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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a6fb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53907 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53907) diff --git a/old/53907-0.txt b/old/53907-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c99fd9a..0000000 --- a/old/53907-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1408 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Universal Counterfeit and Bank Note -Detector at Sight, by H. C. Foote - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Universal Counterfeit and Bank Note Detector at Sight - -Author: H. C. Foote - -Release Date: January 6, 2017 [EBook #53907] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT - AND - ALTERED BANK NOTE DETECTOR, - AT SIGHT: - - A System of Infallible Detection at Sight, Applicable to all Banks - in the United States, now in circulation, or hereafter issued. - - COMPLETE IN SEVEN RULES: - - WITH - Diagrams and Illustrations on Steel, - FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION. - - ARRANGED AND IMPROVED BY H. C. FOOTE, - 71 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. - - FOURTH EDITION.--FIFTH THOUSAND. - - NEW YORK: - MANN & SPEAR, PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, - 133 PEARL STREET. - 1853. - - Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by - - WHEELER M. GILLETT, - - in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, - for the District of Ohio. - - - - -TESTIMONIALS. - - -_New York, Sept. 18th, 1849._--I have examined Mr. Foote’s method of -detecting counterfeit Bank Notes, and have no hesitation in saying, that -in my opinion it will be exceedingly serviceable to any who will give it -their attention. - - F. W. EDMONDS, Cashier Mechanics’ Bank, N.Y. - -I concur in the above. - - E. H. ARTHUR, - Ass’t Cashier Union Bank, N.Y. - -Mr. H. C. Foote’s method of detecting counterfeit and altered notes is -founded on true principles, and well worthy the consideration of all -money-takers. - - J. McCHESNEY, - Of Adams, McChesney & Co., Exchange Brokers, 71 Wall st., N.Y. - - CHAS. COLGATE & CO., Exchange Brokers, 67 Wall street. - - C. S. SLOANE, Exchange Broker, 23 Wall street. - - ANTHONY LANE, Exchange Broker, 49 Wall street. - -_Troy, Nov. 23d, 1849._--Two months since I attended Mr. Foote’s -instructions in detecting counterfeit Bank Notes, and am very willing now -to say that I am well satisfied with his system and mode of explaining it. - - C. P. HARTT, Teller Troy City Bank. - -_New York, Nov. 28th, 1849._--I fully concur in the opinion respecting Mr. -Foote’s mode of detecting Counterfeit Bills as expressed above. - - J. SIMPSON, Book-keeper, 72 William street. - -_City Hall, New York, Nov 29th, 1849._--I fully concur with Mr. Simpson in -the above opinion. - - GEO. W. MATSELL, - Chief of Police. - -_Lansingburgh, N. Y., Nov. 23d, 1849._--I fully agree with the preceding -opinions on the subject of H. C. Foote’s Detector. - - A. WALSH, Jr., Teller Bank of Lansingburgh. - -_New York, Dec. 22d, 1849._--I concur in the above statements. - - AMASA Z. FOSTER, Exchange Broker, 234 Pearl street. - -_New York, Dec. 26th, 1849._--I have examined Mr. H. C. Foote’s system for -detecting counterfeit Bank paper and think it useful, especially in -well-executed counterfeits where judgment must depend upon the engraving -alone. - - W. R. VERMILYE, - Of Carpenter & Vermilye, Exchange Brokers, 54 Wall street. - -_New York, Nov. 17th, 1849._--Having taken lessons in counterfeit Bank -Note Detection, as given by Mr. H. C. Foote, I hesitate not to say that I -am fully satisfied that if strictly followed and practised upon, any man -may detect the most ingenious counterfeit. It has the advantage of being -reduced to system, and the information imparted respecting genuine -engraving is worth double the cost of lesson. - - A. LEWIS, - Cashier at Loder & Co.’s Wholesale Dry Goods, 83 Cedar street. - -_New York, Nov. 20th, 1849._--I have examined into Mr. Foote’s system of -counterfeit detection, and am satisfied it is useful and of great -advantage to all dealing in Bank Notes. - - WILSON DEFENDORF, Exchange Broker, 82 Wall street. - SMITH & HAWS, Exchange Brokers, 137 Chatham street. - -_New York, Jan. 8th, 1850._--Having been instructed by Mr. H. C. Foote in -his method of detecting counterfeit Bank Bills, I can say with confidence -that his system is perfect. - - CHAS. W. HUBBELL, Cashier with Lee & Brewster, - Print Warehouse, 44 Cedar street. - -_New York, Dec. 5th, 1849._--Having availed myself of the instruction -imparted in counterfeit detection as taught by Mr. H. C. Foote, I have no -hesitation in saying that I am fully satisfied that it can by strict -attention to the rules be made an infallible means of detecting all kinds -of spurious Bills. - - A. CARPENTER, Domestic Goods, 52 Cedar street. - -_New York. Feb. 19th, 1850._--I take pleasure in stating that the -instruction I have received from Mr. Foote is of great service to me in -detecting counterfeit and altered Bills. - - CHAS. F. GOODHUE, Cashier at D. & D. H. Brooks, - Clothing Warehouse, cor. Catharine and Cherry streets. - -_New York, Feb. 19th, 1850._--About the best three dollars I have spent -was with Mr. Foote for his valuable lesson in detecting counterfeit money. - - JOHN T. BROWN, - Of Andrew Brown & Son, Clothiers, 114 Cherry street. - -_New York, 16th Nov. 1849._--I have examined the system of Mr. Foote for -detecting counterfeits, and am satisfied that it is infallible when all -the rules are applied. - - S. M. ALFORD, - Wholesale Hardware, 5 Platt street. - -Also several hundred more testimonials from Bankers, Brokers, and -Merchants in New York City, Troy, Buffalo, Detroit and Ohio. - - - - -Notices by the Press of the “Universal Counterfeit Detector.” - - -“COUNTERFEIT BANK-NOTE DETECTOR AT SIGHT.”--We have seen a little pamphlet -of 20 pages, by H. C. Foote, of 763 Greenwich-street, N. Y., with this -title. It gives eight rules, with illustrative diagrams, by an -acquaintance with which, any person may readily distinguish the engraving -of a counterfeit bill from a genuine one--founded upon the principle that -no counterfeiter, working with his hand, can possibly attain the beauty -and accuracy of engraving by the perfect and costly machinery of -professional engravers. The difference between the two is shown by the -diagrams. The writer says he has never seen a counterfeit which a judgment -by these rules would not condemn at sight. Well-informed dealers in Bank -Notes usually act upon this principle, but Mr. Foote has here attempted to -give rules and explanations to render it more clear and easily understood, -and by which every man may judge for himself. Its price is $2. We think, -with Mr. Edmonds, Cashier of the Mechanics’ Bank, N. Y., that it will be -“exceedingly serviceable to any one who will give it due -attention.”--_Newark Daily Advertiser._ - -COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR.--Our readers will notice in another column the -advertisement of H. C. Foote’s Universal Counterfeit Detector. We have -examined the system, and have no hesitation in stating that it will do -more than all others now in use towards ridding the country of counterfeit -notes. The instructions which accompany the magnifying glass will enable a -person, with very little trouble, to determine between good and bad notes. -We notice among those who have recommended the system, the names of F. W. -Edmonds, Esq. Cashier of the Mechanics’ Bank, N. Y.; E. H. Arthur, Esq. of -the Union Bank; C. S. Sloane, Broker, Wall street, and many other -prominent money dealers. From what we can learn, we should think it a -subject of universal interest.--_Scientific American._ - -🖙 H. C. Foote has published a little book of 20 pages, called the -Counterfeit Note Detector. It seems to us to contain much important -information for the detection of counterfeit Paper-money.--_New York -Express_, November 24. - -TO DETECT COUNTERFEITS.--We have been made acquainted with a very valuable -method of detecting counterfeit Bank Notes at sight, which may be learned -by any one in one hour. The author is Mr. H. C. Foote, No. 763 -Greenwich-street, N. Y.--_New York Sun_, November 6th, 1849. - -“THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR.”--Mr. H. C. Foote, of 763 -Greenwich-street, has just published a pamphlet, entitled as above, small -in size, but exceedingly useful; a familiarity with the contents of which -will render every one fully competent to detect any counterfeit or altered -Bank Note at sight. From an examination into the system we are convinced -that the knowledge derived from the little work in question will be of -essential interest to every tradesman, and we therefore commend it to -their attention and consideration. By an advertisement in another column -it will be perceived that Mr. Foote will give lessons in his system, to -all who may desire it.--_New York Atlas_, February 3d, 1850. - -_Water Cure Institute, Saratoga Spa_, Sept. 12th. 1849.--TO WHOM IT MAY -CONCERN:--The bearer, Henry C. Foote, is a young gentleman of -unexceptionable moral character, of excellent business habits, of strict -integrity, and is scrupulously honest. He professes nothing he is not -competent to perform. The business he is now engaged in is, and must be, -of great individual and public benefit, and a direct means of preventing -men from attempting to prey upon the community by fraud. If all that -handle money had the knowledge of detecting spurious Bank Notes at sight, -the trade would become extinct. Mr. Foote can impart this knowledge in one -hour to any person of ordinary observation. We most heartily commend him -and his art to the public. - - W. A. HAMILTON, M.D. - -“THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT AND ALTERED BANK-NOTE DETECTOR” explains a -method for the infallible detection of counterfeit notes. It is highly -recommended by experienced bankers, and with its clear descriptions of the -essential points in a genuine note, cannot fail to be of great practical -value.--_New York Tribune_, Aug. 21st, 1850. - - - - -UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR, - -Applicable to all Banks in the United States. - - -The Steel-plate Illustrations contain standard specimens of all the -different styles of engraving of the notes of all the Banks in the United -States--six distinct kinds; four kinds of Engine-work, which is impossible -to be imitated by hand. In counterfeits it is attempted, and this book -explains the principle in such a manner as to enable any person to detect -_at sight_, infallibly, any counterfeit or altered note. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -Heretofore the best judges of money have had nothing as a guide in judging -at sight but experience in handling money, a familiarity with the notes of -a few particular banks, and the general appearance of a note. They become -familiar with a certain (to them) undefined perfect appearance, generally -possessed by genuine notes, and any apparent want of which creates -suspicion as to the genuineness of a note; but the first impression, they -affirm, is the best, as sometimes upon continued examination the judgment, -having no particular guide, wavers, gets confused, and is often at fault. -Now this uncertainty may be entirely obviated, and the detection of -counterfeits at sight reduced to a perfect science or mathematical -certainty; and this great desideratum is held to be perfectly attained in -the rules here presented, when combined with a little practice in handling -money. - -All genuine Bank Notes in the United States are engraved upon one uniform -principle, by regular Bank-note Engraving Companies. A company consists of -ten to twenty first-class artists, each perfect in his own department; -there is required a heavy capital to be invested, and the use of perfect, -costly and inimitable machinery. Since the invention of the Geometric -Lathe, Ruling Engine, and Medallion Ruling, and the invention of -transferring engravings by Perkins, it has been rendered entirely out of -the question--in fact, a physical impossibility--for any genuine note to -be perfectly imitated. Counterfeiters cannot procure all the machinery; -and even supposing they could, it would be against their own interest to -invest $50,000 to $100,000 in an illegitimate business, to run the -hazardous risk of seizure and confiscation. It would be more to their -interest to invest that amount in any honest business. They therefore -attempt to imitate the several kinds of inimitable engine-work by hand, -and the imitations thus produced vary in character from miserably poor to -tolerable, and sometimes exceedingly close imitations--deceiving the best -judges who do not understand the principle, but detected at a glance by -any one understanding it, as it is explained and illustrated in the -following pages. Sometimes they get hold of one or more worn-out stolen -genuine dies and use them in their issues--and so far their work will be -genuine; but there is always enough else of the other portions of the work -to indicate a counterfeit note. - -The following items, quoted from newspapers (June, 1850), will serve to -show the necessity of the diffusion of some system of infallible detection -at sight:-- - -🖙 “The Western States, it is said, are flooded with $2 bills of the State -Bank, Indiana.”