks, -covered with dark forests of the spruce-pine -tree. Above us, upon the southern -banks, five or six remarkable mounds of -earth rose majestically from the river. At -the termination of a long view upwards, the -stream was lost in a sudden bend to the -northward; and the vista in that direction -was bounded by a noble grove of poplars, -<span class="pb" id="Page_209">209</span> -that stood on the declivity of the green -sloping bank; and their bright yellow colour -formed a fine contrast with the sable hue -of a frowning forest in the back ground. -Directly opposite to the place where we -stood, several <i>Indian</i> canoes lay scattered -about the shore; and the natives sat regaling -themselves, around a blazing fire upon the -beach. The river, glittering with the golden -tints of the sun, ran smoothly beneath our -feet; and a little farther down, foamed, in -distant murmurs, over a shoal-bed of pebbles. -Whilst we stood contemplating the -varied objects in this interesting scene, a -flock of wild geese flew screaming past; -and a gentleman, who knew the country -well, immediately observed, that we should -have an “<i>early fall</i>;” thereby intimating -that the winter would soon make its appearance. -Our admiration of the fine view -before us instantly gave way to other -sensations; and we could not avoid wishing -<span class="pb" id="Page_210">210</span> -ourselves speedily out of a country where -the transition is so instantaneous, from -the most oppressive heat to intense cold; -where the ground is bound up in frost -eight months of the year; and the miserable -inhabitants are tormented to madness by -heat and mosquitoes during the remaining -four.</p> -<p>Upon leaving <i>Rainbow Island</i>, we approached -the spiral mounds of earth before -mentioned. Their formation was so regular, -that an enthusiastic antiquary might -easily have believed them to be antient -<i>Indian</i> Tumuli; but upon a close inspection, -we plainly perceived that they had -been separated from the body of the bank by -the ices in the spring; and they had probably -assumed a circular form owing to the -washing of the great floods which follow -the breaking up of the rivers, and melting -of the snows, at that season of the year.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/img-211.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="501" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Interior of a Wigwam of the Cree Indians<br /><span class="small">London Published by J. Mawman 16.<sup>th</sup> May 1817</span></i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_211">211</div> -<p>About 5 <span class="small">P.M.</span> we reached a place called -<i>Poplar-fall</i>; and observing an <i>Indian</i> wigwam -on the north bank, we crossed the -river, and encamped within pistol-shot of it. -We had pitched our tent within the wood; -and from it we could discern the river, at -intervals, through the openings of the trees. -Although we were but a short distance -from the <i>Indian</i> wigwam, yet the wood -was so intricate, that we found it difficult -to find our way thither. We, however, -paid the natives a visit, and sat familiarly -down in the wigwam. It contained -one old and two young men, one old and -one young woman, and five or six children -of both sexes, besides two infants. The -wigwam was a circular tent, constructed -with three or four poles, lashed together at -the top, and covered over with an inferior -kind of leather, made of tanned deer-skins. -In the midst of the tent was a blazing fire; -and in the smoke above, a quantity of deer’s -<span class="pb" id="Page_212">212</span> -flesh was suspended, after the manner of -bacon in <i>England</i>. On the outside of the -hut, there were several stages, on which -their strips of venison were exposed in the -sun to dry, for the winter’s consumption. -After sitting a short time with the natives, -and inquiring at what part of the river the -rein-deer were crossing, we were at length -about to depart, when the old <i>Indian</i> presented -Captain <i>Stopford</i> with eight deers’ -legs, which, when roasted, are considered -a great delicacy, on account of the rich -marrow they contain. The young woman -then gave another of our party a deer’s -heart and tongue; and the old squaw, whose -aspect was sufficient to give any man a dis-relish -to the whole sex, kindly tossed into my -lap a head and a brisket. Laden with these -presents, we returned to our tents, and -dined heartily off a tongue and heart, <i>ponasked</i>. -But our kind <i>Indian</i> neighbours -had not been so exceedingly munificent -<span class="pb" id="Page_213">213</span> -without entertaining strong expectations of -an adequate remuneration: accordingly, the -visit was soon returned by the whole horde; -and the old <i>Indian</i> brought a kettle in his -hand, which was intended as a <i>gentle hint</i> -that he wished for a liquid equivalent. We -therefore gave him about a quart of rum, -mixed with three quarts of water, and a -trifling supply of tobacco. Extraordinary -as it may appear, this small donation was -amply sufficient to intoxicate every member -of the wigwam; and their voices resounded, -in song, through the woods, for many hours -after we had retired to rest.</p> -<p>Very shortly after the first dawn of day, -we were awakened by the old <i>Indian</i>: he -came to inform us, that several herd of deer -had already crossed the river, and that it was -high time we should repair to our stations, -to intercept any more which might attempt -to follow; as it is an ascertained fact, that -<span class="pb" id="Page_214">214</span> -these animals, during their periodical journeys, -are accustomed to follow each other’s -footsteps.</p> -<p>According to the old <i>Indian</i>’s advice, we -proceeded about two miles farther up the -river, until we reached a place called -<i>Twenty-mile Island</i>; so named from its -distance from <i>York Factory</i>. Still pursuing -the directions of the friendly <i>Indian</i>, we -hauled our canoe close to the beach, on the -north side of the river; as, at this season of -the year, the rein-deer, in pursuance of -their northern journey, cross all the rivers -from the southward. The <i>Indian</i> proceeded -with his canoe higher up the stream, -and took his post opposite to the spot -from whence he had seen the before-mentioned -herds crossing in the morning: -he then concealed himself in the high -grass, by the side of his canoe; and we -also followed his example. After lying -<span class="pb" id="Page_215">215</span> -thus in ambush for a short time, a small -herd, consisting of five deer and a fawn, -appeared on the south bank of the river, -exactly opposite the old <i>Indian</i>’s canoe. -The timid and wary animals stood for some -time on the bank of the river, casting an -inquisitive glance across the water. We all -crouched closer than before, in the grass; -and we had soon the satisfaction to see the -whole herd leap boldly from the shore. -The <i>Indian</i> above us immediately pushed -across the stream with his canoe, to intercept -the retreat of the deer; and this he -was enabled to do unobserved, as he was -also a considerable distance above the deer; -and the animals neither looked to the right -nor to the left, but kept their eyes anxiously -fixed on the shore which they were endeavouring -to reach. As our lurking-place -was about half a mile lower down than the -place from whence the deer had taken to -the water, and the rapid current of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_216">216</span> -river naturally drifted them downwards, -they would have attempted to land -close to us, had not a shoal in the river -arrested their progress, upon which they -mounted; and by their superior height they -immediately discovered us. The deer now -stood hesitating what they should do; -and so in fact did we: but our <i>Indian</i> co-adjutor -having by this time succeeded in -gaining the opposite shore, called loudly on -us to rise and advance. As soon as we -sprang from the grass, the affrighted herd -replunged into the river, and attempted to -gain the shore which they had quitted; but -we pursued them across the stream with -such activity, that only one effected its -landing, and the remaining four again turned -their heads to gain the northern bank. From -this moment their deaths were considered -inevitable, as the chief skill then lay in continually -turning the weary animals from -the shore, which we were easily enabled to -<span class="pb" id="Page_217">217</span> -do, by the superior speed of our canoe. The -<i>Indian</i>, meanwhile, followed close behind a -large buck, until it approached the bank; -when he deliberately speared it in the -haunch; and as it emerged from the water, -he fired a bullet into its body: yet the -animal ran with speed into the wood, and -we all naturally concluded it must have -escaped;—but the skilful hunter smiled at -the idea: “No, no,” said he; “I have it -safe:—now for another;” on which, he -wheeled about his canoe, and instantly -speared to death an amazing fine doe. My -gun being loaded with goose-shot only, I -discharged it into the rump of the surviving -doe, which bled profusely; I also again -fired, and struck it on the nose, when my -ramrod unfortunately fell overboard: however, -we still kept turning the animal from -the shore; and having now no weapon in -the canoe wherewith we could kill it, I was -obliged to halloo for the <i>Indian</i> to bring us a -<span class="pb" id="Page_218">218</span> -spear; accordingly, he paddled towards the -deer with all his might, and, on reaching our -canoe, tossed me the spear. Following the -native’s example, I made a deep thrust into -its haunch, which soon put an end to its -existence; and putting a cord over its head, -we towed it on shore in triumph.</p> -<p>As the <i>Indian</i> had predicted, he soon -found the carcase of the wounded buck, -lying about ten yards within the wood. -Thus we succeeded in obtaining <i>three</i> out -of the original <i>five</i>: and with respect to the -other two; one, as above-mentioned, made -good its escape in the first instance; and the -fawn also landed, whilst we were engaged -with the doe.</p> -<p>I have been more particular in relating -this expedition, because it will serve as a specimen -of the general manner in which the -<i>Indians</i> procure their supplies of venison -<span class="pb" id="Page_219">219</span> -and deer-skins. There have been instances -of taking the rein-deer alive, by throwing -a rope about the antlers; but this can only -be attempted by a boat, as the sudden -plunges of the animal, when thus entangled, -is very likely to upset a slight bark canoe.</p> -<p>From the continual crossings that we had -made athwart the stream, whilst in pursuit -of the deer, the current had drifted us down -about two miles below our encampment, -which we did not regain until towards -evening; and our <i>Indian</i> neighbour soon -paid us a visit, to talk over the day’s sport. -Having received another present of <i>Scutee -Wapper</i><a class="fn" id="fr_36" href="#fn_36">[36]</a> (rum) and tobacco, he wished us a -good-night; and their songs shortly afterwards -began to swell on the air; giving to -us a sure indication of the liquor having -had its due effect on their senses.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_220">220</div> -<p>To conclude my account of the rein-deer -of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, I must observe, that they -are evidently the same species with those of -<i>Lapland</i>; although the <i>Indians</i> have never -attempted to render them in any way useful -for domestic purposes: but Lord <i>Selkirk</i>, -with his usual perseverance, has procured -people from <i>Sweden</i> to train the rein-deer -in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>; although they have not -yet been a sufficient time in the country -to ascertain the practicability of such a -scheme<a class="fn" id="fr_37" href="#fn_37">[37]</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_221">221</div> -<p>If the <i>Indians</i> be so fortunate, during -their hunting journeys, as to kill a rein-deer -in the woods, they eat of it until they literally -cannot cram another mouthful. When -their meal is finished, they erect a high -stage, on which they lay the remainder of -the carcase, so as to secure it from the wild -beasts; and then cover it with branches of -trees, to defend it against the birds of prey. -All this trouble is taken, that the food -which they are compelled by necessity to -<span class="pb" id="Page_222">222</span> -leave behind them may be of service to -some wandering tribe of hunters like themselves, -who may not have been so fortunate -as to have met with any deer in their -journey.</p> -<p>When, therefore, in traversing the immense -plains or forests of the interior, a -half-famished <i>Indian</i> descries at a distance -one of those charitable stages erected on -high for his relief, he hails the cheering -sight with the same feelings of delight that -is experienced by a tempest-tost and bewildered -sailor, when he descries, through -the dark clouds of a stormy night, the -cheering fire-beacon which denotes the -situation of a sheltering port. Whenever -an <i>Indian</i> has satisfied his hunger at one of -the stages in question, he marks the supporting -poles with the character peculiar to -his tribe; so that those to whom he is indebted -for relief may perceive, on their -<span class="pb" id="Page_223">223</span> -return, whether their friends have benefitted -by their humane intentions. And it is a -singular point of honour amongst them, -that if, by the characters before mentioned, -they should discover that the stage -had been erected by an hostile tribe, they -will rather suffer the severest pangs of -hunger than be obliged to their enemy for -relief.</p> -<p>Upon our return to the factory from the -deer-hunt, we found much anxiety prevailing -respecting the safety of a small schooner, -which had sailed hence, on our arrival, -to bring the furs from <i>Churchill River</i>, and -had not yet returned. There was the more -foundation for such apprehensions, as it -blew a heavy gale on the day after her departure, -and she must consequently have been -overtaken by it before she could have possibly -reached her destined port. However, -it was determined to wait her return until -<span class="pb" id="Page_224">224</span> -the 28th of <i>September</i>, when prudence dictated -our departure, to avoid the risk of a -detention for the whole winter. In the -mean time, we occupied our time in procuring -a stock of fresh provisions against -the day of sailing. Accordingly, a party of -<i>Indians</i> were despatched in pursuit of game; -and in a few days they returned with -eleven hundred wild geese, which they had -shot in the marshes to the southward of -<i>York</i>; and several other parties of the natives -poured in a copious supply of venison -and wild duck.</p> -<p>Nor were we idle ourselves, as we constantly -drew the <i>seine</i> in the mouth of the -river; but the supplies of fish thus obtained -were exceedingly trifling. Of those we -caught, the principal part consisted of -mullet, and <i>tittameg</i>, a small delicate fish -peculiar to the rivers of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_225">225</div> -<p>Before I quit entirely this almost unknown -country, I shall insert an extract -from an author whose observations will -serve materially to illustrate my own<a class="fn" id="fr_38" href="#fn_38">[38]</a>.</p> -<p>“The animals of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> are, the -moose-deer, stags, rein-deer, bears, wolves, -foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, -squirrels, ermines, wild-cats, and hares; -of the feathered kind, geese, bustards, -ducks, partridges, and all manner of wild -fowl: of fish, whales, morses, seals, cod, -sea-horses, and sea-unicorns: and in the -rivers and fresh waters, pike, perch, -carp, and trout. There have been taken -in one season, at <i>Nelson River</i>, 90,000 -partridges, as large as hens; and 25,000 -hares. Every thing changes white in -winter; even <i>European</i> animals after being -a short time in the country.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_226">226</div> -<p>“The inhabitants shew great ingenuity -in kindling a fire, in clothing themselves, -and in preserving their eyes: in other -respects, they are very savage<a class="fn" id="fr_39" href="#fn_39">[39]</a>. In their -shapes and faces they do not resemble -the <i>Indians</i>, who live to the south: they -are more like the <i>Laplanders</i> and <i>Samoeids</i> -of <i>Europe</i>, from whom they are probably -descended. Those on the sea-coast are -dexterous in managing their kiacks or -boats<a class="fn" id="fr_40" href="#fn_40">[40]</a>. The other <i>Americans</i> seem to be -of a <i>Tartar</i> original.</p> -<p>“In 1670, a Charter was granted to a -Company, which does not consist of more -than nine or ten persons, for the exclusive -<span class="pb" id="Page_227">227</span> -trade to this Bay; and they have acted -under it ever since, with great benefit to -themselves. The fur and peltry trade -might be carried on to a much greater -extent, were it not entirely in the hands -of this exclusive Company; whose interested, -not to say inquisitive spirit, has -been the subject of long and just complaint. -The Company employ four ships, -and 130 seamen<a class="fn" id="fr_41" href="#fn_41">[41]</a>.</p> -<p>“The <i>French</i> destroyed the forts in 1782, -valued at 500,000<i>l.</i> The Company export -commodities to the amount of 16,000<i>l.</i> -and bring home returns to the value of -29,340<i>l.</i> which yield to the revenue 3,734<i>l.</i> -This includes the fishing in <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>.</p> -<p>“This commerce, small as it is, affords -great profits to the Company, and is -<span class="pb" id="Page_228">228</span> -advantageous to <i>Great Britain</i> in general; -for the commodities we exchange with -the <i>Indians</i>, for their skins and furs, are -all manufactured in <i>Great Britain</i>; and -as the <i>Indians</i> are not very nice in their -choice, those things are sent of which we -have the greatest plenty, and which, in -the mercantile phrase, are <i>drugs</i> with -us.——Though the workmanship, too, -happens to be, in many respects, so deficient, -that no civilized people would -take it off our hands, it may nevertheless -be admired by the <i>Indians</i>. On the other -hand, the skins and furs we bring from -<i>Hudson’s Bay</i> enter largely into our manufactures, -and afford us materials for a -lucrative trade with many nations of -<i>Europe</i>. These circumstances tend to -prove incontestably the immense benefit -that would redound to <i>Great Britain</i> by -throwing open the trade to <i>Hudson’s -Bay</i>; since, even in its present restrained -<span class="pb" id="Page_229">229</span> -state, it is so advantageous. The exclusive -Company, it is probable, do not find -commerce so advantageous now as it was -before we got possession of <i>Canada</i>. The -only attempt made to trade with <i>Labrador</i> -has been directed towards the fishery.</p> -<p>“From the journeys of <i>M<sup>c</sup>Kenzie</i> and -<i>Hearne</i>, a complete confirmation has -arisen, that there can be no northern -communication between the <i>Atlantic</i> and -<i>Pacific Oceans</i>, except at so high a latitude -that it must be impeded by perpetual -ice.</p> -<p>“The mouth of the <i>Copper-mine River</i>, -as ascertained by Mr. <i>Hearne</i>, lies in latitude -72° <span class="small">N.</span>; longitude, 119° <span class="small">W.</span> of <i>Greenwich</i>.”