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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Biographical Study of A. W. Kinglake
+by Rev. W. Tuckwell
+
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+Title: Biographical Study of A. W. Kinglake
+
+Author: Rev. W. Tuckwell
+
+Release Date: May, 1996  [EBook #539]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on March 23, 1996]
+[Most recently updated: August 27, 2002]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF KINGLAKE ***
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1902 Edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@coventry.ac.uk
+
+
+
+
+A. W. KINGLAKE--A BIOGRAPHICAL AND LITERARY STUDY
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+
+It is just eleven years since Kinglake passed away, and his life
+has not yet been separately memorialized.  A few years more, and
+the personal side of him would be irrecoverable, though by
+personality, no less than by authorship, he made his contemporary
+mark.  When a tomb has been closed for centuries, the effaced
+lineaments of its tenant can be re-coloured only by the idealizing
+hand of genius, as Scott drew Claverhouse, and Carlyle drew
+Cromwell.  But, to the biographer of the lately dead, men have a
+right to say, as Saul said to the Witch of Endor, "Call up Samuel!"
+In your study of a life so recent as Kinglake's, give us, if you
+choose, some critical synopsis of his monumental writings, some
+salvage from his ephemeral and scattered papers; trace so much of
+his youthful training as shaped the development of his character;
+depict, with wise restraint, his political and public life:  but
+also, and above all, re-clothe him "in his habit as he lived," as
+friends and associates knew him; recover his traits of voice and
+manner, his conversational wit or wisdom, epigram or paradox, his
+explosions of sarcasm and his eccentricities of reserve, his words
+of winningness and acts of kindness:  and, since one half of his
+life was social, introduce us to the companions who shared his
+lighter hour and evoked his finer fancies; take us to the Athenaeum
+"Corner," or to Holland House, and flash on us at least a glimpse
+of the brilliant men and women who formed the setting to his
+sparkle; "dic in amicitiam coeant et foedera jungant."
+
+This I have endeavoured to do, with such aid as I could command
+from his few remaining contemporaries.  His letters to his family
+were destroyed by his own desire; on those written to Madame
+Novikoff no such embargo was laid, nor does she believe that it was
+intended.  I have used these sparingly, and all extracts from them
+have been subjected to her censorship.  If the result is not Attic
+in salt, it is at any rate Roman in brevity.  I send it forth with
+John Bunyan's homely aspiration:
+
+
+And may its buyer have no cause to say,
+His money is but lost or thrown away.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I--EARLY YEARS
+
+
+
+The fourth decade of the deceased century dawned on a procession of
+Oriental pilgrims, variously qualified or disqualified to hold the
+gorgeous East in fee, who, with bakshish in their purses, a theory
+in their brains, an unfilled diary-book in their portmanteaus,
+sought out the Holy Land, the Sinai peninsula, the valley of the
+Nile, sometimes even Armenia and the Monte Santo, and returned home
+to emit their illustrated and mapped octavos.  We have the type
+delineated admiringly in Miss Yonge's "Heartsease," {1} bitterly in
+Miss Skene's "Use and Abuse," facetiously in the Clarence Bulbul of
+"Our Street."  "Hang it! has not everybody written an Eastern book?
+I should like to meet anybody in society now who has not been up to
+the Second Cataract.  My Lord Castleroyal has done one--an honest
+one; my Lord Youngent another--an amusing one; my Lord Woolsey
+another--a pious one; there is the 'Cutlet and the Cabob'--a
+sentimental one; Timbuctoothen--a humorous one."  Lord Carlisle's
+honesty, Lord Nugent's fun, Lord Lindsay's piety, failed to float
+their books.  Miss Martineau, clear, frank, unemotional Curzon,
+fuddling the Levantine monks with rosoglio that he might fleece
+them of their treasured hereditary manuscripts, even Eliot
+Warburton's power, colouring, play of fancy, have yielded to the
+mobility of Time.  Two alone out of the gallant company maintain
+their vogue to-day:  Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," as a Fifth
+Gospel, an inspired Scripture Gazetteer; and "Eothen," as a
+literary gem of purest ray serene.
+
+In 1898 a reprint of the first edition was given to the public,
+prefaced by a brief eulogium of the book and a slight notice of the
+author.  It brought to the writer of the "Introduction" not only
+kind and indulgent criticism, but valuable corrections, fresh
+facts, clues to further knowledge.  These last have been carefully
+followed out.  The unwary statement that Kinglake never spoke after
+his first failure in the House has been atoned by a careful study
+of all his speeches in and out of Parliament.  His reviews in the
+"Quarterly" and elsewhere have been noted; impressions of his
+manner and appearance at different periods of his life have been
+recovered from coaeval acquaintances; his friend Hayward's Letters,
+the numerous allusions in Lord Houghton's Life, Mrs. Crosse's
+lively chapters in "Red Letter Days of my Life," Lady Gregory's
+interesting recollections of the Athenaeum Club in Blackwood of
+December, 1895, the somewhat slender notice in the "Dictionary of
+National Biography," have all been carefully digested.  From these,
+and, as will be seen, from other sources, the present Memoir has
+been compiled; an endeavour--sera tamen--to lay before the
+countless readers and admirers of his books a fairly adequate
+appreciation, hitherto unattempted, of their author.
+
+I have to acknowledge the great kindness of Canon William
+Warburton, who examined his brother Eliot's diaries on my behalf,
+obtained information from Dean Boyle and Sir M. Grant Duff, cleared
+up for me not a few obscure allusions in the "Eothen" pages.  My
+highly valued friend, Mrs. Hamilton Kinglake, of Taunton, his
+sister-in-law, last surviving relative of his own generation, has
+helped me with facts which no one else could have recalled.  To Mr.
+Estcott, his old acquaintance and Somersetshire neighbour, I am
+indebted for recollections manifold and interesting; but above all
+I tender thanks to Madame Novikoff, his intimate associate and
+correspondent during the last twenty years of his life, who has
+supplemented her brilliant sketch of him in "La Nouvelle Revue" of
+1896 by oral and written information lavish in quantity and of
+paramount biographical value.  Kinglake's external life, his
+literary and political career, his speeches, and the more fugitive
+productions of his pen, were recoverable from public sources; but
+his personal and private side, as it showed itself to the few close
+intimates who still survive, must have remained to myself and
+others meagre, superficial, disappointing, without Madame
+Novikoff's unreserved and sympathetic confidence.
+
+
+Alexander William Kinglake was descended from an old Scottish
+stock, the Kinlochs, who migrated to England with King James, and
+whose name was Anglicized into Kinglake.  Later on we find them
+settled on a considerable estate of their own at Saltmoor, near
+Borobridge, whence towards the close of the eighteenth century two
+brothers, moving southward, made their home in Taunton--Robert as a
+physician, William as a solicitor and banker.  Both were of high
+repute, both begat famous sons.  From Robert sprang the eminent
+Parliamentary lawyer, Serjeant John Kinglake, at one time a
+contemporary with Cockburn and Crowder on the Western Circuit, and
+William Chapman Kinglake, who while at Trinity, Cambridge, won the
+Latin verse prize, "Salix Babylonica," the English verse prizes on
+"Byzantium" and the "Taking of Jerusalem," in 1830 and 1832.  Of
+William's sons the eldest was Alexander William, author of
+"Eothen," the youngest Hamilton, for many years one of the most
+distinguished physicians in the West of England.  "Eothen," as he
+came to be called, was born at Taunton on the 5th August, 1809, at
+a house called "The Lawn."  His father, a sturdy Whig, died at the
+age of ninety through injuries received in the hustings crowd of a
+contested election.  His mother belonged to an old Somersetshire
+family, the Woodfordes of Castle Cary.  She, too, lived to a great
+age; a slight, neat figure in dainty dress, full of antique charm
+and grace.  As a girl she had known Lady Hester Stanhope, who lived
+with her grandmother, Lady Chatham, at Burton Pynsent, her own
+father, Dr. Thomas Woodforde, being Lady Chatham's medical
+attendant. {2}  The future prophetess of the Lebanon was then a
+wild girl, scouring the countryside on bare-backed horses; she
+showed great kindness to Mary Woodforde, afterwards Kinglake's
+mother.  It was as his mother's son that she received him long
+afterwards at Djoun.  To his mother Kinglake was passionately
+attached; owed to her, as he tells us in "Eothen," his home in the
+saddle and his love for Homer.  A tradition is preserved in the
+family that on the day of her funeral, at a churchyard five miles
+away, he was missed from the household group reassembled in the
+mourning home; he was found to have ordered his horse, and galloped
+back in the darkness to his mother's grave.  Forty years later he
+writes to Alexander Knox:  "The death of a mother has an almost
+magical power of recalling the home of one's childhood, and the
+almost separate world that rests upon affection."  Of his two
+sisters, one was well read and agreeably talkative, noted by
+Thackeray as the cleverest woman he had ever met; the other, Mrs.
+Acton, was a delightful old esprit fort, as I knew her in the
+sixties, "pagan, I regret to say," but not a little resembling her
+brother in the point and manner of her wit.  The family moved in
+his infancy to an old-fashioned handsome "Wilton House," adjoining
+closely to the town, but standing amid spacious park-like grounds,
+and inhabited in after years by Kinglake's younger brother
+Hamilton, who succeeded his uncle in the medical profession, and
+passed away, amid deep and universal regret, in 1898.  Here during
+the thirties Sydney Smith was a frequent and a welcome visitor; it
+was in answer to old Mrs. Kinglake that he uttered his audacious
+mot on being asked if he would object, as a neighbouring clergyman
+had done, to bury a Dissenter:  "Not bury Dissenters?  I should
+like to be burying them all day!"
+
+Taunton was an innutrient foster-mother, arida nutrix, for such
+young lions as the Kinglake brood.  Two hundred years before it had
+been a prosperous and famous place, its woollen and kersey trades,
+with the population they supported, ranking it as eighth in order
+among English towns.  Its inhabitants were then a gallant race,
+republican in politics, Puritan in creed.  Twice besieged by Goring
+and Lumford, it had twice repelled the Royalists with loss.  It was
+the centre of Monmouth's rebellion and of Jeffrey's vengeance; the
+suburb of Tangier, hard by its ancient castle, still recalls the
+time when Colonel Kirke and his regiment of "Lambs" were quartered
+in the town.  But long before the advent of the Kinglakes its glory
+had departed; its manufactures had died out, its society become
+Philistine and bourgeois--"little men who walk in narrow ways"--
+while from pre-eminence in electoral venality among English
+boroughs it was saved only by the near proximity of Bridgewater.  A
+noted statesman who, at a later period, represented it in
+Parliament, used to say that by only one family besides Dr.
+Hamilton Kinglake's could he be received with any sense of social
+or intellectual equality.
+
+Not much, however, of Kinglake's time was given to his native town:
+he was early sent to the Grammar School at Ottery St. Mary's, the
+"Clavering" of "Pendennis," whose Dr. Wapshot was George Coleridge,
+brother of the poet.  He was wont in after life to speak of this
+time with bitterness; a delicate child, he was starved on
+insufficient diet; and an eloquent passage in "Eothen" depicts his
+intellectual fall from the varied interests and expanding
+enthusiasm of liberal home teaching to the regulation gerund-
+grinding and Procrustean discipline of school.  "The dismal change
+is ordained, and then--thin meagre Latin with small shreds and
+patches of Greek, is thrown like a pauper's pall over all your
+early lore; instead of sweet knowledge, vile, monkish, doggerel
+grammars and graduses, dictionaries and lexicons, and horrible odds
+and ends of dead languages are given you for your portion, and down
+you fall, from Roman story to a three-inch scrap of 'Scriptores
+Romani,'--from Greek poetry, down, down to the cold rations of
+'Poetae Graeci,' cut up by commentators, and served out by school-
+masters!"
+
+At Eton--under Keate, as all readers of "Eothen" know--he was
+contemporary with Gladstone, Sir F. Hanmer, Lords Canning and
+Dalhousie, Selwyn, Shadwell.  He wrote in the "Etonian," created
+and edited by Mackworth Praed; and is mentioned in Praed's poem on
+Surly Hall as
+
+
+"Kinglake, dear to poetry,
+And dear to all his friends."
+
+
+Dr. Gatty remembers his "determined pale face"; thinks that he made
+his mark on the river rather than in the playing fields, being a
+good oar and swimmer.  His great friend at school was Savile, the
+"Methley" of his travels, who became successively Lord Pollington
+and Earl of Mexborough.  The Homeric lore which Methley exhibited
+in the Troad, is curiously illustrated by an Eton story, that in a
+pugilistic encounter with Hoseason, afterwards an Indian Cavalry
+officer, while the latter sate between the rounds upon his second's
+knee, Savile strutted about the ring, spouting Homer.
+
+Kinglake entered at Trinity, Cambridge, in 1828, among an
+exceptionally brilliant set--Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, John
+Sterling, Trench, Spedding, Spring Rice, Charles Buller, Maurice,
+Monckton Milnes, J. M. Kemble, Brookfield, Thompson.  With none of
+them does he seem in his undergraduate days to have been intimate.
+Probably then, as afterwards, he shrank from camaraderie, shared
+Byron's distaste for "enthusymusy"; naturally cynical and self-
+contained, was repelled by the spiritual fervour, incessant logical
+collision, aggressive tilting at abuses of those young "Apostles,"
+already
+
+
+"Yearning for the large excitement that the coming years would
+yield,
+Eager-hearted as a boy when first he leaves his father's field,"
+
+
+waxing ever daily, as Sterling exhorted, "in religion and
+radicalism."  He saw life differently; more practically, if more
+selfishly; to one rhapsodizing about the "plain living and high
+thinking" of Wordsworth's sonnet, he answered:  "You know that you
+prefer dining with people who have good glass and china and plenty
+of servants."  For Tennyson's poetry he even then felt admiration;
+quotes, nay, misquotes, in "Eothen," from the little known
+"Timbuctoo"; {3} and from "Locksley Hall"; and supplied long
+afterwards an incident adopted by Tennyson in "Enoch Arden,"
+
+
+"Once likewise in the ringing of his ears
+Though faintly, merrily--far and far away -
+He heard the pealing of his parish bells," {4}
+
+
+from his own experience in the desert, when on a Sunday, amid
+overpowering heat and stillness, he heard the Marlen bells of
+Taunton peal for morning church. {5}
+
+In whatever set he may have lived he made his mark at Cambridge.
+Lord Houghton remembered him as an orator at the Union; and
+speaking to Cambridge undergraduates fifty years later, after
+enumerating the giants of his student days, Macaulay, Praed,
+Buller, Sterling, Merivale, he goes on to say:  "there, too, were
+Kemble and Kinglake, the historian of our earliest civilization and
+of our latest war; Kemble as interesting an individual as ever was
+portrayed by the dramatic genius of his own race; Kinglake, as bold
+a man-at-arms in literature as ever confronted public opinion."  We
+know, too, that not many years after leaving Cambridge he received,
+and refused, a solicitation to stand as Liberal representative of
+the University in Parliament.  He was, in fact, as far as any of
+his contemporaries from acquiescing in social conventionalisms and
+shams.  To the end of his life he chafed at such restraint:  "when
+pressed to stay in country houses," he writes in 1872, "I have had
+the frankness to say that I have not discipline enough."
+Repeatedly he speaks with loathing of the "stale civilization," the
+"utter respectability," of European life; {6} longed with all his
+soul for the excitement and stir of soldiership, from which his
+shortsightedness debarred him; {7} rushed off again and again into
+foreign travel; set out immediately on leaving Cambridge, in 1834,
+for his first Eastern tour, "to fortify himself for the business of
+life."  Methley joined him at Hamburg, and they travelled by
+Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, to Semlin, where his book begins.
+Lord Pollington's health broke down, and he remained to winter at
+Corfu, while Kinglake pursued his way alone, returning to England
+in October, 1835. {8}  On his return he read for the Chancery Bar
+along with his friend Eliot Warburton, under Bryan Procter, a
+Commissioner of Lunacy, better known by his poet-name, Barry
+Cornwall; his acquaintance with both husband and wife ripening into
+life-long friendship.  Mrs. Procter is the "Lady of Bitterness,"
+cited in the "Eothen" Preface.  As Anne Skepper, before her
+marriage, she was much admired by Carlyle; "a brisk witty prettyish
+clear eyed sharp tongued young lady"; and was the intimate, among
+many, especially of Thackeray and Browning.  In epigrammatic power
+she resembled Kinglake; but while his acrid sayings were emitted
+with gentlest aspect and with softest speech; while, like Byron's
+Lambro:
+
+
+"he was the mildest mannered man
+That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat,
+With such true breeding of a gentleman,
+You never could divine his real thought,"
+
+
+her sarcasms rang out with a resonant clearness that enforced and
+aggravated their severity.  That two persons so strongly resembling
+each other in capacity for rival exhibition, or for mutual
+exasperation, should have maintained so firm a friendship, often
+surprised their acquaintance; she explained it by saying that she
+and Kinglake sharpened one another like two knives; that, in the
+words of Petruchio,
+
+
+"Where two raging fires meet together,
+They do consume the thing that feeds their fury."
+
+
+Crabb Robinson, stung by her in a tender place, his boastful
+iterative monologues on Weimar and on Goethe, said that of all men
+Procter ought to escape purgatory after death, having tasted its
+fulness here through living so many years with Mrs. Procter; "the
+husbands of the talkative have great reward hereafter," said
+Rudyard Kipling's Lama.  And I have been told by those who knew the
+pair that there was truth as well as irritation in the taunt.  "A
+graceful Preface to 'Eothen,'" wrote to me a now famous lady who as
+a girl had known Mrs. Procter well, "made friendly company
+yesterday to a lonely meal, and brought back memories of Mr.
+Kinglake's kind spoiling of a raw young woman, and of the wit, the
+egregious vanity, the coarseness, the kindness, of that hard old
+worldling our Lady of Bitterness."  In the presence of one man,
+Tennyson, she laid aside her shrewishness:  "talking with Alfred
+Tennyson lifts me out of the earth earthy; a visit to Farringford
+is like a retreat to the religious."  A celebrity in London for
+fifty years, she died, witty and vigorous to the last, in 1888.
+"You and I and Mr. Kinglake," she says to Lord Houghton, "are all
+that are left of the goodly band that used to come to St. John's
+Wood; Eliot Warburton, Motley, Adelaide, Count de Verg, Chorley,
+Sir Edwin Landseer, my husband."  "I never could write a book," she
+tells him in another letter, "and one strong reason for not doing
+so was the idea of some few seeing how poor it was.  Venables was
+one of the few; I need not say that you were one, and Kinglake."
+
+Kinglake was called to the Chancery Bar, and practised apparently
+with no great success.  He believed that his reputation as a writer
+stood in his way.  When, in 1845, poor Hood's friends were helping
+him by gratuitous articles in his magazine, "Hood's Own," Kinglake
+wrote to Monckton Milnes refusing to contribute.  He will send 10
+pounds to buy an article from some competent writer, but will not
+himself write.  "It would be seriously injurious to me if the
+author of 'Eothen' were affiched as contributing to a magazine.  My
+frailty in publishing a book has, I fear, already hurt me in my
+profession, and a small sin of this kind would bring on me still
+deeper disgrace with the solicitors."
+
+Twice at least in these early years he travelled.  "Mr. Kinglake,"
+writes Mrs. Procter in 1843, "is in Switzerland, reading Rousseau."
+And in the following year we hear of him in Algeria, accompanying
+St. Arnaud in his campaign against the Arabs.  The mingled interest
+and horror inspired in him by this extra-ordinary man finds
+expression in his "Invasion of the Crimea" (ii. 157).  A few, a
+very few survivors, still remember his appearance and manners in
+the forties.  The eminent husband of a lady, now passed away, who
+in her lifetime gave Sunday dinners at which Kinglake was always
+present, speaks of him as SENSITIVE, quiet in the presence of noisy
+people, of Brookfield and the overpowering Bernal Osborne; liking
+their company, but never saying anything worthy of remembrance.  A
+popular old statesman, still active in the House of Commons,
+recalls meeting him at Palmerston, Lord Harrington's seat, where
+was assembled a party in honour of Madame Guiccioli and her second
+husband, the Marquis de Boissy, and tells me that he attached
+himself to ladies, not to gentlemen, nor ever joined in general
+tattle.  Like many other famous men, he passed through a period of
+shyness, which yielded to women's tactfulness only.  From the first
+they appreciated him; "if you were as gentle as your friend
+Kinglake," writes Mrs. Norton reproachfully to Hayward in the
+sulks.  Another coaeval of those days calls him handsome--an
+epithet I should hardly apply to him later--slight, not tall, sharp
+featured, with dark hair well tended, always modishly dressed after
+the fashion of the thirties, the fashion of Bulwer's exquisites, or
+of H. K. Browne's "Nicholas Nickleby" illustrations; leaving on all
+who saw him an impression of great personal distinction, yet with
+an air of youthful ABANDON which never quite left him:  "He was
+pale, small, and delicate in appearance," says Mrs. Simpson, Nassau
+Senior's daughter, who knew him to the end of his life; while Mrs.
