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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/539-0.txt b/539-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..813805f --- /dev/null +++ b/539-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4213 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, A. W. Kinglake, by W. Tuckwell + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: A. W. Kinglake + A Biographical and Literary Study + + +Author: W. Tuckwell + + + +Release Date: February 21, 2013 [eBook #539] +[This file was first posted on March 23, 1996] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A. W. KINGLAKE*** + + +Transcribed from the 1902 Edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org + + [Picture: Kinglake in the late Fifties] + + + + + + A. W. KINGLAKE + A BIOGRAPHICAL AND + LITERARY STUDY + + + BY + REV. W. TUCKWELL + + AUTHOR OF “TONGUES IN TREES,” “WINCHESTER FIFTY + YEARS AGO,” “REMINISCENCES OF OXFORD,” ETC. + + * * * * * + + ἁμέραι δ᾿ ἐπίλοιποι μάρτυρες σοφώτατρο + + [Picture: Decorative graphic] + + LONDON + + GEORGE BELL AND SONS, + + 1902 + + * * * * * + + CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. + TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. + + * * * * * + + + + +PREFACE + + +It is just eleven years since Kinglake passed away, and his life has not +yet been separately memorialized. A few years more, and the personal +side of him would be irrecoverable, though by personality, no less than +by authorship, he made his contemporary mark. When a tomb has been +closed for centuries, the effaced lineaments of its tenant can be +re-coloured only by the idealizing hand of genius, as Scott drew +Claverhouse, and Carlyle drew Cromwell. But, to the biographer of the +lately dead, men have a right to say, as Saul said to the Witch of Endor, +“Call up Samuel!” In your study of a life so recent as Kinglake’s, give +us, if you choose, some critical synopsis of his monumental writings, +some salvage from his ephemeral and scattered papers; trace so much of +his youthful training as shaped the development of his character; depict, +with wise restraint, his political and public life: but also, and above +all, re-clothe him “in his habit as he lived,” as friends and associates +knew him; recover his traits of voice and manner, his conversational wit +or wisdom, epigram or paradox, his explosions of sarcasm and his +eccentricities of reserve, his words of winningness and acts of kindness: +and, since one half of his life was social, introduce us to the +companions who shared his lighter hour and evoked his finer fancies; take +us to the Athenæum “Corner,” or to Holland House, and flash on us at +least a glimpse of the brilliant men and women who formed the setting to +his sparkle; “_dic in amicitiam coeant et foedera jungant_.” + +This I have endeavoured to do, with such aid as I could command from his +few remaining contemporaries. His letters to his family were destroyed +by his own desire; on those written to Madame Novikoff no such embargo +was laid, nor does she believe that it was intended. I have used these +sparingly, and all extracts from them have been subjected to her +censorship. If the result is not Attic in salt, it is at any rate Roman +in brevity. I send it forth with John Bunyan’s homely aspiration: + + And may its buyer have no cause to say, + His money is but lost or thrown away. + + + + +CONTENTS + +CHAP. PAGE + I. EARLY YEARS 1 + II. “EOTHEN” 20 + III. LITERARY AND PARLIAMENTARY LIFE 33 + IV. “THE INVASION OF THE CRIMEA” 56 + V. MADAME NOVIKOFF 90 + VI. LATER DAYS, AND DEATH 111 + INDEX 149 + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + +KINGLAKE IN THE LATE FIFTIES _Frontispiece_ +ELIOT WARBURTON 14 +LORD RAGLAN 40 +MADAME NOVIKOFF 92 +KINGLAKE IN THE EARLY SEVENTIES 128 + + + +CHAPTER I +EARLY YEARS + + +THE fourth decade of the deceased century dawned on a procession of +Oriental pilgrims, variously qualified or disqualified to hold the +gorgeous East in fee, who, with _bakshîsh_ in their purses, a theory in +their brains, an unfilled diary-book in their portmanteaus, sought out +the Holy Land, the Sinai peninsula, the valley of the Nile, sometimes +even Armenia and the Monte Santo, and returned home to emit their +illustrated and mapped octavos. We have the type delineated admiringly +in Miss Yonge’s “Heartsease,” {1} bitterly in Miss Skene’s “Use and +Abuse,” facetiously in the Clarence Bulbul of “Our Street.” “Hang it! +has not everybody written an Eastern book? I should like to meet anybody +in society now who has not been up to