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diff --git a/old/53907-0.txt b/old/53907-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c99fd9a..0000000 --- a/old/53907-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1408 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Universal Counterfeit and Bank Note -Detector at Sight, by H. C. Foote - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Universal Counterfeit and Bank Note Detector at Sight - -Author: H. C. Foote - -Release Date: January 6, 2017 [EBook #53907] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT - AND - ALTERED BANK NOTE DETECTOR, - AT SIGHT: - - A System of Infallible Detection at Sight, Applicable to all Banks - in the United States, now in circulation, or hereafter issued. - - COMPLETE IN SEVEN RULES: - - WITH - Diagrams and Illustrations on Steel, - FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION. - - ARRANGED AND IMPROVED BY H. C. FOOTE, - 71 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. - - FOURTH EDITION.--FIFTH THOUSAND. - - NEW YORK: - MANN & SPEAR, PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, - 133 PEARL STREET. - 1853. - - Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by - - WHEELER M. GILLETT, - - in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, - for the District of Ohio. - - - - -TESTIMONIALS. - - -_New York, Sept. 18th, 1849._--I have examined Mr. Foote’s method of -detecting counterfeit Bank Notes, and have no hesitation in saying, that -in my opinion it will be exceedingly serviceable to any who will give it -their attention. - - F. W. EDMONDS, Cashier Mechanics’ Bank, N.Y. - -I concur in the above. - - E. H. ARTHUR, - Ass’t Cashier Union Bank, N.Y. - -Mr. H. C. Foote’s method of detecting counterfeit and altered notes is -founded on true principles, and well worthy the consideration of all -money-takers. - - J. McCHESNEY, - Of Adams, McChesney & Co., Exchange Brokers, 71 Wall st., N.Y. - - CHAS. COLGATE & CO., Exchange Brokers, 67 Wall street. - - C. S. SLOANE, Exchange Broker, 23 Wall street. - - ANTHONY LANE, Exchange Broker, 49 Wall street. - -_Troy, Nov. 23d, 1849._--Two months since I attended Mr. Foote’s -instructions in detecting counterfeit Bank Notes, and am very willing now -to say that I am well satisfied with his system and mode of explaining it. - - C. P. HARTT, Teller Troy City Bank. - -_New York, Nov. 28th, 1849._--I fully concur in the opinion respecting Mr. -Foote’s mode of detecting Counterfeit Bills as expressed above. - - J. SIMPSON, Book-keeper, 72 William street. - -_City Hall, New York, Nov 29th, 1849._--I fully concur with Mr. Simpson in -the above opinion. - - GEO. W. MATSELL, - Chief of Police. - -_Lansingburgh, N. Y., Nov. 23d, 1849._--I fully agree with the preceding -opinions on the subject of H. C. Foote’s Detector. - - A. WALSH, Jr., Teller Bank of Lansingburgh. - -_New York, Dec. 22d, 1849._--I concur in the above statements. - - AMASA Z. FOSTER, Exchange Broker, 234 Pearl street. - -_New York, Dec. 26th, 1849._--I have examined Mr. H. C. Foote’s system for -detecting counterfeit Bank paper and think it useful, especially in -well-executed counterfeits where judgment must depend upon the engraving -alone. - - W. R. VERMILYE, - Of Carpenter & Vermilye, Exchange Brokers, 54 Wall street. - -_New York, Nov. 17th, 1849._--Having taken lessons in counterfeit Bank -Note Detection, as given by Mr. H. C. Foote, I hesitate not to say that I -am fully satisfied that if strictly followed and practised upon, any man -may detect the most ingenious counterfeit. It has the advantage of being -reduced to system, and the information imparted respecting genuine -engraving is worth double the cost of lesson. - - A. LEWIS, - Cashier at Loder & Co.’s Wholesale Dry Goods, 83 Cedar street. - -_New York, Nov. 20th, 1849._--I have examined into Mr. Foote’s system of -counterfeit detection, and am satisfied it is useful and of great -advantage to all dealing in Bank Notes. - - WILSON DEFENDORF, Exchange Broker, 82 Wall street. - SMITH & HAWS, Exchange Brokers, 137 Chatham street. - -_New York, Jan. 8th, 1850._--Having been instructed by Mr. H. C. Foote in -his method of detecting counterfeit Bank Bills, I can say with confidence -that his system is perfect. - - CHAS. W. HUBBELL, Cashier with Lee & Brewster, - Print Warehouse, 44 Cedar street. - -_New York, Dec. 5th, 1849._--Having availed myself of the instruction -imparted in counterfeit detection as taught by Mr. H. C. Foote, I have no -hesitation in saying that I am fully satisfied that it can by strict -attention to the rules be made an infallible means of detecting all kinds -of spurious Bills. - - A. CARPENTER, Domestic Goods, 52 Cedar street. - -_New York. Feb. 19th, 1850._--I take pleasure in stating that the -instruction I have received from Mr. Foote is of great service to me in -detecting counterfeit and altered Bills. - - CHAS. F. GOODHUE, Cashier at D. & D. H. Brooks, - Clothing Warehouse, cor. Catharine and Cherry streets. - -_New York, Feb. 19th, 1850._--About the best three dollars I have spent -was with Mr. Foote for his valuable lesson in detecting counterfeit money. - - JOHN T. BROWN, - Of Andrew Brown & Son, Clothiers, 114 Cherry street. - -_New York, 16th Nov. 1849._--I have examined the system of Mr. Foote for -detecting counterfeits, and am satisfied that it is infallible when all -the rules are applied. - - S. M. ALFORD, - Wholesale Hardware, 5 Platt street. - -Also several hundred more testimonials from Bankers, Brokers, and -Merchants in New York City, Troy, Buffalo, Detroit and Ohio. - - - - -Notices by the Press of the “Universal Counterfeit Detector.” - - -“COUNTERFEIT BANK-NOTE DETECTOR AT SIGHT.”--We have seen a little pamphlet -of 20 pages, by H. C. Foote, of 763 Greenwich-street, N. Y., with this -title. It gives eight rules, with illustrative diagrams, by an -acquaintance with which, any person may readily distinguish the engraving -of a counterfeit bill from a genuine one--founded upon the principle that -no counterfeiter, working with his hand, can possibly attain the beauty -and accuracy of engraving by the perfect and costly machinery of -professional engravers. The difference between the two is shown by the -diagrams. The writer says he has never seen a counterfeit which a judgment -by these rules would not condemn at sight. Well-informed dealers in Bank -Notes usually act upon this principle, but Mr. Foote has here attempted to -give rules and explanations to render it more clear and easily understood, -and by which every man may judge for himself. Its price is $2. We think, -with Mr. Edmonds, Cashier of the Mechanics’ Bank, N. Y., that it will be -“exceedingly serviceable to any one who will give it due -attention.”