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diff --git a/old/53958-0.txt b/old/53958-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e8c5627..0000000 --- a/old/53958-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3618 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Kallikak Family, by Henry Herbert Goddard - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness - -Author: Henry Herbert Goddard - -Release Date: January 13, 2017 [EBook #53958] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KALLIKAK FAMILY *** - - - - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MWS and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - THE KALLIKAK FAMILY - - [Illustration: The MM Co.] - - THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO - DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO - - MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED - LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA - MELBOURNE - - THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. - TORONTO - -[Illustration: DEBORAH KALLIKAK, AS SHE APPEARS TO-DAY AT THE TRAINING -SCHOOL.] - - THE - KALLIKAK FAMILY - - A STUDY IN THE HEREDITY OF - FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS - - BY - HENRY HERBERT GODDARD, PH.D. - - _Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School - at Vineland, New Jersey, for Feeble-minded Girls - and Boys_ - - New York - THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - 1916 - _All rights reserved_ - - COPYRIGHT, 1912, - BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. - - Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1912. Reprinted - February, 1913; February, 1914; September, 1916. - - _Norwood Press - J. S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. - Norwood, Mass., U.S.A._ - - - - - To - - MR. SAMUEL S. FELS - - A LAYMAN WITH THE SCIENTIST’S LOVE OF TRUTH AND THE - TRUE CITIZEN’S LOVE OF HUMANITY WHO MADE POSSIBLE - THIS STUDY AND WHO HAS FOLLOWED - THE WORK FROM ITS INCIPIENCY WITH - KINDLY CRITICISM AND ADVICE - THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED - - - - -PREFACE - - -On September 15, 1906, the Training School for Backward and Feeble-minded -Children at Vineland, New Jersey, opened a laboratory and a Department of -Research for the study of feeble-mindedness. - -A beginning was made in studying the mental condition of the children who -lived in the Institution, with a view to determining the mental and -physical peculiarities of the different grades and types, to getting an -accurate record of what deficiencies each child had and what he was -capable of doing, with the hope that in time these records could be -correlated with the condition of the nervous system of the child, if he -should die while in the Institution and an autopsy should be allowed. - -As soon as possible after the beginning of this work, a definite start was -made toward determining the cause of feeble-mindedness. After some -preliminary work, it was concluded that the only way to get the -information needed was by sending trained workers to the homes of the -children, to learn by careful and wise questioning the facts that could be -obtained. It was a great surprise to us to discover so much mental defect -in the families of so many of these children. The results of the study of -more than 300 families will soon be published, showing that about 65 per -cent of these children have the hereditary taint. - -The present study of the Kallikak family is a genuine story of real -people. The name is, of course, fictitious, as are all of the names -throughout the story. The results here presented come after two years of -constant work, investigating the conditions of this family. - -Some readers may question how it has been possible to get such definite -data in regard to people who lived so long ago. - -A word of explanation is hence in order. In the first place, the family -itself proved to be a notorious one, so the people, in the community where -the present generations are living, know of them; they knew their parents -and grandparents; and the older members knew them farther back, because of -the reputation they had always borne. Secondly, the reputation which the -Training School has in the State is such that all have been willing to -coöperate as soon as they understood the purpose and plan of the work. -This has been of great help. Thirdly, the time devoted to this -investigation must not be overlooked. A hasty investigation could never -have produced the results which we have reached. Oftentimes a second, a -third, a fifth, or a sixth visit has been necessary in order to develop an -acquaintance and relationship with these families which induced them -gradually to relate things which they otherwise had not recalled or did -not care to tell. Many an important item has been gathered after several -visits to these homes. Chapter IV will throw still more light on the -method used. - -If the reader is inclined to the view that we must have called a great -many people feeble-minded who were not so, let him be assured that this is -not the case. On the contrary, we have preferred to err on the other side, -and we have not marked people feeble-minded unless the case was such that -we could substantiate it beyond a reasonable doubt. If there was good -reason to call them normal, we have so marked them. If not, and we are -unable to decide in our own minds, we have generally left them unmarked. -In a few cases, we have marked them normal or feeble-minded, with a -question mark. By this is meant that we have studied the case and after -deliberation are still in doubt, but the probabilities are “N” or “F” as -indicated. The mere fact of the doubt shows, however, that they are at -least border-line cases. - -To the scientific reader we would say that the data here presented are, -we believe, accurate to a high degree. It is true that we have made rather -dogmatic statements and have drawn conclusions that do not seem -scientifically warranted from the data. We have done this because it seems -necessary to make these statements and conclusions for the benefit of the -lay reader, and it was impossible to present in this book all of the data -that would substantiate them. We have, as a matter of fact, drawn upon the -material which is soon to be presented in a larger book. The reference to -Mendelism is an illustration of what we mean. It is, as it is given here, -meager and inadequate, and the assumption that the given law applies to -human heredity is an assumption so far as the data presented are -concerned. We would ask that the scientist reserve judgment and wait for -the larger book for the proof of these statements and for an adequate -discussion of Mendelism in relation to the problem. - -The necessary expense for this study, as well as for all of the work of -the Research Laboratory, has been met by voluntary contributions from -philanthropic men and women, who believe that here is an opportunity to -benefit humanity, such as is hardly equaled elsewhere. - -We take this means of expressing to them our deep appreciation of their -sympathy and generosity. I wish also to make special mention of the -indefatigable industry, wisdom, tact, and judgment of our field workers -who have gathered these facts and whose results, although continually -checked up, have stood every test put upon them as to their accuracy and -value. - -The work on this particular family has been done by Elizabeth S. Kite, to -whom I am also indebted for practically all of Chapter IV. - -I am also greatly indebted to my assistants in the laboratory, for help in -preparing the charts, keeping the records, and correcting manuscript and -proof. - -To Superintendent Edward R. Johnstone, whose wisdom and foresight led to -the establishment of this Department of Research, whose help, sympathy, -and encouragement have been constant throughout the work of preparing this -study, the thanks and gratitude of the entire group of readers who find in -these facts any help toward the solution of the problems that they are -facing, are due. - - HENRY H. GODDARD. - -VINELAND, N.J., SEPTEMBER, 1912. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - PREFACE vii - - I. THE STORY OF DEBORAH 1 - - II. THE DATA 13 - - THE CHARTS 33 - - III. WHAT IT MEANS 50 - - IV. FURTHER FACTS ABOUT THE KALLIKAK FAMILY 70 - - V. WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 101 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - DEBORAH KALLIKAK AS SHE APPEARS TO-DAY AT THE - TRAINING SCHOOL _Frontispiece_ - - FACING PAGE - - DEBORAH AT THE SEWING MACHINE 4 - - DEBORAH AS WAITRESS 4 - - SPECIMENS OF DEBORAH’S HANDIWORK 6 - - DEBORAH, AGED FIFTEEN 8 - - DEBORAH, AGED SEVENTEEN 8 - - LAST HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK 20 - - ESTHER, DAUGHTER OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK 20 - - RUINS OF MOUNTAIN HUT BUILT BY MARTIN KALLIKAK, JR. 24 - - SITE OF MOUNTAIN HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK 24 - - GREAT-GRANDSON OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK 84 - - MELINDA, DAUGHTER OF “JEMIMA” 84 - - GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN OF “OLD SAL” 88 - - CHILDREN OF GUSS SAUNDERS, WITH THEIR GRANDMOTHER 88 - - - - -THE KALLIKAK FAMILY - -A STUDY IN THE HEREDITY OF FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE STORY OF DEBORAH - - -One bright October day, fourteen years ago, there came to the Training -School at Vineland, a little eight-year-old girl. She had been born in an -almshouse. Her mother had afterwards married, not the father of this -child, but the prospective father of another child, and later had divorced -him and married another man, who was also the father of some of her -children. She had been led to do this through the efforts of well-meaning -people who felt that it was a great misfortune for a child to be born into -the world illegitimately. From their standpoint the argument was good, -because the mother with four or five younger children was unable to -provide adequately for this little girl, whom both husbands refused to -support. - -On the plea that the child did not get along well at school and might -possibly be feeble-minded, she gained admission to the Training School, -there to begin a career which has been interesting and valuable to the -Institution, and which has led to an investigation that cannot fail to -prove of great social import. - -The following are extracts from her history since she came to the -Institution:-- - - From Admission Blanks, _Nov. ’97_.--Average size and weight. No - peculiarity in form or size of head. Staring expression. Jerking - movement in walking. No bodily deformity. Mouth shut. Washes and - dresses herself, except fastening clothes. Understands commands. Not - very obedient. Knows a few letters. Cannot read nor count. Knows all - the colors. Not fond of music. Power of memory poor. Listens well. - Looks steadily. Good imitator. Can use a needle. Can carry wood and - fill a kettle. Can throw a ball, but cannot catch. Sees and hears - well. Right-handed. Excitable but not nervous. Not affectionate and - quite noisy. Careless in dress. Active. Obstinate and destructive. - Does not mind slapping and scolding. Grandmother somewhat deficient. - Grandfather periodical drunkard and mentally deficient. Been to - school. No results. - -From Institution Reports:-- - - _Jan. ’99._--Conduct better. Counts 1-10 and 10-1. Knows at sight - and can write from memory “see,” “me,” “ran,” “man,” “rat,” “can.” - Weaves difficult mat in steps of 1 and 3, but requires much - assistance. - - _Feb. ’99._--Counts 1-30; writes 1-15. Orderly. Folds neatly. - - _March, ’99._--Draws circle and square. Writes 1-29. Combines simple - numbers. - - _April, ’99._--Conduct quite bad--impudent and growing worse. - Transferred from Seguin Cottage to Wilbur for a while. Seems some - better. - - SCHOOL. _Dec. ’00._ Disobedient. Graceful. Good in drill. Can copy. - Knows a number of words. Writes them from memory. Reads a little. - Adds with objects. Counts and knows value of numbers. Does all - ladder and pole drills nicely. Good in entertainment work. Memorizes - quickly. Can always be relied upon for either speaking or singing. - Marches well. A good captain. Knows “Halt,” “Right,” and “Left Face” - and “Forward March.” Always in step. - - MUSIC. Knows different notes. Plays “Jesus, Lover of my Soul” - nicely. Plays scale of C and F on cornet. - - _May, ’01._--Plays scales of C and F and first two exercises in - “Beginners’ Band Book” on cornet. She plays by ear. She has not - learned to read the notes of these two scales, simply because she - will not put her mind to it. She has played hymns in simple time, - but the fingering has had to be written for her. - - SCHOOL. Excellent worker in gardening class. Has just completed a - very good diagram of our garden to show at Annual Meeting. - - COTTAGE. Helps make beds and waits on table, is quick with her work, - but is very noisy. - - _Oct. ’01._--Has nearly finished outlining a pillow sham. Can do - very good work when she tries. - - ENGLISH. Does better in number work than in any other branch. Her - mind wanders a great deal. In the midst of a lesson, that she has - apparently paid a great deal of attention to, she will ask a - question that has no bearing on the lesson at all. Is slow to learn. - - _Nov. ’01._--Is very good in number work, especially in addition. - Can add 25 and 15. Spells a few words, such as “wind,” “blows,” - “flowers.” Writes fairly well from copy if she tries. Her attention - is very hard to keep. Is restless in class. Likes to be first in - everything. The one thing she does best in school is to add numbers - with pegs. Knows about fifteen words, such as “cat,” “fan,” “run,” - “man.” She could learn more in school if she would pay attention, - but her mind seems away off from the subject in discussion. Could - play scale of C and F on cornet and would play some by ear if she - could have kept up her lessons. Was taken out on account of sore - throat. - - _Nov. ’04._--Understands how to make bead chains. Has made four. - Knows how to use a sewing machine. Has made a shirtwaist. Uses tape - measure accurately. Can play on cornet four hard band pieces and - three solos, also reads at sight easy songs and hymns. Band pieces - are: “Attention, March!” “Quick Step Sterling,” “Onward, Christian - Soldiers,” and “Star-spangled Banner.” Solos are: “America,” “Old - Black Joe,” and “Onward, Christian Soldiers.” Conduct at school, - fair. - - [Illustration: DEBORAH AT THE SEWING MACHINE.] - - [Illustration: DEBORAH AS WAITRESS.] - - _Jan. ’07._--Took the part of Mrs. Doe in “Fun in a Photograph - Gallery.” - - _Feb. ’08._--Can write a fairly good story, but spells very few - words. Has little idea of the use of capitals. It is difficult for - her to separate her sentences. Drawing, painting, coloring, and any - kind of hand work she does quite nicely. In clay modeling, her idea - of form is quite good. Is much improved in conduct. Does not act so - wild in class. - - In wood-carving class, she starts a thing she wants to do very - enthusiastically, but if it takes her very long, her interest flags - and she has to be spurred on by the thought of the result when well - done. This year she has made a carved book rest with mission ends - and is now working on a shirtwaist box with mortise and tenon joints - and lap joints. The top will be paneled. She can do most of her own - marking when shown how. - - Has made a great improvement in “Band” during the last year. Can get - a better tone on the cornet and more volume. Reads by note all music - that she plays. Plays second cornet parts to about twenty-five - pieces. - - _Jan. ’09._--Has embroidered the front of a shirtwaist and the front - gore of a skirt. She has shown a great amount of patience, - perseverance, and judgment in her work this year, has been anxious - to do her work, and has been a good girl. In wood carving she is - doing much more careful work than last year. - - Has made a large “Skolcroft” chair with only a little help in - putting it into clamps. Did her own measuring and carved the wood. - She filled the wood herself before staining. This she had never done - before. - - _June, ’09._--Made the suit which she had embroidered earlier in the - year, using the machine in making it. Helped F. B. put her chair - together and really acted as a teacher in showing her how to - upholster it. Will be a helper in wood-carving class this summer. - - Took important part in the Christmas play of 1908 and was a “Fan - Girl” in the Japanese play given Annual Day, 1909. - - _Mar. ’11._--Works just about the same in wood-carving class as she - has other years. Can work very rapidly when she tries, but does not - very often try. Does not have much confidence in herself when - marking out her work, but when urged, keeps trying until she gets it - right. Is making a large dressing case this year. Is doing very nice - work, especially in physical culture class. - - _May, ’11._--Finished her dressing case, but was careless towards - the last, so it is not quite as nice as was expected. Made a very - handsome embroidered linen dress (satin stitch and eyelets), also an - embroidered corset cover. Made up both pieces under direction. Can - write a well-worded story, but has to have more than half the words - spelled for her. Knows very few of her number combinations. Retains - a great many interesting facts connected with nature work. - -[Illustration: SPECIMENS OF DEBORAH’S HANDIWORK.] - -The reader will see that Deborah’s teachers have worked with her -faithfully and carefully, hoping for progress, even seeing it where at a -later date it became evident that no real advance had been made. Note the -oft-repeated “She could if she would,” or “If she would only pay -attention,” and similar expressions, which show the unwillingness of the -teachers to admit even to themselves that she is really feeble-minded. In -the earlier records it was noted that Deborah was not fond of music, while -in later reports it is shown to be her one great accomplishment. To-day -she is a woman of twenty-two. The consensus of opinion of those who have -known her for the last fourteen years in the Institution is as follows:-- - - “She is cheerful, inclined to be quarrelsome, very active and - restless, very affectionate, willing, and tries; is quick and - excitable, fairly good-tempered. Learns a new occupation quickly, - but requires a half hour or twenty-four repetitions to learn four - lines. Retains well what she has once learned. Needs close - supervision. Is bold towards strangers, kind towards animals. Can - run an electric sewing machine, cook, and do practically everything - about the house. Has no noticeable defect. She is quick and - observing, has a good memory, writes fairly, does excellent work in - wood-carving and kindergarten, is excellent in imitation. Is a poor - reader and poor at numbers. Does fine basketry and gardening. - Spelling is poor; music is excellent; sewing excellent; excellent in - entertainment work. Very fond of children and good in helping care - for them. Has a good sense of order and cleanliness. Is sometimes - very stubborn and obstinate. Is not always truthful and has been - known to steal, although does not have a reputation for this. Is - proud of her clothes. Likes pretty dresses and likes to help in - other cottages, even to temporarily taking charge of a group.” - -The children at the Training School write letters to Santa Claus asking -for such things as they want for Christmas. Here are Deborah’s requests -each year, beginning with ’99, when she was ten years old:-- - - “’99.