+Andrew Crosse, his friend in the Crimean decade, cites his finely
+chiselled features and intellectual brow, "a complexion bloodless
+with the pallor not of ill-health, but of an old Greek bust."
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II--"EOTHEN"
+
+
+
+"Eothen" appeared in 1844.  Twice, Kinglake tells us, he had
+essayed the story of his travels, twice abandoned it under a sense
+of strong disinclination to write.  A third attempt was induced by
+an entreaty from his friend Eliot Warburton, himself projecting an
+Eastern tour; and to Warburton in a characteristic preface the
+narrative is addressed.  The book, when finished, went the round of
+the London market without finding a publisher.  It was offered to
+John Murray, who cited his refusal of it as the great blunder of
+his professional life, consoling himself with the thought that his
+father had equally lacked foresight thirty years before in
+declining the "Rejected Addresses"; he secured the copyright later
+on.  It was published in the end by a personal friend, Ollivier, of
+Pall Mall, Kinglake paying 50 pounds to cover risk of loss; even
+worse terms than were obtained by Warburton two years afterwards
+from Colburn, who owned in the fifties to having cleared 6,000
+pounds by "The Crescent and the Cross."  The volume was an octavo
+of 418 pages; the curious folding-plate which forms the
+frontispiece was drawn and coloured by the author, and was compared
+by the critics to a tea-tray.  In front is Moostapha the Tatar; the
+two foremost figures in the rear stand for accomplished Mysseri,
+whom Kinglake was delighted to recognize long afterwards as a
+flourishing hotel keeper in Constantinople, and Steel, the
+Yorkshire servant, in his striped pantry jacket, "looking out for
+gentlemen's seats."  Behind are "Methley," Lord Pollington, in a
+broad-brimmed hat, and the booted leg of Kinglake, who modestly hid
+his figure by a tree, but exposed his foot, of which he was very
+proud.  Of the other characters, "Our Lady of Bitterness" was Mrs.
+Procter, "Carrigaholt" was Henry Stuart Burton of Carrigaholt,
+County Clare.  Here and there are allusions, obvious at the time,
+now needing a scholiast, which have not in any of the reprints been
+explained.  In their ride through the Balkans they talked of old
+Eton days.  "We bullied Keate, and scoffed at Larrey Miller and
+Okes; we rode along loudly laughing, and talked to the grave
+Servian forest as though it were the Brocas clump." {9}  Keate
+requires no interpreter; Okes was an Eton tutor, afterwards Provost
+of King's.  Larrey or Laurie Miller was an old tailor in Keate's
+Lane who used to sit on his open shop-board, facing the street, a
+mark for the compliments of passing boys; as frolicsome youngsters
+in the days of Addison and Steele, as High School lads in the days
+of Walter Scott, were accustomed to "smoke the cobler."  The Brocas
+was a meadow sacred to badger-baiting and cat-hunts.  The badgers
+were kept by a certain Jemmy Flowers, who charged sixpence for each
+"draw"; Puss was turned out of a bag and chased by dogs, her chance
+being to reach and climb a group of trees near the river, known as
+the "Brocas Clump."  Of the quotations, "a Yorkshireman
+hippodamoio" (p. 35) is, I am told, an obiter dictum of Sir Francis
+Doyle.  "Striving to attain," etc. (p. 33), is taken not quite
+correctly from Tennyson's "Timbuctoo."  Our crew were "a solemn
+company" (p. 57) is probably a reminiscence of "we were a gallant
+company" in "The Siege of Corinth."  For "'the own armchair' of our
+Lyrist's 'Sweet Lady'" Anne'" (p. 161) see the poem, "My own
+armchair" in Barry Cornwall's "English Lyrics."  "Proud Marie of
+Anjou" (p. 96) and "single-sin--" (p.  121), are unintelligible; a
+friend once asked Kinglake to explain the former, but received for
+answer, "Oh! that is a private thing."  It may, however, have been
+a pet name for little Marie de Viry, Procter's niece, and the chere
+amie of his verse, whom Eothen must have met often at his friend's
+house.  The St. Simonians of p. 83 were the disciples of Comte de
+St. Simon, a Parisian reformer in the latter part of the eighteenth
+century, who endeavoured to establish a social republic based on
+capacity and labour.  Pere Enfantin was his disciple.  The "mystic
+mother" was a female Messiah, expected to become the parent of a
+new Saviour.  "Sir Robert once said a good thing" (p. 93), refers
+possibly to Sir Robert Peel, not famous for epigram, whose one good
+thing is said to have been bestowed upon a friend before Croker's
+portrait in the Academy.  "Wonderful likeness," said the friend,
+"it gives the very quiver of the mouth."  "Yes," said Sir Robert,
+"and the arrow coming out of it."  Or it may mean Sir Robert
+Inglis, Peel's successor at Oxford, more noted for his genial
+kindness and for the perpetual bouquet in his buttonhole at a date
+when such ornaments were not worn, than for capacity to conceive
+and say good things.  In some mischievous lines describing the
+Oxford election where Inglis supplanted Peel, Macaulay wrote
+
+
+"And then said all the Doctors sitting in the Divinity School,
+Not this man, but Sir Robert'--now Sir Robert was a fool."
+
+
+But in the fifth and later editions Kinglake altered it to "Sir
+John."
+
+By a curious oversight in the first two editions (p. 41) Jove was
+made to gaze on Troy from Samothrace; it was rightly altered to
+Neptune in the third; and "eagle eye of Jove" in the following
+sentence was replaced by "dread Commoter of our globe."  The phrase
+"a natural Chiffney-bit" (p. 109), I have found unintelligible to-
+day through lapse of time even to professional equestrians and
+stable-keepers.  Samuel Chiffney, a famous rider and trainer, was
+born in 1753, and won the Derby on Skyscraper in 1789.  He managed
+the Prince of Wales's stud, was the subject of discreditable
+insinuations, and was called before the Jockey Club.  Nothing was
+proved against him, but in consequence of the fracas the Prince
+severed his connection with the Club and sold his horses.  Chiffney
+invented a bit named after him; a curb with two snaffles, which
+gave a stronger bearing on the sides of a horse's mouth.  His rule
+in racing was to keep a slack rein and to ride a waiting race, not
+calling on his horse till near the end.  His son Samuel, who
+followed him, observed the same plan; from its frequent success the
+term "Chiffney rush" became proverbial.  In his ride through the
+desert (p. 169) Kinglake speaks of his "native bells--the innocent
+bells of Marlen, that never before sent forth their music beyond
+the Blaygon hills."  Marlen bells is the local name for the fine
+peal of St. Mary Magdalen, Taunton.  The Blaygon, more commonly
+called the Blagdon Hills, run parallel with the Quantocks, and
+between them lies the fertile Vale of Taunton Deane.  "Damascus,"
+he says, on p. 245, "was safer than Oxford"; and adds a note on Mr.
+Everett's degree which requires correction.  It is true that an
+attempt was made to non-placet Mr. Everett's honorary degree in the
+Oxford Theatre in 1843 on the ground of his being a Unitarian; not
+true that it succeeded.  It was a conspiracy by the young lions of
+the Newmania, who had organized a formidable opposition to the
+degree, and would have created a painful scene even if defeated.
+But the Proctor of that year, Jelf, happened to be the most-hated
+official of the century; and the furious groans of undergraduate
+displeasure at his presence, continuing unabated for three-quarters
+of an hour, compelled Wynter, the Vice-Chancellor, to break up the
+Assembly, without recitation of the prizes, but not without
+conferring the degrees in dumb show:  unconscious Mr. Everett
+smilingly took his place in red gown among the Doctors, the Vice-
+Chancellor asserting afterwards, what was true in the letter though
+not in the spirit, that he did not hear the non-placets.  So while
+Everett was obnoxious to the Puseyites, Jelf was obnoxious to the
+undergraduates; the cannonade of the angry youngsters drowned the
+odium of the theological malcontents; in the words of Bombastes:
+
+
+"Another lion gave another roar,
+And the first lion thought the last a bore."
+
+
+The popularity of "Eothen" is a paradox:  it fascinates by
+violating all the rules which convention assigns to viatic
+narrative.  It traverses the most affecting regions of the world,
+and describes no one of them:  the Troad--and we get only his
+childish raptures over Pope's "Homer's Iliad"; Stamboul--and he
+recounts the murderous services rendered by the Golden Horn to the
+Assassin whose serail, palace, council chamber, it washes; Cairo--
+but the Plague shuts out all other thoughts; Jerusalem--but
+Pilgrims have vulgarized the Holy Sepulchre into a Bartholomew
+Fair.  He gives us everywhere, not history, antiquities, geography,
+description, statistics, but only Kinglake, only his own
+sensations, thoughts, experiences.  We are told not what the desert
+looks like, but what journeying in the desert feels like.  From
+morn till eve you sit aloft upon your voyaging camel; the risen
+sun, still lenient on your left, mounts vertical and dominant; you
+shroud head and face in silk, your skin glows, shoulders ache,
+Arabs moan, and still moves on the sighing camel with his
+disjointed awkward dual swing, till the sun once more descending
+touches you on the right, your veil is thrown aside, your tent is
+pitched, books, maps, cloaks, toilet luxuries, litter your spread-
+out rugs, you feast on scorching toast and "fragrant" {10} tea,
+sleep sound and long; then again the tent is drawn, the comforts
+packed, civilization retires from the spot she had for a single
+night annexed, and the Genius of the Desert stalks in.
+
+Herein, in these subjective chatty confidences, is part of the
+spell he lays upon us:  while we read we are IN the East:  other
+books, as Warburton says, tell us ABOUT the East, this is the East
+itself.  And yet in his company we are always ENGLISHMEN in the
+East:  behind Servian, Egyptian, Syrian, desert realities, is a
+background of English scenery, faint and unobtrusive yet persistent
+and horizoning.  In the Danubian forest we talk of past school-
+days.  The Balkan plain suggests an English park, its trees planted
+as if to shut out "some infernal fellow creature in the shape of a
+new-made squire"; Jordan recalls the Thames; the Galilean Lake,
+Windermere; the Via Dolorosa, Bond Street; the fresh toast of the
+desert bivouac, an Eton breakfast; the hungry questing jackals are
+the place-hunters of Bridgewater and Taunton; the Damascus gardens,
+a neglected English manor from which the "family" has been long
+abroad; in the fierce, dry desert air are heard the "Marlen" bells
+of home, calling to morning prayer the prim congregation in far-off
+St. Mary's parish.  And a not less potent factor in the charm is
+the magician's self who wields it, shown through each passing
+environment of the narrative; the shy, haughty, imperious Solitary,
+"a sort of Byron in the desert," of cultured mind and eloquent
+speech, headstrong and not always amiable, hiding sentiment with
+cynicism, yet therefore irresistible all the more when he
+condescends to endear himself by his confidence.  He meets the
+Plague and its terrors like a gentleman, but shows us, through the
+vicarious torments of the cowering Levantine that it was courage
+and coolness, not insensibility, which bore him through it.  A foe
+to marriage, compassionating Carrigaholt as doomed to travel
+"Vetturini-wise," pitying the Dead Sea goatherd for his ugly wife,
+revelling in the meek surrender of the three young men whom he sees
+"led to the altar" in Suez, he is still the frank, susceptible,
+gallant bachelor, observantly and critically studious of female
+charms:  of the magnificent yet formidable Smyrniotes, eyes, brow,
+nostrils, throat, sweetly turned lips, alarming in their latent
+capacity for fierceness, pride, passion, power:  of the Moslem
+women in Nablous, "so handsome that they could not keep up their
+yashmaks:" of Cypriote witchery in hair, shoulder-slope,
+tempestuous fold of robe.  He opines as he contemplates the plain,
+clumsy Arab wives that the fine things we feel and say of women
+apply only to the good-looking and the graceful:  his memory
+wanders off ever and again to the muslin sleeves and bodices and
+"sweet chemisettes" in distant England.  In hands sensual and
+vulgar the allusions might have been coarse, the dilatings
+unseemly; but the "taste which is the feminine of genius," the
+self-respecting gentleman-like instinct, innocent at once and
+playful, keeps the voluptuary out of sight, teaches, as Imogen
+taught Iachimo, "the wide difference 'twixt amorous and
+villainous."  Add to all these elements of fascination the unbroken
+luxuriance of style; the easy flow of casual epigram or negligent
+simile;--Greek holy days not kept holy but "kept stupid"; the mule
+who "forgot that his rider was a saint and remembered that he was a
+tailor"; the pilgrims "transacting their salvation" at the Holy
+Sepulchre; the frightened, wavering guard at Satalieh, not
+shrinking back or running away, but "looking as if the pack were
+being shuffled," each man desirous to change places with his
+neighbour; the white man's unresisting hand "passed round like a
+claret jug" by the hospitable Arabs; the travellers dripping from a
+Balkan storm compared to "men turned back by the Humane Society as
+being incurably drowned."  Sometimes he breaks into a canter, as in
+the first experience of a Moslem city, the rapturous escape from
+respectability and civilization; the apostrophe to the Stamboul
+sea; the glimpse of the Mysian Olympus; the burial of the poor dead
+Greek; the Janus view of Orient and Occident from the Lebanon
+watershed; the pathetic terror of Bedouins and camels on entering a
+walled city; until, once more in the saddle, and winding through
+the Taurus defiles, he saddens us by a first discordant note, the
+note of sorrow that the entrancing tale is at an end.
+
+Old times return to me as I handle the familiar pages.  To the
+schoolboy six and fifty years ago arrives from home a birthday
+gift, the bright green volume, with its showy paintings of the
+impaled robbers and the Jordan passage; its bulky Tatar, towering
+high above his scraggy steed, impressed in shining gold upon its
+cover.  Read, borrowed, handed round, it is devoured and discussed
+with fifth form critical presumption, the adventurous audacity
+arresting, the literary charm not analyzed but felt, the vivid
+personality of the old Etonian winged with public school
+freemasonry.  Scarcely in the acquired insight of all the
+intervening years could those who enjoyed it then more keenly
+appreciate it to-day.  Transcendent gift of genius! to gladden
+equally with selfsame words the reluctant inexperience of boyhood
+and the fastidious judgment of maturity.  Delightful self-
+accountant reverence of author-craft! which wields full knowledge
+of a shaddock-tainted world, yet presents no licence to the
+prurient lad, reveals no trail to the suspicious moralist.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III--LITERARY AND PARLIAMENTARY LIFE
+
+
+
+Kinglake returned from Algiers in 1844 to find himself famous both
+in the literary and social world; for his book had gone through
+three editions and was the universal theme.  Lockhart opened to him
+the "Quarterly."  "Who is Eothen?" wrote Macvey Napier, editor of
+the "Edinburgh," to Hayward:  "I know he is a lawyer and highly
+respectable; but I should like to know a little more of his
+personal history:  he is very clever but very peculiar."
+Thackeray, later on, expresses affectionate gratitude for his
+presence at the "Lectures on English Humourists":- "it goes to a
+man's heart to find amongst his friends such men as Kinglake and
+Venables, Higgins, Rawlinson, Carlyle, Ashburton and Hallam,
+Milman, Macaulay, Wilberforce, looking on kindly."  He dines out in
+all directions, himself giving dinners at Long's Hotel.  "Did you
+ever meet Kinglake at my rooms?" writes Monckton Milnes to
+MacCarthy:  "he has had immense success.  I now rather wish I had
+written his book, WHICH I COULD HAVE DONE--AT LEAST NEARLY."  We
+are reminded of Charles Lamb--"here's Wordsworth says he could have
+written Hamlet, IF HE HAD HAD A MIND."  "A delightful Voltairean
+volume," Milnes elsewhere calls it.
+
+"Eothen" was reviewed in the "Quarterly" by Eliot Warburton.
+"Other books," he says, "contain facts and statistics about the
+East; this book gives the East itself in vital actual reality.  Its
+style is conversational; or the soliloquy rather of a man
+convincing and amusing himself as he proceeds, without reverence
+for others' faith, or lenity towards others' prejudices.  It is a
+real book, not a sham; it equals Anastasius, rivals 'Vathek;' its
+terseness, vigour, bold imagery, recall the grand style of Fuller
+and of South, to which the author adds a spirit, freshness,
+delicacy, all his own."  Kinglake, in turn, reviewed "The Crescent
+and the Cross" in an article called "The French Lake."  From a
+cordial notice of the book he passes to a history of French
+ambition in the Levant.  It was Bonaparte's fixed idea to become an
+Oriental conqueror--a second Alexander:  Egypt in his grasp, he
+would pass on to India.  He sought alliance against the English
+with Tippoo Saib, and spent whole days stretched upon maps of Asia.
+He was baffled, first at Aboukir, then at Acre; but the partition
+of Turkey at Tilsit showed that he had not abandoned his design.
+To have refrained from seizing Egypt after his withdrawal was a
+political blunder on the part of England.
+
+By far the most charming of Kinglake's articles was a paper on the
+"Rights of Women," in the "Quarterly Review" of December, 1844.
+Grouping together Monckton Milnes's "Palm Leaves," Mrs. Poole's
+"Sketch of Egyptian Harems," Mrs. Ellis's "Women and Wives of
+England," he produced a playful, lightly touched, yet sincerely
+constructed sketch of woman's characteristics, seductions,
+attainments; the extent and secret of her fascination and her
+deeper influence; her defects, foibles, misconceptions.  He was
+greatly vexed to learn that his criticism of "Palm Leaves" was
+considered hostile, and begged Warburton to explain.  His praise,
+he said, had been looked upon as irony, his bantering taken to
+express bitterness.  Warburton added his own conviction that the
+notice was tributary to Milnes's fame, and Milnes accepted the
+explanation.  But the chief interest of this paper lies in the
+beautiful passage which ends it.  "The world must go on its own
+way, for all that we can say against it.  Beauty, though it beams
+over the organization of a doll, will have its hour of empire; the
+most torpid heiress will easily get herself married; but the wife
+whose sweet nature can kindle worthy delights is she that brings to
+her hearth a joyous, hopeful, ardent spirit, and that subtle power
+whose sources we can hardly trace, but which yet so irradiates a
+home that all who come near are filled and inspired by a deep sense
+of womanly presence.  We best learn the unsuspected might of a
+being like this when we try the weight of that sadness which hangs
+like lead upon the room, the gallery, the stairs, where once her
+footstep sounded, and now is heard no more.  It is not less the
+energy than the grace and gentleness of this character that works
+the enchantment.  Books can instruct, and books can exalt and
+purify; beauty of face and beauty of form will come with bright
+pictures and statues, and for the government of a household hired
+menials will suffice; but fondness and hate, daring hopes, lively
+fears, the lust of glory and the scorn of base deeds, sweet
+charity, faithfulness, pride, and, chief over all, the impetuous
+will, lending might and power to feeling:- these are the rib of the
+man, and from these, deep veiled in the mystery of her very
+loveliness, his true companion sprang.  A being thus ardent will
+often go wrong in her strenuous course; will often alarm, sometimes
+provoke; will now and then work mischief and even perhaps grievous
+harm; but she will be our own Eve after all; the sweet-speaking
+tempter whom heaven created to be the joy and the trouble of this
+pleasing anxious existence; to shame us away from the hiding-places
+of a slothful neutrality, and lead us abroad in the world, men
+militant here on earth, enduring quiet, content with strife, and
+looking for peace hereafter." {11}  Beautiful words indeed! how
+came the author of a tribute so caressingly appreciative, so
+eloquently sincere, to remain himself outside the gates of
+Paradise? how could the pen which in the Crimean chapter on the
+Holy Shrines traced so exquisitely the delicate fancifulness of
+purest sexual love, perpetrate that elaborate sneer over the
+bachelor obsequies of Carrigaholt--"the lowly grave, that is the
+end of man's romantic hopes, has closed over all his rich fancies
+and all his high aspirations:  he is utterly married." {12}
+
+"Gai, gai, mariez vous,
+Mettez vous dans la misere!