--_Newark Daily Advertiser._ - -COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR.--Our readers will notice in another column the -advertisement of H. C. Foote’s Universal Counterfeit Detector. We have -examined the system, and have no hesitation in stating that it will do -more than all others now in use towards ridding the country of counterfeit -notes. The instructions which accompany the magnifying glass will enable a -person, with very little trouble, to determine between good and bad notes. -We notice among those who have recommended the system, the names of F. W. -Edmonds, Esq. Cashier of the Mechanics’ Bank, N. Y.; E. H. Arthur, Esq. of -the Union Bank; C. S. Sloane, Broker, Wall street, and many other -prominent money dealers. From what we can learn, we should think it a -subject of universal interest.--_Scientific American._ - -🖙 H. C. Foote has published a little book of 20 pages, called the -Counterfeit Note Detector. It seems to us to contain much important -information for the detection of counterfeit Paper-money.--_New York -Express_, November 24. - -TO DETECT COUNTERFEITS.--We have been made acquainted with a very valuable -method of detecting counterfeit Bank Notes at sight, which may be learned -by any one in one hour. The author is Mr. H. C. Foote, No. 763 -Greenwich-street, N. Y.--_New York Sun_, November 6th, 1849. - -“THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR.”--Mr. H. C. Foote, of 763 -Greenwich-street, has just published a pamphlet, entitled as above, small -in size, but exceedingly useful; a familiarity with the contents of which -will render every one fully competent to detect any counterfeit or altered -Bank Note at sight. From an examination into the system we are convinced -that the knowledge derived from the little work in question will be of -essential interest to every tradesman, and we therefore commend it to -their attention and consideration. By an advertisement in another column -it will be perceived that Mr. Foote will give lessons in his system, to -all who may desire it.--_New York Atlas_, February 3d, 1850. - -_Water Cure Institute, Saratoga Spa_, Sept. 12th. 1849.--TO WHOM IT MAY -CONCERN:--The bearer, Henry C. Foote, is a young gentleman of -unexceptionable moral character, of excellent business habits, of strict -integrity, and is scrupulously honest. He professes nothing he is not -competent to perform. The business he is now engaged in is, and must be, -of great individual and public benefit, and a direct means of preventing -men from attempting to prey upon the community by fraud. If all that -handle money had the knowledge of detecting spurious Bank Notes at sight, -the trade would become extinct. Mr. Foote can impart this knowledge in one -hour to any person of ordinary observation. We most heartily commend him -and his art to the public. - - W. A. HAMILTON, M.D. - -“THE UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT AND ALTERED BANK-NOTE DETECTOR” explains a -method for the infallible detection of counterfeit notes. It is highly -recommended by experienced bankers, and with its clear descriptions of the -essential points in a genuine note, cannot fail to be of great practical -value.--_New York Tribune_, Aug. 21st, 1850. - - - - -UNIVERSAL COUNTERFEIT DETECTOR, - -Applicable to all Banks in the United States. - - -The Steel-plate Illustrations contain standard specimens of all the -different styles of engraving of the notes of all the Banks in the United -States--six distinct kinds; four kinds of Engine-work, which is impossible -to be imitated by hand. In counterfeits it is attempted, and this book -explains the principle in such a manner as to enable any person to detect -_at sight_, infallibly, any counterfeit or altered note. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -Heretofore the best judges of money have had nothing as a guide in judging -at sight but experience in handling money, a familiarity with the notes of -a few particular banks, and the general appearance of a note. They become -familiar with a certain (to them) undefined perfect appearance, generally -possessed by genuine notes, and any apparent want of which creates -suspicion as to the genuineness of a note; but the first impression, they -affirm, is the best, as sometimes upon continued examination the judgment, -having no particular guide, wavers, gets confused, and is often at fault. -Now this uncertainty may be entirely obviated, and the detection of -counterfeits at sight reduced to a perfect science or mathematical -certainty; and this great desideratum is held to be perfectly attained in -the rules here presented, when combined with a little practice in handling -money. - -All genuine Bank Notes in the United States are engraved upon one uniform -principle, by regular Bank-note Engraving Companies. A company consists of -ten to twenty first-class artists, each perfect in his own department; -there is required a heavy capital to be invested, and the use of perfect, -costly and inimitable machinery. Since the invention of the Geometric -Lathe, Ruling Engine, and Medallion Ruling, and the invention of -transferring engravings by Perkins, it has been rendered entirely out of -the question--in fact, a physical impossibility--for any genuine note to -be perfectly imitated. Counterfeiters cannot procure all the machinery; -and even supposing they could, it would be against their own interest to -invest $50,000 to $100,000 in an illegitimate business, to run the -hazardous risk of seizure and confiscation. It would be more to their -interest to invest that amount in any honest business. They therefore -attempt to imitate the several kinds of inimitable engine-work by hand, -and the imitations thus produced vary in character from miserably poor to -tolerable, and sometimes exceedingly close imitations--deceiving the best -judges who do not understand the principle, but detected at a glance by -any one understanding it, as it is explained and illustrated in the -following pages. Sometimes they get hold of one or more worn-out stolen -genuine dies and use them in their issues--and so far their work will be -genuine; but there is always enough else of the other portions of the work -to indicate a counterfeit note. - -The following items, quoted from newspapers (June, 1850), will serve to -show the necessity of the diffusion of some system of infallible detection -at sight:-- - -🖙 “The Western States, it is said, are flooded with $2 bills of the State -Bank, Indiana.”