--_Times._ - -🖙 The _Boston Traveller_ of Wednesday, June 5th, says, “It is not supposed -that counterfeit money is manufactured in this city. The greater part of -the money of this description which has for years flooded the country, -comes from Canada, where, from various causes, its manufacturers have been -left comparatively undisturbed, to carry on their nefarious business. … It -is not perhaps an exaggeration to say that traders in our city are cheated -out of at least $50,000 annually, by means of counterfeit money.” - -Now in New York city, which is four times larger than Boston, this system -has been pretty generally diffused among the merchants for nine months -past, and it may be safely predicted that for the year 1850 there will not -be one-tenth, or even a twentieth of the above sum lost here by -counterfeits. Men who handle any money should not refuse to expend the -trifling sum to learn this system. They should reflect that besides it -being against their own interests to remain ignorant of it, their neglect -to learn it _is just so much encouragement to counterfeiters_, because the -less this system is spread the greater the chance for counterfeit money to -circulate and defraud the public; therefore, every honest man should put -his shoulder to the wheel to facilitate the diffusion of the system, and -thereby assist to drive all spurious money out of circulation. The -different periodical Bank-note Lists are excellent guides, _as far as they -go_, but they do not and cannot go far enough. They assist too often -_after_ the mischief is done. In hundreds of cases their description of -counterfeits is necessarily vague and uncertain, especially where the -counterfeit is a _fac-simile_ of the genuine: they never make a man a good -judge of money _at sight_. But the greatest trouble is that new -counterfeits, it is said, are generally “rushed” in upon the community -preconcertedly, from different points at once, and the greatest mischief -is often done before they have time to get the description in the List. -Now this system will enable the poorest judge to detect _any_ counterfeit, -_new_ or old, AT SIGHT. It is arranged systematically into seven rules, -simple and comprehensive at a glance of the eye. For self-instruction a -magnifying glass will be of great assistance at first in learning the -principle, and afterwards the naked eye will be sufficient to detect, but -it is advisable to always have a glass on hand. Also a few specimens of -bills, good and bad, to compare and examine at first is necessary to make -the theory practical. The following is the list of - - -RULES: - - RULE 1. Geometric Lathe, } - ” 2. Ruling Engine, } Infallible when imitated. - ” 3. Medallions, } - ” 4. Vignettes--viz: Stippling, Eyes, Hair, Drapery, Limbs, - Scenery, &c. - ” 5. Lettering and _Engravers’ names_. - ” 6. Signatures and filling up. - ” 7. Paper, printing, and general appearance. - Alterations from broken Banks--the Magic Three. - Altered Denominations--1st, 2d, 5th and 7th Rules. - -It is believed, and experience has proved, that the above combination of -rules is arranged in the most judicious and effective order, and the best -adapted for practical use in detecting at sight that could be devised. It -is in fact nearly the order in which a genuine plate is originally got up. -First the “Geometric Lathe” dies, “Medallions,” and “Vignettes” are -transferred; then the “Lettering” and “Ruling Engine” work, next the -“Paper and Printing,” “Signatures and filling up,” and lastly, after all -is finished, the “General appearance” of the whole. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. - - -That this work merits the encouraging praise and high appreciation it has -met with seems to be confirmed by its rapid sale and by the permanent, -steady demand yet existing for it, as well now as when it was first issued -in 1849. Various miserable imitations of it (infringements of the -copyright) have been attempted in the form of circulars, pamphlets, and -pretended outlines of it published in newspapers and Bank-note Lists, but -of such a superficial and abortive character as to entirely fail of being -a truthful synopsis and answering no particularly useful purpose in the -detection of counterfeits. This work stands pre-eminent and alone. The -only objection heretofore made to it was its high price. It is now reduced -to as low a price as it can possibly be afforded, and the present edition -improved. - - H. C. F. - - - - -RULES. - - -RULE I. - -THE GEOMETRIC LATHE. - -(_Infallible when imitated._) - -The “Geometric Lathe” is a very perfect and costly Engraving Engine, which -produces very fine and beautiful ornamental patterns of geometric circles -of such complication, uniformity, and exquisite perfection, that it cannot -possibly be imitated in any manner. It engraves or turns the circular or -oval patterns on the dies, on which the figures representing the -denomination of the note are placed. A sketch of this engine is quoted -from “_Nicholson’s Operative Mechanic_.” - -“One of the most important securities to the paper currency of nearly the -whole commercial world at the present time arises from the invention of -transferring engravings, and the work produced by the Geometric Lathe, -invented by Mr. ASA SPENCER, while a resident of New London, in the State -of Connecticut. The application of this Lathe-work for the security of -Bank Notes was first made by Messrs. FAIRMAN, DRAPER & CO., of -Philadelphia, in 1816, and from its great beauty and difficulty of -imitation, Mr. Spencer was induced to repair to England in 1819, for the -purpose of securing the paper currency of that country. As had been -expected, this work was put to the severest test which the combined talent -of its great metropolis could invent, and having passed this trial in a -very satisfactory manner, it was subsequently adopted very generally by -the Banks and Bankers of England and Scotland. - -“The Geometric Lathe differs materially from any other _turning_ engine -hitherto invented. The only one which has any similarity in the work -produced, is the “Rose Engine;” but that is only capable of copying -patterns previously made upon guides, while the Geometric Lathe forms its -own patterns, which are all _originals_, and as various and unlimited as -the ‘Kaleidoscope.’… - -“The impossibility of successfully imitating this work by any process of -hand-work within the reach of the whole combined talent of counterfeiters -will not be doubted when the severe test to which it has been submitted is -recollected: and even supposing any combination of counterfeiters to be in -possession of the different machines and appendages necessary to effect -their object, they would soon find that the time which would be required -to learn the use of these implements in secret, could be more profitably -employed in any honest occupation.” - -The patterns produced by the Geometric Lathe are concentric, eccentric, or -geometric circles, radiating from a common centre, and beautifully -interwoven into each other, forming a perfectly regular and uniform -‘fancy’ pattern, so exactly true and uniform in its radiations, that there -never is the slightest possible irregularity or imperfection. It is -because the patterns are of such exquisite beauty and perfection, and at -the same time extremely fine and complicated, that it is utterly -impossible to imitate it by hand or by any process whatever. The Geometric -Lathe does not engrave the patterns immediately upon the plate itself, but -the patterns are transferred to the plate from roller dies or cylinders, -generally in two places, as a majority of bills contain two dies alike, -sometimes four, one in each corner. Being single-transferred the patterns -are reversed, and are then _white_ circles or lines upon a _black ground_. -Of course whenever there are two or four dies that pretend to be alike in -a genuine bill, they will all be exactly alike, being all transferred from -the same one die. See the two transfers of the die in the steel plate -containing the ‘3.’ In imitations of Lathe-work in counterfeit bills there -will be a failure in two ways: first, in imitating regularity of the -pattern, which is attempted to be done by hand, and also it is cut -directly on the plate instead of transferring, so that what in the genuine -is black _spaces_, is _engraved_ black in the counterfeits, leaving white -spaces and black dots, resembling cobble-stones--the white spaces between -which made to resemble white lines, while it can easily be seen that it is -only irregular black _dots_ and scratches instead of white lines or -geometric circles. Secondly, a failure in getting two dies exactly alike -in the same bill--that is, where they pretend to be alike. If done by hand -there cannot be two fine and complicated patterns made _exactly alike_; -but in the genuine, where the pattern on one die or cylinder is rolled or -transferred in two or more places, they will all of course be exactly -alike. This same work is to be seen on the backs of watches, called -“Engine Turning.” - -[Illustration: A B - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._ - -C D - -_Magnified 10 to 20 times._ - -E F - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._] - -Diagrams A, B, C, and D, represent the appearance of various IMITATIONS of -Geometric Lathe-work when magnified with a powerful glass. There is -generally a studied effort to represent _white_ intersecting curved lines -or Geometric Circles on a _black_ ground; in fact trying to imitate -TRANSFERRING; but there will always be found, as in the above diagrams, -nothing but confused black dots and semi-circular scratches, arranged so -as to give it the same “_general appearance_” as the genuine, when held a -little distance off. Sometimes there is no effort made to imitate the -_white lines_, and there will be seen nothing but confused black dots and -irregular black curved lines, mixed up together. Diagram E represents a -magnified oblong-die, of alternating waved ruling, or eccentric parallels -transferred. See the two dies containing the figure “20” in the steel -plate illustration. This work is done by the Ruling Engine, and not by the -Geometric Lathe; but as the work is very similar, and imitations of it -fail in exactly the same manner, it is classed under the same rule. -Diagram F is a representation of a magnified counterfeit or imitation of -this work by hand; confused black dots on a _white_ ground, instead of -true interwoven white lines of the genuine on a _black_ ground. - - -RULE II. - -RULING ENGINE. - -(_Infallible when Imitated._) - -The Ruling Engine is used for shading the letters, skies, &c. in genuine -Bank notes. Underneath, and sometimes on the lace of the letters in the -title or name of the Bank, as well as other lettering, there appears a -soft, smooth, pale grayish color, which to the naked eye appears to be -painted with a brush, but on close examination it proves to be fine -parallel lines, and when done by the Ruling Engine the lines are, 1st, all -exactly of the same size; 2d, regular distances apart; 3d, perfectly -parallel to each other; 4th, uniformity in their direction: and it is -_perfection_ in these four points which gives it such a smooth and perfect -appearance, and the least deviation from which will prove it to be -hand-work. In counterfeits this shading is imitated by hand, and it is -impossible to do it in this way as perfect as the Ruling Engine, as some -lines will be coarser than others, some wider apart than others, not -parallel, and some not perfectly straight, and all are apt to be more or -less _tapered_ off when done by hand with the graver, which is not the -case with the genuine, and which gives the whole a scratchy appearance; in -fact, the least deviation in any of the points will show at once, and -destroy the appearance of the whole. In titles, or the name of a bank, -where the letters are alike, as for instance, - -[Illustration: THE BANK OF ----,] - -the shading in the genuine always is done all the way across all at once, -and there is a perfect _uniformity_ from beginning to end; the lines all -point exactly in the same direction, whether horizontal or diagonal, on -the “T” in “THE” as on “F” in “OF,” preserving the same angle and fineness -throughout. In counterfeits, where the letters are shaded by hand, one -letter at a time, if the lines pretend to be horizontal, some are apt to -slant a little downwards or upwards, some letters shaded a little finer -than others--that is where they are intended to be alike and uniform. This -principle of UNIFORMITY in shading is very important, and should always be -noticed. See the words “UNIVERSAL,” “DETECTOR,” “BANKS,” and “UNITED -STATES,” in the steel plate, which are shaded by the Ruling Engine, while -the word “COUNTERFEIT” is shaded by hand to illustrate counterfeit work. - -The sky in vignettes in the genuine is sometimes ruled by the Ruling -Engine, and always appears soft, smooth, and perfectly done, and in this -case the lines taper off gradually. Imitations of this by hand will appear -uneven and scratchy, some lines coarser than others, and some wider apart -than others. All genuine skies, however, are not done by the Ruling -Engine, but are sometimes fine dots or wavy lines, which fade off into -fine dots, and sometimes heavy rolling clouds, circular lines, but it is -always done perfectly and beautifully, and looks smooth and natural, being -always done in genuine bills by first class artists, while the sky in -counterfeits is generally apt to appear coarse and scratchy, and not -fading off gradually enough. - -[Illustration: G H - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._] - -Diagram G serves to represent the style of genuine Ruling Engine work as -it appears when magnified 5 to 10 times, and H an imitation of Ruling -Engine shading as done by hand and magnified the same. A first-class -Ruling Engine is said to cost $3000. - - -RULE III. - -MEDALLION OR PENTOGRAPH RULING. - -(_Infallible when Imitated._) - -The Medallions are raised patterns, or line-engravings, generally -representing a head, or some raised fancy patterns in genuine Bank Notes, -which look as if raised up from the paper. They are called medallions -because they are copied always from and represent the pattern upon a -medal. It is done by the Pentograph Ruling Engine, which, guided by the -medal, rules the whole pattern in _full length lines_, and the dies are -_double_ transferred to the plate, which makes the lines _black_, the same -in appearance as if the pattern was ruled directly upon the plate itself -by the engine. This work is done upon the same principle in mechanics of -“_guides_,” as shoe-lasts are turned by the “Last turning machine.” A -model last is used for a guide to the machine, which turns out of a -rough-hewn block of wood a last exactly like the model. Thus in genuine -medallion ruling there is always a medal or coin used for a “_guide_.” The -points in determining genuine medallions from imitations engraved by hand, -are, the lines in the genuine all run in one general direction; they are -always _full length lines_ across the whole pattern, the lines are all -_exactly the same size_ or caliber, they _never cross each other_. Every -undulation in the pattern on the guide or medal is copied with the most -_unerring exactness_, and articulated _distinctly_ and beautifully -correct, which is impossible to be done so perfectly by hand. In the -counterfeit the lines are apt to _break off_ in the midst of the pattern; -some lines are apt to be _coarser than others_, which gives it a scratchy -appearance. In the genuine, the lines crowd together in the parts of the -pattern that appear depressed or sunken, and spread apart more where the -pattern appears raised and looks whiter, producing the lights and shades -with the most magnificent ease and effect. In the counterfeit done by hand -the lines do not crowd and spread apart again, according to the pattern, -with such ease and