--Book and harmonica. - - ’00.--Book, comb, paints, and doll. - - ’01.--Book, mittens, toy piano, handkerchief, slate pencil. - - ’02.--Wax doll, ribbon, music box. - - ’03.--Post cards, colored ribbons, gloves and shears. - - ’04.--Trunk, music box, Fairy Tales, games, ribbons, big doll. - - ’05.--Ribbons of different colors, games, handkerchiefs, music box, - Fairy Tales. - - ’06.--Pair of stockings, ribbons, rubbers. - - ’07.--Watch, red ribbon, brush and comb, paper. - - ’08.--Three yards of lawn, rubbers. - - ’09.--Nice shoes, pink, dark blue, and white ribbons. - - ’10.--Money for dentist bill. - - ’11.--Rubbers, three shirts, blue scarf, three yards linen, two - yards lawn for fancy work.” - -[Illustration: AGE 15. AGE 17. - -DEBORAH.] - -It will be remembered that in her history, number was mentioned as being -one of her strong points. Indeed, she had a great deal of thorough drill -in this branch. In a recent testing to determine how much of this she -still retained, or whether the work had been of any value as mental -discipline, the results were negative. It was discovered that she could -neither add nor subtract, except where it was a question of concrete -objects connected with her daily life. For example, she can set a table -and wait on it very nicely. She can put the right number of plates at the -head of the table, if she knows the people who are to sit there, but at a -table with precisely the same number of strangers, she fails in making the -correct count. - -At a recent test made before a prominent scientist, the question was -asked, “How many are 12 less 3?” She thought for a moment, looked around -the room and finally answered, “Nine.” “Correct,” said her questioner. “Do -you know how I did it?” she asked, delighted at her success. “I counted on -my fingers.” - -Some of the questions asked her and her answers are as follows:-- - - _Q._ There are ten people to eat dinner. Seven have eaten. For how - many must you keep dinner warm? - - _A._ Three. - - _Q._ Suppose you had eight ergographs and sell six. How many would - be left? - - _A._ (after twenty-eight seconds’ pondering). Two. - - _Q._ Suppose you had eight Deltas and gave two away. What would you - have left? - - _A._ Five. - - _Q._ Suppose there are eight at the table and two leave. How many - would remain? - - _A._ (after thirteen seconds). Six. - -By the Binet Scale this girl showed, in April, 1910, the mentality of a -nine-year-old child with two points over; January, 1911, 9 years, 1 point; -September, 1911, 9 years, 2 points; October, 1911, 9 years, 3 points. She -answers correctly all of the questions up to age 7 except the repetition -of five figures, where she transposes two of them. She does not read the -selection in the required time, nor does she remember what she reads. In -counting the stamps, her first answer was “ten cents,” which she later -corrected. Under age 9, none of her definitions are “_better than by -use_”--“Fork is to eat with,” “Chair to sit on,” etc. She can sometimes -arrange the weights in their proper order and at other times not. The same -is true of putting the three words into a sentence. She does not know -money. Her definitions of abstract terms are very poor, in some cases -barely passable, nor can she put together the dissected sentences. She -rhymes “storm” with “spring,” and “milk” with “mill,” afterwards using -“bill,” “will,” “till.” - -In the revised questions, she does not draw the design which is Question 2 -in age 10, nor does she resist suggestion, Question 4 in age 12. To the -first part of Question 5, age 12, she answered, “A bird hanging from the -limb,” and to the second part, “Some one was very sick.” - -This is a typical illustration of the mentality of a high-grade -feeble-minded person, the moron, the delinquent, the kind of girl or woman -that fills our reformatories. They are wayward, they get into all sorts of -trouble and difficulties, sexually and otherwise, and yet we have been -accustomed to account for their defects on the basis of viciousness, -environment, or ignorance. - -It is also the history of the same type of girl in the public school. -Rather good-looking, bright in appearance, with many attractive ways, the -teacher clings to the hope, indeed insists, that such a girl will come -out all right. Our work with Deborah convinces us that such hopes are -delusions. - -Here is a child who has been most carefully guarded. She has been -persistently trained since she was eight years old, and yet nothing has -been accomplished in the direction of higher intelligence or general -education. To-day if this young woman were to leave the Institution, she -would at once become a prey to the designs of evil men or evil women and -would lead a life that would be vicious, immoral, and criminal, though -because of her mentality she herself would not be responsible. There is -nothing that she might not be led into, because she has no power of -control, and all her instincts and appetites are in the direction that -would lead to vice. - -We may now repeat the ever insistent question, and this time we indeed -have good hope of answering it. The question is, “How do we account for -this kind of individual?” The answer is in a word “Heredity,”--bad stock. -We must recognize that the human family shows varying stocks or strains -that are as marked and that breed as true as anything in plant or animal -life. - -Formerly such a statement would have been a guess, an hypothesis. We -submit in the following pages what seems to us conclusive evidence of its -truth. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE DATA - - -The Vineland Training School has for two years employed field workers. -These are women highly trained, of broad human experience, and interested -in social problems. As a result of weeks of residence at the Training -School, they become acquainted with the condition of the feeble-minded. -They study all the grades, note their peculiarities, and acquaint -themselves with the methods of testing and recognizing them. They then go -out with an introduction from the Superintendent to the homes of the -children and there ask that all the facts which are available may be -furnished, in order that we can know more about the child and be better -able to care for him and more wisely train him. - -Sometimes all necessary information is obtained from the one central -source, but more often, especially where the parents are themselves -defective, many visits to other homes must be made. Parents often send the -field worker to visit near and distant relatives as well as neighbors, -employers, teachers, physicians, ministers, overseers of the poor, -almshouse directors, etc. These must be interviewed and all the -information thus obtained must be weighed and much of it verified by -repeated visits to the same locality before an accurate chart of the -particular child’s heredity can be made. - -In determining the mental condition of people in the earlier generations -(that is, as to whether they were feeble-minded or not), one proceeds in -the same way as one does to determine the character of a Washington or a -Lincoln or any other man of the past. Recourse is had to original -documents whenever possible. In the case of defectives, of course, there -are not many original documents. Oftentimes the absence of these, where -they are to be expected, is of itself significant. For instance, the -absence of a record of marriage is often quite as significant as its -presence. Some record or memory is generally obtainable of how the person -lived, how he conducted himself, whether he was able to make a living, how -he brought up his children, what was his reputation in the community; -these facts are frequently sufficient to enable one to determine, with a -high degree of accuracy, whether the individual was normal or otherwise. -Sometimes the condition is marked by the presence of other factors. For -example, if a man was strongly alcoholic, it is almost impossible to -determine whether he was also feeble-minded, because the reports usually -declare that the only trouble with him was that he was always drunk, and -they say if he had been sober, he would have been all right. This may be -true, but on the other hand, it is quite possible that he was -feeble-minded also. - -After some experience, the field worker becomes expert in inferring the -condition of those persons who are not seen, from the similarity of the -language used in describing them to that used in describing persons whom -she has seen. - -In Deborah’s case, the woman first visited was the one who interested -herself in the child and its mother when the latter had just given birth -to her baby in the almshouse. From this woman was learned the subsequent -history of Deborah’s mother as given in the first part of this -description. But references, supplied by her, soon led to further -discoveries. The present family was found living within twenty miles of -what was afterwards learned to be its ancestral home and in a region that -was neither the slums of a city nor the wild desolation of the extreme -rural community, but rather in the midst of a populous farming country, -one of the best districts in the State. Thorough and carefully conducted -investigations in the small town and among the farmers of this region -showed that the family had always been notorious for the number of -defectives and delinquents it had produced; and this notoriety made it -possible to trace them back for no less than six generations. - -It was determined to make a survey of the entire family and to discover -the condition, as far as possible, of every person in each generation. - -The surprise and horror of it all was that no matter where we traced them, -whether in the prosperous rural district, in the city slums to which some -had drifted, or in the more remote mountain regions, or whether it was a -question of the second or the sixth generation, an appalling amount of -defectiveness was everywhere found. - -In the course of the work of tracing various members of the family, our -field worker occasionally found herself in the midst of a good family of -the same name, which apparently was in no way related to the girl whose -ancestry we were investigating. In such cases, there was nothing to be -done but to beat a retreat and start again in another direction. However, -these cases became so frequent that there gradually grew the conviction -that ours must be a degenerate offshoot from an older family of better -stock. Definite work was undertaken in order to locate the point at which -the separation took place. Over and over, the investigation was laid aside -in sheer despair of ever being able to find absolute proofs or to -establish missing links in the testimony. Then some freshly discovered -facts, that came often quite unexpectedly, would throw new light on the -situation, and the work would be resumed. - -The great-great-grandfather of Deborah was Martin Kallikak.[1] That we -knew. We had also traced the good family, before alluded to, back to an -ancestor belonging to an older generation than this Martin Kallikak, but -bearing the same name. He was the father of a large family. His eldest son -was named Frederick, but there was no son by the name of Martin. -Consequently, no connection could be made. Many months later, a -granddaughter of Martin revealed in a burst of confidence the situation. -She told us (and this was afterwards fully verified) that Martin had a -_half brother_ Frederick,--and that Martin never had an own brother -“because,” as she now naïvely expressed it, “you see, his mother had him -before she was married.” Deeper scrutiny into the life of Martin Kallikak -Sr., which was made possible through well-preserved family records, -enabled us to complete the story. - - [1] All names, both Christian and sur-names, are fictitious. - -When Martin Sr., of the good family, was a boy of fifteen, his father -died, leaving him without parental care or oversight. Just before -attaining his majority, the young man joined one of the numerous military -companies that were formed to protect the country at the beginning of the -Revolution. At one of the taverns frequented by the militia he met a -feeble-minded girl by whom he became the father of a feeble-minded son. -This child was given, by its mother, the name of the father in full, and -thus has been handed down to posterity the father’s name and the mother’s -mental capacity. This illegitimate boy was Martin Kallikak Jr., the -great-great-grandfather of our Deborah, and from him have come four -hundred and eighty descendants. One hundred and forty-three of these, we -have conclusive proof, were or are feeble-minded, while only forty-six -have been found normal. The rest are unknown or doubtful. - -Among these four hundred and eighty descendants, thirty-six have been -illegitimate. - -There have been thirty-three sexually immoral persons, mostly prostitutes. - -There have been twenty-four confirmed alcoholics. - -There have been three epileptics. - -Eighty-two died in infancy. - -Three were criminal. - -Eight kept houses of ill fame. - -These people have married into other families, generally of about the same -type, so that we now have on record and charted eleven hundred and -forty-six individuals. - -Of this large group, we have discovered that two hundred and sixty-two -were feeble-minded, while one hundred and ninety-seven are considered -normal, the remaining five hundred and eighty-one being still -undetermined. (“Undetermined,” as here employed, often means not that we -knew nothing about the person, but that we could not decide. They are -people we can scarcely recognize as normal; frequently they are not what -we could call good members of society. But it is very difficult to decide -without more facts whether the condition that we find or that we learn -about, as in the case of older generations, is or was really one of true -feeble-mindedness.) - -In 1803, Martin Kallikak Jr., otherwise known as the “Old Horror,” married -Rhoda Zabeth, a normal woman. (See Chart II.) They had ten children, of -whom one died in infancy and another died at birth with the mother. Of -those who lived, the oldest was Millard, the direct ancestor of our -Deborah. He married Althea Haight, and they had fifteen children, of whom -more later. - -The next born of Martin Jr. was Nathan, known in the community as “Daddy” -(see Chart III),[2] who died at the advanced age of ninety-three. He was -the father of six children. One of his sons was a criminal, a horse thief, -who also stole a flock of sheep which the owner all unwittingly helped him -to drive away. Three other children of “Daddy” married and themselves had -children. These are all families about whose mentality it is difficult to -decide. They are all peculiar, but more respectable than some other -branches of this family. One is dead. The sixth, a daughter, is -feeble-minded and sexually immoral. She married a man who was -feeble-minded and alcoholic. Of her six children, two at least are -feeble-minded. Whether her husband is the father of all of the children is -very doubtful. Sexual immorality and alcoholism are prevalent in this -family. One of the sons married a feeble-minded woman who came from -feeble-minded stock. They had six children, all of whom were -feeble-minded. One of these is of the Mongolian type, an interesting fact, -as it shows that this particular form of arrest of development may occur -in a defective family. - - [2] It is important to trace out in detail these relationships on - the charts. - -[Illustration: LAST HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK.] - -[Illustration: ESTHER, DAUGHTER OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK.] - -Martin Jr.’s third child was James (Chart II), who went away, and we know -nothing about him. - -Martin Jr.’s fourth child, “Old Sal” (Chart IV), was feeble-minded and she -married a feeble-minded man. Two of their children are undetermined, but -one of these had at least one feeble-minded grandchild; the other, an -alcoholic man, had three feeble-minded grandchildren, one of whom is in -the Training School at Vineland. She is thus a cousin of Deborah--a fact -not known until this study was made. The two other children of Old Sal -were feeble-minded, married feeble-minded wives, and had large families of -defective children and grandchildren, as will be seen in the chart. - -The fifth child of Martin Jr. was Jemima (Chart V), feeble-minded and -sexually immoral. She lived with a feeble-minded man named Horser, to whom -she was supposed to have been married. Of her five children, three are -known to have been feeble-minded, two are undetermined. From these again, -have come a large number of feeble-minded children and grandchildren. -Jemima had an