+Gai, gai, mariez vous,
+Mettez vous la corde au cou!" {13}
+
+
+There is generally a good reason for prolonged celibacy, a reason
+which the bachelor as generally does not betray:  Kinglake remained
+single, by his own account, because he had observed that women
+always prefer other men to their own husbands.  Yet, although
+unmarried, perhaps because unmarried, he heartily admired many
+clever women; formed with them sedate but genuine friendships, the
+l'amour sans ailes, sometimes called "Platonic" by persons who have
+not read Plato; found in their illogical clear-sightedness, in
+their [Greek word which cannot be reproduced], to use the master's
+own untranslatable phrase, a titillating stimulus which he missed
+in men.  He thought that the Church should ordain priestesses as
+well as priests, the former to be the Egerias of men, as the latter
+are the Pontiffs of women.  And Lady Gregory tells us, that when
+attacked by gout, he wished for the solace of a lady doctor, and
+wrote to one asking if gout were beyond her scope.  She answered:
+"Dear Sir,--Gout is not beyond my scope, but men are."
+
+In 1854 he accompanied Lord Raglan to the Crimea.  "I had heard,"
+writes John Kenyon, "of Kinglake's chivalrous goings on.  We were
+saying yesterday that though he might write a book, he was among
+the last men to go that he might write a book.  He is wild about
+matters military, if so calm a man is ever wild."  He had hoped to
+go in an official position as non-combatant, but this was refused
+by the authorities.  His friend, Lord Raglan, whose acquaintance he
+had made while hunting with the Duke of Beaufort's hounds, took him
+as his private guest.  Arrested for a time at Malta by an attack of
+fever, he joined our army before hostilities began, rode with Lord
+Raglan's staff at the Alma fight, likening the novel sensation to
+the excitement of fox-hunting; and accompanied the chief in his
+visit of tenderness to the wounded when the fight was over.
+Throughout the campaign the two were much together, as we shall
+notice more fully later on.  There are often slight but
+unmistakable signs of Kinglake's presence as spectator and auditor
+of Lord Raglan's deeds and words; {14} his affection and reverence
+for the great general animate the whole; in outward composure and
+latent strength the two men resembled each other closely.  The book
+is, in fact, a history of Lord Raglan's share in the campaign;
+begun in 1856 at the request of Lady Raglan, the narrative ends
+when the "Caradoc" with the general's body on board steams out of
+the bay, "Farewell" flying at her masthead, the Russian batteries,
+with generous recognition, ceasing to fire till the ship was out of
+sight.  "Lord Raglan is dead," said Kinglake as vol. viii. was sent
+to press, "and my work is finished."
+
+Ten years were to elapse before the opening volumes should appear;
+and meanwhile he entered parliament for the borough of Bridgewater,
+which had rejected him in 1852.  His colleague was Colonel Charles
+J. Kemyss Tynte, member of a family which local influence and
+lavish expenditure had secured in the representation of the town
+for nearly forty years.  Catechized as to his political creed, he
+answered:  "I call myself an advanced Liberal; but I decline to go
+into parliament as the pledged adherent of Lord Palmerston or any
+other Liberal."  He adds, in response to a further question:  "I am
+believed to be the author of 'Eothen.'"  He broke down in his
+maiden speech; but recovered himself in a later effort, and spoke,
+not unfrequently, on subjects then important, now forgotten; on the
+outrage of the "Charles et George"; the capture of the Sardinian
+"Cagliari" by the Neapolitans on the high seas; our attitude
+towards the Paris Congress of 1857; while in 1858 he led the revolt
+against Lord Palmerston's proposal to amend the Conspiracy Laws in
+deference to Louis Napoleon; in 1860 vigorously denounced the
+annexation of Savoy and Nice; and in 1864 moved the amendment to
+Mr. Disraeli's motion in the debate on the Address, which was
+carried by 313 to 295.  His feeble voice and unimpressive manner
+prevented him from becoming a power in the House; but his speeches
+when read are full, fluent, and graceful; the late Sir Robert
+Peel's remarkable harangue against the French Emperor in the course
+of an earlier debate was taken, as he is said to have owned, mainly
+from a speech by Kinglake, delivered so indistinctly that the
+reporters failed to catch it, but audible to Sir Robert who sate
+close beside him.
+
+With his constituents he was more at ease and more effective.  His
+seat for Bridgewater was challenged at a general election by Henry
+Padwick, a hanger-on to Disraeli and a well-known bookmaker on the
+turf, who, with an Irish Colonel Westbrook, tried to cajole the
+electors and their wives by extravagant compliments to the town,
+its neighbourhood, its denizens; a place celebrated, as Captain
+Costigan said of Chatteris, "for its antiquitee, its hospitalitee,
+the beautee of its women, the manly fidelitee, generositee, and
+jovialitee of its men."  Kinglake met them on their own ground.  In
+his flowery speeches the romance of Sinai and Palestine faded
+before the glories of the little Somersetshire town.  What was the
+Jordan by comparison with the Parrett?  Could Libanus or Anti-
+Libanus vie with the Mendip and the Quantock Hills?  The view
+surveyed by Monmouth from St. Mary's Tower on the Eve of Sedgemoor
+transcended all the panoramas which the Holy Land or Asia Minor
+could present!  But his more serious orations were worthy of his
+higher fame.  In the panic of 1858, when the address of the French
+colonels to the Emperor, beseeching to be led against England, had
+created serious alarm on this side the Channel, he went down to
+Bridgewater to enlighten the West of England.  "Why," he asked, "do
+we fear invasion?  The population of France is peaceful, the
+'turnip-soup Jacques Bonhomme' is peaceful, the soldiers of the
+line are peaceful.  Why are we anxious?  Because there sits in his
+chamber at the Tuileries a solitary moody man.  He is deeply
+interested in the science and the art of war; he told me once that
+he was contemplating a history of all the great battles ever
+fought.  He holds absolute control over vast resources both in men
+and money; he has shown that he can attack successfully at a few
+weeks' notice the greatest European military power:  gout or
+indigestion may at any moment convert him into an enemy of
+ourselves.  Until France returns to parliamentary government this
+danger is imminent and continual.  Our safety lies in our fleet,
+and in that alone.  If for twenty-four hours only the Channel were
+denuded of our ships in time of war with France, they would hurl
+upon our shores a force we could not meet.  Such denudation must be
+made impossible; our fleet so augmented and strengthened as to
+provide impregnably at all times for home defence no less than for
+foreign necessities.  Our danger, I repeat, lies in no hostility on
+the part of the French army, in no ferocity on the part of the
+French people, in no PRESENT unfriendliness on the part of the
+French Emperor:  it arises from the fact that a revolutionary
+government exists in France, which has armed one man, under the
+name of Emperor--Dictator rather, I should say--with a power so
+colossal, that until such power is moderated, as all power ought to
+be, no neighbour can be entirely safe."  This speech was reproduced
+in "The Times."  Montalembert read it with admiration.  "Who," he
+asked Sir M. E. Grant Duff, "who is Mr. Kinglake?"  "He is the
+author of 'Eothen.'"  "And what is 'Eothen?'  I never heard of it."
+
+He found great enjoyment in parliamentary life, but was in 1868
+unseated on petition for bribery on the part of his agents.  Blue-
+books are not ordinarily light reading; but the Report of the
+Commissioners appointed to inquire into the alleged corrupt
+practices at Bridgewater is not only a model of terse and vigorous
+composition, but to persons with a sense of humour, inclined to
+view human irregularities and inconsistencies in a sportive rather
+than an indignant light, it is a sustained and diverting comedy.
+Of the constituency, both before and after the Reform Bill, three-
+fourths, the Commissioners artlessly inform us, sought and received
+bribes; of the remainder, all but a few individuals negotiated and
+gave the bribes.  So in every election, both sides bribed avowedly;
+if a luckless Purity Candidate appeared, he was promptly informed
+that "Mr. Most" would win the seat:  highest bribes decided each
+election, further bribes averted petitions.  When once a desperate
+riot took place and the ringleaders were tried at Quarter Sessions,
+the jury were bribed to acquit, in the teeth of the Chairman's
+summing up.  At last, in 1868, the defeated candidate petitioned;
+blue-book literature was enriched by a remarkable report, and the
+borough was disfranchised.  Of course Kinglake had only himself to
+thank; if a gentleman chooses to sit for a venal borough, and to
+intrust his interests to a questionable agent, he must, in the
+words of Mrs. Gamp, "take the consequences of sech a sitiwation."
+The consequences to him were loss of his present seat, and
+permanent exclusion from Parliament.
+
+He was keenly mortified by his ostracism, speaking of himself ever
+after as "a political corpse."  Thenceforward he gave his whole
+energy to literary work, to occasional reviews, mainly to his
+"Invasion of the Crimea."  In the "Edinburgh" I think he never
+wrote, cordially disliking its then editor.  A fine notice in
+"Blackwood" of Madame de Lafayette's life was from his pen.
+Surveying the Revolutionary Terror, he points out that
+Robespierre's opponents were in numbers overwhelmingly strong, but
+lacked cohesion and leaders; while the Mountain, dominated by a
+single will, was legally armed with power to kill, and went on
+killing.  The Church played into Robespierre's hands by enforcing
+Patience and Resignation as the highest Christian virtues,
+confusing the idea of submission to Heaven with the idea of
+submission to a scoundrel.  Had Hampden been a Papist he would have
+paid ship-money.  He wrote also in "The Owl," a brilliant little
+magazine edited by his friend Laurence Oliphant; a "Society
+Journal," conducted by a set of clever well-to-do young bachelors
+living in London, addressed like the "Pall Mall Gazette," in
+"Pendennis," "to the higher circles of society, written by
+gentlemen for gentlemen."  When the expenses of production were
+paid, the balance was spent on a whitebait dinner at Greenwich, and
+on offerings of flowers and jewellery to the lady guests invited.
+It came to an end, leaving no successor equally brilliant, high-
+toned, wholesome; its collected numbers figure sometimes at a
+formidable price in sales and catalogues. {15}
+
+The first two volumes of his "Crimea" had appeared in 1863.  They
+were awaited with eager expectation.  An elaborate history of the
+war had been written by a Baron de Bazancourt, condemned as unfair
+and unreliable by English statesmen, and severely handled in our
+reviews.  So the wish was felt everywhere for some record less
+ephemeral, which should render the tale historically, and
+counteract Bazancourt's misstatements.  "I hear," wrote the Duke of
+Newcastle, "that Kinglake has undertaken the task.  He has a noble
+opportunity of producing a text-book for future history, but to
+accomplish this it must be STOICALLY impartial."
+
+The beauty of their style, the merciless portraiture of the Second
+Empire, the unparalleled diorama of the Alma fight, combined to
+gain for these first four-and-twenty chapters an immediate vogue as
+emphatic and as widely spread as that which saluted the opening of
+Macaulay's "History."  None of the later volumes, though highly
+prized as battle narratives, quite came up to these.  The political
+and military conclusions drawn provoked no small bitterness; his
+cousin, Mrs. Serjeant Kinglake, used to say that she met sometimes
+with almost affronting coldness in society at the time, under the
+impression that she was A. W. Kinglake's wife.  Russians were,
+perhaps unfairly, dissatisfied.  Todleben, who knew and loved
+Kinglake well, pronounced the book a charming romance, not a
+history of the war.  Individuals were aggrieved by its notice of
+themselves or of their regiments; statesmen chafed under the
+scientific analysis of their characters, or at the publication of
+official letters which they had intended but not required to be
+looked upon as confidential, and which the recipients had in all
+innocence communicated to the historian.  Palmerstonians, accepting
+with their chief the Man of December, were furious at the exposure
+of his basenesses.  Lucas in "The Times" pronounced the work
+perverse and mischievous; the "Westminster Review" branded it as
+reactionary.  "The Quarterly," in an article ascribed to A. H.
+Layard, condemned its style as laboured and artificial; as palling
+from the sustained pomp and glitter of the language; as wearisome
+from the constant strain after minute dissection; declaring it
+further to be "in every sense of the word a mischievous book."
+"Blackwood," less unfriendly, surrendered itself to the beauty of
+the writing; "satire so studied, so polished, so remorseless, and
+withal so diabolically entertaining, that we know not where in
+modern literature to seek such another philippic."
+
+Reeve, editor of the "Edinburgh," wished Lord Clarendon to attack
+the book; he refused, but offered help, and the resulting article
+was due to the collaboration of the pair.  It caused a prolonged
+coolness between Reeve and Kinglake, who at last ended the quarrel
+by a characteristic letter:  "I observed yesterday that my malice,
+founded perhaps upon a couple of words, and now of three years'
+duration, had not engendered corresponding anger in you; and if my
+impression was a right one, I trust we may meet for the future on
+our old terms."
+
+On the other hand, the "Saturday Review," then at the height of its
+repute and influence, vindicated in a powerful article Kinglake's
+truth and fairness; and a pamphlet by Hayward, called "Mr. Kinglake
+and the Quarterlies," amused society by its furious onslaught upon
+the hostile periodicals, laid bare their animus, and exposed their
+misstatements.  "If you rise in this tone," he began, in words of
+Lord Ellenborough when Attorney-General, "I can speak as loudly and
+emphatically:  I shall prosecute the case with all the liberality
+of a gentleman, but no tone or manner shall put me down."  And the
+dissentient voices were drowned in the general chorus of
+admiration.  German eulogy was extravagant; French Republicanism
+was overjoyed; Englishmen, at home and abroad, read eagerly for the
+first time in close and vivid sequence events which, when spread
+over thirty months of daily newspapers, few had the patience to
+follow, none the qualifications to condense.  Macaulay tells us
+that soon after the appearance of his own first volumes, a Mr.
+Crump from America offered him five hundred dollars if he would
+introduce the name of Crump into his history.  An English gentleman
+and lady, from one of our most distant colonies, wrote to Kinglake
+a jointly signed pathetic letter, intreating him to cite in his
+pages the name of their only son, who had fallen in the Crimea.  He
+at once consented, and asked for particulars--manner, time, place--
+of the young man's death.  The parents replied that they need not
+trouble him with details; these should be left to the historian's
+kind inventiveness:  whatever he might please to say in
+embellishment of their young hero's end they would gratefully
+accept.
+
+Unlike most authors, from Moliere down to Dickens, he never read
+aloud to friends any portion of the unpublished manuscript; never,
+except to closest intimates, spoke of the book, or tolerated
+inquiry about it from others.  When asked as to the progress of a
+volume he had in hand, he used to say, "That is really a matter on
+which it is quite out of my power even to inform myself"; and I
+remember how once at a well-selected dinner-party in the country,
+whither he came in good spirits and inclined to talk his best, a
+second-hand criticism on his book by a conceited parson, the
+official and incongruous element in the group, stiffened him into
+persistent silence.  All England laughed, when Blackwood's
+"Memoirs" saw the light, over his polite repulse of the kindly
+officious publisher, who wished, after his fashion, to criticise
+and finger and suggest.  "I am almost alarmed, as it were, at the
+notion of receiving suggestions.  I feel that hints from you might
+be so valuable and so important, it might be madness to ask you
+beforehand to abstain from giving me any; but I am anxious for you
+to know what the dangers in the way of long delay might be, the
+result of even a few slight and possibly most useful suggestions. .
+. . You will perhaps (after what I have said) think it best not to
+set my mind running in a new path, lest I should take to re-
+writing."  Note, by the way, the slovenliness of this epistle, as
+coming from so great a master of style; that defect characterizes
+all his correspondence.  He wrote for the Press "with all his
+singing robes about him"; his letters were unrevised and brief.
+Mrs. Simpson, in her pleasant "Memories," ascribes to him the
+eloquence du billet in a supreme degree.  I must confess that of
+more than five hundred letters from his pen which I have seen only
+six cover more than a single sheet of note-paper, all are alike
+careless and unstudied in style, though often in matter
+characteristic and informing.  "I am not by nature," he would say,
+"a letter-writer, and habitually think of the uncertainty as to who
+may be the reader of anything that I write.  It is my fate, as a
+writer of history, to have before me letters never intended for my
+eyes, and this has aggravated my foible, and makes me a wretched
+correspondent.  I should like very much to write letters gracefully
+and easily, but I can't, because it is contrary to my nature."  "I
+have got," he writes so early as 1873, "to shrink from the use of
+the pen; to ask me to write letters is like asking a lame man to
+walk; it is not, as horse-dealers say, 'the nature of the beast.'
+When others TALK to me charmingly, my answers are short, faltering,
+incoherent sentences; so it is with my writing."  "You," he says to
+another lady correspondent, "have the pleasant faculty of easy,
+pleasant letter-writing, in which I am wholly deficient."
+
+In fact, the claims of his Crimean book, which compelled him
+latterly to refuse all other literary work, gave little time for
+correspondence.  Its successive revisions formed his daily task
+until illness struck him down.  Sacks of Crimean notes, labelled
+through some fantastic whim with female Christian names--the Helen
+bag, the Adelaide bag, etc.--were ranged round his room.  His
+working library was very small in bulk, his habit being to cut out
+from any book the pages which would be serviceable, and to fling
+the rest away.  So, we are told, the first Napoleon, binding
+volumes for his travelling library, shore their margins to the
+quick, and removed all prefaces, title-pages, and other superfluous
+leaves.  So, too, Edward Fitzgerald used to tear out of his books
+all that in his judgment fell below their authors' highest
+standard, retaining for his own delectation only the quintessential
+remnants.  Vols. III. and IV. appeared in 1868, V. in 1875, VI. in
+1880, VII. and VIII. in 1887; while a Cabinet Edition of the whole
+in nine volumes was issued continuously from 1870 to 1887.  Our
+attempt to appreciate the book shall be reserved for another
+chapter.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV--"THE INVASION OF THE CRIMEA"
+
+
+
+Was the history of the Crimean War worth writing?  Not as a
+magnified newspaper report,--that had been already done--but as a
+permanent work of art from the pen of a great literary expert?
+Very many of us, I think, after the lapse of fifty years, feel
+compelled to say that it was not.  The struggle represented no
+great principles, begot no far-reaching consequences.  It was not
+inspired by the "holy glee" with which in Wordsworth's sonnet
+Liberty fights against a tyrant, but by the faltering boldness, the
+drifting, purposeless unresolve of statesmen who did not desire it,
+and by the irrational violence of a Press which did not understand
+it.  It was not a necessary war; its avowed object would have been
+attained within a few weeks or months by bloodless European
+concert.  It was not a glorious war; crippled by an incompatible
+alliance and governed by the Evil Genius who had initiated it for
+personal and sordid ends, it brought discredit on baffled generals
+in the field, on Crown, Cabinet, populace, at home.  It was not a
+fruitful war; the detailed results purchased by its squandered life
+and treasure lapsed in swift succession during twenty sequent
+years, until the last sheet of the treaty which secured them was
+contemptuously torn up by Gortschakoff in 1870.  But a right sense
+of historical proportion is in no time the heritage of the many,
+and is least of all attainable while the memory of a campaign is
+fresh.  On Englishmen who welcomed home their army in 1855, the
+strife from which shattered but victorious it had returned, loomed
+as epoch-making and colossal, as claiming therefore permanent
+record from some eloquent artist of attested descriptive power.
+Soon the report gained ground that the destined chronicler was
+Kinglake, and all men hailed the selection; yet the sceptic who in
+looking back to-day decries the greatness of the campaign may
+perhaps no less hesitate to approve the fitness of its chosen
+annalist.  His fame was due to the perfection of a single book; he
+ranked as a potentate in STYLE.  But literary perfection, whether
+in prose or poetry, is a fragile quality, an afflatus irregular,
+independent, unamenable to orders; the official tributes of a
+Laureate we compliment at their best with the northern farmer's
+verdict on the pulpit performances of his parson:
+
+
+"An' I niver knaw'd wot a mean'd but I thow't a 'ad summut to saay,
+And I thowt a said wot a owt to 'a said an' I comed awaay."