</p> -<p>Since the <i>British</i> have had possession of -<i>Canada</i>, a strong competition has arisen -<span class="pb" id="Page_230">230</span> -between the people of that country and -the <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> traders. It is therefore -doubtful whether the opening of a free -trade into <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> would be productive -of those very advantageous results -which Mr. <i>Pinkerton</i> has supposed: the -indefatigable <i>Canadians</i> have contrived to -carry their mercantile expeditions into -almost every part of the <span class="small">N. W.</span> continent -of <i>America</i>; and it can be of little -political consequence to the mother country, -whether the peltry trade is made to -pass through <i>Canada</i> or <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>; -except, indeed, that the opening of a free -intercourse with the Bay might operate -as a stimulus upon the <i>Esquimaux</i>, to animate -their exertions in the seal and whale -fisheries; as they would be then certain of -finding an adequate market for their oil, -whalebone, and seal-skins.</p> -<p>That nothing serves so effectually to -<span class="pb" id="Page_231">231</span> -deaden the spirit of mercantile application -as an unjust monopoly, is evident, from an -old record of the year 1742; which runs -thus:—</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“When the <i>Indians</i> came to the factory -in <i>June</i> 1742, they could get but a pound -of gunpowder for four beaver skins, a -pound of shot for one beaver, an ell of -coarse cloth for fifteen, a blanket for -twelve, two fish-hooks or three flints for -one, a gun for twenty-five skins, a pistol -for ten, a hat with a white lace for seven, -an axe for four, a hedging-bill for one, a -gallon of brandy for four, a checked shirt -for seven; all which was sold at the -monstrous profit of 2000 per cent. Notwithstanding -which discouragement, the -<i>Indians</i> brought down to <i>Port Nelson</i> -that season 50,000 beaver skins, and 9000 -martens; these beaver skins being worth -five or six shillings a pound; whereas -<span class="pb" id="Page_232">232</span> -those which the <i>English</i> purchase at <i>New -York</i> are not worth more than three shillings -and sixpence a pound.</p> -<p>“Besides these skins, the <i>Indians</i>, during -the same year (1742), brought to the factory, -at <i>Churchill</i>, 20,000 beaver skins.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>If the <i>Indians</i> were industrious at a -season when their labour was so miserably -repaid, they would consequently become, -at this moment, much more diligent; -because, owing to the competition -before noticed, they are certain of meeting -with something like an adequate return for -their commodities.</p> -<p>To this increased activity of the natives -is probably owing the late very visible diminution -in the staple article of their commerce, -the beaver skins; as it is evident -that those animals are becoming much more -<span class="pb" id="Page_233">233</span> -scarce, in consequence of the perseverance -with which their haunts are sought out and -invaded.</p> -<p>The 28th of <i>September</i> having at length -arrived, and the mercury in <i>Fahrenheit</i>’s -thermometer having sunk to 20°, we gave -up all hopes of the schooner returning from -<i>Churchill</i>; and came to the melancholy conclusion, -that she must have perished on -her voyage. We therefore weighed anchor -from <i>York River</i>, and steered our course -towards the north, with an intention of -touching, if possible, at the former place, -to seek information of the schooner, and -to get the furs from that factory; but a -brisk gale springing up from the <span class="small">N. W.</span> -which was immediately against us, we gave -up our design of visiting <i>Churchill</i>, and bore -away for <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>. From henceforward -we had one continued gale in our -favour, until we reached the <i>Orkneys</i>, after -<span class="pb" id="Page_234">234</span> -an unparalleled quick voyage of nineteen -days. In passing through <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>, -we could perceive none of the drift-ice or -<i>Esquimaux</i>, which were so plentiful in our -voyage outwards: the former had been -carried away to the ocean, by the prevalence -of the southerly currents; and the -latter had most probably retired to their -winter habitations.</p> -<p>We saw, however, many <i>icebergs</i> of -enormous magnitude in the <i>Straits</i>; but, -after leaving <i>Cape Resolution</i>, we reached -the <i>Orkneys</i> without noticing any more of -those dangerous islands<a class="fn" id="fr_42" href="#fn_42">[42]</a>.</p> -<p>We remained at the <i>Orkneys</i> nineteen -days before the other <i>Hudson’s-Bay</i> ship -arrived from thence; but she had experienced -<span class="pb" id="Page_235">235</span> -much bad weather, and made a -much longer passage than ourselves.</p> -<p>A few straggling remarks, made during -our stay at the <i>Orkneys</i>, will conclude this -Journal.</p> -<p>Entering <i>Stromness Harbour</i>, by the -<i>Hoy Passage</i>, the view on either hand is -extremely awful and sublime. <i>Hoy Head</i> -is a tremendous height; and it appears -doubly so from a ship sailing near to it, as -the western side of this craggy mountain -is nearly perpendicular; so much so, indeed, -that it obtained the appellation of -<i>Hoy Walls</i>. At a particular part of this -awful cliff, an immense rent has torn a -large fragment from the wall; and this -huge disjointed mass is now washed, on -all sides, by the most terrific breakers. It -stands however erect, repelling all their -<span class="pb" id="Page_236">236</span> -shocks; and it has assumed so completely -the human form, as to be styled the <i>Old -Man of Hoy</i>. This gigantic figure may be -about five hundred feet high.</p> -<p>If the lowness of the eastern shore gives -it a less grand appearance, yet the ledges -of sunken rocks, on which many a gallant -vessel has perished, together with the horrid -breakers roaring mountain high above -them, do not fail to inspire a spectator -with equal awe and terror.</p> -<p>The Cathedral of <i>St. Magnus</i>, at <i>Kirkwall</i>, -is built of a reddish kind of stone, -in the shape of a cross; and it looks, at a -short distance, much like a brick edifice. -It is of very large dimensions; and appears -to a stranger in a more imposing light, -because it is erected on an eminence. The -square tower issuing from the top of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_237">237</span> -cathedral, in the centre of the cross, was -formerly surmounted by a magnificent spire; -but being shattered some few years ago, by -lightning, a mean brick substitute has -since been erected. There is an amazing -number of windows; many of which have -been lately broken; and there are two -in the shape of a rose, exceedingly antique -and beautiful.</p> -<p>The doors of this structure are low and -arched, surrounded by a curious embroidery -of the same red stone as the rest -of the building. On entering the main -portal, the space not allotted to public -worship, the roof is supported by a double -row of enormous columns, eight on each -side: they are very simple and plain, composed -of square stones laid over each -other horizontally, and the shafts of the -pillars are of the same diameter from their -capitals to their bases. Owing to the -<span class="pb" id="Page_238">238</span> -moisture of the place, a green mould has -covered them, and given to the interior a -most venerable aspect.</p> -<p>Passing up the centre of the isle between -these aged pillars, we arrive at the centre -of the cross, where four immense fluted -columns support the spire, bells, and clock. -A boarded partition then runs across the -church; and a scrap of Scripture painted -over a door marks out the place of modern -worship. The interior of this part is neat, -and ornamented with some fine specimens -of carved oak, about two hundred years -old. Over many of the seats are antique -escutcheons of the former Earls of <i>Orkney</i>. -The one appertaining to Earl Patrick -Stuart, last Earl of <i>Orkney</i>, (who was -beheaded,) was quartered with lions and -ships, and inscribed thus:</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t">E <span class="hst">SIC · FVIT · EST · ET · ERIT</span></p> -<p class="t3">=</p> -<p class="t0">P : S</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_239">239</div> -<p>We had the curiosity to go up to the belfry, -by spiral staircases between the outer and -inner walls of the cathedral. The number -and intricacy of these dark passages was -really astonishing; and the darkness of the -place inspiring gloomy ideas, we fancied -that it was in such dismal recesses that the -bigotted monks used formerly to immure -their victims. There is one fine bell, and -two inferior ones, in the church, and a -noble clock by a <i>Scotch</i> mechanist. From -the belfry, a small door opens upon a rough ledge -about two feet wide: the view from -this dizzy height was extremely fine, as -the town of <i>Kirkwall</i>, the adjacent islands, -and numerous lochs, appear to lie in a -panoramic view beneath the feet: but -we were truly glad to re-enter the belfry, -as the want of security on the ledge quite -destroyed the pleasure arising from so fine -a prospect.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_240">240</div> -<p>On leaving the Cathedral of <i>St. Magnus</i>, -we stepped aside, between the enormous circular -columns before mentioned, to observe -the only sepulchral arch of any antique appearance -in the place. There was a shield -sculptured at the apex, bearing three <i>hearts</i> -as a device; from which we conjectured that -it must have received the ashes of a <i>Douglas</i>—the -<i>heart</i> having been the device of -this family ever since the heart of the far-famed -<i>Bruce</i> was conveyed, by that king’s -desire, to the <i>Holy Land</i>, by an Earl -<i>Douglas</i><a class="fn" id="fr_43" href="#fn_43">[43]</a>.</p> -<p>This noble cathedral is said to have been -built in the year 1200, and is in an excellent -state of preservation.</p> -<p>On the right of <i>St. Magnus</i> stand the -ruins of the palaces formerly inhabited by -<span class="pb" id="Page_241">241</span> -the Earls and Bishops of <i>Orkney</i>. The -cathedral and palace are within a stone’s -throw of each other; but the latter stands -on each side of a space which appears to -have been the former court-yard of the -building. The entrance to this court-yard is -by a low arched gateway. The palace of -the Earls is in better preservation than the -cathedral; and it is to be regretted, that the -dilapidations to which it is exposed are -suffered to take place.</p> -<p>The corners of the Earl’s palace are -laden with immense turrets, which give -the building a very heavy appearance. -The main portal is a massy low doorway; -and the ascent to the great hall -is by a fine broad flight of stone steps. -Within the hall are two arched fire-places, -each sufficiently capacious to roast -a whole ox at a time. One of the fire-places -is formed beneath an arch constructed in -<span class="pb" id="Page_242">242</span> -the usual way; but the other is considered -as a curiosity in architecture: it is a plane -arch, supported by the transverse joining -of the stones without the aid of cement. -The windows of the hall are high and arched, -but without either frame-work or glass.</p> -<p>The Bishop’s palace is now nearly destroyed; -and, from the unceasing attacks -made upon it, will soon be entirely so.</p> -<p>It is difficult to ascertain the original shape -of this venerable structure; there being but -two walls now remaining. At the end of one -of these walls is a circular tower, of great -strength and solidity, which, probably, was -intended for the defence of the palace. Although -the Earl and the Bishop had their -residences so near to each other, yet the temporal -and ecclesiastical Chiefs were ever at -variance, and their quarrels and intrigues occupy -a large portion of the <i>Orkney</i> history.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_243">243</div> -<p>The town of <i>Kirkwall</i> consists of one -long narrow street, which, from its proximity -to the sea, and its central situation, -was chosen to be the metropolis of the -<i>Orkneys</i> many years ago: it is now a royal -burgh, and it sends one member to Parliament. -The street is generally damp and -muddy, and there are very few good-looking -houses in it. The house of a gentleman -of the name of <i>Baikie</i> has five or six -trees growing before it; and these are, I -believe, almost the only trees in <i>Orkney</i>; -although it be proved, from the number of -roots dug up occasionally, that the <i>Orkneys</i>, -in former times, were by no means destitute -of wood<a class="fn" id="fr_44" href="#fn_44">[44]</a>.</p> -<p>The town is badly lighted; but, in this -respect, it is superior to <i>Stromness</i>; which -<span class="pb" id="Page_244">244</span> -place cannot boast of a single lamp. -When we mentioned this inconvenience, -during a conversation with one of the -magistrates, he most ingeniously parried -the attack, by asserting that the inhabitants -were all so sober and good, that they -never quitted their houses after dark; consequently -the lighting of the town would -be attended with <i>unnecessary</i> expense and -trouble.</p> -<p>The people of <i>Kirkwall</i> boast much of -the <i>Ayr</i>, a public promenade belonging to -the town. The <i>Ayr</i> is a natural embankment, -projecting like a pier into the sea, -and it is washed on both sides by the water. -In summer time, the <i>Ayr</i> must prove a -very refreshing walk, and an agreeable -escape from the filthy street of <i>Kirkwall</i>.</p> -<p>With regard to the people of <i>Orkney</i>, it -will be only necessary to add, that a most -<span class="pb" id="Page_245">245</span> -unbounded hospitality is their leading characteristic; -and perhaps an eager curiosity -is also an equally prominent trait. When -a stranger enters the town of <i>Kirkwall</i>, the -intelligence of his arrival flies with the rapidity -of wild-fire: the old women, with -their knitting apparatus in their hands, -stand staring at the doors; and they hardly -suffer him to pass, before his ears are -assailed by a general inquiry of “<i>D’ye ken -wha that chiel is?</i>” This exclamation is -repeated by a dozen voices at once, at every -door he passes in his route; and he will -perhaps feel uneasy in thus becoming an -object of scrutiny to the whole population.</p> -<p>The people of <i>Orkney</i> are naturally -grave and sober, with much outward appearance -of devotion; yet, at the annual -fair which is held at <i>Kirkwall</i>, they suddenly -relax into the most unbridled licentiousness: -neither are they in general to be -<span class="pb" id="Page_246">246</span> -admired for the honour or liberality of -their dealings, as they delight in making -what is called a “<i>gude bargain</i>;” and -they feel no hesitation in overcharging a -stranger, to accomplish this desirable end.</p> -<p>I shall here conclude this Narrative; -merely adding, that the <i>Rosamond</i> and her -convoy again sailed from the <i>Orkneys</i> on the -7th of <i>November</i>, and arrived safe at the <i>Nore</i> -on the 17th of the same month; when an -inspection having been made of the <i>Rosamond</i>’s -defects, she was reported to be -totally unfit for sea, in consequence of the -damage she had sustained amongst the ice -of <i>Hudson’s Straits</i>; and she was accordingly -put out of commission, and immediately -advertised to be sold out of His -Majesty’s service.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_247">247</div> -<h2 id="c3">Appendix (A). -<br /><span class="small">STATEMENT <i>of the</i> VARIATION <i>of the</i> COMPASS,</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">WEST FROM LONDON.</span></h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">From the Latitude of </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">59° </td><td class="l">00 N. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">From the Longitude of </td><td class="r">3° to 6° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">28° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">6° ... 12° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">31° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">12° ... 16° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">32° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">16° ... 18° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">34° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">18° ... 22° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">36° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">22° ... 26° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">38° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">26° ... 30° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">40° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">30° ... 34° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">42° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">34° ... 39° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">44° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">39° ... 42° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">45° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">42° ... 60° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">45° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">60° ... 63° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">47° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">63° ... 78° </td><td class="l">into Lat. </td><td class="l">63° N. </td><td class="r">48° & </td><td class="l">49° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">78° ... 81° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 40′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">48° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">81° 45′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 38′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">46° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">82° — ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 36′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">44° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">82° 15′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 34′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">42° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">82° 00′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 32′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">40° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">82° 45′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 30′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">38° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">83° — ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 25′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">36° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">83° 30′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">62° 00′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">33° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">85° 00′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">61° 30′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">28° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">87° 00′ ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">60° 45′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">22° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">89° — ... — </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">59° 45′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">19° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">91° — ... 92° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">59° 00′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">11° </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r">92° — ... 95° </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">59° 00′ </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">5° </td><td></td></tr> -</table> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Lat. of <i>Hoy Head</i> </td><td class="r">58° </td><td class="r">58′ N. </td><td class="r">Long. 3° </td><td class="r">30′ W.