illegitimate son by a man who was high in the Nation’s -offices. This son married a feeble-minded girl and they had feeble-minded -children, and grandchildren. - -The sixth child of Martin Jr., known as “Old Moll” (Chart VI), was -feeble-minded, alcoholic, epileptic, and sexually immoral. She had three -illegitimate children who were sent to the almshouse, and from there bound -out to neighboring farmers. One of these turned out normal, one was -feeble-minded, and the other undetermined. Neither of the two older ones -had any children. The third child, a daughter, was tubercular, but nothing -is known of her descendants, except that there were several children and -grandchildren. - -The seventh child of Martin Jr. was a daughter, Sylvia (Chart VII), who -seemed to be a normal woman. She was taken very young by a good family who -brought her up carefully. She later married a normal man. Although we have -marked her normal, she was always peculiar. All her children and -grandchildren were either normal or are undetermined. - -The youngest child of Martin Jr. who lived to grow up was Amy Jones, also -normal. (Chart VIII.) She, too, was taken into a good family and married a -normal man, and lived to be very old. Two of Amy’s children died in -infancy. Of two others, one was normal and one feeble-minded. This latter -married a normal man and had one feeble-minded and immoral daughter; five -other children are undetermined. - -We now return to Martin Jr.’s oldest son, Millard (Chart IX), to take up -the story of his descendants, of whom our girl Deborah is one. - -Millard married Althea Haight about 1830. They had fifteen children born -in the following years: 1830, 1831, 1832, 1834, 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841, -1843, 1845, 1847, 1849, 1851, 1854, 1856. The mother died in 1857. This -mother, Althea Haight, was feeble-minded. That she came from a -feeble-minded family is evidenced by the fact that she had at least one -feeble-minded brother, while of her mother it was said that the “devil -himself could not live with her.” The feeble-minded brother had six -children, of whom three are known to have been feeble-minded. He had seven -grandchildren who were feeble-minded, and no less than nine feeble-minded -great-grandchildren. (These are not shown on the chart.) - -The oldest child of Millard and Althea was a daughter who grew up a -feeble-minded and immoral woman. She had several husbands, but only one of -her children lived to be old enough to marry. This one, a daughter of -illegitimate birth, married a man of good family who was a confirmed -alcoholic. Their children are all undetermined, except one who was normal. - -The second child of Millard, a daughter, was a bad character. We know of -one illegitimate and feeble-minded son who married a feeble-minded and -immoral girl. They had four children, but all died in infancy. This wife -was also the mother of an illegitimate son, who was feeble-minded and -sexually immoral. - -The third child of Millard was Justin (Chart IX, section E), the -grandfather of our Deborah. His family we shall discuss later. - -According to Mendelian expectation, all of the children of Millard -Kallikak and Althea Haight should have been feeble-minded, because the -parents were such. The facts, so far as known, confirm this expectation, -with the exception of the fourth child, a daughter, who was taken into a -good family and grew up apparently a normal woman. She married a normal -man and they had one son who was normal. He married a normal woman and -they have two children, a boy and girl, who are normal and above average -intelligence. - -The fifth child was Albert, feeble-minded, who died at twenty-five, -unmarried. - -The sixth child was Warren, who had four children, three of whom were -feeble-minded and of very doubtful morality. Each of the three had -feeble-minded children. One of these, Guss by name, was specially loose -and much mixed in his marital relations. - -[Illustration: RUINS OF MOUNTAIN HUT BUILT BY MARTIN KALLIKAK JR. 1805.] - -[Illustration: SITE OF MOUNTAIN HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK, WHERE FIFTEEN OF -HIS CHILDREN WERE BORN.] - -The seventh child was Lavinia, who died unmarried at the age of -thirty-nine. She had been brought up in a good family and never -manifested any of those characteristics that indicate feeble-mindedness. - -The eighth was Cordelia, who died at nine; condition unknown. - -The ninth was Prince, who died at four years. - -The tenth was Paula, feeble-minded; married and had four children. Her -husband and children are undetermined. - -Then comes Gregory, the eleventh, who was feeble-minded and alcoholic. He -married an alcoholic and syphilitic woman, mentality difficult to -determine. They had seven children, of whom two were feeble-minded, -syphilitic, alcoholic, and sexually immoral. One died of delirium tremens, -the other of alcoholism, leaving a long line of descendants. The other -children died young, except one daughter who has a feeble-minded -grandchild who cannot speak. - -The twelfth child was Harriet, feeble-minded, twice married, but without -children. - -The thirteenth, Sanders, who was drowned as a young man, was feeble-minded -and sexually immoral. - -The fourteenth was Thomas, feeble-minded, alcoholic, and sexually immoral. -He died from over self-indulgence. He was married and had a daughter, but -her condition as well as her mother’s is unknown. - -The last child was Joseph, feeble-minded. He married his first cousin, Eva -Haight, who was also feeble-minded. They had five children, two dying in -infancy, and the rest feeble-minded. Of their nineteen grandchildren, five -died in infancy, one is undetermined, and the remaining thirteen are all -feeble-minded. - -Millard Kallikak married for his second wife a normal woman, a sister of a -man of prominence. She was, however, of marked peculiarity. By her, he had -three children; two died in infancy. The one who grew to manhood was -alcoholic and syphilitic. He ran off with the wife of his nephew, who was -about his own age. His mental condition is undetermined. He was killed by -an accident a few years later. - -We now return to the third born of this family, Justin Kallikak, the -grandfather of our Deborah (Chart IX, section E). He was feeble-minded, -alcoholic, and sexually immoral. He married Eunice Barrah, who belonged to -a family of dull mentality. Her mother and paternal grandfather were -feeble-minded, and the grandfather had a brother that was feeble-minded. -That brother had at least six descendants who were feeble-minded. The -father, also, had a brother feeble-minded who had eleven children, -grandchildren, and great-grandchildren who were feeble-minded. (Not -shown). - -The children of Deborah’s grandparents, Justin and Eunice, were as -follows: first, Martha, the mother of our Deborah, whose story has already -been partly told. This woman is supposed to have had three illegitimate -children before Deborah was born. They died in infancy. The next younger -half sister of Deborah was placed out by a charitable organization when -very young. From their records we learn that in five years she had been -tried in thirteen different families and by all found impossible. In one -of these she set the barn on fire. When found by our field worker, she had -grown to be a girl of twenty, pretty, graceful, but of low mentality. She -had already followed the instinct implanted in her by her mother, and was -on the point of giving birth to an illegitimate child. She was sent to a -hospital. The child died, and then the girl was placed permanently in a -home for feeble-minded. An own brother of this girl was placed out in a -private family. When a little under sixteen, his foster mother died and -her husband married again. Thus the boy was turned adrift. Having been -well trained, and being naturally of an agreeable disposition, he easily -found employment. Bad company, however, soon led to his discharge. He has -now drifted into one of our big cities. It requires no prophet to predict -his future. - -The last family of half brothers and sisters of Deborah are, at present, -living with the mother and her second husband. The oldest three of these -are distinctly feeble-minded. Between them and the two younger children -there was a stillbirth and a miscarriage. The little ones appear normal -and test normal for their ages, but there is good reason to believe that -they will develop the same defect as they grow older. - -Besides the mother of Deborah, Justin and Eunice had ten other children, -of whom six died in infancy. One of the daughters, Margaret, was taken by -a good family when a very small child. When she was about thirteen, she -visited her parents for a few weeks. While her mother was away at work, -her father, who was a drunken brute, committed incest with her. When the -fact became known in her adopted home, she was placed in the almshouse. -The child born there soon died, and she was again received into the family -where she formerly lived. The care with which she was surrounded prevented -her from becoming a vicious woman. Although of dull mentality, she was a -good and cheerful worker. When about thirty-five, she married a -respectable workingman but has had no children by him. - -Another daughter, Abigail, feeble-minded, married a feeble-minded man by -whom she had two feeble-minded children, besides a third that died in -infancy. She later married a normal man. - -The next child of Justin and Eunice was Beede, who is feeble-minded. He -married a girl who left him before their child was born. He lives at -present with a very low, immoral woman. - -The youngest child of Justin and Eunice was a son, Gaston, feeble-minded -and a horse thief; he removed to a distant town where he married. He has -one child; mentality of both mother and child undetermined. - -This is the ghastly story of the descendants of Martin Kallikak Sr., from -the nameless feeble-minded girl. - -Although Martin himself paid no further attention to the girl nor her -child, society has had to pay the heavy price of all the evil he -engendered. - -Martin Sr., on leaving the Revolutionary Army, straightened up and married -a respectable girl of good family, and through that union has come another -line of descendants of radically different character. These now number -four hundred and ninety-six in direct descent. All of them are normal -people. Three men only have been found among them who were somewhat -degenerate, but they were not defective. Two of these were alcoholic, and -the other sexually loose. - -All of the legitimate children of Martin Sr. married into the best -families in their state, the descendants of colonial governors, signers of -the Declaration of Independence, soldiers and even the founders of a great -university. Indeed, in this family and its collateral branches, we find -nothing but good representative citizenship. There are doctors, lawyers, -judges, educators, traders, landholders, in short, respectable citizens, -men and women prominent in every phase of social life. They have scattered -over the United States and are prominent in their communities wherever -they have gone. Half a dozen towns in New Jersey are named from the -families into which Martin’s descendants have married. There have been no -feeble-minded among them; no illegitimate children; no immoral women; only -one man was sexually loose. There has been no epilepsy, no criminals, no -keepers of houses of prostitution. Only fifteen children have died in -infancy. There has been one “insane,” a case of religious mania, perhaps -inherited, but not from the Kallikak side. The appetite for strong drink -has been present here and there in this family from the beginning. It was -in Martin Sr., and was cultivated at a time when such practices were -common everywhere. But while the other branch of the family has had -twenty-four victims of habitual drunkenness, this side scores only two. - -The charts of these two families follow. - - - - -THE CHARTS - - -THE CHARTS - -Chart I shows the line of descent of the Kallikak family from their first -colonial ancestor. It was Martin who divided it into a bad branch on one -hand and a good branch on the other. Each of these branches is traced -through the line of the eldest son down to a person of the present -generation. On the bad side it ends with Deborah Kallikak, an inmate of -the Training School at Vineland, on the good side with the son of a -prominent and wealthy citizen of the same family name, now resident of -another State. - -Chart II shows the children of Martin Sr. by his wife and by the nameless -feeble-minded girl, and also the children of Martin Jr. - -Then follow Charts III to IX and A to K, giving in detail each of these -two branches, the upper series being the normal family, the descendants of -Martin Kallikak Sr. through his wife: the lower is the bad family, his -descendants through the nameless feeble-minded girl who was not his wife. - - -EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS - -Individuals are represented by squares and circles, the squares being -males, the circles, females. Black squares and circles (with a white “F”) -mean feeble-minded individuals; N means normal persons. - -The clear squares or circles indicate that the mentality of the person is -undetermined. - -“d. inf.” means died in infancy. - -A horizontal or slightly oblique line connects persons who are mated. -Unless otherwise indicated, they are supposed to have been legally -married. - -The symbols dependent from the same horizontal line are for brothers and -sisters. - -A vertical line connecting this horizontal line with an individual or with -a line connecting two individuals, indicates the parent or parents of the -fraternity. - -Letters placed around the symbol for an individual are as follows: -A--Alcoholic, meaning decidedly intemperate, a drunkard; B--Blind; -C--Criminalistic; D--Deaf; E--Epileptic; I--Insane; Sy--Syphilitic; -Sx--Sexually immoral; T--Tuberculous. - -A short vertical line dependent from the horizontal fraternity line -indicates a child whose sex is unknown. An F at the end of the line -indicates that such child was feeble-minded. - -N? or F? indicates that the individual has not been definitely determined, -but, considering all the data, it is concluded that on the whole, the -person was probably normal or feeble-minded, as the letter signifies. - -A small d. followed by a numeral means died at that age; b. means born, -usually followed by the date. - -A single figure below a symbol indicates that the symbol stands for more -than one individual--the number denoted by the figure, _e.g._ a circle -with a “4” below it, indicates that there were four girls in that -fraternity, represented by that one symbol. - -The Hand indicates the child that is in the Institution at Vineland, whose -family history is the subject of the chart. - -A black horizontal line under a symbol indicates that that individual was -in some public institution at state expense. - -The fact that the parents were not married is indicated either by the -expression “unmarried” or by the word “illegitimate,” placed near the -symbol for the child. - -[Illustration: CHART I.] - -[Illustration: CHART II. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART A. - -CHART B.] - -[Illustration: CHART III.] - -[Illustration: CHART C.] - -[Illustration: CHART IV. Section A. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART D.] - -[Illustration: CHART IV. Section B.] - -[Illustration: CHART E.] - -[Illustration: CHART V. Section A. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART F.] - -[Illustration: CHART V. Section B. - -CHART VI.] - -[Illustration: CHART G.] - -[Illustration: CHART VII. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART H.] - -[Illustration: CHART VIII.] - -[Illustration: CHART I.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section A. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART J.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section B.] - -[Illustration: CHART K.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section C. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section D.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section E. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - - - - -CHAPTER III - -WHAT IT MEANS - - -The foregoing charts and text tell a story as instructive as it is -amazing. We have here a family of good English blood of the middle class, -settling upon the original land purchased from the proprietors of the -state in Colonial times, and throughout four generations maintaining a -reputation for honor and respectability of which they are justly proud. -Then a scion of this family, in an unguarded moment, steps aside from the -paths of rectitude and with the help of a feeble-minded girl, starts a -line of mental defectives that is truly appalling. After this mistake, he -returns to the traditions of his family, marries a woman of his own -quality, and through her carries on a line of respectability equal to that -of his ancestors. - -We thus have two series from two different mothers but the same father. -These extend for six generations. Both lines live out their lives in -practically the same region and in the same environment, except in so far -as they themselves, because of their different characters, changed that -environment. Indeed, so close are they that in one case, a defective man -on the bad side of the family was found in the employ of a family on the -normal side and, although they are of the same name, neither suspects any -relationship. - -We thus have a natural experiment of remarkable value to the sociologist -and the student of heredity. That we are dealing with a problem of true -heredity, no one can doubt, for, although of the descendants of Martin -Kallikak Jr. many married into feeble-minded families and thus brought in -more bad blood, yet Martin Jr. himself married a normal woman, thus -demonstrating that the defect is transmitted through the father, at least -in this generation. Moreover, the Kallikak family traits appear -continually even down to the present generation, and there are many -qualities that are alike in both the good and the bad families, thus -showing the strength and persistence of the ancestral stock. - -The reader will recall the famous story of the Jukes family published by -Richard L. Dugdale in 1877, a startling array of criminals, paupers, and -diseased persons, more or less related to each other and extending over -seven generations. - -Dr. Winship has undertaken to compare this family with the descendants of -Jonathan Edwards, and from this comparison to draw certain conclusions. -It is a striking comparison, but unfortunately not as conclusive as we -need in these days. The two families were utterly independent, of -different ancestral stock, reared in different communities, even in -different States, and under utterly different environment. - -The one, starting from a strong, religious, and highly educated ancestor, -has maintained those traits and traditions down to the present day and -with remarkable results; the other, starting without any of these -advantages, and under an entirely different environment, has resulted in -the opposite kind of descendants. - -It is not possible to convince the euthenist (who holds that environment -is the sole factor) that, had the children of Jonathan Edwards and the -children of “Old Max” changed places, the results would not have been such -as to show that it was a question of environment and not of heredity. And -he cites to us the fact that many children of highly developed parents -degenerate and become paupers and criminals, while on the other hand, some -children born of lowly and even criminal parents take the opposite course -and become respectable and useful citizens. - -In as far as the children of “Old Max” were of normal mentality, it is not -possible to say what might not have become of them, had they had good -training and environment. - -Fortunately for the cause of science, the Kallikak family, in the persons -of Martin Kallikak Jr. and his descendants, are not open to this argument. -They were feeble-minded, and no amount of education or good environment -can change a feeble-minded individual into a normal one, any more than it -can change a red-haired stock into a black-haired stock. The striking fact -of the enormous proportion of feeble-minded individuals in the descendants -of Martin Kallikak Jr. and the total absence of such in the descendants of -his half brothers and sisters is conclusive on this point. Clearly it was -not environment that has made that good family. They made their -environment; and their own good blood, with the good blood in the families -into which they married, told. - -So far as the Jukes family is concerned, there is nothing that proves the -hereditary character of any of the crime, pauperism, or prostitution that -was found. The most that one can say is that if such a family is allowed -to go on and develop in its own way unmolested, it is pretty certain not -to improve, but rather to propagate its own kind and fill the world with -degenerates of one form or another. The formerly much discussed question -of the hereditary character of crime received no solution from the Jukes -family, but in the light of present-day knowledge of the sciences of -criminology and biology, there is every reason to conclude that criminals -are made and not born. The best material out of which to make criminals, -and perhaps the material from which they are most frequently made, is -feeble-mindedness. - -The reader must remember that the type of feeble-mindedness of which we -are speaking is the one to which Deborah belongs, that is, to the high -grade, or moron. All the facts go to show that this type of people makes -up a large percentage of our criminals. We may argue _a priori_ that such -would be the case. Here we have a group who, when children in school, -cannot learn the things that are given them to learn, because through -their mental defect, they are incapable of mastering abstractions. They -never learn to read sufficiently well to make reading pleasurable or of -practical use to them. The same is true of number work. Under our -compulsory school system and our present courses of study, we compel these -children to go to school, and attempt to teach them the three R’s, and -even higher subjects. Thus they worry along through a few grades until -they are fourteen years old and then leave school, not having learned -anything of value or that can help them to make even a meager living in -the world. They are then turned out inevitably dependent upon others. A -few have relatives who take care of them, see that they learn to do -something which perhaps will help in their support, and then these -relatives supplement this with enough to insure them a living. - -A great majority, however, having no such interested or capable relatives, -become at once a direct burden upon society. These divide according to -temperament into two groups. Those who are phlegmatic, sluggish, indolent, -simply lie down and would starve to death, if some one did not help them. -When they come to the attention of our charitable organizations, they are -picked up and sent to the almshouse, if they cannot be made to work. The -other type is of the nervous, excitable, irritable kind who try to make a -living, and not being able to do it by a fair day’s work and honest wages, -attempt to succeed through dishonest methods. “Fraud is the force of weak -natures.” These become the criminal type. The kind of criminality into -which they fall seems to depend largely upon their environment. If they -are associated with vicious but intelligent people, they become the dupes -for carrying out any of the hazardous schemes that their more intelligent -associates plan for them. Because of their stupidity, they are very apt to -be caught quickly and sent to the reformatory or prison. If they are -girls, one of the easiest things for them to fall into is a life of -prostitution, because they have natural instincts with no power of control -and no intelligence to understand the wiles and schemes of the white -slaver, the cadet, or the individual seducer. All this, we say, is what is -to be expected. These are the people of good outward appearance, but of -low intelligence, who pass through school without acquiring any -efficiency, then go out into the world and must inevitably fall into some -such life as we have pictured. - -Let us now turn to our public institutions. These have not yet been -sufficiently investigated, nor have we adequate statistics to show what -percentage of their inmates is actually feeble-minded. But even casual -observation of our almshouse population shows the majority to be of -decidedly low mentality, while careful tests would undoubtedly increase -this percentage very materially. - -In our insane hospitals may also be found a group of people whom the -physicians will tell you are only partially demented. The fact is they -properly belong in an institution for feeble-minded, rather than in one -for the insane, and have gotten into the latter because an unenlightened -public does not recognize the difference between a person who has lost his -mind and one who never had one. - -In regard to criminality, we now have enough studies to make us certain -that at least 25 per cent of this class is feeble-minded. One hundred -admissions to the Rahway Reformatory, taken in order of admission, show at -least 26 per cent of them distinctly feeble-minded, with the certainty -that the percentage would be much higher if we included the border-line -cases. - -An investigation of one hundred of the Juvenile Court children in the -Detention Home of the City of Newark showed that 67 per cent of them were -distinctly feeble-minded. From this estimate are excluded children who are -yet too young for us to know definitely whether the case is one of -arrested development. This point once determined would unquestionably -swell the percentage of defect. - -An examination of fifty-six girls from a Massachusetts reformatory, but -out on probation, showed that fifty-two of them were distinctly -feeble-minded. This was partially a selected group, the basis being their -troublesomeness; they were girls who could not be made to stay in the -homes that were found for them, nor to do reasonable and sensible things -in those homes, which fact, of itself, pointed toward feeble-mindedness. - -The foregoing are figures based on actual test examinations as to mental -capacity. If we accept the estimates of the mental condition of the -inmates made by the superintendents of reformatories and penal -institutions, we get sometimes a vastly higher percentage; _e.g._ the -Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory estimates that at least 40 per -cent of his inmates are mental defectives. - -Indeed, it would not be surprising if careful examination of the inmates -of these institutions should show that even 50 per cent of them are -distinctly feeble-minded. - -In regard to prostitutes, we have no reliable figures. The groups of -delinquent girls to which we have already referred included among the -numbers several that were already known as prostitutes. A simple -observation of persons who are leading this sort of life will satisfy any -one who is familiar with feeble-mindedness that a large percentage of them -actually are defective mentally. So we have, as is claimed, partly from -statistical studies and partly from careful observation, abundant evidence -of the truth of our claim that criminality is often made out of -feeble-mindedness. - -Mr. Winship in his comparison of the Jukes and Edwards families has -strengthened our claim in this respect. In all environments and under all -conditions, he shows the latter family blossoming out into distinguished -citizens, not primarily through anything from without but through the -imperious force within. Since we may conclude that none of the Edwards -family, who are described by Dr. Winship, were feeble-minded, therefore -none of them became criminals or prostitutes. But here again his argument -is inconclusive because he does not tell us of all the descendants. - -With equal safety it may be surmised that many of the Jukes family -(perhaps the original stock, indeed) were feeble-minded and therefore -easily lapsed into the kind of lives that they are said to have lived. - -In the good branch of the Kallikak family there were no criminals. There -were not many in the other side, but there were some, and, had their -environment been different, no one who is familiar with feeble-minded -persons, their characteristics and tendencies, would doubt that a large -percentage of them might have become criminal. Lombroso’s famous criminal -types, in so far as they were types, may have been types of -feeble-mindedness on which criminality was grafted by the circumstances of -their environment. - -Such facts as those revealed by the Kallikak family drive us almost -irresistibly to the conclusion that before we can settle our problems of -criminality and pauperism and all the rest of the social problems that are -taxing our time and money, the first and fundamental step should be to -decide upon the mental capacity of the persons who make up these groups. -We must separate, as sharply as possible, those persons who are -weak-minded, and therefore irresponsible, from intelligent criminals. Both -our method of treatment and our attitude towards crime will be changed -when we discover what part of this delinquency is due to irresponsibility. - -If the Jukes family were of normal intelligence, a change of environment -would have worked wonders and would have saved society from the horrible -blot. But if they were feeble-minded, then no amount of good environment -could have made them anything else than feeble-minded. Schools and -colleges were not for them, rather a segregation which would have -prevented them from falling into evil and from procreating their kind, so -avoiding the transmitting of their defects and delinquencies to succeeding -generations. - -Thus where the Jukes-Edwards comparison is weak and the argument -inconclusive, the twofold Kallikak family is strong and the argument -convincing. - -Environment does indeed receive some support from three cases in our -chart. On Chart II, two children of Martin Jr. and Rhoda were normal, -while all the rest were feeble-minded. It is true that here one parent was -normal, and we have the right to expect some normal children. At the same -time, these were the two children that were adopted into good families and -brought up under good surroundings. They proved to be normal and their -descendants normal. Again, on Chart IX-a, we have one child of two -feeble-minded parents who proves to be normal--the only one among the -children. This child was also taken into a good family and brought up -carefully. Another sister (Chart IX-b) was also taken into a good family -and, while not determined, yet “showed none of the traits that are usually -indicative of feeble-mindedness.” It may be claimed that environment is -responsible for this good result. It is certainly significant that the -only children in these families that were normal, or at least better than -the rest, were brought up in good families. - -However, it would seem to be rather dangerous to base any very positive -hope on environment in the light of these charts, taken as a whole. There -are too many other possible explanations of the anomaly, _e.g._ these -cases may have been high-grade morons, who, to the untrained person, would -seem so nearly normal, that at this late day it would be impossible to -find any one who would remember their traits well enough to enable us to -classify them as morons. - -We must not forget that, on Chart IX-e, we also have the daughter of -Justin taken into a good family and carefully brought up, but in spite of -all that, she proved to be feeble-minded. The same is probably true of -Deborah’s half brother. - -We have claimed that criminality resulting from feeble-mindedness is -mainly a matter of environment, yet it must be acknowledged that there are -wide differences in temperament and that, while this one branch of the -Kallikak family was mentally defective, there was no strong tendency in it -towards that which our laws recognize as criminality. In other families -there is, without doubt, a much greater tendency to crime, so that the -lack of criminals in this particular case, far from detracting from our -argument, really strengthens it. It must be recognized that there is much -more liability of criminals resulting from mental defectiveness in certain -families than in others, probably because of difference in the strength of -some instincts. - -This difference in temperament is perhaps nowhere better brought out than -in the grandparents of Deborah. The grandfather belonging to the Kallikak -family had the temperament and characteristics of that family, which, -while they did not lead him into positive criminality of high degree, -nevertheless did make him a bad man of a positive type, a drunkard, a sex -pervert, and all that goes to make up a bad character. - -On the other hand, his wife and her family were simply stupid, with none -of the pronounced tendencies to evil that were shown in the Kallikak -family. They were not vicious, nor given over to bad practices of any -sort. But they were inefficient, without power to get on in the world, and -they transmitted these qualities to their descendants. - -Thus, of the children of this pair, the grandparents of Deborah, the sons -have been active and positive in their lives, the one being a horse thief, -the other a sexual pervert, having the alcoholic tendency of his father, -while the daughters are quieter and more passive. Their dullness, however, -does not amount to imbecility. Deborah’s mother herself was of a high type -of moron, with a certain quality which carried with it an element of -refinement. Her sister was the passive victim of her father’s incestuous -practice and later married a normal man. Another sister was twice married, -the first time through the agency of the good woman who attended to the -legalizing of Deborah’s mother’s alliances, the last time, the man, being -normal, attended to this himself. He was old and only wanted a -housekeeper, and this woman, having been strictly raised in an excellent -family, was famous as a cook, so this arrangement seemed to him best. None -of these sisters ever objected to the marriage ceremony when the matter -was attended to for them, but they never seem to have thought of it as -necessary when living with any man. - -The stupid helplessness of Deborah’s mother in regard to her own impulses -is shown by the facts of her life. Her first child had for its father a -farm hand; the father of the second and third (twins) was a common laborer -on the railroad. Deborah’s father was a young fellow, normal indeed, but -loose in his morals, who, along with others, kept company with the mother -while she was out at service. After Deborah’s birth in the almshouse, the -mother had been taken with her child into a good family. Even in this -guarded position, she was sought out by a feeble-minded man of low habits. -Every possible means was employed to separate the pair, but without -effect. Her mistress then insisted that they marry, and herself attended -to all the details. After Deborah’s mother had borne this man two -children, the pair went to live on the farm of an unmarried man possessing -some property, but little intelligence. The husband was an imbecile who -had never provided for his wife. She was still pretty, almost girlish--the -farmer was good-looking, and soon the two were openly living together and -the husband had left. As the facts became known, there was considerable -protest in the neighborhood, but no active steps were taken until two or -three children had been born. Finally, a number of leading citizens, -headed by the good woman before alluded to, took the matter up in earnest. -They found the husband and persuaded him to allow them to get him a -divorce. Then they compelled the farmer to marry the woman. He agreed, on -condition that the children which were not his should be sent away. It was -at this juncture that Deborah was brought to the Training School. - -In visiting the mother in her present home and in talking with