+
+
+Set to compile a biography from thirty years of "Moniteurs," the
+author of Waverley, like Lord Chesterfield's diamond pencil,
+produced one miracle of dulness; it might well be feared that
+Kinglake's volatile pen, when linked with forceful feeling and
+bound to rigid task-work, might lose the charm of casual epigram,
+easy luxuriance, playful egotism, vagrant allusion, which
+established "Eothen" as a classic.  On the other hand, he had been
+for twenty years conversant with Eastern history, geography,
+politics; was, more than most professional soldiers, an adept in
+military science; had sate in the centre of the campaign as its
+general's guest and comrade; was intrusted, above all, by Lady
+Raglan with the entire collection of her husband's papers:  her
+wish, implied though not expressed, that they should be utilized
+for the vindication of the great field-marshal's fame, he accepted
+as a sacred charge; her confidence not only governed his decision
+to become the historian of the war, but imparted a personal
+character to the narrative.
+
+In order, therefore, rightly to appreciate "The Invasion of the
+Crimea," we must look upon it as a great prose epic; its argument,
+machinery, actors, episodes, subordinate to a predominant ever
+present hero.  In its fine preamble Lord Raglan sits enthroned high
+above generals, armies, spectators, conflicts; on the quality of
+his mind the fate of two great hosts and the fame of two great
+nations hang.  He checks St. Arnaud's wild ambition; overrules the
+waverings of the Allies; against his own judgment, but in dutiful
+obedience to home instruction carries out the descent upon the Old
+Fort coast.  The successful achievement of the perilous flank march
+is ascribed to the undivided command which, during forty-eight
+hours, accident had conferred upon him.  From his presence in
+council French and English come away convinced and strengthened;
+his calm in action imparts itself to anxious generals and panic-
+stricken aides-de-camp.  Through Alma fight, from the high knoll to
+which happy audacity had carried him he rides the whirlwind and
+directs the storm.  In the terrible crisis which sees the Russians
+breaking over the crest of Inkerman, in the ill-fated attack on the
+Great Redan where Lacy Yea is killed, his apparent freedom from
+anxiety infects all around him and achieves redemption from
+disaster. {16}  We see him in his moments of vexation and
+discomfiture; dissembling pain and anger under the stress of the
+French alliance, galled by Cathcart's disobedience, by the loss of
+the Light Brigade, by Lord Panmure's insulting, querulous,
+unfounded blame.  We read his last despatch, framed with wonted
+grace and clearness; then--on the same day--we see the outworn
+frame break down, and follow mournfully two days later the
+afflicting details of his death.  As the generals and admirals of
+the allied forces stand round the dead hero's form, as the palled
+bier, draped in the flag of England, is carried from headquarters
+to the port, as the "Caradoc," steaming away with her honoured
+freight, flies out her "Farewell" signal, the narrative abruptly
+ends.  The months of the siege which still remained might be left
+to other hands or lapse untold.  Troy had still to be taken when
+Hector died; but with his funeral dirge the Iliad closed, the blind
+bard's task was over:
+
+
+"Such honours Ilion to her hero paid,
+And peaceful slept the mighty Hector's shade."
+
+
+If the framework of the narrative is epic, its treatment is
+frequently dramatic.  The "Usage of Europe" in the opening pages is
+not so much a record as a personification of unwritten Law:  the
+Great Eltchi tramps the stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on
+fustian.  Dramatic is the story of the sleeping Cabinet.  "It was
+evening--a summer evening"--one thinks of a world-famous passage in
+the "De Corona"--when the Duke of Newcastle carried to Richmond
+Lodge the fateful despatch committing England to the war.  "Before
+the reading of the Paper had long continued, all the members of the
+Cabinet except a small minority were overcome with sleep"; the few
+who remained awake were in a quiet, assenting frame of mind, and
+the despatch "received from the Cabinet the kind of approval which
+is awarded to an unobjectionable Sermon."  Not less dramatic is
+Nolan's death; the unearthly shriek of the slain corpse erect in
+saddle with sword arm high in air, as the dead horseman rode still
+seated through the 13th Light Dragoons; the "Minden Yell" of the
+20th driving down upon the Iakoutsk battalion; the sustained and
+scathing satire on the Notre Dame Te Deum for the Boulevard
+massacre.  A simple dialogue, a commonplace necessary act, is
+staged sometimes for effect.  "Then Lord Stratford apprised the
+Sultan that he had a private communication to make to him.  The
+pale Sultan listened." . . . "Whose was the mind which had freshly
+come to bear upon this part of the fight?  Sir Colin Campbell was
+sitting in his saddle, the veteran was watching his time." . . .
+"The Emperor Nicholas was alone in his accustomed writing-room.  He
+took no counsel; he rang a bell.  Presently an officer of his staff
+stood before him.  To him he gave his order for the occupation of
+the Principalities."  This overpasses drama--it is melodrama.
+
+To the personal element which pervades the volumes great part of
+their charm is due.  The writer never obtrudes himself, but leaves
+his presence to be discerned by the touches which attest an eye-
+witness.  Through his observant nearness we watch the Chief's
+demeanour and hear his words; see him "turn scarlet with shame and
+anger" when the brutal Zouaves carry outrage into the friendly
+Crimean village, witness his personal succour of the wounded
+Russian after Inkerman, hear his arch acceptance of the French
+courtesy, so careful always to yield the post of danger to the
+English; his "Go quietly" to the excited aide-de-camp; {17} his
+good-humoured reception of the scared and breathless messenger from
+D'Aurelle's brigade; the "five words" spoken to Airey commanding
+the long delayed advance across the Alma; the "tranquil low voice"
+which gave the order rescuing the staff from its unforeseen
+encounter with the Russian rear.  He records Codrington's leap on
+his grey Arab into the breast-work of the Great Redoubt; Lacy Yea's
+passionate energy in forcing his clustered regiment to open out;
+Miller's stentorian "Rally" in reforming the Scots Greys after the
+Balaclava charge; Clarke losing his helmet in the same charge, and
+creating amongst the Russians, as he plunged in bareheaded amongst
+their ranks, the belief that he was sheltered by some Satanic
+charm.  He notes on the Alma the singular pause of sound maintained
+by both armies just before the cannonade began; the first death--of
+an artilleryman riding before his gun--a new sight to nine-tenths
+of those who witnessed it; {18} the weird scream of exploding
+shells as they rent the air around.  He crossed the Alma close
+behind Lord Raglan, cantering after him to the summit of a
+conspicuous hillock in the heart of the enemy's position, whence
+the mere sight of plumed English officers scared the Russian
+generals, and, followed soon by guns and troops, governed the issue
+of the fight.  The general's manner was "the manner of a man
+enlivened by the progress of a great undertaking without being
+robbed of his leisure.  He spoke to me, I remember, about his
+horse.  He seemed like a man who had a clue of his own and knew his
+way through the battle."  When the last gun was fired Kinglake
+followed the Chief back, witnessed the wild burst of cheering
+accorded to him by the whole British army, a manifestation, Lord
+Burghersh tells us, which greatly distressed his modesty--and dined
+alone with him in his tent on the evening of the eventful day.
+
+If Lord Raglan was the Hector of the Crimean Iliad, its Agamemnon
+was Lord Stratford:  "king of men," as Stanley called him in his
+funeral sermon at Westminster; king of distrustful home Cabinets,
+nominally his masters, of scheming European embassies, of insulting
+Russian opponents, of presumptuous French generals, of false and
+fleeting Pashas (Le Sultan, c'est Lord Stratford, said St. Arnaud),
+of all men, whatever their degree, who entered his ambassadorial
+presence.  Ascendency was native to the man; while yet in his teens
+we find Etonian and Cambridge friends writing to him deferentially
+as to a critic and superior.  At four and twenty he became Minister
+to a Court manageable only by high-handed authority and menace.  He
+owned, and for the most part controlled, a violent temper; it broke
+bounds sometimes, to our great amusement as we read to-day, to the
+occasional discomfiture of attaches or of dependents, {19} to the
+abject terror of Turkish Sublimities who had outworn his patience.
+But he knew when to be angry; he could pulverize by fiery outbreaks
+the Reis Effendi and his master, Abdu-l-Mejid; but as
+Plenipotentiary to the United States he could "quench the terror of
+his beak, the lightning of his eye," disarming by his formal
+courtesy and winning by his obvious sincerity the suspicious and
+irritable John Quincy Adams.  When Menschikoff once insulted him,
+seeing that a quarrel at that moment would be fatal to his purpose,
+he pretended to be deaf, and left the Russian in the belief that
+his rude speech had not been heard.  Enthroned for the sixth time
+in Constantinople, at the dangerous epoch of 1853, he could point
+to an unequalled diplomatic record in the past; to the Treaty of
+Bucharest, to reunion of the Helvetic Confederacy shattered by
+Napoleon's fall, to the Convention which ratified Greek
+independence, to the rescue from Austrian malignity of the
+Hungarian refugees.
+
+His conduct of the negotiations preceding the Crimean War is justly
+called the cornerstone of his career:  at this moment of his
+greatness Kinglake encounters and describes him:  through the
+brilliant chapters in his opening volume, as more fully later on
+through Mr. Lane Poole's admirable biography, the Great Eltchi is
+known to English readers.  He moves across the stage with a majesty
+sometimes bordering on what Iago calls bombast circumstance; drums
+and trumpets herald his every entrance; now pacing the shady
+gardens of the Bosphorus, now foiling, "in his grand quiet way,"
+the Czar's ferocious Christianity, or torturing his baffled
+ambassador by scornful concession of the points which he formally
+demanded but did not really want; or crushing with "thin, tight,
+merciless lips and grand overhanging Canning brow" the presumptuous
+French commander who had dared to enter his presence with a plot
+for undermining England's influence in the partnership of the
+campaign.  Was he, we ask as we end the fascinating description,
+was he, what Bright and the Peace Party proclaimed him to be, the
+cause of the Crimean War?  The Czar's personal dislike to him--a
+caprice which has never been explained {20}--exasperated no doubt
+to the mind of Nicholas the repulse of Menschikoff's demands; but
+that the precipitation of the prince and his master had put the
+Russian Court absolutely in the wrong is universally admitted.  It
+has been urged against him that his recommendation of the famous
+Vienna Note to the Porte was official merely, and allowed the
+watchful Turks to assume his personal approbation of their refusal.
+It may be so; his biographer does not admit so much:  but it is
+obvious that the Turks were out of hand, and that no pressure from
+Lord Stratford could have persuaded them to accept the Note.
+Further, the "Russian Analysis of the Note," escaping shortly
+afterwards from the bag of diplomatic secrecy, revealed to our
+Cabinet the necessity of those amendments to the Note on which the
+Porte had insisted.  And lastly, the passage of the Dardanelles by
+our fleet, which more than any overt act made war inevitable, was
+ordered by the Government at home against Lord Stratford's counsel.
+Between panic-stricken statesmen and vacillating ambassadors, Lord
+Clarendon on one side, M. de la Cour on the other, the Eltchi
+stands like Tennyson's promontory of rock,
+
+
+"Tempest-buffeted, citadel-crowned."
+
+
+Napoleon at St. Helena attributed much of his success in the field
+to the fact that he was not hampered by governments at home.  Every
+modern commander, down certainly to the present moment, must have
+envied him.  Kinglake's mordant pen depicts with felicity and
+compression the men of Downing Street, who without military
+experience or definite political aim, thwarted, criticised, over-
+ruled, tormented, their much-enduring General.  We have Aberdeen,
+deficient in mental clearness and propelling force, by his horror
+of war bringing war to pass; Gladstone, of too subtle intellect and
+too lively conscience, "a good man in the worst sense of the term";
+Palmerston, above both in keenness of instinct and in strength of
+will, meaning war from the first, and biding his time to insure it;
+Newcastle, sanguine to the verge of rashness, loyally adherent to
+Lord Raglan while governed by his own judgment, distrustful under
+stress of popular clamour; Panmure, ungenerous, rough-tongued,
+violent, churlish, yet not malevolent--"a rhinoceros rather than a
+tiger"--hurried by subservience to the newspaper Press into
+injustice which he afterwards recognized, yet did but sullenly
+repair.  We see finally that dominant Press itself, personified in
+the all-powerful Delane, a potentate with convictions at once
+flexible and vehement; forceful without spite and merciless without
+malignity; writing no articles, but evoking, shaping, revising all.
+The French commanders were not hampered by the muzzled Paris Press,
+which had long since ceased to utter any but dictated sentiments;
+they suffered even more disastrously from the imperious
+interference of the Tuileries.  Canrobert's inaction, mutability,
+sudden alarms, flagrant breaches of faith, were inexplicable until
+long afterwards, when the fall of the Empire disclosed the secret
+instructions--disloyal to his allies and ruinous to the campaign--
+by which Louis Napoleon shackled his unhappy General.  In
+Canrobert's successor, Pelissier, he met his match.  For the first
+time a strong man headed the French army.  Short of stature, bull-
+necked and massive in build, with grey hair, long dark moustache,
+keen fiery eyes, his coarse rough speech masking tested brain power
+and high intellectual culture, he brought new life to the benumbed
+French army, new hope to Lord Raglan.  The duel between the
+resolute general and the enraged Emperor is narrated with a touch
+comedy.  All that Lord Raglan desired, all that the Emperor
+forbade, Pelissier was stubbornly determined to accomplish; the
+siege should be pressed at once, the city taken at any cost, the
+expedition to Kertch resumed.  Once only, under torment of the
+Emperor's reproaches and the Minister at War's remonstrances, his
+resolution and his nerve gave way; eight days of failing judgment
+issued in the Karabelnaya defeat, the severest repulse which the
+two armies had sustained; but the paralysis passed away, he showed
+himself once more eager to act in concert with the English
+general;--when the long-borne strain of disappointment and anxiety
+sapped at last Lord Raglan's vital forces, and the hard fierce
+Frenchman stood for upwards of an hour beside his dead colleague's
+bedside, "crying like a child."
+
+The lieutenants of Lord Raglan in the Crimea have long since passed
+away, but in artistic epical presentment they retain their place
+around him.  Airey, his right hand from the first disembarkation at
+Kalamita Bay, strong-willed, decisive, ardent, thrusting away
+suspense and doubt, untying every knot, is vindicated by his Chief
+against the Duke of Newcastle's wordy inculpation in the severest
+despatch perhaps ever penned to his official superior by a soldier
+in the field.  Colin Campbell, with glowing face, grey kindling
+eye, light, stubborn, crisping hair, leads his Highland brigade tip
+the hill against the Vladimir columns, till "with the sorrowful
+wail which bursts from the brave Russian infantry when they have to
+suffer loss," eight battalions of the enemy fall back in retreat.
+Lord Lucan, tall, lithe, slender, his face glittering and panther-
+like in moments of strenuous action, wins our hearts as he won
+Kinglake's, in spite of the mis-aimed cleverness and presumptuous
+self-confidence which always criticised and sometimes disobeyed the
+orders of his Chief.  General Pennefather, "the grand old boy," his
+exulting radiant face flashing everywhere through the smoke, his
+resonant innocuous oaths roaring cheerily down the line, sustains
+all day the handful of our troops against the tenfold masses of the
+enemy.  Generous and eloquent are the notices of Korniloff and
+Todleben, the great sailor and the great engineer, the soul and the
+brain of the Sebastopol defence.  The first fell in the siege, the
+second lived to write its history, to become a valued friend of
+Kinglake, to explore and interpret in his company long afterwards
+the scenes of struggle; his book and his personal guidance gave to
+the historian what would otherwise have been unattainable, a clear
+knowledge of the conflict as viewed from within the town.
+
+The pitched battlefields of the campaign were three, Alma,
+Balaclava, Inkerman.  The Alma chapter is the most graphic, for
+there the fight was concentrated, offering to a spectator by Lord
+Raglan's side a coup d'oeil of the entire action.  The French were
+by bad generalship virtually wiped out; for Bosquet crossed the
+river too far to the right, Canrobert was afraid to move without
+artillery, Prince Napoleon and St. Arnaud's reserves were jammed
+together in the bottom of the valley.  We see, as though on the
+spot, the advance, irregular and unsupported, of Codrington's
+brigade, their dash into the Great Redoubt and subsequent
+disorderly retreat; the enemy checked by the two guns from Lord
+Raglan's knoll and by the steadiness of the Royal Fusiliers; the
+repulse of the Scots Fusiliers and the peril which hung over the
+event; then the superb advance of Guards and Highlanders up the
+hill, thin red line against massive columns, which determined
+finally the action.
+
+The interest of the Balaclava fight centres in the two historic
+cavalry charges.  Here again, from his position on the hill above,
+Kinglake witnessed both; the first, clear in smokeless air, the
+second lost in the volleying clouds which filled the valley of
+death.  He saw the enormous mass of Russian cavalry, 3,500 sabres,
+flooding like an avalanche down the hill with a momentum which
+Scarlett's tiny squadron could not for a moment have resisted;
+their unexplained halt, the three hundred seizing the opportunity
+to strike, digging individually into the Russian ranks, the scarlet
+streaks visibly cleaving the dense grey columns.  Inwedged and
+surrounded, in their passionate blood frenzy, with ceaseless play
+of whirling sword, with impetus of human and equestrian weight and
+strength, the red atoms hewed their way to the Russian rear,
+turned, worked back, emerged, reformed; while the 4th and 5th
+Dragoons, the Royals, the 1st Inniskillings, dashed upon the amazed
+column right, left, front, till the close-locked mass headed slowly
+up the hill, ranks loosened, horsemen turned and galloped off, a
+beaten straggling herd.  Eight minutes elapsed from the time when
+Scarlett gave the word to charge, until the moment when the
+Russians broke:  we turn from the fifty describing pages,
+breathless as though we had ridden in the melley; if the episode
+has no historical parallel, the narrative is no less unique.  Our
+greatest contemporary poet tried to celebrate it; his lines are
+tame and unexciting beside Kinglake's passionate pulsing rhapsody.
+Its effect upon the Russian mind was lasting; out of all their vast
+array hardly a single squadron was ever after able to keep its
+ground against the approach of English cavalry; while but for
+Cathcart's obstinacy and Lucan's temper it would have issued in the
+immediate recapture of the Causeway Heights.
+
+The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the other hand, while it
+stirred the imagination of the poet, shocked the military
+conscience of the historian.  He saw in it with agony, as Lord
+Raglan saw, as the French spectators saw, no act of heroic
+sacrifice, but a needless, fruitless massacre.  "You have lost the
+Light Brigade," was his commander's salutation to Lord Lucan.
+"C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre," was the oft-quoted
+reproof of Bosquet.  The "someone's blunder," the sullen perversity
+in misconception which destroyed the flower of our cavalry, has
+faded from men's memories; the splendour of the deed remains.  It
+is well to recover salvage from the irrevocable, to voice and to
+prolong the deep human interest attaching to death encountered at
+the call of duty; that is the poet's task, and brilliantly it has
+been discharged.  Its other side, the paean of sorrow for a self-
+destructive exploit, the dirge on lives wantonly thrown away, the
+deep blame attaching to the untractableness which sent them to
+their doom, was the task of the historian, and that too has been
+faithfully and lastingly accomplished.