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">—— of <i>York Factory</i> </td><td class="r">57° </td><td class="r">2′ N. </td><td class="r">—— 92° </td><td class="r">40′ W.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">—— of <i>Cape Churchill</i> </td><td class="r">58° </td><td class="r">50′ N. </td><td class="r">—— 93° </td><td class="r">4′ W.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">—— Where the Ships lay at <i>York</i> </td><td class="r">57° </td><td class="r">8′ N. </td><td class="r">—— 92° </td><td class="r">30′ W.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_248">248</div> -<h2 id="c4">Appendix (B). -<br /><span class="small">TABLE <i>of the</i> VOYAGES <i>of the</i> COMPANY’S SHIPS <i>to</i> HUDSON’S BAY, <i>since the Year 1773</i>.</span></h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Date. </th><th>Arrived abreast of <i>Charles</i>. </th><th>Arrived abreast of <i>Cape Diggs</i>. </th><th>Arrived abreast of <i>Mansfield Isle</i>. </th><th>Whither bound. </th><th>Arrived at <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1773 </td><td class="c">Did not see it </td><td class="c">Aug. 12 </td><td class="c">Did not see it </td><td class="l">CR </td><td class="c">Aug. 20 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1774 </td><td class="c">Aug. 6 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">Aug. 9 </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Sept. 5 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1779 </td><td class="c">Aug. 22 </td><td class="c">Aug. 24 </td><td class="c">Aug. 25 </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Sept. 3 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1780 </td><td class="c">Aug. 21 </td><td class="c">Aug. 25 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Sept. 4 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1783 </td><td class="c">Sept. 2 </td><td class="c">Sept. 4 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Sept. 17 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1784 </td><td class="c">Aug. 21 </td><td class="c">Aug. 25 </td><td class="c">Aug. 26 </td><td class="l">YF </td><td class="c">Aug. 31 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1788 </td><td class="c">July 31 </td><td class="c">Aug. 1 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 15 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1789 </td><td class="c">Aug. 4 </td><td class="c">Aug. 7 </td><td class="c">Aug. 7 </td><td class="l">YF </td><td class="c">Aug. 16 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1791 </td><td class="c">Aug. 19 </td><td class="c">Aug. 21 </td><td class="c">Aug. 22 </td><td class="l">CR </td><td class="c">Aug. 31 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1793 </td><td class="c">July 29 </td><td class="c">Aug. 2 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">YF </td><td class="c">Aug. 11 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1794 </td><td class="c">Aug. 4 </td><td class="c">Aug. 6 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">CR </td><td class="c">Aug. 16 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1796 </td><td class="c">Aug. 1 </td><td class="c">Aug. 2 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 20 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1797 </td><td class="c">July 29 </td><td class="c">Aug. 4 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 28 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1798 </td><td class="c">Aug. 22 </td><td class="c">Aug. 26 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Sept. 5 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1799 </td><td class="c">Aug. 19 </td><td class="c">Aug. 21 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 30 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1800 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">Aug. 29 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">YF </td><td class="c">Sept. 6 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1801 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">Aug. 6 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">CR </td><td class="c">Aug. 16 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1802 </td><td class="c">Aug. 4 </td><td class="c">Aug. 9 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 11 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1803 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">Aug. 4 </td><td class="c">Aug. 5 </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 5 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1804 </td><td class="c">July 28 </td><td class="c">July 30 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 5 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1805 </td><td class="c">Aug. 9 </td><td class="c">Aug. 10 </td><td class="c">Aug. 11 </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 16 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1806 </td><td class="c">Aug. 1 </td><td class="c">Aug. 5 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 17 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1807 </td><td class="c">Aug. 22 </td><td class="c">Aug. 29 </td><td class="c">Aug. 31 </td><td class="l">YF </td><td class="c">Sept. 18 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1808 </td><td class="c">July 20 </td><td class="c">July 24 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 14 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1809 </td><td class="c">Aug. 16 </td><td class="c">Aug. 20 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 30 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1810 </td><td class="c">July 21 </td><td class="c">July 30 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Aug. 10 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1811 </td><td class="c">Sept 13 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">Sept. 16 </td><td class="l">MR </td><td class="c">Sept. 26 </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1812 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">CR </td><td class="c"> </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> 1813 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="c">Aug. 11 </td><td class="c">. . . </td><td class="l">CR </td><td class="c">Aug. 19 </td><td></td></tr> -</table> -<blockquote> -<p><i>Note.</i>—CR signifies <i>Churchill River</i>—MR <i>Mouse River</i>— -YF <i>York Factory</i>.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_249">249</div> -<h2 id="c5">Appendix (C). -<br /><span class="small">THERMOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS -<br /><span class="smaller">MADE AT</span> -<br /><span class="small">OXFORD HOUSE, HUDSON’S BAY</span> -<br /><span class="smaller"><i>In the Year 1811</i> -<br />UPON THE SCALE OF <i>FAHRENHEIT</i>.</span> -<br /><span class="small">Shewing the <i>Extreme Heat</i> and <i>Extreme Cold</i> of each Month.</span></span></h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">JANUARY.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="r"><span class="small">State of the Atmosphere.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At Noon on the 20th, 38 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Rainy.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 12th, 51 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">FEBRUARY.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> on the 24th, 39 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Cloudy.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 20th, 35 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">MARCH.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> on the 17th, 44 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Overcast, Rain.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 5th, 31 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">APRIL.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> on the 14th, 57 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Overcast.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 3d, 22 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">MAY.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> on the 30th, 65 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Cloudy.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 5 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 10th, 15 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">JUNE.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 4. <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 22d, 85 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Thick fog.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 5 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 1st, 32 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Showers.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">JULY.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 5 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 18th, 85 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 5 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 29th, 35 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Cloudy.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">AUGUST.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> on the 17th, 80 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 5 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 26th, 37 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">SEPTEMBER.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 5 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 6th, 78 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 30th, 18 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">OCTOBER.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 4th, 45 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 21st, 11 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">NOVEMBER.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 2d, 37 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Rather overcast.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 18th, 26 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Overcast.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">DECEMBER.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Heat.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 8 <span class="small">P.M.</span> on the 6th, 22 degrees above 0 </td><td class="l">Clear.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Extreme Cold.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">At 6 <span class="small">A.M.</span> on the 23d, 31 degrees below 0 </td><td class="l">Cloudy.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_252">252</div> -<h2 id="c6">Appendix (D.) -<br /><span class="small">ABSTRACT <i>of the</i> RECKONING <i>of the</i> VOYAGE <i>of His</i> MAJESTY’S SHIP ROSAMOND, <i>from</i> HUDSON’S STRAITS <i>to the</i> ORKNEYS.</span></h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Date. </th><th>Course corrected. </th><th>Distance run. </th><th>Latitude by Observation. </th><th>Latitude by Account. </th><th>Longitude by Account. </th><th>REMARKS. </th><th></th></tr> -<tr><td class="r"><i>Oct.</i> 6. </td><td colspan="6" class="l">At 6 P.M. we took our departure from <i>Cape Resolution</i>, bearing North by Compass, distant 15 miles. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">7. </td><td class="c">S. E. by E. ¼ E. </td><td class="c">62 miles </td><td class="c">No observation </td><td class="c">60°.46′N. </td><td class="c">62°.50′W. </td><td class="l">A very thick misty day, with a tumbling sea. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">8. </td><td class="c">S. E. by E. ¾ E. </td><td class="c">90 miles </td><td class="c">Sun obscured </td><td class="c">60. 7 </td><td class="c">59.48 </td><td class="l">In the morning the wind shifted to the N. N. E. and blew a heavy gale with a high sea.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">9. </td><td class="c">E. S. E. </td><td class="c">187 miles </td><td class="c">Sun obscured </td><td class="c">58.55 </td><td class="c">54.00 </td><td class="l">Scudding under a close-reefed main-topsail. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">10. </td><td class="c">E. by S. </td><td class="c">154 miles </td><td class="c">Sun obscured </td><td class="c">58.25 </td><td class="c">49. 6 </td><td class="l">The wind varying continually, accompanied by heavy hail showers.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">11. </td><td class="c">E. by S. </td><td class="c">187 miles </td><td class="c">Sun obscured </td><td class="c">57.54 </td><td class="c">43.20 </td><td class="l">A strong wind with a heavy sea. We consider ourselves this day nearly abreast of <i>Cape Farewell</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">12. </td><td class="c">E. ¼ S. </td><td class="c">200 miles </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="c">57°.46′N. </td><td class="c">57. 2 </td><td class="l">A very heavy gale from the North. Scudding under the goose wings of the foresail.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">13. </td><td class="c">E. ½ N. </td><td class="c">229 miles </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="c">58. 5 </td><td class="c">29.52 </td><td class="l">A tremendous high sea running. Scudding under a main-topsail.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">14. </td><td class="c">E. ½ N. </td><td class="c">203 miles </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="c">58.17 </td><td class="c">25.34 </td><td class="l">Scudding in very fierce squalls. <i>Prince of Wales</i> in company.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">15. </td><td class="c">N. 89° E. </td><td class="c">165 miles </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="c">58.23 </td><td class="c">18.24 </td><td class="l">A fine day. Wind in the N. W. quarter, much more moderate. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">16. </td><td class="c">East </td><td class="c">186 miles </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="c">58.23 </td><td class="c">12.24 </td><td class="l">Weather moderate, with a fine fair breeze. </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">17. </td><td class="c">E. ¼ N. </td><td class="c">152 miles </td><td class="c">Sun obscured </td><td class="c">58.32 </td><td class="c">7.38 </td><td class="l">On a calculation, we lost time, since leaving <i>Cape Resolution</i>, 3 hrs. 49 min.; for which loss we allow 28 miles. This correction makes the longitude 8°.31′ W.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">18. </td><td colspan="6" class="l">At day-light we saw the Butt of the <i>Lewis Islands</i>, having run 70 miles E. ¼ S. since yesterday at noon. Observed the Isles of <i>Barra</i> and <i>Rona</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">19. </td><td colspan="6" class="l">In the morning, made all sail; and at noon we anchored in <i>Stromness</i> Harbour, after the shortest passage from <i>York Fort</i> ever before known. The <i>Prince of Wales</i> accompanied us into the harbour.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_253">253</div> -<h2 id="c7">Appendix (E). -<br /><span class="small">LIST -<br /><span class="small">OF THE</span> -<br />DRESSES, &c. OF THE ESQUIMAUX INDIANS -<br /><span class="small">IN HUDSON’S STRAITS</span> -<br /><i>Brought by His Majesty’s Ship</i> <span class="sc">Rosamond</span> <i>in</i> 1814 -<br /><span class="small">AND -<br />Presented by LIEUTENANT CHAPPELL to the University Library at <i>Cambridge</i>.</span></span></h2> -<p class="rev">Dress of the Men, made of Seal-skins.</p> -<p class="rev">Dress of the Women, with a Hood and Tail, made of the Moose-Deer Skins.</p> -<p class="rev">Seal-skin Boots of the Men, water proof.</p> -<p class="rev">Boots of the Women.</p> -<p class="rev">Gloves of ditto.</p> -<p class="rev">Dress of an <i>Esquimaux</i> Child, made of the Skins of Sea Mice.</p> -<p class="rev">Pouch of Seal-skin.</p> -<p class="rev">Ditto of the Dog-fish, with the Fins remaining, as Ornaments.</p> -<p class="rev">Small Box made of Rushes, in which they carry their Trinkets.</p> -<p class="rev">A most curious Mask for defending the Eyes from the Snow, with a Place for the Ornaments of their Foreheads.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_254">254</div> -<p class="rev">Barb of a Harpoon, with Sculptured Images of Water-Fowls.</p> -<p class="rev">Instrument whereby they hurl their Darts, Arrows, and Harpoons.</p> -<p class="rev">Two of their Images; the one representing a <i>Man</i>, and the -other a <i>Woman</i>, in the <i>Esquimaux</i> Dress; shewing the -first dawning of sculpture, and their inability to represent -the human countenance, hands, or feet.</p> -<hr /> -<p class="rev">LIST <i>of Articles illustrating the Manners and Customs -of the Natives of the North-western Coast of</i> <span class="sc">America</span>; -<i>brought to</i> <span class="sc">Europe</span> <i>by Commodore</i> <span class="sc">Billings</span>.</p> -<p class="rev">Machines used in casting their Arrows; from the neighbourhood of <i>Cook’s River</i>.</p> -<p class="rev">Harpoons of Bone, with Ropes made of the Tendons of Animals.</p> -<p class="rev">Ditto of Fossil Ivory, with ditto.</p> -<p class="rev">Idols of Wood and Hair, brought to the Coast from the interior of the <i>North-American</i> Continent.</p> -<p class="rev">Bone Fish-hooks.</p> -<p class="rev">Pouches, worn by the Men for covering the Genitals, made of a Marine Plant.</p> -<p class="rev">Head-dresses of the Women, made of the Entrails of Fishes.</p> -<p class="rev">Dresses of Men and Women, made of Skins of Moose-Deer.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_255">255</div> -<p class="rev">Bracelets and Fishing-lines made of Fishes’ Entrails.</p> -<p class="rev">Thread for Sewing, manufactured of the same materials.</p> -<p class="rev">Needle-work of the Women, ditto.</p> -<p class="rev">Circular Rattle of the Enchanters or Sorcerers, made of the Beaks of Sea-Hawks.</p> -<p class="rev">Bonnet worn by the Men; adorned with long Spikes made of the Beard of the Sea-Lion.</p> -<p class="rev">Hatchet for making Canoes; the Handle being of wood, to which, by thongs, a piece of <i>Jade</i> is fastened.</p> -<p class="rev">Lancet for Bleeding, made of <i>Pitchstone</i>.</p> -<p class="rev">Idols made of the Sea-Mouse, adorned with Porcupine’s Quills.</p> -<p class="rev">Work-bags and Needle-cases, made of Fishes’ Entrails; the Needles, of Fishes’ Bones; &c. &c.; from <i>Prince William’s Sound</i>.</p> -<p class="rev">Small Boxes, and Pouches for carrying Trinkets, &c.</p> -<p class="rev">Fish-hooks, False Worms as Baits, Idols, Ornaments for Bonnets, &c.</p> -<p class="rev">Seal-skin Boots.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_256">256</div> -<h2 id="c8">Appendix (F). -<br />A VOCABULARY -<br />OF THE -<br />LANGUAGE -<br />OF THE -<br /><i>CREÉ or KNISTENEAUX<a class="fn" id="fr_45" href="#fn_45">[45]</a> INDIANS</i> -<br />INHABITING -<br />THE WESTERN SHORES OF HUDSON’S BAY -<br />Presented to the Author by a Trader who had resided Thirty Years in that Country.</h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Athis</i>, </td><td class="l">implies what is past, and could not be avoided.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>As-tum</i>, </td><td class="l">Come here.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>As-tum-et-tay</i>, </td><td class="l">On this side of any particular spot.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>As-kow-wee</i>, </td><td class="l">Rotten.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ap-pah-qua-soon</i>, </td><td class="l">Tent leather alone.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ap-pus-swy-uch</i>, </td><td class="l">Tent-poles.