her over -different phases of her past life, several things are evident; there has -been no malice in her life nor voluntary reaction against social order, -but simply a blind following of impulse which never rose to objective -consciousness. Her life has utterly lacked coördination--there has been no -reasoning from cause to effect, no learning of any lesson. She has never -known shame; in a word, she has never struggled and never suffered. Her -husband is a selfish, sullen, penurious person who gives his wife but -little money, so that she often resorts to selling soap and other things -among her neighbors to have something to spend. At times she works hard in -the field as a farm hand, so that it cannot be wondered at that her house -is neglected and her children unkempt. Her philosophy of life is the -philosophy of the animal. There is no complaining, no irritation at the -inequalities of fate. Sickness, pain, childbirth, death--she accepts them -all with the same equanimity as she accepts the opportunity of putting a -new dress and a gay ribbon on herself and children and going to a Sunday -School picnic. There is no rising to the comprehension of the -possibilities which life offers or of directing circumstances to a -definite, higher end. She has a certain fondness for her children, but is -incapable of real solicitude for them. She speaks of those who were placed -in homes and is glad to see their pictures, and has a sense of their -belonging to her, but it is faint, remote, and in no way bound up with her -life. She is utterly helpless to protect her older daughters, now on the -verge of womanhood, from the dangers that beset them, or to inculcate in -them any ideas which would lead to self-control or to the directing of -their lives in an orderly manner. - -The same lack is strikingly shown, if we turn our attention to the -question of alcoholism in this family. We learn from a responsible member -of the good branch of the family that the appetite for alcoholic -stimulants has been strong in the past in this family and that several -members in recent generations have been more or less addicted to its use. -Only two have actually allowed it to get the better of them to the extent -that they became incapacitated. Both were physicians. In the other branch, -however, with the weakened mentality, we find twenty-four victims of this -habit so pronounced that they were public nuisances. We have taken no -account of the much larger number who were also addicted to its use, but -who did not become so bad as to be considered alcoholic in our category. - -Thus we see that the normal mentality of the good branch of the family was -able to cope successfully with this intense thirst, while the weakened -mentality on the other side was unable to escape, and many fell victims to -this appalling habit. - -It is such facts as these, taken as we find them, not only in this family -but in many of the other families whose records we are soon to publish, -that lead us to the conclusion that drunkenness is, to a certain extent -at least, the result of feeble-mindedness and that one way to reduce -drunkenness is first to determine the mentally defective people, and save -them from the environment which would lead them into this abuse. - -Again, eight of the descendants of the degenerate Kallikak branch were -keepers of houses of ill fame, and that in spite of the fact that they -mostly lived in a rural community where such places do not flourish as -they do in large cities. - -In short, whereas in the Jukes-Edwards comparison we have no sound basis -for argument, because the families were utterly different and separate, in -the Kallikak family the conclusion seems thoroughly logical. We have, as -it were, a natural experiment with a normal branch with which to compare -our defective side. We have the one ancestor giving us a line of normal -people that shows thoroughly good all the way down the generations, with -the exception of the one man who was sexually loose and the two who gave -way to the appetite for strong drink. - -This is our norm, our standard, our demonstration of what the Kallikak -blood is when kept pure, or mingled with blood as good as its own. - -Over against this we have the bad side, the blood of the same ancestor -contaminated by that of the nameless feeble-minded girl. - -From this comparison the conclusion is inevitable that all this degeneracy -has come as the result of the defective mentality and bad blood having -been brought into the normal family of good blood, first from the nameless -feeble-minded girl and later by additional contaminations from other -sources. - -The biologist could hardly plan and carry out a more rigid experiment or -one from which the conclusions would follow more inevitably. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -FURTHER FACTS ABOUT THE KALLIKAK FAMILY - - -Although the foregoing facts, figures, and charts show conclusively the -difference between good heredity and bad and the result of introducing -mental deficiency into the family blood, yet because it is so difficult -actually to appreciate the situation, because facts and figures do not -have flesh and blood reality in them, we give in this chapter a few cases, -graphically written up by our field worker, to show the differences in the -types of people on the two sides of the family. These are only a few of -the many, but are fairly typical of the condition of things that was found -throughout the investigation. On the bad side we have the type of family -which the social worker meets continually and which makes most of our -social problems. A study of it will help to account for the conviction we -have that no amount of work in the slums or removing the slums from our -cities will ever be successful until we take care of those who make the -slums what they are. Unless the two lines of work go on together, either -one is bound to be futile in itself. If all of the slum districts of our -cities were removed to-morrow and model tenements built in their places, -we would still have slums in a week’s time, because we have these mentally -defective people who can never be taught to live otherwise than as they -have been living. Not until we take care of this class and see to it that -their lives are guided by intelligent people, shall we remove these sores -from our social life. - -There are Kallikak families all about us. They are multiplying at twice -the rate of the general population, and not until we recognize this fact, -and work on this basis, will we begin to solve these social problems. - -The following pictures from life have been prepared by our field worker, -Miss Elizabeth S. Kite, and besides giving an idea of the family, they -will also show something of her method, and enable the reader to judge of -the reliability of the data. - - * * * * * - -On one of the coldest days in winter the field worker visited the street -in a city slum where three sons of Joseph (Chart IX, section D) live. She -had previously tested several of the children of these families in the -public school and found them, in amiability of character and general -mentality, strikingly like our own Deborah, lacking, however, her -vitality. There was no fire in their eyes, but a languid dreamy look, -which was partly due, no doubt, to unwholesome city environment. In one -house she found the family group--six human beings, two cats, and two -dogs--huddled in a small back room around a cook stove, the only fire in -the house. In this room were accumulated all the paraphernalia of living. -A boy of eleven, who had been tested in the school previously, was -standing by the fire with a swollen face. He had been kept home on this -account. In a rocking-chair, a little girl of twelve was holding a -pale-faced, emaciated baby. In the corner two boys were openly exposing -themselves. The mother was making her toilet by the aid of a comb and -basin of water, set on the hearth of the stove; a pot and kettle were on -top. The entrance of the field worker caused no commotion of any kind. The -boy with the swollen face looked up and smiled, the mother smiled and went -on with her toilet, the girl with the baby smiled, the boys in the corner -paid no attention. A chair was finally cleared off and she sat down, while -everybody smiled. She learned that the husband made a dollar a day and -that the girl next older than the child of twelve was married and had a -baby. Another younger girl was at school, the family having been at last -able to provide her with shoes. The girl of twelve should have been at -school, according to the law, but when one saw her face, one realized it -made no difference. She was pretty, with olive complexion and dark, -languid eyes, but there was no mind there. Stagnation was the word written -in large characters over everything. Benumbed by this display of human -degeneracy, the field worker went out into the icy street. - - * * * * * - -A short distance farther on, she came to the home of another brother. The -hideous picture that presented itself as the door opened to her knock was -one never to be forgotten. In the first home, the type was no lower than -moron. One felt that when winter was over and spring had come, the family -would expand into a certain expression of life--but here, no such outlook -was possible, for the woman at the head of this house was an imbecile. In -one arm she held a frightful looking baby, while she had another by the -hand. Vermin were visible all over her. In the room were a few chairs and -a bed, the latter without any washable covering and filthy beyond -description. There was no fire, and both mother and babies were thinly -clad. They did not shiver, however, nor seem to mind. The oldest girl, a -vulgar, repulsive creature of fifteen, came into the room and stood -looking at the stranger. She had somehow managed to live. All the rest of -the children, except the two that the mother was carrying, had died in -infancy. - - * * * * * - -The following is a story of Guss, whose position will be found on Chart -IX, section A. - -When young, he married a normal girl who belonged to a decent family, but -had no education. After a few months the mother of our Deborah came to -visit them. She was then a young girl, ready to associate with any man who -would look at her. The two behaved so badly that the wife turned her out. -This was the first knowledge the wife had of the character of her husband. -She lived with him ten years or more. In that time he did not average -three months’ work out of twelve, so she had, practically, to support him -and her ever increasing family. She knew that he was untrue to her, but -there was no way to prove it. At last she seemed to grasp the situation. -She began to believe that there was something wrong with him -mentally,--wrong with the whole family,--so she decided to leave him. She -took her six living children, rented another house and turned him adrift. -He went at once to live with a feeble-minded girl belonging to a low-grade -family of the neighborhood. Soon after this girl’s child was born he left -her, becoming promiscuous in his relations. At one time, he and two of his -cousins spent the best part of two days and nights in a tree to elude the -police, who were searching for them and another man, all of whom had been -accused by a girl then in confinement. When the other man was caught and -made to marry the girl, they came down. - -In 1904, this scion of the Kallikak family, Guss, went off with a gypsy -camp and was married to one of the women. For some time he stayed with the -camp, following them into another State. In the neighborhood where they -located, a murder was committed which was fastened upon the gypsies and -finally settled upon him. A great sensation was raised in the papers about -it. He was arrested, but finally cleared of the charge, though not until -he was effectually cured of his love for gypsy life. - -In 1907,--and here comes the most infamous part of the story,--a minister -married Guss to his own first cousin, a woman of questionable character. -The witnesses were Guss’s sister and her husband. Every one concerned, -except the minister, knew that around the corner, in a little street, so -near that at certain hours of the day the shadow of the church spire under -which they were standing fell upon it, was a house in which Guss’s lawful -wife was living and working to support his children. The minister, too, -might have known, had he taken the least trouble, and thus have been -spared the ignominy of uniting two such beings with this travesty of the -blessing of heaven. Soon after their union, this couple ceased to live -together--Guss going off with another woman and his wife with another man. - -The field worker was not able to locate Guss, but she found that a -minister farther up the State had, in 1910, married his late wife to the -man with whom she was living. The couple, however, had gotten wind that -some one was looking for them, so when the field worker arrived, she found -that they had moved on, leaving no address. - -The following story shows the continuation of these conditions into the -next generation:-- - -It was considered desirable to see the illegitimate son of Guss, who had -been born to the feeble-minded girl after Guss had been turned adrift by -his lawful wife. This child had had, when young, a severe attack of -scarlet fever which deprived him of his hearing. He had been admitted into -a home for deaf children, but the mother had taken him out. It was learned -that this girl had married her own cousin and that the pair were living -on the outskirts of a country town, with this deaf boy and four of their -own children. - -Arrived at this place, the field worker first sought the school where -these children were supposed to go, hoping to obtain some light on the -question of their mentality and also to learn their school record. She -found that they so seldom attended school that the teacher could give very -little information regarding them. By dint of persistent inquiry, the -family was discovered living in the back shed of a dilapidated country -tenement. - -It was a bitter, cold day in February and about eleven in the morning when -the field worker knocked at the door. Used as she was to sights of misery -and degradation, she was hardly prepared for the spectacle within. The -father, a strong, healthy, broad-shouldered man, was sitting helplessly in -a corner. The mother, a pretty woman still, with remnants of ragged -garments drawn about her, sat in a chair, the picture of despondency. -Three children, scantily clad and with shoes that would barely hold -together, stood about with drooping jaws and the unmistakable look of the -feeble-minded. Another child, neither more intelligent nor better clad, -was attempting to wash a few greasy dishes in cold water. The deaf boy -was nowhere to be seen. On being urgently requested, the mother went out -of the room to get him, for he was not yet out of bed. In a few moments -she returned. The boy with her wore an old suit that evidently was made to -do service by night as well as by day. A glance sufficed to establish his -mentality, which was low. The whole family was a living demonstration of -the futility of trying to make desirable citizens from defective stock -through making and enforcing compulsory education laws. Here were children -who seldom went to school because they seldom had shoes, but when they -went, had neither will nor power to learn anything out of books. The -father himself, though strong and vigorous, showed by his face that he had -only a child’s mentality. The mother in her filth and rags was also a -child. In this house of abject poverty, only one sure prospect was ahead, -that it would produce more feeble-minded children with which to clog the -wheels of human progress. The laws of the country will not permit children -ten years old to marry. Why should they permit it when the mentality is -only ten? These and similar questions kept ringing through the field -worker’s mind as she made her way laboriously over the frozen road to the -station. - -Early in the course of this investigation, it had been learned that the -father of Deborah’s mother had come, when a young man, to the prosperous -rural community where his daughter was living at the time of our -investigation. The informant could not say whence he had come, but the -name of a person was given who was supposed to know. Many fruitless -attempts to find this person were made before the object was attained. -When at last discovered, she turned out to be an elderly lady of -refinement and culture. Strangely enough, long afterwards it was learned -that she was connected with the good side of the Kallikak family, but was -all unconscious of the relationship which existed between it and the -degenerate branch. She was delighted to go back in memory and recall -impressions made on her mind in youth. - -She had been raised in B----, a town at the foot of a mountain chain upon -whose top the grandfather of Deborah’s grandfather, Martin Kallikak Jr., -had always lived. When she was a little girl, he was a very old man. She -remembered being taken to drive, when a child, and seeing the old hut on -the mountain, where he lived with his strange daughters, “Old Moll,” “Old -Sal,” and Jemima. The dilapidated dwelling, with its windows bulging with -rags, formed a picture she had never forgotten. There were in her mind -floating memories of great scandals connected with these women and their -lonely mountain hut. The father went by the name of the “Old Horror,” and -as she remembered him, he was always unwashed and drunk. At election time, -he never failed to appear in somebody’s cast-off clothing, ready to vote, -for the price of a drink, the donor’s ticket. - -This information, coming when it did, seemed amazing and carried with it -the probability of establishing the certainty of defect transmitted -through five generations. But the town in question was remote and the -probability of finding any living person able to give accurate information -seemed so slight that nothing further was done in this direction for many -months. - -In the meantime, the families of the fifteen brothers and sisters of -Deborah’s grandfather