effect, but the patterns appear stiff, flat, or -imperfectly raised. There is always one of two ways or alternatives in -which the hand-work imitations appear to fail. If they succeed in making -the lines full length, as they ought to be, then the pattern will -inevitably appear _flat_ in expression, imperfectly raised; but if they -succeed in making the pattern look _raised_, as it ought to be, then there -will inevitably be _broken_ or _forked lines_ all through the midst of the -pattern. It seems impossible to combine in hand-work imitations of this -extremely fine and complicated work full length lines, and at the same -time a perfectly _finished_ and _raised_ pattern, which the Pentograph -Ruling Engine always does in the highest perfection. - -[Illustration: I J - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._ - -K - -_Magnified 10 to 15 times._] - -Diagrams I and J represent the appearance of counterfeit Medallions when -magnified. K represents the appearance of a genuine Medallion as magnified -10 to 15 times. _Every line is full length_, and exactly of the _same -size_. In J the lines _break off_ and _fork together_ all through the -midst of the pattern, and some lines a little _coarser_ than others, -which gives it a scratchy appearance. - -Whenever there are two or more medallions in a genuine bill that pretend -to be alike, they are always exactly alike; being double-transferred from -the same original die; (see medallion heads marked ‘3’ in the steel -plate,) but two medallions cannot be made exactly alike separately by -hand. The following extract in relation to this work is quoted from the -Mechanic’s Magazine, 1835: “The Journal of the Franklin Institute for -September contains an elegant engraved portrait of Wm. Congreve, the -dramatist, executed by Wm. A. Spencer of Philadelphia, in the manner -described, and has inserted the following proofs that the invention can be -claimed for America. ‘Believing that the credit of the invention of a -machine for medal ruling is due to America, we will briefly set forth our -proofs, and then speak of the improvements which of late years the method -has undergone. The proofs to be given of the existence and state of the -machine are to be derived from the results produced by it. In 1817, by the -use of a machine which had been invented in Philadelphia, Christian -Gobrecht, die-sinker, produced an engraving upon copper, from a medal -having upon it the head of Alexander of Russia. From this engraving -impressions were taken and distributed. One of these impressions we have -seen. In 1819, Asa Spencer, now of the firm of Draper, Underwood & Co. -bank-note engravers, took with him to London a machine of the kind above -alluded to, which was designed principally for straight and waved-line -ruling. This machine was used in London during the year just mentioned, -and the mode of ruling waved lines, and of copying medals, was then -exhibited and explained by Mr. Spencer to several artists--particularly -Mr. Terrell, who took by permission a drawing of the machine, for the -purpose of having one made for his own use. Little however was done in -the way of medal ruling until about three years since, (1832,) when a -desire to apply the method to the engraving of designs for bank notes -caused it to be revived by Mr. Spencer, who bestowed great attention upon -it, and overcame the difficulties met with in the onset.’--The peculiar -construction of this machine has never been made a secret, nor has it ever -been patented, although prudential motives have required that it should -not be minutely described, and thus be placed in the hands of those by -whom its use might be perverted. The operations performed by this machine -are the ruling of parallel straight lines at any required distances apart, -either continuous or broken; ruling converging straight lines; ruling -waved lines, the waves being either similar, varying by more or less -imperceptible gradations; and medal ruling or transferring to copper the -fac-simile of a medal without injuring its surface, the waved lines -presenting a copy of the minutest parts of the medal.” - - -RULE IV. - -VIGNETTES--A GENERAL RULE. - -_Faces, Eyes, Stippling, Hair, Drapery, Limbs, Scenery, &c._ - -Rule IV. relates to the Vignettes, to notice whether they appear to come -up to the usual standard of perfection in the following points: the faces, -eyes, stippling, hair, drapery, limbs, scenery, landscapes, water and -agricultural scenes, &c. This work is always done by hand, both in the -genuine and counterfeit; but in the genuine it is done by _first-class -artists_; men who are at the head of their profession, and who can always -get such a complete remuneration for their labor that there cannot -possibly be any temptation for them to counterfeit. It is only second, -third, fourth, and sometimes _hundredth_-rate artists that -counterfeit:--runaway apprentices and cast-off journeymen, and possibly -amateurs. The points to observe are first, the human face, stippling, and -the eyes. This is the most difficult of any part of the Vignette to -execute well, and fails in counterfeits, more than any other part of the -4th Rule. In the genuine, the eyes have a perfectly natural expression, -while in counterfeits they are, generally, merely two clumsy dots. The -_stippling_ is the beautiful artistic arrangement of the fine dots which -produce the shading--the smooth, even, soft _rounding_ of the features, -the cheeks, nose, lips, chin, and limbs; this fails _invariably_ in -counterfeits--the features, and generally the limbs also, appearing -_flat_, scratchy, inexpressive, and inanimate. The human hair in the -genuine will look soft, silky, and natural; displaying a _lustre_ in -portions where the light appears to strike it. In counterfeits the hair -generally appears _stiff_, coarse, _wiry_, lifeless, and unnatural. The -drapery in the genuine beautifully represents the folds and texture of -different kinds of cloth; sometimes the dark, heavy and glossy appearance -of broadcloth is produced; sometimes the light, flowing appearance of silk -or muslin--the folds always look easy and _flowing_--no stiffness. In -counterfeits the drapery generally appears scratchy and _stiff_, sometimes -having the _solid_ appearance of cast iron, and sometimes like coarse -wire-cloth, inexplicably twisted up in a snarl in trying to imitate the -easy and natural folds of the genuine. The limbs, hands, or feet are -always well done in the genuine, but generally fail in counterfeits. It is -a very difficult matter to execute well, and it requires a first-rate -artist to produce an elegant-shaped hand or foot and in an easy position. -To engrave human figures correctly it is first necessary for the artist to -acquire a _thorough_ knowledge of Anatomy. Smoke in the genuine is always -well done--generally in fine curved lines, and sometimes in straight -parallels, fading off gradually at the edges. In counterfeits the smoke -gradually appears coarse and _scratchy_. Also notice whether the -“perspective” is managed rightly: the lights and shades, and the forms of -animals, horses, cows, &c. &c. whether truthfully portrayed. Vignettes are -transferred to the plates from _double_ transferred cylinder dies. - -“Chambers’s Information for the People” says:-- - -“Engraving, in all its various branches, is a species of labor which -probably requires greater remuneration than any other department of -art--for not only must there be a great degree of patience and -perseverance beyond what is required in most other employments, especially -in undertaking the engraving of a genuine bank-note plate, which must be -perfect in all its parts, showing the lights and shades true to life--one -part corresponding with another as though nature herself had formed the -impression. Such of course is the intention of the artist, who must be a -finished workman before he can receive employment in this capacity; the -perfection of the execution being of course the only great difficulty to -overcome. This will be seen from the fact that in all cases from ten to -fifteen artists are employed upon one bank note plate, and as this -employment necessarily calls into its service the very best talent that -can be secured, it follows as a matter of fact that we are perfectly safe -in looking to the perfection of a note for the genuineness of the bill. -Each artist has a separate part to execute; and as the whole plate is made -of different parts, called “dies” or “cuts,” it is therefore evident that -no band of counterfeiters can accomplish their designs--it being -impossible.” - -[See the Vignette marked “4” in the steel plate; also the portrait of -Washington.] - - -RULE V. - -LETTERING, AND ENGRAVERS’ NAMES. - -Rule V. relates to the perfection of lettering. In the genuine the -lettering is done by a first-class artist, whose particular branch it is -to devote exclusively to that part of the work alone, and of course he -arrives at a degree of perfection that could not be approached without -such a sub-division of labor. In the genuine the letters are all exactly -of the same size, where they _pretend_ to be, and on the same _angle_ and -same size stroke, where they pretend to be. There are two great points to -observe as regards lettering, viz. _neatness_ in form, and -_uniformity_--the most important is UNIFORMITY. The want of uniformity in -size, slant, distances apart, thickness of stroke, and any deviation from -the line of the letters of a title, or the name of a bank for instance, -will show counterfeit work. See the lettering in the word COUNTERFEIT in -the steel-plate illustration compared with the lettering of the “UNIVERSAL -DETECTOR,” “UNITED STATES,” &c. The engraved writing in the genuine, -“Promise to pay on demand,” &c. is always beautifully done, the down -strokes _uniform in size and slant_, and the hair strokes extremely fine, -the curves _easy_ and _flowing_, while in counterfeits the down strokes -are apt to point in different angles, and the hair strokes coarse, and the -curves _stiff_ and defective. But perhaps the most important part of the -5th Rule, as it fails _invariably_, without exception, in all -counterfeits, is the engravers’ names or “imprint,” which in the genuine -is a _die_ cut in the most perfect manner, the letters very neat and -perfect and perfectly _uniform_ in every respect. In counterfeits it is -not a die, but letters cut in by hand, and never so perfect as the -genuine, but clumsy, not uniform distances apart, nor in size and slant, -and not all in a straight line, &c. - - -RULE VI. - -SIGNATURES AND FILLING UP. - -The 6th Rule relates to the signatures, and filling up the No., date, to -whom payable, cashier, and president. To notice whether the whole filling -up appears in two or three different hands, as it ought to be. In the -genuine the _No._ and _date_ is generally written by a bank clerk, who -writes a very neat, rapid _business_ hand--but of course there may be -exceptions to this Rule--but in counterfeits the No. and date is _almost -invariably clumsy and unbusiness-like_. Where the officers’ signatures are -imitated there will be a slow, studied, and stiff appearance, not easy, -natural and _original_-looking. Some men acquire an almost intuitive -knowledge of _original_ handwriting at sight, and the writer has seen many -excellent judges of Bank Notes who have acknowledged that they were guided -almost entirely by the signatures, even of strange banks. Auto-chirography -may be studied as a science, but it can only be acquired by long -experience, and it is not infallible: the best judges of writing might -possibly be deceived sometimes. In some counterfeits the signatures are -lithographed _fac-similes_, sometimes traced over with a pen. In writing -with a pen the ink thoroughly saturates the paper, but leaves a smooth -edge to the stroke, and has somewhat of a glossy appearance, while the -printed _fac-similes_ always have a _stamped_ appearance, the stroke of a -dead color and rough edge, not saturated or lively, like writing ink. If -traced over with a pen there will be places, especially in the hair -strokes, where the pen does not follow the curves in the stroke correctly. -In cases where fraudulent impressions are obtained from the genuine -plate, or where the plate itself is stolen, the 6th Rule is all that will -detect; but when such a case happens there are always measures taken by -the bank to meet it--a new plate is ordered, and the old emission called -in. - - -RULE VII. - -PAPER AND GENERAL APPEARANCE. - -Rule VII. relates to the paper, printing, and the general appearance of a -note. Genuine bank-note paper is made of linen or silk, or a mixture of -both, of a firm texture, and of a superior quality, (see the paper on -which the steel-plate illustration is printed.) This paper is manufactured -expressly for the banks and engraving companies alone, and counterfeiters -can seldom get hold of paper of this kind, but are generally compelled to -use slazy or half cotton paper. A counterfeit note is seldom printed as -well as the genuine, but often blurred, and poor ink. As to the “general -appearance,” this is produced by a combination of all the Rules. If all -the Rules are good, and the note well printed, the “general appearance” of -course will be perfect; but if there is any one or more of the Rules bad, -the harmony of the “general appearance” will be interrupted. But if a -genuine note is old, worn, and has been wet, the general appearance may be -bad, but the other rules will all be good, and prove the note to be -genuine. - - -ANASTATIC TRANSFERS, OR LITHOGRAPHY. - -There was an emission, five or ten years ago, of some counterfeits on the -National Bank, Providence, 2s and 5s. They were not regularly-engraved -plates; and as the exact process by which they were got up is unknown, -they are supposed to be anastatic transfers, or lithographs. They have a -very _smoky_, brown, blurred, and _indistinct_ appearance, something -similar, but inferior to, mezzotinto engraving. It is supposed that the -process, whatever it was, did not succeed well enough, as there never have -any appeared like them since. The shading of the letters appeared to be a -solid brown coloring--no lines perceptible scarcely, and this was the -character of the engraving of the whole note. - -The new counterfeit tens on the State Bank of Ohio are exceedingly well -done, though easily detected by the Rules. One kind--that with an X in the -center of the vignette--appears to be a lithograph, a transfer from the -genuine bill; but the impression produced appears to have been faint and -dim in many places, and re-touched with _a graver_;--thus easily detected -on examination, although very