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-chakk</i>, </td><td class="l">The soul.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>As-tum-as-taik</i>, </td><td class="l">In the sunshine.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Awoos-us-pee</i>, </td><td class="l">Past such a time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Astum-us-pee</i>, </td><td class="l">Prior to such a time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>A-gues-spee</i>, </td><td class="l">At such a time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ath-tha-gusk-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Broad.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-to-we-thah</i>, </td><td class="l">It certainly was so.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-tues-cay</i>, </td><td class="l">To work, toil, labour, or attend as a servant.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-too-ska-thog-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">An attendant, or servant.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Asse-che</i>, </td><td class="l">Also, Besides.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-we-Assas-su-min</i>, </td><td class="l">You mean to deceive me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-tah-mah</i>, </td><td class="l">Very often repeated.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-we-Ath-the-mah-hittin</i>, </td><td class="l">I mean to be troublesome to you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>As-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Sometimes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Aquay-thakk</i>, or <i>Aqua-thoch</i>, </td><td class="l">The first time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Athee-mis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Ill-natured, Hard to please.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Assus-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">Earth, or mould.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Abby-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">Half.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Abby-tham-oo-tuch</i>, </td><td class="l">Middle of a canoe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>An-nis-coo-tah-pan</i>, </td><td class="l">A knot of any kind of line.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-tie</i>, </td><td class="l">Fur.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ah-spee-che</i>, </td><td class="l">In the meanwhile, whilst.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>An-nouch</i>, </td><td class="l">Just now.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Che-pai-tuck-guow</i>, </td><td class="l">Blue.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cow-ish-she-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">Go to bed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-we-Cow-ish-e-moon</i>, </td><td class="l">I want to go to bed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Rough.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Chim-mah-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">Short.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cat-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Conceal it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-gah-Cah-twah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I will conceal it from you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Co-ke-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Dive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cup-pah-she-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">To bathe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cap-pah-she-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">To boil meat.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Chick-ka-mah</i>, </td><td class="l">Yes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Che-powee</i>, </td><td class="l">Narrow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Copan-na-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">A common man,</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cooke-kay</i>, </td><td class="l">Always.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cock-ke-thoue</i>, </td><td class="l">All of them.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Che-che</i>, </td><td class="l">Finger.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Che-che-coom</i>, </td><td class="l">Wart.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Che-che-kin</i>, </td><td class="l">To scratch.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Chah-kiet-tin-now</i>, </td><td class="l">A hill, Rising ground.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cas-pow</i>, </td><td class="l">Brittle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Chup-pah-shish</i>, </td><td class="l">Below, Beneath.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cup-pow-a-thoue</i>, </td><td class="l">Leaving off paddling at the approach of winter.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Chim-mah-cah-pow-wis-in</i>, </td><td class="l">You are short.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Co-pah-chemoon</i>, </td><td class="l">You disappoint yourself.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cos-see-hah</i>, </td><td class="l">To wipe, To rub out.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cos-see-quan</i>, </td><td class="l">A towel.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Cos-sah-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">The implement used in rubbing out any thing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Che-man</i>, </td><td class="l">Name of a canoe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Check-a-gam</i>, </td><td class="l">Close to the shore.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Es-kah</i>, </td><td class="l">N.B. In recounting a dream, this word is much made use of.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ethin-artick</i>, </td><td class="l">A small kind of pine.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Es-skun</i>, </td><td class="l">Home.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ethe-e-coke</i>, </td><td class="l">Striving.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Eth-e-coke-queth-e-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">Strive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Eth-the-boak-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Wise, Sensible.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Numma-Ethe-boak-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Foolish, Not wise.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ethin-nut-took</i>, </td><td class="l">In reality.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ethin-nut-to</i>, </td><td class="l">Common, The most common kind of any thing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ethee-pin-nay</i>, </td><td class="l">Truly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Egah-waudge-no-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing almost imperceptible.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Egah-pittah</i>, </td><td class="l">Stop a little.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Esqua</i>, </td><td class="l">Presently.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Es-pee-hum-moak</i>, </td><td class="l">Flying high.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ethin-ne-woo</i>, </td><td class="l">Living, Still alive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>En-coo-se-queth-e-moon</i>, </td><td class="l">I think myself a conjurer, or godlike.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Espim-mick</i>, </td><td class="l">Above.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>E-sput-tin-now</i>, </td><td class="l">Steep; or rising ground.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Es-pum-me-seek</i>, </td><td class="l">A little above.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Es-qui-an-mek</i>, </td><td class="l">The end.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Guy-as-sues-stah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I will hide myself from you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Gay-tow-woo</i>, </td><td class="l">Reflection, To reflect.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Gay-tak-tin-e-thick</i>, </td><td class="l">The whole number.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Gay-te-un</i>, </td><td class="l">It happened to you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Gay-te-an</i>, </td><td class="l">It happened to me.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -<span class="pb" id="Page_259">259</span> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-tut</i>, </td><td class="l">You to him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-tat</i>, </td><td class="l">He to him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-tow-wut-oo-punny</i>, </td><td class="l">You said so to him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-tow-wat-oo-punny</i>, </td><td class="l">He said so.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-tack-oo-punny</i>, </td><td class="l">He said so of him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-tisk-oo-punny</i>, </td><td class="l">He said so of you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Guy-sus-takee</i>, </td><td class="l">At the same place.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Hay-wee</i>, </td><td class="l">A word of notice.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Hay-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Have you found it—inanimate.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Hay-waw</i>, </td><td class="l">Have you found it—animate.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>How-wee-gas-take</i>, </td><td class="l">Not exposed to the ray of the sun.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Hook-e-moow</i>, </td><td class="l">A Chief.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Hay-e-tus-see-chick</i>, </td><td class="l">As many as there are.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Huth-thee-wah-ka-kin</i>, </td><td class="l">A word of surprise.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>I-es-cue</i>, </td><td class="l">Tired.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>I-es-coo-tai-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Tired with walking.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>I-es-coos-se-man</i>, </td><td class="l">Tired with paddling.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Iam-me</i>, </td><td class="l">Talk, or Speak.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ith-e-cah-pah-low</i>, </td><td class="l">Run away, Not to be found.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kit-Ithe-cah-hittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I have eat or drunk without saving you any, or without asking you to partake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Is-see-boy-tayoo</i>, </td><td class="l">To set off by land.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kiska-tow-a-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">A high bank.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-shich</i>, </td><td class="l">The blue sky.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-shi-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Day.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-too</i>, </td><td class="l">Any noise made by an animate being</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-too-mah-gun</i>, or <i>Ke-too-mah-gusk</i>, </td><td class="l">Any noise made by an inanimate object.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-sway-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Talk loud.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Egah-Kis-sway-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Don’t talk loud.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-tuck-gah-much</i>, </td><td class="l">Main land.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kin-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Long.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-che</i>, </td><td class="l">Equal to you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-hitch-chu</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing grand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kin-no-koo-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">A long lake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-ki-ow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Deep water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kisshe-as-tun</i>, </td><td class="l">Fast sailing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kishee-puthen</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing moving fast.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kisshe-wahk</i>, </td><td class="l">Nigh at hand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kissas-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">Middling.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ka-ke-che-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">Insignificance.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-steth-e-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">Proud, Haughty, Opinionated.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Kuck-quay-che-met-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I ask you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kuck-quay-che-that-hit-took</i>, </td><td class="l">Strive to excel each other.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kuck-qua-che-pus-ke-that-hit-took</i>, </td><td class="l">To support a spirit of emulation.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Koos-coon</i>, </td><td class="l">To awaken.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Koos-coon-ne-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">Awaken me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kas-ses-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">The present opportunity.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-tin-natch</i>, </td><td class="l">Perhaps.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-pin</i>, </td><td class="l">When (future).</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-kah-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Plain to be seen.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-too-his-ca</i>, </td><td class="l">Calling like a goose.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-ke-toon</i>, </td><td class="l">You did speak.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-scut-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Cut it in two, (a stick or piece of wood.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-scut-ta-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">A stump, the remaining part of a tree cut down.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-hoo-tay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">To visit.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-hich-coo</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing escaping.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kith-the-pah</i>, </td><td class="l">Be quick, Make haste.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kit-tis-kin-now</i>, </td><td class="l">To let fall.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-mo-he-how</i>, </td><td class="l">You teaze it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-ket-te-mah-how</i>, </td><td class="l">You are cruel to him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Kit-te-mah-tin-na-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">I feel for him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kuth-ke-tai-wap-pit</i>, </td><td class="l">Black eyes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-kick</i>, </td><td class="l">Your house or cabin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-pin-nut-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">To earn, To come at, To purchase.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kut-che-wap-pum-mut</i>, <i>Go-pa-she-wug-geet</i>, </td><td class="l">That you should see it, was the reason we brought it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-thas-kah-che-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">To tell falsehood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-sha-wah-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Good-natured.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-wak-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Friendless.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-kah-mut-tin-now</i>, <i>Kis-kah-pis-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Steep hill.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-satch</i>, </td><td class="l">Immediately.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-satch-ut-tow-way-win</i>, </td><td class="l">Debt, or buying before you intend to pay.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kee-sin-ne-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">A dressed skin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kee-sin-nah</i>, </td><td class="l">Dress it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-sis-sah</i>, </td><td class="l">To warm. To make warm.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kee-sis-sah</i>, </td><td class="l">To cook, either by boiling or roasting.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ky-as-en-equn</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing old or worn out.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kusketh-etum-etah-goos</i>, </td><td class="l">A person talking impatiently.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ka-ke-che-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">Boasting, To boast.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-kas-sis-po-min</i>, </td><td class="l">You speak ironically.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Ka-pah-tis-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">You are not clever or acute.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-they-e-tou</i>, </td><td class="l">Making a noise like scratching.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-quay-can</i>, </td><td class="l">A fool.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Manito</i>, </td><td class="l">God.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mus-cow-wow</i>, or <i>Mus-cow-wis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Strong.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Me-thou</i>, </td><td class="l">I gave it to him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meeth-ick</i>, </td><td class="l">He gave it to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meeth-ick-gowin</i>, </td><td class="l">It was given to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meeth-ick-wuck</i>, </td><td class="l">They gave it to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meeth-thou-uck</i>, </td><td class="l">I gave it to them.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meeth-thee-ammet</i>, </td><td class="l">He or she gave it to us.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meeth-ick-coo-nan</i>, </td><td class="l">It was given to us by him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Meeth-ick</i>, </td><td class="l">It was given to you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Meeth-it-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I give it to you, or I gave it to you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owee-nah-gah-Me-thisk</i>, <i>Owee-nah-ke-Meeth-ich-coo</i>, </td><td class="l">Who gave it to you?