had been worked out, and the names of several living -relatives back in the mountain ascertained. The time was ripe. - -Appealing for a night’s lodging at the home of a retired farmer, the field -worker was fortunate enough to be received. As the hostess was showing her -to a room, she asked tentatively, “You have lived in B---- a long time?” -“About sixty-five years,” was the pleasant reply. “So, then, you know -something of most of the old families?” “There are not many old residents -of B---- with whose history I am not familiar.” Then followed a few -cautious questions in regard to the Kallikak family which drew forth -answers that soon convinced the field worker she was on solid ground and -could advance without wasting time in needless precautions. At this -juncture, the supper bell rang. In the dining room the acquaintance of the -host was made. When the meal was over, the couple turned their united -attention to the problem put before them. “Why,” the host began, when he -comprehended what was wanted, “do you know that is the worst nest you’re -getting into, in the whole country? The mountains back here are full of -these people; I can point out to you where every one of them lives.” Then -he turned to the table and began to sketch a map of the mountain roads -which must be followed next day. In the midst of this he paused, as though -an idea had come to him, then he said hesitatingly, “You see, it’s really -impossible for a stranger like you to find all these people. Some of them -live on obscure back roads that you could hardly get at without a guide. -Now, my time is of no value, and if you will permit me, I will gladly -serve in that capacity myself.” Needless to say, his services were -thankfully accepted, with the result that nearly two hundred persons were -added to Deborah’s family chart. - -This proved, however, only the beginning of the study that has been made -of the family in the vicinity of B----. Numerous visits to many homes, -always from the center of the genial couple’s house, have made the field -worker such a well-known figure among these people, that they long ago -forgot what little surprise they may have felt at her first visit. “You’re -one of the family?” was frequently asked her at the beginning. “No, not -really, only as I know so many of your cousins and aunts and uncles, I -thought, since I was in B----, I would like to know you.” This usually -sufficed, but if it did not, the field worker was able so to inundate the -questioner with information about his own relatives, that before she was -through, he had forgotten that anything remained unanswered. The relation -once established, no further explanation was necessary. She was able to go -in and out among them, study their mentality, awake their reminiscences, -until finally the whole story was told. - -Besides members of the family, numerous old people were here and there -discovered who were able to add materially to the information otherwise -obtained. One shrewd old farmer who was found tottering in from the field -proved to be of especial service in determining the mental status of -Martin Kallikak Jr. In introducing herself, the field worker had spoken of -her interest in Revolutionary times and of having come to him because she -had been told that he was well informed as to the history of the locality. -“Yes,” he said, with excusable pride, as he led the way to the kitchen -steps descending into the garden, “not much has happened in this place for -the last seventy years in which I have not taken an active part. Do you -see that tree there?” and he pointed to a fine maple that threw its -luxuriant shade over the path that led to the barn. “The day my wife and I -came here sixty years ago, we planted that tree. It was a little sapling -then, and see what it has become!” After much more talk she cautiously put -the question, “Do you remember an old man, Martin Kallikak, who lived on -the mountain edge yonder?” “Do I?” he answered. “Well, I guess! Nobody’d -forget him. Simple,” he went on; “not quite right here,” tapping his head, -“but inoffensive and kind. All the family was that. Old Moll, simple as -she was, would do anything for a neighbor. She finally died--burned to -death in the chimney corner. She had come in drunk and sat down there. -Whether she fell over in a fit or her clothes caught fire, nobody knows. -She was burned to a crisp when they found her. That was the worst of -them, they would drink. Poverty was their best friend in this respect, or -they would have been drunk all the time. Old Martin could never stop as -long as he had a drop. Many’s the time he’s rolled off of Billy Parson’s -porch. Billy always had a barrel of cider handy. He’d just chuckle to see -old Martin drink and drink until finally he’d lose his balance and over -he’d go! But Horser--he was a case! I saw him once after I’d heard he was -going to marry Jemima. I looked him over and said, ‘Well, if you aren’t a -fine-looking specimen to think of marrying anybody!’ and he answered, ‘I -guess you’re right--I aren’t much, but I guess I’ll do fer Jemima.’ - -“Such scandals as there were when those girls were young!” he continued. -“You see, there was a fast set of young men in B---- in those days, -lawyers, who didn’t care what they did. One of them got paid back, though, -for Jemima wanted to put her child on the town, and they made her tell who -was its father. Then he had to give something for its support, and she -gave it this man’s full name. I saw him one day soon afterward and he was -boiling with rage. All the comfort I gave him was to say, ‘I don’t see but -what you’re getting your just deserts, for if anybody wants to play with -the pot, they must expect to get blackened!’ - -[Illustration: GREAT-GRANDSON OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK. - -This boy is an imbecile of the Mongolian type.] - -[Illustration: MALINDA, DAUGHTER OF “JEMIMA.”] - -“By the way! Do you know that old Martin had a half brother Frederick--as -fine a man as the country owned--who lived about twenty miles from here? -You see, Martin’s mother was a young girl in Revolutionary times when -Martin’s father was a soldier. Afterwards he went back home and married a -respectable woman.” - -“Did you ever see the mother of old Martin?” the field worker asked. “No, -she was dead before my time, but I have heard the folks talk about her. -She lived in the woods not far from here. Dear me!” he went on, “it’s been -so long since I’ve thought of these people that many things I forget, but -it would all come back to me in time.” - -Two daughters of Jemima lived in B----. A little study of Chart V, -sections A and B, will place them in their relation to the rest of the -family and give the chief facts of their lives. Little more need be added. -One of them was early put out to service and later married a cobbler to -whom she has borne many children. She is not known to have had any -illegitimate offspring, but if she escaped, her daughter has made up for -her deficiency in this respect. The other sister grew up in the mountain -hut with her mother, and was living there when her grandfather died. Her -husband and most of her children are defective, but there are two by -unknown fathers who are normal. One of these, a girl of considerable -ability, supports herself and mother in a decent way and is respected by -her townspeople. The mother is tall, lean, angular, much resembling -Jemima, except that the latter was even more masculine. Many are the -living inhabitants of B---- to whom the old woman was a well-known figure, -for she often came down into the town bringing berries to sell, her large -feet shod with heavy boots, her skirts short, while her sharp, angular -features were hidden in the depths of a huge sunbonnet. She thus formed a -striking picture that could not easily be forgotten. - -A third daughter of Jemima had gone to Brooklyn to live, and the question -kept repeating itself, “What will she be like?” and this all the more -because of the uncertainty of the parentage on the father’s side. Perhaps -he was a normal man. Perhaps this will prove to be a normal woman and so -break the dead monotony of this line of defectives. - -In a back tenement, after passing through a narrow alley, the home of this -woman was found. It was about ten o’clock in the morning. After climbing a -dark and narrow stairway, one came to a landing from which a view could be -had of the interior of the apartment. In one room was a frowsled young -woman in tawdry rags, her hair unkempt, her face streaked with black, -while on the floor two dirty, half-naked children were rolling. At the -sight of a stranger, they all came forward. The field worker made her way -as best she could, across heaps of junk that cluttered the room, to a -chair by an open window through which a breath of outside air could be -obtained. On the bureau by the window a hideous diseased cat was curled in -the sunshine. The mother, Jemima’s daughter, was not at home, but the -woman who had presented herself was her daughter, and these were the -grandchildren. The woman’s feeble-mindedness made it possible to ask her -question after question, such as could not have been put to a normal -person. Her answers threw a flood of light upon the general depravity of -life under such conditions. When the mother at last arrived, she proved to -be of a type somewhat different from anything before encountered in this -family. She appeared to be criminalistic, or at least capable of -developing along that line. Unfortunately, the visit could not either be -prolonged or repeated, so that no satisfactory study was made. - -In the city, the individual is lost in the very immensity of the crowd -that surrounds him, so that his individual actions, except such as he -himself chooses to reveal or can be made to reveal, are lost to the people -about him; therefore there was little hope of obtaining much side light on -the problem here presented. During the short interview the older woman -showed unmistakable signs of wanting to appear respectable in the midst of -her depravity, something quite characteristic of the high-grade moron type -in the family. She was friendly and distinctly more intelligent than her -daughter, but there was little more will power or ability to cope with the -problems of life. One of her daughters had disappeared off the face of the -earth a few years before--there had been a baby--that was all they knew. -She was working at Coney Island. One day she came home and, when she left -the next morning, it was the last they ever saw of her. A brother of the -girl had also disappeared in much the same way. - -The field worker left the tenement with the positive assurance that -environment without strict personal supervision made little difference -when it was a question of the feeble-minded. - -[Illustration: GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN OF “OLD SAL.”] - -[Illustration: CHILDREN OF GUSS SAUNDERS, WITH THEIR GRANDMOTHER.] - -Owing to the courtesy of the County Superintendent and the intelligent -coöperation of the teachers, it was possible to apply the Binet tests to -all the descendants of Martin Kallikak who could be found in the schools. -The request for this had been made in a way to give no clew to the -particular purpose underlying the search. By selecting from every class -one or two bright pupils to take the tests along with the dull ones, all -personal element was eliminated. As children everywhere are found to -delight in the tests, only those who were not called out were -disappointed. - -A morning was spent in a schoolhouse situated on the top of a bold, rocky -ledge that went by the picturesque name of Hard Scrabble. It was within a -quarter of a mile of the ruins of Martin Kallikak’s hut, and a number of -his descendants were enrolled among its pupils. - -One of the grandsons of “Old Sal” lived on a farm near Cedarhill, several -miles farther up the ridge. This man, Guss Saunders by name, had been -reported to be the father of a large family. Nothing, however, had been -learned of him beyond the facts stated, and therefore the inference was -that he had turned out better than the rest of his brothers. It had been -to determine this matter that the long ride was undertaken. - -Arrived at the farm, the question of the mentality of this family was -quickly answered. Desolation and ruin became more apparent at every step. -The front of the large farmhouse was quite deserted, but following a few -tracks the back door was reached. Such an unwonted spectacle as a visitor -attracted instant attention. The door opened, revealing a sight to which, -alas, the field worker was only too accustomed. She gazed aghast at what -appeared to her to be a procession of imbeciles. The tall, emaciated, -staggering man at the head braced himself against a tree, while the rest -stopped and stood with a fixed, stupid stare. Quickly regaining control, -the field worker said pleasantly, “Good afternoon, Mr. Saunders. I hope -you don’t mind my intruding on you this way, but you see I am looking up -the children of the neighborhood, and I was sorry not to find any of yours -in the Cedarhill school to-day.” He at once thought he had to do with a -school inspector, and his answer bears no setting forth in print. It was -an incoherent, disjointed, explosive protest against school laws in -general and fate in particular. It was mixed up with convulsive sobs, -while his bleared, swollen eyes brimmed over with tears. The field worker -began to feel real sympathy for the man, although she knew that he was -drunk and that drunkards are easily moved to tears. “Oh, I am sorry for -you,” she said; “your wife then is dead, is she?” “Yes, she’s dead!” he -answered with a wild gesture, “they took her right out of that room--they -said they’d cure her, if I’d let her go. You can see the doctors in -B----, they know all about it--they’ll tell you what they done--they took -her away, and she never come back--Oh!” Stifling his sobs, he went on, -“And now they say I am to send my children to school--and what can I do? -Look there!” pointing to a lump of humanity, a girl who, at first glance, -had thrown her imbecilic shadow over the whole group, making them all look -imbecilic--“do you see that girl? She’s always fallin’ into fits, and -nobody can’t do nothin’ with her.” Breaking in here, the field worker -said, “But, Mr. Saunders, you ought not to have the burden and the care of -that girl; she could be made so happy and comfortable in a place where -they understand such cases. You ought--” The field worker could get no -farther. His eyes suddenly assumed a wild, desperate look and he burst -out, “No, no! They’ll never get her. They tried it once, but they didn’t -get her. They took my wife away and she never came back--they’ll never get -her!” A few soothing words to allay the storm she had unconsciously -raised, another expression of sympathy, and the field worker drove away, -pondering deeply the meaning of what had been seen and heard. - -We have come to the point where we no longer leave babies or little -children to die uncared for in our streets, but who has yet thought of -caring intelligently for the vastly more pathetic child-man or -child-woman, who through matured sex powers, which they do not understand, -fill our land with its overflowing measure of misery and crime? Such -thoughts as these filled the mind of the field worker on the ride home. - -Arrived at B----, her first care was to obtain an interview with the -doctor who had attended Guss’s wife when she died. She found him ready to -explain all he could of the family which he had always known and attended. -“The mother,” he said, “was a kind-hearted, simple-minded soul, who tended -as best she could to the needs of her family.” The epileptic girl, he -explained, had always been a great care, and the doctor himself, aided by -several prominent citizens, had taken the trouble to complete all -necessary arrangements for having her admitted to the epileptic colony at -Skillman. The father, however, could never be made to give his consent. -The mother was still quite young when she was carrying her eleventh child. -Some accident happened which threatened her with a miscarriage. The doctor -was summoned. He saw that it was a serious case and sent for two other -physicians in consultation. It was decided that an immediate operation was -necessary, if the woman’s life was to be saved. They succeeded in -persuading Guss to allow her to be removed to the hospital. Their efforts, -however, were unavailing; she died under the operation. - -On the outskirts of B---- lived the owner of the Cedarhill farm worked by -Guss Saunders. He proved to be an intelligent man, with an admirably -appointed home. He was keenly alive to the needs of the family, about -which the field worker came to inquire. “The pity about Guss,” he began, -“is that he can never let drink alone. Why, do you know, if I paid that -man wages, he’d use every cent for rum. I ceased giving him money long -ago, for if I had, the town would have had to look after his children. I -give him credit at the store, and they supply him with what he needs.” - - * * * * * - -The foregoing glimpses of the defective branch of the Kallikak family must -suffice, though the field worker’s memory and notebook contain many -similar instances. - - * * * * * - -In turning to describe the other branch of the family, two difficulties -confront the writer. - -First, the question of identification. The persons already described are -either gone and have left nothing behind them by which they can be -identified, or, if living, will never recognize themselves in this book. - -The opposite is true of the good family. Some of them will recognize -themselves, but the public must not discover them. To insure this, the -writer must refrain from telling the very facts that would give the story -its most interesting touches. - -The second difficulty is that a description of the activity of a normal -family of respectability and usefulness is never as interesting as the -bizarre experiences of the abnormal. - -Hence the reader will find in the following sketches only such facts as -will show the thoroughly normal and regular family life of the