the Second Cataract. My Lord +Castleroyal has done one—an honest one; my Lord Youngent another—an +amusing one; my Lord Woolsey another—a pious one; there is the ‘Cutlet +and the Cabob’—a sentimental one; Timbuctoothen—a humorous one.” Lord +Carlisle’s honesty, Lord Nugent’s fun, Lord Lindsay’s piety, failed to +float their books. Miss Martineau, clear, frank, unemotional Curzon, +fuddling the Levantine monks with rosoglio that he might fleece them of +their treasured hereditary manuscripts, even Eliot Warburton’s power, +colouring, play of fancy, have yielded to the mobility of Time. Two +alone out of the gallant company maintain their vogue to-day: Stanley’s +“Sinai and Palestine,” as a Fifth Gospel, an inspired Scripture +Gazetteer; and “Eothen,” as a literary gem of purest ray serene. + +In 1898 a reprint of the first edition was given to the public, prefaced +by a brief eulogium of the book and a slight notice of the author. It +brought to the writer of the “Introduction” not only kind and indulgent +criticism, but valuable corrections, fresh facts, clues to further +knowledge. These last have been carefully followed out. The unwary +statement that Kinglake never spoke after his first failure in the House +has been atoned by a careful study of all his speeches in and out of +Parliament. His reviews in the “Quarterly” and elsewhere have been +noted; impressions of his manner and appearance at different periods of +his life have been recovered from coæval acquaintances; his friend +Hayward’s Letters, the numerous allusions in Lord Houghton’s Life, Mrs. +Crosse’s lively chapters in “Red Letter Days of my Life,” Lady Gregory’s +interesting recollections of the Athenæum Club in Blackwood of December, +1895, the somewhat slender notice in the “Dictionary of National +Biography,” have all been carefully digested. From these, and, as will +be seen, from other sources, the present Memoir has been compiled; an +endeavour—_sera tamen_—to lay before the countless readers and admirers +of his books a fairly adequate appreciation, hitherto unattempted, of +their author. + +I have to acknowledge the great kindness of Canon William Warburton, who +examined his brother Eliot’s diaries on my behalf, obtained information +from Dean Boyle and Sir M. Grant Duff, cleared up for me not a few +obscure allusions in the “Eothen” pages. My highly valued friend, Mrs. +Hamilton Kinglake, of Taunton, his sister-in-law, last surviving relative +of his own generation, has helped me with facts which no one else could +have recalled. To Mr. Estcott, his old acquaintance and Somersetshire +neighbour, I am indebted for recollections manifold and interesting; but +above all I tender thanks to Madame Novikoff, his intimate associate and +correspondent during the last twenty years of his life, who has +supplemented her brilliant sketch of him in “La Nouvelle Revue” of 1896 +by oral and written information lavish in quantity and of paramount +biographical value. Kinglake’s external life, his literary and political +career, his speeches, and the more fugitive productions of his pen, were +recoverable from public sources; but his personal and private side, as it +showed itself to the few close intimates who still survive, must have +remained to myself and others meagre, superficial, disappointing, without +Madame Novikoff’s unreserved and sympathetic confidence. + + * * * * * + +Alexander William Kinglake was descended from an old Scottish stock, the +Kinlochs, who migrated to England with King James, and whose name was +Anglicized into Kinglake. Later on we find them settled on a +considerable estate of their own at Saltmoor, near Borobridge, whence +towards the close of the eighteenth century two brothers, moving +southward, made their home in Taunton—Robert as a physician, William as a +solicitor and banker. Both were of high repute, both begat famous sons. +From Robert sprang the eminent Parliamentary lawyer, Serjeant John +Kinglake, at one time a contemporary with Cockburn and Crowder on the +Western Circuit, and William Chapman Kinglake, who while at Trinity, +Cambridge, won the Latin verse prize, “Salix Babylonica,” the English +verse prizes on “Byzantium” and the “Taking of Jerusalem,” in 1830 and +1832. Of William’s sons the eldest was Alexander William, author of +“Eothen,” the youngest Hamilton, for many years one of the most +distinguished physicians in the West of England. “Eothen,” as he came to +be called, was born at Taunton on the 5th August, 1809, at a house called +“The Lawn.” His father, a sturdy Whig, died at the age of ninety through +injuries