</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owee-nah-wah-Mee-thut</i>, </td><td class="l">Who do you design to give it to?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owee-nah-wah-Mee-thut</i>, </td><td class="l">Who does he intend to give it to?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owee-nah-gah-Mee-that</i>, </td><td class="l">Who did he give it to?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owee-nah-gah-Mee-thick-coot</i>, </td><td class="l">Who was it given to?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owee-na-hah-Mee-thick-coot</i>, </td><td class="l">Who?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mee-thick-coot</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing given from one person to another.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mee-thee-coot</i>, </td><td class="l">Hairy nose.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mee-this-tow-wan</i>, </td><td class="l">Beard.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mee-the-chap</i>, </td><td class="l">Hairy face.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mith-coo</i>, </td><td class="l">Blood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mith-coo-sue</i>, or <i>Mith-gwow</i>, </td><td class="l">Red.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-tow-wee</i>, </td><td class="l">Poor flesh, Any thing not fat.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-Mah-tow-wee-wick</i>, </td><td class="l">Ditto, (plural.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mee-gee-wap</i>, </td><td class="l">A tent, when erected.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mut-too-gaph</i>, </td><td class="l">Where a tent formerly stood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Min-nis-tick</i>, </td><td class="l">An island.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Min-nay-he-wat-tun</i>, </td><td class="l">Point of land.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mess-kaik</i>, </td><td class="l">A plain, or swamp.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sick-a-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">A large lake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Matoon-eth-e-chiggan</i>, </td><td class="l">The mind.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Musqua</i>, </td><td class="l">Black bear.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-sow-we-Musqua</i>, </td><td class="l">Brown ditto.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missee-musqua</i>, </td><td class="l">Grizzlier, great bear.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-pisk</i>, </td><td class="l">White bear.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Minna-hig</i>, </td><td class="l">Large pine.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Metuse</i>, </td><td class="l">Poplar.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mithqua-pim-mook</i>, </td><td class="l">Red willow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mun-na-win</i>, </td><td class="l">Barren country, not plentiful.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-chim-is-skum-my-gon</i>, </td><td class="l">A country abounding in provision.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Meth-tho-tho-tow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">You use him well.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-mith-too-too-lakk</i>, </td><td class="l">He uses me well.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-me-tah-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">I regret the loss without crying.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-mow-wee-cah-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">I regret the loss with crying.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missa-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">To arrive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missa-gow-uck</i>, </td><td class="l">They are arrived, or I arrived.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missa-gy-ack</i>, </td><td class="l">We have arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missa-gy-eg</i>, </td><td class="l">You arrived (plural.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Missa-gan-nau</i>, </td><td class="l">I and my companions arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Muthch-e-puthue</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing moving slowly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Math-e-puthue</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing that does not go well, as a gun that does not throw its shot well.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mach-wange</i>, </td><td class="l">At that time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mack-was-kah</i>, </td><td class="l">To overtake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-that-tun</i>, </td><td class="l">Bad.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-tho-was-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">Good.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-tho-sis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Handsome</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-tho-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Good-looking.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Much-il-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Ordinary.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Much-ethe-lah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Disagreeable.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Metho-tah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Agreeable talking.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meth-thoot-tow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">I dislike talking.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Much-in-nak-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">I think it ugly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Mith-thoo-now-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">I think it handsome</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>My-itch-che</i>, </td><td class="l">Exactly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-Mith-thoo-wah-tan</i>, </td><td class="l">I am happy.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Mah-mus-kah-tain</i>, </td><td class="l">I am surprised.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ma-muh-lah-coo-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Proud.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-tow-wee</i>, </td><td class="l">Longing for any thing eatable.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’me-tow-with-e-moon</i>, </td><td class="l">I am longing, or I am a longer.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mun-nus-qua</i>, </td><td class="l">To make ready with a gun.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-tho-mah-qun</i>, </td><td class="l">Sweet smell.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-tho-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">Fine, Soft, Mossy.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Misse-hen</i>, </td><td class="l">To occasion a difference between two persons</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Misse-ken</i>, </td><td class="l">You have injured me in the opinion of such a person.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Muck-coo-sa</i>, </td><td class="l">To feast.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’gah-muck-coo-san</i>, </td><td class="l">I will feast, or I will make a feast.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mahtin-nah-wayoo</i>, </td><td class="l">To divide, To share.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-hum</i>, </td><td class="l">To go before the current.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-kis-cum</i>, </td><td class="l">To walk from inland to the shore.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mo-tway-tayoo</i>, or <i>Matway-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Report of a gun.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mun-nah-che-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">To spare, or be frugal.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mun-nah-che-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To avoid offending.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-mun-nah-che-hittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I do not wish to offend you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-gah-mow-wee-mittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I shall hurt your feelings.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Moo-schuck</i>, </td><td class="l">Always.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-cow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To find.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mus-cow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Hard.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Misshe-way</i>, </td><td class="l">The whole.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-moo-see-how</i>, </td><td class="l">I feel it inwardly or outwardly,</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-mee-scoo-nau</i>, </td><td class="l">I feel it with my hand.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-moo-see-tan</i>, </td><td class="l">I feel its motion.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-ske-shick</i>, </td><td class="l">Eyes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mith-quah-pit</i>, </td><td class="l">Red eyes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-kee-shick-cake</i>, </td><td class="l">The face.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missah-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">To arrive by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missa-gow-ma-as-tun</i>, </td><td class="l">To arrive by sailing as a ship.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Min-a-ho</i>, </td><td class="l">To provide provender.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>In-ne-tah-mina-ho</i>, </td><td class="l">Applied to a good hunter, signifies he is not deficient in providing for his family.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nut-to-min-nah-ho</i>, </td><td class="l">A man in the employ of a hunter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mus-hu-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">Physic.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mus-cow-wun</i>, </td><td class="l">A strong mind, A strong opinion.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Me-tay-win</i>, </td><td class="l">I am a conjurer.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Me-tay-with-emoon</i>, </td><td class="l">I think myself a conjurer.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Mun-to-win</i>, or <i>Ne-mun-ne-to-win</i>, </td><td class="l">I am godlike.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Me-tow-wan</i>, </td><td class="l">I long for it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-that-chis-la-hay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Ill-natured, Quarrelsome, Hard-hearted.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-much-ethe-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">I have a bad opinion of him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Miss-sa-gy-akk</i>, </td><td class="l">We arrive by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sa-gy-eg</i>, </td><td class="l">You arrive by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sa-gow-wuck</i>, </td><td class="l">They arrive by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sah-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">To arrive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sah-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">I arrive.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sah-gan-nan</i>, </td><td class="l">We arrive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Mis-sah-gah-nan</i>, </td><td class="l">We arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Mis-sah-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">I arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Mis-sah-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">You arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Gah-Mis-sah-gy-akk</i>, </td><td class="l">When we arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Gah-Mis-sah-gy-eg</i>, </td><td class="l">When you arrived.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sah-gy-akk-ke</i>, </td><td class="l">When we arrive, (speaking to a person not of the party.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sah-gy-akk-coo</i>, </td><td class="l">When we arrive, (speaking to one of the party.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sa-gy-eg-co</i>, </td><td class="l">When you arrive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-sah-gy-ahny</i>, </td><td class="l">When I arrive.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Moos-tus-cum-meek</i>, </td><td class="l">The ground, The earth.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Moo-cheek</i>, </td><td class="l">On the ground.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-chis-tun</i>, </td><td class="l">Breaking up of the river-ice.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Me-me-shick-ke-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">You are large.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Mitho-nah-goo-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">You are handsome.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Much-ee-nah-goo-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">You are ugly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Mitho-nah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">You appear handsome to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Mitho-nah-k</i>, </td><td class="l">He thinks you handsome.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Much-nak-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I think you ugly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Much-e-hah-k</i>, </td><td class="l">He thinks you ugly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-nah-goo-tee</i>, </td><td class="l">Mind if it is not so.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>My-ak-quam</i>, </td><td class="l">Mind if I do not, (a threat.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Muchee</i>, </td><td class="l">Indifferent, Not good, Not pleasing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Moi-see</i>, </td><td class="l">Much.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-tay-hay</i>, </td><td class="l">A great quantity.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mis-te-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Scalded or burnt.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mes-tin-nah</i>, </td><td class="l">To expend, Expended.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mes-tun-mick</i>, </td><td class="l">The white skin that is between the bark and body of a tree.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-sah-hum</i>, </td><td class="l">To patch, To mend by patching.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Me-sah-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">The patch.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>May-che-moose</i>, </td><td class="l">A little.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>May-che-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To extirpate.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-May-hay-pit-chin</i>, </td><td class="l">To move toward the sea-shore.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Muck-co-to-pay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">A stomach that can bear a great quantity of liquor.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Missina-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">Writing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Maith-waith-e-mai-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">To be very careful of any person.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Minne-quog-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">A vessel used for drinking, A pot.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Metch-chis-kun</i>, </td><td class="l">A fishing-wire.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Meth-oon</i>, </td><td class="l">Handy, Not aukward.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mitho-wo-gass</i>, </td><td class="l">A length of time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Mah-no-kay</i>, </td><td class="l">To build a house, To erect a tent.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-that-mis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Weak.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nip-as-cue</i>, </td><td class="l">Applied to a great sleeper.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nippow</i>, </td><td class="l">He is a-sleep, or Sleep.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Un-too-we-nip-pow</i>, </td><td class="l">Go to sleep.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-tee-wah-nip-pee-an</i>, </td><td class="l">Where do you want to sleep?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-ta-gah-nip-pe-an</i>, </td><td class="l">Where shall I sleep?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nee-kee-nan</i>, </td><td class="l">Our dwelling, or tent.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nut-toot-tow-in</i>, </td><td class="l">Listen to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nai-ow</i>, </td><td class="l">A point.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nai-ah-pisk</i>, </td><td class="l">Rocky point.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nuh-pow-wis</i>, </td><td class="l">A word of surprise.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nuggy-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Land in sight at a great distance.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nuthin</i>, </td><td class="l">To the north.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nah-me-win</i>, </td><td class="l">To the south.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Na-puck-ka-see-tuck</i>, </td><td class="l">Silver pine.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nepisee</i>, </td><td class="l">Willow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nis-sten-ne-gaw-win</i>, </td><td class="l">A landing-place.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Nay-cut-teth-emoon</i>, </td><td class="l">You grieve.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nuggisk</i>, </td><td class="l">For a little time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nug-gisk-cow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Two walking parties meeting on a journey.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nuck-ka-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To meet by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-hee</i>, </td><td class="l">Right.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-ach-toa-win</i>, </td><td class="l">Aukward.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Nah-qut-tick</i>, </td><td class="l">He left me behind.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ni-hah-tow-wis-scane</i>, </td><td class="l">It does not fit well, or It fits aukwardly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-he-scane</i>, </td><td class="l">It fits me right.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-ha-tow-win-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Aukward appearance.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nip-pue</i>, </td><td class="l">Dead.