intelligent -citizens of a commonwealth. - -In a certain village of New Jersey, lying picturesquely on the crest of a -hill, is a graveyard where Martin Kallikak Sr. and several of his -immediate descendants lie peacefully at rest. He had in his lifetime a -great passion for the accumulation of land and left large farms to most of -his children. These farms lie in the vicinity of the aforesaid village. -Some of them are still in the possession of his descendants, while others -have passed into strangers’ hands. On the hill above this village is a -stucco farmhouse in a fine state of preservation. It belonged to -Amos--lineal descendant of one of the colonial governors of New Jersey and -to Elizabeth, daughter of Martin Kallikak Sr. The farm is, at present, in -the possession of the widow of Elizabeth’s grandson, the latter having -been a minister in New York City. In renting the farm, the family has -always retained a wing of the house, which, although remodeled, still -presents much the same appearance as in the days of Amos and Elizabeth. -There is the same fireplace, the same high-backed chairs, the clock, desk, -and china cupboard. Every summer the family has come back to the old place -to enjoy the country air, the luscious grapes and other fruit planted by -their ancestor. - -On another hill, less than two miles distant, lives a granddaughter of the -same Amos and Elizabeth. Her father had been, in his day, one of the -wealthiest and most prominent citizens of the community. In an old desk, -part of his inheritance from his mother, was found a number of valuable -papers belonging to the Kallikak family. One of these is the famous deed -of the original purchase made in 17-- by Casper Kallikak, signed by the -governor of the colony. These papers the daughter guards with great pride. -She is a woman of ability and manages her large farm with admirable skill. -The splendid old homestead, which has been remodeled and fitted up with -all modern conveniences, was built by her mother’s ancestor. Although she -is deeply interested in all family matters, she has been too much -engrossed in business affairs to have given this subject much attention. -A daughter of hers, however, who has inherited the taste, has been able to -make up for her mother’s lack in this respect. The young woman is now -married, and her oldest son bears the united name of his two ancestors, -the colonial governor and Martin Kallikak. - -Miriam, the oldest daughter of Martin Sr., married a man who was a -carpenter and a farmer. Although of good family, yet, for some unknown -reason, he was not personally acceptable to Martin or his wife. Miriam -died when only thirty-six years old, and her husband married again. In his -will, Martin makes no mention of his grandchildren by this daughter. They -have been respectable farming people, but have never held the same social -position as the other members of the family. - -Martin’s third daughter, Susan, married a man descended from a family -conspicuous in the colonial history of New Jersey and which counts among -its members one of the founders of Princeton University, while a -collateral branch furnished a signer to the Declaration of Independence. -One of Susan’s sons is still living, having attained the advanced age of -ninety-eight. He is a resident of the town that bears his family name and -has always been conspicuous as a loyal and upright citizen. To-day, the -old man has quite lost his mental power but retains his courteous manner -and placid gentlemanly countenance. - -In a central region of northern New Jersey, remote from any direct line of -travel, lies a town named for one of the families connected with the -earliest settlement of the colony. This family rose to distinction in many -of its branches, but honors itself chiefly for having produced one of the -most brilliant advocates of the cause of Independence of which New Jersey -can boast. He was descended on his mother’s side from the first president -of Princeton University and took his degree there before he was sixteen -years of age. From this family, Martin Kallikak’s youngest son, Joseph, -chose his wife. It is interesting to note that the descendants of this -pair have shown a marked tendency toward professional careers. One -daughter, however, married a farmer, and most of her descendants have -remained fixed to the soil. Another daughter married a prominent merchant, -and this line, having been fixed in the city, has produced men chiefly -engaged in mercantile pursuits; but the sons, of whom there were five, all -studied medicine, and although only one of these became a practicing -physician, their children have carried on the family tradition in this -line. - -On the outskirts of another New Jersey town, in a beautiful old homestead, -inherited from his mother, lives a grandson of Frederick Kallikak, oldest -son of Martin. He is a courteous, scholarly man of the old school. His -home is rendered particularly attractive by the presence of his southern -wife and two charming daughters. In his possession are numerous articles -belonging to his great-grandfather. This gentleman manifested such an -intelligent interest in giving information in regard to his family that it -seemed a question of honor to inform him as to the purpose of the -investigation, laying bare the facts set forth in this book. He proved to -be, perhaps, the one man best qualified in the entire family for entering -into an analysis of its characteristics, and this he did freely, in so far -as it would serve the ends of the investigation. - -Another descendant of Martin Kallikak Sr., a granddaughter of his youngest -child, Abbie, had been previously informed regarding the same facts. This -lady is a person not only of refinement and culture but is the author of -two scholarly genealogical works. She has, for years, been collecting -material for a similar study of the Kallikak family. This material she -generously submitted to the use of the field worker. In the end she spent -an entire day in the completion and revision of the normal chart -presented in this book. No praise can be too high for such disinterested -self-forgetfulness in the face of an urgent public need. We owe to these -two persons most of the information which has made possible the study of -the normal side of this family. - -Of Martin Kallikak Sr., himself, the record of many characteristic traits -has been preserved. As stated in another chapter, his father died when he -was a lad of fifteen. The father, in his will, after enumerating certain -personal bequests to his wife, recommends the selling of the homestead -farm, in order to provide for the education of his children. There is a -quaint document still in existence, in which Martin Kallikak, having -attained his majority, agrees to pay £250 to each of his three “spinster” -sisters, still minors, in return for a quitclaim deed of the homestead -farm. This was a considerable burden for a young man to assume, but it -seems to have given him the impetus which later made him a rich and -prosperous farmer. - -He had joined the Revolutionary Army in April, 1776. Two years later he -was wounded in a way to disable him for further service, and he then -returned to the home farm. During the summer of enforced idleness he wooed -and won the heart of a young woman of good Quaker family. Her shrewd old -father, however, refused to give his consent. To his objections, based on -the ground that Martin did not own enough of this world’s goods, the young -man is recorded as saying, “Never mind. I will own more land than ever -thou did, before I die,” which promise he made true. That the paternal -objection was overruled is proven by the registry of marriages, which -gives the date of Martin’s union with the Quakeress as January, 1779. - -The old Bible of Casper Kallikak, one of the family heirlooms, is in the -possession of a Reverend Mr. ----, who is descended from Casper through -the line of one of his daughters. This Bible was bought in 1704 and is -still in an excellent state of preservation, for, although time-stained, -the pages are intact and there still may be seen in legible handwriting -the family record penned so long ago. On a flyleaf, is a quaint verse in -which old Casper bequeaths the volume to his eldest son, bidding him, “So -oft as in it he doth looke” remember how his father had “aye been guided -by ye precepts in this booke,” and enjoining him to walk in the same safe -way. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -WHAT IS TO BE DONE? - - -No one interested in the progress of civilization can contemplate the -facts presented in the previous chapters without having the question -arise, Why isn’t something done about this? It will be more to the point -if we put the question, Why do _we_ not _do_ something about it? We are -thus face to face with the problem in a practical way and we ask ourselves -the next question, What _can_ we do? For the low-grade idiot, the -loathsome unfortunate that may be seen in our institutions, some have -proposed the lethal chamber. But humanity is steadily tending away from -the possibility of that method, and there is no probability that it will -ever be practiced. - -But in view of such conditions as are shown in the defective side of the -Kallikak family, we begin to realize that the idiot is not our greatest -problem. He is indeed loathsome; he is somewhat difficult to take care of; -nevertheless, he lives his life and is done. He does not continue the race -with a line of children like himself. Because of his very low-grade -condition, he never becomes a parent. - -It is the moron type that makes for us our great problem. And when we face -the question, “What is to be done with them--with such people as make up a -large proportion of the bad side of the Kallikak family?” we realize that -we have a huge problem. - -The career of Martin Kallikak Sr. is a powerful sermon against sowing wild -oats. Martin Kallikak did what unfortunately many a young man like him has -done before and since, and which, still more unfortunately, society has -too often winked at, as being merely a side step in accordance with a -natural instinct, bearing no serious results. It is quite possible that -Martin Kallikak himself never gave any serious thought to his act, or if -he did, it may have been merely to realize that in his youth he had been -indiscreet and had done that for which he was sorry. And being sorry he -may have thought it was atoned for, as he never suffered from it any -serious consequences. - -Even the people of his generation, however much they may have known about -the circumstances, could not have begun to realize the evil that had been -done. Undoubtedly, it was only looked upon as a sin because it was a -violation of the moral law. The real sin of peopling the world with a -race of defective degenerates who would probably commit his sin a thousand -times over, was doubtless not perceived or realized. It is only after the -lapse of six generations that we are able to look back, count up and see -the havoc that was wrought by that one thoughtless act. - -Now that the facts are known, let the lesson be learned; let the sermons -be preached; let it be impressed upon our young men of good family that -they dare not step aside for even a moment. Let all possible use be made -of these facts, and something will be accomplished. - -But even so the real problem will not be solved. Had Martin Kallikak -remained in the paths of virtue, there still remained the nameless -feeble-minded girl, and there were other people, other young men, perhaps -not of as good a family as Martin, perhaps feeble-minded like herself, -capable of the same act and without Martin’s respectability, so that the -race would have come down even worse if possible than it was, because of -having a worse father. - -Others will look at the chart and say, “The difficulty began with the -nameless feeble-minded girl; had she been taken care of, all of this -trouble would have been avoided.” This is largely true. Although -feeble-mindedness came into this family from other sources in two -generations at least, yet nevertheless these sources were other -feeble-minded persons. When we conclude that had the nameless girl been -segregated in an institution, this defective family would not have -existed, we of course do not mean that one single act of precaution, in -that case, would have solved the problem, but we mean that all such cases, -male and female, must be taken care of, before their propagation will -cease. The instant we grasp this thought, we realize that we are facing a -problem that presents two great difficulties; in the first place the -difficulty of knowing who are the feeble-minded people; and, secondly, the -difficulty of taking care of them when they are known. - -A large proportion of those who are considered feeble-minded in this study -are persons who would not be recognized as such by the untrained observer. -They are not the imbeciles nor idiots who plainly show in their -countenances the extent of their mental defect. They are people whom the -community has tolerated and helped to support, at the same time that it -has deplored their vices and their inefficiency. They are people who have -won the pity rather than the blame of their neighbors, but no one has -seemed to suspect the real cause of their delinquencies, which careful -psychological tests have now determined to be feeble-mindedness. - -The second difficulty is that of caring for this large army of people. At -the lowest estimates of the number needing care, we in the United States -are at present caring for approximately one tenth of the estimated number -of our mental defectives. Yet many of our States think that they are now -being over-taxed for the care of these people, so that it is with great -difficulty that legislatures can be induced to appropriate money enough to -care for those already in institutions. It is impossible to entertain the -thought of caring for ten times as many. Some other method must be devised -for dealing with the difficulty. - -Before considering any other method, the writer would insist that -segregation and colonization is not by any means as hopeless a plan as it -may seem to those who look only at the immediate increase in the tax rate. -If such colonies were provided in sufficient number to take care of all -the distinctly feeble-minded cases in the community, they would very -largely take the place of our present almshouses and prisons, and they -would greatly decrease the number in our insane hospitals. Such colonies -would save an annual loss in property and life, due to the action of these -irresponsible people, sufficient to nearly, or quite, offset the expense -of the new plant. Besides, if these feeble-minded children were early -selected and carefully trained, they would become more or less -self-supporting in their institutions, so that the expense of their -maintenance would be greatly reduced. - -In addition to this, the number would be reduced, in a single generation, -from 300,000 (the estimated number in the United States) to 100,000, at -least,--and probably even lower. (We have found the hereditary factor in -65 per cent of cases; while others place it as high as 80 per cent.) - -This is not the place for arguing the question or producing the statistics -to substantiate these statements. Suffice it to say that every institution -in the land has a certain proportion of inmates who not only earn their -own living, but some who could go out into the world and support -themselves, were it not for the terrible danger of procreation,--resulting -in our having not one person merely, but several to be cared for at the -expense of the State. These statements should be carefully considered and -investigated before any one takes the stand that segregation in colonies -and homes is impossible and unwise for the State. - -The other method proposed of solving the problem is to take away from -these people the power of procreation. The earlier method proposed was -unsexing, asexualization, as it is sometimes called, or the removing, from -the male and female, the necessary organs for procreation. The operation -in the female is that of ovariectomy and in the male of castration. - -There are two great practical difficulties in the way of carrying out this -method on any large scale. The first is the strong opposition to this -practice on the part of the public generally. It is regarded as mutilation -of the human body and as such is opposed vigorously by many people. And -while there is no rational basis for this, nevertheless we have, as -practical reformers, to recognize the fact that the average man acts not -upon reason, but upon sentiment and feeling; and as long as human -sentiment and feeling are opposed to this practice, no amount of reasoning -will avail. It may be shown over and over again that many a woman has had -the operation of ovariectomy performed in order to improve her physical -condition, and that it is just as important to improve the moral condition -as the physical. Nevertheless, the argument does not convince, and there -remains the opposition as stated. - -In recent years surgeons have discovered another method which has many -advantages. This is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as -asexualization. It is more properly spoken of as sterilization, the -distinction being that it does not have any effect on the sex qualities of -the man or woman, but does artificially take away the power of procreation -by rendering the person sterile. The operation itself is almost as simple -in males as having a tooth pulled. In females it is not much more serious. -The results are generally permanent and sure. Objection is urged that we -do not know the consequences of this action upon the physical, mental, and -moral nature of the individual. The claim is made that it is good in all -of these. But it must be confessed that we are as yet ignorant of actual -facts. It has been tried in many cases; no bad results have been reported, -while many good results have been claimed. - -A more serious objection to this last method comes from a consideration of -the social consequences. What will be the effect upon the community in the -spread of debauchery and disease through having within it a group of -people who are thus free to gratify their instincts without fear of -consequences in the form of children? The indications are that here also -the evil consequences are more imaginary than real, since the -feeble-minded seldom exercise restraint in any case. - -Probably the most serious difficulty to be overcome before the practice of -sterilization in any form could come into general use would be the -determining of what persons were proper subjects to be operated upon.