--_Times._ - -🖙 The _Boston Traveller_ of Wednesday, June 5th, says, “It is not supposed -that counterfeit money is manufactured in this city. The greater part of -the money of this description which has for years flooded the country, -comes from Canada, where, from various causes, its manufacturers have been -left comparatively undisturbed, to carry on their nefarious business. … It -is not perhaps an exaggeration to say that traders in our city are cheated -out of at least $50,000 annually, by means of counterfeit money.” - -Now in New York city, which is four times larger than Boston, this system -has been pretty generally diffused among the merchants for nine months -past, and it may be safely predicted that for the year 1850 there will not -be one-tenth, or even a twentieth of the above sum lost here by -counterfeits. Men who handle any money should not refuse to expend the -trifling sum to learn this system. They should reflect that besides it -being against their own interests to remain ignorant of it, their neglect -to learn it _is just so much encouragement to counterfeiters_, because the -less this system is spread the greater the chance for counterfeit money to -circulate and defraud the public; therefore, every honest man should put -his shoulder to the wheel to facilitate the diffusion of the system, and -thereby assist to drive all spurious money out of circulation. The -different periodical Bank-note Lists are excellent guides, _as far as they -go_, but they do not and cannot go far enough. They assist too often -_after_ the mischief is done. In hundreds of cases their description of -counterfeits is necessarily vague and uncertain, especially where the -counterfeit is a _fac-simile_ of the genuine: they never make a man a good -judge of money _at sight_. But the greatest trouble is that new -counterfeits, it is said, are generally “rushed” in upon the community -preconcertedly, from different points at once, and the greatest mischief -is often done before they have time to get the description in the List. -Now this system will enable the poorest judge to detect _any_ counterfeit, -_new_ or old, AT SIGHT. It is arranged systematically into seven rules, -simple and comprehensive at a glance of the eye. For self-instruction a -magnifying glass will be of great assistance at first in learning the -principle, and afterwards the naked eye will be sufficient to detect, but -it is advisable to always have a glass on hand. Also a few specimens of -bills, good and bad, to compare and examine at first is necessary to make -the theory practical. The following is the list of - - -RULES: - - RULE 1. Geometric Lathe, } - ” 2. Ruling Engine, } Infallible when imitated. - ” 3. Medallions, } - ” 4. Vignettes--viz: Stippling, Eyes, Hair, Drapery, Limbs, - Scenery, &c. - ” 5. Lettering and _Engravers’ names_. - ” 6. Signatures and filling up. - ” 7. Paper, printing, and general appearance. - Alterations from broken Banks--the Magic Three. - Altered Denominations--1st, 2d, 5th and 7th Rules. - -It is believed, and experience has proved, that the above combination of -rules is arranged in the most judicious and effective order, and the best -adapted for practical use in detecting at sight that could be devised. It -is in fact nearly the order in which a genuine plate is originally got up. -First the “Geometric Lathe” dies, “Medallions,” and “Vignettes” are -transferred; then the “Lettering” and “Ruling Engine” work, next the -“Paper and Printing,” “Signatures and filling up,” and lastly, after all -is finished, the “General appearance” of the whole. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. - - -That this work merits the encouraging praise and high appreciation it has -met with seems to be confirmed by its rapid sale and by the permanent, -steady demand yet existing for it, as well now as when it was first issued -in 1849. Various miserable imitations of it (infringements of the -copyright) have been attempted in the form of circulars, pamphlets, and -pretended outlines of it published in newspapers and Bank-note Lists, but -of such a superficial and abortive character as to entirely fail of being -a truthful synopsis and answering no particularly useful purpose in the -detection of counterfeits. This work stands pre-eminent and alone. The -only objection heretofore made to it was its high price. It is now reduced -to as low a price as it can possibly be afforded, and the present edition -improved. - - H. C. F. - - - - -RULES. - - -RULE I. - -THE GEOMETRIC LATHE. - -(_Infallible when imitated._) - -The “Geometric Lathe” is a very perfect and costly Engraving Engine, which -produces very fine and beautiful ornamental patterns of geometric circles -of such complication, uniformity, and exquisite perfection, that it cannot -possibly be imitated in any manner. It engraves or turns the circular or -oval patterns on the dies, on which the figures representing the -denomination of the note are placed. A sketch of this engine is quoted -from “_Nicholson’s Operative Mechanic_.” - -“One of the most important securities to the paper currency of nearly the -whole commercial world at the present time arises from the invention of -transferring engravings, and the work produced by the Geometric Lathe, -invented by Mr. ASA SPENCER, while a resident of New London, in the State -of Connecticut. The application of this Lathe-work for the security of -Bank Notes was first made by Messrs. FAIRMAN, DRAPER & CO., of -Philadelphia, in 1816, and from its great beauty and difficulty of -imitation, Mr. Spencer was induced to repair to England in 1819, for the -purpose of securing the paper currency of that country. As had been -expected, this work was put to the severest test which the combined talent -of its great metropolis could invent, and having passed this trial in a -very satisfactory manner, it was subsequently adopted very generally by -the Banks and Bankers of England and Scotland. - -“The Geometric Lathe differs materially from any other _turning_ engine -hitherto invented. The only one which has any similarity in the work -produced, is the “Rose Engine;” but that is only capable of copying -patterns previously made upon guides, while the Geometric Lathe forms its -own patterns, which are all _originals_, and as various and unlimited as -the ‘Kaleidoscope.’