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nip-pee</i>, </td><td class="l">Water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Na-Nip-patchick</i>, or <i>Nip-pat-twow</i>, </td><td class="l">When they were asleep.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nas-pit-too-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">To imitate,</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nus-pit-tahk</i>, </td><td class="l">Likeness.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nogun</i>, </td><td class="l">In sight.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nah-Nah-lay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Trembling, Shivering, Shaking, &c.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nah-nah-tay-we-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing that appears to shake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nah-cow-we-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Variety.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-che-chig-gay</i>, </td><td class="l">To work at any job, &c.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Na-mah</i>, </td><td class="l">That.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nut-toom</i>, </td><td class="l">Tell him to come here.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Num-mum-ne-kee-toon</i>, </td><td class="l">I did not speak.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Numma-no-che-etwan</i>, </td><td class="l">I never said so.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Numma-ne-ke-e-twan</i>, <i>Nah-pait</i>, </td><td class="l">I cannot say it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nutha-hum</i>, </td><td class="l">To go against the current.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nut-too-tum-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To ask for it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nut-tah-aes-cum</i>, </td><td class="l">To walk inland from the sea-shore.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nee-shoo</i>, </td><td class="l">Two.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-shoo-stoo-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">A double shot, killing two at a time.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nub-but-lay-stow-in</i>, </td><td class="l">A hut with a back and two sides, open in front.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-tum-me-hick</i>, </td><td class="l">I am puzzled or plagued by him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nay-pay-catch</i>, </td><td class="l">Moderate, Not in the extreme either way.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">Going before.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nay-pay-quan</i>, </td><td class="l">To break one’s fast.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nay-pay-kah-hoo-soo</i>, </td><td class="l">To break one’s fast with the produce of his hunt.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nut-to-ko-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To administer physic.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-mutch-che-the-wa-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">I am disappointed.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-mow-win</i>, </td><td class="l">Provisions for a journey.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-ne-mah-hick</i>, </td><td class="l">Goods entrusted to the disposal of another.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-che-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To work at.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Gah-no-chi-chiggan</i>, </td><td class="l">I will employ myself.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-sin-na-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To go after any thing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-hak-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To go after any thing on the water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-at-tick-way</i>, </td><td class="l">The act of going after deer with a canoe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Not-attick-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Hunting deer by land or water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Nah-nah-toke-kat-how</i>, </td><td class="l">You tease it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nup-puch-is-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Flat, Thin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Nut-tay-hay-pitchin</i>, </td><td class="l">To move inland.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nis-to-pay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Not having a fill.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Nis-to-pan</i>, </td><td class="l">I have not had my fill.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Nus-coo-mittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I give you my consent.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Nus-coo-moon</i>, </td><td class="l">You have given your consent.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-chim-mick</i>, </td><td class="l">From the water in the woods.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nass</i>, or <i>Nah-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Fetch it, or Go for it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Noo-tow-wee</i>, </td><td class="l">My father.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nick-gow-wee</i>, </td><td class="l">My mother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Noo-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Father.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nic-cah</i>, </td><td class="l">Mother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nis-slais</i>, </td><td class="l">My elder brother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-slais</i>, </td><td class="l">His or her elder brother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-seem</i>, </td><td class="l">My younger brother or sister.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-mis</i>, </td><td class="l">My elder sister.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’che-waham</i>, </td><td class="l">My brother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-che-san</i>, </td><td class="l">My nearest relation, as brother or sister.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-shisk</i>, </td><td class="l">My uncle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-kum-mis</i>, </td><td class="l">My father-in-law.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N-to-shisk</i>, </td><td class="l">My mother-in-law.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nis-se-coos</i>, </td><td class="l">My aunt or step-mother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-cum</i>, </td><td class="l">My grandmother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-moo-soom</i>, </td><td class="l">My grandfather.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-sis-sim</i>, </td><td class="l">My grand-son or grand-daughter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nis-tim</i>, </td><td class="l">My niece.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kis-gim-mis</i>, </td><td class="l">My cousin—female.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-tim</i>, </td><td class="l">My cousin—male.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nees-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">My brother-in-law.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N-cha-coose</i>, </td><td class="l">A relation on the woman’s side only.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N-teet-tow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">The relationship between two people whose children are united in marriage.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>No-tassuee</i>, </td><td class="l">Good for nothing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Ninne-ke-twan</i>, </td><td class="l">You are in a hurry.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-ne-gaph</i>, </td><td class="l">Carrying-place.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-skah-ta-gow</i>, or <i>Oo-shisk</i>, </td><td class="l">Fur.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-skun</i>, </td><td class="l">Bone.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-tay-hee</i>, </td><td class="l">The heart.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-tay</i>, </td><td class="l">Boiling.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">And, </span><i>See-cah-che-wut-tay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Boiling over.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-mah-moggah</i>, </td><td class="l">This too, or This also.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-mah</i>, </td><td class="l">This.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-tahk</i>, </td><td class="l">Going behind.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oa-sow-we-quay</i>, </td><td class="l">Brown face.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Owanah-n’gah-nut-to-mine-nah-hook</i>, </td><td class="l">Who will hunt for me?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-tah-coo-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">Evening.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ow-wee-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To lend.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-wee-hah-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">To borrow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-tee</i>, and <i>Oo-see</i>, </td><td class="l">Names of a canoe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-tahk-athuck</i>, <i>O-ask-kah-pus-ke-layoo</i>, </td><td class="l">Stern of a canoe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-sken-equm</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing new or not much used.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-scooh-tim</i>, </td><td class="l">A beaver dam.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oth-this-sah</i>, </td><td class="l">To cut anything out, as shoes, &c.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Pah-wah-min</i>, </td><td class="l">I dream.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pemee</i>, </td><td class="l">Fat, melted and prepared.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-coo-na-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Fat animal.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pis-seth-che-hin</i>, </td><td class="l">Listen to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-pay-tow-in</i>, </td><td class="l">You hear me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pay-tartin</i>, </td><td class="l">I hear you.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-Pay-tah-soon</i>, </td><td class="l">I hear myself.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pay-tahk</i>, </td><td class="l">You are heard.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pay-tahk-coo-wow</i>, <i>Ke-Pay-tahk-coo-wow-uck</i>, </td><td class="l">They hear you, (plural.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pow-is-stick</i>, </td><td class="l">A waterfall.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-chow</i>, </td><td class="l">A long distance by land.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-tahk-ho-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">A long distance by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-tis-quon-my-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">A long distance by ice.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-quas-qua-ow</i>, </td><td class="l">A hummock of wood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pay-soo-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">A short distance.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pim-mith-e-hick-oo-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">A lake broader than long.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-kahk</i>, </td><td class="l">A ghost, or skeleton.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pow-woggan</i>, </td><td class="l">Morpheus, or the God of Dreams.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-wee-tog-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">A shooting-place; <i>i.e.</i> a waterfall, practicable for boats to go down.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Parqua-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">Shoal water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Parquow</i>, </td><td class="l">Dry, or little water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pim-mah-gam-mah-hummock</i>, </td><td class="l">Canoes crossing a lake or river obliquely.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-Pee-kis-curtain</i>, </td><td class="l">I am uneasy.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pee-kis-kah-tethe-tah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">The case is melancholy.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pait-twah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I have brought it you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pait-tah-hoo-twah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I have brought it you by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pait-lah-hoo-tow-in</i>, </td><td class="l">You have brought me something.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pemass-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">To sail.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pimiss-scow</i>, </td><td class="l">To paddle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Peen-me-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Crooked-grained wood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Peemow</i>, </td><td class="l">Crooked.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-tuce</i>, </td><td class="l">Afterwards.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’ Ne-Puk-kis-cah-tam</i>, </td><td class="l">I am unhappy.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pis-sin-nah-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Mischievous.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-ke-thahk</i>, </td><td class="l">To excel, He is excelled.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Pus-ke-thak-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">I have excelled.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pay-pay-me-tah-che-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">To crawl.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pem-oo-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">To walk.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-mo-at-tah-muck</i>, </td><td class="l">To ride.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pim-me-thow</i>, </td><td class="l">To fly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pepoon</i>, </td><td class="l">Winter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pepurisue</i>, </td><td class="l">To winter. Also the name of a winter-bird.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’-Pe-pun-is-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">I wintered.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-mah-tah-gas-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">To go on the ice.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-mah-ta-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">To go into the water—deep.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-coo-pay</i>, </td><td class="l">To walk ditto—shoal.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pay-coo-pay</i>, </td><td class="l">To come up after diving.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pan-nis-swow</i>, </td><td class="l">To split meat.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-sah-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To split wood, and work it with a hatchet.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’gah-Pus-sa-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">I will go and sit down and split some wood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-pe-tues-is-se-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Variety.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-sah-qua-pue</i>, </td><td class="l">To shut the eyes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-pah-pue</i>, </td><td class="l">To look through, or peep.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-pah-pue-win</i>, </td><td class="l">A window.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pun-mis-cah-tayoo</i>, </td><td class="l">To go to a house any distance in winter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Puah-pee-tway-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">Missing fire.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pwas-tow-we-mah-tway-tayoo</i>, </td><td class="l">Hanging fire.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pwas-towe-we</i>, </td><td class="l">Tedious, Not quick.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-ke-tit-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">To let fall.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pay-catch</i>, </td><td class="l">Slow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pet-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Thirst.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-too-mah</i>, </td><td class="l">By-and-bye.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-pue</i>, </td><td class="l">Laugh.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-pisk</i>, </td><td class="l">A great laughter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-pin-nah-ne-woo</i>, </td><td class="l">Very laughable.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pah-pe-pin</i>, </td><td class="l">You laugh at me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Pah-pi-hittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I laugh at you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Poo-see</i>, </td><td class="l">To set off by water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pim-mah-hum-moak</i>, </td><td class="l">Flying towards the sea-shore.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pemah-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Living, Still alive, Longevity.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-mah-tis-se-win</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing that promotes life.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pe-mah-che-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To bring to life.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Peth-coo-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To penetrate.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Puck-queth-qua-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">To let blood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-coo-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">To vomit.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-puthe-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">To bring up any thing accidentally swallowed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pis-se-quah-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Mischievous.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pee-kis-quay</i>, </td><td class="l">To sing, or make a noise.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-mit-tis-saw-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">To run after any thing.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Peway-pisk</i>, </td><td class="l">Iron, Almost all kinds of metal.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-pus-qua-hum</i>, </td><td class="l">Breaking-up of lake-ice.