+
+Inkerman was the most complicated of the battles; the chapters
+which record it are correspondingly taxing to the reader.  More
+than once or twice they must be scanned, with close study of their
+lucid maps, before the intricate sequences are fairly and
+distinctively grasped; the sixth book of Thucydides, a standing
+terror to young Greek students, is light and easy reading compared
+with the bulky sixth volume of Kinglake.  The hero of the day was
+Pennefather; he maintained on Mount Inkerman a combat of pickets
+reinforced from time to time, while around him through nine hours
+successive attacks of thousands were met by hundreds.  The
+disparity of numbers was appalling.  At daybreak 40,000 Russian
+troops advanced against 3,000 English and were repulsed.  Three
+hours later 19,000 fresh troops came on, passed through a gap in
+our lines, which Cathcart's disobedience, atoned for presently by
+his death, had left unoccupied, and seized the heights behind us;
+they too were dispossessed, but our numbers were dwindling and our
+strength diminishing.  The Home Ridge, key of our position, was
+next invaded by 6,000 Russians; the 7th St. Leger, linked with a
+few Zouaves and with 200 men of our 77th Regiment, French and
+English for once joyously intermingled, hurled them back.  It was
+the crisis of the fight; Canrobert's interposition would have
+determined it; but he sullenly refused to move.  Finally, led by
+two or three daring young officers, 300 of our wearied troops
+charged the Russian battery which had tormented us all day; their
+artillerymen, already flinching under the galling fire of two 18-
+pounders, brought up by Lord Raglan's foresight early in the
+morning, hastily withdrew their guns, and the battle was won.  It
+was a day of Homeric rushes; Burnaby, with only twenty men to
+support him, rescuing the Grenadier Guards' colours; the onset of
+the 20th with their "Minden Yell"; Colonel Daubeny with two dozen
+followers cleaving the Russian trunk column at the barrier; Waddy's
+dash at the retreating artillery train, foiled only by the presence
+and the readiness of Todleben.  One marvels in reading how the
+English held their own; their victory against so tremendous odds is
+ascribed by the historian to three conditions; the hampering of the
+enemy by his crowded masses; the slaughter amongst his officers
+early in the fight, which deprived their men of leadership; above
+all, the dense mist which obscured from him the fewness of his
+opponents.  If Canrobert with his fresh troops had followed in
+pursuit, the Russian's retreat must have been turned into a rout
+and his artillery captured; if on the following day he had
+assaulted the Flagstaff Bastion, Sebastopol, Todleben owned, must
+have fallen.  He would do neither; his hesitancy and apparent
+feebleness have already been explained; but to it, and to the
+sinister influence which held his hand, were due the subsequent
+miseries of the Crimean winter.
+
+But the epic muse exacted from Kinglake, as from Virgil long
+before, the portrayal not only of generals and of battles, but of
+two great monarchs, each in his own day conspicuously and
+absolutely prominent--the Czar Nicholas and the Emperor Napoleon:
+
+
+"dicam horrida belia,
+Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera REGES."
+
+
+His handling of them is characteristic.  Few men living then could
+have approached either without a certain awe, their "genius"
+rebuked,--like Mark Antony's, in the presence of Caesars so
+imposing and so mighty; Kinglake's attitude towards both is the
+attitude of cold analysis.
+
+In the opening of the fifties the Czar Nicholas was the most
+powerful man then living in the world.  He ruled over sixty million
+subjects whose loyalty bordered on worship:  he had in arms a
+million soldiers, brave and highly trained.  In the troubles of
+1848 he had stood scornful and secure amid the overthrow of
+surrounding thrones; and the entire impact of his vast and well-
+organized Empire was subject to his single will; whatever he chose
+to do he did.  Of stern and unrelenting nature, of active and
+widely ranging capacity for business, of gigantic stature and
+commanding presence, he inspired almost universal terror; and yet
+his friendliness had when he pleased a glow and frankness
+irresistible in its charm.  Readers of Queen Victoria's early life
+will recall the alarm she felt at his sudden proposal to visit
+Windsor in 1844, the fascination which his presence exercised on
+her when he became her guest.  He professed to embody his standard
+of conduct in the English word "gentleman"; his ideal of human
+grandeur was the character of the Duke of Wellington.  It was an
+evil destiny that betrayed this high-minded man into crooked ways;
+that made England sacrifice the stateliest among her ancient
+friends to an ignoble and crime-stained adventurer; that poured out
+blood and treasure for no public advantage and with no permanent
+result; that first humiliated, then slew with broken heart the man
+who had been so great, and who is still regarded by surviving
+Russians who knew his inner life and had seen him in his gentle
+mood with passionate reverence and affection.
+
+Kinglake's description of "Prince Louis Bonaparte," of his
+character, his accomplices, his policy, his crimes, is perhaps
+unequalled in historical literature; I know not where else to look
+for a vivisection so scientific and so merciless of a great
+potentate in the height of his power.  With scrutiny polite,
+impartial, guarded, he lays bare the springs of a conscienceless
+nature and the secrets of a crime-driven career; while for the
+combination of precise simplicity with exhaustive synopsis, the
+masquerading of moral indignation in the guise of mocking laughter,
+the loathing of a gentleman for a scoundrel set to the measure not
+of indignation but of contempt, we must go back to the refined
+insolence, the [Greek text which cannot be reproduced] of Voltaire.
+He had well known Prince Napoleon in his London days, had been
+attracted by him as a curiosity--"a balloon man who had twice
+fallen from the skies and yet was still alive"--had divined the
+mental power veiled habitually by his blank, opaque, wooden looks,
+had listened to his ambitious talk and gathered up the utterances
+of his thoughtful, long-pondering mind, had quarrelled with him
+finally and lastingly over rivalry in the good graces of a woman.
+{21}  He saw in him a fourfold student; of the art of war, of the
+mind of the first Napoleon, of the French people's character, of
+the science by which law may lend itself to stratagem and become a
+weapon of deceit.
+
+The intellect of this strange being was subject to an uncertainty
+of judgment, issuing in ambiguity of enterprise, and giving an
+impression of well-kept secrecy, due often to the fact that divided
+by mental conflict he had no secret to tell.  He understood truth,
+but under the pressure of strong motive would invariably deceive.
+He sometimes, out of curiosity, would listen to the voice of
+conscience, and could imitate neatly on occasion the scrupulous
+language of a man of honour; but the consideration that one of two
+courses was honest, and the other not, never entered into his
+motives for action.  He was bold in forming plots, and skilful in
+conducting them; but in the hour of trial and under the confront of
+physical danger he was paralysed by constitutional timidity.  His
+great aim in life was to be conspicuous--digito monstrarier--
+coupled with a theatric mania which made scenic effects and
+surprises essential to the eminence he craved.
+
+Handling this key to his character, Kinglake pursues him into his
+December treason, contrasts the consummate cleverness of his
+schemes with the faltering cowardice which shrank, like Macbeth's
+ambition, from "the illness should attend them," and which, but for
+the stronger nerve of those behind him, would have caused his
+collapse, at Paris as at Strasburg and Boulogne, in contact with
+the shock of action.  It is difficult now to realize the commotion
+caused by this fourteenth chapter of Kinglake's book.  The Emperor
+was at the summit of his power, fresh from Austrian conquest,
+viewed with alarm by England, whose rulers feared his strength and
+were distrustful of his friendship.  Our Crown, our government, our
+society, had condoned his usurpation; he had kissed the Queen's
+cheek, bent her ministers to his will, ridden through her capital a
+triumphant and applauded guest.  And now men read not only a
+cynical dissection of his character and disclosure of his early
+foibles, but the hideous details of his deceit and treachery, the
+phases of cold-blooded massacre and lawless deportation by which he
+emptied France of all who hesitated to enrol themselves as his
+accomplices or his tools.  Forty years have passed since the
+terrible indictment was put forth; down to its minutest allegation
+it has been proved literally true; the arch criminal has fallen
+from his estate to die in disgrace, disease, exile.  When we talk
+to-day with cultivated Frenchmen of that half-forgotten epoch, and
+of the book which bared its horrors, we are met by their response
+of ardent gratitude to the man who joined to passionate hatred of
+iniquity surpassing capacity for denouncing it; their avowal that
+with all its frequent exposure of their military shortcomings and
+depreciation of their national character, no English chronicle of
+the century stands higher in their esteem than the history of the
+war in the Crimea.
+
+The close of the book is grim and tragic in the main, the stir of
+gallant fights exchanged for the dreary course of siege,
+intrenchment, mine and countermine.  We have the awful winter on
+the heights, the November hurricane, the foiled bombardments, the
+cruel blunder of the Karabelnaya assault, the bitter natural
+discontent at home, the weak subservience of our government to
+misdirected clamour, the touching help-fraught advent of the Lady
+Nurses:  then, just as better prospects dawn, the Chief's collapse
+and death.  From the morrow of Inkerman to the end, through no
+fault of his, the historian's chariot wheels drag.  More and more
+one sees how from the nature of the task, except for the flush of
+contemporary interest then, except by military students now, it is
+not a work to be popularly read; the exhausted interest of its
+subject swamps the genius of its narrator.  Scattered through its
+more serious matter are gems with the old "Eothen" sparkle, of
+periphrasis, aphorism, felicitous phrase and pregnant epithet.
+Such is the fine analogy between the worship of holy shrines and
+the lover's homage to the spot which his mistress's feet have trod;
+such France's tolerance of the Elysee brethren compared to the Arab
+laying his verminous burnous upon an ant-hill; the apt quotation
+from the Psalms to illustrate the on-coming of the Guards; the
+demeanour of horses in action; the course of a flying cannon-ball;
+the two ponderous troopers at the Horse Guards; Tom Tower and his
+Croats landing stores for our soldiers from the "Erminia."  Or
+again, we have the light clear touches of a single line; "the
+decisiveness and consistency of despotism"--"the fractional and
+volatile interests in trading adventure which go by the name of
+Shares"--"the unlabelled, undocketed state of mind which shall
+enable a man to encounter the Unknown"--"the qualifying words which
+correct the imprudences and derange the grammatical structure of a
+Queen's Speech":  but these are islets in the sea of narrative,
+not, as in "Eothen," woof-threads which cross the warp.
+
+To compare an idyll with an epic, it may be said, is like comparing
+a cameo with a Grecian temple:  be it so; but the temple falls in
+ruins, the cameo is preserved in cabinets; and it is possible that
+a century hence the Crimean history will be forgotten, while
+"Eothen" is read and enjoyed.  The best judges at the time
+pronounced that as a lasting monument of literary force the work
+was over refined:  "Kinglake," said Sir George Cornewall Lewis,
+"tries to write better than he can write"; quoting, perhaps
+unconsciously, the epigram of a French art critic a hundred years
+before-- Il cherche toujours a faire mieux qu'il ne fait. {22}  He
+lavished on it far more pains than on "Eothen":  the proof sheets
+were a black sea of erasures, intercalations, blots; the original
+chaotic manuscript pages had to be disentangled by a calligraphic
+Taunton bookseller before they could be sent to press.  This
+fastidiousness in part gained its purpose; won temporary success;
+gave to his style the glitter, rapidity, point, effectiveness, of a
+pungent editorial; went home, stormed, convinced, vindicated,
+damaged, triumphed:  but it missed by excessive polish the
+reposeful, unlaboured, classic grace essential to the highest art.
+Over-scrupulous manipulation of words is liable to the "defect of
+its qualities"; as with unskilful goldsmiths of whom old Latin
+writers tell us, the file goes too deep, trimming away more of the
+first fine minting than we can afford to lose.  Ruskin has
+explained to us how the decadence of Gothic architecture commenced
+through care bestowed on window tracery for itself instead of as an
+avenue or vehicle for the admission of light.  Read "words" for
+tracery, "thought" for light, and we see how inspiration avenges
+itself so soon as diction is made paramount; artifice, which
+demands and misses watchful self-concealment, passes into
+mannerism; we have lost the incalculable charm of spontaneity.
+Comparison of "Eothen" with the "Crimea" will I think exemplify
+this truth.  The first, to use Matthew Arnold's imagery, is Attic,
+the last has declined to the Corinthian; it remains a great, an
+amazingly great production; great in its pictorial force, its
+omnipresent survey, verbal eloquence, firm grasp, marshalled
+delineation of multitudinous and entangled matter; but it is not
+unique amongst martial records as "Eothen" is unique amongst books
+of travel:  it is through "Eothen" that its author has soared into
+a classic, and bids fair to hold his place.  And, apart from the
+merit of style, great campaigns lose interest in a third, if not in
+a second generation; their historical consequence effaced through
+lapse of years; their policy seen to have been nugatory or
+mischievous; their chronicles, swallowed greedily at the birth like
+Saturn's progeny, returning to vex their parent; relegated finally
+to an honourable exile in the library upper shelves, where they
+hold a place eyed curiously, not invaded:
+
+
+"devoured
+As fast as they are made, forgot as soon
+As done. . . . To have done, is to hang
+Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail,
+In monumental mockery."
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V--MADAME NOVIKOFF
+
+
+
+The Cabinet Edition of "The Invasion of the Crimea" appeared in
+1877, shortly after the Servian struggle for independence, which
+aroused in England universal interest and sympathy.  Kinglake had
+heard from the lips of a valued lady friend the tragic death-tale
+of her brother Nicholas Kireeff, who fell fighting as a volunteer
+on the side of the gallant Servian against the Turk:  and, much
+moved by the recital, offered to honour the memory of the dead hero
+in the Preface to his forthcoming edition.  He kept his word; made
+sympathetic reference to M. Kireeff in the opening of his Preface;
+but passed in pursuance of his original design to a hostile
+impeachment of Russia, its people, its church, its ruler.  This was
+an error of judgment and of feeling; and the lady, reading the
+manuscript, indignantly desired him to burn the whole rather than
+commit the outrage of associating her brother's name with an attack
+on causes and personages dear to him as to herself.  Kinglake
+listened in silence, then tendered to her a crayon rouge, begging
+her to efface all that pained her.  She did so; and, diminished by
+three-fourths of its matter, the Preface appears in Vol. I. of the
+Cabinet Edition.  The erasure was no slight sacrifice to an author
+of Kinglake's literary sensitiveness, mutilating as it did the
+integrity of a carefully schemed composition, and leaving visible
+the scar.  He sets forth the strongly sentimental and romantic side
+of Russian temperament.  Love of the Holy Shrines begat the war of
+1853, racial ardour the war of 1876.  The first was directed by a
+single will, the second by national enthusiasm; yet the mind of
+Nicholas was no less tossed by a breathless strife of opposing
+desires and moods than was Russia at large by the struggle between
+Panslavism and statesmanship.  Kinglake paints vividly the imposing
+figure of the young Kireeff, his stature, beauty, bravery, the
+white robe he wore incarnadined by death-wounds, his body captured
+by the hateful foes.  He goes on to tell how myth rose like an
+exhalation round his memory:  how legends of "a giant piling up
+hecatombs by a mighty slaughter" reverberated through mansion and
+cottage, town and village, cathedral and church; until thousands of
+volunteers rushed to arms that they might go where young Kireeff
+had gone.  Alexander's hand was forced, and the war began, which
+but for England's intervention would have cleared Europe of the
+Turk.  We have the text, but not the sermon; the Preface ends
+abruptly with an almost clumsy peroration.
+
+The lady who inspired both the eulogy and the curtailment was
+Madame Novikoff, more widely known perhaps as O. K., with whom
+Kinglake maintained during the last twenty years of life an
+intimate and mutual friendship.  Madame Olga Novikoff, nee Kireeff,
+is a Russian lady of aristocratic rank both by parentage and
+marriage.  In a lengthened sojourn at Vienna with her brother-in-
+law, the Russian ambassador, she learned the current business of
+diplomacy.  An eager religious propagandist, she formed alliance
+with the "Old Catholics" on the Continent, and with many among the
+High Church English clergy; becoming, together with her brother
+Alexander, a member of the Reunion Nationale, a society for the
+union of Christendom.  Her interest in education has led her to
+devote extensive help to school and church building and endowment
+on her son's estate.  God-daughter to the Czar Nicholas, she is a
+devoted Imperialist, nor less in sympathy, as were all her family,
+with Russian patriotism:  after the death of her brother in Servia
+on July 6/18, 1876, she became a still more ardent Slavophile.  The
+three articles of her creed are, she says, those of her country,
+Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism.  Her political aspirations have
+been guided, and guided right, by her tact and goodness of heart.
+Her life's aim has been to bring about a cordial understanding
+between England and her native land; there is little doubt that her
+influence with leading Liberal politicians, and her vigorous
+allocutions in the Press, had much to do with the enthusiasm
+manifested by England for the liberation of the Danubian States.
+Readers of the Princess Lieven's letters to Earl Grey will recall
+the part played by that able ambassadress in keeping this country
+neutral through the crisis of 1828-9; to her Madame Novikoff has
+been likened, and probably with truth, by the Turkish Press both
+English and Continental.  She was accused in 1876 of playing on the
+religious side of Mr. Gladstone's character to secure his interest
+in the Danubians as members of the Greek Church, while with
+unecclesiastical people she was said to be equally skilful on the
+political side, converting at the same time Anglophobe Russia by
+her letters in the "Moscow Gazette."  Mr. Gladstone's leanings to
+Montenegro were attributed angrily in the English "Standard" to
+Madame Novikoff:  "A serious statesman should know better than to
+catch contagion from the petulant enthusiasm of a Russian Apostle."
+The contagion was in any case caught, and to some purpose; letter
+after letter had been sent by the lady to the great statesman, then
+in temporary retirement, without reply, until the last of these, "a
+bitter cry of a sister for a sacrificed brother," brought a feeling
+answer from Mrs. Gladstone, saying that her husband was deeply
+moved by the appeal, and was writing on the subject.  In a few days
+appeared his famous pamphlet, "Bulgarian Horrors and the Question
+of the East."
+
+Carlyle advised that Madame Novikoff's scattered papers should be
+worked into a volume; they appeared under the title "Is Russia
+Wrong?" with a preface by Froude, the moderate and ultra-prudent
+tone of which infuriated Hayward and Kinglake, as not being
+sufficiently appreciative.  Hayward declared some woman had biassed
+him; Kinglake was of opinion that by studying the etat of Queen
+Elizabeth Froude had "gone and turned himself into an old maid."
+
+Froude's Preface to her next work, "Russia and England, a Protest
+and an Appeal," by O. K., 1880, was worded in a very different tone
+and satisfied all her friends.  The book was also reviewed with
+highest praise by Gladstone in "The Nineteenth Century."  Learning
+that an assault upon it was contemplated in "The Quarterly,"
+Kinglake offered to supply the editor, Dr. Smith, with materials
+which might be so used as to neutralize a PERSONAL attack upon O.
+K.  Smith entreated him to compose the whole article himself.  "I
+could promise you," he writes, "that the authorship should be kept
+a profound secret;" but this Kinglake seems to have thought
+undesirable.  The article appeared in April, 1880, under the title
+of "The Slavonic Menace to Europe."  It opens with a panegyric on
+the authoress:  "She has mastered our language with conspicuous
+success; she expostulates as easily as she reproaches, and she
+exhibits as much facility in barbing shafts of satire as in framing
+specious excuses for daring acts of diplomacy."  It insists on the
+high esteem felt for her by both the Russian and Austrian
+governments, telling with much humour an anecdote of Count Beust,
+the Prime Minister of Austria during her residence in Vienna.  The
+Count, after meeting her at a dinner party at the Turkish Embassy,
+composed a set of verses in her honour, and gave them to her, but
+she forgot to mention them to her brother-in-law.  The Prime
+Minister, encountering the latter, asked his opinion of the verses;
+and the ambassador was greatly amazed at knowing nothing of the
+matter. {23}  From amenities towards the authoress, the article
+passes abruptly to hostile criticism of the book; declares it to be
+proscribed in Russia as mischievous, and to have precipitated a
+general war by keeping up English interest in Servian rebellion.
+It sneers in doubtful taste at the lady's learning:
+
+
+"sit non doctissima conjux,
+Sit nox cum somno, sit sine lite dies;"
+
+
+denounces the Slavs as incapable of being welded into a nation,
+urging that their independence must destroy Austria-Hungary, a
+consummation desired by Madame Novikoff, with her feline contempt
+for "poor dear Austria," but which all must unite to prevent if
+they would avert a European war.
+
+How could one clear harp, men asked themselves as they read, have
+produced so diverse tones?  The riddle is solved when we learn that
+the first part only was from Kinglake's pen:  having vindicated his
+friend's ability and good faith, her right to speak and to be heard
+attentively, he left the survey of her views, with which he
+probably disagreed, to the originally assigned reviewer.  The
+article, Madame Novikoff tells us in the "Nouvelle Revue," was
+received avec une stupefaction unanime.  It formed the general talk
+for many days, was attributed to Lord Salisbury, was supposed to
+have been inspired by Prince Gortschakoff.  The name standing
+against it in Messrs. Murray's books, as they kindly inform me, is
+that of a writer still alive, and better known now than then, but
+they never heard that Kinglake had a hand in it; the editor would
+seem to have kept his secret even from the publishers.  Kinglake
+sent the article in proof to the lady; hoped that the facts he had
+imparted and the interpolations he had inserted would please her;
+he could have made the attack on Russia more pointed had he written
+it; she would think the leniency shows a fault on the right side;
+he did not know the writer of this latter part.  He begged her to
+acquaint her friends in Moscow what an important and majestic organ
+is "The Quarterly," how weighty therefore its laudation of herself.