… - -“The impossibility of successfully imitating this work by any process of -hand-work within the reach of the whole combined talent of counterfeiters -will not be doubted when the severe test to which it has been submitted is -recollected: and even supposing any combination of counterfeiters to be in -possession of the different machines and appendages necessary to effect -their object, they would soon find that the time which would be required -to learn the use of these implements in secret, could be more profitably -employed in any honest occupation.” - -The patterns produced by the Geometric Lathe are concentric, eccentric, or -geometric circles, radiating from a common centre, and beautifully -interwoven into each other, forming a perfectly regular and uniform -‘fancy’ pattern, so exactly true and uniform in its radiations, that there -never is the slightest possible irregularity or imperfection. It is -because the patterns are of such exquisite beauty and perfection, and at -the same time extremely fine and complicated, that it is utterly -impossible to imitate it by hand or by any process whatever. The Geometric -Lathe does not engrave the patterns immediately upon the plate itself, but -the patterns are transferred to the plate from roller dies or cylinders, -generally in two places, as a majority of bills contain two dies alike, -sometimes four, one in each corner. Being single-transferred the patterns -are reversed, and are then _white_ circles or lines upon a _black ground_. -Of course whenever there are two or four dies that pretend to be alike in -a genuine bill, they will all be exactly alike, being all transferred from -the same one die. See the two transfers of the die in the steel plate -containing the ‘3.’ In imitations of Lathe-work in counterfeit bills there -will be a failure in two ways: first, in imitating regularity of the -pattern, which is attempted to be done by hand, and also it is cut -directly on the plate instead of transferring, so that what in the genuine -is black _spaces_, is _engraved_ black in the counterfeits, leaving white -spaces and black dots, resembling cobble-stones--the white spaces between -which made to resemble white lines, while it can easily be seen that it is -only irregular black _dots_ and scratches instead of white lines or -geometric circles. Secondly, a failure in getting two dies exactly alike -in the same bill--that is, where they pretend to be alike. If done by hand -there cannot be two fine and complicated patterns made _exactly alike_; -but in the genuine, where the pattern on one die or cylinder is rolled or -transferred in two or more places, they will all of course be exactly -alike. This same work is to be seen on the backs of watches, called -“Engine Turning.” - -[Illustration: A B - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._ - -C D - -_Magnified 10 to 20 times._ - -E F - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._] - -Diagrams A, B, C, and D, represent the appearance of various IMITATIONS of -Geometric Lathe-work when magnified with a powerful glass. There is -generally a studied effort to represent _white_ intersecting curved lines -or Geometric Circles on a _black_ ground; in fact trying to imitate -TRANSFERRING; but there will always be found, as in the above diagrams, -nothing but confused black dots and semi-circular scratches, arranged so -as to give it the same “_general appearance_” as the genuine, when held a -little distance off. Sometimes there is no effort made to imitate the -_white lines_, and there will be seen nothing but confused black dots and -irregular black curved lines, mixed up together. Diagram E represents a -magnified oblong-die, of alternating waved ruling, or eccentric parallels -transferred. See the two dies containing the figure “20” in the steel -plate illustration. This work is done by the Ruling Engine, and not by the -Geometric Lathe; but as the work is very similar, and imitations of it -fail in exactly the same manner, it is classed under the same rule. -Diagram F is a representation of a magnified counterfeit or imitation of -this work by hand; confused black dots on a _white_ ground, instead of -true interwoven white lines of the genuine on a _black_ ground. - - -RULE II. - -RULING ENGINE. - -(_Infallible when Imitated._) - -The Ruling Engine is used for shading the letters, skies, &c. in genuine -Bank notes. Underneath, and sometimes on the lace of the letters in the -title or name of the Bank, as well as other lettering, there appears a -soft, smooth, pale grayish color, which to the naked eye appears to be -painted with a brush, but on close examination it proves to be fine -parallel lines, and when done by the Ruling Engine the lines are, 1st, all -exactly of the same size; 2d, regular distances apart; 3d, perfectly -parallel to each other; 4th, uniformity in their direction: and it is -_perfection_ in these four points which gives it such a smooth and perfect -appearance, and the least deviation from which will prove it to be -hand-work. In counterfeits this shading is imitated by hand, and it is -impossible to do it in this way as perfect as the Ruling Engine, as some -lines will be coarser than others, some wider apart than others, not -parallel, and some not perfectly straight, and all are apt to be more or -less _tapered_ off when done by hand with the graver, which is not the -case with the genuine, and which gives the whole a scratchy appearance; in -fact, the least deviation in any of the points will show at once, and -destroy the appearance of the whole. In titles, or the name of a bank, -where the letters are alike, as for instance, - -[Illustration: THE BANK OF ----,] - -the shading in the genuine always is done all the way across all at once, -and there is a perfect _uniformity_ from beginning to end; the lines all -point exactly in the same direction, whether horizontal or diagonal, on -the “T” in “THE” as on “F” in “OF,” preserving the same angle and fineness -throughout. In counterfeits, where the letters are shaded by hand, one -letter at a time, if the lines pretend to be horizontal, some are apt to -slant a little downwards or upwards, some letters shaded a little finer -than others--that is where they are intended to be alike and uniform. This -principle of UNIFORMITY in shading is very important, and should always be -noticed. See the words “UNIVERSAL,” “DETECTOR,” “BANKS,” and “UNITED -STATES,” in the steel plate, which are shaded by the Ruling Engine, while -the word “COUNTERFEIT” is shaded by hand to illustrate counterfeit work. - -The sky in vignettes in the genuine is sometimes ruled by the Ruling -Engine, and always appears soft, smooth, and perfectly done, and in this -case the lines taper off gradually. Imitations of this by hand will appear -uneven and scratchy, some lines coarser than others, and some wider apart -than others. All genuine skies, however, are not done by the Ruling -Engine, but are sometimes fine dots or wavy lines, which fade off into -fine dots, and sometimes heavy rolling clouds, circular lines, but it is -always done perfectly and beautifully, and looks smooth and natural, being -always done in genuine bills by first class artists, while the sky in -counterfeits is generally apt to appear