received in the hustings crowd of a contested election. His +mother belonged to an old Somersetshire family, the Woodfordes of Castle +Cary. She, too, lived to a great age; a slight, neat figure in dainty +dress, full of antique charm and grace. As a girl she had known Lady +Hester Stanhope, who lived with her grandmother, Lady Chatham, at Burton +Pynsent, her own father, Dr. Thomas Woodforde, being Lady Chatham’s +medical attendant. {6} The future prophetess of the Lebanon was then a +wild girl, scouring the countryside on bare-backed horses; she showed +great kindness to Mary Woodforde, afterwards Kinglake’s mother. It was +as his mother’s son that she received him long afterwards at Djoun. To +his mother Kinglake was passionately attached; owed to her, as he tells +us in “Eothen,” his home in the saddle and his love for Homer. A +tradition is preserved in the family that on the day of her funeral, at a +churchyard five miles away, he was missed from the household group +reassembled in the mourning home; he was found to have ordered his horse, +and galloped back in the darkness to his mother’s grave. Forty years +later he writes to Alexander Knox: “The death of a mother has an almost +magical power of recalling the home of one’s childhood, and the almost +separate world that rests upon affection.” Of his two sisters, one was +well read and agreeably talkative, noted by Thackeray as the cleverest +woman he had ever met; the other, Mrs. Acton, was a delightful old +_esprit fort_, as I knew her in the sixties, “pagan, I regret to say,” +but not a little resembling her brother in the point and manner of her +wit. The family moved in his infancy to an old-fashioned handsome +“Wilton House,” adjoining closely to the town, but standing amid spacious +park-like grounds, and inhabited in after years by Kinglake’s younger +brother Hamilton, who succeeded his uncle in the medical profession, and +passed away, amid deep and universal regret, in 1898. Here during the +thirties Sydney Smith was a frequent and a welcome visitor; it was in +answer to old Mrs. Kinglake that he uttered his audacious _mot_ on being +asked if he would object, as a neighbouring clergyman had done, to bury a +Dissenter: “Not bury Dissenters? I should like to be burying them all +day!” + +Taunton was an innutrient foster-mother, _arida nutrix_, for such young +lions as the Kinglake brood. Two hundred years before it had been a +prosperous and famous place, its woollen and kersey trades, with the +population they supported, ranking it as eighth in order among English +towns. Its inhabitants were then a gallant race, republican in politics, +Puritan in creed. Twice besieged by Goring and Lumford, it had twice +repelled the Royalists with loss. It was the centre of Monmouth’s +rebellion and of Jeffrey’s vengeance; the suburb of Tangier, hard by its +ancient castle, still recalls the time when Colonel Kirke and his +regiment of “Lambs” were quartered in the town. But long before the +advent of the Kinglakes its glory had departed; its manufactures had died +out, its society become Philistine and bourgeois—“little men who walk in +narrow ways”—while from pre-eminence in electoral venality among English +boroughs it was saved only by the near proximity of Bridgewater. A noted +statesman who, at a later period, represented it in Parliament, used to +say that by only one family besides Dr. Hamilton Kinglake’s could he be +received with any sense of social or intellectual equality. + +Not much, however, of Kinglake’s time was given to his native town: he +was early sent to the Grammar School at Ottery St. Mary’s, the +“Clavering” of “Pendennis,” whose Dr. Wapshot was George Coleridge, +brother of the poet. He was wont in after life to speak of this time +with bitterness; a delicate child, he was starved on insufficient diet; +and an eloquent passage in “Eothen” depicts his intellectual fall from +the varied interests and expanding enthusiasm of liberal home teaching to +the regulation gerund-grinding and Procrustean discipline of school. +“The dismal change is ordained, and then—thin meagre Latin with small +shreds and patches of Greek, is thrown like a pauper’s pall over all your +early lore; instead of sweet knowledge, vile, monkish, doggerel grammars +and graduses, dictionaries and lexicons, and horrible odds and ends of +dead languages are given you for your portion, and down you fall, from +Roman story to a three-inch scrap of ‘Scriptores Romani,’—from Greek +poetry, down, down to the cold rations of ‘Poetæ Græci,’ cut up by +commentators, and served out by school-masters!” + +At