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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb9e349 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53958 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53958) diff --git a/old/53958-0.txt b/old/53958-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e8c5627..0000000 --- a/old/53958-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3618 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Kallikak Family, by Henry Herbert Goddard - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness - -Author: Henry Herbert Goddard - -Release Date: January 13, 2017 [EBook #53958] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KALLIKAK FAMILY *** - - - - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MWS and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - THE KALLIKAK FAMILY - - [Illustration: The MM Co.] - - THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO - DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO - - MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED - LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA - MELBOURNE - - THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. - TORONTO - -[Illustration: DEBORAH KALLIKAK, AS SHE APPEARS TO-DAY AT THE TRAINING -SCHOOL.] - - THE - KALLIKAK FAMILY - - A STUDY IN THE HEREDITY OF - FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS - - BY - HENRY HERBERT GODDARD, PH.D. - - _Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School - at Vineland, New Jersey, for Feeble-minded Girls - and Boys_ - - New York - THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - 1916 - _All rights reserved_ - - COPYRIGHT, 1912, - BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. - - Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1912. Reprinted - February, 1913; February, 1914; September, 1916. - - _Norwood Press - J. S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. - Norwood, Mass., U.S.A._ - - - - - To - - MR. SAMUEL S. FELS - - A LAYMAN WITH THE SCIENTIST’S LOVE OF TRUTH AND THE - TRUE CITIZEN’S LOVE OF HUMANITY WHO MADE POSSIBLE - THIS STUDY AND WHO HAS FOLLOWED - THE WORK FROM ITS INCIPIENCY WITH - KINDLY CRITICISM AND ADVICE - THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED - - - - -PREFACE - - -On September 15, 1906, the Training School for Backward and Feeble-minded -Children at Vineland, New Jersey, opened a laboratory and a Department of -Research for the study of feeble-mindedness. - -A beginning was made in studying the mental condition of the children who -lived in the Institution, with a view to determining the mental and -physical peculiarities of the different grades and types, to getting an -accurate record of what deficiencies each child had and what he was -capable of doing, with the hope that in time these records could be -correlated with the condition of the nervous system of the child, if he -should die while in the Institution and an autopsy should be allowed. - -As soon as possible after the beginning of this work, a definite start was -made toward determining the cause of feeble-mindedness. After some -preliminary work, it was concluded that the only way to get the -information needed was by sending trained workers to the homes of the -children, to learn by careful and wise questioning the facts that could be -obtained. It was a great surprise to us to discover so much mental defect -in the families of so many of these children. The results of the study of -more than 300 families will soon be published, showing that about 65 per -cent of these children have the hereditary taint. - -The present study of the Kallikak family is a genuine story of real -people. The name is, of course, fictitious, as are all of the names -throughout the story. The results here presented come after two years of -constant work, investigating the conditions of this family. - -Some readers may question how it has been possible to get such definite -data in regard to people who lived so long ago. - -A word of explanation is hence in order. In the first place, the family -itself proved to be a notorious one, so the people, in the community where -the present generations are living, know of them; they knew their parents -and grandparents; and the older members knew them farther back, because of -the reputation they had always borne. Secondly, the reputation which the -Training School has in the State is such that all have been willing to -coöperate as soon as they understood the purpose and plan of the work. -This has been of great help. Thirdly, the time devoted to this -investigation must not be overlooked. A hasty investigation could never -have produced the results which we have reached. Oftentimes a second, a -third, a fifth, or a sixth visit has been necessary in order to develop an -acquaintance and relationship with these families which induced them -gradually to relate things which they otherwise had not recalled or did -not care to tell. Many an important item has been gathered after several -visits to these homes. Chapter IV will throw still more light on the -method used. - -If the reader is inclined to the view that we must have called a great -many people feeble-minded who were not so, let him be assured that this is -not the case. On the contrary, we have preferred to err on the other side, -and we have not marked people feeble-minded unless the case was such that -we could substantiate it beyond a reasonable doubt. If there was good -reason to call them normal, we have so marked them. If not, and we are -unable to decide in our own minds, we have generally left them unmarked. -In a few cases, we have marked them normal or feeble-minded, with a -question mark. By this is meant that we have studied the case and after -deliberation are still in doubt, but the probabilities are “N” or “F” as -indicated. The mere fact of the doubt shows, however, that they are at -least border-line cases. - -To the scientific reader we would say that the data here presented are, -we believe, accurate to a high degree. It is true that we have made rather -dogmatic statements and have drawn conclusions that do not seem -scientifically warranted from the data. We have done this because it seems -necessary to make these statements and conclusions for the benefit of the -lay reader, and it was impossible to present in this book all of the data -that would substantiate them. We have, as a matter of fact, drawn upon the -material which is soon to be presented in a larger book. The reference to -Mendelism is an illustration of what we mean. It is, as it is given here, -meager and inadequate, and the assumption that the given law applies to -human heredity is an assumption so far as the data presented are -concerned. We would ask that the scientist reserve judgment and wait for -the larger book for the proof of these statements and for an adequate -discussion of Mendelism in relation to the problem. - -The necessary expense for this study, as well as for all of the work of -the Research Laboratory, has been met by voluntary contributions from -philanthropic men and women, who believe that here is an opportunity to -benefit humanity, such as is hardly equaled elsewhere. - -We take this means of expressing to them our deep appreciation of their -sympathy and generosity. I wish also to make special mention of the -indefatigable industry, wisdom, tact, and judgment of our field workers -who have gathered these facts and whose results, although continually -checked up, have stood every test put upon them as to their accuracy and -value. - -The work on this particular family has been done by Elizabeth S. Kite, to -whom I am also indebted for practically all of Chapter IV. - -I am also greatly indebted to my assistants in the laboratory, for help in -preparing the charts, keeping the records, and correcting manuscript and -proof. - -To Superintendent Edward R. Johnstone, whose wisdom and foresight led to -the establishment of this Department of Research, whose help, sympathy, -and encouragement have been constant throughout the work of preparing this -study, the thanks and gratitude of the entire group of readers who find in -these facts any help toward the solution of the problems that they are -facing, are due. - - HENRY H. GODDARD. - -VINELAND, N.J., SEPTEMBER, 1912. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - PREFACE vii - - I. THE STORY OF DEBORAH 1 - - II. THE DATA 13 - - THE CHARTS 33 - - III. WHAT IT MEANS 50 - - IV. FURTHER FACTS ABOUT THE KALLIKAK FAMILY 70 - - V. WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 101 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - DEBORAH KALLIKAK AS SHE APPEARS TO-DAY AT THE - TRAINING SCHOOL _Frontispiece_ - - FACING PAGE - - DEBORAH AT THE SEWING MACHINE 4 - - DEBORAH AS WAITRESS 4 - - SPECIMENS OF DEBORAH’S HANDIWORK 6 - - DEBORAH, AGED FIFTEEN 8 - - DEBORAH, AGED SEVENTEEN 8 - - LAST HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK 20 - - ESTHER, DAUGHTER OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK 20 - - RUINS OF MOUNTAIN HUT BUILT BY MARTIN KALLIKAK, JR. 24 - - SITE OF MOUNTAIN HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK 24 - - GREAT-GRANDSON OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK 84 - - MELINDA, DAUGHTER OF “JEMIMA” 84 - - GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN OF “OLD SAL” 88 - - CHILDREN OF GUSS SAUNDERS, WITH THEIR GRANDMOTHER 88 - - - - -THE KALLIKAK FAMILY - -A STUDY IN THE HEREDITY OF FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE STORY OF DEBORAH - - -One bright October day, fourteen years ago, there came to the Training -School at Vineland, a little eight-year-old girl. She had been born in an -almshouse. Her mother had afterwards married, not the father of this -child, but the prospective father of another child, and later had divorced -him and married another man, who was also the father of some of her -children. She had been led to do this through the efforts of well-meaning -people who felt that it was a great misfortune for a child to be born into -the world illegitimately. From their standpoint the argument was good, -because the mother with four or five younger children was unable to -provide adequately for this little girl, whom both husbands refused to -support. - -On the plea that the child did not get along well at school and might -possibly be feeble-minded, she gained admission to the Training School, -there to begin a career which has been interesting and valuable to the -Institution, and which has led to an investigation that cannot fail to -prove of great social import. - -The following are extracts from her history since she came to the -Institution:-- - - From Admission Blanks, _Nov. ’97_.--Average size and weight. No - peculiarity in form or size of head. Staring expression. Jerking - movement in walking. No bodily deformity. Mouth shut. Washes and - dresses herself, except fastening clothes. Understands commands. Not - very obedient. Knows a few letters. Cannot read nor count. Knows all - the colors. Not fond of music. Power of memory poor. Listens well. - Looks steadily. Good imitator. Can use a needle. Can carry wood and - fill a kettle. Can throw a ball, but cannot catch. Sees and hears - well. Right-handed. Excitable but not nervous. Not affectionate and - quite noisy. Careless in dress. Active. Obstinate and destructive. - Does not mind slapping and scolding. Grandmother somewhat deficient. - Grandfather periodical drunkard and mentally deficient. Been to - school. No results. - -From Institution Reports:-- - - _Jan. ’99._--Conduct better. Counts 1-10 and 10-1. Knows at sight - and can write from memory “see,” “me,” “ran,” “man,” “rat,” “can.” - Weaves difficult mat in steps of 1 and 3, but requires much - assistance. - - _Feb. ’99._--Counts 1-30; writes 1-15. Orderly. Folds neatly. - - _March, ’99._--Draws circle and square. Writes 1-29. Combines simple - numbers. - - _April, ’99._--Conduct quite bad--impudent and growing worse. - Transferred from Seguin Cottage to Wilbur for a while. Seems some - better. - - SCHOOL. _Dec. ’00._ Disobedient. Graceful. Good in drill. Can copy. - Knows a number of words. Writes them from memory. Reads a little. - Adds with objects. Counts and knows value of numbers. Does all - ladder and pole drills nicely. Good in entertainment work. Memorizes - quickly. Can always be relied upon for either speaking or singing. - Marches well. A good captain. Knows “Halt,” “Right,” and “Left Face” - and “Forward March.” Always in step. - - MUSIC. Knows different notes. Plays “Jesus, Lover of my Soul” - nicely. Plays scale of C and F on cornet. - - _May, ’01._--Plays scales of C and F and first two exercises in - “Beginners’ Band Book” on cornet. She plays by ear. She has not - learned to read the notes of these two scales, simply because she - will not put her mind to it. She has played hymns in simple time, - but the fingering has had to be written for her. - - SCHOOL. Excellent worker in gardening class. Has just completed a - very good diagram of our garden to show at Annual Meeting. - - COTTAGE. Helps make beds and waits on table, is quick with her work, - but is very noisy. - - _Oct. ’01._--Has nearly finished outlining a pillow sham. Can do - very good work when she tries. - - ENGLISH. Does better in number work than in any other branch. Her - mind wanders a great deal. In the midst of a lesson, that she has - apparently paid a great deal of attention to, she will ask a - question that has no bearing on the lesson at all. Is slow to learn. - - _Nov. ’01._--Is very good in number work, especially in addition. - Can add 25 and 15. Spells a few words, such as “wind,” “blows,” - “flowers.” Writes fairly well from copy if she tries. Her attention - is very hard to keep. Is restless in class. Likes to be first in - everything. The one thing she does best in school is to add numbers - with pegs. Knows about fifteen words, such as “cat,” “fan,” “run,” - “man.” She could learn more in school if she would pay attention, - but her mind seems away off from the subject in discussion. Could - play scale of C and F on cornet and would play some by ear if she - could have kept up her lessons. Was taken out on account of sore - throat. - - _Nov. ’04._--Understands how to make bead chains. Has made four. - Knows how to use a sewing machine. Has made a shirtwaist. Uses tape - measure accurately. Can play on cornet four hard band pieces and - three solos, also reads at sight easy songs and hymns. Band pieces - are: “Attention, March!” “Quick Step Sterling,” “Onward, Christian - Soldiers,” and “Star-spangled Banner.” Solos are: “America,” “Old - Black Joe,” and “Onward, Christian Soldiers.” Conduct at school, - fair. - - [Illustration: DEBORAH AT THE SEWING MACHINE.] - - [Illustration: DEBORAH AS WAITRESS.] - - _Jan. ’07._--Took the part of Mrs. Doe in “Fun in a Photograph - Gallery.” - - _Feb. ’08._--Can write a fairly good story, but spells very few - words. Has little idea of the use of capitals. It is difficult for - her to separate her sentences. Drawing, painting, coloring, and any - kind of hand work she does quite nicely. In clay modeling, her idea - of form is quite good. Is much improved in conduct. Does not act so - wild in class. - - In wood-carving class, she starts a thing she wants to do very - enthusiastically, but if it takes her very long, her interest flags - and she has to be spurred on by the thought of the result when well - done. This year she has made a carved book rest with mission ends - and is now working on a shirtwaist box with mortise and tenon joints - and lap joints. The top will be paneled. She can do most of her own - marking when shown how. - - Has made a great improvement in “Band” during the last year. Can get - a better tone on the cornet and more volume. Reads by note all music - that she plays. Plays second cornet parts to about twenty-five - pieces. - - _Jan. ’09._--Has embroidered the front of a shirtwaist and the front - gore of a skirt. She has shown a great amount of patience, - perseverance, and judgment in her work this year, has been anxious - to do her work, and has been a good girl. In wood carving she is - doing much more careful work than last year. - - Has made a large “Skolcroft” chair with only a little help in - putting it into clamps. Did her own measuring and carved the wood. - She filled the wood herself before staining. This she had never done - before. - - _June, ’09._--Made the suit which she had embroidered earlier in the - year, using the machine in making it. Helped F. B. put her chair - together and really acted as a teacher in showing her how to - upholster it. Will be a helper in wood-carving class this summer. - - Took important part in the Christmas play of 1908 and was a “Fan - Girl” in the Japanese play given Annual Day, 1909. - - _Mar. ’11._--Works just about the same in wood-carving class as she - has other years. Can work very rapidly when she tries, but does not - very often try. Does not have much confidence in herself when - marking out her work, but when urged, keeps trying until she gets it - right. Is making a large dressing case this year. Is doing very nice - work, especially in physical culture class. - - _May, ’11._--Finished her dressing case, but was careless towards - the last, so it is not quite as nice as was expected. Made a very - handsome embroidered linen dress (satin stitch and eyelets), also an - embroidered corset cover. Made up both pieces under direction. Can - write a well-worded story, but has to have more than half the words - spelled for her. Knows very few of her number combinations. Retains - a great many interesting facts connected with nature work. - -[Illustration: SPECIMENS OF DEBORAH’S HANDIWORK.] - -The reader will see that Deborah’s teachers have worked with her -faithfully and carefully, hoping for progress, even seeing it where at a -later date it became evident that no real advance had been made. Note the -oft-repeated “She could if she would,” or “If she would only pay -attention,” and similar expressions, which show the unwillingness of the -teachers to admit even to themselves that she is really feeble-minded. In -the earlier records it was noted that Deborah was not fond of music, while -in later reports it is shown to be her one great accomplishment. To-day -she is a woman of twenty-two. The consensus of opinion of those who have -known her for the last fourteen years in the Institution is as follows:-- - - “She is cheerful, inclined to be quarrelsome, very active and - restless, very affectionate, willing, and tries; is quick and - excitable, fairly good-tempered. Learns a new occupation quickly, - but requires a half hour or twenty-four repetitions to learn four - lines. Retains well what she has once learned. Needs close - supervision. Is bold towards strangers, kind towards animals. Can - run an electric sewing machine, cook, and do practically everything - about the house. Has no noticeable defect. She is quick and - observing, has a good memory, writes fairly, does excellent work in - wood-carving and kindergarten, is excellent in imitation. Is a poor - reader and poor at numbers. Does fine basketry and gardening. - Spelling is poor; music is excellent; sewing excellent; excellent in - entertainment work. Very fond of children and good in helping care - for them. Has a good sense of order and cleanliness. Is sometimes - very stubborn and obstinate. Is not always truthful and has been - known to steal, although does not have a reputation for this. Is - proud of her clothes. Likes pretty dresses and likes to help in - other cottages, even to temporarily taking charge of a group.” - -The children at the Training School write letters to Santa Claus asking -for such things as they want for Christmas. Here are Deborah’s requests -each year, beginning with ’99, when she was ten years old:-- - - “’99.--Book and harmonica. - - ’00.--Book, comb, paints, and doll. - - ’01.--Book, mittens, toy piano, handkerchief, slate pencil. - - ’02.--Wax doll, ribbon, music box. - - ’03.--Post cards, colored ribbons, gloves and shears. - - ’04.--Trunk, music box, Fairy Tales, games, ribbons, big doll. - - ’05.--Ribbons of different colors, games, handkerchiefs, music box, - Fairy Tales. - - ’06.--Pair of stockings, ribbons, rubbers. - - ’07.--Watch, red ribbon, brush and comb, paper. - - ’08.--Three yards of lawn, rubbers. - - ’09.--Nice shoes, pink, dark blue, and white ribbons. - - ’10.--Money for dentist bill. - - ’11.--Rubbers, three shirts, blue scarf, three yards linen, two - yards lawn for fancy work.” - -[Illustration: AGE 15. AGE 17. - -DEBORAH.] - -It will be remembered that in her history, number was mentioned as being -one of her strong points. Indeed, she had a great deal of thorough drill -in this branch. In a recent testing to determine how much of this she -still retained, or whether the work had been of any value as mental -discipline, the results were negative. It was discovered that she could -neither add nor subtract, except where it was a question of concrete -objects connected with her daily life. For example, she can set a table -and wait on it very nicely. She can put the right number of plates at the -head of the table, if she knows the people who are to sit there, but at a -table with precisely the same number of strangers, she fails in making the -correct count. - -At a recent test made before a prominent scientist, the question was -asked, “How many are 12 less 3?” She thought for a moment, looked around -the room and finally answered, “Nine.” “Correct,” said her questioner. “Do -you know how I did it?” she asked, delighted at her success. “I counted on -my fingers.” - -Some of the questions asked her and her answers are as follows:-- - - _Q._ There are ten people to eat dinner. Seven have eaten. For how - many must you keep dinner warm? - - _A._ Three. - - _Q._ Suppose you had eight ergographs and sell six. How many would - be left? - - _A._ (after twenty-eight seconds’ pondering). Two. - - _Q._ Suppose you had eight Deltas and gave two away. What would you - have left? - - _A._ Five. - - _Q._ Suppose there are eight at the table and two leave. How many - would remain? - - _A._ (after thirteen seconds). Six. - -By the Binet Scale this girl showed, in April, 1910, the mentality of a -nine-year-old child with two points over; January, 1911, 9 years, 1 point; -September, 1911, 9 years, 2 points; October, 1911, 9 years, 3 points. She -answers correctly all of the questions up to age 7 except the repetition -of five figures, where she transposes two of them. She does not read the -selection in the required time, nor does she remember what she reads. In -counting the stamps, her first answer was “ten cents,” which she later -corrected. Under age 9, none of her definitions are “_better than by -use_”--“Fork is to eat with,” “Chair to sit on,” etc. She can sometimes -arrange the weights in their proper order and at other times not. The same -is true of putting the three words into a sentence. She does not know -money. Her definitions of abstract terms are very poor, in some cases -barely passable, nor can she put together the dissected sentences. She -rhymes “storm” with “spring,” and “milk” with “mill,” afterwards using -“bill,” “will,” “till.” - -In the revised questions, she does not draw the design which is Question 2 -in age 10, nor does she resist suggestion, Question 4 in age 12. To the -first part of Question 5, age 12, she answered, “A bird hanging from the -limb,” and to the second part, “Some one was very sick.” - -This is a typical illustration of the mentality of a high-grade -feeble-minded person, the moron, the delinquent, the kind of girl or woman -that fills our reformatories. They are wayward, they get into all sorts of -trouble and difficulties, sexually and otherwise, and yet we have been -accustomed to account for their defects on the basis of viciousness, -environment, or ignorance. - -It is also the history of the same type of girl in the public school. -Rather good-looking, bright in appearance, with many attractive ways, the -teacher clings to the hope, indeed insists, that such a girl will come -out all right. Our work with Deborah convinces us that such hopes are -delusions. - -Here is a child who has been most carefully guarded. She has been -persistently trained since she was eight years old, and yet nothing has -been accomplished in the direction of higher intelligence or general -education. To-day if this young woman were to leave the Institution, she -would at once become a prey to the designs of evil men or evil women and -would lead a life that would be vicious, immoral, and criminal, though -because of her mentality she herself would not be responsible. There is -nothing that she might not be led into, because she has no power of -control, and all her instincts and appetites are in the direction that -would lead to vice. - -We may now repeat the ever insistent question, and this time we indeed -have good hope of answering it. The question is, “How do we account for -this kind of individual?” The answer is in a word “Heredity,”--bad stock. -We must recognize that the human family shows varying stocks or strains -that are as marked and that breed as true as anything in plant or animal -life. - -Formerly such a statement would have been a guess, an hypothesis. We -submit in the following pages what seems to us conclusive evidence of its -truth. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE DATA - - -The Vineland Training School has for two years employed field workers. -These are women highly trained, of broad human experience, and interested -in social problems. As a result of weeks of residence at the Training -School, they become acquainted with the condition of the feeble-minded. -They study all the grades, note their peculiarities, and acquaint -themselves with the methods of testing and recognizing them. They then go -out with an introduction from the Superintendent to the homes of the -children and there ask that all the facts which are available may be -furnished, in order that we can know more about the child and be better -able to care for him and more wisely train him. - -Sometimes all necessary information is obtained from the one central -source, but more often, especially where the parents are themselves -defective, many visits to other homes must be made. Parents often send the -field worker to visit near and distant relatives as well as neighbors, -employers, teachers, physicians, ministers, overseers of the poor, -almshouse directors, etc. These must be interviewed and all the -information thus obtained must be weighed and much of it verified by -repeated visits to the same locality before an accurate chart of the -particular child’s heredity can be made. - -In determining the mental condition of people in the earlier generations -(that is, as to whether they were feeble-minded or not), one proceeds in -the same way as one does to determine the character of a Washington or a -Lincoln or any other man of the past. Recourse is had to original -documents whenever possible. In the case of defectives, of course, there -are not many original documents. Oftentimes the absence of these, where -they are to be expected, is of itself significant. For instance, the -absence of a record of marriage is often quite as significant as its -presence. Some record or memory is generally obtainable of how the person -lived, how he conducted himself, whether he was able to make a living, how -he brought up his children, what was his reputation in the community; -these facts are frequently sufficient to enable one to determine, with a -high degree of accuracy, whether the individual was normal or otherwise. -Sometimes the condition is marked by the presence of other factors. For -example, if a man was strongly alcoholic, it is almost impossible to -determine whether he was also feeble-minded, because the reports usually -declare that the only trouble with him was that he was always drunk, and -they say if he had been sober, he would have been all right. This may be -true, but on the other hand, it is quite possible that he was -feeble-minded also. - -After some experience, the field worker becomes expert in inferring the -condition of those persons who are not seen, from the similarity of the -language used in describing them to that used in describing persons whom -she has seen. - -In Deborah’s case, the woman first visited was the one who interested -herself in the child and its mother when the latter had just given birth -to her baby in the almshouse. From this woman was learned the subsequent -history of Deborah’s mother as given in the first part of this -description. But references, supplied by her, soon led to further -discoveries. The present family was found living within twenty miles of -what was afterwards learned to be its ancestral home and in a region that -was neither the slums of a city nor the wild desolation of the extreme -rural community, but rather in the midst of a populous farming country, -one of the best districts in the State. Thorough and carefully conducted -investigations in the small town and among the farmers of this region -showed that the family had always been notorious for the number of -defectives and delinquents it had produced; and this notoriety made it -possible to trace them back for no less than six generations. - -It was determined to make a survey of the entire family and to discover -the condition, as far as possible, of every person in each generation. - -The surprise and horror of it all was that no matter where we traced them, -whether in the prosperous rural district, in the city slums to which some -had drifted, or in the more remote mountain regions, or whether it was a -question of the second or the sixth generation, an appalling amount of -defectiveness was everywhere found. - -In the course of the work of tracing various members of the family, our -field worker occasionally found herself in the midst of a good family of -the same name, which apparently was in no way related to the girl whose -ancestry we were investigating. In such cases, there was nothing to be -done but to beat a retreat and start again in another direction. However, -these cases became so frequent that there gradually grew the conviction -that ours must be a degenerate offshoot from an older family of better -stock. Definite work was undertaken in order to locate the point at which -the separation took place. Over and over, the investigation was laid aside -in sheer despair of ever being able to find absolute proofs or to -establish missing links in the testimony. Then some freshly discovered -facts, that came often quite unexpectedly, would throw new light on the -situation, and the work would be resumed. - -The great-great-grandfather of Deborah was Martin Kallikak.[1] That we -knew. We had also traced the good family, before alluded to, back to an -ancestor belonging to an older generation than this Martin Kallikak, but -bearing the same name. He was the father of a large family. His eldest son -was named Frederick, but there was no son by the name of Martin. -Consequently, no connection could be made. Many months later, a -granddaughter of Martin revealed in a burst of confidence the situation. -She told us (and this was afterwards fully verified) that Martin had a -_half brother_ Frederick,--and that Martin never had an own brother -“because,” as she now naïvely expressed it, “you see, his mother had him -before she was married.” Deeper scrutiny into the life of Martin Kallikak -Sr., which was made possible through well-preserved family records, -enabled us to complete the story. - - [1] All names, both Christian and sur-names, are fictitious. - -When Martin Sr., of the good family, was a boy of fifteen, his father -died, leaving him without parental care or oversight. Just before -attaining his majority, the young man joined one of the numerous military -companies that were formed to protect the country at the beginning of the -Revolution. At one of the taverns frequented by the militia he met a -feeble-minded girl by whom he became the father of a feeble-minded son. -This child was given, by its mother, the name of the father in full, and -thus has been handed down to posterity the father’s name and the mother’s -mental capacity. This illegitimate boy was Martin Kallikak Jr., the -great-great-grandfather of our Deborah, and from him have come four -hundred and eighty descendants. One hundred and forty-three of these, we -have conclusive proof, were or are feeble-minded, while only forty-six -have been found normal. The rest are unknown or doubtful. - -Among these four hundred and eighty descendants, thirty-six have been -illegitimate. - -There have been thirty-three sexually immoral persons, mostly prostitutes. - -There have been twenty-four confirmed alcoholics. - -There have been three epileptics. - -Eighty-two died in infancy. - -Three were criminal. - -Eight kept houses of ill fame. - -These people have married into other families, generally of about the same -type, so that we now have on record and charted eleven hundred and -forty-six individuals. - -Of this large group, we have discovered that two hundred and sixty-two -were feeble-minded, while one hundred and ninety-seven are considered -normal, the remaining five hundred and eighty-one being still -undetermined. (“Undetermined,” as here employed, often means not that we -knew nothing about the person, but that we could not decide. They are -people we can scarcely recognize as normal; frequently they are not what -we could call good members of society. But it is very difficult to decide -without more facts whether the condition that we find or that we learn -about, as in the case of older generations, is or was really one of true -feeble-mindedness.) - -In 1803, Martin Kallikak Jr., otherwise known as the “Old Horror,” married -Rhoda Zabeth, a normal woman. (See Chart II.) They had ten children, of -whom one died in infancy and another died at birth with the mother. Of -those who lived, the oldest was Millard, the direct ancestor of our -Deborah. He married Althea Haight, and they had fifteen children, of whom -more later. - -The next born of Martin Jr. was Nathan, known in the community as “Daddy” -(see Chart III),[2] who died at the advanced age of ninety-three. He was -the father of six children. One of his sons was a criminal, a horse thief, -who also stole a flock of sheep which the owner all unwittingly helped him -to drive away. Three other children of “Daddy” married and themselves had -children. These are all families about whose mentality it is difficult to -decide. They are all peculiar, but more respectable than some other -branches of this family. One is dead. The sixth, a daughter, is -feeble-minded and sexually immoral. She married a man who was -feeble-minded and alcoholic. Of her six children, two at least are -feeble-minded. Whether her husband is the father of all of the children is -very doubtful. Sexual immorality and alcoholism are prevalent in this -family. One of the sons married a feeble-minded woman who came from -feeble-minded stock. They had six children, all of whom were -feeble-minded. One of these is of the Mongolian type, an interesting fact, -as it shows that this particular form of arrest of development may occur -in a defective family. - - [2] It is important to trace out in detail these relationships on - the charts. - -[Illustration: LAST HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK.] - -[Illustration: ESTHER, DAUGHTER OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK.] - -Martin Jr.’s third child was James (Chart II), who went away, and we know -nothing about him. - -Martin Jr.’s fourth child, “Old Sal” (Chart IV), was feeble-minded and she -married a feeble-minded man. Two of their children are undetermined, but -one of these had at least one feeble-minded grandchild; the other, an -alcoholic man, had three feeble-minded grandchildren, one of whom is in -the Training School at Vineland. She is thus a cousin of Deborah--a fact -not known until this study was made. The two other children of Old Sal -were feeble-minded, married feeble-minded wives, and had large families of -defective children and grandchildren, as will be seen in the chart. - -The fifth child of Martin Jr. was Jemima (Chart V), feeble-minded and -sexually immoral. She lived with a feeble-minded man named Horser, to whom -she was supposed to have been married. Of her five children, three are -known to have been feeble-minded, two are undetermined. From these again, -have come a large number of feeble-minded children and grandchildren. -Jemima had an illegitimate son by a man who was high in the Nation’s -offices. This son married a feeble-minded girl and they had feeble-minded -children, and grandchildren. - -The sixth child of Martin Jr., known as “Old Moll” (Chart VI), was -feeble-minded, alcoholic, epileptic, and sexually immoral. She had three -illegitimate children who were sent to the almshouse, and from there bound -out to neighboring farmers. One of these turned out normal, one was -feeble-minded, and the other undetermined. Neither of the two older ones -had any children. The third child, a daughter, was tubercular, but nothing -is known of her descendants, except that there were several children and -grandchildren. - -The seventh child of Martin Jr. was a daughter, Sylvia (Chart VII), who -seemed to be a normal woman. She was taken very young by a good family who -brought her up carefully. She later married a normal man. Although we have -marked her normal, she was always peculiar. All her children and -grandchildren were either normal or are undetermined. - -The youngest child of Martin Jr. who lived to grow up was Amy Jones, also -normal. (Chart VIII.) She, too, was taken into a good family and married a -normal man, and lived to be very old. Two of Amy’s children died in -infancy. Of two others, one was normal and one feeble-minded. This latter -married a normal man and had one feeble-minded and immoral daughter; five -other children are undetermined. - -We now return to Martin Jr.’s oldest son, Millard (Chart IX), to take up -the story of his descendants, of whom our girl Deborah is one. - -Millard married Althea Haight about 1830. They had fifteen children born -in the following years: 1830, 1831, 1832, 1834, 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841, -1843, 1845, 1847, 1849, 1851, 1854, 1856. The mother died in 1857. This -mother, Althea Haight, was feeble-minded. That she came from a -feeble-minded family is evidenced by the fact that she had at least one -feeble-minded brother, while of her mother it was said that the “devil -himself could not live with her.” The feeble-minded brother had six -children, of whom three are known to have been feeble-minded. He had seven -grandchildren who were feeble-minded, and no less than nine feeble-minded -great-grandchildren. (These are not shown on the chart.) - -The oldest child of Millard and Althea was a daughter who grew up a -feeble-minded and immoral woman. She had several husbands, but only one of -her children lived to be old enough to marry. This one, a daughter of -illegitimate birth, married a man of good family who was a confirmed -alcoholic. Their children are all undetermined, except one who was normal. - -The second child of Millard, a daughter, was a bad character. We know of -one illegitimate and feeble-minded son who married a feeble-minded and -immoral girl. They had four children, but all died in infancy. This wife -was also the mother of an illegitimate son, who was feeble-minded and -sexually immoral. - -The third child of Millard was Justin (Chart IX, section E), the -grandfather of our Deborah. His family we shall discuss later. - -According to Mendelian expectation, all of the children of Millard -Kallikak and Althea Haight should have been feeble-minded, because the -parents were such. The facts, so far as known, confirm this expectation, -with the exception of the fourth child, a daughter, who was taken into a -good family and grew up apparently a normal woman. She married a normal -man and they had one son who was normal. He married a normal woman and -they have two children, a boy and girl, who are normal and above average -intelligence. - -The fifth child was Albert, feeble-minded, who died at twenty-five, -unmarried. - -The sixth child was Warren, who had four children, three of whom were -feeble-minded and of very doubtful morality. Each of the three had -feeble-minded children. One of these, Guss by name, was specially loose -and much mixed in his marital relations. - -[Illustration: RUINS