dangerous counterfeits. - - -ALTERATIONS FROM BROKEN BANKS. - -THE “MAGIC THREE.” - -The first seven Rules go to show whether a bill is from a genuine plate or -not. We now proceed to discuss _Altered Bills_. In altered bills, where a -genuine bill of a broken bank is altered by the counterfeiter to some -sound bank, there are three places in which the alteration must be made, -viz: First, the _State_; Second, _Title_, or name of the bank; and Third, -the _Town_. They are generally extracted, or the letters dissolved by some -chemical process, and the name of another bank, state, and town, -substituted in their place. The Ruling Engine shading on the genuine will -be imitated by hand in the substituted “title” and “town,” and this will -detect it as well as the clumsiness of the letters generally, and also the -white streak or bleaching of the paper around and between the substituted -letters. Sometimes the “bank” may be in the same State, and there will be -only two places to alter besides the signatures; and sometimes the broken -bank bills of the _same name or title_ are selected, (for instance the -Commercial Bank, Millington, Md.) and there will also be two places to -alter besides the signatures, viz: the “State” and “Town.” In dissolving -the signatures of the broken bank by some acid and substituting imitations -of the proper signatures, they generally look _faded_, which is caused by -a little acid still remaining in the paper--and also the whole filling up, -signatures and all, are in one handwriting. By noticing these three -points, the “State,” “Title,” and “Town,” (the Magic Three,) and the -signatures, the detection of any alteration from a broken bank will be a -very simple and easy matter. For instance, one of the best alterations, -and one that has deceived thousands of good judges when it was first -issued in 1849, were 1s, Madison County Bank, Cazenovia, N. Y. vignette -three females. The “New York Safety Fund” and “Cazenovia” were rather -clumsily lettered and the MADIS- was _shaded by hand_, while -ON COUNTY -BANK was shaded perfectly by the Ruling Engine. This shows of course an -alteration from some other name that ended in -ON; most probably CLINTON. -There was no bleaching or scratching of the paper around the substituted -letters, and the signatures were not faded, this shows that it was not an -_altered bill_ but an _altered plate_, probably a “wild cat” bank plate, -that was sold at auction, in New York, in 1841. - - -ALTERED DENOMINATIONS. - -This is altering from a smaller to a larger denomination--as 1s altered to -5s, &c. &c. This is done in various ways. One way it is done by pasting; -but it is more generally done by extracting the ink of the figure and the -die containing it by some chemical fluid, and printing in its place a -counterfeit die, or sometimes a stolen genuine die containing a larger -denomination. The words, “ONE DOLLAR,” which generally is shaded by the -Ruling Engine, are extracted, and “FIVE DOLLARS” substituted in its place -and _shaded by hand_. A difference also in the color of the ink of the -substituted denominations from the rest of the note will generally be -seen. Sometimes the letters of the substituted denomination are _common -printer’s type_, the “old English letter,” 🖙 Twenty Dollars. - - -OLD-STYLE PLATES. - -Counterfeits upon the old-fashioned plates, “Perkin’s stereotype plate” -and others, all that contain any _transferred_ dies, the pattern _white_ -upon a black ground, can be detected by the imitation of transferring. -Diagrams E, F, on page 16, also diagrams, L, M, will illustrate this -principle. In the genuine it is machine waved-ruling transferred from -dies, while in the counterfeit this is imitated by engraving the _black -spaces_ immediately upon the plate itself, and attempting to make it fit -so as to have the appearance of being transferred. L represents the -genuine, (though imperfect,) M represents the counterfeit. There are four -out of the seven Rules that will apply to the old fashioned “Perkin’s -stereotype” and most other old-style plates, viz: the 1st Rule, or -Transferring; the 5th Rule, the Lettering, especially the mass of small -lettering, “One Dollar,” “One Dollar,” in the body of the note; 6th Rule, -the Signatures and filling up; 7th Rule, Paper and general appearance. - -[Illustration: L M] - - -THE PIECING OPERATION. - -This process of increasing the number of bills from a given quantity by -piecing--as making ten bills out of nine--appears to be done--as seen in a -specimen lately--by cutting off perpendicularly a piece, one ninth of a -bill, and pasting in its place a piece of a _counterfeit_ on the same -bank and denomination to match. The same process will be then carried on -with the nine bills, only that in each bill the piece would be cut out in -a different place. When the nine bills are thus all pieced there would be -_just enough surplus pieces left_ of the genuine to paste together with -one piece of the counterfeit to make a _complete bill like the rest_, and -this would be the profit on the operation. The counterfeit part of the -bills appeared to be intentionally defaced, so as to be nearly illegible, -in order to escape detection. The banks will only redeem such bills at -their estimated proportionate value. - - -SUMMING UP. - -PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE RULES. - -No matter how much a bill may be worn and defaced, if the name of the bank -and the denomination can be seen, the application of these rules will -enable a person to decide at sight whether a bill is genuine or not. The -1st Rule, the Geometric Lathe-work being infallible, any imitation can be -detected at a glance, when of course the bill must be a counterfeit -without looking any further. But a great many counterfeits contain _stolen -genuine dies_, when of course the 1st Rule will fail to detect; but there -is always enough else to detect a bad bill. The 2d Rule, the Ruling Engine -work--any imitation of this can be detected at a glance. This rule detects -oftener than almost any other rule, and therefore it is one of the most -useful of all the rules. In some old-fashioned genuine plates, especially -in some of the old New England plates, there may occur an exception to -this rule, the shading of the letters being done by hand. Now and then, -but very rarely, a counterfeit is seen containing genuine Ruling Engine -work; but in such a case there are plenty of the other rules to fail. -Counterfeiters may get some genuine work, but they cannot get a _perfect -combination of all the work genuine_. There is always _something lacking_. -It is against their interest to invest so much capital as would enable -them to get everything perfect. Besides, they can never get the services -of a sufficient number of first-class artists, and _all_ the necessary -machinery. 3d Rule, the Medallions--see if the heads or other ornamental -patterns of this work look raised, distinct, clear and smooth, and the -lines all _full length_, and the most skillful imitations by hand can be -detected at a glance. 4th Rule, the Vignettes--whether they come up to the -usual standard of perfection, especially the human eye and face. Sometimes -the vignette in a counterfeit is a stolen genuine die, generally much -worn. A lot of old worn out dies were sold at auction in New York in 1841 -to the highest bidder, and some got into counterfeiters’ hands. 5th Rule, -the Lettering and Engravers’ Names. It is an exceedingly rare thing indeed -to find anything near first-class lettering in a counterfeit; but the -Engravers’ names _always fail_--the writer has never seen a single -exception. 6th Rule, the Signatures and Filling Up. Counterfeits are so -often palpably filled up all in one handwriting as to make this an -important rule; also look out for lithographed ‘fac-similes.’ 7th Rule, -Paper and General Appearance. Experience has proved that it is always best -in judging a doubtful bill to apply the rules in their proper order, one -after the other, commencing with the 1st, otherwise a person might forget -one or two rules, and neglect to apply the very rule that would most -palpably condemn the bill. The writer has never seen a counterfeit where -less than _two_ of the rules would condemn it at sight, and the rest -genuine work. But the majority of counterfeits are condemned by three, -four, five, six, and very often the whole seven rules. - - -THE STEEL-PLATE ILLUSTRATION. - -The steel plate, next to the title-page, contains a standard specimen of -all the different styles of genuine engraving on all bank notes of all -banks in the United States. But _those particular patterns_ or dies do not -belong to any regular Bank-note Engraving Co. in the U.S. They, with -others, were sold at auction some years since, and duplicate dies have -been made from them and scattered over the country, New York, Boston and -Philadelphia, and some of them have got into counterfeiters’ hands, who -use them in their spurious issues. Therefore no pattern like any one of -these will ever be seen in a genuine note; but one or more of the -duplicates of them will often be seen in a counterfeit. The plate -therefore serves two purposes--1st, illustrating genuine and perfect work; -2d, to guard against genuine auction dies used in counterfeits. - -Another auction vignette die, often seen in counterfeits, but never in a -genuine bill, is a woman sitting by a sheaf of wheat, canal lock on the -right and locomotive and bridge on the left. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Universal Counterfeit and Bank -Note Detector at Sight, by H. C. 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C. Foote. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 40em; -} - -td { - padding-left: 0.25em; - padding-right: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; -} - -td.valign { - vertical-align: middle; - white-space: nowrap; -} - -td.nowrap { - white-space: nowrap; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.blue-border { - border: thin solid blue; -} - -.borders { - border-top: thin solid black; - border-bottom: thin solid black; - margin: 3em auto auto auto; - max-width: 30em; -} - -.bracket { - font-size: 250%; -} - -.caption { - display: none; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.ditto { - margin-left: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.gothic { - font-family: 'Old English Text MT', Old English, serif; -} - -.noindent { - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.letter-l { - margin-right: 3em; -} - -.letter-r { - margin-left: 3em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.sig-container { - text-align: right; -} - -div.sig { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -p.sig { - text-indent: 2em; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.smcapuc { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; - text-transform: lowercase; -} - -.testimonial { - margin-top: 1.5em; - margin-bottom: 1.5em; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size: smaller; - padding: 0.5em; - text-indent: 0; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Universal Counterfeit and Bank Note -Detector at Sight, by H. C. Foote - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Universal Counterfeit and Bank Note Detector at Sight - -Author: H. C. Foote - -Release Date: January 6, 2017 [EBook #53907] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="steelplate"> -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note: the image below can be clicked on -for a larger version, if you are reading this on a device that supports that.</p> -<a href="images/frontispiece-full.jpg"><img class="blue-border" src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="200" height="100" alt="Click Me for bigger image (that you may not be able to see either)" /></a> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<h1>THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT<br /> -<span class="smaller">AND</span><br /> -ALTERED BANK NOTE DETECTOR,<br /> -<span class="smaller">AT SIGHT:</span></h1> - -<p class="titlepage">A System of Infallible Detection at Sight, Applicable to all Banks<br /> -in the United States, now in circulation, or hereafter issued.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">COMPLETE IN SEVEN RULES:</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">WITH</span><br /> -<span class="gothic larger">Diagrams and Illustrations on Steel,</span><br /> -FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION.</p> - -<div class="borders"> - -<p class="center"><b>ARRANGED AND IMPROVED BY H. C. FOOTE,</b><br /> -71 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">FOURTH EDITION.—FIFTH THOUSAND.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">NEW YORK:<br /> -MANN & SPEAR, PRINTERS AND STATIONERS,<br /> -133 <span class="smcap">Pearl Street</span>.<br /> -1853.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="borders"> - -<p class="center smaller">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by</p> - -<p class="center smaller">WHEELER M. GILLETT,</p> - -<p class="center smaller">in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the -District of Ohio.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>TESTIMONIALS.</h2> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Sept. 18th, 1849.</i>—I have examined Mr. Foote’s method of -detecting counterfeit Bank Notes, and have no hesitation in saying, -that in my opinion it will be exceedingly serviceable to any who will -give it their attention.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">F. W. EDMONDS, Cashier Mechanics’ Bank, N.Y.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p>I concur in the above.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">E. H. ARTHUR,<br /> -Ass’t Cashier Union Bank, N.Y.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>Mr. H. C. Foote’s method of detecting counterfeit and altered notes -is founded on true principles, and well worthy the consideration of all -money-takers.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">J. McCHESNEY,<br /> -Of Adams, McChesney & Co., Exchange Brokers, 71 Wall st., N.Y.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p>CHAS. COLGATE & CO., Exchange Brokers, 67 Wall street.</p> -<p>C. S. SLOANE, Exchange Broker, 23 Wall street.</p> -<p>ANTHONY LANE, Exchange Broker, 49 Wall street.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>Troy, Nov. 23d, 1849.</i>—Two months since I attended Mr. Foote’s instructions -in detecting counterfeit Bank Notes, and am very willing -now to say that I am well satisfied with his system and mode of explaining -it.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">C. P. HARTT, Teller Troy City Bank.