coarse and scratchy, and not -fading off gradually enough. - -[Illustration: G H - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._] - -Diagram G serves to represent the style of genuine Ruling Engine work as -it appears when magnified 5 to 10 times, and H an imitation of Ruling -Engine shading as done by hand and magnified the same. A first-class -Ruling Engine is said to cost $3000. - - -RULE III. - -MEDALLION OR PENTOGRAPH RULING. - -(_Infallible when Imitated._) - -The Medallions are raised patterns, or line-engravings, generally -representing a head, or some raised fancy patterns in genuine Bank Notes, -which look as if raised up from the paper. They are called medallions -because they are copied always from and represent the pattern upon a -medal. It is done by the Pentograph Ruling Engine, which, guided by the -medal, rules the whole pattern in _full length lines_, and the dies are -_double_ transferred to the plate, which makes the lines _black_, the same -in appearance as if the pattern was ruled directly upon the plate itself -by the engine. This work is done upon the same principle in mechanics of -“_guides_,” as shoe-lasts are turned by the “Last turning machine.” A -model last is used for a guide to the machine, which turns out of a -rough-hewn block of wood a last exactly like the model. Thus in genuine -medallion ruling there is always a medal or coin used for a “_guide_.” The -points in determining genuine medallions from imitations engraved by hand, -are, the lines in the genuine all run in one general direction; they are -always _full length lines_ across the whole pattern, the lines are all -_exactly the same size_ or caliber, they _never cross each other_. Every -undulation in the pattern on the guide or medal is copied with the most -_unerring exactness_, and articulated _distinctly_ and beautifully -correct, which is impossible to be done so perfectly by hand. In the -counterfeit the lines are apt to _break off_ in the midst of the pattern; -some lines are apt to be _coarser than others_, which gives it a scratchy -appearance. In the genuine, the lines crowd together in the parts of the -pattern that appear depressed or sunken, and spread apart more where the -pattern appears raised and looks whiter, producing the lights and shades -with the most magnificent ease and effect. In the counterfeit done by hand -the lines do not crowd and spread apart again, according to the pattern, -with such ease and effect, but the patterns appear stiff, flat, or -imperfectly raised. There is always one of two ways or alternatives in -which the hand-work imitations appear to fail. If they succeed in making -the lines full length, as they ought to be, then the pattern will -inevitably appear _flat_ in expression, imperfectly raised; but if they -succeed in making the pattern look _raised_, as it ought to be, then there -will inevitably be _broken_ or _forked lines_ all through the midst of the -pattern. It seems impossible to combine in hand-work imitations of this -extremely fine and complicated work full length lines, and at the same -time a perfectly _finished_ and _raised_ pattern, which the Pentograph -Ruling Engine always does in the highest perfection. - -[Illustration: I J - -_Magnified 5 to 10 times._ - -K - -_Magnified 10 to 15 times._] - -Diagrams I and J represent the appearance of counterfeit Medallions when -magnified. K represents the appearance of a genuine Medallion as magnified -10 to 15 times. _Every line is full length_, and exactly of the _same -size_. In J the lines _break off_ and _fork together_ all through the -midst of the pattern, and some lines a little _coarser_ than others, -which gives it a scratchy appearance. - -Whenever there are two or more medallions in a genuine bill that pretend -to be alike, they are always exactly alike; being double-transferred from -the same original die; (see medallion heads marked ‘3’ in the steel -plate,) but two medallions cannot be made exactly alike separately by -hand. The following extract in relation to this work is quoted from the -Mechanic’s Magazine, 1835: “The Journal of the Franklin Institute for -September contains an elegant engraved portrait of Wm. Congreve, the -dramatist, executed by Wm. A. Spencer of Philadelphia, in the manner -described, and has inserted the following proofs that the invention can be -claimed for America. ‘Believing that the credit of the invention of a -machine for medal ruling is due to America, we will briefly set forth our -proofs, and then speak of the improvements which of late years the method -has undergone. The proofs to be given of the existence and state of the -machine are to be derived from the results produced by it. In 1817, by the -use of a machine which had been invented in Philadelphia, Christian -Gobrecht, die-sinker, produced an engraving upon copper, from a medal -having upon it the head of Alexander of Russia. From this engraving -impressions were taken and distributed. One of these impressions we have -seen. In 1819, Asa Spencer, now of the firm of Draper, Underwood & Co. -bank-note engravers, took with him to London a machine of the kind above -alluded to, which was designed principally for straight and waved-line -ruling. This machine was used in London during the year just mentioned, -and the mode of ruling waved lines, and of copying medals, was then -exhibited and explained by Mr. Spencer to several artists--particularly -Mr. Terrell, who took by permission a drawing of the machine, for the -purpose of having one made for his own use. Little however was done in -the way of medal ruling until about three years since, (1832,) when a -desire to apply the method to the engraving of designs for bank notes -caused it to be revived by Mr. Spencer, who bestowed great attention upon -it, and overcame the difficulties met with in the onset.’