OF MOUNTAIN HUT BUILT BY MARTIN KALLIKAK JR. 1805.] - -[Illustration: SITE OF MOUNTAIN HOME OF MILLARD KALLIKAK, WHERE FIFTEEN OF -HIS CHILDREN WERE BORN.] - -The seventh child was Lavinia, who died unmarried at the age of -thirty-nine. She had been brought up in a good family and never -manifested any of those characteristics that indicate feeble-mindedness. - -The eighth was Cordelia, who died at nine; condition unknown. - -The ninth was Prince, who died at four years. - -The tenth was Paula, feeble-minded; married and had four children. Her -husband and children are undetermined. - -Then comes Gregory, the eleventh, who was feeble-minded and alcoholic. He -married an alcoholic and syphilitic woman, mentality difficult to -determine. They had seven children, of whom two were feeble-minded, -syphilitic, alcoholic, and sexually immoral. One died of delirium tremens, -the other of alcoholism, leaving a long line of descendants. The other -children died young, except one daughter who has a feeble-minded -grandchild who cannot speak. - -The twelfth child was Harriet, feeble-minded, twice married, but without -children. - -The thirteenth, Sanders, who was drowned as a young man, was feeble-minded -and sexually immoral. - -The fourteenth was Thomas, feeble-minded, alcoholic, and sexually immoral. -He died from over self-indulgence. He was married and had a daughter, but -her condition as well as her mother’s is unknown. - -The last child was Joseph, feeble-minded. He married his first cousin, Eva -Haight, who was also feeble-minded. They had five children, two dying in -infancy, and the rest feeble-minded. Of their nineteen grandchildren, five -died in infancy, one is undetermined, and the remaining thirteen are all -feeble-minded. - -Millard Kallikak married for his second wife a normal woman, a sister of a -man of prominence. She was, however, of marked peculiarity. By her, he had -three children; two died in infancy. The one who grew to manhood was -alcoholic and syphilitic. He ran off with the wife of his nephew, who was -about his own age. His mental condition is undetermined. He was killed by -an accident a few years later. - -We now return to the third born of this family, Justin Kallikak, the -grandfather of our Deborah (Chart IX, section E). He was feeble-minded, -alcoholic, and sexually immoral. He married Eunice Barrah, who belonged to -a family of dull mentality. Her mother and paternal grandfather were -feeble-minded, and the grandfather had a brother that was feeble-minded. -That brother had at least six descendants who were feeble-minded. The -father, also, had a brother feeble-minded who had eleven children, -grandchildren, and great-grandchildren who were feeble-minded. (Not -shown). - -The children of Deborah’s grandparents, Justin and Eunice, were as -follows: first, Martha, the mother of our Deborah, whose story has already -been partly told. This woman is supposed to have had three illegitimate -children before Deborah was born. They died in infancy. The next younger -half sister of Deborah was placed out by a charitable organization when -very young. From their records we learn that in five years she had been -tried in thirteen different families and by all found impossible. In one -of these she set the barn on fire. When found by our field worker, she had -grown to be a girl of twenty, pretty, graceful, but of low mentality. She -had already followed the instinct implanted in her by her mother, and was -on the point of giving birth to an illegitimate child. She was sent to a -hospital. The child died, and then the girl was placed permanently in a -home for feeble-minded. An own brother of this girl was placed out in a -private family. When a little under sixteen, his foster mother died and -her husband married again. Thus the boy was turned adrift. Having been -well trained, and being naturally of an agreeable disposition, he easily -found employment. Bad company, however, soon led to his discharge. He has -now drifted into one of our big cities. It requires no prophet to predict -his future. - -The last family of half brothers and sisters of Deborah are, at present, -living with the mother and her second husband. The oldest three of these -are distinctly feeble-minded. Between them and the two younger children -there was a stillbirth and a miscarriage. The little ones appear normal -and test normal for their ages, but there is good reason to believe that -they will develop the same defect as they grow older. - -Besides the mother of Deborah, Justin and Eunice had ten other children, -of whom six died in infancy. One of the daughters, Margaret, was taken by -a good family when a very small child. When she was about thirteen, she -visited her parents for a few weeks. While her mother was away at work, -her father, who was a drunken brute, committed incest with her. When the -fact became known in her adopted home, she was placed in the almshouse. -The child born there soon died, and she was again received into the family -where she formerly lived. The care with which she was surrounded prevented -her from becoming a vicious woman. Although of dull mentality, she was a -good and cheerful worker. When about thirty-five, she married a -respectable workingman but has had no children by him. - -Another daughter, Abigail, feeble-minded, married a feeble-minded man by -whom she had two feeble-minded children, besides a third that died in -infancy. She later married a normal man. - -The next child of Justin and Eunice was Beede, who is feeble-minded. He -married a girl who left him before their child was born. He lives at -present with a very low, immoral woman. - -The youngest child of Justin and Eunice was a son, Gaston, feeble-minded -and a horse thief; he removed to a distant town where he married. He has -one child; mentality of both mother and child undetermined. - -This is the ghastly story of the descendants of Martin Kallikak Sr., from -the nameless feeble-minded girl. - -Although Martin himself paid no further attention to the girl nor her -child, society has had to pay the heavy price of all the evil he -engendered. - -Martin Sr., on leaving the Revolutionary Army, straightened up and married -a respectable girl of good family, and through that union has come another -line of descendants of radically different character. These now number -four hundred and ninety-six in direct descent. All of them are normal -people. Three men only have been found among them who were somewhat -degenerate, but they were not defective. Two of these were alcoholic, and -the other sexually loose. - -All of the legitimate children of Martin Sr. married into the best -families in their state, the descendants of colonial governors, signers of -the Declaration of Independence, soldiers and even the founders of a great -university. Indeed, in this family and its collateral branches, we find -nothing but good representative citizenship. There are doctors, lawyers, -judges, educators, traders, landholders, in short, respectable citizens, -men and women prominent in every phase of social life. They have scattered -over the United States and are prominent in their communities wherever -they have gone. Half a dozen towns in New Jersey are named from the -families into which Martin’s descendants have married. There have been no -feeble-minded among them; no illegitimate children; no immoral women; only -one man was sexually loose. There has been no epilepsy, no criminals, no -keepers of houses of prostitution. Only fifteen children have died in -infancy. There has been one “insane,” a case of religious mania, perhaps -inherited, but not from the Kallikak side. The appetite for strong drink -has been present here and there in this family from the beginning. It was -in Martin Sr., and was cultivated at a time when such practices were -common everywhere. But while the other branch of the family has had -twenty-four victims of habitual drunkenness, this side scores only two. - -The charts of these two families follow. - - - - -THE CHARTS - - -THE CHARTS - -Chart I shows the line of descent of the Kallikak family from their first -colonial ancestor. It was Martin who divided it into a bad branch on one -hand and a good branch on the other. Each of these branches is traced -through the line of the eldest son down to a person of the present -generation. On the bad side it ends with Deborah Kallikak, an inmate of -the Training School at Vineland, on the good side with the son of a -prominent and wealthy citizen of the same family name, now resident of -another State. - -Chart II shows the children of Martin Sr. by his wife and by the nameless -feeble-minded girl, and also the children of Martin Jr. - -Then follow Charts III to IX and A to K, giving in detail each of these -two branches, the upper series being the normal family, the descendants of -Martin Kallikak Sr. through his wife: the lower is the bad family, his -descendants through the nameless feeble-minded girl who was not his wife. - - -EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS - -Individuals are represented by squares and circles, the squares being -males, the circles, females. Black squares and circles (with a white “F”) -mean feeble-minded individuals; N means normal persons. - -The clear squares or circles indicate that the mentality of the person is -undetermined. - -“d. inf.” means died in infancy. - -A horizontal or slightly oblique line connects persons who are mated. -Unless otherwise indicated, they are supposed to have been legally -married. - -The symbols dependent from the same horizontal line are for brothers and -sisters. - -A vertical line connecting this horizontal line with an individual or with -a line connecting two individuals, indicates the parent or parents of the -fraternity. - -Letters placed around the symbol for an individual are as follows: -A--Alcoholic, meaning decidedly intemperate, a drunkard; B--Blind; -C--Criminalistic; D--Deaf; E--Epileptic; I--Insane; Sy--Syphilitic; -Sx--Sexually immoral; T--Tuberculous. - -A short vertical line dependent from the horizontal fraternity line -indicates a child whose sex is unknown. An F at the end of the line -indicates that such child was feeble-minded. - -N? or F? indicates that the individual has not been definitely determined, -but, considering all the data, it is concluded that on the whole, the -person was probably normal or feeble-minded, as the letter signifies. - -A small d. followed by a numeral means died at that age; b. means born, -usually followed by the date. - -A single figure below a symbol indicates that the symbol stands for more -than one individual--the number denoted by the figure, _e.g._ a circle -with a “4” below it, indicates that there were four girls in that -fraternity, represented by that one symbol. - -The Hand indicates the child that is in the Institution at Vineland, whose -family history is the subject of the chart. - -A black horizontal line under a symbol indicates that that individual was -in some public institution at state expense. - -The fact that the parents were not married is indicated either by the -expression “unmarried” or by the word “illegitimate,” placed near the -symbol for the child. - -[Illustration: CHART I.] - -[Illustration: CHART II. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART A. - -CHART B.] - -[Illustration: CHART III.] - -[Illustration: CHART C.] - -[Illustration: CHART IV. Section A. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART D.] - -[Illustration: CHART IV. Section B.] - -[Illustration: CHART E.] - -[Illustration: CHART V. Section A. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART F.] - -[Illustration: CHART V. Section B. - -CHART VI.] - -[Illustration: CHART G.] - -[Illustration: CHART VII. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART H.] - -[Illustration: CHART VIII.] - -[Illustration: CHART I.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section A. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART J.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section B.] - -[Illustration: CHART K.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section C. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section D.] - -[Illustration: CHART IX. Section E. - -N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = -Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. d. inf. = died in -infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. -For further explanation see pp. 33-35.] - - - - -CHAPTER III - -WHAT IT MEANS - - -The foregoing charts and text tell a story as instructive as it is -amazing. We have here a family of good English blood of the middle class, -settling upon the original land purchased from the proprietors of the -state in Colonial times, and throughout four generations maintaining a -reputation for honor and respectability of which they are justly proud. -Then a scion of this family, in an unguarded moment, steps aside from the -paths of rectitude and with the help of a feeble-minded girl, starts a -line of mental defectives that is truly appalling. After this mistake, he -returns to the traditions of his family, marries a woman of his own -quality, and through her carries on a line of respectability equal to that -of his ancestors. - -We thus have two series from two different mothers but the same father. -These extend for six generations. Both lines live out their lives in -practically the same region and in the same environment, except in so far -as they themselves, because of their different characters, changed that -environment. Indeed, so close are they that in one case, a defective man -on the bad side of the family was found in the employ of a family on the -normal side and, although they are of the same name, neither suspects any -relationship. - -We thus have a natural experiment of remarkable value to the sociologist -and the student of heredity. That we are dealing with a problem of true -heredity, no one can doubt, for, although of the descendants of Martin -Kallikak Jr. many married into feeble-minded families and thus brought in -more bad blood, yet Martin Jr. himself married a normal woman, thus -demonstrating that the defect is transmitted through the father, at least -in this generation. Moreover, the Kallikak family traits appear -continually even down to the present generation, and there are many -qualities that are alike in both the good and the bad families, thus -showing the strength and persistence of the ancestral stock. - -The reader will recall the famous story of the Jukes family published by -Richard L. Dugdale in 1877, a startling array of criminals, paupers, and -diseased persons, more or less related to each other and extending over -seven generations. - -Dr. Winship has undertaken to compare this family with the descendants of -Jonathan Edwards, and from this comparison to draw certain conclusions. -It is a striking comparison, but unfortunately not as conclusive as we -need in these days. The two families were utterly independent, of -different ancestral stock, reared in different communities, even in -different States, and under utterly different environment. - -The one, starting from a strong, religious, and highly educated ancestor, -has maintained those traits and traditions down to the present day and -with remarkable results; the other, starting without any of these -advantages, and under an entirely different environment, has resulted in -the opposite kind of descendants. - -It is not possible to convince the euthenist (who holds that environment -is the sole factor) that, had the children of Jonathan Edwards and the -children of “Old Max” changed places, the results would not have been such -as to show that it was a question of environment and not of heredity. And -he cites to us the fact that many children of highly developed parents -degenerate and become paupers and criminals, while on the other hand, some -children born of lowly and even criminal parents take the opposite course -and become respectable and useful citizens. - -In as far as the children of “Old Max” were of normal mentality, it is not -possible to say what might not have become of them, had they had good -training and environment. - -Fortunately for the cause of science, the Kallikak family, in the persons -of Martin Kallikak Jr. and his descendants, are not open to this argument. -They were feeble-minded, and no amount of education or good environment -can change a feeble-minded individual into a normal one, any more than it -can change a red-haired stock into a black-haired stock. The striking fact -of the enormous proportion of feeble-minded individuals in the descendants -of Martin Kallikak Jr. and the total absence of such in the descendants of -his half brothers and sisters is conclusive on this point. Clearly it was -not environment that has made that good family. They made their -environment; and their own good blood, with the good blood in the families -into which they married, told. - -So far as the Jukes family is concerned, there is nothing that proves the -hereditary character of any of the crime, pauperism, or prostitution that -was found. The most that one can say is that if such a family is allowed -to go on and develop in its own way unmolested, it is pretty certain not -to improve, but rather to propagate its own kind and fill the world with -degenerates of one form or another. The formerly much discussed question -of the hereditary character of crime received no solution from the Jukes -family, but in the light of present-day knowledge of the sciences of -criminology and biology, there is every reason to conclude that criminals -are made and not born. The best material out of which to make criminals, -and perhaps the material from which they are most frequently made, is -feeble-mindedness. - -The reader must remember that the type of feeble-mindedness of which we -are speaking is the one to which Deborah belongs, that is, to the high -grade, or moron. All the facts go to show that this type of people makes -up a large percentage of our criminals. We may argue _a priori_ that such -would be the case. Here we have a group who, when children in school, -cannot learn the things that are given them to learn, because through -their mental defect, they are incapable of mastering abstractions. They -never learn to read sufficiently well to make reading pleasurable or of -practical use to them. The same is true of number work. Under our -compulsory school system and our present courses of study, we compel these -children to go to school, and attempt to teach them the three R’s, and -even higher subjects. Thus they worry along through a few grades until -they are fourteen years old and then leave school, not having learned -anything of value or that can help them to make even a meager living in -the world. They are then turned out inevitably dependent upon others. A -few have relatives who take care of them, see that they learn to do -something which perhaps will help in their support, and then these -relatives supplement this with enough to insure them a living. - -A great majority, however, having no such interested or capable relatives, -become at once a direct burden upon society. These divide according to -temperament into two groups. Those who are phlegmatic, sluggish, indolent, -simply lie down and would starve to death, if some one did not help them. -When they come to the attention of our charitable organizations, they are -picked up and sent to the almshouse, if they cannot be made to work. The -other type is of the nervous, excitable, irritable kind who try to make a -living, and not being able to do it by a fair day’s work and honest wages, -attempt to succeed through dishonest methods. “Fraud is the force of weak -natures.” These become the criminal type. The kind of criminality into -which they fall seems to depend largely upon their environment. If they -are associated with vicious but intelligent people, they become the dupes -for carrying out any of the hazardous schemes that their more intelligent -associates plan for them. Because of their stupidity, they are very apt to -be caught quickly and sent to the reformatory or prison. If they are -girls, one of the easiest things for them to fall into is a life of -prostitution, because they have natural instincts with no power of control -and no intelligence to understand the wiles and schemes of the white -slaver, the cadet, or the individual seducer. All this, we say, is what is -to be expected. These are the people of good outward appearance, but of -low intelligence, who pass through school without acquiring any -efficiency, then go out into the world and must inevitably fall into some -such life as we have pictured. - -Let us now turn to our public institutions. These have not yet been -sufficiently investigated, nor have we adequate statistics to show what -percentage of their inmates is actually feeble-minded. But even casual -observation of our almshouse population shows the majority to be of -decidedly low mentality, while careful tests would undoubtedly increase -this percentage very materially. - -In our insane hospitals may also be found a group of people whom the -physicians will tell you are only partially demented. The fact is they -properly belong in an institution for feeble-minded, rather than in one -for the insane, and have gotten into the latter because an unenlightened -public does not recognize the difference between a person who has lost his -mind and one who never had one. - -In regard to criminality, we now have enough studies to make us certain -that at least 25 per cent of this class is feeble-minded. One hundred -admissions to the Rahway Reformatory, taken in order of admission, show at -least 26 per cent of them distinctly feeble-minded, with the certainty -that the percentage would be much higher if we included the border-line -cases. - -An investigation of one hundred of the Juvenile Court children in the -Detention Home of the City of Newark showed that 67 per cent of them were -distinctly feeble-minded. From this estimate are excluded children who are -yet too young for us to know definitely whether the case is one of -arrested development. This point once determined would unquestionably -swell the percentage of defect. - -An examination of fifty-six girls from a Massachusetts reformatory, but -out on probation, showed that fifty-two of them were distinctly -feeble-minded. This was partially a selected group, the basis being their -troublesomeness; they were girls who could not be made to stay in the -homes that were found for them, nor to do reasonable and sensible things -in those homes, which fact, of itself, pointed toward feeble-mindedness. - -The foregoing are figures based on actual test examinations as to mental -capacity. If we accept the estimates of the mental condition of the -inmates made by the superintendents of reformatories and penal -institutions, we get sometimes a vastly higher percentage; _e.g._ the -Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory estimates that at least 40 per -cent of his inmates are mental defectives. - -Indeed, it would not be surprising if careful examination of the inmates -of these institutions should show that even 50 per cent of them are -distinctly feeble-minded. - -In regard to prostitutes, we have no reliable figures. The groups of -delinquent girls to which we have already referred included among the -numbers several that were already known as prostitutes. A simple -observation of persons who are leading this sort of life will satisfy any -one who is familiar with feeble-mindedness that a large percentage of them -actually are defective mentally. So we have, as is claimed, partly from -statistical studies and partly from careful observation, abundant evidence -of the truth of our claim that criminality is often made out of -feeble-mindedness. - -Mr. Winship in his comparison of the Jukes and Edwards families has -strengthened our claim in this respect. In all environments and under all -conditions, he shows the latter family blossoming out into distinguished -citizens, not primarily through anything from without but through the -imperious force within. Since we may conclude that none of the Edwards -family, who are described by Dr. Winship, were feeble-minded, therefore -none of them became criminals or prostitutes. But here again his argument -is inconclusive because he does not tell us of all the descendants. - -With equal safety it may be surmised that many of the Jukes family -(perhaps the original stock, indeed) were feeble-minded and therefore -easily lapsed into the kind of lives that they are said to have lived. - -In the good branch of the Kallikak family there were no criminals. There -were not many in the other side, but there were some, and, had their -environment been different, no one who is familiar with feeble-minded -persons, their characteristics and tendencies, would doubt that a large -percentage of them might have become criminal. Lombroso’s famous criminal -types, in so far as they were types, may have been types of -feeble-mindedness on which criminality was grafted by the circumstances of -their environment. - -Such facts as those revealed by the Kallikak family drive us almost -irresistibly to the conclusion that before we can settle our problems of -criminality and pauperism and all the rest of the social problems that are -taxing our time and money, the first and fundamental step should be to -decide upon the mental capacity of the persons who make up these groups. -We must separate, as sharply as possible, those persons who are -weak-minded, and therefore irresponsible, from intelligent criminals. Both -our method of treatment and our attitude towards crime will be changed -when we discover what part of this delinquency is due to irresponsibility. - -If the Jukes family were of normal intelligence, a change of environment -would have worked wonders and would have saved society from the horrible -blot. But if they were feeble-minded, then no amount of good environment -could have made them anything else than feeble-minded. Schools and -colleges were not for them, rather a segregation which would have -prevented them from falling into evil and from procreating their kind, so -avoiding the transmitting of their defects and delinquencies to succeeding -generations. - -Thus where the Jukes-Edwards comparison is weak and the argument -inconclusive, the twofold Kallikak family is strong and the argument -convincing. - -Environment does indeed receive some support from three cases in our -chart. On Chart II, two children of Martin Jr. and Rhoda were normal, -while all the rest were feeble-minded. It is true that here one parent was -normal, and we have the right to expect some normal children. At the same -time, these were the two children that were adopted into good families and -brought up under good surroundings. They proved to be normal and their -descendants normal. Again, on Chart IX-a, we have one child of two -feeble-minded parents who proves to be normal--the only one among the -children. This child was also taken into a good family and brought up -carefully. Another sister (Chart IX-b) was also taken into a good family -and, while not determined, yet “showed none of the traits that are usually -indicative of feeble-mindedness.” It may be claimed that environment is -responsible for this good result. It is certainly significant that the -only children in these families that were normal, or at least better than -the rest, were brought up in good families. - -However, it would seem to be rather dangerous to base any very positive -hope on environment in the light of these charts, taken as a whole. There -are too many other possible explanations of the anomaly, _e.g._ these -cases may have been high-grade morons, who, to the untrained person, would -seem so nearly normal, that at this late day it would be impossible to -find any one who would remember their traits well enough to enable us to -classify them as morons. - -We must not forget that, on Chart IX-e, we also have the daughter of -Justin taken into a good family and carefully brought up, but in spite of -all that, she proved to be feeble-minded. The same is probably true of -Deborah’s half brother. - -We have claimed that criminality resulting from feeble-mindedness is -mainly a matter of environment, yet it must be acknowledged that there are -wide differences in temperament and that, while this one branch of the -Kallikak family was mentally defective, there was no strong tendency in it -towards that which our laws recognize as criminality. In other families -there is, without doubt, a much greater tendency to crime, so that the -lack of criminals in this particular case, far from detracting from our -argument, really strengthens it. It must be recognized that there is much -more liability of criminals resulting from mental defectiveness in certain -families than in others, probably because of difference in the strength of -some instincts. - -This difference in temperament is perhaps nowhere better brought out than -in the grandparents of Deborah. The grandfather belonging to the Kallikak -family had the temperament and characteristics of that family, which, -while they did not lead him into positive criminality of high degree, -nevertheless did make him a bad man of a positive type, a drunkard, a sex -pervert, and all that goes to make up a bad character. - -On the other hand, his wife and her family were simply stupid, with none -of the pronounced tendencies to evil that were shown in the Kallikak -family. They were not vicious, nor given over to bad practices of any -sort. But they were inefficient, without power to get on in the world, and -they transmitted these qualities to their descendants. - -Thus, of the children of this pair, the grandparents of Deborah, the sons -have been active and positive in their lives, the one being a horse thief, -the other a sexual pervert, having the alcoholic tendency of his father, -while the daughters are quieter and more passive. Their dullness, however, -does not amount to imbecility. Deborah’s mother herself was of a high type -of moron, with a certain quality which carried with it an element of -refinement. Her sister was the passive victim of her father’s incestuous -practice and later married a normal man. Another sister was twice married, -the first time through the agency of the good woman who attended to the -legalizing of Deborah’s mother’s alliances, the last time, the man, being -normal, attended to this himself. He was old and only wanted a -housekeeper, and this woman, having been strictly raised in an excellent -family, was famous as a cook, so this arrangement seemed to him best. None -of these sisters ever objected to the marriage ceremony when the matter -was attended to for them, but they never seem to have thought of it as -necessary when living with any man. - -The stupid helplessness of Deborah’s mother in regard to her own impulses -is shown by the facts of her life. Her first child had for its father a -farm hand; the father of the second and third (twins) was a common laborer -on the railroad. Deborah’s father was a young fellow, normal indeed, but -loose in his morals, who, along with others, kept company with the mother -while she was out at service. After Deborah’s birth in the almshouse, the -mother had been taken with her child into a good family. Even in this -guarded position, she was sought out by a feeble-minded man of low habits. -Every possible means was employed to separate the pair, but without -effect. Her mistress then insisted that they marry, and herself attended -to all the details. After Deborah’s mother had borne this man two -children, the pair went to live on the farm of an unmarried man possessing -some property, but little intelligence. The husband was an imbecile who -had never provided for his wife. She was still pretty, almost girlish--the -farmer was good-looking, and soon the two were openly living together and -the husband had left. As the facts became known, there was considerable -protest in the neighborhood, but no active steps were taken until two or -three children had been born. Finally, a number of leading citizens, -headed by the good woman before alluded to, took the matter up in earnest. -They found the husband and persuaded him to allow them to get him a -divorce. Then they compelled the farmer to marry the woman. He agreed, on -condition that the children which were not his should be sent away. It was -at this juncture that Deborah was brought to the Training School. - -In visiting the mother in her present home and in talking with her over -different phases of her past life, several things are evident; there has -been no malice in her life nor voluntary reaction against social order, -but simply a blind following of impulse which never rose to objective -consciousness. Her life has utterly lacked coördination--there has been no -reasoning from cause to effect, no learning of any lesson. She has never -known shame; in a word, she has never struggled and never suffered. Her -husband is a selfish, sullen, penurious person who gives his wife but -little money, so that she often resorts to selling soap and other things -among her neighbors to have something to spend. At times she works hard in -the field as a farm hand, so that it cannot be wondered at that her house -is neglected and her children unkempt. Her philosophy of life is the -philosophy of the animal. There is no complaining, no irritation at the -inequalities of fate. Sickness, pain, childbirth, death--she accepts them -all with the same equanimity as she accepts the opportunity of putting a -new dress and a gay ribbon on herself and children and going to a Sunday -School picnic. There is no rising to the comprehension of the -possibilities which life offers or of directing circumstances to a -definite, higher end. She has a certain fondness for her children, but is -incapable of real solicitude for them. She speaks of those who were placed -in homes and is glad to see their pictures, and has a sense of their -belonging to her, but it is faint, remote, and in no way bound up with her -life. She is utterly helpless to protect her older daughters, now on the -verge of womanhood, from the dangers that beset them, or to inculcate in -them any ideas which would lead to self-control or to the directing of -their lives in an orderly manner. - -The same lack is strikingly shown, if we turn our attention to the -question of alcoholism in this family. We learn from a responsible member -of the good branch of the family that the appetite for alcoholic -stimulants has been strong in the past in this family and that several -members in recent generations have been more or less addicted to its use. -Only two have actually allowed it to get the better of them to the extent -that they became incapacitated. Both were physicians. In the other branch, -however, with the weakened mentality, we find twenty-four victims of this -habit so pronounced that they were public nuisances. We have taken no -account of the much larger number who were also addicted to its use, but -who did not become so bad as to be considered alcoholic in our category. - -Thus we see that the normal mentality of the good branch of the family was -able to cope successfully with this intense thirst, while the weakened -mentality on the other side was unable to escape, and many fell victims to -this appalling habit. - -It is such facts as these, taken as we find them, not only in this family -but in many of the other families whose records we are soon to publish, -that lead us to the conclusion that drunkenness is, to a certain extent -at least, the result of feeble-mindedness and that one way to reduce -drunkenness is first to determine the mentally defective people, and save -them from the environment which would lead them into this abuse. - -Again, eight of the descendants of the degenerate Kallikak branch were -keepers of houses of ill fame, and that in spite of the fact that they -mostly lived in a rural community where such places do not flourish as -they do in large cities. - -In short, whereas in the Jukes-Edwards comparison we have no sound basis -for argument, because the families were utterly different and separate, in -the Kallikak family the conclusion seems thoroughly logical. We have, as -it were, a natural experiment with a normal branch with which to compare -our defective side. We have the one ancestor giving us a line of normal -people that shows thoroughly good all the way down the generations, with -the exception of the one man who was sexually loose and the two who gave -way to the appetite for strong drink. - -This is our norm, our standard, our demonstration of what the Kallikak -blood is when kept pure, or mingled with blood as good as its own. - -Over against this we have the bad side, the blood of the same ancestor -contaminated by that of the nameless feeble-minded girl. - -From this comparison the conclusion is inevitable that all this degeneracy -has come as the result of the defective mentality and bad blood having -been brought into the normal family of good blood, first from the nameless -feeble-minded girl and later by additional contaminations from other -sources. - -The biologist could hardly plan and carry out a more rigid experiment or -one from which the conclusions would follow more inevitably. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -FURTHER FACTS ABOUT THE KALLIKAK FAMILY - - -Although the foregoing facts, figures, and charts show conclusively the -difference between good heredity and bad and the result of introducing -mental deficiency into the family blood, yet because it is so difficult -actually to appreciate the situation, because facts and figures do not -have flesh and blood reality in them, we give in this chapter a few cases, -graphically written up by our field worker, to show the differences in the -types of people on the two sides of the family. These are only a few of -the many, but are fairly typical of the condition of things that was found -throughout the investigation. On the bad side we have the type of family -which the social worker meets continually and which makes most of our -social problems. A study of it will help to account for the conviction we -have that no amount of work in the slums or removing the slums from our -cities will ever be successful until we take care of those who make the -slums what they are. Unless the two lines of work go on together, either -one is bound to be futile in itself. If all of the slum districts of our -cities were removed to-morrow and model tenements built in their places, -we would still have slums in a week’s time, because we have these mentally -defective people who can never be taught to live otherwise than as they -have been living. Not until we take care of this class and see to it that -their lives are guided by intelligent people, shall we remove these sores -from our social life. - -There are Kallikak families all about us. They are multiplying at twice -the rate of the general population, and not until we recognize this fact, -and work on this basis, will we begin to solve these social problems. - -The following pictures from life have been prepared by our field worker, -Miss Elizabeth S. Kite, and besides giving an idea of the family, they -will also show something of her method, and enable the reader to judge of -the reliability of the data. - - * * * * * - -On one of the coldest days in winter the field worker visited the street -in a city slum where three sons of Joseph (Chart IX, section D) live. She -had previously tested several of the children of these families in the -public school and found them, in amiability of character and general -mentality, strikingly like our own Deborah, lacking, however, her -vitality. There was no fire in their eyes, but a languid dreamy look, -which was partly due, no doubt, to unwholesome city environment. In one -house she found the family group--six human beings, two cats, and two -dogs--huddled in a small back room around a cook stove, the only fire in -the house. In this room were accumulated all the paraphernalia of living. -A boy of eleven, who had been tested in the school previously, was -standing by the fire with a swollen face. He had been kept home on this -account. In a rocking-chair, a little girl of twelve was holding a -pale-faced, emaciated baby. In the corner two boys were openly exposing -themselves. The mother was making her toilet by the aid of a comb and -basin of water, set on the hearth of the stove; a pot and kettle were on -top. The entrance of the field worker caused no commotion of any kind. The -boy with the swollen face looked up and smiled, the mother smiled and went -on with her toilet, the girl with the baby smiled, the boys in the corner -paid no attention. A chair was finally cleared off and she sat down, while -everybody smiled. She learned that the husband made a dollar a day and -that the girl next older than the child of twelve was married and had a -baby. Another younger girl was at school, the family having been at last -able to provide her with shoes. The girl of twelve should have been at -school, according to the law, but when one saw her face, one realized it -made no difference. She was pretty, with olive complexion and dark, -languid eyes, but there was no mind there. Stagnation was the word written -in large characters over everything. Benumbed by this display of human -degeneracy, the field worker went out into the icy street. - - * * * * * - -A short distance farther on, she came to the home of another brother. The -hideous picture that presented itself as the door opened to her knock was -one never to be forgotten. In the first home, the type was no lower than -moron. One felt that when winter was over and spring had come, the family -would expand into a certain expression of life--but here, no such outlook -was possible, for the woman at the head of this house was an imbecile. In -one arm she held a frightful looking baby, while she had another by the -hand. Vermin were visible all over her. In the room were a few chairs and -a bed, the latter without any washable covering and filthy beyond -description. There was no fire, and both mother and babies were thinly -clad. They did not shiver, however, nor seem to mind. The oldest girl, a -vulgar, repulsive creature of fifteen, came into the room and stood -looking at the stranger. She had somehow managed to live. All the rest of -the children, except the two that the mother was carrying, had died in -infancy. - - * * * * * - -The following is a story of Guss, whose position will be found on Chart -IX, section A. - -When young, he married a normal girl who belonged to a decent family, but -had no education. After a few months the mother of our Deborah came to -visit them. She was then a young girl, ready to associate with any man who -would look at her. The two behaved so badly that the wife turned her out. -This was the first knowledge the wife had of the character of her husband. -She lived with him ten years or more. In that time he did not average -three months’ work out of twelve, so she had, practically, to support him -and her ever increasing family. She knew that he was untrue to her, but -there was no way to prove it. At last she seemed to grasp the situation. -She began to believe that there was something wrong with him -mentally,--wrong with the whole family,--so she decided to leave him. She -took her six living children, rented another house and turned him adrift. -He went at once to live with a feeble-minded girl belonging to a low-grade -family of the neighborhood. Soon after this girl’s child was born he left -her, becoming promiscuous in his relations. At one time, he and two of his -cousins spent the best part of two days and nights in a tree to elude the -police, who were searching for them and another man, all of whom had been -accused by a girl then in confinement. When the other man was caught and -made to marry the girl, they came down. - -In 1904, this scion of the Kallikak family, Guss, went off with a gypsy -camp and was married to one of the women. For some time he stayed with the -camp, following them into another State. In the neighborhood where they -located, a murder was committed which was fastened upon the gypsies and -finally settled upon him. A great sensation was raised in the papers about -it. He was arrested, but finally cleared of the charge, though not until -he was effectually cured of his love for gypsy life. - -In 1907,--and here comes the most infamous part of the story,--a minister -married Guss to his own first cousin, a woman of questionable character. -The witnesses were Guss’s sister and her husband. Every one concerned, -except the minister, knew that around the corner, in a little street, so -near that at certain hours of the day the shadow of the church spire under -which they were standing fell upon it, was a house in which Guss’s lawful -wife was living and working to support his children. The minister, too, -might have known, had he taken the least trouble, and thus have been -spared the ignominy of uniting two such beings with this travesty of the -blessing of heaven. Soon after their union, this couple ceased to live -together--Guss going off with another woman and his wife with another man. - -The field worker was not able to locate Guss, but she found that a -minister farther up the State had, in 1910, married his late wife to the -man with whom she was living. The couple, however, had gotten wind that -some one was looking for them, so when the field worker arrived, she found -that they had moved on, leaving no address. - -The following story shows the continuation of these conditions into the -next generation:-- - -It was considered desirable to see the illegitimate son of Guss, who had -been born to the feeble-minded girl after Guss had been turned adrift by -his lawful wife. This child had had, when young, a severe attack of -scarlet fever which deprived him of his hearing. He had been admitted into -a home for deaf children, but the mother had taken him out. It was learned -that this girl had married her own cousin and that the pair were living -on the outskirts of a country town, with this deaf boy and four of their -own children. - -Arrived at this place, the field worker first sought the school where -these children were supposed to go, hoping to obtain some light on the -question of their mentality and also to learn their school record. She -found that they so seldom attended school that the teacher could give very -little information regarding them. By dint of persistent inquiry, the -family was discovered living in the back shed of a dilapidated country -tenement. - -It was a bitter, cold day in February and about eleven in the morning when -the field worker knocked at the door. Used as she was to sights of misery -and degradation, she was hardly prepared for the spectacle within. The -father, a strong, healthy, broad-shouldered man, was sitting helplessly in -a corner. The mother, a pretty woman still, with remnants of ragged -garments drawn about her, sat in a chair, the picture of despondency. -Three children, scantily clad and with shoes that would barely hold -together, stood about with drooping jaws and the unmistakable look of the -feeble-minded. Another child, neither more intelligent nor better clad, -was attempting to wash a few greasy dishes in cold water. The deaf boy -was nowhere to be seen. On being urgently requested, the mother went out -of the room to get him, for he was not yet out of bed. In a few moments -she returned. The boy with her wore an old suit that evidently was made to -do service by night as well as by day. A glance sufficed to establish his -mentality, which was low. The whole family was a living demonstration of -the futility of trying to make desirable citizens from defective stock -through making and enforcing compulsory education laws. Here were children -who seldom went to school because they seldom had shoes, but when they -went, had neither will nor power to learn anything out of books. The -father himself, though strong and vigorous, showed by his face that he had -only a child’s mentality. The mother in her filth and rags was also a -child. In this house of abject poverty, only one sure prospect was ahead, -that it would produce more feeble-minded children with which to clog the -wheels of human progress. The laws of the country will not permit children -ten years old to marry. Why should they permit it when the mentality is -only ten? These and similar questions kept ringing through the field -worker’s mind as she made her way laboriously over the frozen road to the -station. - -Early in the course of this investigation, it had been learned that the -father of Deborah’s mother had come, when a young man, to the prosperous -rural community where his daughter was living at the time of our -investigation. The informant could not say whence he had come, but the -name of a person was given who was supposed to know. Many fruitless -attempts to find this person were made before the object was attained. -When at last discovered, she turned out to be an elderly lady of -refinement and culture. Strangely enough, long afterwards it was learned -that she was connected with the good side of the Kallikak family, but was -all unconscious of the relationship which existed between it and the -degenerate branch. She was delighted to go back in memory and recall -impressions made on her mind in youth. - -She had been raised in B----, a town at the foot of a mountain chain upon -whose top the grandfather of Deborah’s grandfather, Martin Kallikak Jr., -had always lived. When she was a little girl, he was a very old man. She -remembered being taken to drive, when a child, and seeing the old hut on -the mountain, where he lived with his strange daughters, “Old Moll,” “Old -Sal,” and Jemima. The dilapidated dwelling, with its windows bulging with -rags, formed a picture she had never forgotten. There were in her mind -floating memories of great scandals connected with these women and their -lonely mountain hut. The father went by the name of the “Old Horror,” and -as she remembered him, he was always unwashed and drunk. At election time, -he never failed to appear in somebody’s cast-off clothing, ready to vote, -for the price of a drink, the donor’s ticket. - -This information, coming when it did, seemed amazing and carried with it -the probability of establishing the certainty of defect transmitted -through five generations. But the town in question was remote and the -probability of finding any living person able to give accurate information -seemed so slight that nothing further was done in this direction for many -months. - -In the meantime, the families of the fifteen brothers and sisters of -Deborah’s grandfather had been worked out, and the names of several living -relatives back in the mountain ascertained. The time was ripe. - -Appealing for a night’s lodging at the home of a retired farmer, the field -worker was fortunate enough to be received. As the hostess was showing her -to a room, she asked tentatively, “You have lived in B---- a long time?” -“About sixty-five years,” was the pleasant reply. “So, then, you know -something of most of the old families?” “There are not many old residents -of B---- with whose history I am not familiar.” Then followed a few -cautious questions in regard to the Kallikak family which drew forth -answers that soon convinced the field worker she was on solid ground and -could advance without wasting time in needless precautions. At this -juncture, the supper bell rang. In the dining room the acquaintance of the -host was made. When the meal was over, the couple turned their united -attention to the problem put before them. “Why,” the host began, when he -comprehended what was wanted, “do you know that is the worst nest you’re -getting into, in the whole country? The mountains back here are full of -these people; I can point out to you where every one of them lives.” Then -he turned to the table and began to sketch a map of the mountain roads -which must be followed next day. In the midst of this he paused, as though -an idea had come to him, then he said hesitatingly, “You see, it’s really -impossible for a stranger like you to find all these people. Some of them -live on obscure back roads that you could hardly get at without a guide. -Now, my time is of no value, and if you will permit me, I will gladly -serve in that capacity myself.” Needless to say, his services were -thankfully accepted, with the result that nearly two hundred persons were -added to Deborah’s family chart. - -This proved, however, only the beginning of the study that has been made -of the family in the vicinity of B----. Numerous visits to many homes, -always from the center of the genial couple’s house, have made the field -worker such a well-known figure among these people, that they long ago -forgot what little surprise they may have felt at her first visit. “You’re -one of the family?” was frequently asked her at the beginning. “No, not -really, only as I know so many of your cousins and aunts and uncles, I -thought, since I was in B----, I would like to know you.” This usually -sufficed, but if it did not, the field worker was able so to inundate the -questioner with information about his own relatives, that before she was -through, he had forgotten that anything remained unanswered. The relation -once established, no further explanation was necessary. She was able to go -in and out among them, study their mentality, awake their reminiscences, -until finally the whole story was told. - -Besides members of the family, numerous old people were here and there -discovered who were able to add materially to the information otherwise -obtained. One shrewd old farmer who was found tottering in from the field -proved to be of especial service in determining the mental status of -Martin Kallikak Jr. In introducing herself, the field worker had spoken of -her interest in Revolutionary times and of having come to him because she -had been told that he was well informed as to the history of the locality. -“Yes,” he said, with excusable pride, as he led the way to the kitchen -steps descending into the garden, “not much has happened in this place for -the last seventy years in which I have not taken an active part. Do you -see that tree there?” and he pointed to a fine maple that threw its -luxuriant shade over the path that led to the barn. “The day my wife and I -came here sixty years ago, we planted that tree. It was a little sapling -then, and see what it has become!” After much more talk she cautiously put -the question, “Do you remember an old man, Martin Kallikak, who lived on -the mountain edge yonder?” “Do I?” he answered. “Well, I guess! Nobody’d -forget him. Simple,” he went on; “not quite right here,” tapping his head, -“but inoffensive and kind. All the family was that. Old Moll, simple as -she was, would do anything for a neighbor. She finally died--burned to -death in the chimney corner. She had come in drunk and sat down there. -Whether she fell over in a fit or her clothes caught fire, nobody knows. -She was burned to a crisp when they found her. That was the worst of -them, they would drink. Poverty was their best friend in this respect, or -they would have been drunk all the time. Old Martin could never stop as -long as he had a drop. Many’s the time he’s rolled off of Billy Parson’s -porch. Billy always had a barrel of cider handy. He’d just chuckle to see -old Martin drink and drink until finally he’d lose his balance and over -he’d go! But Horser--he was a case! I saw him once after I’d heard he was -going to marry Jemima. I looked him over and said, ‘Well, if you aren’t a -fine-looking specimen to think of marrying anybody!’ and he answered, ‘I -guess you’re right--I aren’t much, but I guess I’ll do fer Jemima.’ - -“Such scandals as there were when those girls were young!” he continued. -“You see, there was a fast set of young men in B---- in those days, -lawyers, who didn’t care what they did. One of them got paid back, though, -for Jemima wanted to put her child on the town, and they made her tell who -was its father. Then he had to give something for its support, and she -gave it this man’s full name. I saw him one day soon afterward and he was -boiling with rage. All the comfort I gave him was to say, ‘I don’t see but -what you’re getting your just deserts, for if anybody wants to play with -the pot, they must expect to get blackened!’ - -[Illustration: GREAT-GRANDSON OF “DADDY” KALLIKAK. - -This boy is an imbecile of the Mongolian type.] - -[Illustration: MALINDA, DAUGHTER OF “JEMIMA.”] - -“By the way! Do you know that old Martin had a half brother Frederick--as -fine a man as the country owned--who lived about twenty miles from here? -You see, Martin’s mother was a young girl in Revolutionary times when -Martin’s father was a soldier. Afterwards he went back home and married a -respectable woman.” - -“Did you ever see the mother of old Martin?” the field worker asked. “No, -she was dead before my time, but I have heard the folks talk about her. -She lived in the woods not far from here. Dear me!” he went on, “it’s been -so long since I’ve thought of these people that many things I forget, but -it would all come back to me in time.” - -Two daughters of Jemima lived in B----. A little study of Chart V, -sections A and B, will place them in their relation to the rest of the -family and give the chief facts of their lives. Little more need be added. -One of them was early put out to service and later married a cobbler to -whom she has borne many children. She is not known to have had any -illegitimate offspring, but if she escaped, her daughter has made up for -her deficiency in this respect. The other sister grew up in the mountain -hut with her mother, and was living there when her grandfather died. Her -husband and most of her children are defective, but there are two by -unknown fathers who are normal. One of these, a girl of considerable -ability, supports herself and mother in a decent way and is respected by -her townspeople. The mother is tall, lean, angular, much resembling -Jemima, except that the latter was even more masculine. Many are the -living inhabitants of B---- to whom the old woman was a well-known figure, -for she often came down into the town bringing berries to sell, her large -feet shod with heavy boots, her skirts short, while her sharp, angular -features were hidden in the depths of a huge sunbonnet. She thus formed a -striking picture that could not easily be forgotten. - -A third daughter of Jemima had gone to Brooklyn to live, and the question -kept repeating itself, “What will she be like?” and this all the more -because of the uncertainty of the parentage on the father’s side. Perhaps -he was a normal man. Perhaps this will prove to be a normal woman and so -break the dead monotony of this line of defectives. - -In a back tenement, after passing through a narrow alley, the home of this -woman was found. It was about ten o’clock in the morning. After climbing a -dark and narrow stairway, one came to a landing from which a view could be -had of the interior of the apartment. In one room was a frowsled young -woman in tawdry rags, her hair unkempt, her face streaked with black, -while on the floor two dirty, half-naked children were rolling. At the -sight of a stranger, they all came forward. The field worker made her way -as best she could, across heaps of junk that cluttered the room, to a -chair by an open window through which a breath of outside air could be -obtained. On the bureau by the window a hideous diseased cat was curled in -the sunshine. The mother, Jemima’s daughter, was not at home, but the -woman who had presented herself was her daughter, and these were the -grandchildren. The woman’s feeble-mindedness made it possible to ask her -question after question, such as could not have been put to a normal -person. Her answers threw a flood of light upon the general depravity of -life under such conditions. When the mother at last arrived, she proved to -be of a type somewhat different from anything before encountered in this -family. She appeared to be criminalistic, or at least capable of -developing along that line. Unfortunately, the visit could not either be -prolonged or repeated, so that no satisfactory study was made. - -In the city, the individual is lost in the very immensity of the crowd -that surrounds him, so that his individual actions, except such as he -himself chooses to reveal or can be made to reveal, are lost to the people -about him; therefore there was little hope of obtaining much side light on -the problem here presented. During the short interview the older woman -showed unmistakable signs of wanting to appear respectable in the midst of -her depravity, something quite characteristic of the high-grade moron type -in the family. She was friendly and distinctly more intelligent than her -daughter, but there was little more will power or ability to cope with the -problems of life. One of her daughters had disappeared off the face of the -earth a few years before--there had been a baby--that was all they knew. -She was working at Coney Island. One day she came home and, when she left -the next morning, it was the last they ever saw of her. A brother of the -girl had also disappeared in much the same way. - -The field worker left the tenement with the positive assurance that -environment without strict personal supervision made little difference -when it was a question of the feeble-minded. - -[Illustration: GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN OF “OLD SAL.”] - -[Illustration: CHILDREN OF GUSS SAUNDERS, WITH THEIR GRANDMOTHER.] - -Owing to the courtesy of the County Superintendent and the intelligent -coöperation of the teachers, it was possible to apply the Binet tests to -all the descendants of Martin Kallikak who could be found in the schools. -The request for this had been made in a way to give no clew to the -particular purpose underlying the search. By selecting from every class -one or two bright pupils to take the tests along with the dull ones, all -personal element was eliminated. As children everywhere are found to -delight in the tests, only those who were not called out were -disappointed. - -A morning was spent in a schoolhouse situated on the top of a bold, rocky -ledge that went by the picturesque name of Hard Scrabble. It was within a -quarter of a mile of the ruins of Martin Kallikak’s hut, and a number of -his descendants were enrolled among its pupils. - -One of the grandsons of “Old Sal” lived on a farm near Cedarhill, several -miles farther up the ridge. This man, Guss Saunders by name, had been -reported to be the father of a large family. Nothing, however, had been -learned of him beyond the facts stated, and therefore the inference was -that he had turned out better than the rest of his brothers. It had been -to determine this matter that the long ride was undertaken. - -Arrived at the farm, the question of the mentality of this family was -quickly answered. Desolation and ruin became more apparent at every step. -The front of the large farmhouse was quite deserted, but following a few -tracks the back door was reached. Such an unwonted spectacle as a visitor -attracted instant attention. The door opened, revealing a sight to which, -alas, the field worker was only too accustomed. She gazed aghast at what -appeared to her to be a procession of imbeciles. The tall, emaciated, -staggering man at the head braced himself against a tree, while the rest -stopped and stood with a fixed, stupid stare. Quickly regaining control, -the field worker said pleasantly, “Good afternoon, Mr. Saunders. I hope -you don’t mind my intruding on you this way, but you see I am looking up -the children of the neighborhood, and I was sorry not to find any of yours -in the Cedarhill school to-day.” He at once thought he had to do with a -school inspector, and his answer bears no setting forth in print. It was -an incoherent, disjointed, explosive protest against school laws in -general and fate in particular. It was mixed up with convulsive sobs, -while his bleared, swollen eyes brimmed over with tears. The field worker -began to feel real sympathy for the man, although she knew that he was -drunk and that drunkards are easily moved to tears. “Oh, I am sorry for -you,” she said; “your wife then is dead, is she?” “Yes, she’s dead!” he -answered with a wild gesture, “they took her right out of that room--they -said they’d cure her, if I’d let her go. You can see the doctors in -B----, they know all about it--they’ll tell you what they done--they took -her away, and she never come back--Oh!” Stifling his sobs, he went on, -“And now they say I am to send my children to school--and what can I do? -Look there!” pointing to a lump of humanity, a girl who, at first glance, -had thrown her imbecilic shadow over the whole group, making them all look -imbecilic--“do you see that girl? She’s always fallin’ into fits, and -nobody can’t do nothin’ with her.” Breaking in here, the field worker -said, “But, Mr. Saunders, you ought not to have the burden and the care of -that girl; she could be made so happy and comfortable in a place where -they understand such cases. You ought--” The field worker could get no -farther. His eyes suddenly assumed a wild, desperate look and he burst -out, “No, no! They’ll never get her. They tried it once, but they didn’t -get her. They took my wife away and she never came back--they’ll never get -her!” A few soothing words to allay the storm she had unconsciously -raised, another expression of sympathy, and the field worker drove away, -pondering deeply the meaning of what had been seen and heard. - -We have come to the point where we no longer leave babies or little -children to die uncared for in our streets, but who has yet thought of -caring intelligently for the vastly more pathetic child-man or -child-woman, who through matured sex powers, which they do not understand, -fill our land with its overflowing measure of misery and crime? Such -thoughts as these filled the mind of the field worker on the ride home. - -Arrived at B----, her first care was to obtain an interview with the -doctor who had attended Guss’s wife when she died. She found him ready to -explain all he could of the family which he had always known and attended. -“The mother,” he said, “was a kind-hearted, simple-minded soul, who tended -as best she could to the needs of her family.” The epileptic girl, he -explained, had always been a great care, and the doctor himself, aided by -several prominent citizens, had taken the trouble to complete all -necessary arrangements for having her admitted to the epileptic colony at -Skillman. The father, however, could never be made to give his consent. -The mother was still quite young when she was carrying her eleventh child. -Some accident happened which threatened her with a miscarriage. The doctor -was summoned. He saw that it was a serious case and sent for two other -physicians in consultation. It was decided that an immediate operation was -necessary, if the woman’s life was to be saved. They succeeded in -persuading Guss to allow her to be removed to the hospital. Their efforts, -however, were unavailing; she died under the operation. - -On the outskirts of B---- lived the owner of the Cedarhill farm worked by -Guss Saunders. He proved to be an intelligent man, with an admirably -appointed home. He was keenly alive to the needs of the family, about -which the field worker came to inquire. “The pity about Guss,” he began, -“is that he can never let drink alone. Why, do you know, if I paid that -man wages, he’d use every cent for rum. I ceased giving him money long -ago, for if I had, the town would have had to look after his children. I -give him credit at the store, and they supply him with what he needs.” - - * * * * * - -The foregoing glimpses of the defective branch of the Kallikak family must -suffice, though the field worker’s memory and notebook contain many -similar instances. - - * * * * * - -In turning to describe the other branch of the family, two difficulties -confront the writer. - -First, the question of identification. The persons already described are -either gone and have left nothing behind them by which they can be -identified, or, if living, will never recognize themselves in this book. - -The opposite is true of the good family. Some of them will recognize -themselves, but the public must not discover them. To insure this, the -writer must refrain from telling the very facts that would give the story -its most interesting touches. - -The second difficulty is that a description of the activity of a normal -family of respectability and usefulness is never as interesting as the -bizarre experiences of the abnormal. - -Hence the reader will find in the following sketches only such facts as -will show the thoroughly normal and regular family life of the intelligent -citizens of a commonwealth. - -In a certain village of New Jersey, lying picturesquely on the crest of a -hill, is a graveyard where Martin Kallikak Sr. and several of his -immediate descendants lie peacefully at rest. He had in his lifetime a -great passion for the accumulation of land and left large farms to most of -his children. These farms lie in the vicinity of the aforesaid village. -Some of them are still in the possession of his descendants, while others -have passed into strangers’ hands. On the hill above this village is a -stucco farmhouse in a fine state of preservation. It belonged to -Amos--lineal descendant of one of the colonial governors of New Jersey and -to Elizabeth, daughter of Martin Kallikak Sr. The farm is, at present, in -the possession of the widow of Elizabeth’s grandson, the latter having -been a minister in New York City. In renting the farm, the family has -always retained a wing of the house, which, although remodeled, still -presents much the same appearance as in the days of Amos and Elizabeth. -There is the same fireplace, the same high-backed chairs, the clock, desk, -and china cupboard. Every summer the family has come back to the old place -to enjoy the country air, the luscious grapes and other fruit planted by -their ancestor. - -On another hill, less than two miles distant, lives a granddaughter of the -same Amos and Elizabeth. Her father had been, in his day, one of the -wealthiest and most prominent citizens of the community. In an old desk, -part of his inheritance from his mother, was found a number of valuable -papers belonging to the Kallikak family. One of these is the famous deed -of the original purchase made in 17-- by Casper Kallikak, signed by the -governor of the colony. These papers the daughter guards with great pride. -She is a woman of ability and manages her large farm with admirable skill. -The splendid old homestead, which has been remodeled and fitted up with -all modern conveniences, was built by her mother’s ancestor. Although she -is deeply interested in all family matters, she has been too much -engrossed in business affairs to have given this subject much attention. -A daughter of hers, however, who has inherited the taste, has been able to -make up for her mother’s lack in this respect. The young woman is now -married, and her oldest son bears the united name of his two ancestors, -the colonial governor and Martin Kallikak. - -Miriam, the oldest daughter of Martin Sr., married a man who was a -carpenter and a farmer. Although of good family, yet, for some unknown -reason, he was not personally acceptable to Martin or his wife. Miriam -died when only thirty-six years old, and her husband married again. In his -will, Martin makes no mention of his grandchildren by this daughter. They -have been respectable farming people, but have never held the same social -position as the other members of the family. - -Martin’s third daughter, Susan, married a man descended from a family -conspicuous in the colonial history of New Jersey and which counts among -its members one of the founders of Princeton University, while a -collateral branch furnished a signer to the Declaration of Independence. -One of Susan’s sons is still living, having attained the advanced age of -ninety-eight. He is a resident of the town that bears his family name and -has always been conspicuous as a loyal and upright citizen. To-day, the -old man has quite lost his mental power but retains his courteous manner -and placid gentlemanly countenance. - -In a central region of northern New Jersey, remote from any direct line of -travel, lies a town named for one of the families connected with the -earliest settlement of the colony. This family rose to distinction in many -of its branches, but honors itself chiefly for having produced one of the -most brilliant advocates of the cause of Independence of which New Jersey -can boast. He was descended on his mother’s side from the first president -of Princeton University and took his degree there before he was sixteen -years of age. From this family, Martin Kallikak’s youngest son, Joseph, -chose his wife. It is interesting to note that the descendants of this -pair have shown a marked tendency toward professional careers. One -daughter, however, married a farmer, and most of her descendants have -remained fixed to the soil. Another daughter married a prominent merchant, -and this line, having been fixed in the city, has produced men chiefly -engaged in mercantile pursuits; but the sons, of whom there were five, all -studied medicine, and although only one of these became a practicing -physician, their children have carried on the family tradition in this -line. - -On the outskirts of another New Jersey town, in a beautiful old homestead, -inherited from his mother, lives a grandson of Frederick Kallikak, oldest -son of Martin. He is a courteous, scholarly man of the old school. His -home is rendered particularly attractive by the presence of his southern -wife and two charming daughters. In his possession are numerous articles -belonging to his great-grandfather. This gentleman manifested such an -intelligent interest in giving information in regard to his family that it -seemed a question of honor to inform him as to the purpose of the -investigation, laying bare the facts set forth in this book. He proved to -be, perhaps, the one man best qualified in the entire family for entering -into an analysis of its characteristics, and this he did freely, in so far -as it would serve the ends of the investigation. - -Another descendant of Martin Kallikak Sr., a granddaughter of his youngest -child, Abbie, had been previously informed regarding the same facts. This -lady is a person not only of refinement and culture but is the author of -two scholarly genealogical works. She has, for years, been collecting -material for a similar study of the Kallikak family. This material she -generously submitted to the use of the field worker. In the end she spent -an entire day in the completion and revision of the normal chart -presented in this book. No praise can be too high for such disinterested -self-forgetfulness in the face of an urgent public need. We owe to these -two persons most of the information which has made possible the study of -the normal side of this family. - -Of Martin Kallikak Sr., himself, the record of many characteristic traits -has been preserved. As stated in another chapter, his father died when he -was a lad of fifteen. The father, in his will, after enumerating certain -personal bequests to his wife, recommends the selling of the homestead -farm, in order to provide for the education of his children. There is a -quaint document still in existence, in which Martin Kallikak, having -attained his majority, agrees to pay £250 to each of his three “spinster” -sisters, still minors, in return for a quitclaim deed of the homestead -farm. This was a considerable burden for a young man to assume, but it -seems to have given him the impetus which later made him a rich and -prosperous farmer. - -He had joined the Revolutionary Army in April, 1776. Two years later he -was wounded in a way to disable him for further service, and he then -returned to the home farm. During the summer of enforced idleness he wooed -and won the heart of a young woman of good Quaker family. Her shrewd old -father, however, refused to give his consent. To his objections, based on -the ground that Martin did not own enough of this world’s goods, the young -man is recorded as saying, “Never mind. I will own more land than ever -thou did, before I die,” which promise he made true. That the paternal -objection was overruled is proven by the registry of marriages, which -gives the date of Martin’s union with the Quakeress as January, 1779. - -The old Bible of Casper Kallikak, one of the family heirlooms, is in the -possession of a Reverend Mr. ----, who is descended from Casper through -the line of one of his daughters. This Bible was bought in 1704 and is -still in an excellent state of preservation, for, although time-stained, -the pages are intact and there still may be seen in legible handwriting -the family record penned so long ago. On a flyleaf, is a quaint verse in -which old Casper bequeaths the volume to his eldest son, bidding him, “So -oft as in it he doth looke” remember how his father had “aye been guided -by ye precepts in this booke,” and enjoining him to walk in the same safe -way. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -WHAT IS TO BE DONE? - - -No one interested in the progress of civilization can contemplate the -facts presented in the previous chapters without having the question -arise, Why isn’t something done about this? It will be more to the point -if we put the question, Why do _we_ not _do_ something about it? We are -thus face to face with the problem in a practical way and we ask ourselves -the next question, What _can_ we do? For the low-grade idiot, the -loathsome unfortunate that may be seen in our institutions, some have -proposed the lethal chamber. But humanity is steadily tending away from -the possibility of that method, and there is no probability that it will -ever be practiced. - -But in view of such conditions as are shown in the defective side of the -Kallikak family, we begin to realize that the idiot is not our greatest -problem. He is indeed loathsome; he is somewhat difficult to take care of; -nevertheless, he lives his life and is done. He does not continue the race -with a line of children like himself. Because of his very low-grade -condition, he never becomes a parent. - -It is the moron type that makes for us our great problem. And when we face -the question, “What is to be done with them--with such people as make up a -large proportion of the bad side of the Kallikak family?” we realize that -we have a huge problem. - -The career of Martin Kallikak Sr. is a powerful sermon against sowing wild -oats. Martin Kallikak did what unfortunately many a young man like him has -done before and since, and which, still more unfortunately, society has -too often winked at, as being merely a side step in accordance with a -natural instinct, bearing no serious results. It is quite possible that -Martin Kallikak himself never gave any serious thought to his act, or if -he did, it may have been merely to realize that in his youth he had been -indiscreet and had done that for which he was sorry. And being sorry he -may have thought it was atoned for, as he never suffered from it any -serious consequences. - -Even the people of his generation, however much they may have known about -the circumstances, could not have begun to realize the evil that had been -done. Undoubtedly, it was only looked upon as a sin because it was a -violation of the moral law. The real sin of peopling the world with a -race of defective degenerates who would probably commit his sin a thousand -times over, was doubtless not perceived or realized. It is only after the -lapse of six generations that we are able to look back, count up and see -the havoc that was wrought by that one thoughtless act. - -Now that the facts are known, let the lesson be learned; let the sermons -be preached; let it be impressed upon our young men of good family that -they dare not step aside for even a moment. Let all possible use be made -of these facts, and something will be accomplished. - -But even so the real problem will not be solved. Had Martin Kallikak -remained in the paths of virtue, there still remained the nameless -feeble-minded girl, and there were other people, other young men, perhaps -not of as good a family as Martin, perhaps feeble-minded like herself, -capable of the same act and without Martin’s respectability, so that the -race would have come down even worse if possible than it was, because of -having a worse father. - -Others will look at the chart and say, “The difficulty began with the -nameless feeble-minded girl; had she been taken care of, all of this -trouble would have been avoided.” This is largely true. Although -feeble-mindedness came into this family from other sources in two -generations at least, yet nevertheless these sources were other -feeble-minded persons. When we conclude that had the nameless girl been -segregated in an institution, this defective family would not have -existed, we of course do not mean that one single act of precaution, in -that case, would have solved the problem, but we mean that all such cases, -male and female, must be taken care of, before their propagation will -cease. The instant we grasp this thought, we realize that we are facing a -problem that presents two great difficulties; in the first place the -difficulty of knowing who are the feeble-minded people; and, secondly, the -difficulty of taking care of them when they are known. - -A large proportion of those who are considered feeble-minded in this study -are persons who would not be recognized as such by the untrained observer. -They are not the imbeciles nor idiots who plainly show in their -countenances the extent of their mental defect. They are people whom the -community has tolerated and helped to support, at the same time that it -has deplored their vices and their inefficiency. They are people who have -won the pity rather than the blame of their neighbors, but no one has -seemed to suspect the real cause of their delinquencies, which careful -psychological tests have now determined to be feeble-mindedness. - -The second difficulty is that of caring for this large army of people. At -the lowest estimates of the number needing care, we in the United States -are at present caring for approximately one tenth of the estimated number -of our mental defectives. Yet many of our States think that they are now -being over-taxed for the care of these people, so that it is with great -difficulty that legislatures can be induced to appropriate money enough to -care for those already in institutions. It is impossible to entertain the -thought of caring for ten times as many. Some other method must be devised -for dealing with the difficulty. - -Before considering any other method, the writer would insist that -segregation and colonization is not by any means as hopeless a plan as it -may seem to those who look only at the immediate increase in the tax rate. -If such colonies were provided in sufficient number to take care of all -the distinctly feeble-minded cases in the community, they would very -largely take the place of our present almshouses and prisons, and they -would greatly decrease the number in our insane hospitals. Such colonies -would save an annual loss in property and life, due to the action of these -irresponsible people, sufficient to nearly, or quite, offset the expense -of the new plant. Besides, if these feeble-minded children were early -selected and carefully trained, they would become more or less -self-supporting in their institutions, so that the expense of their -maintenance would be greatly reduced. - -In addition to this, the number would be reduced, in a single generation, -from 300,000 (the estimated number in the United States) to 100,000, at -least,--and probably even lower. (We have found the hereditary factor in -65 per cent of cases; while others place it as high as 80 per cent.) - -This is not the place for arguing the question or producing the statistics -to substantiate these statements. Suffice it to say that every institution -in the land has a certain proportion of inmates who not only earn their -own living, but some who could go out into the world and support -themselves, were it not for the terrible danger of procreation,--resulting -in our having not one person merely, but several to be cared for at the -expense of the State. These statements should be carefully considered and -investigated before any one takes the stand that segregation in colonies -and homes is impossible and unwise for the State. - -The other method proposed of solving the problem is to take away from -these people the power of procreation. The earlier method proposed was -unsexing, asexualization, as it is sometimes called, or the removing, from -the male and female, the necessary organs for procreation. The operation -in the female is that of ovariectomy and in the male of castration. - -There are two great practical difficulties in the way of carrying out this -method on any large scale. The first is the strong opposition to this -practice on the part of the public generally. It is regarded as mutilation -of the human body and as such is opposed vigorously by many people. And -while there is no rational basis for this, nevertheless we have, as -practical reformers, to recognize the fact that the average man acts not -upon reason, but upon sentiment and feeling; and as long as human -sentiment and feeling are opposed to this practice, no amount of reasoning -will avail. It may be shown over and over again that many a woman has had -the operation of ovariectomy performed in order to improve her physical -condition, and that it is just as important to improve the moral condition -as the physical. Nevertheless, the argument does not convince, and there -remains the opposition as stated. - -In recent years surgeons have discovered another method which has many -advantages. This is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as -asexualization. It is more properly spoken of as sterilization, the -distinction being that it does not have any effect on the sex qualities of -the man or woman, but does artificially take away the power of procreation -by rendering the person sterile. The operation itself is almost as simple -in males as having a tooth pulled. In females it is not much more serious. -The results are generally permanent and sure. Objection is urged that we -do not know the consequences of this action upon the physical, mental, and -moral nature of the individual. The claim is made that it is good in all -of these. But it must be confessed that we are as yet ignorant of actual -facts. It has been tried in many cases; no bad results have been reported, -while many good results have been claimed. - -A more serious objection to this last method comes from a consideration of -the social consequences. What will be the effect upon the community in the -spread of debauchery and disease through having within it a group of -people who are thus free to gratify their instincts without fear of -consequences in the form of children? The indications are that here also -the evil consequences are more imaginary than real, since the -feeble-minded seldom exercise restraint in any case. - -Probably the most serious difficulty to be overcome before the practice of -sterilization in any form could come into general use would be the -determining of what persons were proper subjects to be operated upon.[3] - - [3] At present eight states have laws authorizing some form of - asexualization or sterilization. But in all these cases the practice - is carefully restricted to a few inmates of various specified - institutions. - -This difficulty arises from the fact that we are still ignorant of the -exact laws of inheritance. Just how mental characteristics are transmitted -from parent to child is not yet definitely known. It therefore becomes a -serious matter to decide beforehand that such and such a person who has -mental defect would certainly transmit the same defect to his offspring -and that consequently he ought not to be allowed to have offspring. - - -THE MENDELIAN LAW - -In 1866 an Austrian monk by the name of Gregor Mendel discovered and -published a law of inheritance in certain plants, which, after lying -practically unknown for nearly forty years, was rediscovered in 1900 and -since then has been tested with regard to a great many plants and animals. - -Mendel found that there were certain peculiarities in plants which he -termed “unit characters” that were transmitted from parent to offspring -in a definite way. His classical work was on the propagation of the -ordinary garden pea, in which case he found that a quality like tallness, -as contrasted with dwarfness, was transmitted as follows:-- - -If tall and dwarf peas were crossed, he found in the first generation -nothing but tall peas. But if these peas were allowed to grow and -fertilize themselves, in the next generation he got tall and dwarf peas in -the ratio of three to one. The dwarf peas in this case bred true, _i.e._ -when they were planted by themselves and self-fertilized there was never -anything but dwarf peas, no matter how many generations were tested. On -the other hand, the tall peas were divisible by experiment into two -groups; first, those that always bred true, viz. always tall peas; and -secondly, another group that bred tall and dwarf in the same ratio of -three to one; and from these the same cycle was repeated. Mendel called -the character, which did _not_ appear in the first generation (dwarfness), -“recessive”; the other (tallness) he called “dominant.” The recessive -factor is now generally considered to be due to the absence of something -which, if present, would give the dominant factor. According to this view, -dwarfness is simply the absence of tallness. - -This law has been found to hold true for many unit characters in many -plants and animals. Since study in human heredity has been taken up, it -has been a natural question, Does this same law apply to human beings? It -has been found that it does apply in the case of many qualities, like -color of hair, albinism, brachydactylism, and other peculiarities. -Investigation has of late been extended to mental conditions. Rosanoff has -shown pretty clearly that the law applies in the case of insanity, while -Davenport and Weeks have shown evidence that it applies in cases of -epilepsy. - -Our own studies lead us to believe that it also applies in the case of -feeble-mindedness, but this will be taken up in a later work to which we -have already referred. We do not know that feeble-mindedness is a “unit -character.” Indeed, there are many reasons for thinking that it cannot be. -But assuming for the sake of simplifying our illustration that it is a -“unit character,” then we have something like the following conditions. - -If two feeble-minded people marry, then we have the same unit character in -both, and all of the offspring will be feeble-minded; and if these -offspring select feeble-minded mates, then the same thing will continue. -But what will happen if a feeble-minded person takes a normal mate? If -feeble-mindedness is recessive (due to the absence of something that -would make for normality), we would expect in the first generation from -such a union all normal children, and if these children marry persons like -themselves, _i.e._ the offspring of one normal and one defective parent, -then the offspring would be normal and defective in the ratio of three to -one. Of the normal children, one third would breed true and we would have -a normal line of descent. - -Without following the illustration further, we see already that it is -questionable whether we ought to say that the original feeble-minded -individual should have been sterilized because he was feeble-minded. We -see that in the first generation all of his children were normal and in -the next generation one fourth of them were normal and bred true. We -should not forget, however, that one fourth of his grandchildren would be -feeble-minded and that two other fourths had the power of begetting -feeble-minded children. We must not forget, either, that these are -averages, and that for the full carrying out of these figures there must -be a large enough number of offspring to give the law of averages room to -have full play. In other words, any marriage which, according to the -Mendelian principle, would give normals and defectives in the ratio of -three to one might result in only one child. That child might happen to -be one of the feeble-minded ones, and so there is propagated nothing but -the feeble-minded type. It is equally true that it might be the normal -child, with a consequent normal line of descendants; or still again, it -might be one of the intermediate ones that are capable of reproducing -again the ratio of three normal to one defective, so that the chance is -only one in four of such offspring starting a normal line. - -Let us now turn to the facts as we have them in the Kallikak family. The -only offspring from Martin Kallikak Sr. and the nameless feeble-minded -girl was a son who proved to be feeble-minded. He married a normal woman -and had five feeble-minded children and two normal ones. This is in -accordance with Mendelian expectation; that is to say, there should have -been part normal and part defective, half and half, if there had been -children enough to give the law of averages a chance to assert itself. The -question, then, comes right there. Should Martin Jr. have been sterilized? -We would thus have saved five feeble-minded individuals and their horrible -progeny, but we would also have deprived society of two normal -individuals; and, as the results show, these two normals married normal -people and became the first of a series of generations of normal people. - -Taking this family as a whole, we have the following figures:-- - -There were 41 matings where both parents were feeble-minded. They had 222 -feeble-minded children, with two others that were considered normal. These -two are apparent exceptions to the law that two feeble-minded parents do -not have anything but feeble-minded children. We may account for these two -exceptions in one of several ways. Either there is a mistake in calling -them normal, or a mistake in calling the parents feeble-minded; or else -there was illegitimacy somewhere and these two children did not have the -same father as the others of the family. Or we may turn to the Mendelian -law and we discover that according to that law there might be in rare -instances such a combination of circumstances that a normal child might be -born from two parents that function as feeble-minded. For practical -purposes it is, of course, pretty clear that it is safe to assume that two -feeble-minded parents will never have anything but feeble-minded children. - -Again, we find that there were eight cases where the father was -feeble-minded and the mother normal, and there were ten normal children -and ten defective. - -There were twelve cases where the father was normal and the mother -feeble-minded, with seven feeble-minded children and ten normal. Both of -these are in accordance with Mendelian expectations. - -We further find that in the cases where one parent was feeble-minded and -the other undetermined, the children were nearly all feeble-minded, from -which we might infer that the probabilities are great that the unknown -parent was also feeble-minded. - -We shall not go further into this matter in the present paper, but leave -the detailed study of this family from the Mendelian standpoint for -further consideration, when we take up the large amount of data which we -have on three hundred other families. Enough is here given to show the -possibility that the Mendelian law applies to human heredity. If it does, -then the necessity follows of our understanding the exact mental condition -of the ancestors of any person upon whom we may propose to practice -sterilization. - -From all of this the one caution follows. At best, sterilization is not -likely to be a final solution of this problem. We may, and indeed I -believe must, use it as a help, as something that will contribute toward -the solution, until we can get segregation thoroughly established. But in -using it, we must realize that the first necessity is the careful study of -the whole subject, to the end that we may know more both about the laws -of inheritance and the ultimate effect of the operation. - - -CONCLUSION AND RÉSUMÉ - -The Kallikak family presents a natural experiment in heredity. A young man -of good family becomes through two different women the ancestor of two -lines of descendants,--the one characterized by thoroughly good, -respectable, normal citizenship, with almost no exceptions; the other -being equally characterized by mental defect in every generation. This -defect was transmitted through the father in the first generation. In -later generations, more defect was brought in from other families through -marriage. In the last generation it was transmitted through the mother, so -that we have here all combinations of transmission, which again proves the -truly hereditary character of the defect. - -We find on the good side of the family prominent people in all walks of -life and nearly all of the 496 descendants owners of land or proprietors. -On the bad side we find paupers, criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, and -examples of all forms of social pest with which modern society is -burdened. - -From this we conclude that feeble-mindedness is largely responsible for -these social sores. - -Feeble-mindedness is hereditary and transmitted as surely as any other -character. We cannot successfully cope with these conditions until we -recognize feeble-mindedness and its hereditary nature, recognize it early, -and take care of it. - -In considering the question of care, segregation through colonization -seems in the present state of our knowledge to be the ideal and perfectly -satisfactory method. Sterilization may be accepted as a makeshift, as a -help to solve this problem because the conditions have become so -intolerable. But this must at present be regarded only as a makeshift and -temporary, for before it can be extensively practiced, a great deal must -be learned about the effects of the operation and about the laws of human -inheritance. - - - - -INDEX - - - Abigail, 28. - - Albert, 24. - - Alcoholism, 18, 26. - of the good side, 29, 30. - in the bad family, 67. - children, 25. - Guss Saunders, a victim, 93. - in the two branches compared, 67. - - Almshouse, 28. - - Almshouses reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, 105. - - Asexualization, 107. - - - B----, the town mentioned, 79. - - Barrah, Eunice, 26. - - Beede, 29. - - Bible of Casper Kallikak, 100. - - Binet tests in the public schools, 71. - used with the Kallikak family, 88, 89. - - - Charts, heredity, 33-49. - - Children of Althea Haight, 23. - - Colonies for feeble-minded, 105. - - Colonization, not hopeless, 105. - - Cordelia, 25. - - Cousins marry, 26. - - Crime, tendency to, different in different families, 62. - - Criminals, 18. - made, not born, 54. - - Criminology and feeble-mindedness, 54, 60. - - - Deborah, admitted to the Training School, 1. - as she is to-day, 7. - her ability in numbers, 9-11. - brought to the Training School, 65. - her cousin in the Training School, 21. - her half brother, 27, 62. - her half brothers and sisters, 28. - her half sister, 27. - her mother, Martha, characterized, 65. - her mother, Martha, further history, 64. - her Institution records, 2-6. - her Santa Claus letters, 8. - - Declaration of Independence, signed by relatives of this family, 30. - - Deed from the governor of the colony to the Kallikak family, 95. - - Degenerates, 29. - - Delirium tremens, 25. - - Detention home of the Juvenile Court, number of feeble-minded children - found, 57. - - Died in infancy, 18. - - Dugdale, Richard L., work of, 51. - - - Edwards, Jonathan, 51. - - Edwards family, 59, 60. - - Elmira Reformatory, number of feeble-minded, 58. - - Elopement, 26. - - Environment, 61. - and criminology, 59. - determines criminality, 55. - effect of, shown, 22. - same for both branches, 50. - - Epileptics, 18. - “Old Moll,” 22. - - Euthenist, claims, 52. - - Explanation of charts, 33-35. - - - Feeble-minded, number in the entire group, 19. - number in public institutions, 56. - number in the United States being cared for, 106. - the dupes of others, 55. - reduction in the number of through segregation, 105. - - Feeble-mindedness, how determined, 14. - difficulty of recognizing, 104. - difficulty of caring for the, 105. - is hereditary, 117. - - Field workers, their training and methods, 13, 82. - - Frederick, 17. - half brother to Martin, 85. - - - Gaston, 29. - - Good family, the, 29. - character of descendants, 30. - defective children brought up in, 61. - - Governor of New Jersey, colonial, relation to Kallikak family, 95. - - Gregory, 25. - - Guss, 24, 74. - - Gypsy camp, 75. - - - Haight, Althea, 20-23. - - Haight, Eva, 26. - - Hard Scrabble, 89. - - Harriet, 25. - - Heredity charts, 33-49. - - Heredity in Jukes family, 54. - - Home for feeble-minded, Deborah’s sister placed in, 27. - - Horse thief, 29. - - Horser, 21. - his marriage to Jemima, 84. - - - Ill fame, kept house of, 19, 68. - - Illegitimate: child, 27. - children of Martha, 27. - number in bad family, 18. - - Incendiarism, 27. - - Incest, 28. - - Insane hospitals, number of feeble-minded in, 56. - reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, 105. - - Institutions and feeble-mindedness, 56. - - - James, son of Martin Jr., 21. - - Jemima, 21. - marries Horser, 84. - - Jones, Amy, 22. - - Joseph, 26. - three sons of, 71, 75. - - Jukes family, 51, 60. - heredity question, 53. - study, incomplete, 52. - - Justin Kallikak, daughter of, 62. - - Justin, son of Millard, 24. - - Juvenile Courts, feeble-minded children found, 57. - - - Kallikak, “Daddy,” 20. - - Kallikak family, further facts about, 70. - bad matings in, 114. - stories of the good branch of the, 93-100. - and Mendelian inheritance, 113. - - Kallikak, Justin, 26. - - Kallikak, Martin, Sr., 17, 29. - a sermon, 102. - joins the militia, 18. - his sin, 102. - wife of, 29. - - Kallikak, Martin, Jr., 17, 51, 61. - his family compared with the Jukes-Edwards, 53. - his half brother, Frederick, 85. - should he have been sterilized? 113. - - Kallikak, Millard, 19, 23. - second wife of, 26. - - Key to charts, 33-35. - - Killed in accident, 26. - - Kite, Elizabeth S., 71. - - - Lavinia, 24. - - Lombroso, 59. - - - Margaret, 28. - - Martha, mother of Deborah, 27. - character of her children, 64. - - Massachusetts Reformatory, feeble-minded girls in, 57. - - Matings in the Kallikak family, 114. - - Mendelian expectation, 24. - - Mendelian Law, the, 109. - - Mendelism, applied to human inheritance, 111. - - Mental capacity, necessity of determining, 60. - - Minister who married Guss, 75. - - Miscarriage, 28. - - Mongolian type, 20. - - Morons, 62, 54. - - Murder, Guss accused, 75. - - Mute, 25. - - - Nameless feeble-minded girl, 29. - relation to the problem, 103. - - Nathan, 20. - - Newark, number of feeble-minded children in Juvenile Court, 57. - - Normal people, in good branch of the family, 29. - - Normal woman in bad family, daughter of Sylvia, 22. - - - “Old Horror,” 19, 80. - - “Old Max,” 52. - - “Old Moll,” 21, 79. - described, 83. - her death, 83. - - “Old Sal,” 21, 79. - - - Paula, 25. - - Pauperism and feeble-mindedness, 60. - - Placing out, 27. - - Prince, 25. - - Prisons reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, 105. - - Probation, girls on, 57. - - Prominent man, sister of, married Millard Kallikak, 26. - - Prostitutes, 18. - number of feeble-minded, 58. - - Prostitution and feeble-mindedness, 56. - - Public institutions and feeble-mindedness, 56. - - - Quakeress, married Martin Kallikak, 99. - - - Rahway Reformatory, number of feeble-minded in, 57. - - Refinement, an element of, seen in Deborah’s mother, 63. - - Reformatories, number of feeble-minded in, 57. - - Resident, an old, of B----, 81. - - - Sanders, 25. - - Saunders, Guss, grandson of “Old Sal” visited, 89-91. - - School work for defectives, 54. - - Segregation and colonization not hopeless, 105. - - Sexually immoral, number in bad family, 18. - on the good side, 29. - children, 25. - - Sheep, flock of, stolen, 20. - - Slums, largely caused by defectives, 70. - - Sterilization, 107. - as a solution of the problem, 115. - - Still birth, 28. - - Stupidity, compared with criminalistic tendency, 63. - - Sylvia, 22. - - Symbols, explanation of, 33-35. - - Syphilitic, 26. - woman, 25. - - - Temperament, differences of, in the Kallikak family, 63. - relation to feeble-mindedness and criminology, 55. - - Thomas, 25. - - Training School at Vineland, 21. - Deborah brought to, 65. - - Traits of the family, reappearance of, 51. - - - Undetermined, definition, 19. - - - Vasectomy, 108. - - - Warren, 24. - - Winship, Dr., 51, 59. - - - Zabeth, Rhoda, 19, 61. - -Printed in the United States of America. - - - - - BY C. A. HERTER, M.D., - - Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Columbia University; - Consulting Physician to the City Hospital, New York - - The Common Bacterial Infections of the Digestive Tract - - _And the Intoxications arising from Them_ - - _Cloth, 8vo, 360 pages, $1.50_ _by mail, $1.63_ - -“The methods of investigating the digestive tract outlined in this volume -will prove valuable to the practitioner who would determine the presence -of abnormal bacterial processes before the onset of the clinical signs of -incurable or highly refractory states of intoxication--and this is the -all-sufficient _raison d’être_ for the book. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness - -Author: Henry Herbert Goddard - -Release Date: January 13, 2017 [EBook #53958] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KALLIKAK FAMILY *** - - - - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MWS and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p class="titlepage larger">THE KALLIKAK FAMILY</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/mm.jpg" width="200" height="66" alt="The MM Co." /> -</div> - -<p class="center">THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> -<span class="smaller">NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO<br /> -DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">MACMILLAN & CO., Limited</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA -MELBOURNE</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">TORONTO</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus1" style="width: 600px;"> - -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Deborah Kallikak, as she appears To-day at the Training School.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">THE<br /> -KALLIKAK FAMILY</p> - -<p class="center">A STUDY IN THE HEREDITY OF<br /> -FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">HENRY HERBERT GODDARD, Ph.D.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><i>Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School<br /> -at Vineland, New Jersey, for Feeble-minded Girls<br /> -and Boys</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="gothic">New York</span><br /> -THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> -<span class="smaller">1916<br /> -<i>All rights reserved</i></span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smcap">Copyright, 1912,<br /> -By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1912. Reprinted<br /> -February, 1913; February, 1914; September, 1916.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>Norwood Press<br /> -J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co.<br /> -Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.</i></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gothic">To</span><br /> -<span class="larger">MR. SAMUEL S. FELS</span><br /> -A LAYMAN WITH THE SCIENTIST’S LOVE OF TRUTH AND THE<br /> -TRUE CITIZEN’S LOVE OF HUMANITY WHO MADE POSSIBLE<br /> -THIS STUDY AND WHO HAS FOLLOWED<br /> -THE WORK FROM ITS INCIPIENCY WITH<br /> -KINDLY CRITICISM AND ADVICE<br /> -THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2> - -<p>On September 15, 1906, the Training School for -Backward and Feeble-minded Children at Vineland, -New Jersey, opened a laboratory and a Department -of Research for the study of feeble-mindedness.</p> - -<p>A beginning was made in studying the mental condition -of the children who lived in the Institution, with -a view to determining the mental and physical peculiarities -of the different grades and types, to getting an -accurate record of what deficiencies each child had -and what he was capable of doing, with the hope that -in time these records could be correlated with the condition -of the nervous system of the child, if he should -die while in the Institution and an autopsy should be -allowed.</p> - -<p>As soon as possible after the beginning of this work, -a definite start was made toward determining the cause -of feeble-mindedness. After some preliminary work, -it was concluded that the only way to get the information -needed was by sending trained workers to the -homes of the children, to learn by careful and wise -questioning the facts that could be obtained. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> -a great surprise to us to discover so much mental defect -in the families of so many of these children. The results -of the study of more than 300 families will soon be -published, showing that about 65 per cent of these -children have the hereditary taint.</p> - -<p>The present study of the Kallikak family is a genuine -story of real people. The name is, of course, fictitious, -as are all of the names throughout the story. The -results here presented come after two years of constant -work, investigating the conditions of this family.</p> - -<p>Some readers may question how it has been possible -to get such definite data in regard to people who lived -so long ago.</p> - -<p>A word of explanation is hence in order. In the first -place, the family itself proved to be a notorious one, so -the people, in the community where the present generations -are living, know of them; they knew their parents -and grandparents; and the older members knew them -farther back, because of the reputation they had always -borne. Secondly, the reputation which the Training -School has in the State is such that all have been willing -to coöperate as soon as they understood the purpose and -plan of the work. This has been of great help. Thirdly, -the time devoted to this investigation must not be overlooked. -A hasty investigation could never have produced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> -the results which we have reached. Oftentimes -a second, a third, a fifth, or a sixth visit has been necessary -in order to develop an acquaintance and relationship -with these families which induced them gradually -to relate things which they otherwise had not recalled -or did not care to tell. Many an important item has -been gathered after several visits to these homes. <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter -IV</a> will throw still more light on the method used.</p> - -<p>If the reader is inclined to the view that we must -have called a great many people feeble-minded who -were not so, let him be assured that this is not the case. -On the contrary, we have preferred to err on the other -side, and we have not marked people feeble-minded -unless the case was such that we could substantiate it -beyond a reasonable doubt. If there was good reason -to call them normal, we have so marked them. If not, -and we are unable to decide in our own minds, we have -generally left them unmarked. In a few cases, we have -marked them normal or feeble-minded, with a question -mark. By this is meant that we have studied the case -and after deliberation are still in doubt, but the probabilities -are “N” or “F” as indicated. The mere -fact of the doubt shows, however, that they are at -least border-line cases.</p> - -<p>To the scientific reader we would say that the data<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> -here presented are, we believe, accurate to a high degree. -It is true that we have made rather dogmatic -statements and have drawn conclusions that do not -seem scientifically warranted from the data. We have -done this because it seems necessary to make these -statements and conclusions for the benefit of the lay -reader, and it was impossible to present in this book -all of the data that would substantiate them. We have, -as a matter of fact, drawn upon the material which is -soon to be presented in a larger book. The reference -to Mendelism is an illustration of what we mean. It -is, as it is given here, meager and inadequate, and the -assumption that the given law applies to human heredity -is an assumption so far as the data presented are -concerned. We would ask that the scientist reserve -judgment and wait for the larger book for the proof of -these statements and for an adequate discussion of -Mendelism in relation to the problem.</p> - -<p>The necessary expense for this study, as well as for all -of the work of the Research Laboratory, has been met -by voluntary contributions from philanthropic men and -women, who believe that here is an opportunity to -benefit humanity, such as is hardly equaled elsewhere.</p> - -<p>We take this means of expressing to them our deep -appreciation of their sympathy and generosity. I wish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span> -also to make special mention of the indefatigable industry, -wisdom, tact, and judgment of our field workers -who have gathered these facts and whose results, although -continually checked up, have stood every test -put upon them as to their accuracy and value.</p> - -<p>The work on this particular family has been done by -Elizabeth S. Kite, to whom I am also indebted for practically -all of <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV</a>.</p> - -<p>I am also greatly indebted to my assistants in the -laboratory, for help in preparing the charts, keeping -the records, and correcting manuscript and proof.</p> - -<p>To Superintendent Edward R. Johnstone, whose -wisdom and foresight led to the establishment of this -Department of Research, whose help, sympathy, and -encouragement have been constant throughout the -work of preparing this study, the thanks and gratitude -of the entire group of readers who find in these -facts any help toward the solution of the problems -that they are facing, are due.</p> - -<p class="right">HENRY H. GODDARD.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vineland, N.J., September, 1912.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PREFACE">vii</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Story of Deborah</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Data</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Charts</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_CHARTS">33</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">What It Means</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">50</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Further Facts about the Kallikak Family</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">What is to be Done?</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">101</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span></p> - -<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -<table summary="List of illustrations"> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Deborah Kallikak as she appears To-day at the Training School</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">FACING PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Deborah at the Sewing Machine</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus2">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Deborah as Waitress</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus3">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Specimens of Deborah’s Handiwork</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus4">6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Deborah, aged Fifteen</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus5">8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Deborah, aged Seventeen</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus6">8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Last Home of Millard Kallikak</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus7">20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Esther, Daughter of “Daddy” Kallikak</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus8">20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Ruins of Mountain Hut built by Martin Kallikak, Jr.</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus9">24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Site of Mountain Home of Millard Kallikak</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus10">24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Great-grandson of “Daddy” Kallikak</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus11">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Melinda, Daughter of “Jemima”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus12">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Great-grandchildren of “Old Sal”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus13">88</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Children of Guss Saunders, with their Grandmother</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#illus14">88</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE KALLIKAK FAMILY<br /> -<span class="smaller">A STUDY IN THE HEREDITY OF FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS</span></h1> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE STORY OF DEBORAH</span></h2> - -<p>One bright October day, fourteen years ago, there -came to the Training School at Vineland, a little eight-year-old -girl. She had been born in an almshouse. Her -mother had afterwards married, not the father of this -child, but the prospective father of another child, and -later had divorced him and married another man, who -was also the father of some of her children. She had -been led to do this through the efforts of well-meaning -people who felt that it was a great misfortune for a child -to be born into the world illegitimately. From their -standpoint the argument was good, because the mother -with four or five younger children was unable to provide -adequately for this little girl, whom both husbands refused -to support.</p> - -<p>On the plea that the child did not get along well at -school and might possibly be feeble-minded, she gained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -admission to the Training School, there to begin a career -which has been interesting and valuable to the Institution, -and which has led to an investigation that cannot -fail to prove of great social import.</p> - -<p>The following are extracts from her history since she -came to the Institution:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>From Admission Blanks, <i>Nov. ’97</i>.—Average size and -weight. No peculiarity in form or size of head. -Staring expression. Jerking movement in walking. -No bodily deformity. Mouth shut. Washes and -dresses herself, except fastening clothes. Understands -commands. Not very obedient. Knows a -few letters. Cannot read nor count. Knows all the -colors. Not fond of music. Power of memory poor. -Listens well. Looks steadily. Good imitator. Can -use a needle. Can carry wood and fill a kettle. Can -throw a ball, but cannot catch. Sees and hears well. -Right-handed. Excitable but not nervous. Not -affectionate and quite noisy. Careless in dress. -Active. Obstinate and destructive. Does not mind -slapping and scolding. Grandmother somewhat deficient. -Grandfather periodical drunkard and mentally -deficient. Been to school. No results.</p> - -</div> - -<p>From Institution Reports:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p><i>Jan. ’99.</i>—Conduct better. Counts 1-10 and 10-1. -Knows at sight and can write from memory “see,” -“me,” “ran,” “man,” “rat,” “can.” Weaves difficult -mat in steps of 1 and 3, but requires much assistance.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Feb. ’99.</i>—Counts 1-30; writes 1-15. Orderly. -Folds neatly.</p> - -<p><i>March, ’99.</i>—Draws circle and square. Writes -1-29. Combines simple numbers.</p> - -<p><i>April, ’99.</i>—Conduct quite bad—impudent and -growing worse. Transferred from Seguin Cottage to -Wilbur for a while. Seems some better.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">School.</span> <i>Dec. ’00.</i> Disobedient. Graceful. Good -in drill. Can copy. Knows a number of words. -Writes them from memory. Reads a little. Adds -with objects. Counts and knows value of numbers. -Does all ladder and pole drills nicely. Good in entertainment -work. Memorizes quickly. Can always -be relied upon for either speaking or singing. -Marches well. A good captain. Knows “Halt,” -“Right,” and “Left Face” and “Forward March.” -Always in step.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Music</span>. Knows different notes. Plays “Jesus, Lover -of my Soul” nicely. Plays scale of C and F on cornet.</p> - -<p><i>May, ’01.