+She recalls his bringing her soon afterwards an article on her,
+written, he said, in an adoring tone by Laveleye in the "Revue des
+Deux Mondes," and directing her to a paper in "Fraser," by Miss
+Pauline Irby, a passionate lover of the "Slav ragamuffins," and a
+worshipper of Madame Novikoff.  He quotes with delight Chenery's
+approbation of her "Life of Skobeleff"; he spoke of you "with a
+gleam of kindliness in his eyes which really and truly I had never
+observed before."  "The Times" quotes her as the "eloquent
+authoress of 'Russia and England'"; "fancy that from your enemy!
+you are getting even 'The Times' into your net."  A later article
+on O. K. contains some praise, but more abuse.  Hayward is angry
+with it; Kinglake thinks it more friendly than could have been
+expected "to YOU, a friend of ME, their old open enemy:  the sugar-
+plums were meant for you, the sprinklings of soot for me."
+
+Besides "Russia and England" Madame Novikoff is the author of
+"Friends or Foes?--is Russia wrong?" and of a "Life of Skobeleff,"
+the hero of Plevna and of Geok Tepe.  From her natural endowments
+and her long familiarity with Courts, she has acquired a capacity
+for combining, controlling, entertaining social "circles" which
+recalls les salons d'autrefois, the drawing-rooms of an Ancelot, a
+Le Brun, a Recamier.  Residing in several European capitals, she
+surrounds herself in each with persons intellectually eminent; in
+England, where she has long spent her winters, Gladstone, Carlyle
+and Froude, Charles Villiers, Bernal Osborne, Sir Robert Morier,
+Lord Houghton, and many more of the same high type, formed her
+court and owned her influence.
+
+Kinglake first met her at Lady Holland's in 1870, and mutual liking
+ripened rapidly into close friendship.  During her residences in
+England few days passed in which he did not present himself at her
+drawing-room in Claridge's Hotel:  when absent in Russia or on the
+Continent, she received from him weekly letters, though he used to
+complain that writing to a lady through the poste restante was like
+trying to kiss a nun through a double grating.  These letters, all
+faithfully preserved, I have been privileged to see; they remind
+me, in their mixture of personal with narrative charm, of Swift's
+"Letters to Stella"; except that Swift's are often coarse and
+sometimes prurient, while Kinglake's chivalrous admiration for his
+friend, though veiled occasionally by graceful banter, is always
+respectful and refined.  They even imitate occasionally the "little
+language" of the great satirist; if Swift was Presto, Kinglake is
+"Poor dear me"; if Stella was M. D., Madame Novikoff is "My dear
+Miss."  This last endearment was due to an incident at a London
+dinner table.  A story told by Hayward, seasoned as usual with gros
+sel, amused the more sophisticated English ladies present, but
+covered her with blushes.  Kinglake perceived it, and said to her
+afterwards, "I thought you were a hardened married woman; I am glad
+that you are not; I shall henceforth call you MISS."  Sometimes he
+rushes into verse.  In answer to some pretended rebuff received
+from her at Ryde he writes
+
+
+"There was a young lady of Ryde, so awfully puffed up by pride,
+She felt grander by far than the Son of the Czar,
+And when he said, 'Dear, come and walk on the pier,
+Oh please come and walk by my side;'
+The answer he got, was 'Much better not,' from that awful young
+lady of Ryde."
+
+
+Oftenest, the letters are serious in their admiring compliments;
+they speak of her superb organization of health and life and
+strength and joyousness, the delightful sunshine of her presence,
+her decision and strength of will, her great qualities and great
+opportunities:  "away from you the world seems a blank."  He is
+glad that his Great Eltchi has been made known to her; the old
+statesman will be impressed, he feels sure, by her "intense life,
+graciousness and grace, intellect carefully masked, musical faculty
+in talk, with that heavenly power of coming to an end."  He sends
+playfully affectionate messages from other members of the
+Gerontaion, as he calls it, the group of aged admirers who formed
+her inner court; echoing their laments over the universality of her
+patronage.  "Hayward can pardon your having an ambassador or two at
+your FEET, but to find the way to your HEART obstructed by a crowd
+of astronomers, Russ-expansionists, metaphysicians, theologians,
+translators, historians, poets;--this is more than he can endure.
+The crowd reduces him, as Ampere said to Mme. Recamier, to the
+qualified blessing of being only chez vous, from the delight of
+being avec vous.  He hails and notifies additions to the list of
+her admirers; quotes enthusiastic praise of her from Stansfeld and
+Charles Villiers, warm appreciation from Morier, Sir Robert Peel,
+Violet Fane.  He rallies her on her victims, jests at Froude's
+lover-like galanterie--"Poor St. Anthony! how he hovered round the
+flame";--at the devotion of that gay Lothario, Tyndall, whose
+approaching marriage will, he thinks, clip his wings for
+flirtation.  "It seems that at the Royal Institution, or whatever
+the place is called, young women look up to the Lecturers as
+priests of Science, and go to them after the lecture in what
+churchmen would call the vestry, and express charming little doubts
+about electricity, and pretty gentle disquietudes about the solar
+system:  and then the Professors have to give explanations;--and
+then, somehow, at the end of a few weeks, they find they have
+provided themselves with chaperons for life."  So he pursues the
+list of devotees; her son will tell her that Caesar summarized his
+conquests in this country by saying Veni, Vidi, Vici; but to her it
+is given to say, Veni, Videbar, Vici.
+
+On two subjects, theology and politics, Madame Novikoff was, as we
+have seen, passionately in earnest.  Himself at once an amateur
+casuist and a consistent Nothingarian, whose dictum was that
+"Important if true" should be written over the doors of churches,
+he followed her religious arguments much as Lord Steyne listened to
+the contests between Father Mole and the Reverend Mr. Trail.  He
+expresses his surprise in all seriousness that the Pharisees, a
+thoughtful and cultured set of men, who alone among the Jews
+believed in a future state, should have been the very men to whom
+our Saviour was habitually antagonistic.  He refers more lightly
+and frequently to "those charming talks of ours about our
+Churches"; he thinks they both know how to effleurer the surface of
+theology without getting drowned in it.  Of existing Churches he
+preferred the English, as "the most harmless going"; disliked the
+Latin Church, especially when intriguing in the East, as
+persecuting and as schismatic, and therefore as no Church at all.
+Roman Catholics, he said, have a special horror of being called
+"schismatic," and that is, of course, a good reason for so calling
+them.  He would not permit the use of the word "orthodox," because,
+like a parson in the pulpit, it is always begging the question.  He
+refused historical reverence to the Athanasian Creed, and was
+delighted when Stanley's review in "The Times" of Mr. Ffoulkes'
+learned book showed it to have been written by order of Charles the
+Great in 800 A.D. as what Thorold Rogers used to call "an election
+squib."  In the "Filioque" controversy, once dear to Liddon and to
+Gladstone, now, I suppose, obsolete for the English mind, but which
+relates to the chief dividing tenet of East from West, he showed an
+interest humorous rather than reverent; took pains to acquaint
+himself with the views held on it by Dollinger and the old
+Catholics; noted with amusement the perplexity of London ladies as
+to the meaning of the word when quoted in the much-read "Quarterly"
+article, declaring their belief to be that it was a clergyman's
+baby born out of wedlock.
+
+Madame Novikoff's political influence, which he recognized to the
+full, he treated in the same mocking spirit.  She is at Berlin,
+received by Bismarck; he hopes that though the great man may not
+eradicate her Slavophile heresies, he may manifest the weakness of
+embroiling nations on mere ethnological grounds.  "Are even nearer
+relationships so delightful? would you walk across the street for a
+third or fourth cousin? then why for a millionth cousin?"  Madame
+Novikoff kindly sends to me an "Imaginary Conversation" between
+herself and Gortschakoff, constructed by Kinglake during her stay
+in St. Petersburg in 1879.
+
+"G.  Well--you really have done good service to your country and
+your Czar by dividing and confusing these absurd English, and
+getting us out of the scrape we were in in that--Balkan Peninsula.
+
+"Miss O.  Well, certainly I did my best; but I fear I have ruined
+the political reputation of my English partizans, for in order to
+make them 'beloved of the Slave,' I of course had to make them,
+poor souls! go against their own country; and their country, stupid
+as it is, has now I fear found them out.
+
+"G.  Tant pis pour eux!  Entre nous, if I had been Gladstone, I
+should have preferred the love of my own country to the love of
+these--Slaves of yours.  But, tell me, how did you get hold of
+Gladstone?
+
+"Miss O.  Rien de plus simple!  Four or five years ago I asked what
+was his weak point, and was told that he had two, 'Effervescence,'
+and 'Theology.'  With that knowledge I found it all child's play to
+manage him.  I just sent him to Munich, and there boiled him up in
+a weak decoction of 'Filioque,' then kept him ready for use, and
+impatiently awaited the moment when our plans for getting up the
+'Bulgarian atrocities' should be mature.  I say 'impatiently,' for,
+Heavens, how slow you all were! at least so it strikes a woman.
+The arrangement of the 'atrocities' was begun by our people in
+1871, and yet till 1876, though I had Gladstone ready in 1875,
+nothing really was done!  I assure you, Prince, it is a trying
+thing to a woman to be kept waiting for promised atrocities such an
+unconscionable time.
+
+"G.  That brother-in-law of yours was partly the cause of our
+slowness.  He was always wanting to have the orders for fire and
+blood in neat formal despatches, signed by me, and copied by
+clerks.  However, I hope you are satisfied now, with the butcheries
+and the flames, and the--?
+
+"Miss O.  Pour le moment!"
+
+She is absent during the sudden dissolution of Parliament in 1874.
+"London woke yesterday morning and found that your friend Gladstone
+had made a coup-d'etat.  He has dissolved Parliament at a moment
+when no human being expected it, and my impression is that he has
+made a good hit, and that the renovated Parliament will give him a
+great majority." The impression was wildly wrong; and he found a
+cause for the Conservative majority in Gladstone's tame foreign
+policy, and especially in the pusillanimity his government showed
+when insulted by Gortschakoff.  He always does justice to her
+influence with Gladstone; his great majority at the polls in 1880
+is HER victory and HER triumph; but his Turkophobia is no less her
+creation:  "England is stricken with incapacity because you have
+stirred up the seething caldron that boils under Gladstone's skull,
+putting in diabolical charms and poisons of theology to overturn
+the structure of English polity:" she will be able, he thinks, to
+tell her government that Gladstone is doing his best to break up
+the British Empire.
+
+He quotes with approbation the newspaper comparison of her to the
+Princess Lieven.  She disparages the famous ambassadress; he sets
+her right.  Let her read the "Correspondence," by his friend Mr.
+Guy Le Strange, and she will see how large a part the Princess
+played in keeping England quiet during the war of 1828-29.  She did
+not convert her austere admirer, Lord Grey, to approval of the
+Russian designs, nor overcome the uneasiness with which the Duke of
+Wellington regarded her intrigues; but the Foreign Minister, Lord
+Aberdeen, was apparently a fool in her hands; and, whoever had the
+merit, the neutrality of England continued.  That was, he repeats
+more than once, a most critical time for Russia; it was an object
+almost of life and death to the Czar to keep England dawdling in a
+state of actual though not avowed neutrality.  It is, he argued, a
+matter of fact, that precisely this result was attained, and "I
+shall be slow to believe that Madame de Lieven did not deserve a
+great share of the glory (as you would think it) of making England
+act weakly under such circumstances; more especially since we know
+that the Duke did not like the great lady, and may be supposed to
+have distinctly traced his painful embarrassment to her power."  So
+the letters go, interspersed with news, with criticisms of notable
+persons, with comments enlightening or cynical on passing political
+events:  with personal matters only now and then; as when he notes
+the loss of his two sisters; dwells with unwonted feeling on the
+death of his eldest nephew by consumption; condoles with her on her
+husband's illness; gives council, wise or playful, as to the
+education of her son.  "I am glad to hear that he is good at Greek,
+Latin, and Mathematics, for that shows his cleverness; glad also to
+hear that he is occasionally naughty, for that shows his force.  I
+advise you to claim and exercise as much control as possible,
+because I am certain that a woman--especially so gifted a one as
+you--knows more, or rather feels more, about the right way of
+bringing up a boy than any mere man."
+
+Unbrokenly the correspondence continues:  the intimacy added charm,
+interest, fragrance to his life, brought out in him all that was
+genial, playful, humorous.  He fights the admonitions of coming
+weakness; goes to Sidmouth with a sore throat, but takes his papers
+and his books.  It is, he says, a deserted little sea-coast place.
+"Mrs. Grundy has a small house there, but she does not know me by
+sight.  If Madame Novikoff were to come, the astonished little
+town, dazzled first by her, would find itself invaded by
+theologians, bishops, ambassadors of deceased emperors, and an ex-
+Prime-Minister."  But as time goes on he speaks more often of his
+suffering throat; of gout, increasing deafness, only half a voice:
+his last letter is written in July, 1890, to condole with his
+friend upon her husband's death.  In October his nurse takes the
+pen; Madame Novikoff comes back hurriedly from Scotland to find him
+in his last illness.  "It is very nice," he told his nurse, "to see
+dear Madame Novikoff again, but I am going down hill fast, and
+cannot hope to be well enough to see much of her."  This is in
+November, 1890; on New Year's Eve came the inexorable, "Terminator
+of delights and Separator of friends."
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI--LATER DAYS, AND DEATH
+
+
+
+For twenty years Kinglake lived in Hyde Park Place, in bright
+cheerful rooms looking in one direction across the Park, but on
+another side into a churchyard.  The churchyard, Lady Gregory tells
+us, gave him pause on first seeing the rooms.  "I should not like
+to live here, I should be afraid of ghosts."  "Oh no, sir, there is
+always a policeman round the corner." {24}  "Pleaceman X." has not,
+perhaps, before been revered as the Shade-compelling son of Maia:
+
+
+"Tu pias laetis animas reponis
+Sedibus, virgaque levem coerces
+Aurea turbam."
+
+
+Here he worked through the morning; the afternoon took him to the
+"Travellers," where his friends, Sir Henry Bunbury and Mr. Chenery,
+usually expected him; then at eight o'clock, if not, as Shylock
+says, bid forth, he went to dine at the Athenaeum.  His dinner seat
+was in the left-hand corner of the coffee-room, where, in the
+thirties, Theodore Hook had been wont to sit, gathering near him so
+many listeners to his talk, that at Hook's death in 1841 the
+receipts for the club dinners fell off to a large amount.  Here, in
+the "Corner," as they called it, round Kinglake would be Hayward,
+Drummond Wolff, Massey, Oliphant, Edward Twisleton, Strzelecki,
+Storks, Venables, Wyke, Bunbury, Gregory, American Ticknor, and a
+few more; Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, when in Scotland, sending
+hampers of pheasants to the company.  "Hurried to the Athenaeum for
+dinner," says Ticknor in 1857, "and there found Kinglake and Sir
+Henry Rawlinson, to whom were soon added Hayward and Stirling.  We
+pushed our tables together and had a jolly dinner. . . . To the
+Athenaeum; and having dined pleasantly with Merivale, Kinglake, and
+Stirling, I hurried off to the House."  In later years, when his
+voice grew low and his hearing difficult, he preferred that the
+diners should resolve themselves into little groups, assigning to
+himself a tete-a-tete, with whom at his ease he could unfold
+himself.
+
+No man ever fought more gallantly the encroachments of old age--on
+sut etre jeune jusque dans ses vieux jours.  At seventy-four years
+old, staying with a friend at Brighton, he insisted on riding over
+to Rottingdean, where Sir Frederick Pollock was staying.  "I
+mastered," he said, in answer to remonstrances, "I mastered the
+peculiarities of the Brighton screw before you were born, and have
+never forgotten them."  Vaulting into his saddle he rode off,
+returning with a schoolboy's delight at the brisk trot he had found
+practicable when once clear of the King's Road.  Long after his
+hearing had failed, his sight become grievously weakened, and his
+limbs not always trustworthy, he would never allow a cab to be
+summoned for him after dinner, always walking to his lodgings.  But
+he had to give up by and by his daily canter in Rotten Row, and
+more reluctantly still his continental travel.  Foreign railways
+were closed to him by the Salle d'Attente; he could not stand
+incarceration in the waiting-rooms.
+
+The last time he crossed the Channel was at the close of the
+Franco-Prussian war, on a visit to his old friend M. Thiers, then
+President.  It was a dinner to deputies of the Extreme Left, and
+Kinglake was the only Englishman; "so," he said, "among the
+servants there was a sort of reasoning process as to my identity,
+ending in the conclusion, 'il doit etre Sir Dilke.'"  Soon the
+inference was treated as a fact; and in due sequence came newspaper
+paragraphs declaring that the British Ambassador had gravely
+remonstrated with the President for inviting Sir Charles Dilke to
+his table.  Then followed articles defending the course taken by
+the President, and so for some time the ball was kept up.  The
+remonstrance of the Ambassador was a myth, Lord Lyons was a friend
+of Sir Charles; but the latter was suspect at the time both in
+England and France; in England for his speeches and motion on the
+Civil List; in France, because, with Frederic Harrison, he had
+helped to get some of the French Communists away from France; and
+the French Government was watching him with spies.  In Sir
+Charles's motion Kinglake took much interest, refusing to join in
+the cry against it as disloyal.  Sir Charles, he said, spoke no
+word against the Queen; and only brought the matter before the
+House because challenged to repeat in Parliament the statements he
+had made in the country.  As a matter of policy he thought it
+mistaken:  "Move in such a matter openly, and party discipline
+compels your defeat; bring pressure to bear on a Cabinet, some of
+its members are on your side, and you may gain your point."  Sir
+Charles's speech was calmly argumentative, and to many minds
+convincing; it provoked a passionate reply from Gladstone; and when
+Mr. Auberon Herbert following declared himself a Republican, a
+tumult arose such as in those pre-Milesian days had rarely been
+witnessed in the House.  But the wisdom of Kinglake's counsel is
+sustained by the fact that many years afterwards, as a result of
+more private discussion, Mr. Gladstone pronounced his conversion to
+the two bases of the motion, publicity, and the giving of the State
+allowance to the head of the family rather than, person by person,
+to the children and grandchildren of the Sovereign.  Action
+pointing in this direction was taken in 1889 and 1901 on the advice
+of Tory ministers.
+
+Amongst Frenchmen of the highest class, intellectually and
+socially, he had many valued friends, keeping his name on the
+"Cosmopolitan" long after he had ceased to visit it, since "one
+never knows when the distinguished foreigner may come upon one, and
+of such the Cosmo is the London Paradise."  But he used to say that
+in the other world a good Frenchman becomes an Englishman, a bad
+Englishman becomes a Frenchman.  He saw in the typical Gaul a
+compound of the tiger and the monkey; noted their want of
+individuality, their tendency to go in flocks, their susceptibility
+to panic and to ferocity, to the terror that makes a man kill
+people, and "the terror that makes him lie down and beg."  We
+remember, too, his dissection of St. Arnaud, as before all things a
+type of his nation; "he impersonated with singular exactness the
+idea which our forefathers had in their minds when they spoke of
+what they called 'a Frenchman;' for although (by cowing the rich
+and by filling the poor with envy), the great French Revolution had
+thrown a lasting gloom on the national character, it left this one
+man untouched.  He was bold, gay, reckless, vain; but beneath the
+mere glitter of the surface there was a great capacity for
+administrative business, and a more than common willingness to take
+away human life."
+
+"I relish," Kinglake said in 1871, "the spectacle of Bismarck
+teaching the A B C of Liberal politics to the hapless French.  His
+last mot, they tell me, is this.  Speaking of the extent to which
+the French Emperor had destroyed his own reputation and put an end
+to the worship of the old Napoleon, he said:  'He has killed
+himself and buried his uncle.'"  Again, in 1874, noting the contre
+coup upon France resulting from the Bismarck and Arnim despatches,
+he said:  "What puzzles the poor dear French is to see that truth
+and intrepid frankness consist with sound policy and consummate
+wisdom.  How funny it would be, if the French some day, as a
+novelty, or what they would call a caprice, were to try the effect
+of truth; "though not naturally honest," as Autolycus says, "were
+to become so by chance."