--The peculiar -construction of this machine has never been made a secret, nor has it ever -been patented, although prudential motives have required that it should -not be minutely described, and thus be placed in the hands of those by -whom its use might be perverted. The operations performed by this machine -are the ruling of parallel straight lines at any required distances apart, -either continuous or broken; ruling converging straight lines; ruling -waved lines, the waves being either similar, varying by more or less -imperceptible gradations; and medal ruling or transferring to copper the -fac-simile of a medal without injuring its surface, the waved lines -presenting a copy of the minutest parts of the medal.” - - -RULE IV. - -VIGNETTES--A GENERAL RULE. - -_Faces, Eyes, Stippling, Hair, Drapery, Limbs, Scenery, &c._ - -Rule IV. relates to the Vignettes, to notice whether they appear to come -up to the usual standard of perfection in the following points: the faces, -eyes, stippling, hair, drapery, limbs, scenery, landscapes, water and -agricultural scenes, &c. This work is always done by hand, both in the -genuine and counterfeit; but in the genuine it is done by _first-class -artists_; men who are at the head of their profession, and who can always -get such a complete remuneration for their labor that there cannot -possibly be any temptation for them to counterfeit. It is only second, -third, fourth, and sometimes _hundredth_-rate artists that -counterfeit:--runaway apprentices and cast-off journeymen, and possibly -amateurs. The points to observe are first, the human face, stippling, and -the eyes. This is the most difficult of any part of the Vignette to -execute well, and fails in counterfeits, more than any other part of the -4th Rule. In the genuine, the eyes have a perfectly natural expression, -while in counterfeits they are, generally, merely two clumsy dots. The -_stippling_ is the beautiful artistic arrangement of the fine dots which -produce the shading--the smooth, even, soft _rounding_ of the features, -the cheeks, nose, lips, chin, and limbs; this fails _invariably_ in -counterfeits--the features, and generally the limbs also, appearing -_flat_, scratchy, inexpressive, and inanimate. The human hair in the -genuine will look soft, silky, and natural; displaying a _lustre_ in -portions where the light appears to strike it. In counterfeits the hair -generally appears _stiff_, coarse, _wiry_, lifeless, and unnatural. The -drapery in the genuine beautifully represents the folds and texture of -different kinds of cloth; sometimes the dark, heavy and glossy appearance -of broadcloth is produced; sometimes the light, flowing appearance of silk -or muslin--the folds always look easy and _flowing_--no stiffness. In -counterfeits the drapery generally appears scratchy and _stiff_, sometimes -having the _solid_ appearance of cast iron, and sometimes like coarse -wire-cloth, inexplicably twisted up in a snarl in trying to imitate the -easy and natural folds of the genuine. The limbs, hands, or feet are -always well done in the genuine, but generally fail in counterfeits. It is -a very difficult matter to execute well, and it requires a first-rate -artist to produce an elegant-shaped hand or foot and in an easy position. -To engrave human figures correctly it is first necessary for the artist to -acquire a _thorough_ knowledge of Anatomy. Smoke in the genuine is always -well done--generally in fine curved lines, and sometimes in straight -parallels, fading off gradually at the edges. In counterfeits the smoke -gradually appears coarse and _scratchy_. Also notice whether the -“perspective” is managed rightly: the lights and shades, and the forms of -animals, horses, cows, &c. &c. whether truthfully portrayed. Vignettes are -transferred to the plates from _double_ transferred cylinder dies. - -“Chambers’s Information for the People” says:-- - -“Engraving, in all its various branches, is a species of labor which -probably requires greater remuneration than any other department of -art--for not only must there be a great degree of patience and -perseverance beyond what is required in most other employments, especially -in undertaking the engraving of a genuine bank-note plate, which must be -perfect in all its parts, showing the lights and shades true to life--one -part corresponding with another as though nature herself had formed the -impression. Such of course is the intention of the artist, who must be a -finished workman before he can receive employment in this capacity; the -perfection of the execution being of course the only great difficulty to -overcome. This will be seen from the fact that in all cases from ten to -fifteen artists are employed upon one bank note plate, and as this -employment necessarily calls into its service the very best talent that -can be secured, it follows as a matter of fact that we are perfectly safe -in looking to the perfection of a note for the genuineness of the bill. -Each artist has a separate part to execute; and as the whole plate is made -of different parts, called “dies” or “cuts,” it is therefore evident that -no band of counterfeiters can accomplish their designs--it being -impossible.” - -[See the Vignette marked “4” in the steel plate; also the portrait of -Washington.] - - -RULE V. - -LETTERING, AND ENGRAVERS’ NAMES. - -Rule V. relates to the perfection of lettering. In the genuine the -lettering is done by a first-class artist, whose particular branch it is -to devote exclusively to that part of the work alone, and of course he -arrives at a degree of perfection that could not be approached without -such a sub-division of labor. In the genuine the letters are all exactly -of the same size, where they _pretend_ to be, and on the same _angle_ and -same size stroke, where they pretend to be. There are two great points to -observe as regards lettering, viz. _neatness_ in form, and -_uniformity_--the most important is UNIFORMITY. The want of uniformity in -size, slant, distances apart, thickness of stroke, and any deviation from -the line of the letters of a title, or the name of a bank for instance, -will show counterfeit work. See the lettering in the word COUNTERFEIT in -the steel-plate illustration compared with the lettering of the “UNIVERSAL -DETECTOR,” “UNITED STATES,” &c. The engraved writing in the genuine, -“Promise to pay on demand,” &c. is always beautifully done, the down -strokes _uniform in size and slant_, and the hair strokes extremely fine, -the curves _easy_ and _flowing_, while in counterfeits the down strokes -are apt to point in different angles, and the hair strokes coarse, and the -curves _stiff_ and defective. But perhaps the most important part of the -5th Rule, as it fails _invariably_, without exception, in all -counterfeits, is the engravers’ names or “imprint,” which in the genuine -is a _die_ cut in the most perfect manner, the letters very neat and -perfect and perfectly _uniform_ in every respect. In counterfeits it is -not a die, but letters cut in by hand, and never so perfect as the -genuine, but clumsy, not uniform distances apart, nor in size and slant, -and not all in a straight line, &c. - - -RULE VI. - -SIGNATURES AND FILLING UP. - -The 6th Rule relates to the signatures, and filling up the No., date, to -whom payable, cashier, and president. To notice whether the whole filling -up appears in two or three different hands, as it ought to be. In the -genuine the _No._ and _date_ is generally written by a bank clerk, who -writes a very neat, rapid _business_ hand--but of course there may be -exceptions