</i>—Plays scales of C and F and first two -exercises in “Beginners’ Band Book” on cornet. She -plays by ear. She has not learned to read the notes -of these two scales, simply because she will not put -her mind to it. She has played hymns in simple time, -but the fingering has had to be written for her.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">School.</span> Excellent worker in gardening class. Has -just completed a very good diagram of our garden to -show at Annual Meeting.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cottage.</span> Helps make beds and waits on table, is quick -with her work, but is very noisy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Oct. ’01.</i>—Has nearly finished outlining a pillow -sham. Can do very good work when she tries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">English.</span> Does better in number work than in any -other branch. Her mind wanders a great deal. In -the midst of a lesson, that she has apparently paid a -great deal of attention to, she will ask a question that -has no bearing on the lesson at all. Is slow to learn.</p> - -<p><i>Nov. ’01.</i>—Is very good in number work, especially -in addition. Can add 25 and 15. Spells a few -words, such as “wind,” “blows,” “flowers.” Writes -fairly well from copy if she tries. Her attention is -very hard to keep. Is restless in class. Likes to -be first in everything. The one thing she does best -in school is to add numbers with pegs. Knows about -fifteen words, such as “cat,” “fan,” “run,” “man.” She -could learn more in school if she would pay attention, -but her mind seems away off from the subject in discussion. -Could play scale of C and F on cornet and -would play some by ear if she could have kept up her -lessons. Was taken out on account of sore throat.</p> - -<p><i>Nov. ’04.</i>—Understands how to make bead -chains. Has made four. Knows how to use a sewing -machine. Has made a shirtwaist. Uses tape -measure accurately. Can play on cornet four -hard band pieces and three solos, also reads at sight -easy songs and hymns. Band pieces are: “Attention, -March!” “Quick Step Sterling,” “Onward, Christian -Soldiers,” and “Star-spangled Banner.” Solos are: -“America,” “Old Black Joe,” and “Onward, Christian -Soldiers.” Conduct at school, fair.</p> - -</div> - -<div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus2" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="300" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Deborah at the Sewing Machine.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus3" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Deborah as Waitress.</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p><i>Jan. ’07.</i>—Took the part of Mrs. Doe in “Fun -in a Photograph Gallery.”</p> - -<p><i>Feb. ’08.</i>—Can write a fairly good story, but spells -very few words. Has little idea of the use of capitals. -It is difficult for her to separate her sentences. Drawing, -painting, coloring, and any kind of hand work -she does quite nicely. In clay modeling, her idea of -form is quite good. Is much improved in conduct. -Does not act so wild in class.</p> - -<p>In wood-carving class, she starts a thing she wants to -do very enthusiastically, but if it takes her very long, -her interest flags and she has to be spurred on by the -thought of the result when well done. This year -she has made a carved book rest with mission ends -and is now working on a shirtwaist box with mortise -and tenon joints and lap joints. The top will be -paneled. She can do most of her own marking -when shown how.</p> - -<p>Has made a great improvement in “Band” during -the last year. Can get a better tone on the cornet -and more volume. Reads by note all music that she -plays. Plays second cornet parts to about twenty-five -pieces.</p> - -<p><i>Jan. ’09.</i>—Has embroidered the front of a shirtwaist -and the front gore of a skirt. She has shown -a great amount of patience, perseverance, and judgment -in her work this year, has been anxious to do -her work, and has been a good girl. In wood carving -she is doing much more careful work than last year.</p> - -<p>Has made a large “Skolcroft” chair with only a little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -help in putting it into clamps. Did her own measuring -and carved the wood. She filled the wood herself -before staining. This she had never done before.</p> - -<p><i>June, ’09.</i>—Made the suit which she had embroidered -earlier in the year, using the machine in -making it. Helped F. B. put her chair together and -really acted as a teacher in showing her how to upholster -it. Will be a helper in wood-carving class -this summer.</p> - -<p>Took important part in the Christmas play of 1908 -and was a “Fan Girl” in the Japanese play given -Annual Day, 1909.</p> - -<p><i>Mar. ’11.</i>—Works just about the same in wood-carving -class as she has other years. Can work very -rapidly when she tries, but does not very often try. -Does not have much confidence in herself when marking -out her work, but when urged, keeps trying until -she gets it right. Is making a large dressing case -this year. Is doing very nice work, especially in -physical culture class.</p> - -<p><i>May, ’11.</i>—Finished her dressing case, but was -careless towards the last, so it is not quite as nice as -was expected. Made a very handsome embroidered -linen dress (satin stitch and eyelets), also an embroidered -corset cover. Made up both pieces under -direction. Can write a well-worded story, but has to -have more than half the words spelled for her. -Knows very few of her number combinations. Retains -a great many interesting facts connected with -nature work.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus4" style="width: 390px;"> - -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="390" height="600" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Specimens of Deborah’s Handiwork.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -<p>The reader will see that Deborah’s teachers have -worked with her faithfully and carefully, hoping for -progress, even seeing it where at a later date it became -evident that no real advance had been made. Note the -oft-repeated “She could if she would,” or “If she would -only pay attention,” and similar expressions, which -show the unwillingness of the teachers to admit even -to themselves that she is really feeble-minded. In the -earlier records it was noted that Deborah was not fond -of music, while in later reports it is shown to be her one -great accomplishment. To-day she is a woman of -twenty-two. The consensus of opinion of those who -have known her for the last fourteen years in the Institution -is as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“She is cheerful, inclined to be quarrelsome, very -active and restless, very affectionate, willing, and -tries; is quick and excitable, fairly good-tempered. -Learns a new occupation quickly, but requires a half -hour or twenty-four repetitions to learn four lines. -Retains well what she has once learned. Needs -close supervision. Is bold towards strangers, kind -towards animals. Can run an electric sewing machine, -cook, and do practically everything about the -house. Has no noticeable defect. She is quick and -observing, has a good memory, writes fairly, does -excellent work in wood-carving and kindergarten, is -excellent in imitation. Is a poor reader and poor at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -numbers. Does fine basketry and gardening. Spelling -is poor; music is excellent; sewing excellent; -excellent in entertainment work. Very fond of -children and good in helping care for them. Has a -good sense of order and cleanliness. Is sometimes -very stubborn and obstinate. Is not always truthful -and has been known to steal, although does not -have a reputation for this. Is proud of her clothes. -Likes pretty dresses and likes to help in other cottages, -even to temporarily taking charge of a group.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>The children at the Training School write letters to -Santa Claus asking for such things as they want for -Christmas. Here are Deborah’s requests each year, -beginning with ’99, when she was ten years old:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“’99.—Book and harmonica.</p> - -<p>’00.—Book, comb, paints, and doll.</p> - -<p>’01.—Book, mittens, toy piano, handkerchief, -slate pencil.</p> - -<p>’02.—Wax doll, ribbon, music box.</p> - -<p>’03.—Post cards, colored ribbons, gloves and -shears.</p> - -<p>’04.—Trunk, music box, Fairy Tales, games, -ribbons, big doll.</p> - -<p>’05.—Ribbons of different colors, games, handkerchiefs, -music box, Fairy Tales.</p> - -<p>’06.—Pair of stockings, ribbons, rubbers.</p> - -<p>’07.—Watch, red ribbon, brush and comb, paper.</p> - -<p>’08.—Three yards of lawn, rubbers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<p>’09.—Nice shoes, pink, dark blue, and white ribbons.</p> - -<p>’10.—Money for dentist bill.</p> - -<p>’11.—Rubbers, three shirts, blue scarf, three -yards linen, two yards lawn for fancy work.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" id="illus5" style="width: 275px;"> - -<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="275" height="400" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Age 15.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" id="illus6" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="300" height="400" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Age 17.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Deborah.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p>It will be remembered that in her history, number -was mentioned as being one of her strong points. Indeed, -she had a great deal of thorough drill in this -branch. In a recent testing to determine how much -of this she still retained, or whether the work had been -of any value as mental discipline, the results were negative. -It was discovered that she could neither add -nor subtract, except where it was a question of concrete -objects connected with her daily life. For example, -she can set a table and wait on it very nicely. -She can put the right number of plates at the head of -the table, if she knows the people who are to sit there, -but at a table with precisely the same number of strangers, -she fails in making the correct count.</p> - -<p>At a recent test made before a prominent scientist, -the question was asked, “How many are 12 less 3?” -She thought for a moment, looked around the room and -finally answered, “Nine.” “Correct,” said her questioner. -“Do you know how I did it?” she asked, -delighted at her success. “I counted on my fingers.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>Some of the questions asked her and her answers are -as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p><i>Q.</i> There are ten people to eat dinner. Seven -have eaten. For how many must you keep dinner -warm?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Three.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Suppose you had eight ergographs and sell -six. How many would be left?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> (after twenty-eight seconds’ pondering). Two.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Suppose you had eight Deltas and gave two -away. What would you have left?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Five.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Suppose there are eight at the table and two -leave. How many would remain?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> (after thirteen seconds). Six.</p> - -</div> - -<p>By the Binet Scale this girl showed, in April, 1910, -the mentality of a nine-year-old child with two points -over; January, 1911, 9 years, 1 point; September, 1911, -9 years, 2 points; October, 1911, 9 years, 3 points. -She answers correctly all of the questions up to age 7 -except the repetition of five figures, where she transposes -two of them. She does not read the selection in the -required time, nor does she remember what she reads. -In counting the stamps, her first answer was “ten cents,” -which she later corrected. Under age 9, none of her -definitions are “<em>better than by use</em>”—“Fork is to eat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -with,” “Chair to sit on,” etc. She can sometimes arrange -the weights in their proper order and at other -times not. The same is true of putting the three words -into a sentence. She does not know money. Her -definitions of abstract terms are very poor, in some -cases barely passable, nor can she put together the dissected -sentences. She rhymes “storm” with “spring,” -and “milk” with “mill,” afterwards using “bill,” -“will,” “till.”</p> - -<p>In the revised questions, she does not draw the design -which is Question 2 in age 10, nor does she resist suggestion, -Question 4 in age 12. To the first part of -Question 5, age 12, she answered, “A bird hanging from -the limb,” and to the second part, “Some one was very -sick.”</p> - -<p>This is a typical illustration of the mentality of a high-grade -feeble-minded person, the moron, the delinquent, -the kind of girl or woman that fills our reformatories. -They are wayward, they get into all sorts of trouble -and difficulties, sexually and otherwise, and yet we -have been accustomed to account for their defects on -the basis of viciousness, environment, or ignorance.</p> - -<p>It is also the history of the same type of girl in the -public school. Rather good-looking, bright in appearance, -with many attractive ways, the teacher clings to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -the hope, indeed insists, that such a girl will come out -all right. Our work with Deborah convinces us that -such hopes are delusions.</p> - -<p>Here is a child who has been most carefully guarded. -She has been persistently trained since she was eight -years old, and yet nothing has been accomplished in the -direction of higher intelligence or general education. -To-day if this young woman were to leave the Institution, -she would at once become a prey to the designs of -evil men or evil women and would lead a life that would -be vicious, immoral, and criminal, though because of her -mentality she herself would not be responsible. There -is nothing that she might not be led into, because she -has no power of control, and all her instincts and appetites -are in the direction that would lead to vice.</p> - -<p>We may now repeat the ever insistent question, and -this time we indeed have good hope of answering it. -The question is, “How do we account for this kind of -individual?” The answer is in a word “Heredity,”—bad -stock. We must recognize that the human family -shows varying stocks or strains that are as marked and -that breed as true as anything in plant or animal life.</p> - -<p>Formerly such a statement would have been a guess, -an hypothesis. We submit in the following pages -what seems to us conclusive evidence of its truth.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE DATA</span></h2> - -<p>The Vineland Training School has for two years -employed field workers. These are women highly -trained, of broad human experience, and interested in -social problems. As a result of weeks of residence at -the Training School, they become acquainted with the -condition of the feeble-minded. They study all the -grades, note their peculiarities, and acquaint themselves -with the methods of testing and recognizing -them. They then go out with an introduction from -the Superintendent to the homes of the children and -there ask that all the facts which are available may be -furnished, in order that we can know more about the -child and be better able to care for him and more wisely -train him.</p> - -<p>Sometimes all necessary information is obtained from -the one central source, but more often, especially where -the parents are themselves defective, many visits to -other homes must be made. Parents often send the field -worker to visit near and distant relatives as well as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -neighbors, employers, teachers, physicians, ministers, -overseers of the poor, almshouse directors, etc. -These must be interviewed and all the information -thus obtained must be weighed and much of it verified -by repeated visits to the same locality before an -accurate chart of the particular child’s heredity can be -made.</p> - -<p>In determining the mental condition of people in the -earlier generations (that is, as to whether they were -feeble-minded or not), one proceeds in the same way as -one does to determine the character of a Washington -or a Lincoln or any other man of the past. Recourse -is had to original documents whenever possible. In the -case of defectives, of course, there are not many original -documents. Oftentimes the absence of these, where -they are to be expected, is of itself significant. For -instance, the absence of a record of marriage is often -quite as significant as its presence. Some record or -memory is generally obtainable of how the person lived, -how he conducted himself, whether he was able to make -a living, how he brought up his children, what was his -reputation in the community; these facts are frequently -sufficient to enable one to determine, with a high degree -of accuracy, whether the individual was normal or -otherwise. Sometimes the condition is marked by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -presence of other factors. For example, if a man was -strongly alcoholic, it is almost impossible to determine -whether he was also feeble-minded, because the reports -usually declare that the only trouble with him was that -he was always drunk, and they say if he had been sober, -he would have been all right. This may be true, but -on the other hand, it is quite possible that he was feeble-minded -also.</p> - -<p>After some experience, the field worker becomes expert -in inferring the condition of those persons who are -not seen, from the similarity of the language used in -describing them to that used in describing persons whom -she has seen.</p> - -<p>In Deborah’s case, the woman first visited was the one -who interested herself in the child and its mother when -the latter had just given birth to her baby in the almshouse. -From this woman was learned the subsequent -history of Deborah’s mother as given in the first part of -this description. But references, supplied by her, soon -led to further discoveries. The present family was -found living within twenty miles of what was afterwards -learned to be its ancestral home and in a region that was -neither the slums of a city nor the wild desolation of the -extreme rural community, but rather in the midst of a -populous farming country, one of the best districts in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -the State. Thorough and carefully conducted investigations -in the small town and among the farmers -of this region showed that the family had always been -notorious for the number of defectives and delinquents -it had produced; and this notoriety made it possible -to trace them back for no less than six generations.</p> - -<p>It was determined to make a survey of the entire -family and to discover the condition, as far as possible, -of every person in each generation.</p> - -<p>The surprise and horror of it all was that no matter -where we traced them, whether in the prosperous rural -district, in the city slums to which some had drifted, or -in the more remote mountain regions, or whether it was -a question of the second or the sixth generation, an appalling -amount of defectiveness was everywhere found.</p> - -<p>In the course of the work of tracing various members -of the family, our field worker occasionally found herself -in the midst of a good family of the same name, -which apparently was in no way related to the girl -whose ancestry we were investigating. In such cases, -there was nothing to be done but to beat a retreat and -start again in another direction. However, these cases -became so frequent that there gradually grew the conviction -that ours must be a degenerate offshoot from -an older family of better stock. Definite work was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -undertaken in order to locate the point at which the -separation took place. Over and over, the investigation -was laid aside in sheer despair of ever being able -to find absolute proofs or to establish missing links in -the testimony. Then some freshly discovered facts, -that came often quite unexpectedly, would throw new -light on the situation, and the work would be resumed.</p> - -<p>The great-great-grandfather of Deborah was Martin -Kallikak.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> That we knew. We had also traced the -good family, before alluded to, back to an ancestor belonging -to an older generation than this Martin Kallikak, -but bearing the same name. He was the father -of a large family. His eldest son was named Frederick, -but there was no son by the name of Martin. Consequently, -no connection could be made. Many months -later, a granddaughter of Martin revealed in a burst of -confidence the situation. She told us (and this was -afterwards fully verified) that Martin had a <em>half brother</em> -Frederick,—and that Martin never had an own brother -“because,” as she now naïvely expressed it, “you see, -his mother had him before she was married.” Deeper -scrutiny into the life of Martin Kallikak Sr., which was -made possible through well-preserved family records, -enabled us to complete the story.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<p>When Martin Sr., of the good family, was a boy of -fifteen, his father died, leaving him without parental -care or oversight. Just before attaining his majority, -the young man joined one of the numerous military -companies that were formed to protect the country at -the beginning of the Revolution. At one of the taverns -frequented by the militia he met a feeble-minded girl -by whom he became the father of a feeble-minded son. -This child was given, by its mother, the name of the -father in full, and thus has been handed down to posterity -the father’s name and the mother’s mental capacity. -This illegitimate boy was Martin Kallikak Jr., -the great-great-grandfather of our Deborah, and from -him have come four hundred and eighty descendants. -One hundred and forty-three of these, we have conclusive -proof, were or are feeble-minded, while only forty-six -have been found normal. The rest are unknown or -doubtful.</p> - -<p>Among these four hundred and eighty descendants, -thirty-six have been illegitimate.</p> - -<p>There have been thirty-three sexually immoral persons, -mostly prostitutes.</p> - -<p>There have been twenty-four confirmed alcoholics.</p> - -<p>There have been three epileptics.</p> - -<p>Eighty-two died in infancy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<p>Three were criminal.</p> - -<p>Eight kept houses of ill fame.</p> - -<p>These people have married into other families, generally -of about the same type, so that we now have on -record and charted eleven hundred and forty-six individuals.</p> - -<p>Of this large group, we have discovered that two -hundred and sixty-two were feeble-minded, while one -hundred and ninety-seven are considered normal, the -remaining five hundred and eighty-one being still undetermined. -(“Undetermined,” as here employed, -often means not that we knew nothing about the person, -but that we could not decide. They are people we can -scarcely recognize as normal; frequently they are not -what we could call good members of society. But it -is very difficult to decide without more facts whether -the condition that we find or that we learn about, as in -the case of older generations, is or was really one of -true feeble-mindedness.)</p> - -<p>In 1803, Martin Kallikak Jr., otherwise known as -the “Old Horror,” married Rhoda Zabeth, a normal -woman. (See <a href="#chart2">Chart II</a>.) They had ten children, of -whom one died in infancy and another died at birth -with the mother. Of those who lived, the oldest was -Millard, the direct ancestor of our Deborah. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -married Althea Haight, and they had fifteen children, -of whom more later.</p> - -<p>The next born of Martin Jr. was Nathan, known in -the community as “Daddy” (see <a href="#chart3">Chart III</a>),<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> who died -at the advanced age of ninety-three. He was the father -of six children. One of his sons was a criminal, a horse -thief, who also stole a flock of sheep which the owner all -unwittingly helped him to drive away. Three other -children of “Daddy” married and themselves had -children. These are all families about whose mentality -it is difficult to decide. They are all peculiar, but more -respectable than some other branches of this family. -One is dead. The sixth, a daughter, is feeble-minded -and sexually immoral. She married a man who was -feeble-minded and alcoholic. Of her six children, two -at least are feeble-minded. Whether her husband is -the father of all of the children is very doubtful. Sexual -immorality and alcoholism are prevalent in this -family. One of the sons married a feeble-minded -woman who came from feeble-minded stock. They -had six children, all of whom were feeble-minded. One -of these is of the Mongolian type, an interesting fact, as -it shows that this particular form of arrest of development -may occur in a defective family.</p> - -<div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus7" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Last Home of Millard Kallikak.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus8" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Esther, Daughter of “Daddy” Kallikak.</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -<p>Martin Jr.’s third child was James (<a href="#chart2">Chart II</a>), who -went away, and we know nothing about him.</p> - -<p>Martin Jr.’s fourth child, “Old Sal” (<a href="#chart4a">Chart IV</a>), was -feeble-minded and she married a feeble-minded man. -Two of their children are undetermined, but one of -these had at least one feeble-minded grandchild; the -other, an alcoholic man, had three feeble-minded grandchildren, -one of whom is in the Training School at Vineland. -She is thus a cousin of Deborah—a fact not -known until this study was made. The two other -children of Old Sal were feeble-minded, married feeble-minded -wives, and had large families of defective children -and grandchildren, as will be seen in the chart.</p> - -<p>The fifth child of Martin Jr. was Jemima (<a href="#chart5a">Chart V</a>), -feeble-minded and sexually immoral. She lived with a -feeble-minded man named Horser, to whom she was -supposed to have been married. Of her five children, -three are known to have been feeble-minded, two are -undetermined. From these again, have come a large -number of feeble-minded children and grandchildren. -Jemima had an illegitimate son by a man who was high -in the Nation’s offices. This son married a feeble-minded -girl and they had feeble-minded children, and -grandchildren.</p> - -<p>The sixth child of Martin Jr., known as “Old Moll”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -(<a href="#chart5b6">Chart VI</a>), was feeble-minded, alcoholic, epileptic, and -sexually immoral. She had three illegitimate children -who were sent to the almshouse, and from there bound -out to neighboring farmers. One of these turned out -normal, one was feeble-minded, and the other undetermined. -Neither of the two older ones had any children. -The third child, a daughter, was tubercular, but -nothing is known of her descendants, except that there -were several children and grandchildren.</p> - -<p>The seventh child of Martin Jr. was a daughter, -Sylvia (<a href="#chart7">Chart VII</a>), who seemed to be a normal woman. -She was taken very young by a good family who brought -her up carefully. She later married a normal man. -Although we have marked her normal, she was always -peculiar. All her children and grandchildren were -either normal or are undetermined.</p> - -<p>The youngest child of Martin Jr. who lived to grow -up was Amy Jones, also normal. (<a href="#chart8">Chart VIII</a>.) She, -too, was taken into a good family and married a normal -man, and lived to be very old. Two of Amy’s children -died in infancy. Of two others, one was normal and -one feeble-minded. This latter married a normal man -and had one feeble-minded and immoral daughter; -five other children are undetermined.</p> - -<p>We now return to Martin Jr.’s oldest son, Millard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -(<a href="#chart9a">Chart IX</a>), to take up the story of his descendants, of -whom our girl Deborah is one.</p> - -<p>Millard married Althea Haight about 1830. They -had fifteen children born in the following years: 1830, -1831, 1832, 1834, 1836, 1838, 1840, 1841, 1843, 1845, -1847, 1849, 1851, 1854, 1856. The mother died in 1857. -This mother, Althea Haight, was feeble-minded. That -she came from a feeble-minded family is evidenced by -the fact that she had at least one feeble-minded brother, -while of her mother it was said that the “devil himself -could not live with her.” The feeble-minded brother -had six children, of whom three are known to have been -feeble-minded. He had seven grandchildren who were -feeble-minded, and no less than nine feeble-minded great-grandchildren. -(These are not shown on the chart.)</p> - -<p>The oldest child of Millard and Althea was a daughter -who grew up a feeble-minded and immoral woman. -She had several husbands, but only one of her children -lived to be old enough to marry. This one, a daughter -of illegitimate birth, married a man of good family who -was a confirmed alcoholic. Their children are all undetermined, -except one who was normal.</p> - -<p>The second child of Millard, a daughter, was a bad -character. We know of one illegitimate and feeble-minded -son who married a feeble-minded and immoral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -girl. They had four children, but all died in infancy. -This wife was also the mother of an illegitimate son, who -was feeble-minded and sexually immoral.</p> - -<p>The third child of Millard was Justin (<a href="#chart9e">Chart IX, section -E</a>), the grandfather of our Deborah. His family -we shall discuss later.</p> - -<p>According to Mendelian expectation, all of the children -of Millard Kallikak and Althea Haight should have -been feeble-minded, because the parents were such. -The facts, so far as known, confirm this expectation, with -the exception of the fourth child, a daughter, who was -taken into a good family and grew up apparently a -normal woman. She married a normal man and they -had one son who was normal. He married a normal -woman and they have two children, a boy and girl, -who are normal and above average intelligence.</p> - -<p>The fifth child was Albert, feeble-minded, who died -at twenty-five, unmarried.</p> - -<p>The sixth child was Warren, who had four children, -three of whom were feeble-minded and of very doubtful -morality. Each of the three had feeble-minded children. -One of these, Guss by name, was specially loose -and much mixed in his marital relations.</p> - -<div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus9" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Ruins of Mountain Hut built by Martin Kallikak Jr. 1805.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus10" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus10.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Site of Mountain Home of Millard Kallikak, where Fifteen of His -Children were Born.</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p>The seventh child was Lavinia, who died unmarried -at the age of thirty-nine. She had been brought up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -in a good family and never manifested any of those -characteristics that indicate feeble-mindedness.</p> - -<p>The eighth was Cordelia, who died at nine; condition -unknown.</p> - -<p>The ninth was Prince, who died at four years.</p> - -<p>The tenth was Paula, feeble-minded; married and -had four children. Her husband and children are undetermined.</p> - -<p>Then comes Gregory, the eleventh, who was feeble-minded -and alcoholic. He married an alcoholic and -syphilitic woman, mentality difficult to determine. -They had seven children, of whom two were feeble-minded, -syphilitic, alcoholic, and sexually immoral. -One died of delirium tremens, the other of alcoholism, -leaving a long line of descendants. The other children -died young, except one daughter who has a feeble-minded -grandchild who cannot speak.</p> - -<p>The twelfth child was Harriet, feeble-minded, twice -married, but without children.</p> - -<p>The thirteenth, Sanders, who was drowned as a -young man, was feeble-minded and sexually immoral.</p> - -<p>The fourteenth was Thomas, feeble-minded, alcoholic, -and sexually immoral. He died from over self-indulgence. -He was married and had a daughter, but her -condition as well as her mother’s is unknown.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> - -<p>The last child was Joseph, feeble-minded. He -married his first cousin, Eva Haight, who was also -feeble-minded. They had five children, two dying in -infancy, and the rest feeble-minded. Of their nineteen -grandchildren, five died in infancy, one is undetermined, -and the remaining thirteen are all feeble-minded.</p> - -<p>Millard Kallikak married for his second wife a normal -woman, a sister of a man of prominence. She -was, however, of marked peculiarity. By her, he had -three children; two died in infancy. The one who -grew to manhood was alcoholic and syphilitic. He ran -off with the wife of his nephew, who was about his -own age. His mental condition is undetermined. He -was killed by an accident a few years later.</p> - -<p>We now return to the third born of this family, Justin -Kallikak, the grandfather of our Deborah (<a href="#chart9e">Chart -IX, section E</a>). He was feeble-minded, alcoholic, and -sexually immoral. He married Eunice Barrah, who belonged -to a family of dull mentality. Her mother and -paternal grandfather were feeble-minded, and the grandfather -had a brother that was feeble-minded. That -brother had at least six descendants who were feeble-minded. -The father, also, had a brother feeble-minded -who had eleven children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren -who were feeble-minded. (Not shown).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> - -<p>The children of Deborah’s grandparents, Justin and -Eunice, were as follows: first, Martha, the mother of -our Deborah, whose story has already been partly told. -This woman is supposed to have had three illegitimate -children before Deborah was born. They died in infancy. -The next younger half sister of Deborah was -placed out by a charitable organization when very -young. From their records we learn that in five years -she had been tried in thirteen different families and by -all found impossible. In one of these she set the barn -on fire. When found by our field worker, she had -grown to be a girl of twenty, pretty, graceful, but of -low mentality. She had already followed the instinct -implanted in her by her mother, and was on the point -of giving birth to an illegitimate child. She was sent -to a hospital. The child died, and then the girl was -placed permanently in a home for feeble-minded. An -own brother of this girl was placed out in a private -family. When a little under sixteen, his foster mother -died and her husband married again. Thus the boy -was turned adrift. Having been well trained, and -being naturally of an agreeable disposition, he easily -found employment. Bad company, however, soon led -to his discharge. He has now drifted into one of our -big cities. It requires no prophet to predict his future.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> - -<p>The last family of half brothers and sisters of Deborah -are, at present, living with the mother and her second -husband. The oldest three of these are distinctly -feeble-minded. Between them and the two younger -children there was a stillbirth and a miscarriage. The -little ones appear normal and test normal for their ages, -but there is good reason to believe that they will develop -the same defect as they grow older.</p> - -<p>Besides the mother of Deborah, Justin and Eunice -had ten other children, of whom six died in infancy. -One of the daughters, Margaret, was taken by a good -family when a very small child. When she was about -thirteen, she visited her parents for a few weeks. While -her mother was away at work, her father, who was a -drunken brute, committed incest with her. When the -fact became known in her adopted home, she was placed -in the almshouse. The child born there soon died, and -she was again received into the family where she formerly -lived. The care with which she was surrounded -prevented her from becoming a vicious woman. Although -of dull mentality, she was a good and cheerful -worker. When about thirty-five, she married a respectable -workingman but has had no children by him.</p> - -<p>Another daughter, Abigail, feeble-minded, married -a feeble-minded man by whom she had two feeble-minded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -children, besides a third that died in infancy. -She later married a normal man.</p> - -<p>The next child of Justin and Eunice was Beede, who -is feeble-minded. He married a girl who left him before -their child was born. He lives at present with a -very low, immoral woman.</p> - -<p>The youngest child of Justin and Eunice was a son, -Gaston, feeble-minded and a horse thief; he removed -to a distant town where he married. He has one child; -mentality of both mother and child undetermined.</p> - -<p>This is the ghastly story of the descendants of Martin -Kallikak Sr., from the nameless feeble-minded girl.</p> - -<p>Although Martin himself paid no further attention -to the girl nor her child, society has had to pay the -heavy price of all the evil he engendered.</p> - -<p>Martin Sr., on leaving the Revolutionary Army, -straightened up and married a respectable girl of good -family, and through that union has come another line -of descendants of radically different character. These -now number four hundred and ninety-six in direct -descent. All of them are normal people. Three men -only have been found among them who were somewhat -degenerate, but they were not defective. Two of -these were alcoholic, and the other sexually loose.</p> - -<p>All of the legitimate children of Martin Sr. married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> -into the best families in their state, the descendants of -colonial governors, signers of the Declaration of Independence, -soldiers and even the founders of a great -university. Indeed, in this family and its collateral -branches, we find nothing but good representative citizenship. -There are doctors, lawyers, judges, educators, -traders, landholders, in short, respectable citizens, -men and women prominent in every phase of social -life. They have scattered over the United States and -are prominent in their communities wherever they -have gone. Half a dozen towns in New Jersey are -named from the families into which Martin’s descendants -have married. There have been no feeble-minded -among them; no illegitimate children; no immoral -women; only one man was sexually loose. There has -been no epilepsy, no criminals, no keepers of houses of -prostitution. Only fifteen children have died in infancy. -There has been one “insane,” a case of religious -mania, perhaps inherited, but not from the Kallikak -side. The appetite for strong drink has been present -here and there in this family from the beginning. It -was in Martin Sr., and was cultivated at a time when -such practices were common everywhere. But while -the other branch of the family has had twenty-four victims -of habitual drunkenness, this side scores only two.</p> - -<p>The charts of these two families follow.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_CHARTS">THE CHARTS</h2> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> - -<h3>THE CHARTS</h3> - -<p><a href="#chart1">Chart I</a> shows the line of descent of the Kallikak -family from their first colonial ancestor. It was Martin -who divided it into a bad branch on one hand and -a good branch on the other. Each of these branches -is traced through the line of the eldest son down to a -person of the present generation. On the bad side -it ends with Deborah Kallikak, an inmate of the Training -School at Vineland, on the good side with the son -of a prominent and wealthy citizen of the same family -name, now resident of another State.