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Nov. 28th, 1849.</i>—I fully concur in the opinion respecting -Mr. Foote’s mode of detecting Counterfeit Bills as expressed above.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">J. SIMPSON, Book-keeper, 72 William street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>City Hall, New York, Nov 29th, 1849.</i>—I fully concur with Mr. Simpson -in the above opinion.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="center">GEO. W. MATSELL,<br /> -Chief of Police.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Lansingburgh, N. Y., Nov. 23d, 1849.</i>—I fully agree with the preceding -opinions on the subject of H. C. Foote’s Detector.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">A. WALSH, Jr., Teller Bank of Lansingburgh.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>New York, Dec. 22d, 1849.</i>—I concur in the above statements.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">AMASA Z. FOSTER, Exchange Broker, 234 Pearl street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Dec. 26th, 1849.</i>—I have examined Mr. H. C. Foote’s system -for detecting counterfeit Bank paper and think it useful, especially in -well-executed counterfeits where judgment must depend upon the -engraving alone.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">W. R. VERMILYE,<br /> -Of Carpenter & Vermilye, Exchange Brokers, 54 Wall street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Nov. 17th, 1849.</i>—Having taken lessons in counterfeit Bank -Note Detection, as given by Mr. H. C. Foote, I hesitate not to say that -I am fully satisfied that if strictly followed and practised upon, any -man may detect the most ingenious counterfeit. It has the advantage -of being reduced to system, and the information imparted respecting -genuine engraving is worth double the cost of lesson.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">A. LEWIS,<br /> -Cashier at Loder & Co.’s Wholesale Dry Goods, 83 Cedar street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Nov. 20th, 1849.</i>—I have examined into Mr. Foote’s system -of counterfeit detection, and am satisfied it is useful and of great advantage -to all dealing in Bank Notes.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">WILSON DEFENDORF, Exchange Broker, 82 Wall street.</p> -<p class="sig">SMITH & HAWS, Exchange Brokers, 137 Chatham street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Jan. 8th, 1850.</i>—Having been instructed by Mr. H. C. Foote -in his method of detecting counterfeit Bank Bills, I can say with confidence -that his system is perfect.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="center">CHAS. W. HUBBELL, Cashier with Lee & Brewster,<br /> -Print Warehouse, 44 Cedar street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Dec. 5th, 1849.</i>—Having availed myself of the instruction -imparted in counterfeit detection as taught by Mr. H. C. Foote, I have -no hesitation in saying that I am fully satisfied that it can by strict attention -to the rules be made an infallible means of detecting all kinds -of spurious Bills.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">A. CARPENTER, Domestic Goods, 52 Cedar street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York. Feb. 19th, 1850.</i>—I take pleasure in stating that the instruction -I have received from Mr. Foote is of great service to me in detecting -counterfeit and altered Bills.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">CHAS. F. GOODHUE, Cashier at D. & D. H. Brooks,<br /> -Clothing Warehouse, cor. Catharine and Cherry streets.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, Feb. 19th, 1850.</i>—About the best three dollars I have spent -was with Mr. Foote for his valuable lesson in detecting counterfeit -money.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">JOHN T. BROWN,<br /> -Of Andrew Brown & Son, Clothiers, 114 Cherry street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><i>New York, 16th Nov. 1849.</i>—I have examined the system of Mr. Foote -for detecting counterfeits, and am satisfied that it is infallible when all -the rules are applied.</p> - -<div class="sig-container"> -<div class="sig"> -<p class="sig">S. M. ALFORD,<br /> -Wholesale Hardware, 5 Platt street.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>Also several hundred more testimonials from Bankers, Brokers, and -Merchants in New York City, Troy, Buffalo, Detroit and Ohio.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> - -<h2>Notices by the Press of the “Universal Counterfeit Detector.”</h2> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Counterfeit Bank-Note Detector at Sight.</span>”—We have seen a -little pamphlet of 20 pages, by H. C. Foote, of 763 Greenwich-street, -N. Y., with this title. It gives eight rules, with illustrative diagrams, -by an acquaintance with which, any person may readily distinguish -the engraving of a counterfeit bill from a genuine one—founded upon -the principle that no counterfeiter, working with his hand, can possibly -attain the beauty and accuracy of engraving by the perfect and -costly machinery of professional engravers. The difference between -the two is shown by the diagrams. The writer says he has never seen -a counterfeit which a judgment by these rules would not condemn at -sight. Well-informed dealers in Bank Notes usually act upon this -principle, but Mr. Foote has here attempted to give rules and explanations -to render it more clear and easily understood, and by which -every man may judge for himself. Its price is $2. We think, with -Mr. Edmonds, Cashier of the Mechanics’ Bank, N. Y., that it will be -“exceedingly serviceable to any one who will give it due attention.”—<cite>Newark -Daily Advertiser.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Counterfeit Detector.</span>—Our readers will notice in another column -the advertisement of H. C. Foote’s Universal Counterfeit Detector. We -have examined the system, and have no hesitation in stating that it -will do more than all others now in use towards ridding the country of -counterfeit notes. The instructions which accompany the magnifying -glass will enable a person, with very little trouble, to determine between -good and bad notes. We notice among those who have recommended -the system, the names of F. W. Edmonds, Esq. Cashier of the -Mechanics’ Bank, N. Y.; E. H. Arthur, Esq. of the Union Bank; C. S. -Sloane, Broker, Wall street, and many other prominent money dealers. -From what we can learn, we should think it a subject of universal interest.—<cite>Scientific -American.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>🖙 H. C. Foote has published a little book of 20 pages, called the -Counterfeit Note Detector. It seems to us to contain much important -information for the detection of counterfeit Paper-money.—<cite>New York -Express</cite>, November 24.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><span class="smcap">To Detect Counterfeits.</span>—We have been made acquainted with a -very valuable method of detecting counterfeit Bank Notes at sight, -which may be learned by any one in one hour. The author is Mr. H.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> -C. Foote, No. 763 Greenwich-street, N. Y.—<cite>New York Sun</cite>, November -6th, 1849.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">The Universal Counterfeit Detector.</span>”—Mr. H. C. Foote, of 763 -Greenwich-street, has just published a pamphlet, entitled as above, -small in size, but exceedingly useful; a familiarity with the contents -of which will render every one fully competent to detect any counterfeit -or altered Bank Note at sight. From an examination into the system -we are convinced that the knowledge derived from the little work -in question will be of essential interest to every tradesman, and we -therefore commend it to their attention and consideration. By an advertisement -in another column it will be perceived that Mr. Foote will -give lessons in his system, to all who may desire it.—<cite>New York Atlas</cite>, -February 3d, 1850.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p><cite>Water Cure Institute, Saratoga Spa</cite>, Sept. 12th. 1849.—<span class="smcap">To whom it may -concern</span>:—The bearer, Henry C. Foote, is a young gentleman of unexceptionable -moral character, of excellent business habits, of strict integrity, -and is scrupulously honest. He professes nothing he is not -competent to perform. The business he is now engaged in is, and must -be, of great individual and public benefit, and a direct means of preventing -men from attempting to prey upon the community by fraud. -If all that handle money had the knowledge of detecting spurious -Bank Notes at sight, the trade would become extinct. Mr. Foote can -impart this knowledge in one hour to any person of ordinary observation. -We most heartily commend him and his art to the public.</p> - -<p class="right">W. A. HAMILTON, M.D.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">The Universal Counterfeit and Altered Bank-Note Detector</span>” -explains a method for the infallible detection of counterfeit notes. It -is highly recommended by experienced bankers, and with its clear -descriptions of the essential points in a genuine note, cannot fail to be -of great practical value.—<cite>New York Tribune</cite>, Aug. 21st, 1850.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR,<br /> -<span class="smaller">Applicable to all Banks in the United States.</span></h2> - -<p>The Steel-plate Illustrations contain standard specimens of all the -different styles of engraving of the notes of all the Banks in the United -States—six distinct kinds; four kinds of Engine-work, which is impossible -to be imitated by hand. In counterfeits it is attempted, and this -book explains the principle in such a manner as to enable any person -to detect <em>at sight</em>, infallibly, any counterfeit or altered note.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> - -<p>Heretofore the best judges of money have had nothing as a guide in -judging at sight but experience in handling money, a familiarity with -the notes of a few particular banks, and the general appearance of a -note. They become familiar with a certain (to them) undefined perfect -appearance, generally possessed by genuine notes, and any apparent -want of which creates suspicion as to the genuineness of a note; -but the first impression, they affirm, is the best, as sometimes upon continued -examination the judgment, having no particular guide, wavers, -gets confused, and is often at fault. Now this uncertainty may be entirely -obviated, and the detection of counterfeits at sight reduced to a -perfect science or mathematical certainty; and this great desideratum -is held to be perfectly attained in the rules here presented, when combined -with a little practice in handling money.</p> - -<p>All genuine Bank Notes in the United States are engraved upon one -uniform principle, by regular Bank-note Engraving Companies. A -company consists of ten to twenty first-class artists, each perfect in his -own department; there is required a heavy capital to be invested, and -the use of perfect, costly and inimitable machinery. Since the invention -of the Geometric Lathe, Ruling Engine, and Medallion Ruling, -and the invention of transferring engravings by Perkins, it has been -rendered entirely out of the question—in fact, a physical impossibility—for -any genuine note to be perfectly imitated. Counterfeiters cannot -procure all the machinery; and even supposing they could, it would -be against their own interest to invest $50,000 to $100,000 in an illegitimate -business, to run the hazardous risk of seizure and confiscation. -It would be more to their interest to invest that amount in any honest -business. They therefore attempt to imitate the several kinds of inimitable -engine-work by hand, and the imitations thus produced vary in -character from miserably poor to tolerable, and sometimes exceedingly -close imitations—deceiving the best judges who do not understand the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> -principle, but detected at a glance by any one understanding it, as it is -explained and illustrated in the following pages. Sometimes they get -hold of one or more worn-out stolen genuine dies and use them in their -issues—and so far their work will be genuine; but there is always -enough else of the other portions of the work to indicate a counterfeit -note.</p> - -<p>The following items, quoted from newspapers (June, 1850), will serve -to show the necessity of the diffusion of some system of infallible detection -at sight:—</p> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>🖙 “The Western States, it is said, are flooded with $2 bills of the -State Bank, Indiana.”—<cite>Times.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="testimonial"> - -<p>🖙 The <cite>Boston Traveller</cite> of Wednesday, June 5th, says, “It is not -supposed that counterfeit money is manufactured in this city. The -greater part of the money of this description which has for years flooded -the country, comes from Canada, where, from various causes, its -manufacturers have been left comparatively undisturbed, to carry on -their nefarious business. … It is not perhaps -an exaggeration to say that traders in our city are cheated out of -at least $50,000 annually, by means of counterfeit money.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>Now in New York city, which is four times larger than Boston, this -system has been pretty generally diffused among the merchants for -nine months past, and it may be safely predicted that for the year 1850 -there will not be one-tenth, or even a twentieth of the above sum lost -here by counterfeits. Men who handle any money should not refuse to -expend the trifling sum to learn this system. They should reflect that -besides it being against their own interests to remain ignorant of it, -their neglect to learn it <em>is just so much encouragement to counterfeiters</em>, because -the less this system is spread the greater the chance for counterfeit -money to circulate and defraud the public; therefore, every honest -man should put his shoulder to the wheel to facilitate the diffusion of -the system, and thereby assist to drive all spurious money out of circulation. -The different periodical Bank-note Lists are excellent guides, <em>as -far as they go</em>, but they do not and cannot go far enough. They assist too -often <em>after</em> the mischief is done. In hundreds of cases their description -of counterfeits is necessarily vague and uncertain, especially where -the counterfeit is a <em>fac-simile</em> of the genuine: they never make a man a -good judge of money <em>at sight</em>. But the greatest trouble is that new -counterfeits, it is said, are generally “rushed” in upon the community<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span> -preconcertedly, from different points at once, and the greatest mischief -is often done before they have time to get the description in the List. -Now this system will enable the poorest judge to detect <em>any</em> counterfeit, -<em>new</em> or old, <span class="smcapuc">AT SIGHT</span>. It is arranged systematically into seven rules, -simple and comprehensive at a glance of the eye. For self-instruction -a magnifying glass will be of great assistance at first in learning the -principle, and afterwards the naked eye will be sufficient to detect, but -it is advisable to always have a glass on hand. Also a few specimens -of bills, good and bad, to compare and examine at first is necessary to -make the theory practical. The following is the list of</p> - -<h3>RULES:</h3> - -<table summary="Rules"> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="smcap">Rule</span> 1.