+
+He thought M. Gallifet dans sa logique in liking the Germans and
+hating Bismarck; for the Germans, in having their own way, would
+break up into as many fragments as the best Frenchman could desire,
+and Bismarck is the real suppressor of France.  Throughout the
+Franco-Prussian war he sided strongly with the Prussians, refusing
+to dine in houses where the prevailing sympathy with France would
+make him unwelcome as its declared opponent; but he felt "as a
+nightmare" the attack on prostrate Paris, "as a blow" the
+capitulation of Metz; denouncing Gambetta and his colleagues as
+meeting their disasters only with slanderous shrieks, "possessed by
+the spirit of that awful Popish woman."  Bismarck as a statesman he
+consistently admired, and deplored his dismissal.  I see, he said,
+all the peril implied by Bismarck's exit, and the advent of his
+ambitious young Emperor.  It is a transition from the known to the
+unknown, from wisdom, perhaps, to folly.
+
+His Crimean volumes continued to appear; in 1875, 1880, finally in
+1887; while the Cabinet Edition was published in 1887-8.  This last
+contained three new Prefaces; in Vol. I. as we have seen, the
+memorial of Nicholas Kireeff; in Vol. II. the latter half of the
+original Preface to Vol. I., cancelled thence at Madame Novikoff's
+request, though now carefully modified so as to avoid anything
+which might irritate Russia at a moment when troubles seemed to be
+clearing away.  In his Preface to Vol. VII. he had three objects,
+to set right the position of Sir E. Hamley, who had been neglected
+in the despatches; to demolish his friend Lord Bury, who had
+"questioned my omniscience" in the "Edinburgh Review"; and to
+exonerate England at large from absurd self-congratulations about
+the "little Egypt affair," the blame of such exaggeration resting
+with those whom he called State Showmen.
+
+Silent to acquaintances about the progress of his work, he was
+communicative to his few intimates, though never reading aloud
+extracts or allowing them to be seen.  In 1872 he would speak
+pathetically of his "Crimean muddle," perplexed, as he well might
+be, by the intricacies of Inkerman.  Asked if he will not introduce
+a Te Deum on the fall of Louis Napoleon, he answered that to write
+without the stimulus of combat would be a task beyond his energy;
+"when I took the trouble to compose that fourteenth chapter, the
+wretched Emperor and his gang were at the height of their power in
+Europe and the world; but now!" He was insatiate as to fresh facts:
+utilized his acquaintance with Todleben, whom he had first met on
+his visit to England in 1864; sought out Prince Ourusoff at a later
+time, and inserted particulars gleaned from him in Vol. IX.,
+Chapter V.
+
+In 1875 he told Madame Novikoff that his task was done so far as
+Inkerman was concerned, and was proud to think that he had rescued
+from oblivion the heroism of the Russian troops in what he calls
+the "Third Period" of the great fight, ignored as it was by all
+Russian historians of the war.  He made fruitless inquiries after a
+paper said to have been left behind him by Skobeleff, explaining
+that "India is a cherry to be eaten by Russia, but in two bites";
+it was contrary to the general's recorded utterances and probably
+apocryphal.  Russophobe as regarded Turkey, he sneered at England's
+sentimental support of nationalities as "Platonic":  a capital
+epithet he called it, and envied the Frenchman who applied it to
+us, declaring that it had turned all the women against us.  He was
+moved by receiving Korniloff's portrait with a kind message from
+the dead hero's family, seeing in the features a confirmation of
+the ideal which he had formed in his own mind and had tried to
+convey to others.  Readers of his book will recall the fine tribute
+to Korniloff's powers, and the description of his death, in
+Chapters VI. and XIII. of Vol. IV. (Cabinet Edition).
+
+Many of his comments on current events are preserved in the notes
+or in the memories of his friends.  Sometimes these were
+characteristically cynical.  He ridiculed the newspaper parade of
+national sympathy with the Prince of Wales's illness:  "We are
+represented as all members of the royal family, and all in family
+hysterics."  Dizzy's orientalization of Queen Victoria into an
+Empress angered him, as it angered many more.  The last Empress
+Regnant, he said, was Catherine II. and it seems to be thought that
+by advising the Queen to take that great monarch's title, we shall
+exercise a wholesome influence on the morals of our women.  He
+would quote Byron's
+
+
+"Russia's mighty Empress
+Behaved no better than a common sempstress;"
+
+
+"there was an old-fashioned sacredness, which, however foolish
+intrinsically, was still useful, in our title of 'The Queen'; nor
+do we see the policy of adding a Supreme de Volaille to the bread
+and wine of our Sacrament."
+
+He chuckled over the indignation of the haute volee, when on the
+visit to England of President Grant's daughter in 1872, Americans
+in London sent out cards of invitation headed "To meet Miss Grant,"
+as at a profane imitation of a practice hitherto confined to
+royalties; laughing not at the legitimate American mimicry of
+European consequence, but at the silly formalists in Society who
+fumed over the imagined presumption.  Consulted by an invalid as to
+the charm of Ostend for a seaside residence, he limited it to
+persons of gregarious habits; "the people are all driven down to
+the beach like a flock of sheep in the morning, and in the evening
+they are all driven back to their folds."  He reported a feeble
+drama written by his ancient idol, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe; "it
+is a painful thing to see a man of his quality and of his age
+unduly detained in the world; when the Emperor Nicholas died, the
+Eltchi lost his raison d'etre."  He disparaged the wild fit of
+morality undergone by the "Pall Mall Gazette" during the scandalous
+"Maiden Tribute" revelation, pronouncing its protegees to be
+"clever little devils."  He was greatly startled by Gortschakoff's
+famous circular, annulling the Black Sea clause in the Treaty of
+Paris, and much relieved by Bismarck's dexterous interposition,
+which saved the susceptibility of Europe, and especially of
+England, by yielding as a favour to the demand of Russia what no
+one was in a position to refuse; but he maintained, and Lord
+Stratford agreed with him, that Gortschakoff's precipitate act was
+governed by circumstances never revealed to mankind.  He learned,
+too, that it caused the Chancellor to be deconsidere in high
+Russian circles; he was called "un Narcisse qui se mire dans son
+encrier."  Kinglake used to say that in conceding the right of the
+Sultan to exclude any war-flag from the Bosphorus and the
+Dardanelles, Russia was treating Turkey as a bag-fox, to be gently
+hunted occasionally, but not mangled or killed; and he felt keenly
+the ridicule resting on the allies, who were compelled to surrender
+the neutralization purchased at the cost of so much blood and
+treasure.  He watched with much amusement the restoration of
+Turkish self-confidence.  "Turkey believes that he is no longer a
+sick man, and is turning all his doctors out of the house, to the
+immense astonishment of the English doctor, so conscious of his own
+rectitude that he cannot understand being sent off with the quacks.
+You know in our beautiful Liturgy we have a prayer for the Turks;
+it looks as if our supplications had become successful."  His
+interest in Turkey never flagged.  "I am in a great fright," he
+said in 1877, "about my dear Turks, because Russia gives virtual
+command of the army before Plevna to Todleben, a really great homme
+de guerre."
+
+Russophobia was at that time so strong in London that Madame
+Novikoff hesitated to visit England, and he himself feared that she
+might find it uncomfortable.  Her alarm, however, was ridiculed by
+Hayward, "most faithful of the Russianisers, ready to do battle for
+Russia at any moment, declaring her to be quite virtuous, with no
+fault but that of being incomprise."  But he groaned over the
+humiliation of England under Russia's bold stroke, noting
+frequently a decay of English character which he ascribed to
+chronic causes.  The Englishman taken separately, he said, seems
+much the same as he used to be; but there is a softening of the
+aggregate brain which affects Englishmen when acting together.  He
+hailed the great Liberal victory of 1880, and watched with
+interest, as one behind the scenes, the negotiations which led to
+Lord Hartington's withdrawal and Mr. Gladstone's resumption of
+power; for in these his friend Hayward was an active go-between,
+removing by his tact and frankness "hitches" which might otherwise
+have been disastrous.  He thought W. E. Forster's attack on Mr.
+Gladstone's Irish policy in 1882 ill-managed for his own position,
+his famous speech not sufficiently "clenching."  Had he separated
+from his chief on broader grounds, refusing complicity with a
+Minister who consented to parley with the imprisoned Irishmen, he
+would, Kinglake thought, have occupied a highly commanding
+position.  At present his difference from his colleagues was one
+only of degree.
+
+He was once beguiled, amongst friends very intimate, into telling a
+dream.  He dreamed that he was attending an anatomical lecture--
+which, as a fact, he had never done--and that his own body, from
+which he found himself entirely separated, was the dissected
+subject on which the lecturer discoursed.  The body lay on a table
+beside the lecturer, but he himself, his entity, was at the other
+end of the room, on the furthest or highest of a set of benches
+raised one above the other as at a theatre.  He imagined himself in
+a vague way to be disagreeing with the lecturer; but the strongest
+impression on his mind was annoyance at being so badly placed, so
+far from the professor and from his own body that he could not see
+or hear without an effort.  The dream, he pointed out, showed this
+curious fact, that without any conscious design or effort of the
+will a man may conceive himself to be in perfect possession of his
+identity, whilst separated from his own body by a distance of
+several feet.  "The highest concept," said Jowett, "which man forms
+of himself is as detached from the body."  ("Life," ii. 241.)  The
+lecture-room which he imagined was one of the lower school-rooms at
+Eton, with which he had been familiar in early days.
+
+After Hayward's death in 1884, his own habits began to change.  He
+still dined at the Athenaeum "corner," but increasing deafness
+began to make society irksome, and, his solitary meal ended, he
+spent his evenings reading in the Library.  By-and-by that too
+became impossible.  His voice grew weak, throat and tongue were
+threatened with disease.  In 1888 he went to Brighton with a nurse,
+returned to rooms on Richmond Hill, then to Bayswater Terrace.  An
+operation was performed and he seemed to recover, but relapsed.
+Old friends tended him:  Madame Novikoff, Mr. Froude and Mr. Lecky,
+Madame de Quaire and Mrs. Brookfield, Lord Mexborough his ancient
+fellow-traveller, Mrs. Craven, Sir William and Lady Gregory, with a
+few more, cheered him by their visits so long as he was able to
+bear them; and his brother and sister, Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton
+Kinglake, were with him at the end.  Patient to the last, kind and
+gentle to all about him, he passed away quietly on New Year's Day,
+1891:
+
+
+"being merry-hearted,
+Shook hands with flesh and blood, and so departed."
+
+
+His remains were cremated at Woking, after a special service at
+Christchurch, Lancaster Gate, attended by Dr. and Mrs. Kinglake
+with their son Captain Kinglake, the Duke of Bedford, Mr. and Mrs.
+Lecky, Mrs. W. H. Brookfield and her son Charles.
+
+
+No good portrait of him has been published.  That prefixed to
+Blackwood's "Eothen" of 1896 was furnished by Dr. Kinglake, who,
+however, looked upon it as unsatisfactory.  The "Not an M.P." of
+"Vanity Fair," 1872, is a grotesque caricature.  The photograph
+here reproduced (p. 128), by far the best likeness extant, he gave
+to Madame Novikoff in 1870, receiving hers in return, but
+pronouncing the transaction "an exchange between the personified
+months of May and November."  The face gives expression to the shy
+aloofness which, amongst strangers, was characteristic of him
+through life.  He had even a horror of hearing his name pealed out
+by servants, and came early to parties that the proclamation might
+be achieved before as few auditors as possible.  Visiting the newly
+married husband of his friend Adelaide Kemble, and being the first
+guest to arrive, he encountered in Mr. Sartoris a host as
+contentedly undemonstrative as himself.  Bows passed, a seat by the
+fire was indicated, he sat down, and the pair contemplated one
+another for ten minutes in absolute silence, till the lady of the
+house came in, like the prince in "The Sleeping Beauty," though not
+by the same process, to break the charm.  He gave up calling at a
+house where he was warmly appreciated, because father, mother,
+daughter, bombarded him with questions.  "I never came away without
+feeling sure that I had in some way perjured myself."
+
+On his shyness waited swiftly ensuing boredom; if his neighbour at
+table were garrulous or banale, his face at once betrayed
+conversational prostration; a lady who often watched him used to
+say that his pulse ought to be felt after the first course; and
+that if it showed languor he should be moved to the side of some
+other partner.  "He had great charm," writes to me another old
+friend, "in a quiet winning way, but was 'dark' with rough and
+noisy people."  So it came to pass that his manner was threefold;
+icy and repellent with those who set his nerves on edge; good-
+humoured, receptive, intermittently responsive in general and
+congenial company; while, at ease with friends trusted and beloved,
+the lines of the face became gracious, indulgent, affectionate, the
+sourire des yeux often inexpressibly winning and tender.
+"Kinglake," says Eliot Warburton in his unpublished diary, "talked
+to us to-day about his travels; pessimistic and cynical to the rest
+of the world, he is always gentle and kind to us."  To this dear
+friend he was ever faithful, wearing to the day of his death an
+octagonal gold ring engraved "Eliot. Jan:  1852."  He would never
+play the raconteur in general company, for he had a great horror of
+repeating himself, and, latterly, of being looked upon as a bore by
+younger men; but he loved to pour out reminiscences of the past to
+an audience of one or two at most:  "Let an old man gather his
+recollections and glance at them under the right angle, and his
+life is full of pantomime transformation scenes."  The chief
+characteristic of his wit was its unexpectedness; sometimes acrid,
+sometimes humorous, his sayings came forth, like Topham Beauclerk's
+in Dr. Johnson's day, like Talleyrand's in our own, poignant
+without effort.  His calm, gentle voice, contrasted with his
+startling caustic utterance, reminded people of Prosper Merimee:
+terse epigram, felicitous apropos, whimsical presentment of the
+topic under discussion, emitted in a low tone, and without the
+slightest change of muscle:
+
+
+"All the charm of all the Muses
+Often flowering in a lonely word." {25}
+
+
+Questions he would suavely and often wittily parry or repel:  to an
+unhistorical lady asking if he remembered Madame Du Barry, he said,
+"my memory is very imperfect as to the particulars of my life
+during the reign of Lous XV. and the Regency; but I know a lady who
+has a teapot which belonged, she says, to Madame Du Barry."  Madame
+Novikoff, however, records his discomfiture at the query of a
+certain Lady E-, who, when all London was ringing with his first
+Crimean volumes, asked him if he were not an admirer of Louis
+Napoleon.  "Le pauvre Kinglake, decontenance, repondit tout bas
+intimide comme un enfant qu'on met dates le coin:  Oui--non--pas
+precisement."
+
+He had no knowledge of or liking for music.  Present once by some
+mischance at a matinee musicale, he was asked by the hostess what
+kind of music he preferred.  His preference, he owned, was for the
+drum.  One thinks of the "Bourgeois Gentilhomme," "la trompette
+marine est un instrument qui me plait, el qui est harmonieux"; we
+are reminded, too, of Dean Stanley, who, absolutely tone-deaf, and
+hurrying away whenever music was performed, once from an adjoining
+room in his father's house heard Jenny Lind sing "I know that my
+Redeemer liveth."  He went to her shyly, and told her that she had
+given him an idea of what people mean by music.  Once before, he
+said in all seriousness, the same feeling had come over him, when
+before the palace at Vienna he had heard a tattoo rendered by four
+hundred drummers.
+
+
+Kinglake used to regret the disuse of duelling, as having impaired
+the higher tone of good breeding current in his younger days, and
+even blamed the Duke of Wellington for proscribing it in the army.
+He had himself on one occasion sent a cartel, and stood waiting for
+his adversary, like Sir Richard Strachan at Walcheren, eight days
+on the French coast; but the adversary never came.  Hayward once
+referred to him, as a counsellor, and if necessary a second, a
+quarrel with Lord R-.  Lord R-'s friend called on him, a Norfolk
+squire, "broad-faced and breathing port wine," after the fashion of
+uncle Phillips in "Pride and Prejudice," who began in a boisterous
+voice, "I am one of those, Mr. Kinglake, who believe R- to be a
+gentleman."  In his iciest tones and stoniest manner Kinglake
+answered:  "That, Sir, I am quite willing to assume."  The effect,
+he used to say, as he told and acted the scene, was magical; "I had
+frozen him sober, and we settled everything without a fight."  Of
+all his friends Hayward was probably the closest; an association of
+discrepancies in character, manner, temperament, not complementary,
+but opposed and hostile; irreconcilable, one would say, but for the
+knowledge that in love and friendship paradox reigns supreme.
+Hayward was arrogant, overbearing, loud, insistent, full of strange
+oaths and often unpardonably coarse; "our dominant friend,"
+Kinglake called him; "odious" is the epithet I have heard commonly
+bestowed upon him by less affectionate acquaintances.  Kinglake was
+reserved, shy, reticent, with the high breeding, grand manner,
+quiet urbanity, grata protervitas, of a waning epoch; restraint,
+concentration, tact of omission, dictating alike his silence and
+his speech; his well-weighed words "crystallizing into epigrams as
+they touched the air." {26}  When Hayward's last illness came upon
+him in 1884, Kinglake nursed him tenderly; spending the morning in
+his friend's lodgings at 8, St. James's Street, the house which
+Byron occupied in his early London days; and bringing on the latest
+bulletin to the club.  The patient rambled towards the end; "we
+ought to be getting ready to catch the train that we may go to my
+sister's at Lyme." Kinglake quieted his sick friend by an assurance
+that the servants, whom he would not wish to hurry, were packing.
+"On no account hurry the servants, but still let us be off."  The
+last thought which he articulated while dying was, "I don't exactly
+know what it is, but I feel it is something grand."  "Hayward is
+dead," Kinglake wrote to a common friend; "the devotion shown to
+him by all sorts and conditions of men, and, what is better, of
+women, was unbounded.  Gladstone found time to be with him, and to
+engage him in a conversation of singular interest, of which he has
+made a memorandum."
+
+Another of Kinglake's life-long familiars was Charles Skirrow,
+Taxing Master in Chancery, with his accomplished wife, from whose
+memorable fish dinners at Greenwich he was seldom absent, adapting
+himself no less readily to their theatrical friends--the Bancrofts,
+Burnand, Toole, Irving--than to the literary set with which he was
+more habitually at home.  He was religiously loyal to his friends,
+speaking of them with generous admiration, eagerly defending them
+when attacked.  He lauded Butler Johnstone as the most gifted of
+the young men in the House of Commons; would not allow Bernal
+Osborne to be called untrue; "he offends people if you like, but he
+is never false or hollow."  A clever sobriquet fathered on him,
+burlesquing the monosyllabic names of a well-known diarist and
+official, he repelled indignantly.  "He is my friend, and had I
+been guilty of the jeu, I should have broken two of my
+commandments; that which forbids my joking at a friend's expense,
+and that which forbids my fashioning a play upon words."  He
+entreated Madame Novikoff to visit and cheer Charles Lever, dying
+at Trieste; deeply lamented Sir H. Bulwer's death:  "I used to
+think his a beautiful intellect, and he was wonderfully simpatico
+to me."  But he was shy of condoling with bereaved mourners,
+believing words used on such occasions to be utterly untrue.  He
+loved to include husband and wife in the same meed of admiration,
+as in the case of Dean Stanley and Lady Augusta, or of Sir Robert
+and Lady Emily Peel.  Peel, he said, has the RADIANT quality not
+easy to describe; Lady Emily is always beauteous, bright,
+attractive.  Lord Stanhope he praised as a historian, paying him
+the equivocal compliment that his books were much better than his
+conversation.  So, too, he qualified his admiration of Lady
+Ashburton, dwelling on her beauty, silver voice, ready enthusiasm
+apt to disperse itself by flying at too many objects.
+
+He was wont to speak admiringly of Lord Acton, relating how, a
+Roman Catholic, yet respecting enlightenment and devoted to books,
+he once set up and edited a "Quarterly Review," with a notion of
+reconciling the Light and the Dark as well as he could; but the
+"Prince of Darkness, the Pope," interposed, and ordered him to stop
+the "Review."  He was compelled to obey; not, he told people, on
+any religious ground, but because relations and others would have
+made his life a bore to him if he had been contumacious against the
+Holy Father.
+
+Kinglake was strongly attracted by W. E. Forster, a "rough
+diamond," spoken of at one time as a possible Prime Minister.