</p> - -<p><a href="#chart2">Chart II</a> shows the children of Martin Sr. by his wife -and by the nameless feeble-minded girl, and also the -children of Martin Jr.</p> - -<p>Then follow Charts III to IX and A to K, giving in -detail each of these two branches, the upper series being -the normal family, the descendants of Martin Kallikak -Sr. through his wife: the lower is the bad family, his -descendants through the nameless feeble-minded girl -who was not his wife.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> - -<h3>EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS</h3> - -<p>Individuals are represented by squares and circles, -the squares being males, the circles, females. Black -squares and circles (with a white “F”) mean feeble-minded -individuals; N means normal persons.</p> - -<p>The clear squares or circles indicate that the mentality -of the person is undetermined.</p> - -<p>“d. inf.” means died in infancy.</p> - -<p>A horizontal or slightly oblique line connects persons -who are mated. Unless otherwise indicated, they are -supposed to have been legally married.</p> - -<p>The symbols dependent from the same horizontal -line are for brothers and sisters.</p> - -<p>A vertical line connecting this horizontal line with -an individual or with a line connecting two individuals, -indicates the parent or parents of the fraternity.</p> - -<p>Letters placed around the symbol for an individual -are as follows: A—Alcoholic, meaning decidedly intemperate, -a drunkard; B—Blind; C—Criminalistic; -D—Deaf; E—Epileptic; I—Insane; Sy—Syphilitic; -Sx—Sexually immoral; T—Tuberculous.</p> - -<p>A short vertical line dependent from the horizontal -fraternity line indicates a child whose sex is unknown. -An F at the end of the line indicates that such child -was feeble-minded.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<p>N? or F? indicates that the individual has not been -definitely determined, but, considering all the data, it -is concluded that on the whole, the person was probably -normal or feeble-minded, as the letter signifies.</p> - -<p>A small d. followed by a numeral means died at -that age; b. means born, usually followed by the date.</p> - -<p>A single figure below a symbol indicates that the symbol -stands for more than one individual—the number -denoted by the figure, <i>e.g.</i> a circle with a “4” below it, -indicates that there were four girls in that fraternity, -represented by that one symbol.</p> - -<p>The Hand indicates the child that is in the Institution -at Vineland, whose family history is the subject of -the chart.</p> - -<p>A black horizontal line under a symbol indicates that -that individual was in some public institution at state -expense.</p> - -<p>The fact that the parents were not married is indicated -either by the expression “unmarried” or by the -word “illegitimate,” placed near the symbol for the -child.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart-substitute"> - -<p class="center larger"><b>Transcriber’s Note: Many apologies, but the chart images have -not been made available in this e-reader version of the book. They may be viewed in the -full HTML version at the Project Gutenberg website.</b></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart1"> - -<a href="images/chart1.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart I.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart2"> - -<a href="images/chart2.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart II.</span></p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartab"> - -<a href="images/chartab.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart A.</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart B.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart3"> - -<a href="images/chart3.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart III.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartc"> - -<a href="images/chartc.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart C.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart4a"> - -<a href="images/chart4a.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IV.</span> Section A.</p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartd"> - -<a href="images/chartd.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart D.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart4b"> - -<a href="images/chart4b.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IV.</span> Section B.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="charte"> - -<a href="images/charte.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart E.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart5a"> - -<a href="images/chart5a.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart V.</span> Section A.</p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartf"> - -<a href="images/chartf.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart F.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart5b6"> - -<a href="images/chart5b6.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart V.</span> Section B. <span class="smcap">Chart VI.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartg"> - -<a href="images/chartg.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart G.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart7"> - -<a href="images/chart7.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart VII.</span></p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="charth"> - -<a href="images/charth.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart H.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart8"> - -<a href="images/chart8.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart VIII.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="charti"> - -<a href="images/charti.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart I.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart9a"> - -<a href="images/chart9a.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IX.</span> Section A.</p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartj"> - -<a href="images/chartj.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart J.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart9b"> - -<a href="images/chart9b.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IX.</span> Section B.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chartk"> - -<a href="images/chartk.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart K.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart9c"> - -<a href="images/chart9c.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IX.</span> Section C.</p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart9d"> - -<a href="images/chart9d.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IX.</span> Section D.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figchart" id="chart9e"> - -<a href="images/chart9e.jpg"><img class="chart" src="images/chart-thumbnail.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="If you're reading this on a device which supports links and images, you can click this thumbnail for an image of the full chart" /></a> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chart IX.</span> Section E.</p> - -<p>N = Normal. F = Feeble-minded. Sx = Sexually immoral. A = Alcoholic. I = Insane. Sy = Syphilitic. C = Criminalistic. D = Deaf. -d. inf. = died in infancy. T = Tuberculous. Hand points to child in Vineland Institution. For further explanation see pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> -<span class="smaller">WHAT IT MEANS</span></h2> - -<p>The foregoing charts and text tell a story as instructive -as it is amazing. We have here a family of good English -blood of the middle class, settling upon the original -land purchased from the proprietors of the state in -Colonial times, and throughout four generations maintaining -a reputation for honor and respectability of -which they are justly proud. Then a scion of this family, -in an unguarded moment, steps aside from the -paths of rectitude and with the help of a feeble-minded -girl, starts a line of mental defectives that is truly -appalling. After this mistake, he returns to the traditions -of his family, marries a woman of his own quality, -and through her carries on a line of respectability equal -to that of his ancestors.</p> - -<p>We thus have two series from two different mothers -but the same father. These extend for six generations. -Both lines live out their lives in practically the same -region and in the same environment, except in so far as -they themselves, because of their different characters, -changed that environment. Indeed, so close are they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -that in one case, a defective man on the bad side of the -family was found in the employ of a family on the -normal side and, although they are of the same name, -neither suspects any relationship.</p> - -<p>We thus have a natural experiment of remarkable -value to the sociologist and the student of heredity. -That we are dealing with a problem of true heredity, -no one can doubt, for, although of the descendants of -Martin Kallikak Jr. many married into feeble-minded -families and thus brought in more bad blood, yet Martin -Jr. himself married a normal woman, thus demonstrating -that the defect is transmitted through the -father, at least in this generation. Moreover, the -Kallikak family traits appear continually even down -to the present generation, and there are many qualities -that are alike in both the good and the bad families, -thus showing the strength and persistence of the ancestral -stock.</p> - -<p>The reader will recall the famous story of the Jukes -family published by Richard L. Dugdale in 1877, a -startling array of criminals, paupers, and diseased persons, -more or less related to each other and extending -over seven generations.</p> - -<p>Dr. Winship has undertaken to compare this family -with the descendants of Jonathan Edwards, and from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -this comparison to draw certain conclusions. It is a -striking comparison, but unfortunately not as conclusive -as we need in these days. The two families -were utterly independent, of different ancestral stock, -reared in different communities, even in different States, -and under utterly different environment.</p> - -<p>The one, starting from a strong, religious, and highly -educated ancestor, has maintained those traits and -traditions down to the present day and with remarkable -results; the other, starting without any of these advantages, -and under an entirely different environment, -has resulted in the opposite kind of descendants.</p> - -<p>It is not possible to convince the euthenist (who -holds that environment is the sole factor) that, had the -children of Jonathan Edwards and the children of “Old -Max” changed places, the results would not have been -such as to show that it was a question of environment -and not of heredity. And he cites to us the fact that -many children of highly developed parents degenerate -and become paupers and criminals, while on the other -hand, some children born of lowly and even criminal -parents take the opposite course and become respectable -and useful citizens.</p> - -<p>In as far as the children of “Old Max” were of -normal mentality, it is not possible to say what might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -not have become of them, had they had good training -and environment.</p> - -<p>Fortunately for the cause of science, the Kallikak -family, in the persons of Martin Kallikak Jr. and his -descendants, are not open to this argument. They -were feeble-minded, and no amount of education or -good environment can change a feeble-minded individual -into a normal one, any more than it can change a red-haired -stock into a black-haired stock. The striking -fact of the enormous proportion of feeble-minded individuals -in the descendants of Martin Kallikak Jr. -and the total absence of such in the descendants of his -half brothers and sisters is conclusive on this point. -Clearly it was not environment that has made that -good family. They made their environment; and their -own good blood, with the good blood in the families -into which they married, told.</p> - -<p>So far as the Jukes family is concerned, there is -nothing that proves the hereditary character of any of -the crime, pauperism, or prostitution that was found. -The most that one can say is that if such a family is -allowed to go on and develop in its own way unmolested, -it is pretty certain not to improve, but rather to propagate -its own kind and fill the world with degenerates -of one form or another. The formerly much discussed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -question of the hereditary character of crime received -no solution from the Jukes family, but in the light of -present-day knowledge of the sciences of criminology -and biology, there is every reason to conclude that -criminals are made and not born. The best material -out of which to make criminals, and perhaps the material -from which they are most frequently made, is -feeble-mindedness.</p> - -<p>The reader must remember that the type of feeble-mindedness -of which we are speaking is the one to which -Deborah belongs, that is, to the high grade, or moron. -All the facts go to show that this type of people makes -up a large percentage of our criminals. We may argue -<i lang="la">a priori</i> that such would be the case. Here we have a -group who, when children in school, cannot learn the -things that are given them to learn, because through -their mental defect, they are incapable of mastering -abstractions. They never learn to read sufficiently -well to make reading pleasurable or of practical use to -them. The same is true of number work. Under our -compulsory school system and our present courses of -study, we compel these children to go to school, and -attempt to teach them the three R’s, and even higher -subjects. Thus they worry along through a few grades -until they are fourteen years old and then leave school,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -not having learned anything of value or that can help -them to make even a meager living in the world. They -are then turned out inevitably dependent upon others. -A few have relatives who take care of them, see that -they learn to do something which perhaps will help in -their support, and then these relatives supplement -this with enough to insure them a living.</p> - -<p>A great majority, however, having no such interested -or capable relatives, become at once a direct burden -upon society. These divide according to temperament -into two groups. Those who are phlegmatic, sluggish, -indolent, simply lie down and would starve to death, if -some one did not help them. When they come to the -attention of our charitable organizations, they are -picked up and sent to the almshouse, if they cannot be -made to work. The other type is of the nervous, excitable, -irritable kind who try to make a living, and not -being able to do it by a fair day’s work and honest -wages, attempt to succeed through dishonest methods. -“Fraud is the force of weak natures.” These become -the criminal type. The kind of criminality into which -they fall seems to depend largely upon their environment. -If they are associated with vicious but intelligent -people, they become the dupes for carrying out -any of the hazardous schemes that their more intelligent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -associates plan for them. Because of their stupidity, -they are very apt to be caught quickly and sent to -the reformatory or prison. If they are girls, one of the -easiest things for them to fall into is a life of prostitution, -because they have natural instincts with no power -of control and no intelligence to understand the wiles -and schemes of the white slaver, the cadet, or the individual -seducer. All this, we say, is what is to be -expected. These are the people of good outward appearance, -but of low intelligence, who pass through -school without acquiring any efficiency, then go out into -the world and must inevitably fall into some such life -as we have pictured.</p> - -<p>Let us now turn to our public institutions. These -have not yet been sufficiently investigated, nor have -we adequate statistics to show what percentage of their -inmates is actually feeble-minded. But even casual -observation of our almshouse population shows the -majority to be of decidedly low mentality, while careful -tests would undoubtedly increase this percentage -very materially.</p> - -<p>In our insane hospitals may also be found a group -of people whom the physicians will tell you are only -partially demented. The fact is they properly belong -in an institution for feeble-minded, rather than in one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -for the insane, and have gotten into the latter because -an unenlightened public does not recognize the difference -between a person who has lost his mind and one who -never had one.</p> - -<p>In regard to criminality, we now have enough studies -to make us certain that at least 25 per cent of this class -is feeble-minded. One hundred admissions to the Rahway -Reformatory, taken in order of admission, show -at least 26 per cent of them distinctly feeble-minded, -with the certainty that the percentage would be much -higher if we included the border-line cases.</p> - -<p>An investigation of one hundred of the Juvenile -Court children in the Detention Home of the City of -Newark showed that 67 per cent of them were distinctly -feeble-minded. From this estimate are excluded children -who are yet too young for us to know definitely whether -the case is one of arrested development. This point -once determined would unquestionably swell the percentage -of defect.</p> - -<p>An examination of fifty-six girls from a Massachusetts -reformatory, but out on probation, showed that fifty-two -of them were distinctly feeble-minded. This was -partially a selected group, the basis being their troublesomeness; -they were girls who could not be made to -stay in the homes that were found for them, nor to do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -reasonable and sensible things in those homes, which -fact, of itself, pointed toward feeble-mindedness.</p> - -<p>The foregoing are figures based on actual test examinations -as to mental capacity. If we accept the estimates -of the mental condition of the inmates made by the -superintendents of reformatories and penal institutions, -we get sometimes a vastly higher percentage; <i>e.g.</i> the -Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory estimates -that at least 40 per cent of his inmates are mental -defectives.</p> - -<p>Indeed, it would not be surprising if careful examination -of the inmates of these institutions should show -that even 50 per cent of them are distinctly feeble-minded.</p> - -<p>In regard to prostitutes, we have no reliable figures. -The groups of delinquent girls to which we have already -referred included among the numbers several -that were already known as prostitutes. A simple -observation of persons who are leading this sort of life -will satisfy any one who is familiar with feeble-mindedness -that a large percentage of them actually are defective -mentally. So we have, as is claimed, partly -from statistical studies and partly from careful observation, -abundant evidence of the truth of our claim that -criminality is often made out of feeble-mindedness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> - -<p>Mr. Winship in his comparison of the Jukes and Edwards -families has strengthened our claim in this respect. -In all environments and under all conditions, -he shows the latter family blossoming out into distinguished -citizens, not primarily through anything from -without but through the imperious force within. Since -we may conclude that none of the Edwards family, -who are described by Dr. Winship, were feeble-minded, -therefore none of them became criminals or prostitutes. -But here again his argument is inconclusive because he -does not tell us of all the descendants.</p> - -<p>With equal safety it may be surmised that many of -the Jukes family (perhaps the original stock, indeed) -were feeble-minded and therefore easily lapsed into the -kind of lives that they are said to have lived.</p> - -<p>In the good branch of the Kallikak family there were -no criminals. There were not many in the other side, -but there were some, and, had their environment been -different, no one who is familiar with feeble-minded -persons, their characteristics and tendencies, would -doubt that a large percentage of them might have become -criminal. Lombroso’s famous criminal types, -in so far as they were types, may have been types of -feeble-mindedness on which criminality was grafted -by the circumstances of their environment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> - -<p>Such facts as those revealed by the Kallikak family -drive us almost irresistibly to the conclusion that before -we can settle our problems of criminality and pauperism -and all the rest of the social problems that are -taxing our time and money, the first and fundamental -step should be to decide upon the mental capacity of -the persons who make up these groups. We must -separate, as sharply as possible, those persons who are -weak-minded, and therefore irresponsible, from intelligent -criminals. Both our method of treatment and our -attitude towards crime will be changed when we discover -what part of this delinquency is due to irresponsibility.</p> - -<p>If the Jukes family were of normal intelligence, a -change of environment would have worked wonders -and would have saved society from the horrible blot. -But if they were feeble-minded, then no amount of -good environment could have made them anything -else than feeble-minded. Schools and colleges were -not for them, rather a segregation which would have -prevented them from falling into evil and from procreating -their kind, so avoiding the transmitting of their -defects and delinquencies to succeeding generations.</p> - -<p>Thus where the Jukes-Edwards comparison is weak -and the argument inconclusive, the twofold Kallikak -family is strong and the argument convincing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> - -<p>Environment does indeed receive some support from -three cases in our chart. On <a href="#chart2">Chart II</a>, two children -of Martin Jr. and Rhoda were normal, while all the -rest were feeble-minded. It is true that here one parent -was normal, and we have the right to expect some normal -children. At the same time, these were the two -children that were adopted into good families and -brought up under good surroundings. They proved -to be normal and their descendants normal. Again, -on <a href="#chart9a">Chart IX-a</a>, we have one child of two feeble-minded -parents who proves to be normal—the only one -among the children. This child was also taken into a -good family and brought up carefully. Another sister -(<a href="#chart9b">Chart IX-b</a>) was also taken into a good family and, -while not determined, yet “showed none of the traits -that are usually indicative of feeble-mindedness.” It -may be claimed that environment is responsible for -this good result. It is certainly significant that the -only children in these families that were normal, or at -least better than the rest, were brought up in good -families.</p> - -<p>However, it would seem to be rather dangerous to -base any very positive hope on environment in the -light of these charts, taken as a whole. There are too -many other possible explanations of the anomaly, <i>e.g.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -these cases may have been high-grade morons, who, to -the untrained person, would seem so nearly normal, -that at this late day it would be impossible to find -any one who would remember their traits well enough to -enable us to classify them as morons.</p> - -<p>We must not forget that, on <a href="#chart9e">Chart IX-e</a>, we also have -the daughter of Justin taken into a good family and -carefully brought up, but in spite of all that, she proved -to be feeble-minded. The same is probably true of -Deborah’s half brother.</p> - -<p>We have claimed that criminality resulting from -feeble-mindedness is mainly a matter of environment, -yet it must be acknowledged that there are wide differences -in temperament and that, while this one branch -of the Kallikak family was mentally defective, there -was no strong tendency in it towards that which our -laws recognize as criminality. In other families there -is, without doubt, a much greater tendency to crime, so -that the lack of criminals in this particular case, far -from detracting from our argument, really strengthens -it. It must be recognized that there is much more liability -of criminals resulting from mental defectiveness -in certain families than in others, probably because of -difference in the strength of some instincts.</p> - -<p>This difference in temperament is perhaps nowhere<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -better brought out than in the grandparents of Deborah. -The grandfather belonging to the Kallikak family -had the temperament and characteristics of that family, -which, while they did not lead him into positive criminality -of high degree, nevertheless did make him a -bad man of a positive type, a drunkard, a sex pervert, -and all that goes to make up a bad character.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, his wife and her family were -simply stupid, with none of the pronounced tendencies -to evil that were shown in the Kallikak family. They -were not vicious, nor given over to bad practices of any -sort. But they were inefficient, without power to get -on in the world, and they transmitted these qualities -to their descendants.</p> - -<p>Thus, of the children of this pair, the grandparents of -Deborah, the sons have been active and positive in their -lives, the one being a horse thief, the other a sexual -pervert, having the alcoholic tendency of his father, -while the daughters are quieter and more passive. -Their dullness, however, does not amount to imbecility. -Deborah’s mother herself was of a high type of moron, -with a certain quality which carried with it an element -of refinement. Her sister was the passive victim of her -father’s incestuous practice and later married a normal -man. Another sister was twice married, the first time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -through the agency of the good woman who attended to -the legalizing of Deborah’s mother’s alliances, the last -time, the man, being normal, attended to this himself. -He was old and only wanted a housekeeper, and this -woman, having been strictly raised in an excellent -family, was famous as a cook, so this arrangement -seemed to him best. None of these sisters ever objected -to the marriage ceremony when the matter was -attended to for them, but they never seem to have -thought of it as necessary when living with any man.</p> - -<p>The stupid helplessness of Deborah’s mother in regard -to her own impulses is shown by the facts of her -life. Her first child had for its father a farm hand; the -father of the second and third (twins) was a common -laborer on the railroad. Deborah’s father was a young -fellow, normal indeed, but loose in his morals, who, -along with others, kept company with the mother while -she was out at service. After Deborah’s birth in the -almshouse, the mother had been taken with her child -into a good family. Even in this guarded position, -she was sought out by a feeble-minded man of low -habits. Every possible means was employed to separate -the pair, but without effect. Her mistress then -insisted that they marry, and herself attended to all the -details. After Deborah’s mother had borne this man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -two children, the pair went to live on the farm of an -unmarried man possessing some property, but little -intelligence. The husband was an imbecile who had -never provided for his wife. She was still pretty, almost -girlish—the farmer was good-looking, and soon -the two were openly living together and the husband -had left. As the facts became known, there was considerable -protest in the neighborhood, but no active -steps were taken until two or three children had been -born. Finally, a number of leading citizens, headed -by the good woman before alluded to, took the matter -up in earnest. They found the husband and persuaded -him to allow them to get him a divorce. Then they -compelled the farmer to marry the woman. He agreed, -on condition that the children which were not his -should be sent away. It was at this juncture that -Deborah was brought to the Training School.</p> - -<p>In visiting the mother in her present home and in -talking with her over different phases of her past life, -several things are evident; there has been no malice -in her life nor voluntary reaction against social order, -but simply a blind following of impulse which never -rose to objective consciousness. Her life has utterly -lacked coördination—there has been no reasoning -from cause to effect, no learning of any lesson. She<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -has never known shame; in a word, she has never -struggled and never suffered. Her husband is a -selfish, sullen, penurious person who gives his wife -but little money, so that she often resorts to selling soap -and other things among her neighbors to have something -to spend. At times she works hard in the field as a -farm hand, so that it cannot be wondered at that her -house is neglected and her children unkempt. Her -philosophy of life is the philosophy of the animal. -There is no complaining, no irritation at the inequalities -of fate. Sickness, pain, childbirth, death—she accepts -them all with the same equanimity as she accepts -the opportunity of putting a new dress and a gay ribbon -on herself and children and going to a Sunday School -picnic. There is no rising to the comprehension of the -possibilities which life offers or of directing circumstances -to a definite, higher end. She has a certain -fondness for her children, but is incapable of real solicitude -for them. She speaks of those who were placed -in homes and is glad to see their pictures, and has a -sense of their belonging to her, but it is faint, remote, and -in no way bound up with her life. She is utterly helpless -to protect her older daughters, now on the verge -of womanhood, from the dangers that beset them, or to -inculcate in them any ideas which would lead to self-control<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -or to the directing of their lives in an orderly -manner.</p> - -<p>The same lack is strikingly shown, if we turn our -attention to the question of alcoholism in this family. -We learn from a responsible member of the good branch -of the family that the appetite for alcoholic stimulants -has been strong in the past in this family and that several -members in recent generations have been more or -less addicted to its use. Only two have actually allowed -it to get the better of them to the extent that they -became incapacitated. Both were physicians. In the -other branch, however, with the weakened mentality, -we find twenty-four victims of this habit so pronounced -that they were public nuisances. We have taken no -account of the much larger number who were also addicted -to its use, but who did not become so bad as to -be considered alcoholic in our category.</p> - -<p>Thus we see that the normal mentality of the good -branch of the family was able to cope successfully with -this intense thirst, while the weakened mentality on the -other side was unable to escape, and many fell victims -to this appalling habit.</p> - -<p>It is such facts as these, taken as we find them, not -only in this family but in many of the other families -whose records we are soon to publish, that lead us to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -the conclusion that drunkenness is, to a certain extent -at least, the result of feeble-mindedness and that one -way to reduce drunkenness is first to determine the -mentally defective people, and save them from the -environment which would lead them into this abuse.</p> - -<p>Again, eight of the descendants of the degenerate -Kallikak branch were keepers of houses of ill fame, and -that in spite of the fact that they mostly lived in a rural -community where such places do not flourish as they do -in large cities.</p> - -<p>In short, whereas in the Jukes-Edwards comparison -we have no sound basis for argument, because the families -were utterly different and separate, in the Kallikak -family the conclusion seems thoroughly logical. We -have, as it were, a natural experiment with a normal -branch with which to compare our defective side. We -have the one ancestor giving us a line of normal people -that shows thoroughly good all the way down the generations, -with the exception of the one man who was -sexually loose and the two who gave way to the appetite -for strong drink.</p> - -<p>This is our norm, our standard, our demonstration of -what the Kallikak blood is when kept pure, or mingled -with blood as good as its own.</p> - -<p>Over against this we have the bad side, the blood of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> -the same ancestor contaminated by that of the nameless -feeble-minded girl.</p> - -<p>From this comparison the conclusion is inevitable -that all this degeneracy has come as the result of the -defective mentality and bad blood having been brought -into the normal family of good blood, first from the -nameless feeble-minded girl and later by additional -contaminations from other sources.</p> - -<p>The biologist could hardly plan and carry out a more -rigid experiment or one from which the conclusions -would follow more inevitably.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">FURTHER FACTS ABOUT THE KALLIKAK FAMILY</span></h2> - -<p>Although the foregoing facts, figures, and charts -show conclusively the difference between good heredity -and bad and the result of introducing mental deficiency -into the family blood, yet because it is so difficult actually -to appreciate the situation, because facts and figures -do not have flesh and blood reality in them, we give in -this chapter a few cases, graphically written up by -our field worker, to show the differences in the types -of people on the two sides of the family. These are -only a few of the many, but are fairly typical of the -condition of things that was found throughout the -investigation. On the bad side we have the type of -family which the social worker meets continually and -which makes most of our social problems. A study -of it will help to account for the conviction we have -that no amount of work in the slums or removing the -slums from our cities will ever be successful until we take -care of those who make the slums what they are. Unless -the two lines of work go on together, either one is -bound to be futile in itself. If all of the slum districts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -of our cities were removed to-morrow and model tenements -built in their places, we would still have slums in -a week’s time, because we have these mentally defective -people who can never be taught to live otherwise -than as they have been living. Not until we take care -of this class and see to it that their lives are guided -by intelligent people, shall we remove these sores from -our social life.</p> - -<p>There are Kallikak families all about us. They are -multiplying at twice the rate of the general population, -and not until we recognize this fact, and work on this -basis, will we begin to solve these social problems.</p> - -<p>The following pictures from life have been prepared -by our field worker, Miss Elizabeth S. Kite, and besides -giving an idea of the family, they will also show something -of her method, and enable the reader to judge of -the reliability of the data.</p> - -<p class="tb">On one of the coldest days in winter the field worker -visited the street in a city slum where three sons of -Joseph (<a href="#chart9d">Chart IX, section D</a>) live. She had previously -tested several of the children of these families in the -public school and found them, in amiability of character -and general mentality, strikingly like our own -Deborah, lacking, however, her vitality. There was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -no fire in their eyes, but a languid dreamy look, which -was partly due, no doubt, to unwholesome city environment. -In one house she found the family group—six -human beings, two cats, and two dogs—huddled in a -small back room around a cook stove, the only fire in -the house. In this room were accumulated all the -paraphernalia of living. A boy of eleven, who had -been tested in the school previously, was standing by -the fire with a swollen face. He had been kept home -on this account. In a rocking-chair, a little girl of -twelve was holding a pale-faced, emaciated baby. In -the corner two boys were openly exposing themselves. -The mother was making her toilet by the aid of a comb -and basin of water, set on the hearth of the stove; a pot -and kettle were on top. The entrance of the field -worker caused no commotion of any kind. The boy -with the swollen face looked up and smiled, the mother -smiled and went on with her toilet, the girl with the baby -smiled, the boys in the corner paid no attention. A -chair was finally cleared off and she sat down, while -everybody smiled. She learned that the husband made -a dollar a day and that the girl next older than the -child of twelve was married and had a baby. Another -younger girl was at school, the family having been at -last able to provide her with shoes. The girl of twelve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -should have been at school, according to the law, but -when one saw her face, one realized it made no difference. -She was pretty, with olive complexion and dark, -languid eyes, but there was no mind there. Stagnation -was the word written in large characters over -everything. Benumbed by this display of human -degeneracy, the field worker went out into the icy -street.</p> - -<p class="tb">A short distance farther on, she came to the home -of another brother. The hideous picture that presented -itself as the door opened to her knock was one -never to be forgotten. In the first home, the type was -no lower than moron. One felt that when winter was -over and spring had come, the family would expand -into a certain expression of life—but here, no such -outlook was possible, for the woman at the head of this -house was an imbecile. In one arm she held a frightful -looking baby, while she had another by the hand. -Vermin were visible all over her. In the room were a -few chairs and a bed, the latter without any washable -covering and filthy beyond description. There was no -fire, and both mother and babies were thinly clad. -They did not shiver, however, nor seem to mind. The -oldest girl, a vulgar, repulsive creature of fifteen, came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> -into the room and stood looking at the stranger. She -had somehow managed to live. All the rest of the -children, except the two that the mother was carrying, -had died in infancy.</p> - -<p class="tb">The following is a story of Guss, whose position will -be found on <a href="#chart9a">Chart IX, section A</a>.</p> - -<p>When young, he married a normal girl who belonged -to a decent family, but had no education. After a few -months the mother of our Deborah came to visit them. -She was then a young girl, ready to associate with any -man who would look at her. The two behaved so -badly that the wife turned her out. This was the first -knowledge the wife had of the character of her husband. -She lived with him ten years or more. In that time -he did not average three months’ work out of twelve, -so she had, practically, to support him and her ever -increasing family. She knew that he was untrue to her, -but there was no way to prove it. At last she seemed -to grasp the situation. She began to believe that there -was something wrong with him mentally,—wrong with -the whole family,—so she decided to leave him. She -took her six living children, rented another house and -turned him adrift. He went at once to live with a -feeble-minded girl belonging to a low-grade family of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -the neighborhood. Soon after this girl’s child was born -he left her, becoming promiscuous in his relations. At -one time, he and two of his cousins spent the best part -of two days and nights in a tree to elude the police, -who were searching for them and another man, all of -whom had been accused by a girl then in confinement. -When the other man was caught and made to marry -the girl, they came down.