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ka-Pah-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Dull, Not clever.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pis-us</i>, </td><td class="l">To doubt.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pee-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing that frustrates a design.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pit-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">Stop.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pitche-coo</i>, </td><td class="l">To move about from one place to another.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Pit-chin</i>, </td><td class="l">I have moved.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Pus-cay-wan</i>, </td><td class="l">I parted.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Pus-cay-pitchin</i>, </td><td class="l">To part company, A party taking different routes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-ca</i>, </td><td class="l">To part with a companion by ditto.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pus-cay-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">To tear with the mouth.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-pow-wah-hah</i>, or <i>Poo-two-wah</i>, </td><td class="l">Shake it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pah-ke-puthee</i>, </td><td class="l">A swelling.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Pay-nass</i>, or <i>Pach-nass</i>, </td><td class="l">Come for it.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Qui-usk</i>, </td><td class="l">Straight, In a direct line.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Qui-usk-queth-eten</i>, </td><td class="l">I have fixed my mind, or come to a determination.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Qui-usk-co-mitten</i>, </td><td class="l">Candidly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Qua-pah-kay</i>, or <i>Qua-pah-hah</i>, </td><td class="l">Dip a drink.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Qua-pah-hum-mow-in</i>, </td><td class="l">Dip me a drink.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Qua-pah-hum-nah-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Dip a drink yourself.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Qua-pah-hum-mow-win-nan</i>, </td><td class="l">Dip us a drink.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ques-ke-tai</i>, </td><td class="l">The other side.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Qui-ske-queth-e-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">You have come to a determination.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sepun</i>, </td><td class="l">Strong.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sepen-nay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Strong in health, Not easy killed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sow-with-coo-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Bloody.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-Sow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Yellow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Oo-Sow-us-quow</i>, </td><td class="l">Green.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ta-na-Sin-ne-cow-take</i>, </td><td class="l">What is the name of it?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Soo-sow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Smooth.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sug-goo</i>, </td><td class="l">Thick, One after another.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sug-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">Thicket of woods.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ka-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">A lake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-we-Sah-wan-ne-how</i>, </td><td class="l">You do not use him well.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sem-mahk</i>, </td><td class="l">At first.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-how</i>, </td><td class="l">I love.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sacke-how-e-wah-bah-ne</i>, </td><td class="l">If I had loved.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-how-wahk-oo-punny</i>, </td><td class="l">If we had loved, If they had loved.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-hitch-che</i>, </td><td class="l">If she loves her or him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-huck-ke</i>, <i>Sack-ke-hisk-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">If I love her.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-hit-too-uck</i>, </td><td class="l">They love each other.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-hit-too-nan</i>, </td><td class="l">Loving each other.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">Love.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sack-ke-hin</i>, </td><td class="l">Love me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-hitten</i>, </td><td class="l">I love you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-hick</i>, </td><td class="l">He loves you, or You are loved by him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-hick-wuck</i>, </td><td class="l">They love you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-how</i>, </td><td class="l">You love him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-hich-coo-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">He loves you both.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-hittan-now-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">I love you both.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-ke-hin-now-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">You both love him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-wee-Se-gan-nis-qua-pis-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">You want to pull my hair.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Se-gan-nis-qua-pis</i>, </td><td class="l">Pull his hair.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>See-tap-pah-quan</i>, </td><td class="l">A tent made with leather.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Soak-ethe-tum</i>, </td><td class="l">Obstinate.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sa-sah-gis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Stingy.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Suthe-an</i>, </td><td class="l">Any kind of coin, A medal.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Suthe-an-ahpish</i>, </td><td class="l">The metal of which any coin is made.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Soo-Sow-wah-pisk</i>, </td><td class="l">Any smooth stone.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sepah</i>, </td><td class="l">Underneath.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sepayow</i>, </td><td class="l">Hollow, like a bridge.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sa-cooleh</i>, </td><td class="l">It must be so.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Sack-cooch-e-hitten</i>, </td><td class="l">I overpower you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sah-puaw-pow-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Wet through.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sah-paw-pwow-we-nah-gwun</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing that has a wet look.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sah-puaw-pum-e-nah-gwun</i>, </td><td class="l">Transparent.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>See-coo-win</i>, </td><td class="l">Spittle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Soake-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Strong wood.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Sag-ga-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Narrow.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-na-twe-un</i>, </td><td class="l">What do you say?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-na-tway-un</i>, </td><td class="l">What do I say?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-na-twit</i>, </td><td class="l">What does he or she say?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-natwit-twow</i> or <i>Tanna-twitch-ick</i>, </td><td class="l">What do they say?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tibbis-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Night.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’Tit-tah-pah-tain</i>, </td><td class="l">I dreamed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-nah-twan-nick</i>, </td><td class="l">What is the meaning of it?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ta-bith-e-tah</i>, <i>Tho-theth-e-tah</i>, </td><td class="l">You direct.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’Took-e-moam</i>, </td><td class="l">My chief.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’Tut-tah-min-na-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">I overtook or came up with him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-nah-the-coke</i>, </td><td class="l">What distance?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Thah-than-nah</i>, </td><td class="l">To swim.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Thow-we-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">A long distance, but in sight sometimes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-took-e-maam-in-now</i>, </td><td class="l">Our chief.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’Tas-tah-gat-tis-soon</i>, </td><td class="l">I think I am not sufficient for the task.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tho-is-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Soft.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tho-skeg-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">Soft skin, Well dressed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tay-poy</i>, </td><td class="l">Call.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tay-pois</i>, </td><td class="l">Call him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>To-kin</i>, </td><td class="l">To open.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>To-kap-pue</i>, </td><td class="l">To open the eyes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tah-hah-ee-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">You adopt him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-nah-tah-co-mut</i>, </td><td class="l">In what line of relationship do you hold him?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tan-na-tah-co-misk</i>, </td><td class="l">In what line of relationship does he hold you?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-nait-te-gowan</i>, </td><td class="l">What is my name? or, What am I called?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-nait-te-gow-we-en</i>, <i>Tah-na-sin-ne-cau-soo-yen</i>, </td><td class="l">What is your name?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-na-sin-ne-caw-swa-an</i>, </td><td class="l">What is my name?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-na-sin-ne-caw-soot</i>, </td><td class="l">What is it’s name?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-hutch-e-tow-in-nah</i>, </td><td class="l">Tools, Utensils.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’-Tah-but-teth-emow</i>, </td><td class="l">I think him, or it, useful.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tow-weg</i>, </td><td class="l">The middle of a skin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tis-qua-how-uck</i>, </td><td class="l">You killed a great many.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tis-coo-now</i>, </td><td class="l">You left some.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tick-cuck</i>, </td><td class="l">All of them.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-to</i>, </td><td class="l">The number.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Than-tah-to</i>, <i>Than-a-tus-se-chick</i>, </td><td class="l">What number?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tahn-a-tah-tin-e-thick</i>, </td><td class="l">What number were there?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tahn-as-takee</i>, or <i>Tan-a-koo-tu</i>, </td><td class="l">What of that?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tahn-a-te-theme-un</i>, </td><td class="l">What do you think of me?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tahn-a-teshe-tum-mun</i>, </td><td class="l">What do I think of it?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tahn-a-teshe-tum-man</i>, </td><td class="l">What do I think?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tahn-a-teshe-tum-me-u’onny</i>, </td><td class="l">Whatever you think or have thought.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tuck-ke-coom</i>, </td><td class="l">Phlegm.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tethe-coom</i>, </td><td class="l">Nostril.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tuck-oo-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">To arrive by land.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-pa-tah-hum-moak</i>, </td><td class="l">Flying low.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tabeth-a-way</i>, </td><td class="l">Real.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ta-bith-was-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Possessed of property.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-ti-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">The behaviour of a person.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>To-is-pis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Good-natured.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tus-swow</i>, </td><td class="l">Straight.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-cuoch</i>, </td><td class="l">Above, Uppermost.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tus-tow-widge</i>, </td><td class="l">Middle, Between.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-keppah-Tow-a-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">Your ears are sloped.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-but-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Useful.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tah-na-tah-but-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">For what use?</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’-Tah-coo-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">I am ill.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tith-e-wee-cah-pow-wis-tow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">You are taller than him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tap-pe-se-si-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">You are little.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tay-ack-quam-ethe-mittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I have a great opinion of him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tay-poo-pay-oo</i>, </td><td class="l">Satisfied with drinking.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’-Tay-poo-pan</i>, </td><td class="l">I am full of liquor.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tip-pah-hum</i>, </td><td class="l">To pay, To measure.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tip-pah-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">A measure, A rule.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tow-we-hah-soon</i>, </td><td class="l">You borrow.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tul-tow-wan</i>, </td><td class="l">You trade.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kit-Tut-tah-mittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I trade with you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tus-tum-mah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I hinder you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Tit-twes-tum-mah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I am your interpreter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ta-ow-wedge</i>, </td><td class="l">A word used by way of confirmation.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ta-tow-wedge</i>, </td><td class="l">The middle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Tow-weidge</i>, </td><td class="l">Far from the shore.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-to-gum-moo</i>, </td><td class="l">Still water.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Utch-chahk</i>, </td><td class="l">A star.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Un-ne-mah</i>, </td><td class="l">That</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Un-to-wappun</i>, </td><td class="l">Make use of your eyes, Look well for him.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Uh-tah-meek</i>, </td><td class="l">Underneath.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Uh-tah-mus-cum-meek</i>, </td><td class="l">Under ground.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">A country.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-kee-ah</i>, </td><td class="l">Moss</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-keek-wah</i>, </td><td class="l">Lead</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-keek</i>, </td><td class="l">A kettle.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-too-thoo</i>, </td><td class="l">To build canoes.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-tay-boo</i>, </td><td class="l">Sober.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-pah-che-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">An ingredient or sauce, as gravy to beef.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-put-tis-ewin</i>, </td><td class="l">Payment.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-put-tis-sin</i>, </td><td class="l">Pay me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Uttow-way</i>, </td><td class="l">To trade or barter.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Uttah-muck</i>, </td><td class="l">Inside.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Um-misk</i>, </td><td class="l">A beaver.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Um-misk-wy-an</i>, </td><td class="l">A beaver’s skin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Us-skah-tie</i>, </td><td class="l">A green fur-skin, or undressed skin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Up-pwooy</i>, </td><td class="l">Paddle.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-ha-wun</i>, </td><td class="l">Weak.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wappun</i>, </td><td class="l">Daylight.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wappas-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">An early riser, One who rises by daylight.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">What used to be.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Weggee-moggan</i>, </td><td class="l">Mate, (a person that lives in the same tent.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wiggee</i>, </td><td class="l">Place of abode.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Nis-tais-Weggee-mah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">He lives with my elder brother.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Weggee-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">Their dwelling.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wethin</i>, </td><td class="l">Fat in its natural state.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-thin-noo</i>, </td><td class="l">Fat (as a fat animal), Fat meat.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-thou</i>, </td><td class="l">A great distance.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-thoue</i>, </td><td class="l">A hollow or vacuum.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wappow</i>, </td><td class="l">Narrow part of a lake, where the two shores almost meet.