[3] - - [3] At present eight states have laws authorizing some form of - asexualization or sterilization. But in all these cases the practice - is carefully restricted to a few inmates of various specified - institutions. - -This difficulty arises from the fact that we are still ignorant of the -exact laws of inheritance. Just how mental characteristics are transmitted -from parent to child is not yet definitely known. It therefore becomes a -serious matter to decide beforehand that such and such a person who has -mental defect would certainly transmit the same defect to his offspring -and that consequently he ought not to be allowed to have offspring. - - -THE MENDELIAN LAW - -In 1866 an Austrian monk by the name of Gregor Mendel discovered and -published a law of inheritance in certain plants, which, after lying -practically unknown for nearly forty years, was rediscovered in 1900 and -since then has been tested with regard to a great many plants and animals. - -Mendel found that there were certain peculiarities in plants which he -termed “unit characters” that were transmitted from parent to offspring -in a definite way. His classical work was on the propagation of the -ordinary garden pea, in which case he found that a quality like tallness, -as contrasted with dwarfness, was transmitted as follows:-- - -If tall and dwarf peas were crossed, he found in the first generation -nothing but tall peas. But if these peas were allowed to grow and -fertilize themselves, in the next generation he got tall and dwarf peas in -the ratio of three to one. The dwarf peas in this case bred true, _i.e._ -when they were planted by themselves and self-fertilized there was never -anything but dwarf peas, no matter how many generations were tested. On -the other hand, the tall peas were divisible by experiment into two -groups; first, those that always bred true, viz. always tall peas; and -secondly, another group that bred tall and dwarf in the same ratio of -three to one; and from these the same cycle was repeated. Mendel called -the character, which did _not_ appear in the first generation (dwarfness), -“recessive”; the other (tallness) he called “dominant.” The recessive -factor is now generally considered to be due to the absence of something -which, if present, would give the dominant factor. According to this view, -dwarfness is simply the absence of tallness. - -This law has been found to hold true for many unit characters in many -plants and animals. Since study in human heredity has been taken up, it -has been a natural question, Does this same law apply to human beings? It -has been found that it does apply in the case of many qualities, like -color of hair, albinism, brachydactylism, and other peculiarities. -Investigation has of late been extended to mental conditions. Rosanoff has -shown pretty clearly that the law applies in the case of insanity, while -Davenport and Weeks have shown evidence that it applies in cases of -epilepsy. - -Our own studies lead us to believe that it also applies in the case of -feeble-mindedness, but this will be taken up in a later work to which we -have already referred. We do not know that feeble-mindedness is a “unit -character.” Indeed, there are many reasons for thinking that it cannot be. -But assuming for the sake of simplifying our illustration that it is a -“unit character,” then we have something like the following conditions. - -If two feeble-minded people marry, then we have the same unit character in -both, and all of the offspring will be feeble-minded; and if these -offspring select feeble-minded mates, then the same thing will continue. -But what will happen if a feeble-minded person takes a normal mate? If -feeble-mindedness is recessive (due to the absence of something that -would make for normality), we would expect in the first generation from -such a union all normal children, and if these children marry persons like -themselves, _i.e._ the offspring of one normal and one defective parent, -then the offspring would be normal and defective in the ratio of three to -one. Of the normal children, one third would breed true and we would have -a normal line of descent. - -Without following the illustration further, we see already that it is -questionable whether we ought to say that the original feeble-minded -individual should have been sterilized because he was feeble-minded. We -see that in the first generation all of his children were normal and in -the next generation one fourth of them were normal and bred true. We -should not forget, however, that one fourth of his grandchildren would be -feeble-minded and that two other fourths had the power of begetting -feeble-minded children. We must not forget, either, that these are -averages, and that for the full carrying out of these figures there must -be a large enough number of offspring to give the law of averages room to -have full play. In other words, any marriage which, according to the -Mendelian principle, would give normals and defectives in the ratio of -three to one might result in only one child. That child might happen to -be one of the feeble-minded ones, and so there is propagated nothing but -the feeble-minded type. It is equally true that it might be the normal -child, with a consequent normal line of descendants; or still again, it -might be one of the intermediate ones that are capable of reproducing -again the ratio of three normal to one defective, so that the chance is -only one in four of such offspring starting a normal line. - -Let us now turn to the facts as we have them in the Kallikak family. The -only offspring from Martin Kallikak Sr. and the nameless feeble-minded -girl was a son who proved to be feeble-minded. He married a normal woman -and had five feeble-minded children and two normal ones. This is in -accordance with Mendelian expectation; that is to say, there should have -been part normal and part defective, half and half, if there had been -children enough to give the law of averages a chance to assert itself. The -question, then, comes right there. Should Martin Jr. have been sterilized? -We would thus have saved five feeble-minded individuals and their horrible -progeny, but we would also have deprived society of two normal -individuals; and, as the results show, these two normals married normal -people and became the first of a series of generations of normal people. - -Taking this family as a whole, we have the following figures:-- - -There were 41 matings where both parents were feeble-minded. They had 222 -feeble-minded children, with two others that were considered normal. These -two are apparent exceptions to the law that two feeble-minded parents do -not have anything but feeble-minded children. We may account for these two -exceptions in one of several ways. Either there is a mistake in calling -them normal, or a mistake in calling the parents feeble-minded; or else -there was illegitimacy somewhere and these two children did not have the -same father as the others of the family. Or we may turn to the Mendelian -law and we discover that according to that law there might be in rare -instances such a combination of circumstances that a normal child might be -born from two parents that function as feeble-minded. For practical -purposes it is, of course, pretty clear that it is safe to assume that two -feeble-minded parents will never have anything but feeble-minded children. - -Again, we find that there were eight cases where the father was -feeble-minded and the mother normal, and there were ten normal children -and ten defective. - -There were twelve cases where the father was normal and the mother -feeble-minded, with seven feeble-minded children and ten normal. Both of -these are in accordance with Mendelian expectations. - -We further find that in the cases where one parent was feeble-minded and -the other undetermined, the children were nearly all feeble-minded, from -which we might infer that the probabilities are great that the unknown -parent was also feeble-minded. - -We shall not go further into this matter in the present paper, but leave -the detailed study of this family from the Mendelian standpoint for -further consideration, when we take up the large amount of data which we -have on three hundred other families. Enough is here given to show the -possibility that the Mendelian law applies to human heredity. If it does, -then the necessity follows of our understanding the exact mental condition -of the ancestors of any person upon whom we may propose to practice -sterilization. - -From all of this the one caution follows. At best, sterilization is not -likely to be a final solution of this problem. We may, and indeed I -believe must, use it as a help, as something that will contribute toward -the solution, until we can get segregation thoroughly established. But in -using it, we must realize that the first necessity is the careful study of -the whole subject, to the end that we may know more both about the laws -of inheritance and the ultimate effect of the operation. - - -CONCLUSION AND RÉSUMÉ - -The Kallikak family presents a natural experiment in heredity. A young man -of good family becomes through two different women the ancestor of two -lines of descendants,--the one characterized by thoroughly good, -respectable, normal citizenship, with almost no exceptions; the other -being equally characterized by mental defect in every generation. This -defect was transmitted through the father in the first generation. In -later generations, more defect was brought in from other families through -marriage. In the last generation it was transmitted through the mother, so -that we have here all combinations of transmission, which again proves the -truly hereditary character of the defect. - -We find on the good side of the family prominent people in all walks of -life and nearly all of the 496 descendants owners of land or proprietors. -On the bad side we find paupers, criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, and -examples of all forms of social pest with which modern society is -burdened. - -From this we conclude that feeble-mindedness is largely responsible for -these social sores. - -Feeble-mindedness is hereditary and transmitted as surely as any other -character. We cannot successfully cope with these conditions until we -recognize feeble-mindedness and its hereditary nature, recognize it early, -and take care of it. - -In considering the question of care, segregation through colonization -seems in the present state of our knowledge to be the ideal and perfectly -satisfactory method. Sterilization may be accepted as a makeshift, as a -help to solve this problem because the conditions have become so -intolerable. But this must at present be regarded only as a makeshift and -temporary, for before it can be extensively practiced, a great deal must -be learned about the effects of the operation and about the laws of human -inheritance. - - - - -INDEX - - - Abigail, 28. - - Albert, 24. - - Alcoholism, 18, 26. - of the good side, 29, 30. - in the bad family, 67. - children, 25. - Guss Saunders, a victim, 93. - in the two branches compared, 67. - - Almshouse, 28. - - Almshouses reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, 105. - - Asexualization, 107. - - - B----, the town mentioned, 79. - - Barrah, Eunice, 26. - - Beede, 29. - - Bible of Casper Kallikak, 100. - - Binet tests in the public schools, 71. - used with the Kallikak family, 88, 89. - - - Charts, heredity, 33-49. - - Children of Althea Haight, 23. - - Colonies for feeble-minded, 105. - - Colonization, not hopeless, 105. - - Cordelia, 25. - - Cousins marry, 26. - - Crime, tendency to, different in different families, 62. - - Criminals, 18. - made, not born, 54. - - Criminology and feeble-mindedness, 54, 60. - - - Deborah, admitted to the Training School, 1. - as she is to-day, 7. - her ability in numbers, 9-11. - brought to the Training School, 65. - her cousin in the Training School, 21. - her half brother, 27, 62. - her half brothers and sisters, 28. - her half sister, 27. - her mother, Martha, characterized, 65. - her mother, Martha, further history, 64. - her Institution records, 2-6. - her Santa Claus letters, 8. - - Declaration of Independence, signed by relatives of this family, 30. - - Deed from the governor of the colony to the Kallikak family, 95. - - Degenerates, 29. - - Delirium tremens, 25. - - Detention home of the Juvenile Court, number of feeble-minded children - found, 57. - - Died in infancy, 18. - - Dugdale, Richard L., work of, 51. - - - Edwards, Jonathan, 51. - - Edwards family, 59, 60. - - Elmira Reformatory, number of feeble-minded, 58. - - Elopement, 26. - - Environment, 61. - and criminology, 59. - determines criminality, 55. - effect of, shown, 22. - same for both branches, 50. - - Epileptics, 18. - “Old Moll,” 22. - - Euthenist, claims, 52. - - Explanation of charts, 33-35. - - - Feeble-minded, number in the entire group, 19. - number in public institutions, 56. - number in the United States being cared for, 106. - the dupes of others, 55. - reduction in the number of through segregation, 105. - - Feeble-mindedness, how determined, 14. - difficulty of recognizing, 104. - difficulty of caring for the, 105. - is hereditary, 117. - - Field workers, their training and methods, 13, 82. - - Frederick, 17. - half brother to Martin, 85. - - - Gaston, 29. - - Good family, the, 29. - character of descendants, 30. - defective children brought up in, 61. - - Governor of New Jersey, colonial, relation to Kallikak family, 95. - - Gregory, 25. - - Guss, 24, 74. - - Gypsy camp, 75. - - - Haight, Althea, 20-23. - - Haight, Eva, 26. - - Hard Scrabble, 89. - - Harriet, 25. - - Heredity charts, 33-49. - - Heredity in Jukes family, 54. - - Home for feeble-minded, Deborah’s sister placed in, 27. - - Horse thief, 29. - - Horser, 21. - his marriage to Jemima, 84. - - - Ill fame, kept house of, 19, 68. - - Illegitimate: child, 27. - children of Martha, 27. - number in bad family, 18. - - Incendiarism, 27. - - Incest, 28. - - Insane hospitals, number of feeble-minded in, 56. - reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, 105. - - Institutions and feeble-mindedness, 56. - - - James, son of Martin Jr., 21. - - Jemima, 21. - marries Horser, 84. - - Jones, Amy, 22. - - Joseph, 26. - three sons of, 71, 75. - - Jukes family, 51, 60. - heredity question, 53. - study, incomplete, 52. - - Justin Kallikak, daughter of, 62. - - Justin, son of Millard, 24. - - Juvenile Courts, feeble-minded children found, 57. - - - Kallikak, “Daddy,” 20. - - Kallikak family, further facts about, 70. - bad matings in, 114. - stories of the good branch of the, 93-100. - and Mendelian inheritance, 113. - - Kallikak, Justin, 26. - - Kallikak, Martin, Sr., 17, 29. - a sermon, 102. - joins the militia, 18. - his sin, 102. - wife of, 29. - - Kallikak, Martin, Jr., 17, 51, 61. - his family compared with the Jukes-Edwards, 53. - his half brother, Frederick, 85. - should he have been sterilized? 113. - - Kallikak, Millard, 19, 23. - second wife of, 26. - - Key to charts, 33-35. - - Killed in accident, 26. - - Kite, Elizabeth S., 71. - - - Lavinia, 24. - - Lombroso, 59. - - - Margaret, 28. - - Martha, mother of Deborah, 27. - character of her children, 64. - - Massachusetts Reformatory, feeble-minded girls in, 57. - - Matings in the Kallikak family, 114. - - Mendelian expectation, 24. - - Mendelian Law, the, 109. - - Mendelism, applied to human inheritance, 111. - - Mental capacity, necessity of determining, 60. - - Minister who married Guss, 75. - - Miscarriage, 28. - - Mongolian type, 20. - - Morons, 62, 54. - - Murder, Guss accused, 75. - - Mute, 25. - - - Nameless feeble-minded girl, 29. - relation to the problem, 103. - - Nathan, 20. - - Newark, number of feeble-minded children in Juvenile Court, 57. - - Normal people, in good branch of the family, 29. - - Normal woman in bad family, daughter of Sylvia, 22. - - - “Old Horror,” 19, 80. - - “Old Max,” 52. - - “Old Moll,” 21, 79. - described, 83. - her death, 83. - - “Old Sal,” 21, 79. - - - Paula, 25. - - Pauperism and feeble-mindedness, 60. - - Placing out, 27. - - Prince, 25. - - Prisons reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, 105. - - Probation, girls on, 57. - - Prominent man, sister of, married Millard Kallikak, 26. - - Prostitutes, 18. - number of feeble-minded, 58. - - Prostitution and feeble-mindedness, 56. - - Public institutions and feeble-mindedness, 56. - - - Quakeress, married Martin Kallikak, 99. - - - Rahway Reformatory, number of feeble-minded in, 57. - - Refinement, an element of, seen in Deborah’s mother, 63. - - Reformatories, number of feeble-minded in, 57. - - Resident, an old, of B----, 81. - - - Sanders, 25. - - Saunders, Guss, grandson of “Old Sal” visited, 89-91. - - School work for defectives, 54. - - Segregation and colonization not hopeless, 105. - - Sexually immoral, number in bad family, 18. - on the good side, 29. - children, 25. - - Sheep, flock of, stolen, 20. - - Slums, largely caused by defectives, 70. - - Sterilization, 107. - as a solution of the problem, 115. - - Still birth, 28. - - Stupidity, compared with criminalistic tendency, 63. - - Sylvia, 22. - - Symbols, explanation of, 33-35. - - Syphilitic, 26. - woman, 25. - - - Temperament, differences of, in the Kallikak family, 63. - relation to feeble-mindedness and criminology, 55. - - Thomas, 25. - - Training School at Vineland, 21. - Deborah brought to, 65. - - Traits of the family, reappearance of, 51. - - - Undetermined, definition, 19. - - - Vasectomy, 108. - - - Warren, 24. - - Winship, Dr., 51, 59. - - - Zabeth, Rhoda, 19, 61. - -Printed in the United States of America. - - - - - BY C. 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