</p> - -<p>In 1904, this scion of the Kallikak family, Guss, went -off with a gypsy camp and was married to one of the -women. For some time he stayed with the camp, following -them into another State. In the neighborhood -where they located, a murder was committed which -was fastened upon the gypsies and finally settled upon -him. A great sensation was raised in the papers about -it. He was arrested, but finally cleared of the charge, -though not until he was effectually cured of his love for -gypsy life.</p> - -<p>In 1907,—and here comes the most infamous part -of the story,—a minister married Guss to his own first -cousin, a woman of questionable character. The witnesses -were Guss’s sister and her husband. Every one -concerned, except the minister, knew that around the -corner, in a little street, so near that at certain hours -of the day the shadow of the church spire under which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> -they were standing fell upon it, was a house in which -Guss’s lawful wife was living and working to support -his children. The minister, too, might have known, -had he taken the least trouble, and thus have been -spared the ignominy of uniting two such beings with -this travesty of the blessing of heaven. Soon after -their union, this couple ceased to live together—Guss -going off with another woman and his wife with another -man.</p> - -<p>The field worker was not able to locate Guss, but she -found that a minister farther up the State had, in 1910, -married his late wife to the man with whom she was -living. The couple, however, had gotten wind that -some one was looking for them, so when the field -worker arrived, she found that they had moved on, -leaving no address.</p> - -<p>The following story shows the continuation of these -conditions into the next generation:—</p> - -<p>It was considered desirable to see the illegitimate son -of Guss, who had been born to the feeble-minded girl -after Guss had been turned adrift by his lawful wife. -This child had had, when young, a severe attack of -scarlet fever which deprived him of his hearing. He -had been admitted into a home for deaf children, but -the mother had taken him out. It was learned that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -this girl had married her own cousin and that the pair -were living on the outskirts of a country town, with -this deaf boy and four of their own children.</p> - -<p>Arrived at this place, the field worker first sought the -school where these children were supposed to go, hoping -to obtain some light on the question of their mentality -and also to learn their school record. She found that -they so seldom attended school that the teacher could -give very little information regarding them. By dint -of persistent inquiry, the family was discovered living -in the back shed of a dilapidated country tenement.</p> - -<p>It was a bitter, cold day in February and about -eleven in the morning when the field worker knocked -at the door. Used as she was to sights of misery and -degradation, she was hardly prepared for the spectacle -within. The father, a strong, healthy, broad-shouldered -man, was sitting helplessly in a corner. The -mother, a pretty woman still, with remnants of ragged -garments drawn about her, sat in a chair, the picture -of despondency. Three children, scantily clad and -with shoes that would barely hold together, stood about -with drooping jaws and the unmistakable look of the -feeble-minded. Another child, neither more intelligent -nor better clad, was attempting to wash a few greasy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> -dishes in cold water. The deaf boy was nowhere to be -seen. On being urgently requested, the mother went -out of the room to get him, for he was not yet out of bed. -In a few moments she returned. The boy with her -wore an old suit that evidently was made to do service -by night as well as by day. A glance sufficed to establish -his mentality, which was low. The whole family -was a living demonstration of the futility of trying to -make desirable citizens from defective stock through -making and enforcing compulsory education laws. -Here were children who seldom went to school because -they seldom had shoes, but when they went, had neither -will nor power to learn anything out of books. The -father himself, though strong and vigorous, showed by his -face that he had only a child’s mentality. The mother -in her filth and rags was also a child. In this house -of abject poverty, only one sure prospect was ahead, -that it would produce more feeble-minded children -with which to clog the wheels of human progress. The -laws of the country will not permit children ten years -old to marry. Why should they permit it when the -mentality is only ten? These and similar questions -kept ringing through the field worker’s mind as she -made her way laboriously over the frozen road to the -station.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> - -<p>Early in the course of this investigation, it had been -learned that the father of Deborah’s mother had come, -when a young man, to the prosperous rural community -where his daughter was living at the time of our investigation. -The informant could not say whence he -had come, but the name of a person was given who was -supposed to know. Many fruitless attempts to find -this person were made before the object was attained. -When at last discovered, she turned out to be an elderly -lady of refinement and culture. Strangely enough, -long afterwards it was learned that she was connected -with the good side of the Kallikak family, but was all -unconscious of the relationship which existed between -it and the degenerate branch. She was delighted to -go back in memory and recall impressions made on her -mind in youth.</p> - -<p>She had been raised in B——, a town at the foot of a -mountain chain upon whose top the grandfather of -Deborah’s grandfather, Martin Kallikak Jr., had always -lived. When she was a little girl, he was a very old -man. She remembered being taken to drive, when a -child, and seeing the old hut on the mountain, where he -lived with his strange daughters, “Old Moll,” “Old -Sal,” and Jemima. The dilapidated dwelling, with its -windows bulging with rags, formed a picture she had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -never forgotten. There were in her mind floating -memories of great scandals connected with these women -and their lonely mountain hut. The father went by -the name of the “Old Horror,” and as she remembered -him, he was always unwashed and drunk. At election -time, he never failed to appear in somebody’s cast-off -clothing, ready to vote, for the price of a drink, the -donor’s ticket.</p> - -<p>This information, coming when it did, seemed amazing -and carried with it the probability of establishing -the certainty of defect transmitted through five generations. -But the town in question was remote and the -probability of finding any living person able to give -accurate information seemed so slight that nothing -further was done in this direction for many months.</p> - -<p>In the meantime, the families of the fifteen brothers -and sisters of Deborah’s grandfather had been worked -out, and the names of several living relatives back in -the mountain ascertained. The time was ripe.</p> - -<p>Appealing for a night’s lodging at the home of a retired -farmer, the field worker was fortunate enough to -be received. As the hostess was showing her to a room, -she asked tentatively, “You have lived in B—— a -long time?” “About sixty-five years,” was the pleasant -reply. “So, then, you know something of most of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -the old families?” “There are not many old residents -of B—— with whose history I am not familiar.” Then -followed a few cautious questions in regard to the Kallikak -family which drew forth answers that soon convinced -the field worker she was on solid ground and -could advance without wasting time in needless precautions. -At this juncture, the supper bell rang. In -the dining room the acquaintance of the host was -made. When the meal was over, the couple turned -their united attention to the problem put before them. -“Why,” the host began, when he comprehended what -was wanted, “do you know that is the worst nest -you’re getting into, in the whole country? The mountains -back here are full of these people; I can point out -to you where every one of them lives.” Then he -turned to the table and began to sketch a map of the -mountain roads which must be followed next day. In -the midst of this he paused, as though an idea had come -to him, then he said hesitatingly, “You see, it’s -really impossible for a stranger like you to find all these -people. Some of them live on obscure back roads that -you could hardly get at without a guide. Now, my -time is of no value, and if you will permit me, I will -gladly serve in that capacity myself.” Needless to -say, his services were thankfully accepted, with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> -result that nearly two hundred persons were added to -Deborah’s family chart.</p> - -<p>This proved, however, only the beginning of the -study that has been made of the family in the vicinity -of B——. Numerous visits to many homes, always -from the center of the genial couple’s house, have made -the field worker such a well-known figure among these -people, that they long ago forgot what little surprise -they may have felt at her first visit. “You’re one of -the family?” was frequently asked her at the beginning. -“No, not really, only as I know so many of -your cousins and aunts and uncles, I thought, since I -was in B——, I would like to know you.” This usually -sufficed, but if it did not, the field worker was able so to -inundate the questioner with information about his -own relatives, that before she was through, he had forgotten -that anything remained unanswered. The relation -once established, no further explanation was -necessary. She was able to go in and out among them, -study their mentality, awake their reminiscences, until -finally the whole story was told.</p> - -<p>Besides members of the family, numerous old people -were here and there discovered who were able to add -materially to the information otherwise obtained. -One shrewd old farmer who was found tottering in from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -the field proved to be of especial service in determining -the mental status of Martin Kallikak Jr. In introducing -herself, the field worker had spoken of her interest -in Revolutionary times and of having come to him because -she had been told that he was well informed as -to the history of the locality. “Yes,” he said, with -excusable pride, as he led the way to the kitchen steps -descending into the garden, “not much has happened -in this place for the last seventy years in which I have -not taken an active part. Do you see that tree there?” -and he pointed to a fine maple that threw its luxuriant -shade over the path that led to the barn. “The day my -wife and I came here sixty years ago, we planted that -tree. It was a little sapling then, and see what it has -become!” After much more talk she cautiously put -the question, “Do you remember an old man, Martin -Kallikak, who lived on the mountain edge yonder?” -“Do I?” he answered. “Well, I guess! Nobody’d -forget him. Simple,” he went on; “not quite right -here,” tapping his head, “but inoffensive and kind. -All the family was that. Old Moll, simple as she was, -would do anything for a neighbor. She finally died—burned -to death in the chimney corner. She had come -in drunk and sat down there. Whether she fell over -in a fit or her clothes caught fire, nobody knows. She<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -was burned to a crisp when they found her. That was -the worst of them, they would drink. Poverty was -their best friend in this respect, or they would have -been drunk all the time. Old Martin could never stop -as long as he had a drop. Many’s the time he’s rolled -off of Billy Parson’s porch. Billy always had a barrel -of cider handy. He’d just chuckle to see old Martin -drink and drink until finally he’d lose his balance and -over he’d go! But Horser—he was a case! I saw -him once after I’d heard he was going to marry Jemima. -I looked him over and said, ‘Well, if you aren’t a fine-looking -specimen to think of marrying anybody!’ -and he answered, ‘I guess you’re right—I aren’t much, -but I guess I’ll do fer Jemima.’</p> - -<p>“Such scandals as there were when those girls were -young!” he continued. “You see, there was a fast -set of young men in B—— in those days, lawyers, who -didn’t care what they did. One of them got paid back, -though, for Jemima wanted to put her child on the -town, and they made her tell who was its father. Then -he had to give something for its support, and she gave it -this man’s full name. I saw him one day soon afterward -and he was boiling with rage. All the comfort -I gave him was to say, ‘I don’t see but what you’re -getting your just deserts, for if anybody wants to play -with the pot, they must expect to get blackened!’</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" id="illus11" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus11.jpg" width="300" height="400" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Great-grandson of “Daddy” Kallikak.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">This boy is an imbecile of the Mongolian type.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" id="illus12" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus12.jpg" width="300" height="400" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Malinda, Daughter of “Jemima.”</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p>“By the way! Do you know that old Martin had -a half brother Frederick—as fine a man as the country -owned—who lived about twenty miles from here? -You see, Martin’s mother was a young girl in Revolutionary -times when Martin’s father was a soldier. -Afterwards he went back home and married a respectable -woman.”</p> - -<p>“Did you ever see the mother of old Martin?” the -field worker asked. “No, she was dead before my time, -but I have heard the folks talk about her. She lived -in the woods not far from here. Dear me!” he went -on, “it’s been so long since I’ve thought of these people -that many things I forget, but it would all come back -to me in time.”</p> - -<p>Two daughters of Jemima lived in B——. A little -study of Chart V, sections <a href="#chart5a">A</a> and <a href="#chart5b6">B</a>, will place them in -their relation to the rest of the family and give the -chief facts of their lives. Little more need be added. -One of them was early put out to service and later -married a cobbler to whom she has borne many children. -She is not known to have had any illegitimate offspring, -but if she escaped, her daughter has made up for -her deficiency in this respect. The other sister grew -up in the mountain hut with her mother, and was living -there when her grandfather died. Her husband and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> -most of her children are defective, but there are two by -unknown fathers who are normal. One of these, a -girl of considerable ability, supports herself and mother -in a decent way and is respected by her townspeople. -The mother is tall, lean, angular, much resembling -Jemima, except that the latter was even more masculine. -Many are the living inhabitants of B—— to whom -the old woman was a well-known figure, for she often -came down into the town bringing berries to sell, her -large feet shod with heavy boots, her skirts short, while -her sharp, angular features were hidden in the depths -of a huge sunbonnet. She thus formed a striking picture -that could not easily be forgotten.</p> - -<p>A third daughter of Jemima had gone to Brooklyn to -live, and the question kept repeating itself, “What will -she be like?” and this all the more because of the uncertainty -of the parentage on the father’s side. Perhaps -he was a normal man. Perhaps this will prove to be -a normal woman and so break the dead monotony of -this line of defectives.</p> - -<p>In a back tenement, after passing through a narrow -alley, the home of this woman was found. It was about -ten o’clock in the morning. After climbing a dark and -narrow stairway, one came to a landing from which -a view could be had of the interior of the apartment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> -In one room was a frowsled young woman in tawdry -rags, her hair unkempt, her face streaked with black, -while on the floor two dirty, half-naked children were -rolling. At the sight of a stranger, they all came forward. -The field worker made her way as best she -could, across heaps of junk that cluttered the room, -to a chair by an open window through which a breath -of outside air could be obtained. On the bureau by -the window a hideous diseased cat was curled in the -sunshine. The mother, Jemima’s daughter, was not at -home, but the woman who had presented herself was -her daughter, and these were the grandchildren. The -woman’s feeble-mindedness made it possible to ask her -question after question, such as could not have been -put to a normal person. Her answers threw a flood of -light upon the general depravity of life under such -conditions. When the mother at last arrived, she -proved to be of a type somewhat different from anything -before encountered in this family. She appeared -to be criminalistic, or at least capable of developing -along that line. Unfortunately, the visit could not -either be prolonged or repeated, so that no satisfactory -study was made.</p> - -<p>In the city, the individual is lost in the very immensity -of the crowd that surrounds him, so that his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> -individual actions, except such as he himself chooses to -reveal or can be made to reveal, are lost to the people -about him; therefore there was little hope of obtaining -much side light on the problem here presented. During -the short interview the older woman showed unmistakable -signs of wanting to appear respectable in the midst -of her depravity, something quite characteristic of the -high-grade moron type in the family. She was friendly -and distinctly more intelligent than her daughter, but -there was little more will power or ability to cope with -the problems of life. One of her daughters had disappeared -off the face of the earth a few years before—there -had been a baby—that was all they knew. She -was working at Coney Island. One day she came home -and, when she left the next morning, it was the last they -ever saw of her. A brother of the girl had also disappeared -in much the same way.</p> - -<p>The field worker left the tenement with the positive -assurance that environment without strict personal -supervision made little difference when it was a question -of the feeble-minded.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus13" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus13.jpg" width="400" height="260" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Great-grandchildren of “Old Sal.”</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus14" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus14.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Children of Guss Saunders, with their Grandmother.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p>Owing to the courtesy of the County Superintendent -and the intelligent coöperation of the teachers, it was -possible to apply the Binet tests to all the descendants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> -of Martin Kallikak who could be found in the schools. -The request for this had been made in a way to give -no clew to the particular purpose underlying the search. -By selecting from every class one or two bright pupils -to take the tests along with the dull ones, all personal -element was eliminated. As children everywhere are -found to delight in the tests, only those who were not -called out were disappointed.</p> - -<p>A morning was spent in a schoolhouse situated on the -top of a bold, rocky ledge that went by the picturesque -name of Hard Scrabble. It was within a quarter of a -mile of the ruins of Martin Kallikak’s hut, and a number -of his descendants were enrolled among its pupils.</p> - -<p>One of the grandsons of “Old Sal” lived on a farm -near Cedarhill, several miles farther up the ridge. This -man, Guss Saunders by name, had been reported to be -the father of a large family. Nothing, however, had -been learned of him beyond the facts stated, and therefore -the inference was that he had turned out better -than the rest of his brothers. It had been to determine -this matter that the long ride was undertaken.</p> - -<p>Arrived at the farm, the question of the mentality of -this family was quickly answered. Desolation and -ruin became more apparent at every step. The front -of the large farmhouse was quite deserted, but following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> -a few tracks the back door was reached. Such an -unwonted spectacle as a visitor attracted instant attention. -The door opened, revealing a sight to which, alas, -the field worker was only too accustomed. She gazed -aghast at what appeared to her to be a procession of -imbeciles. The tall, emaciated, staggering man at the -head braced himself against a tree, while the rest stopped -and stood with a fixed, stupid stare. Quickly regaining -control, the field worker said pleasantly, “Good -afternoon, Mr. Saunders. I hope you don’t mind my -intruding on you this way, but you see I am looking up -the children of the neighborhood, and I was sorry not -to find any of yours in the Cedarhill school to-day.” -He at once thought he had to do with a school inspector, -and his answer bears no setting forth in print. It was -an incoherent, disjointed, explosive protest against -school laws in general and fate in particular. It was -mixed up with convulsive sobs, while his bleared, swollen -eyes brimmed over with tears. The field worker began -to feel real sympathy for the man, although she knew -that he was drunk and that drunkards are easily moved -to tears. “Oh, I am sorry for you,” she said; “your -wife then is dead, is she?” “Yes, she’s dead!” he -answered with a wild gesture, “they took her right -out of that room—they said they’d cure her, if I’d let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> -her go. You can see the doctors in B——, they know -all about it—they’ll tell you what they done—they -took her away, and she never come back—Oh!” -Stifling his sobs, he went on, “And now they say I -am to send my children to school—and what can I do? -Look there!” pointing to a lump of humanity, a girl -who, at first glance, had thrown her imbecilic shadow -over the whole group, making them all look imbecilic—“do -you see that girl? She’s always fallin’ into fits, -and nobody can’t do nothin’ with her.” Breaking in -here, the field worker said, “But, Mr. Saunders, you -ought not to have the burden and the care of that girl; -she could be made so happy and comfortable in a place -where they understand such cases. You ought—” -The field worker could get no farther. His eyes suddenly -assumed a wild, desperate look and he burst out, -“No, no! They’ll never get her. They tried it once, -but they didn’t get her. They took my wife away and -she never came back—they’ll never get her!” A few -soothing words to allay the storm she had unconsciously -raised, another expression of sympathy, and the -field worker drove away, pondering deeply the meaning -of what had been seen and heard.</p> - -<p>We have come to the point where we no longer leave -babies or little children to die uncared for in our streets,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -but who has yet thought of caring intelligently for the -vastly more pathetic child-man or child-woman, who -through matured sex powers, which they do not understand, -fill our land with its overflowing measure of misery -and crime? Such thoughts as these filled the mind -of the field worker on the ride home.</p> - -<p>Arrived at B——, her first care was to obtain an interview -with the doctor who had attended Guss’s wife -when she died. She found him ready to explain all he -could of the family which he had always known and -attended. “The mother,” he said, “was a kind-hearted, -simple-minded soul, who tended as best she could to the -needs of her family.” The epileptic girl, he explained, -had always been a great care, and the doctor himself, -aided by several prominent citizens, had taken the -trouble to complete all necessary arrangements for having -her admitted to the epileptic colony at Skillman. -The father, however, could never be made to give his -consent. The mother was still quite young when she -was carrying her eleventh child. Some accident happened -which threatened her with a miscarriage. The -doctor was summoned. He saw that it was a serious -case and sent for two other physicians in consultation. -It was decided that an immediate operation was necessary, -if the woman’s life was to be saved. They succeeded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> -in persuading Guss to allow her to be removed -to the hospital. Their efforts, however, were unavailing; -she died under the operation.</p> - -<p>On the outskirts of B—— lived the owner of the Cedarhill -farm worked by Guss Saunders. He proved to be -an intelligent man, with an admirably appointed home. -He was keenly alive to the needs of the family, about -which the field worker came to inquire. “The pity -about Guss,” he began, “is that he can never let drink -alone. Why, do you know, if I paid that man wages, -he’d use every cent for rum. I ceased giving him money -long ago, for if I had, the town would have had to look -after his children. I give him credit at the store, and -they supply him with what he needs.”</p> - -<p class="tb">The foregoing glimpses of the defective branch of the -Kallikak family must suffice, though the field worker’s -memory and notebook contain many similar instances.</p> - -<p class="tb">In turning to describe the other branch of the family, -two difficulties confront the writer.</p> - -<p>First, the question of identification. The persons -already described are either gone and have left nothing -behind them by which they can be identified, or, if -living, will never recognize themselves in this book.</p> - -<p>The opposite is true of the good family. Some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -them will recognize themselves, but the public must not -discover them. To insure this, the writer must refrain -from telling the very facts that would give the story its -most interesting touches.</p> - -<p>The second difficulty is that a description of the activity -of a normal family of respectability and usefulness -is never as interesting as the bizarre experiences of -the abnormal.</p> - -<p>Hence the reader will find in the following sketches -only such facts as will show the thoroughly normal and -regular family life of the intelligent citizens of a commonwealth.</p> - -<p>In a certain village of New Jersey, lying picturesquely -on the crest of a hill, is a graveyard where Martin Kallikak -Sr. and several of his immediate descendants lie -peacefully at rest. He had in his lifetime a great passion -for the accumulation of land and left large farms -to most of his children. These farms lie in the vicinity -of the aforesaid village. Some of them are still in the -possession of his descendants, while others have passed -into strangers’ hands. On the hill above this village -is a stucco farmhouse in a fine state of preservation. -It belonged to Amos—lineal descendant of one of the -colonial governors of New Jersey and to Elizabeth, -daughter of Martin Kallikak Sr. The farm is, at present,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -in the possession of the widow of Elizabeth’s grandson, -the latter having been a minister in New York City. -In renting the farm, the family has always retained a -wing of the house, which, although remodeled, still -presents much the same appearance as in the days of -Amos and Elizabeth. There is the same fireplace, the -same high-backed chairs, the clock, desk, and china -cupboard. Every summer the family has come back to -the old place to enjoy the country air, the luscious -grapes and other fruit planted by their ancestor.</p> - -<p>On another hill, less than two miles distant, lives a -granddaughter of the same Amos and Elizabeth. Her -father had been, in his day, one of the wealthiest and -most prominent citizens of the community. In an old -desk, part of his inheritance from his mother, was found -a number of valuable papers belonging to the Kallikak -family. One of these is the famous deed of the original -purchase made in 17— by Casper Kallikak, signed by -the governor of the colony. These papers the daughter -guards with great pride. She is a woman of ability -and manages her large farm with admirable skill. The -splendid old homestead, which has been remodeled and -fitted up with all modern conveniences, was built by -her mother’s ancestor. Although she is deeply interested -in all family matters, she has been too much engrossed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> -in business affairs to have given this subject -much attention. A daughter of hers, however, who has -inherited the taste, has been able to make up for her -mother’s lack in this respect. The young woman is -now married, and her oldest son bears the united name -of his two ancestors, the colonial governor and Martin -Kallikak.</p> - -<p>Miriam, the oldest daughter of Martin Sr., married -a man who was a carpenter and a farmer. Although of -good family, yet, for some unknown reason, he was not -personally acceptable to Martin or his wife. Miriam -died when only thirty-six years old, and her husband -married again. In his will, Martin makes no mention -of his grandchildren by this daughter. They have been -respectable farming people, but have never held the -same social position as the other members of the family.</p> - -<p>Martin’s third daughter, Susan, married a man descended -from a family conspicuous in the colonial history -of New Jersey and which counts among its members -one of the founders of Princeton University, while -a collateral branch furnished a signer to the Declaration -of Independence. One of Susan’s sons is still living, -having attained the advanced age of ninety-eight. -He is a resident of the town that bears his family name -and has always been conspicuous as a loyal and upright<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> -citizen. To-day, the old man has quite lost his mental -power but retains his courteous manner and placid -gentlemanly countenance.</p> - -<p>In a central region of northern New Jersey, remote -from any direct line of travel, lies a town named for -one of the families connected with the earliest settlement -of the colony. This family rose to distinction in -many of its branches, but honors itself chiefly for having -produced one of the most brilliant advocates of the -cause of Independence of which New Jersey can boast. -He was descended on his mother’s side from the first -president of Princeton University and took his degree -there before he was sixteen years of age. From this -family, Martin Kallikak’s youngest son, Joseph, chose -his wife. It is interesting to note that the descendants -of this pair have shown a marked tendency toward -professional careers. One daughter, however, married -a farmer, and most of her descendants have remained -fixed to the soil. Another daughter married a prominent -merchant, and this line, having been fixed in the -city, has produced men chiefly engaged in mercantile -pursuits; but the sons, of whom there were five, all -studied medicine, and although only one of these became -a practicing physician, their children have carried -on the family tradition in this line.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the outskirts of another New Jersey town, in a -beautiful old homestead, inherited from his mother, -lives a grandson of Frederick Kallikak, oldest son of -Martin. He is a courteous, scholarly man of the old -school. His home is rendered particularly attractive -by the presence of his southern wife and two charming -daughters. In his possession are numerous articles -belonging to his great-grandfather. This gentleman -manifested such an intelligent interest in giving information -in regard to his family that it seemed a question -of honor to inform him as to the purpose of the investigation, -laying bare the facts set forth in this book. -He proved to be, perhaps, the one man best qualified -in the entire family for entering into an analysis of its -characteristics, and this he did freely, in so far as it -would serve the ends of the investigation.</p> - -<p>Another descendant of Martin Kallikak Sr., a granddaughter -of his youngest child, Abbie, had been previously -informed regarding the same facts. This lady -is a person not only of refinement and culture but is the -author of two scholarly genealogical works. She has, -for years, been collecting material for a similar study -of the Kallikak family. This material she generously -submitted to the use of the field worker. In the end she -spent an entire day in the completion and revision of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -the normal chart presented in this book. No praise -can be too high for such disinterested self-forgetfulness -in the face of an urgent public need. We owe to these -two persons most of the information which has made -possible the study of the normal side of this family.</p> - -<p>Of Martin Kallikak Sr., himself, the record of many -characteristic traits has been preserved. As stated -in another chapter, his father died when he was a lad of -fifteen. The father, in his will, after enumerating certain -personal bequests to his wife, recommends the -selling of the homestead farm, in order to provide for -the education of his children. There is a quaint document -still in existence, in which Martin Kallikak, having -attained his majority, agrees to pay £250 to each -of his three “spinster” sisters, still minors, in return for -a quitclaim deed of the homestead farm. This was -a considerable burden for a young man to assume, but -it seems to have given him the impetus which later -made him a rich and prosperous farmer.</p> - -<p>He had joined the Revolutionary Army in April, -1776. Two years later he was wounded in a way to -disable him for further service, and he then returned -to the home farm. During the summer of enforced -idleness he wooed and won the heart of a young woman -of good Quaker family. Her shrewd old father, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> -refused to give his consent. To his objections, -based on the ground that Martin did not own enough -of this world’s goods, the young man is recorded as -saying, “Never mind. I will own more land than ever -thou did, before I die,” which promise he made true. -That the paternal objection was overruled is proven by -the registry of marriages, which gives the date of Martin’s -union with the Quakeress as January, 1779.</p> - -<p>The old Bible of Casper Kallikak, one of the family -heirlooms, is in the possession of a Reverend Mr. ——, -who is descended from Casper through the line of one -of his daughters. This Bible was bought in 1704 and -is still in an excellent state of preservation, for, although -time-stained, the pages are intact and there still may -be seen in legible handwriting the family record penned -so long ago. On a flyleaf, is a quaint verse in which -old Casper bequeaths the volume to his eldest son, -bidding him, “So oft as in it he doth looke” remember -how his father had “aye been guided by ye precepts in -this booke,” and enjoining him to walk in the same safe -way.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br /> -<span class="smaller">WHAT IS TO BE DONE?</span></h2> - -<p>No one interested in the progress of civilization can -contemplate the facts presented in the previous chapters -without having the question arise, Why isn’t something -done about this? It will be more to the point if -we put the question, Why do <em>we</em> not <em>do</em> something -about it? We are thus face to face with the problem -in a practical way and we ask ourselves the next question, -What <em>can</em> we do? For the low-grade idiot, the -loathsome unfortunate that may be seen in our institutions, -some have proposed the lethal chamber. But -humanity is steadily tending away from the possibility -of that method, and there is no probability that it will -ever be practiced.</p> - -<p>But in view of such conditions as are shown in the -defective side of the Kallikak family, we begin to realize -that the idiot is not our greatest problem. He is indeed -loathsome; he is somewhat difficult to take care of; -nevertheless, he lives his life and is done. He does not -continue the race with a line of children like himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> -Because of his very low-grade condition, he never becomes -a parent.</p> - -<p>It is the moron type that makes for us our great -problem. And when we face the question, “What is -to be done with them—with such people as make up a -large proportion of the bad side of the Kallikak family?” -we realize that we have a huge problem.</p> - -<p>The career of Martin Kallikak Sr. is a powerful sermon -against sowing wild oats. Martin Kallikak did -what unfortunately many a young man like him has -done before and since, and which, still more unfortunately, -society has too often winked at, as being merely -a side step in accordance with a natural instinct, bearing -no serious results. It is quite possible that Martin -Kallikak himself never gave any serious thought to his -act, or if he did, it may have been merely to realize that -in his youth he had been indiscreet and had done that -for which he was sorry. And being sorry he may have -thought it was atoned for, as he never suffered from it -any serious consequences.</p> - -<p>Even the people of his generation, however much -they may have known about the circumstances, could -not have begun to realize the evil that had been done. -Undoubtedly, it was only looked upon as a sin because -it was a violation of the moral law. The real sin of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> -peopling the world with a race of defective degenerates -who would probably commit his sin a thousand times -over, was doubtless not perceived or realized. It is -only after the lapse of six generations that we are able -to look back, count up and see the havoc that was -wrought by that one thoughtless act.</p> - -<p>Now that the facts are known, let the lesson be -learned; let the sermons be preached; let it be impressed -upon our young men of good family that they -dare not step aside for even a moment. Let all possible -use be made of these facts, and something will be accomplished.</p> - -<p>But even so the real problem will not be solved. Had -Martin Kallikak remained in the paths of virtue, there -still remained the nameless feeble-minded girl, and there -were other people, other young men, perhaps not of as -good a family as Martin, perhaps feeble-minded like -herself, capable of the same act and without Martin’s -respectability, so that the race would have come down -even worse if possible than it was, because of having a -worse father.</p> - -<p>Others will look at the chart and say, “The difficulty -began with the nameless feeble-minded girl; had -she been taken care of, all of this trouble would have -been avoided.” This is largely true. Although feeble-mindedness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> -came into this family from other sources -in two generations at least, yet nevertheless these -sources were other feeble-minded persons. When we -conclude that had the nameless girl been segregated in -an institution, this defective family would not have -existed, we of course do not mean that one single act of -precaution, in that case, would have solved the problem, -but we mean that all such cases, male and female, -must be taken care of, before their propagation will -cease. The instant we grasp this thought, we realize -that we are facing a problem that presents two great -difficulties; in the first place the difficulty of knowing -who are the feeble-minded people; and, secondly, -the difficulty of taking care of them when they are -known.