</td> - <td>Geometric Lathe,</td> - <td rowspan="3" class="valign"><span class="bracket">}</span> Infallible when imitated.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="ditto">”</span> 2.</td> - <td>Ruling Engine,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="ditto">”</span> 3.</td> - <td>Medallions,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="ditto">”</span> 4.</td> - <td colspan="2">Vignettes—viz: Stippling, Eyes, Hair, Drapery, Limbs, Scenery, &c.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="ditto">”</span> 5.</td> - <td colspan="2">Lettering and <em>Engravers’ names</em>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="ditto">”</span> 6.</td> - <td colspan="2">Signatures and filling up.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="nowrap"><span class="ditto">”</span> 7.</td> - <td colspan="2">Paper, printing, and general appearance.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">Alterations from broken Banks—the Magic Three.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">Altered Denominations—1st, 2d, 5th and 7th Rules.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>It is believed, and experience has proved, that the above combination -of rules is arranged in the most judicious and effective order, and the -best adapted for practical use in detecting at sight that could be devised. -It is in fact nearly the order in which a genuine plate is originally -got up. First the “Geometric Lathe” dies, “Medallions,” and “Vignettes” -are transferred; then the “Lettering” and “Ruling Engine” -work, next the “Paper and Printing,” “Signatures and filling up,” and -lastly, after all is finished, the “General appearance” of the whole.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.</h2> - -<p>That this work merits the encouraging praise and high appreciation -it has met with seems to be confirmed by its rapid sale and by the permanent, -steady demand yet existing for it, as well now as when it was -first issued in 1849. Various miserable imitations of it (infringements -of the copyright) have been attempted in the form of circulars, pamphlets, -and pretended outlines of it published in newspapers and Bank-note -Lists, but of such a superficial and abortive character as to entirely -fail of being a truthful synopsis and answering no particularly -useful purpose in the detection of counterfeits. This work stands pre-eminent -and alone. The only objection heretofore made to it was its -high price. It is now reduced to as low a price as it can possibly be -afforded, and the present edition improved.</p> - -<p class="right">H. C. F.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<h2>RULES.</h2> - -<h3>RULE I.<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE GEOMETRIC LATHE.<br /> -(<i>Infallible when imitated.</i>)</span></h3> - -<p>The “Geometric Lathe” is a very perfect and costly Engraving -Engine, which produces very fine and beautiful ornamental -patterns of geometric circles of such complication, -uniformity, and exquisite perfection, that it cannot possibly be -imitated in any manner. It engraves or turns the circular or -oval patterns on the dies, on which the figures representing the -denomination of the note are placed. A sketch of this engine -is quoted from “<cite>Nicholson’s Operative Mechanic</cite>.”</p> - -<p>“One of the most important securities to the paper currency -of nearly the whole commercial world at the present time -arises from the invention of transferring engravings, and the -work produced by the Geometric Lathe, invented by Mr. <span class="smcap">Asa -Spencer</span>, while a resident of New London, in the State of -Connecticut. The application of this Lathe-work for the security -of Bank Notes was first made by Messrs. <span class="smcap">Fairman, -Draper & Co.</span>, of Philadelphia, in 1816, and from its great -beauty and difficulty of imitation, Mr. Spencer was induced to -repair to England in 1819, for the purpose of securing the paper -currency of that country. As had been expected, this -work was put to the severest test which the combined talent -of its great metropolis could invent, and having passed this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -trial in a very satisfactory manner, it was subsequently adopted -very generally by the Banks and Bankers of England and -Scotland.</p> - -<p>“The Geometric Lathe differs materially from any other -<em>turning</em> engine hitherto invented. The only one which has -any similarity in the work produced, is the “Rose Engine;” -but that is only capable of copying patterns previously made -upon guides, while the Geometric Lathe forms its own patterns, -which are all <em>originals</em>, and as various and unlimited as -the ‘Kaleidoscope.’…</p> - -<p>“The impossibility of successfully imitating this work by any -process of hand-work within the reach of the whole combined -talent of counterfeiters will not be doubted when the severe -test to which it has been submitted is recollected: and even -supposing any combination of counterfeiters to be in possession -of the different machines and appendages necessary to effect -their object, they would soon find that the time which would -be required to learn the use of these implements in secret, -could be more profitably employed in any honest occupation.”</p> - -<p>The patterns produced by the Geometric Lathe are concentric, -eccentric, or geometric circles, radiating from a common -centre, and beautifully interwoven into each other, forming a -perfectly regular and uniform ‘fancy’ pattern, so exactly true -and uniform in its radiations, that there never is the slightest -possible irregularity or imperfection. It is because the patterns -are of such exquisite beauty and perfection, and at the -same time extremely fine and complicated, that it is utterly -impossible to imitate it by hand or by any process whatever. -The Geometric Lathe does not engrave the patterns immediately -upon the plate itself, but the patterns are transferred to -the plate from roller dies or cylinders, generally in two places, -as a majority of bills contain two dies alike, sometimes four,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -one in each corner. Being single-transferred the patterns are -reversed, and are then <em>white</em> circles or lines upon a <em>black ground</em>. -Of course whenever there are two or four dies that pretend to -be alike in a genuine bill, they will all be exactly alike, being -all transferred from the same one die. See the two transfers -of the die in the <a href="#steelplate">steel plate</a> containing the ‘3.’ In imitations -of Lathe-work in counterfeit bills there will be a failure in -two ways: first, in imitating regularity of the pattern, which -is attempted to be done by hand, and also it is cut directly on -the plate instead of transferring, so that what in the genuine -is black <em>spaces</em>, is <em>engraved</em> black in the counterfeits, leaving -white spaces and black dots, resembling cobble-stones—the -white spaces between which made to resemble white lines, -while it can easily be seen that it is only irregular black <em>dots</em> -and scratches instead of white lines or geometric circles. Secondly, -a failure in getting two dies exactly alike in the same -bill—that is, where they pretend to be alike. If done by hand -there cannot be two fine and complicated patterns made <em>exactly -alike</em>; but in the genuine, where the pattern on one die or cylinder -is rolled or transferred in two or more places, they will -all of course be exactly alike. This same work is to be seen -on the backs of watches, called “Engine Turning.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 380px;" id="abcdef"> - -<img src="images/fig-abcdef.jpg" width="380" height="650" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="letter-l">A</span> <span class="letter-r">B</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Magnified 5 to 10 times.</i></p> - -<p class="caption"><span class="letter-l">C</span> <span class="letter-r">D</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Magnified 10 to 20 times.</i></p> - -<p class="caption"><span class="letter-l">E</span> <span class="letter-r">F</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Magnified 5 to 10 times.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<p>Diagrams A, B, C, and D, represent the appearance of various -<span class="smcapuc">IMITATIONS</span> of Geometric Lathe-work when magnified -with a powerful glass. There is generally a studied effort to -represent <em>white</em> intersecting curved lines or Geometric Circles -on a <em>black</em> ground; in fact trying to imitate <span class="smcap">Transferring</span>; -but there will always be found, as in the above diagrams, -nothing but confused black dots and semi-circular scratches, -arranged so as to give it the same “<em>general appearance</em>” as the -genuine, when held a little distance off. Sometimes there is -no effort made to imitate the <em>white lines</em>, and there will be seen -nothing but confused black dots and irregular black curved -lines, mixed up together. Diagram E represents a magnified -oblong-die, of alternating waved ruling, or eccentric parallels -transferred. See the two dies containing the figure “20” in -the <a href="#steelplate">steel plate</a> illustration. This work is done by the Ruling -Engine, and not by the Geometric Lathe; but as the work is -very similar, and imitations of it fail in exactly the same manner, -it is classed under the same rule. Diagram F is a representation -of a magnified counterfeit or imitation of this work -by hand; confused black dots on a <em>white</em> ground, instead of -true interwoven white lines of the genuine on a <em>black</em> ground.</p> - -<h3>RULE II.<br /> -<span class="smaller">RULING ENGINE.<br /> -(<i>Infallible when Imitated.</i>)</span></h3> - -<p>The Ruling Engine is used for shading the letters, skies, -&c. in genuine Bank notes. Underneath, and sometimes on -the lace of the letters in the title or name of the Bank, as -well as other lettering, there appears a soft, smooth, pale grayish -color, which to the naked eye appears to be painted with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -brush, but on close examination it proves to be fine parallel -lines, and when done by the Ruling Engine the lines are, 1st, -all exactly of the same size; 2d, regular distances apart; 3d, -perfectly parallel to each other; 4th, uniformity in their direction: -and it is <em>perfection</em> in these four points which gives it -such a smooth and perfect appearance, and the least deviation -from which will prove it to be hand-work. In counterfeits -this shading is imitated by hand, and it is impossible to do it -in this way as perfect as the Ruling Engine, as some lines will -be coarser than others, some wider apart than others, not parallel, -and some not perfectly straight, and all are apt to be -more or less <em>tapered</em> off when done by hand with the graver, -which is not the case with the genuine, and which gives the -whole a scratchy appearance; in fact, the least deviation in -any of the points will show at once, and destroy the appearance -of the whole. In titles, or the name of a bank, where -the letters are alike, as for instance,</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/bank.jpg" width="500" height="56" alt="THE BANK OF——, written in a slanting font" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">the shading in the genuine always is done all the way across all -at once, and there is a perfect <em>uniformity</em> from beginning to end; -the lines all point exactly in the same direction, whether horizontal -or diagonal, on the “T” in “THE” as on “F” in “OF,” -preserving the same angle and fineness throughout. In counterfeits, -where the letters are shaded by hand, one letter at a time, if -the lines pretend to be horizontal, some are apt to slant a little -downwards or upwards, some letters shaded a little finer than -others—that is where they are intended to be alike and uniform. -This principle of <span class="smcap">Uniformity</span> in shading is very important, -and should always be noticed. See the words “<span class="smcap">Universal</span>,” -“<span class="smcap">Detector</span>,” “<span class="smcap">Banks</span>,” and “<span class="smcap">United States</span>,” -in the <a href="#steelplate">steel plate</a>, which are shaded by the Ruling Engine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -while the word “<span class="smcap">Counterfeit</span>” is shaded by hand to illustrate -counterfeit work.</p> - -<p>The sky in vignettes in the genuine is sometimes ruled by -the Ruling Engine, and always appears soft, smooth, and perfectly -done, and in this case the lines taper off gradually. -Imitations of this by hand will appear uneven and scratchy, -some lines coarser than others, and some wider apart than -others. All genuine skies, however, are not done by the Ruling -Engine, but are sometimes fine dots or wavy lines, which -fade off into fine dots, and sometimes heavy rolling clouds, circular -lines, but it is always done perfectly and beautifully, and -looks smooth and natural, being always done in genuine bills -by first class artists, while the sky in counterfeits is generally -apt to appear coarse and scratchy, and not fading off gradually -enough.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 380px;" id="gh"> - -<img src="images/fig-gh.jpg" width="380" height="190" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="letter-l">G</span> <span class="letter-r">H</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Magnified 5 to 10 times.