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wap-pick-oo-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">A narrow lake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wow-we-ick-oo-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">A round lake.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wappusk</i>, </td><td class="l">A white bear.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-ke-nog-gan</i>, </td><td class="l">Jumper.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wus-qui</i>, </td><td class="l">Birch.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Wan-nay-too-tow-wow</i>, </td><td class="l">You do not use him well.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-gow</i>, </td><td class="l">Crooked.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-lah</i>, </td><td class="l">Tell it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-tum-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">Tell him.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-rup-pow</i>, <i>Ne-Wee-rup-pan</i>, </td><td class="l">He wants to sleep.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>We-thun-e-taggay</i>, </td><td class="l">Disjointing and cutting up an animal.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>We-thun-e-how</i>, </td><td class="l">To cut up, To disjoint.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Walhow-nah-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing seen far off.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-cheg-gun</i>, </td><td class="l">Stink.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wo-waudge</i>, </td><td class="l">Also.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Kee-Wappin</i>, </td><td class="l">You see.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wy-ais</i>, </td><td class="l">Something.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Wah-co-mow</i>, </td><td class="l">You call him your relation.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-We-way-a-se-min</i>, </td><td class="l">You hinted to deceive me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>We-co-to</i>, </td><td class="l">To feast.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>We-co-too-nah-me-woo</i>, </td><td class="l">Feasting.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Weeth</i>, </td><td class="l">Name it, Mention its name.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-this-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Mention your own name.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Was-cah</i>, </td><td class="l">Around.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Was-cah-higgan</i>, </td><td class="l">A house.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Was-keig</i>, </td><td class="l">The edge of a skin.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>We-ug-ge-tow</i>, </td><td class="l">Not to be frugal, To be wasteful.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wun-ny-hov</i>, </td><td class="l">To loose, Lost.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Wan-eth-etum-mow-mick</i>, </td><td class="l">He makes me at a loss what to say.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wan-eth-etum</i>, </td><td class="l">He is quite at a loss.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Was-tai-ab-bel</i>, </td><td class="l">Light eyes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>We-the-gre-quay</i>, </td><td class="l">Dirty face.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wow-we-ec-quay</i>, </td><td class="l">Round face.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wow-we-eg-se-nah-goo-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Droll looking.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wo-we-et-tis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">A funny person.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ke-Wo-we-ase-hittan</i>, </td><td class="l">I was jesting with you.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>N’-Wo-we-etwan</i>, </td><td class="l">I spoke it in jest.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-kee</i>, </td><td class="l">Accustomed.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wutchee</i>, </td><td class="l">A hill.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-gis-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Any thing that bends well.</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="2"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Wap-pah-tin</i>, </td><td class="l">I saw it.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Ne-Wap-puh-tith-ick</i>, </td><td class="l">It was shown to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Was-dis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">To appear bright with the reflection of the sun.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wah-thoue</i>, </td><td class="l">Hollow, like an empty nut-shell.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wow-we-ah-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">The full moon.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wow-we-a-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Round.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Was-cum-mis-sue</i>, </td><td class="l">Not intoxicated, Sober.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wus-kitch</i>, </td><td class="l">Outside.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wes-kutch</i>, </td><td class="l">Formerly.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-sin-now</i>, </td><td class="l">Castorum.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wee-pus-cow</i>, </td><td class="l">Burnt wood, lying on the ground.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wan-nah-scootch</i>, </td><td class="l">The end, edge, or extremity.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><i>Wenne-peg,</i> </td><td class="l">The sea called by that name; also a lake.</td></tr> -</table> -<p class="tbcenter">THE END.</p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="sc">R. Watts</span>, <i>Printer, -<br />Crown Court, Temple Bar</i>.</p> -<h2 id="c9">FOOTNOTES</h2> -<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>See <a href="#c7">Appendix (E)</a>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>This duty is considered by all naval officers as the severest -trial of health and spirit to which the profession of a seaman -is liable: and in proof of this, it will appear, by the following -Narrative, that, upon the <i>Rosamond</i> being ordered a second -time to this station, her Captain obtained leave to quit his -ship, and eight of her crew deserted the first time the boat -went to shore, after the order arrived from the <i>Admiralty</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_3" href="#fr_3">[3]</a>See the narrative of this circumstance, as it appeared, -at the time, in the <i>Naval Chronicle</i> and other public journals. -Upon this signal instance of <i>British</i> valour in a person so -young as to be almost a child in the service, and who had -gallantly volunteered to accompany the expedition upon this -dangerous enterprise, the Captain of his ship presented Mr. -<i>Chappell</i> with the sword of the <i>Spanish</i> Commander, as the -prize of his valour. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_4" href="#fr_4">[4]</a>The Gunner was tried by a Court-martial, during our -stay at the <i>Nore</i>; and was sentenced, to be reprimanded, -and to receive an admonition to be more cautious in future. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_5" href="#fr_5">[5]</a>This is one of the most remarkable examples of the -<i>Cyclopéan architecture</i> of the <i>Celts</i> which is known to exist; -owing to its remote situation with regard to the rest of -<i>Europe</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_6" href="#fr_6">[6]</a>The <i>Fucus Vesiculosus</i> of <i>Linnœus</i>, or <i>Bladder Fucus</i>; -called also <i>Sea Oak</i>, and <i>Sea Wrack</i>. The <i>alkaline</i> salt -obtained from these ashes is the common <i>carbonate of soda</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_7" href="#fr_7">[7]</a>For an accurate Table of the different degrees of variation, -see <a href="#c3"><i>Appendix</i> (A)</a>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_8" href="#fr_8">[8]</a>For any further particulars respecting the Settlements and -progress of the <i>Moravians</i>, on the Coast of <i>Labrador</i> and elsewhere, -the Reader is referred to a “History of the Mission of -the <i>United Brethren</i> among the <i>Indians</i> in <i>North America</i>,” in -Three Parts, by <i>George Henry Laskiel</i>; translated from the -<i>German</i>, by <i>Christian Ignatius La Trobe</i>, 1794. Also to -“The Periodical Accounts of their Missions,” published by -the <i>Brethren’s Society</i>, for the furtherance of the Gospel, at -No. 10, <i>Nevil’s Court, Fetter Lane, Holborn, London</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_9" href="#fr_9">[9]</a>See the <i>Vignette</i> to p. 1. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_10" href="#fr_10">[10]</a>See the rough <a href="#fig4">Sketch of a Canoe</a>, made by the Author -on the spot. <i>Plate</i> I. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_11" href="#fr_11">[11]</a>Mr. <i>Hearne</i>, in his Journey to the Mouth of the <i>Coppermine -River</i>, observes, that the <i>Esquimaux</i>, on the sea coast -to the northward, used kettles made of <i>lapis ollaris</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_12" href="#fr_12">[12]</a>It was probably <i>Sea-weed</i>; a kind of food eaten as a stew, or -soup, by the natives of the Isle of <i>St. Kilda</i>, in the <i>Hebrides</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_13" href="#fr_13">[13]</a>A List is contained in the <a href="#c6"><i>Appendix</i></a>, of the different articles -of <i>Esquimaux</i> manufacture which were presented, by the -Author, to the University Library at <i>Cambridge</i>; accompanied, -also, by a List of things of a similar nature brought to -<i>Russia</i> by Commodore <i>Billings</i>, from the <span class="small">N. W.</span> coast of <i>America</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_14" href="#fr_14">[14]</a>This gallant officer lost his arm in the attack on <i>Java</i>, by -a cannon-ball. The seamen seeing him knocked backwards by -the shock, and lying senseless, conjectured that he had been -killed outright; but as they were bearing him off the field, the -Captain recovered his senses, and feeling the hot beams of a -vertical sun striking directly on his face and head (his hat -having rolled off when he fell), he immediately exclaimed to -one of his men, “<i>Damme, Sir! fetch me my hat.</i>” -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_15" href="#fr_15">[15]</a>Some of the arrows brought to <i>England</i> by the Author were -barbed <i>flint</i>, and exactly resemble the arrow-heads found -in the <i>Tomb of the Athenians</i> in the <i>Plain of Marathon</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_16" href="#fr_16">[16]</a>See the Plate. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_17" href="#fr_17">[17]</a>See <i>Hearne’s</i> “Journey to the <i>Northern Ocean</i>,” p. 154, -<i>London</i>, 1795. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_18" href="#fr_18">[18]</a>This practice was common to almost all the antient -world; especially to the <i>Celtic</i> and <i>Gothic</i> tribes, as manifested -by the antiquities now found in their sepulchres. Possibly, -therefore, the <i>Asiatic</i> origin of the <i>Esquimaux</i> may -hence be deduced. The same custom also exists among the -<i>Greenlanders</i>; who are, in fact, a branch of the <i>Esquimaux</i>. -“They like,” says <i>Crantz</i>, “to make the grave in some -remote high place, laying a little moss upon the bare ground -(for the rock admits of no digging), and spread a skin upon -it. . . . . Near the burying spot they deposit the <i>kajak</i> and -darts of the deceased, and the tools he daily used.”—See -<i>Crantz’s Greenland</i>, <i>vol.</i> I. <i>p.</i> 237. <i>London</i>, 1767. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_19" href="#fr_19">[19]</a><i>Moschetos</i> are considered as among the winged agents of -the <i>Evil Spirit</i>, by some of the <i>North-American</i> tribes. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_20" href="#fr_20">[20]</a>See the <a href="#fig3">Sketch</a> of this remarkable <i>Cape</i>, taken on the -tops. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_21" href="#fr_21">[21]</a><i>Hearne’s</i> Journey to the Northern Ocean, p. 224. -<i>Lond.</i> 1795. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_22" href="#fr_22">[22]</a>See the Voyages of <i>Frobisher</i>, <i>Davies</i>, and others. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_23" href="#fr_23">[23]</a>This is the denomination of the bottom of <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> -to the southward of <i>Cape Henrietta Maria</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_24" href="#fr_24">[24]</a>The Beluga. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_25" href="#fr_25">[25]</a>The account of the above transaction was derived from -the most indubitable authority. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_26" href="#fr_26">[26]</a>Memoirs of Mrs. <i>Mary Robinson</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_27" href="#fr_27">[27]</a>See the account of Expeditions through the North-West -Continent of <i>America</i> to the <i>Pacific Ocean</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_28" href="#fr_28">[28]</a>The infant colony is called by his Lordship, <i>Osna Boia</i> -(two <i>Gaelic</i> words signifying <i>Ossian’s Town</i>), from the resemblance -between <i>that</i> and the <i>Indian</i> name of <i>Red River</i>—<i>Asnaboyne</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_29" href="#fr_29">[29]</a>See <a href="#c4"><i>Appendix</i> B</a>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_30" href="#fr_30">[30]</a>It is astonishing, that, before the return of the ships, the -whole of the drift ice in the <i>Straits</i> disappeared. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_31" href="#fr_31">[31]</a>I should have before mentioned, that the <i>Prince of Wales</i> -did not arrive at <i>York Flats</i> until the day after our ship. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_32" href="#fr_32">[32]</a>As it may be amusing to some people, I have added a -few thermometrical observations made at <i>Oxford House</i>, in -the year 1811.—See <a href="#c5"><i>Appendix</i> C</a>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_33" href="#fr_33">[33]</a>Instead of tracing the <i>Nelson River</i> from its source to -the sea, it will be expedient to annex a map of the river -from <i>Lake Winnipeg</i> to the <i>Gull Lake</i>, shewing also the -portages, &c.; and this part of the river may be taken as a -sample of the whole. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_34" href="#fr_34">[34]</a>The badge of his dignity among the <i>Indians</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_35" href="#fr_35">[35]</a>The title by which he distinguished the officers of the -ship from the gentlemen of the factory. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_36" href="#fr_36">[36]</a>A very expressive name given by the <i>Indians</i> to spirituous -liquors, signifying <i>Mad-Water</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_37" href="#fr_37">[37]</a>Whilst this Journal was preparing for the press, the following -article appeared in many of the Daily Prints.</div><div class="fncont">“Intelligence has been received, by a late arrival from -<i>Canada</i>, of the entire dispersion of the Colony founded by -Lord <i>Selkirk</i>, in conjunction with the <i>Hudson’s-Bay Company</i>, -on the River <i>Asnaboyne</i>, in the interior of the <span class="small">N. W.</span> -Continent of <i>America</i>. Disputes with the <i>Metiffs</i> of the -Country, a race of people between <i>Canadians</i> and <i>Indians</i>, -inflamed the natural jealousy which the latter have always -felt, relative to the agricultural encroachments on their -hunting-grounds in the interior, and, we understand, compelled -his Lordship’s Governor to abandon the establishment -which had been made.”—“About one hundred and -forty settlers were conveyed by the <i>Canadian</i> traders to -Lake <i>Superior</i>, on their way to <i>Canada</i>; and the remainder -are supposed to have gone to <i>Hudson’s Bay</i>, with a view of -finding a passage to <i>Great Britain</i>.</div><div class="fncont">“The Governor, Mr. <i>M<sup>c</sup>Donald</i>, and a Sheriff, also appointed -by Lord <i>Selkirk</i> (Mr. <i>Spencer</i>), were brought down -prisoners to <i>Montreal</i>; the one for having granted, -the other for having executed, a warrant, under the -authority of which, provisions, the property of <i>Canadian</i> -traders, were seized during the preceding winter, for the -maintenance of the colonists; and these gentlemen were -admitted to bail in the Courts of <i>Lower Canada</i>, to take -their trials for this alleged offence.”</div><div class="fncont">Whatever may be the decision of the Judges on this trial, -the <i>Metiffs</i> will have succeeded in their malevolent intention, -that of destroying all prospect of the Colony ever arriving to -a flourishing condition. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_38" href="#fr_38">[38]</a>See <i>Pinkerton’s Geography</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_39" href="#fr_39">[39]</a>Here Mr. <i>Pinkerton</i>, although perfectly correct in every -other respect, has fallen into the same error as other geographers; -namely, in peopling <i>Hudson’s Bay</i> with <i>Esquimaux</i>: -whereas, the <i>Cree Indians</i>, who inhabit the Bay, are not -savage, take no care of their eyes, and are clothed by the -<i>European</i> traders. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_40" href="#fr_40">[40]</a>Here he plainly alludes to the <i>Esquimaux</i> of <i>Hudson’s -Straits</i>; not to the <i>Cree Indians</i> of the Bay. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_41" href="#fr_41">[41]</a>At present they employ but two ships, and consequently -considerably fewer seamen. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_42" href="#fr_42">[42]</a>For the amusement of persons who are desirous of such -information, I have annexed an abstract of the ship’s reckoning -from <i>Cape Resolution</i> to the <i>Orkneys</i>. See <a href="#c6">Appendix D</a>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_43" href="#fr_43">[43]</a>See <i>Walter Scott</i>’s Notes on <i>Marmion, a Tale of Flodden -Field</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_44" href="#fr_44">[44]</a>Fossil timber, in a mineralized state, is found in the -<i>Orkneys</i> and in the <i>Hebrides</i>. In the island of <i>Skie</i> there -was found part of a large tree mineralized by <i>Hornstone</i>; -which is now in the possession of the Professor of Mineralogy -at <i>Cambridge</i>. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_45" href="#fr_45">[45]</a>So called by the <i>Canadians</i>. -</div> -</div> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Note</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors.</li> -<li>Retained non-standard spellings and dialect.</li> -<li>Re-ordered items in the Table of Illustrations, to match actual order in the text.</li> -</ul> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO HUDSON'S BAY IN HIS MAJESTY'S SHIP ROSAMOND***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 54088-h.htm or 54088-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/4/0/8/54088">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/0/8/54088</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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