to this Rule--but in counterfeits the No. and date is _almost -invariably clumsy and unbusiness-like_. Where the officers’ signatures are -imitated there will be a slow, studied, and stiff appearance, not easy, -natural and _original_-looking. Some men acquire an almost intuitive -knowledge of _original_ handwriting at sight, and the writer has seen many -excellent judges of Bank Notes who have acknowledged that they were guided -almost entirely by the signatures, even of strange banks. Auto-chirography -may be studied as a science, but it can only be acquired by long -experience, and it is not infallible: the best judges of writing might -possibly be deceived sometimes. In some counterfeits the signatures are -lithographed _fac-similes_, sometimes traced over with a pen. In writing -with a pen the ink thoroughly saturates the paper, but leaves a smooth -edge to the stroke, and has somewhat of a glossy appearance, while the -printed _fac-similes_ always have a _stamped_ appearance, the stroke of a -dead color and rough edge, not saturated or lively, like writing ink. If -traced over with a pen there will be places, especially in the hair -strokes, where the pen does not follow the curves in the stroke correctly. -In cases where fraudulent impressions are obtained from the genuine -plate, or where the plate itself is stolen, the 6th Rule is all that will -detect; but when such a case happens there are always measures taken by -the bank to meet it--a new plate is ordered, and the old emission called -in. - - -RULE VII. - -PAPER AND GENERAL APPEARANCE. - -Rule VII. relates to the paper, printing, and the general appearance of a -note. Genuine bank-note paper is made of linen or silk, or a mixture of -both, of a firm texture, and of a superior quality, (see the paper on -which the steel-plate illustration is printed.) This paper is manufactured -expressly for the banks and engraving companies alone, and counterfeiters -can seldom get hold of paper of this kind, but are generally compelled to -use slazy or half cotton paper. A counterfeit note is seldom printed as -well as the genuine, but often blurred, and poor ink. As to the “general -appearance,” this is produced by a combination of all the Rules. If all -the Rules are good, and the note well printed, the “general appearance” of -course will be perfect; but if there is any one or more of the Rules bad, -the harmony of the “general appearance” will be interrupted. But if a -genuine note is old, worn, and has been wet, the general appearance may be -bad, but the other rules will all be good, and prove the note to be -genuine. - - -ANASTATIC TRANSFERS, OR LITHOGRAPHY. - -There was an emission, five or ten years ago, of some counterfeits on the -National Bank, Providence, 2s and 5s. They were not regularly-engraved -plates; and as the exact process by which they were got up is unknown, -they are supposed to be anastatic transfers, or lithographs. They have a -very _smoky_, brown, blurred, and _indistinct_ appearance, something -similar, but inferior to, mezzotinto engraving. It is supposed that the -process, whatever it was, did not succeed well enough, as there never have -any appeared like them since. The shading of the letters appeared to be a -solid brown coloring--no lines perceptible scarcely, and this was the -character of the engraving of the whole note. - -The new counterfeit tens on the State Bank of Ohio are exceedingly well -done, though easily detected by the Rules. One kind--that with an X in the -center of the vignette--appears to be a lithograph, a transfer from the -genuine bill; but the impression produced appears to have been faint and -dim in many places, and re-touched with _a graver_;--thus easily detected -on examination, although very dangerous counterfeits. - - -ALTERATIONS FROM BROKEN BANKS. - -THE “MAGIC THREE.” - -The first seven Rules go to show whether a bill is from a genuine plate or -not. We now proceed to discuss _Altered Bills_. In altered bills, where a -genuine bill of a broken bank is altered by the counterfeiter to some -sound bank, there are three places in which the alteration must be made, -viz: First, the _State_; Second, _Title_, or name of the bank; and Third, -the _Town_. They are generally extracted, or the letters dissolved by some -chemical process, and the name of another bank, state, and town, -substituted in their place. The Ruling Engine shading on the genuine will -be imitated by hand in the substituted “title” and “town,” and this will -detect it as well as the clumsiness of the letters generally, and also the -white streak or bleaching of the paper around and between the substituted -letters. Sometimes the “bank” may be in the same State, and there will be -only two places to alter besides the signatures; and sometimes the broken -bank bills of the _same name or title_ are selected, (for instance the -Commercial Bank, Millington, Md.) and there will also be two places to -alter besides the signatures, viz: the “State” and “Town.” In dissolving -the signatures of the broken bank by some acid and substituting imitations -of the proper signatures, they generally look _faded_, which is caused by -a little acid still remaining in the paper--and also the whole filling up, -signatures and all, are in one handwriting. By noticing these three -points, the “State,” “Title,” and “Town,” (the Magic Three,) and the -signatures, the detection of any alteration from a broken bank will be a -very simple and easy matter. For instance, one of the best alterations, -and one that has deceived thousands of good judges when it was first -issued in 1849, were 1s, Madison County Bank, Cazenovia, N. Y. vignette -three females. The “New York Safety Fund” and “Cazenovia” were rather -clumsily lettered and the MADIS- was _shaded by hand_, while -ON COUNTY -BANK was shaded perfectly by the Ruling Engine. This shows of course an -alteration from some other name that ended in -ON; most probably CLINTON. -There was no bleaching or scratching of the paper around the substituted -letters, and the signatures were not faded, this shows that it was not an -_altered bill_ but an _altered plate_, probably a “wild cat” bank plate, -that was sold at auction, in New York, in 1841. - - -ALTERED DENOMINATIONS. - -This is altering from a smaller to a larger denomination--as 1s altered to -5s, &c. &c. This is done in various ways. One way it is done by pasting; -but it is more generally done by extracting the ink of the figure and the -die containing it by some chemical fluid, and printing in its place a -counterfeit die, or sometimes a stolen genuine die containing a larger -denomination. The words, “ONE DOLLAR,” which generally is shaded by the -Ruling Engine, are