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>Diagram G serves to represent the style of genuine Ruling -Engine work as it appears when magnified 5 to 10 times, and -H an imitation of Ruling Engine shading as done by hand and -magnified the same. A first-class Ruling Engine is said to cost -$3000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> - -<h3>RULE III.<br /> -<span class="smaller">MEDALLION OR PENTOGRAPH RULING.<br /> -(<i>Infallible when Imitated.</i>)</span></h3> - -<p>The Medallions are raised patterns, or line-engravings, generally -representing a head, or some raised fancy patterns in genuine -Bank Notes, which look as if raised up from the paper. -They are called medallions because they are copied always -from and represent the pattern upon a medal. It is done by -the Pentograph Ruling Engine, which, guided by the medal, -rules the whole pattern in <em>full length lines</em>, and the dies are -<em>double</em> transferred to the plate, which makes the lines <em>black</em>, -the same in appearance as if the pattern was ruled directly -upon the plate itself by the engine. This work is done upon -the same principle in mechanics of “<em>guides</em>,” as shoe-lasts are -turned by the “Last turning machine.” A model last is used -for a guide to the machine, which turns out of a rough-hewn -block of wood a last exactly like the model. Thus in genuine -medallion ruling there is always a medal or coin used for a -“<em>guide</em>.” The points in determining genuine medallions from -imitations engraved by hand, are, the lines in the genuine all run -in one general direction; they are always <em>full length lines</em> -across the whole pattern, the lines are all <em>exactly the same size</em> -or caliber, they <em>never cross each other</em>. Every undulation in the -pattern on the guide or medal is copied with the most <em>unerring -exactness</em>, and articulated <em>distinctly</em> and beautifully correct, -which is impossible to be done so perfectly by hand. In the -counterfeit the lines are apt to <em>break off</em> in the midst of the -pattern; some lines are apt to be <em>coarser than others</em>, which -gives it a scratchy appearance. In the genuine, the lines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -crowd together in the parts of the pattern that appear depressed -or sunken, and spread apart more where the pattern -appears raised and looks whiter, producing the lights and shades -with the most magnificent ease and effect. In the counterfeit -done by hand the lines do not crowd and spread apart again, -according to the pattern, with such ease and effect, but the -patterns appear stiff, flat, or imperfectly raised. There is always -one of two ways or alternatives in which the hand-work -imitations appear to fail. If they succeed in making the lines -full length, as they ought to be, then the pattern will inevitably -appear <em>flat</em> in expression, imperfectly raised; but if they -succeed in making the pattern look <em>raised</em>, as it ought to be, -then there will inevitably be <em>broken</em> or <em>forked lines</em> all through -the midst of the pattern. It seems impossible to combine in -hand-work imitations of this extremely fine and complicated -work full length lines, and at the same time a perfectly <em>finished</em> -and <em>raised</em> pattern, which the Pentograph Ruling Engine always -does in the highest perfection.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 380px;" id="ijk"> - -<img src="images/fig-ijk.jpg" width="380" height="480" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="letter-l">I</span> <span class="letter-r">J</span></p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Magnified 5 to 10 times.</i></p> - -<p class="caption">K</p> - -<p class="caption"><i>Magnified 10 to 15 times.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p>Diagrams I and J represent the appearance of counterfeit -Medallions when magnified. K represents the appearance of -a genuine Medallion as magnified 10 to 15 times. <em>Every line -is full length</em>, and exactly of the <em>same size</em>. In J the lines <em>break -off</em> and <em>fork together</em> all through the midst of the pattern, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -some lines a little <em>coarser</em> than others, which gives it a scratchy -appearance.</p> - -<p>Whenever there are two or more medallions in a genuine -bill that pretend to be alike, they are always exactly alike; -being double-transferred from the same original die; (see medallion -heads marked ‘3’ in the <a href="#steelplate">steel plate</a>,) but two medallions -cannot be made exactly alike separately by hand. The following -extract in relation to this work is quoted from the -Mechanic’s Magazine, 1835: “The Journal of the Franklin -Institute for September contains an elegant engraved portrait -of Wm. Congreve, the dramatist, executed by Wm. A. Spencer -of Philadelphia, in the manner described, and has inserted the -following proofs that the invention can be claimed for America. -‘Believing that the credit of the invention of a machine -for medal ruling is due to America, we will briefly set forth -our proofs, and then speak of the improvements which of late -years the method has undergone. The proofs to be given of -the existence and state of the machine are to be derived from -the results produced by it. In 1817, by the use of a machine -which had been invented in Philadelphia, Christian Gobrecht, -die-sinker, produced an engraving upon copper, from a medal -having upon it the head of Alexander of Russia. From this -engraving impressions were taken and distributed. One of -these impressions we have seen. In 1819, Asa Spencer, now -of the firm of Draper, Underwood & Co. bank-note engravers, -took with him to London a machine of the kind above alluded -to, which was designed principally for straight and waved-line -ruling. This machine was used in London during the -year just mentioned, and the mode of ruling waved lines, and -of copying medals, was then exhibited and explained by Mr. -Spencer to several artists—particularly Mr. Terrell, who took -by permission a drawing of the machine, for the purpose of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -having one made for his own use. Little however was done -in the way of medal ruling until about three years since, (1832,) -when a desire to apply the method to the engraving of designs -for bank notes caused it to be revived by Mr. Spencer, who -bestowed great attention upon it, and overcame the difficulties -met with in the onset.’—The peculiar construction of this machine -has never been made a secret, nor has it ever been patented, -although prudential motives have required that it should -not be minutely described, and thus be placed in the hands of -those by whom its use might be perverted. The operations -performed by this machine are the ruling of parallel straight -lines at any required distances apart, either continuous or -broken; ruling converging straight lines; ruling waved lines, -the waves being either similar, varying by more or less imperceptible -gradations; and medal ruling or transferring to copper -the fac-simile of a medal without injuring its surface, the -waved lines presenting a copy of the minutest parts of the -medal.”</p> - -<h3>RULE IV.<br /> -<span class="smaller">VIGNETTES—A GENERAL RULE.<br /> -<i>Faces, Eyes, Stippling, Hair, Drapery, Limbs, Scenery, &c.</i></span></h3> - -<p>Rule IV. relates to the Vignettes, to notice whether they -appear to come up to the usual standard of perfection in the -following points: the faces, eyes, stippling, hair, drapery, limbs, -scenery, landscapes, water and agricultural scenes, &c. This -work is always done by hand, both in the genuine and counterfeit; -but in the genuine it is done by <em>first-class artists</em>; men -who are at the head of their profession, and who can always -get such a complete remuneration for their labor that there -cannot possibly be any temptation for them to counterfeit. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -is only second, third, fourth, and sometimes <em>hundredth</em>-rate artists -that counterfeit:—runaway apprentices and cast-off journeymen, -and possibly amateurs. The points to observe are -first, the human face, stippling, and the eyes. This is the most -difficult of any part of the Vignette to execute well, and fails -in counterfeits, more than any other part of the 4th Rule. In -the genuine, the eyes have a perfectly natural expression, while -in counterfeits they are, generally, merely two clumsy dots. -The <em>stippling</em> is the beautiful artistic arrangement of the fine -dots which produce the shading—the smooth, even, soft <em>rounding</em> -of the features, the cheeks, nose, lips, chin, and limbs; this -fails <em>invariably</em> in counterfeits—the features, and generally the -limbs also, appearing <em>flat</em>, scratchy, inexpressive, and inanimate. -The human hair in the genuine will look soft, silky, -and natural; displaying a <em>lustre</em> in portions where the light -appears to strike it. In counterfeits the hair generally appears -<em>stiff</em>, coarse, <em>wiry</em>, lifeless, and unnatural. The drapery in the -genuine beautifully represents the folds and texture of different -kinds of cloth; sometimes the dark, heavy and glossy appearance -of broadcloth is produced; sometimes the light, flowing -appearance of silk or muslin—the folds always look easy and -<em>flowing</em>—no stiffness. In counterfeits the drapery generally -appears scratchy and <em>stiff</em>, sometimes having the <em>solid</em> appearance -of cast iron, and sometimes like coarse wire-cloth, inexplicably -twisted up in a snarl in trying to imitate the easy and -natural folds of the genuine. The limbs, hands, or feet are -always well done in the genuine, but generally fail in counterfeits. -It is a very difficult matter to execute well, and it requires -a first-rate artist to produce an elegant-shaped hand or -foot and in an easy position. To engrave human figures correctly -it is first necessary for the artist to acquire a <em>thorough</em> -knowledge of Anatomy. Smoke in the genuine is always well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -done—generally in fine curved lines, and sometimes in straight -parallels, fading off gradually at the edges. In counterfeits the -smoke gradually appears coarse and <em>scratchy</em>. Also notice -whether the “perspective” is managed rightly: the lights and -shades, and the forms of animals, horses, cows, &c. &c. whether -truthfully portrayed. Vignettes are transferred to the plates -from <em>double</em> transferred cylinder dies.</p> - -<p>“Chambers’s Information for the People” says:—</p> - -<p>“Engraving, in all its various branches, is a species of labor -which probably requires greater remuneration than any other -department of art—for not only must there be a great degree -of patience and perseverance beyond what is required in most -other employments, especially in undertaking the engraving of -a genuine bank-note plate, which must be perfect in all its -parts, showing the lights and shades true to life—one part corresponding -with another as though nature herself had formed -the impression. Such of course is the intention of the artist, -who must be a finished workman before he can receive employment -in this capacity; the perfection of the execution being of -course the only great difficulty to overcome. This will be -seen from the fact that in all cases from ten to fifteen artists are -employed upon one bank note plate, and as this employment -necessarily calls into its service the very best talent that can be -secured, it follows as a matter of fact that we are perfectly safe -in looking to the perfection of a note for the genuineness of the -bill. Each artist has a separate part to execute; and as the -whole plate is made of different parts, called “dies” or “cuts,” -it is therefore evident that no band of counterfeiters can accomplish -their designs—it being impossible.”</p> - -<p>[See the Vignette marked “4” in the <a href="#steelplate">steel plate</a>; also the -portrait of Washington.]</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> - -<h3>RULE V.<br /> -<span class="smaller">LETTERING, AND ENGRAVERS’ NAMES.</span></h3> - -<p>Rule V. relates to the perfection of lettering. In the genuine -the lettering is done by a first-class artist, whose particular -branch it is to devote exclusively to that part of the work -alone, and of course he arrives at a degree of perfection that -could not be approached without such a sub-division of labor. -In the genuine the letters are all exactly of the same size, -where they <em>pretend</em> to be, and on the same <em>angle</em> and same size -stroke, where they pretend to be. There are two great points -to observe as regards lettering, viz. <em>neatness</em> in form, and <em>uniformity</em>—the -most important is <span class="smcapuc">UNIFORMITY</span>. The want of -uniformity in size, slant, distances apart, thickness of stroke, -and any deviation from the line of the letters of a title, or the -name of a bank for instance, will show counterfeit work. -See the lettering in the word <span class="smcap">Counterfeit</span> in the steel-plate -illustration compared with the lettering of the “<span class="smcap">Universal -Detector</span>,” “<span class="smcap">United States</span>,” &c. The engraved writing -in the genuine, “Promise to pay on demand,” &c. is always -beautifully done, the down strokes <em>uniform in size and slant</em>, -and the hair strokes extremely fine, the curves <em>easy</em> and <em>flowing</em>, -while in counterfeits the down strokes are apt to point in -different angles, and the hair strokes coarse, and the curves -<em>stiff</em> and defective. But perhaps the most important part of -the 5th Rule, as it fails <em>invariably</em>, without exception, in all -counterfeits, is the engravers’ names or “imprint,” which in -the genuine is a <em>die</em> cut in the most perfect manner, the letters -very neat and perfect and perfectly <em>uniform</em> in every respect. -In counterfeits it is not a die, but letters cut in by hand, and -never so perfect as the genuine, but clumsy, not uniform distances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -apart, nor in size and slant, and not all in a straight -line, &c.</p> - -<h3>RULE VI.<br /> -<span class="smaller">SIGNATURES AND FILLING UP.</span></h3> - -<p>The 6th Rule relates to the signatures, and filling up the -No., date, to whom payable, cashier, and president. To notice -whether the whole filling up appears in two or three different -hands, as it ought to be. In the genuine the <em>No.