</p> - -<p>A large proportion of those who are considered feeble-minded -in this study are persons who would not be -recognized as such by the untrained observer. They -are not the imbeciles nor idiots who plainly show in -their countenances the extent of their mental defect. -They are people whom the community has tolerated and -helped to support, at the same time that it has deplored -their vices and their inefficiency. They are people who -have won the pity rather than the blame of their neighbors, -but no one has seemed to suspect the real cause<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -of their delinquencies, which careful psychological tests -have now determined to be feeble-mindedness.</p> - -<p>The second difficulty is that of caring for this large -army of people. At the lowest estimates of the number -needing care, we in the United States are at present -caring for approximately one tenth of the estimated -number of our mental defectives. Yet many of our -States think that they are now being over-taxed for the -care of these people, so that it is with great difficulty -that legislatures can be induced to appropriate money -enough to care for those already in institutions. It -is impossible to entertain the thought of caring for ten -times as many. Some other method must be devised -for dealing with the difficulty.</p> - -<p>Before considering any other method, the writer -would insist that segregation and colonization is not -by any means as hopeless a plan as it may seem to those -who look only at the immediate increase in the tax rate. -If such colonies were provided in sufficient number to -take care of all the distinctly feeble-minded cases in -the community, they would very largely take the place -of our present almshouses and prisons, and they would -greatly decrease the number in our insane hospitals. -Such colonies would save an annual loss in property -and life, due to the action of these irresponsible people,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -sufficient to nearly, or quite, offset the expense of the -new plant. Besides, if these feeble-minded children -were early selected and carefully trained, they would -become more or less self-supporting in their institutions, -so that the expense of their maintenance would be -greatly reduced.</p> - -<p>In addition to this, the number would be reduced, in a -single generation, from 300,000 (the estimated number -in the United States) to 100,000, at least,—and probably -even lower. (We have found the hereditary factor -in 65 per cent of cases; while others place it as high -as 80 per cent.)</p> - -<p>This is not the place for arguing the question or producing -the statistics to substantiate these statements. -Suffice it to say that every institution in the land has -a certain proportion of inmates who not only earn their -own living, but some who could go out into the world -and support themselves, were it not for the terrible -danger of procreation,—resulting in our having not -one person merely, but several to be cared for at the -expense of the State. These statements should be -carefully considered and investigated before any one -takes the stand that segregation in colonies and homes -is impossible and unwise for the State.</p> - -<p>The other method proposed of solving the problem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> -is to take away from these people the power of procreation. -The earlier method proposed was unsexing, asexualization, -as it is sometimes called, or the removing, -from the male and female, the necessary organs for -procreation. The operation in the female is that of -ovariectomy and in the male of castration.</p> - -<p>There are two great practical difficulties in the way -of carrying out this method on any large scale. The -first is the strong opposition to this practice on the part -of the public generally. It is regarded as mutilation -of the human body and as such is opposed vigorously -by many people. And while there is no rational basis -for this, nevertheless we have, as practical reformers, -to recognize the fact that the average man acts not -upon reason, but upon sentiment and feeling; and as -long as human sentiment and feeling are opposed to this -practice, no amount of reasoning will avail. It may -be shown over and over again that many a woman has -had the operation of ovariectomy performed in order -to improve her physical condition, and that it is just as -important to improve the moral condition as the physical. -Nevertheless, the argument does not convince, -and there remains the opposition as stated.</p> - -<p>In recent years surgeons have discovered another -method which has many advantages. This is also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> -sometimes incorrectly referred to as asexualization. -It is more properly spoken of as sterilization, the distinction -being that it does not have any effect on the -sex qualities of the man or woman, but does artificially -take away the power of procreation by rendering the -person sterile. The operation itself is almost as simple -in males as having a tooth pulled. In females it is not -much more serious. The results are generally permanent -and sure. Objection is urged that we do not know -the consequences of this action upon the physical, mental, -and moral nature of the individual. The claim is -made that it is good in all of these. But it must be -confessed that we are as yet ignorant of actual facts. -It has been tried in many cases; no bad results have -been reported, while many good results have been -claimed.</p> - -<p>A more serious objection to this last method comes -from a consideration of the social consequences. What -will be the effect upon the community in the spread of -debauchery and disease through having within it a -group of people who are thus free to gratify their instincts -without fear of consequences in the form of -children? The indications are that here also the evil -consequences are more imaginary than real, since the -feeble-minded seldom exercise restraint in any case.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> - -<p>Probably the most serious difficulty to be overcome -before the practice of sterilization in any form could -come into general use would be the determining of -what persons were proper subjects to be operated upon.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<p>This difficulty arises from the fact that we are still -ignorant of the exact laws of inheritance. Just how -mental characteristics are transmitted from parent to -child is not yet definitely known. It therefore becomes -a serious matter to decide beforehand that such and -such a person who has mental defect would certainly -transmit the same defect to his offspring and that -consequently he ought not to be allowed to have offspring.</p> - -<h3>THE MENDELIAN LAW</h3> - -<p>In 1866 an Austrian monk by the name of Gregor -Mendel discovered and published a law of inheritance -in certain plants, which, after lying practically unknown -for nearly forty years, was rediscovered in 1900 and -since then has been tested with regard to a great many -plants and animals.</p> - -<p>Mendel found that there were certain peculiarities -in plants which he termed “unit characters” that were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> -transmitted from parent to offspring in a definite way. -His classical work was on the propagation of the ordinary -garden pea, in which case he found that a quality -like tallness, as contrasted with dwarfness, was transmitted -as follows:—</p> - -<p>If tall and dwarf peas were crossed, he found in the -first generation nothing but tall peas. But if these -peas were allowed to grow and fertilize themselves, in -the next generation he got tall and dwarf peas in the -ratio of three to one. The dwarf peas in this case bred -true, <i>i.e.</i> when they were planted by themselves and -self-fertilized there was never anything but dwarf peas, -no matter how many generations were tested. On the -other hand, the tall peas were divisible by experiment -into two groups; first, those that always bred true, -viz. always tall peas; and secondly, another group that -bred tall and dwarf in the same ratio of three to one; -and from these the same cycle was repeated. Mendel -called the character, which did <em>not</em> appear in the first -generation (dwarfness), “recessive”; the other (tallness) -he called “dominant.” The recessive factor is -now generally considered to be due to the absence of -something which, if present, would give the dominant -factor. According to this view, dwarfness is simply -the absence of tallness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> - -<p>This law has been found to hold true for many unit -characters in many plants and animals. Since study -in human heredity has been taken up, it has been a -natural question, Does this same law apply to human -beings? It has been found that it does apply in the -case of many qualities, like color of hair, albinism, -brachydactylism, and other peculiarities. Investigation -has of late been extended to mental conditions. -Rosanoff has shown pretty clearly that the law applies -in the case of insanity, while Davenport and Weeks -have shown evidence that it applies in cases of epilepsy.</p> - -<p>Our own studies lead us to believe that it also applies -in the case of feeble-mindedness, but this will be taken -up in a later work to which we have already referred. -We do not know that feeble-mindedness is a “unit -character.” Indeed, there are many reasons for thinking -that it cannot be. But assuming for the sake of -simplifying our illustration that it is a “unit character,” -then we have something like the following conditions.</p> - -<p>If two feeble-minded people marry, then we have the -same unit character in both, and all of the offspring will -be feeble-minded; and if these offspring select feeble-minded -mates, then the same thing will continue. But -what will happen if a feeble-minded person takes a -normal mate? If feeble-mindedness is recessive (due<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> -to the absence of something that would make for normality), -we would expect in the first generation from -such a union all normal children, and if these children -marry persons like themselves, <i>i.e.</i> the offspring of -one normal and one defective parent, then the offspring -would be normal and defective in the ratio of three to -one. Of the normal children, one third would breed -true and we would have a normal line of descent.</p> - -<p>Without following the illustration further, we see -already that it is questionable whether we ought to say -that the original feeble-minded individual should have -been sterilized because he was feeble-minded. We see -that in the first generation all of his children were normal -and in the next generation one fourth of them were -normal and bred true. We should not forget, however, -that one fourth of his grandchildren would be -feeble-minded and that two other fourths had the power -of begetting feeble-minded children. We must not -forget, either, that these are averages, and that for the -full carrying out of these figures there must be a large -enough number of offspring to give the law of averages -room to have full play. In other words, any marriage -which, according to the Mendelian principle, would -give normals and defectives in the ratio of three to one -might result in only one child. That child might happen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -to be one of the feeble-minded ones, and so there is -propagated nothing but the feeble-minded type. It is -equally true that it might be the normal child, with a -consequent normal line of descendants; or still again, -it might be one of the intermediate ones that are capable -of reproducing again the ratio of three normal to -one defective, so that the chance is only one in four of -such offspring starting a normal line.</p> - -<p>Let us now turn to the facts as we have them in the -Kallikak family. The only offspring from Martin -Kallikak Sr. and the nameless feeble-minded girl was -a son who proved to be feeble-minded. He married a -normal woman and had five feeble-minded children -and two normal ones. This is in accordance with -Mendelian expectation; that is to say, there should -have been part normal and part defective, half and -half, if there had been children enough to give the law -of averages a chance to assert itself. The question, -then, comes right there. Should Martin Jr. have been -sterilized? We would thus have saved five feeble-minded -individuals and their horrible progeny, but we -would also have deprived society of two normal individuals; -and, as the results show, these two normals -married normal people and became the first of a series -of generations of normal people.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> - -<p>Taking this family as a whole, we have the following -figures:—</p> - -<p>There were 41 matings where both parents were feeble-minded. -They had 222 feeble-minded children, with -two others that were considered normal. These two -are apparent exceptions to the law that two feeble-minded -parents do not have anything but feeble-minded -children. We may account for these two exceptions -in one of several ways. Either there is a mistake in -calling them normal, or a mistake in calling the parents -feeble-minded; or else there was illegitimacy somewhere -and these two children did not have the same father as -the others of the family. Or we may turn to the Mendelian -law and we discover that according to that law -there might be in rare instances such a combination of -circumstances that a normal child might be born from -two parents that function as feeble-minded. For practical -purposes it is, of course, pretty clear that it is -safe to assume that two feeble-minded parents will -never have anything but feeble-minded children.</p> - -<p>Again, we find that there were eight cases where the -father was feeble-minded and the mother normal, and -there were ten normal children and ten defective.</p> - -<p>There were twelve cases where the father was normal -and the mother feeble-minded, with seven feeble-minded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -children and ten normal. Both of these are in accordance -with Mendelian expectations.</p> - -<p>We further find that in the cases where one parent -was feeble-minded and the other undetermined, the -children were nearly all feeble-minded, from which we -might infer that the probabilities are great that the -unknown parent was also feeble-minded.</p> - -<p>We shall not go further into this matter in the present -paper, but leave the detailed study of this family from -the Mendelian standpoint for further consideration, -when we take up the large amount of data which we -have on three hundred other families. Enough is here -given to show the possibility that the Mendelian law -applies to human heredity. If it does, then the necessity -follows of our understanding the exact mental condition -of the ancestors of any person upon whom we -may propose to practice sterilization.</p> - -<p>From all of this the one caution follows. At best, -sterilization is not likely to be a final solution of this -problem. We may, and indeed I believe must, use it -as a help, as something that will contribute toward the -solution, until we can get segregation thoroughly established. -But in using it, we must realize that the -first necessity is the careful study of the whole subject, -to the end that we may know more both about the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> -laws of inheritance and the ultimate effect of the -operation.</p> - -<h3>CONCLUSION AND RÉSUMÉ</h3> - -<p>The Kallikak family presents a natural experiment -in heredity. A young man of good family becomes -through two different women the ancestor of two lines -of descendants,—the one characterized by thoroughly -good, respectable, normal citizenship, with almost -no exceptions; the other being equally characterized -by mental defect in every generation. This defect was -transmitted through the father in the first generation. -In later generations, more defect was brought in from -other families through marriage. In the last generation -it was transmitted through the mother, so that we -have here all combinations of transmission, which -again proves the truly hereditary character of the defect.</p> - -<p>We find on the good side of the family prominent -people in all walks of life and nearly all of the 496 -descendants owners of land or proprietors. On the -bad side we find paupers, criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, -and examples of all forms of social pest with which -modern society is burdened.</p> - -<p>From this we conclude that feeble-mindedness is -largely responsible for these social sores.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> - -<p>Feeble-mindedness is hereditary and transmitted as -surely as any other character. We cannot successfully -cope with these conditions until we recognize feeble-mindedness -and its hereditary nature, recognize it early, -and take care of it.</p> - -<p>In considering the question of care, segregation -through colonization seems in the present state of our -knowledge to be the ideal and perfectly satisfactory -method. Sterilization may be accepted as a makeshift, -as a help to solve this problem because the conditions -have become so intolerable. But this must at present -be regarded only as a makeshift and temporary, for -before it can be extensively practiced, a great deal -must be learned about the effects of the operation and -about the laws of human inheritance.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> All names, both Christian and sur-names, are fictitious.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It is important to trace out in detail these relationships on the charts.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> At present eight states have laws authorizing some form of asexualization -or sterilization. But in all these cases the practice is carefully -restricted to a few inmates of various specified institutions.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INDEX</h2> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">Abigail, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Albert, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Alcoholism, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">of the good side, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">in the bad family, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">children, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">Guss Saunders, a victim, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">in the two branches compared, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Almshouse, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Almshouses reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Asexualization, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">B——, the town mentioned, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Barrah, Eunice, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Beede, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bible of Casper Kallikak, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Binet tests in the public schools, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">used with the Kallikak family, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Charts, heredity, <a href="#Page_33">33-49</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Children of Althea Haight, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Colonies for feeble-minded, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Colonization, not hopeless, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cordelia, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cousins marry, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Crime, tendency to, different in different families, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Criminals, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">made, not born, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Criminology and feeble-mindedness, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Deborah, admitted to the Training School, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">as she is to-day, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her ability in numbers, <a href="#Page_9">9-11</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">brought to the Training School, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her cousin in the Training School, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her half brother, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her half brothers and sisters, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her half sister, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her mother, Martha, characterized, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her mother, Martha, further history, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her Institution records, <a href="#Page_2">2-6</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her Santa Claus letters, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Declaration of Independence, signed by relatives of this family, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Deed from the governor of the colony to the Kallikak family, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Degenerates, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Delirium tremens, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Detention home of the Juvenile Court, number of feeble-minded children found, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Died in infancy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dugdale, Richard L., work of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Edwards, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Edwards family, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elmira Reformatory, number of feeble-minded, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elopement, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Environment, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">and criminology, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">determines criminality, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">effect of, shown, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">same for both branches, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Epileptics, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">“Old Moll,” <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Euthenist, claims, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Explanation of charts, <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Feeble-minded, number in the entire group, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">number in public institutions, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">number in the United States being cared for, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">the dupes of others, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">reduction in the number of through segregation, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Feeble-mindedness, how determined, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">difficulty of recognizing, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">difficulty of caring for the, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">is hereditary, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Field workers, their training and methods, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Frederick, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">half brother to Martin, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Gaston, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Good family, the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">character of descendants, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>defective children brought up in, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Governor of New Jersey, colonial, relation to Kallikak family, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gregory, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Guss, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gypsy camp, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Haight, Althea, <a href="#Page_20">20-23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haight, Eva, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Hard Scrabble, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Harriet, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heredity charts, <a href="#Page_33">33-49</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Heredity in Jukes family, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Home for feeble-minded, Deborah’s sister placed in, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Horse thief, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Horser, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">his marriage to Jemima, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ill fame, kept house of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Illegitimate: child, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">children of Martha, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">number in bad family, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Incendiarism, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Incest, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Insane hospitals, number of feeble-minded in, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Institutions and feeble-mindedness, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">James, son of Martin Jr., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jemima, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">marries Horser, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jones, Amy, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Joseph, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">three sons of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jukes family, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">heredity question, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">study, incomplete, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Justin Kallikak, daughter of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Justin, son of Millard, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Juvenile Courts, feeble-minded children found, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Kallikak, “Daddy,” <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kallikak family, further facts about, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">bad matings in, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">stories of the good branch of the, <a href="#Page_93">93-100</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">and Mendelian inheritance, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kallikak, Justin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kallikak, Martin, Sr., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">a sermon, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">joins the militia, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">his sin, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">wife of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kallikak, Martin, Jr., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">his family compared with the Jukes-Edwards, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">his half brother, Frederick, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">should he have been sterilized? <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kallikak, Millard, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">second wife of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Key to charts, <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Killed in accident, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kite, Elizabeth S., <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lavinia, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lombroso, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Margaret, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Martha, mother of Deborah, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">character of her children, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Massachusetts Reformatory, feeble-minded girls in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Matings in the Kallikak family, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mendelian expectation, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mendelian Law, the, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mendelism, applied to human inheritance, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mental capacity, necessity of determining, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Minister who married Guss, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Miscarriage, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mongolian type, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Morons, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Murder, Guss accused, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mute, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Nameless feeble-minded girl, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">relation to the problem, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nathan, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Newark, number of feeble-minded children in Juvenile Court, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Normal people, in good branch of the family, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Normal woman in bad family, daughter of Sylvia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">“Old Horror,” <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Old Max,” <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Old Moll,” <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">described, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">her death, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">“Old Sal,” <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Paula, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pauperism and feeble-mindedness, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Placing out, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prince, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>Prisons reduced if feeble-minded were cared for, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Probation, girls on, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prominent man, sister of, married Millard Kallikak, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prostitutes, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">number of feeble-minded, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Prostitution and feeble-mindedness, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public institutions and feeble-mindedness, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Quakeress, married Martin Kallikak, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Rahway Reformatory, number of feeble-minded in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Refinement, an element of, seen in Deborah’s mother, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reformatories, number of feeble-minded in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Resident, an old, of B——, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Sanders, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Saunders, Guss, grandson of “Old Sal” visited, <a href="#Page_89">89-91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">School work for defectives, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Segregation and colonization not hopeless, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sexually immoral, number in bad family, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">on the good side, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">children, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sheep, flock of, stolen, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Slums, largely caused by defectives, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sterilization, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">as a solution of the problem, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Still birth, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Stupidity, compared with criminalistic tendency, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sylvia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Symbols, explanation of, <a href="#Page_33">33-35</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Syphilitic, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">woman, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Temperament, differences of, in the Kallikak family, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">relation to feeble-mindedness and criminology, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Thomas, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Training School at Vineland, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">Deborah brought to, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Traits of the family, reappearance of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Undetermined, definition, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Vasectomy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Warren, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Winship, Dr., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Zabeth, Rhoda, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> - -</ul> - -<p class="titlepage">Printed in the United States of America.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By C. A. HERTER, M.D.</span>,</p> - -<p class="center">Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Columbia University; -Consulting Physician to the City Hospital, New York</p> - -<p class="book">The Common Bacterial Infections of the -Digestive Tract</p> - -<p class="center"><i>And the Intoxications arising from Them</i></p> - -<p class="right"><span class="spacer"><i>Cloth, 8vo, 360 pages, $1.50</i></span> <i>by mail, $1.63</i></p> - -<p>“The methods of investigating the digestive tract outlined in this volume -will prove valuable to the practitioner who would determine the presence of -abnormal bacterial processes before the onset of the clinical signs of incurable -or highly refractory states of intoxication—and this is the all-sufficient <i lang="fr">raison -d’être</i> for the book. Considerable stress has been laid by the author on -methods developed in his laboratory, in the belief that their painstaking application -will furnish practitioners with reliable indications as to the progress of -many cases of infection of the digestive tract.”—<cite>Merck’s Archives.</cite></p> - -<p>“A very scholarly volume, primarily intended for physicians and students, -yet, because of its grave importance and because the subject it treats of is of -vital interest to all intelligent readers, we are quite certain the book will be -appreciated and read in a far wider circle than its title, which is rather ‘professional -sounding,’ might warrant. We call the reader’s attention especially -to the last chapter in the book, in which there is expounded much valuable -material of common interest.”—<cite>Times.</cite></p> - -<p class="book">On Infantilism from Chronic Intestinal -Infection</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="spacer"><i>Cloth, 12mo, 240 pages, 90 cents</i></span> <i>by mail, $1.02</i></p> - -<p>“Dr. Herter’s book is bound to have the effect of broadening our conception -of the subject of infectious diseases of the intestine, and deserves a -wide reading.”—<cite>George C. Whipple.</cite></p> - -<p class="book">Introduction to General Science</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By PERCY E. ROWELL, B.Sc.</span></p> - -<p class="right"><i>Cloth <span class="spacer">12mo</span> 302 pages $.75</i></p> - -<p>The increasing demand for a thorough, comprehensible, and practical -textbook on the subject is met by Rowell’s “Introduction to General -Science,” the distinctive features of which are:</p> - -<p>1. The book gives a broad, adequate view of the general field of -science. The elements of physics and chemistry receive particular emphasis, -but biology, physiography, and several phases of applied science -are duly considered.</p> - -<p>2. Despite the necessity for treating various sciences, the book is remarkable -for its continuity of thought. The interrelation of scientific -facts is constantly and clearly pointed out.</p> - -<p>3. The treatment is clear-cut, brisk, and thorough, the material well -chosen and up to date, while the general workmanship of the book -renders it attractive and serviceable.</p> - -<p>4. There are over 90 laboratory exercises in the book, a number of -them entirely new, and all of them illustrative of the text.</p> - -<p>5. Reference reading is encouraged, and lists of carefully selected -standard reference books are suggested. Those teachers, however, who -do not care to take up detailed work of this sort may give a satisfactory -course by using in connection with the book United States Government -bulletins alone, to which definite reference is made in the lists of reference -readings throughout the book.</p> - -<p class="center">TEACHERS</p> - -<p class="noindent">call the book “thorough,” “practical,” “comprehensive,” “clear,” “satisfactory,” -“a great aid to the science teacher.”</p> - -<p>Mr. N. P. Lawson of Taunton, Washington, writes:</p> - -<p>“I have examined Rowell’s ‘Introduction to General Science’ quite -carefully. It wears. The more I use it the better I like it. There is -room left for the teacher. He doesn’t have to crowd himself in. This -book can hardly fail to inoculate any one with the bulletin habit, in -which I am a firm believer. In its encouragement of wide reading and -first-hand acquaintance with books through the excellent references -given, this compact little volume is an education in itself. If I were -with your company I should wish to push this book. I believe in it.”</p> - -<p class="book">The Laws of Heredity</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By G. ARCHDALL REID, M.B., F.R.S.E.</span></p> - -<p class="center">With a Diagrammatic Representation</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By HERBERT HALL TURNER,</span></p> - -<p class="center">Savilian Professor of Astronomy, Oxford</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="spacer"><i>Cloth, 8vo, xi + 548 pages, $5.50</i></span> <i>by mail, $5.04</i></p> - -<p>The question of heredity is one of vital concern to every living -being, and any light thrown on the subject by scientific investigations -and experiments is of momentous interest to the human -race. It is therefore of the utmost importance that every one -should have some knowledge of the theories advanced by those -who believe in the immutability of the laws of heredity, and also -how far these have been proven modifiable by environment and -education.</p> - -<p>The present volume is a discussion of the entire subject, -covering a much wider area than the author’s “The Principles of -Heredity,” and presenting the facts and arguments in a scholarly -and yet clear and non-technical manner; the aim being to make -it comprehensible to the general reader, as well as to the scientific -investigator.</p> - -<p class="book">The First Principles of Heredity</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By S. HERBERT</span></p> - -<p class="center">M.D. (Vienna), M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.)</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="spacer"><i>Cloth, 8vo, illustrated, $1.75</i></span> <i>by mail, $1.87</i></p> - -<p>This book is the only one of its scope in the English -language. 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