extracted, and “FIVE DOLLARS” substituted in its place -and _shaded by hand_. A difference also in the color of the ink of the -substituted denominations from the rest of the note will generally be -seen. Sometimes the letters of the substituted denomination are _common -printer’s type_, the “old English letter,” 🖙 Twenty Dollars. - - -OLD-STYLE PLATES. - -Counterfeits upon the old-fashioned plates, “Perkin’s stereotype plate” -and others, all that contain any _transferred_ dies, the pattern _white_ -upon a black ground, can be detected by the imitation of transferring. -Diagrams E, F, on page 16, also diagrams, L, M, will illustrate this -principle. In the genuine it is machine waved-ruling transferred from -dies, while in the counterfeit this is imitated by engraving the _black -spaces_ immediately upon the plate itself, and attempting to make it fit -so as to have the appearance of being transferred. L represents the -genuine, (though imperfect,) M represents the counterfeit. There are four -out of the seven Rules that will apply to the old fashioned “Perkin’s -stereotype” and most other old-style plates, viz: the 1st Rule, or -Transferring; the 5th Rule, the Lettering, especially the mass of small -lettering, “One Dollar,” “One Dollar,” in the body of the note; 6th Rule, -the Signatures and filling up; 7th Rule, Paper and general appearance. - -[Illustration: L M] - - -THE PIECING OPERATION. - -This process of increasing the number of bills from a given quantity by -piecing--as making ten bills out of nine--appears to be done--as seen in a -specimen lately--by cutting off perpendicularly a piece, one ninth of a -bill, and pasting in its place a piece of a _counterfeit_ on the same -bank and denomination to match. The same process will be then carried on -with the nine bills, only that in each bill the piece would be cut out in -a different place. When the nine bills are thus all pieced there would be -_just enough surplus pieces left_ of the genuine to paste together with -one piece of the counterfeit to make a _complete bill like the rest_, and -this would be the profit on the operation. The counterfeit part of the -bills appeared to be intentionally defaced, so as to be nearly illegible, -in order to escape detection. The banks will only redeem such bills at -their estimated proportionate value. - - -SUMMING UP. - -PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE RULES. - -No matter how much a bill may be worn and defaced, if the name of the bank -and the denomination can be seen, the application of these rules will -enable a person to decide at sight whether a bill is genuine or not. The -1st Rule, the Geometric Lathe-work being infallible, any imitation can be -detected at a glance, when of course the bill must be a counterfeit -without looking any further. But a great many counterfeits contain _stolen -genuine dies_, when of course the 1st Rule will fail to detect; but there -is always enough else to detect a bad bill. The 2d Rule, the Ruling Engine -work--any imitation of this can be detected at a glance. This rule detects -oftener than almost any other rule, and therefore it is one of the most -useful of all the rules. In some old-fashioned genuine plates, especially -in some of the old New England plates, there may occur an exception to -this rule, the shading of the letters being done by hand. Now and then, -but very rarely, a counterfeit is seen containing genuine Ruling Engine -work; but in such a case there are plenty of the other rules to fail. -Counterfeiters may get some genuine work, but they cannot get a _perfect -combination of all the work genuine_. There is always _something lacking_. -It is against their interest to invest so much capital as would enable -them to get everything perfect. Besides, they can never get the services -of a sufficient number of first-class artists, and _all_ the necessary -machinery. 3d Rule, the Medallions--see if the heads or other ornamental -patterns of this work look raised, distinct, clear and smooth, and the -lines all _full length_, and the most skillful imitations by hand can be -detected at a glance. 4th Rule, the Vignettes--whether they come up to the -usual standard of perfection, especially the human eye and face. Sometimes -the vignette in a counterfeit is a stolen genuine die, generally much -worn. A lot of old worn out dies were sold at auction in New York in 1841 -to the highest bidder, and some got into counterfeiters’ hands. 5th Rule, -the Lettering and Engravers’ Names. It is an exceedingly rare thing indeed -to find anything near first-class lettering in a counterfeit; but the -Engravers’ names _always fail_--the writer has never seen a single -exception. 6th Rule, the Signatures and Filling Up. Counterfeits are so -often palpably filled up all in one handwriting as to make this an -important rule; also look out for lithographed ‘fac-similes.’ 7th Rule, -Paper and General Appearance. Experience has proved that it is always best -in judging a doubtful bill to apply the rules in their proper order, one -after the other, commencing with the 1st, otherwise a person might forget -one or two rules, and neglect to apply the very rule that would most -palpably condemn the bill. The writer has never seen a counterfeit where -less than _two_ of the rules would condemn it at sight, and the rest -genuine work. But the majority of counterfeits are condemned by three, -four, five, six, and very often the whole seven rules. - - -THE STEEL-PLATE ILLUSTRATION. - -The steel plate, next to the title-page, contains a standard specimen of -all the different styles of genuine engraving on all bank notes of all -banks in the United States. But _those particular patterns_ or dies do not -belong to any regular Bank-note Engraving Co. in the U.S. They, with -others, were sold at auction some years since, and duplicate dies have -been made from them and scattered over the country, New York, Boston and -Philadelphia, and some of them have got into counterfeiters’ hands, who -use them in their spurious issues. Therefore no pattern like any one of -these will ever be seen in a genuine note; but one or more of the -duplicates of them will often be seen in a counterfeit. The plate -therefore serves two purposes--1st, illustrating genuine and perfect work; -2d, to guard against genuine auction dies used in counterfeits. - -Another auction vignette die, often seen in counterfeits, but never in a -genuine bill, is a woman sitting by a sheaf of wheat, canal lock on the -right and locomotive and bridge on the left. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Universal Counterfeit and Bank -Note Detector at Sight, by H. C. 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