</em> and <em>date</em> is -generally written by a bank clerk, who writes a very neat, -rapid <em>business</em> hand—but of course there may be exceptions to -this Rule—but in counterfeits the No. and date is <em>almost invariably -clumsy and unbusiness-like</em>. Where the officers’ signatures -are imitated there will be a slow, studied, and stiff appearance, -not easy, natural and <em>original</em>-looking. Some men -acquire an almost intuitive knowledge of <em>original</em> handwriting -at sight, and the writer has seen many excellent judges of -Bank Notes who have acknowledged that they were guided -almost entirely by the signatures, even of strange banks. -Auto-chirography may be studied as a science, but it can only -be acquired by long experience, and it is not infallible: the -best judges of writing might possibly be deceived sometimes. -In some counterfeits the signatures are lithographed <i>fac-similes</i>, -sometimes traced over with a pen. In writing with a pen the -ink thoroughly saturates the paper, but leaves a smooth edge -to the stroke, and has somewhat of a glossy appearance, while -the printed <i>fac-similes</i> always have a <em>stamped</em> appearance, the -stroke of a dead color and rough edge, not saturated or lively, -like writing ink. If traced over with a pen there will be -places, especially in the hair strokes, where the pen does not -follow the curves in the stroke correctly. In cases where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -fraudulent impressions are obtained from the genuine plate, or -where the plate itself is stolen, the 6th Rule is all that will -detect; but when such a case happens there are always measures -taken by the bank to meet it—a new plate is ordered, -and the old emission called in.</p> - -<h3>RULE VII.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PAPER AND GENERAL APPEARANCE.</span></h3> - -<p>Rule VII. relates to the paper, printing, and the general appearance -of a note. Genuine bank-note paper is made of linen -or silk, or a mixture of both, of a firm texture, and of a superior -quality, (see the paper on which the steel-plate illustration -is printed.) This paper is manufactured expressly for the -banks and engraving companies alone, and counterfeiters can -seldom get hold of paper of this kind, but are generally compelled -to use slazy or half cotton paper. A counterfeit note is -seldom printed as well as the genuine, but often blurred, and -poor ink. As to the “general appearance,” this is produced -by a combination of all the Rules. If all the Rules are good, -and the note well printed, the “general appearance” of course -will be perfect; but if there is any one or more of the Rules -bad, the harmony of the “general appearance” will be interrupted. -But if a genuine note is old, worn, and has been wet, -the general appearance may be bad, but the other rules will all -be good, and prove the note to be genuine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<h3>ANASTATIC TRANSFERS, OR LITHOGRAPHY.</h3> - -<p>There was an emission, five or ten years ago, of some counterfeits -on the National Bank, Providence, 2s and 5s. They -were not regularly-engraved plates; and as the exact process -by which they were got up is unknown, they are supposed to -be anastatic transfers, or lithographs. They have a very -<em>smoky</em>, brown, blurred, and <em>indistinct</em> appearance, something -similar, but inferior to, mezzotinto engraving. It is supposed -that the process, whatever it was, did not succeed well enough, -as there never have any appeared like them since. The shading -of the letters appeared to be a solid brown coloring—no -lines perceptible scarcely, and this was the character of the engraving -of the whole note.</p> - -<p>The new counterfeit tens on the State Bank of Ohio are exceedingly -well done, though easily detected by the Rules. -One kind—that with an X in the center of the vignette—appears -to be a lithograph, a transfer from the genuine bill; but -the impression produced appears to have been faint and dim in -many places, and re-touched with <em>a graver</em>;—thus easily detected -on examination, although very dangerous counterfeits.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<h3>ALTERATIONS FROM BROKEN BANKS.<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE “MAGIC THREE.”</span></h3> - -<p>The first seven Rules go to show whether a bill is from a -genuine plate or not. We now proceed to discuss <em>Altered Bills</em>. -In altered bills, where a genuine bill of a broken bank is altered -by the counterfeiter to some sound bank, there are three -places in which the alteration must be made, viz: First, the -<em>State</em>; Second, <em>Title</em>, or name of the bank; and Third, the -<em>Town</em>. They are generally extracted, or the letters dissolved -by some chemical process, and the name of another bank, state, -and town, substituted in their place. The Ruling Engine -shading on the genuine will be imitated by hand in the substituted -“title” and “town,” and this will detect it as well as -the clumsiness of the letters generally, and also the white -streak or bleaching of the paper around and between the substituted -letters. Sometimes the “bank” may be in the same -State, and there will be only two places to alter besides the -signatures; and sometimes the broken bank bills of the <em>same -name or title</em> are selected, (for instance the Commercial Bank, -Millington, Md.) and there will also be two places to alter besides -the signatures, viz: the “State” and “Town.” In dissolving -the signatures of the broken bank by some acid and -substituting imitations of the proper signatures, they generally -look <em>faded</em>, which is caused by a little acid still remaining in -the paper—and also the whole filling up, signatures and all, -are in one handwriting. By noticing these three points, the -“State,” “Title,” and “Town,” (the Magic Three,) and the -signatures, the detection of any alteration from a broken bank -will be a very simple and easy matter. For instance, one of -the best alterations, and one that has deceived thousands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -good judges when it was first issued in 1849, were 1s, Madison -County Bank, Cazenovia, N. Y. vignette three females. The -“New York Safety Fund” and “Cazenovia” were rather -clumsily lettered and the MADIS- was <em>shaded by hand</em>, while --ON COUNTY BANK was shaded perfectly by the Ruling -Engine. This shows of course an alteration from some other -name that ended in -ON; most probably CLINTON. There -was no bleaching or scratching of the paper around the substituted -letters, and the signatures were not faded, this shows that -it was not an <em>altered bill</em> but an <em>altered plate</em>, probably a “wild -cat” bank plate, that was sold at auction, in New York, in -1841.</p> - -<h3>ALTERED DENOMINATIONS.</h3> - -<p>This is altering from a smaller to a larger denomination—as -1s altered to 5s, &c. &c. This is done in various ways. One -way it is done by pasting; but it is more generally done by -extracting the ink of the figure and the die containing it by -some chemical fluid, and printing in its place a counterfeit die, -or sometimes a stolen genuine die containing a larger denomination. -The words, “ONE DOLLAR,” which generally is -shaded by the Ruling Engine, are extracted, and “FIVE DOLLARS” -substituted in its place and <em>shaded by hand</em>. A difference -also in the color of the ink of the substituted denominations -from the rest of the note will generally be seen. Sometimes -the letters of the substituted denomination are <em>common -printer’s type</em>, the “old English letter,” 🖙 <span class="gothic">Twenty Dollars</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> - -<h2>OLD-STYLE PLATES.</h2> - -<p>Counterfeits upon the old-fashioned plates, “Perkin’s stereotype -plate” and others, all that contain any <em>transferred</em> dies, -the pattern <em>white</em> upon a black ground, can be detected by the -imitation of transferring. <a href="#abcdef">Diagrams E, F, on page 16</a>, also -<a href="#lm">diagrams, L, M</a>, will illustrate this principle. In the genuine -it is machine waved-ruling transferred from dies, while in the -counterfeit this is imitated by engraving the <em>black spaces</em> immediately -upon the plate itself, and attempting to make it fit -so as to have the appearance of being transferred. L represents -the genuine, (though imperfect,) M represents the counterfeit. -There are four out of the seven Rules that will apply -to the old fashioned “Perkin’s stereotype” and most other old-style -plates, viz: the 1st Rule, or Transferring; the 5th Rule, -the Lettering, especially the mass of small lettering, “One -Dollar,” “One Dollar,” in the body of the note; 6th Rule, the -Signatures and filling up; 7th Rule, Paper and general appearance.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="lm"> - -<img src="images/fig-lm.jpg" width="300" height="150" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption"><span class="letter-l">L</span> <span class="letter-r">M</span></p> - -</div> - -<h2>THE PIECING OPERATION.</h2> - -<p>This process of increasing the number of bills from a given -quantity by piecing—as making ten bills out of nine—appears -to be done—as seen in a specimen lately—by cutting off perpendicularly -a piece, one ninth of a bill, and pasting in its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -place a piece of a <em>counterfeit</em> on the same bank and denomination -to match. The same process will be then carried on with -the nine bills, only that in each bill the piece would be cut out -in a different place. When the nine bills are thus all pieced -there would be <em>just enough surplus pieces left</em> of the genuine to -paste together with one piece of the counterfeit to make a <em>complete -bill like the rest</em>, and this would be the profit on the operation. -The counterfeit part of the bills appeared to be intentionally -defaced, so as to be nearly illegible, in order to escape -detection. The banks will only redeem such bills at their estimated -proportionate value.</p> - -<h2>SUMMING UP.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE RULES.</span></h2> - -<p>No matter how much a bill may be worn and defaced, if the -name of the bank and the denomination can be seen, the application -of these rules will enable a person to decide at sight -whether a bill is genuine or not. The 1st Rule, the Geometric -Lathe-work being infallible, any imitation can be detected -at a glance, when of course the bill must be a counterfeit -without looking any further. But a great many counterfeits -contain <em>stolen genuine dies</em>, when of course the 1st Rule -will fail to detect; but there is always enough else to detect a -bad bill. The 2d Rule, the Ruling Engine work—any imitation -of this can be detected at a glance. This rule detects oftener -than almost any other rule, and therefore it is one of the -most useful of all the rules. In some old-fashioned genuine -plates, especially in some of the old New England plates, there -may occur an exception to this rule, the shading of the letters -being done by hand. Now and then, but very rarely, a counterfeit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> -is seen containing genuine Ruling Engine work; but in -such a case there are plenty of the other rules to fail. Counterfeiters -may get some genuine work, but they cannot get a -<em>perfect combination of all the work genuine</em>. There is always -<em>something lacking</em>. It is against their interest to invest so -much capital as would enable them to get everything perfect. -Besides, they can never get the services of a sufficient number -of first-class artists, and <em>all</em> the necessary machinery. 3d Rule, -the Medallions—see if the heads or other ornamental patterns -of this work look raised, distinct, clear and smooth, and the -lines all <em>full length</em>, and the most skillful imitations by hand -can be detected at a glance. 4th Rule, the Vignettes—whether -they come up to the usual standard of perfection, especially -the human eye and face. Sometimes the vignette in a counterfeit -is a stolen genuine die, generally much worn. A lot of -old worn out dies were sold at auction in New York in 1841 to -the highest bidder, and some got into counterfeiters’ hands. -5th Rule, the Lettering and Engravers’ Names. It is an exceedingly -rare thing indeed to find anything near first-class -lettering in a counterfeit; but the Engravers’ names <em>always -fail</em>—the writer has never seen a single exception. 6th Rule, -the Signatures and Filling Up. Counterfeits are so often palpably -filled up all in one handwriting as to make this an important -rule; also look out for lithographed ‘fac-similes.’ 7th -Rule, Paper and General Appearance. Experience has proved -that it is always best in judging a doubtful bill to apply the -rules in their proper order, one after the other, commencing -with the 1st, otherwise a person might forget one or two rules, -and neglect to apply the very rule that would most palpably -condemn the bill. The writer has never seen a counterfeit -where less than <em>two</em> of the rules would condemn it at sight, -and the rest genuine work. But the majority of counterfeits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -are condemned by three, four, five, six, and very often the -whole seven rules.</p> - -<h2>THE STEEL-PLATE ILLUSTRATION.</h2> - -<p>The <a href="#steelplate">steel plate</a>, next to the title-page, contains a standard -specimen of all the different styles of genuine engraving on -all bank notes of all banks in the United States. But <em>those -particular patterns</em> or dies do not belong to any regular Bank-note -Engraving Co. in the U.S. They, with others, were -sold at auction some years since, and duplicate dies have been -made from them and scattered over the country, New York, -Boston and Philadelphia, and some of them have got into -counterfeiters’ hands, who use them in their spurious issues. -Therefore no pattern like any one of these will ever be seen -in a genuine note; but one or more of the duplicates of them -will often be seen in a counterfeit. The plate therefore serves -two purposes—1st, illustrating genuine and perfect work; -2d, to guard against genuine auction dies used in counterfeits.</p> - -<p>Another auction vignette die, often seen in counterfeits, but -never in a genuine bill, is a woman sitting by a sheaf of -wheat, canal lock on the right and locomotive and bridge on -the left.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Universal Counterfeit and Bank -Note Detector at Sight, by H. C. 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