+Beginning life, he said, as a Quaker, with narrow opinions, his
+vigour of character and brain-power shook them off.  Powerful,
+robust, and perfectly honest, yet his honesty inflicted on him a
+doubleness of view which caused him to be described as engaging his
+two hands in two different pursuits.  His estimate of Sir R. Morier
+would have gladdened Jowett's heart; he loved him as a private
+friend; eulogized his public qualities; rejoiced over his
+appointment as Ambassador at St. Petersburg, seeing in him a
+diplomatist with not only a keen intellect and large views, but
+vibrating with the warmth, animation, friendliness, that are
+charmingly un-diplomatic.  Of Carlyle, his life-long, though not
+always congenial intimate, he used to speak as having great graphic
+power, but being essentially a humourist; a man who, with those he
+could trust, never pretended to be in earnest, but used to roar
+with glorious laughter over the fun of his own jeremiads; "so far
+from being a prophet he is a bad Scotch joker, and knows himself to
+be a wind-bag."  He blamed Froude's revelations of Carlyle in "The
+Reminiscences," as injurious and offensive.  Froude himself he
+often likened to Carlyle; the thoughts of both, he said, ran in the
+same direction, but of the two, Froude was by far the more
+intellectual man.
+
+Staunch friend to the few, polite, though never effusive, to the
+many, he also nourished strong antipathies.  The appearance in
+Madame Novikoff's rooms of a certain Scotch bishop invariably drove
+him out of them, "Peter Paul, Bishop of Claridge's," he called him.
+To Von Beust (the Austrian Chancellor), who spoke English in a
+rapid half-intelligible falsetto, he gave the name of Mirliton
+(penny trumpet).  His allusions to Mirliton and to the Bishop
+frequently mystified Madame Novikoff's guests.  For he loved to
+talk in cypher.  Canon Warburton, kindly searching on my behalf his
+brother Eliot's journals, tells me that he and Kinglake, meeting
+almost daily, lived in a cryptic world of jokes, confidences,
+colloquialisms, inexplicable to all but their two selves.
+
+He cordially disliked "The Times" newspaper, alleging instances of
+the unfairness with which its columns had been used to spite and
+injure persons who had offended it, chuckling over Hayward's
+compact anathema,--"'The Times,' which as usual of late supplied
+its lack of argument and proof by assumption, misrepresentation,
+and personality."  He thought that its attacks upon himself had
+helped his popularity.  "One of the main causes," he said in 1875,
+"of the interest which people here were good enough to take in my
+book was the fight between 'The Times' and me.  In 1863 it raged,
+in 1867 it was renewed with great violence, and now I suppose the
+flame kindles once more, though probably with diminished strength.
+In 1863 the storm of opinion generally waxed fierce against me, but
+now, as I hear, 'The Times' is alone, journals of all politics
+being loud in my praise.  But I never look at any comment on my
+volumes till long afterwards, and I never in my life wrote to a
+newspaper."  Once, when Chenery, the editor, came to join the table
+at the Athenaeum where he and Mr. Cartwright were dining, Kinglake
+rose, and removed to another part of the room.  "The Times" had
+inserted a statement that Madame Novikoff was ordered to leave
+England, and he thus publicly resented it.  "So unlike me," he
+said, relating the story, "but somehow a savagery as of youth came
+over me in my ancient days; it was like being twenty years old
+again."  It came out, however, that "our indiscreet friend Froude"
+had written something which justified the paragraph, and Kinglake
+sent his amende to Chenery, with whom ordinarily he was on most
+friendly terms.
+
+He disliked Irishmen "in the lump," saying that human nature is the
+same everywhere except in Ireland.  Parnell he personally admired,
+though hating Home Rule; and stigmatized as gross hypocrisy the
+desertion of him by Liberals after the divorce trial.  He was wont
+to speak irreverently of Lord Beaconsfield, whom he had known well
+at Lady Blessington's in early days.  He would have found himself
+in accord with Huxley, who used to thank God, his friend Mr. Fiske
+tells us, that he had never bowed the knee either to Louis Napoleon
+or Benjamin Disraeli.  He poured scorn on the Treaty of Berlin.
+Russia, he said, defeating the Turks in war, has defeated
+Beaconsfield in diplomacy.  If Englishmen understood such things
+they would see that the Congress was a comedy; anyone who will
+satisfy himself as to what Russia was really anxious to obtain, and
+then look at the Salisbury-Schouvaloff treaty, will see that,
+thanks to Beaconsfield's imbecility, Schouvaloff obtained one of
+the most signal diplomatic triumphs that was ever won. {27}  A
+sound entente between Russia and England he thought both possible
+and desirable; but conceived it to be rendered difficult by the
+want of steadiness and capacity which, for international purposes,
+were the real faults of Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury.  He
+repeated with much amusement the current anecdote of Lord
+Beaconsfield's conquest of Mrs. Gladstone.  Meeting her in society,
+he was said to have inquired with tenderness after Mr. Gladstone's
+health, and then after receiving the loving wife's report of her
+William, to have rejoined in his most dulcet tones, "Ah! take care
+of him, for he is very VERY precious."  He always attributed
+Dizzy's popularity to the feeling of Englishmen that he had "shown
+them sport," an instinct, he thought, supreme in all departments of
+the English mind.
+
+Towards his old schoolfellow Gladstone he never felt quite
+cordially, believing, rightly or wrongly, that the great statesman
+nourished enmity towards himself.  He called him, as has been said,
+"a good man in the worst sense of the term, conscientious with a
+diseased conscience."  He watched with much amusement, as
+illustrating the moral twist in Gladstone's temperament, the
+"Colliery explosion," as it was called, when Sir R. Collier, the
+Attorney-General, was appointed to a Puisne Judgeship, which he
+held only for a day or two, in order to qualify him for a seat on a
+new Court of Appeal; together with a very similar trick, by which
+Ewelme Rectory, tenable only by an Oxonian, was given to a
+Cambridge man.  The responsibility was divided between Gladstone
+and Lord Hatherley the Chancellor, with the mutual idea apparently
+that each of the two became thereby individually innocent.  But Sir
+F. Pollock, in his amusing "Reminiscences," recalls the amicable
+halving of a wicked word between the Abbess of Andouillet and the
+Novice Margarita in "Tristram Shandy."  It answered in neither
+case.  "'They do not understand us,' cried Margarita.  'BUT THE
+DEVIL DOES,' said the Abbess of Andouillet."  "The Collier scandal
+narrowly escaped by two votes in the Lords, twenty-seven in the
+Commons, a Parliamentary vote of censure, and gave unquestionably a
+downward push to the Gladstone Administration.  Mr. Gladstone, on
+the other hand, cordially admired Kinglake's speeches, saying that
+few of those he had heard in Parliament could bear so well as his
+the test of publication.
+
+To the great Prime Minister's absolute fearlessness he did full
+justice, as one of the finest features in his character; and loved
+to quote an epigram by Lord Houghton, to whom Gladstone had
+complained in a moment of weariness that he led the life of a dog.
+"Yes," said Houghton, "but of a St. Bernard dog, ever busied in
+saving life."  He loved to contrast the twofold biographical
+paradox in the careers of the two famous rivals, Gladstone and
+Disraeli; the dreaming Tory mystic, incarnation of Oxford
+exclusiveness and Puseyite reserve, passing into the Radical
+iconoclast; the Jew clerk in a city lawyer's office, "bad specimen
+of an inferior dandy," coming to rule the proudest aristocracy and
+lead the most fastidious assembly in the world.
+
+He was not above broad farce when the fancy seized him.  At the
+time when a certain kind of nonsense verse was popular, he, with
+Sir Noel Paton and others, added not a few facetious sonnets to
+Edward Lear's book, which lay on Madame Novikoff's table.  His
+authorship is betrayed by the introduction of familiar
+Somersetshire names, Taunton, Wellington, Curry Rivel, Creech,
+Trull, Wilton:
+
+
+"There was a young lady of Wilton,
+Who read all the poems of Milton:
+And, when she had done,
+She said, 'What bad fun!'
+This prosaic young lady of Wilton."
+
+
+There were many more, but this will perhaps suffice; ex ungue
+leonem.  They were addressed to the "Fair Lady of Claridge's,"
+Madame Novikoff's hotel when in London, and were signed "Peter
+Paul, Bishop of Claridge's."
+
+
+"There is a fair lady at Claridge's,
+Whose smile is more charming to me,
+Than the rapture of ninety-nine marriages
+Could possibly, possibly, be;--"
+
+
+is the final dedicatory stanza.  It is the gracious fooling of a
+philosopher who understood his company.  "There are folks," says
+Mr. Counsellor Pleydell, "before whom a man should take care how he
+plays the fool, because they have either too much malice or too
+little wit."  Kinglake knew his associates, and was not ashamed
+desipere in loco, to frolic in their presence.
+
+
+One point there was on which he never touched himself or suffered
+others to interrogate him, his conception of and attitude towards
+the Unseen.  He wore his religion as Sir William Gull wore the fur
+of his coat, INSIDE.  Outwardly he died as he had lived, a Stoic;
+that on the most personal and sacred of all topics he should
+consult the Silences was in keeping with his idiosyncrasy.  Another
+famous man, questioned as to his religious creed, made answer that
+he believed what all wise men believe.  And what do all wise men
+believe?  "That all wise men keep to themselves?"
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+
+{1}  When "Heartsease" first appeared, Percy Fotheringham was
+believed to be a portrait; but the accomplished authoress in a
+letter written not long before her death told me that the character
+was wholly imaginary.
+
+{2}  Pedigrees are perplexing unless tabulated; so here is
+Kinglake's genealogical tree.
+
+KINGLAKES OF SALTMOOR.      WOODFORDES OF
+                            CASTLE CARY.
+          |                       |
+   +-------------------+          |
+   |                 WILLIAM=MARY WOODFORDE.
+ROBERT                      |
+   |                    +--------------------+
++--------------+        |                    |
+|              |        |                    |
+SERJEANT    REV. W.C.    A.W. KING-    DR. HAMILTON
+JOHN KING-  KINGLAKE     LAKE          KINGLAKE.
+LAKE.                    ("Eothen.")
+
+{3}  "Eothen," p. 33.  Reading "Timbuctoo" to-day one is amazed it
+should have gained the prize.  Two short passages adumbrate the
+coming Tennyson, the rest is mystic nonsense.  "What do you think
+of Tennyson's prize poem?" writes Charles Wordsworth to his brother
+Christopher.  "Had it been sent up at Oxford, the author would have
+had a better chance of spending a few months at a lunatic asylum
+than of obtaining the Prize."  A current Cambridge story at the
+time explained the selection.  There were three examiners, the
+Vice-Chancellor, a man of arbitrary temper, with whom his juniors
+hesitated to disagree; a classical professor unversed in English
+Literature; a mathematical professor indifferent to all literature.
+The letter g was to signify approval, the letter b to brand it with
+rejection.  Tennyson's manuscript came from the Vice-Chancellor
+scored all over with g's.  The classical professor failed to see
+its merit, but bowed to the Vice-Chancellor, and added his g.  The
+mathematical professor could not admire, but since both his
+colleagues ordained it, good it must be, and his g made the award
+unanimous.  The three met soon after, and the Vice-Chancellor, in
+his blatant way, attacked the other two for admiring a trashy poem.
+"Why," they remonstrated, "you covered it with g's yourself."
+"G's," said he, "they were q's for queries; I could not understand
+a line of it."
+
+{4}  "Enoch Arden," p. 34.
+
+{5}  "Eothen," p. 169.  Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898.
+
+{6}  "Eothen," p. 17.
+
+{7}  His deferential regard for army rank was like that of Johnson
+for bishops.  Great was his indignation when the "grotesque
+Salvation Army," as he called it, adopted military nomenclature.
+"I would let those ragamuffins call themselves saints, angels,
+prophets, cherubim, Olympian gods and goddesses if they like; but
+their pretension in taking the rank of officers in the army is to
+me beyond measure repulsive."
+
+{8}  "Eothen," p. 190 in first edition.  It was struck out in the
+fourth edition.
+
+{9}  "Eothen," p. 18.  Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898.
+
+{10}  He is very fond of this word; it occurs eleven times.
+
+{11}  "Quarterly Review," December, 1844.
+
+{12}  "Eothen," p. 46.
+
+{13}  Poitier's "Vaudeville."
+
+{14}  One characteristic anecdote he omits.  Two French officers
+were attached to our headquarters; and the staff were partly
+embarrassed and partly amused by Lord Raglan's inveterate habit,
+due to old Peninsular associations, of calling the enemy "the
+French" in the presence of our foreign guests.
+
+{15}  Some of us can recall the lines in which Sir G. Trevelyan
+commemorated "The Owl's" nocturnal flights:
+
+
+"When at sunset, chill and dark,
+Sunset thins the swarming park,
+Bearing home his social gleaning -
+Jests and riddles fraught with meaning,
+Scandals, anecdotes, reports, -
+Seeks The Owl a maze of courts
+Which, with aspect towards the west,
+Fringe the street of Sainted James,
+Where a warm, secluded nest
+As his sole domain he claims;
+From his wing a feather draws,
+Shapes for use a dainty nib,
+Pens his parody or squib;
+Combs his down and trims his claws,
+And repairs where windows bright
+Flood the sleepless Square with light."
+
+{16} Greville, vii. 223, quotes from a letter written after
+Inkerman to the Prince Consort by Colonel Steele, saying "that he
+had no idea how great a mind Raglan really had, but that he now saw
+it, for in the midst of distresses and difficulties of every kind
+in which the army was involved, he was perfectly serene and
+undisturbed."
+
+{17}  "Go quietly" might have been his motto:  even on horseback he
+seemed never to be in a hurry.  Airey used to come in from their
+rides round the outposts shuddering with cold, and complaining that
+the Chief would never move his horse out of a walk.  "I daresay,"
+said Carlyle, "Lord Raglan will rise quite quietly at the last
+trump, and remain entirely composed during the whole day, and show
+the most perfect civility to both parties."
+
+{18}  The first death! out of how many he nowhere reckons:  he
+shrinks from estimates of carnage, and we thank him for it.  But an
+accomplished naturalist tells me that the vulture, a bird unknown
+in the Crimea before hostilities began, swarmed there after the
+Alma fight, and remained till the war was over, disappearing
+meanwhile from the whole North African littoral.
+
+{19}  "D-n your eyes!" he said once, in a moment of irritation, to
+his attache, Mr. Hay.  "D-n your Excellency's eyes!" was the
+answer, delivered with deep respect but with sufficient emphasis.
+Dismissed on the spot, the candid attache went in great anger to
+pack up, but was followed after a time by Lady Canning, habitual
+peacemaker in the household, who besought him if not to apologize
+at least to bid his Chief good-bye.  After much persuasion he
+consented.  "Hardly had he entered the room when Sir Stratford had
+him by the hand.  'My dear Hay, this will never do; what a devil of
+a temper you have!'  The two were firmer friends than ever after
+this" (LANE POOLE'S Life of Lord Stratford, chapter xiii.).
+
+{20}  The story of an old quarrel between Sir Stratford Canning and
+the then Grand Duke Nicholas at St. Petersburg in 1825 is disproved
+by Canning's own statement.  The two met once only in their lives,
+at a purely formal reception at Paris in 1814.
+
+{21}  La Femme was a "Miss" or "Mrs." Howard.  She followed Louis
+Napoleon to France in 1848, and lived openly with him as his
+mistress.  In the once famous "Letters of an Englishman" we are
+told how shortly after the December massacre the elite of English
+visitors in Paris were not ashamed to dine at her house in the
+President's company:  and in 1860, Mrs. Simpson, in France with her
+father, Nassau Senior, found her, decorated with the title of
+Madame de Beauregard, inhabiting La Celle, near Versailles, once
+the abode of Madame de Pompadour, "with the national flag flying
+over it, to the great scandal of the neighbourhood."
+
+{22}  Bachaumont's criticism of Latour.  Lady Dilke's "French
+Painters," p. 165.
+
+{23}  Here is one of the stanzas:
+
+"L'Autriche--dit-on--et la Russie
+Se brouillent pour la Turquie.
+Des aujourd'hui il n'en est plus question.
+En invitant une femme charmante,
+Le Turc--et je l'en complimente -
+Est devenu pour nous un trait d'union."
+
+{24}  "Blackwood's Magazine," December, 1895, p. 802.
+
+{25}  I inserted this quotation before reading the "Etchingham
+Letters."  Sir Richard would wish me to erase it as hackneyed; but
+it applies to Kinglake's talk as accurately as to Virgil's writing,
+and I refuse to be defrauded of it.
+
+{26}  This delightful phrase is Lady Gregory's.  One would wish,
+like Lord Houghton, though suppressing his presumptuous rider, to
+have been its author.
+
+{27}  Of course Kinglake was not alone in this opinion.  It was
+voiced in a delightful jeu d'esprit, now forgotten, which it is
+worth while to reproduce:
+
+
+"THE BERLIN CONGRESS.
+
+"The following Latin poem, from the pen of the well-known German
+poet, Gustave Schwetschke, was distributed by Prince Bismarck's
+special request amongst the Plenipotentiaries immediately after the
+last sitting on Saturday:
+
+
+"'GAUDEAMUS CONGRESSIBILE.
+"'Gaudeamus igitur
+Socii congressus,
+Post dolores bellicosos,
+Post labores gloriosos,
+Nobis fit decessus.
+
+"'Ubi sunt, qui ante nos
+Quondam consedere,
+Viennenses, Parisienses
+Tot per annos, tot per menses?
+Frustra decidere.
+
+"'Mundus heu! vult decipi,
+Sed non decipiatur,
+Non plus ultra inter gentes
+Litigantes et frementes
+Manus conferatur.
+
+'Vivat Pax! et comitent
+Dii nunc congressum,
+Ceu Deus ex machina
+Ipsa venit Cypria
+Roborans successum.
+
+"'Pereat discordia!
+Vincat semper litem
+Proxenetae probitas, {27a}
+Fides, spes, et charitas,
+Gaudeamus item!
+
+"G. S."
+
+
+"THE OTHER VERSION.
+(From the "Pall Mall Gazette.")
+
+
+"A correspondent informs us that the version given in 'The
+Standard' of yesterday of the congratulatory ode ('Gaudeamus
+igitur,' etc.) addressed to the Congress by 'the well-known German
+poet Gustave Schwetschke,' and 'distributed by Prince Bismarck's
+request among the Plenipotentiaries,' is incorrect.  The true
+version, we are assured, is as follows:
+
+"'Rideamus igitur,
+Socii Congressus;
+Post dolores bellicosos,
+Post labores bumptiosos,
+Fit mirandus messus.
+
+"Ubi sunt qui apud nos
+Causas litigare,
+Moldo-Wallachae frementes,
+Graeculi esurientes?
+Heu! absquatulare.
+
+"'Ubi sunt provinciae
+Quas est laus pacasse?
+Totae, totae, sunt partitae:
+Has tulerunt Muscovitae,
+Illas Count Andrassy.
+
+"'Et quid est quod Angliae
+Dedit hic Congressus?
+Jus pro aliis pugnandi,
+Mortuum vivificandi -
+Splendidi successus!
+
+"'Vult Joannes decipi
+Et bamboosulatur.
+Io Beacche!  Quae majestas!
+Ostreae reportans testas
+Domum gloriatur!'"
+
+
+"This version, which from internal evidence will be seen to be the
+true one, may be roughly Englished thus:
+
+
+"Let us have our hearty laugh,
+Greatest of Congresses!
+After days and weeks pugnacious,
+After labours ostentatious,
+See how big the mess is!
+
+"'Where are those who at our bar
+Their demands have stated:
+Robbed Roumanians rampaging,
+Greeklings with earth-hunger raging?
+Where?  Absquatulated!
+
+"'Where the lands we've pacified,
+With their rebel masses?
+All are gone; yes, all up-gobbled:
+These the Muscovite has nobbled,
+Those are Count Andrassy's.
+
+"'And what does England carry off
+To add to her possessions?
+The right to wage another's strife,
+The right to raise the dead to life -
+Glorious concessions!
+
+"'Well, let John Bull bamboozled be
+If he's so fond of sells!
+Io Beacche!  Hark the cheering!
+See him home in triumph bearing
+BOTH {27b} the oyster shells!'"
+
+{27a} "Der ehrlich Miikler."
+
+{27b} Peace and Honour.
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF KINGLAKE ***
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