Eton—under Keate, as all readers of “Eothen” know—he was contemporary +with Gladstone, Sir F. Hanmer, Lords Canning and Dalhousie, Selwyn, +Shadwell. He wrote in the “Etonian,” created and edited by Mackworth +Praed; and is mentioned in Praed’s poem on Surly Hall as + + “Kinglake, dear to poetry, + And dear to all his friends.” + +Dr. Gatty remembers his “determined pale face”; thinks that he made his +mark on the river rather than in the playing fields, being a good oar and +swimmer. His great friend at school was Savile, the “Methley” of his +travels, who became successively Lord Pollington and Earl of Mexborough. +The Homeric lore which Methley exhibited in the Troad, is curiously +illustrated by an Eton story, that in a pugilistic encounter with +Hoseason, afterwards an Indian Cavalry officer, while the latter sate +between the rounds upon his second’s knee, Savile strutted about the +ring, spouting Homer. + +Kinglake entered at Trinity, Cambridge, in 1828, among an exceptionally +brilliant set—Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, John Sterling, Trench, Spedding, +Spring Rice, Charles Buller, Maurice, Monckton Milnes, J. M. Kemble, +Brookfield, Thompson. With none of them does he seem in his +undergraduate days to have been intimate. Probably then, as afterwards, +he shrank from _camaraderie_, shared Byron’s distaste for “enthusymusy”; +naturally cynical and self-contained, was repelled by the spiritual +fervour, incessant logical collision, aggressive tilting at abuses of +those young “Apostles,” already + + “Yearning for the large excitement that the coming years would yield, + Eager-hearted as a boy when first he leaves his father’s field,” + +waxing ever daily, as Sterling exhorted, “in religion and radicalism.” +He saw life differently; more practically, if more selfishly; to one +rhapsodizing about the “plain living and high thinking” of Wordsworth’s +sonnet, he answered: “You know that you prefer dining with people who +have good glass and china and plenty of servants.” For Tennyson’s poetry +he even then felt admiration; quotes, nay, misquotes, in “Eothen,” from +the little known “Timbuctoo”; {12a} and from “Locksley Hall”; and +supplied long afterwards an incident adopted by Tennyson in “Enoch +Arden,” + + “Once likewise in the ringing of his ears + Though faintly, merrily—far and far away— + He heard the pealing of his parish bells,” {12b} + +from his own experience in the desert, when on a Sunday, amid +overpowering heat and stillness, he heard the Marlen bells of Taunton +peal for morning church. {13} + +In whatever set he may have lived he made his mark at Cambridge. Lord +Houghton remembered him as an orator at the Union; and speaking to +Cambridge undergraduates fifty years later, after enumerating the giants +of his student days, Macaulay, Praed, Buller, Sterling, Merivale, he goes +on to say: “there, too, were Kemble and Kinglake, the historian of our +earliest civilization and of our latest war; Kemble as interesting an +individual as ever was portrayed by the dramatic genius of his own race; +Kinglake, as bold a man-at-arms in literature as ever confronted public +opinion.” We know, too, that not many years after leaving Cambridge he +received, and refused, a solicitation to stand as Liberal representative +of the University in Parliament. He was, in fact, as far as any of his +contemporaries from acquiescing in social conventionalisms and shams. To +the end of his life he chafed at such restraint: “when pressed to stay in +country houses,” he writes in 1872, “I have had the frankness to say that +I have not discipline enough.” Repeatedly he speaks with loathing of the +“stale civilization,” the “utter respectability,” of European life; {14a} +longed with all his soul for the excitement and stir of soldiership, from +which his shortsightedness debarred him; {14b} rushed off again and again +into foreign travel; set out immediately on leaving Cambridge, in 1834, +for his first Eastern tour, “to fortify himself for the business of +life.” Methley joined him at Hamburg, and they travelled by Berlin, +Dresden, Prague, Vienna, to Semlin, where his book begins. Lord +Pollington’s health broke down, and he remained to winter at Corfu, while +Kinglake pursued his way alone, returning to England in October, 1835. +{14c} On his return he read for the Chancery Bar along with his friend +Eliot Warburton, under Bryan Procter, a Commissioner of Lunacy, better +known by his poet-name, Barry Cornwall; his acquaintance with both +husband and wife ripening into life-long friendship. Mrs. Procter is the +“Lady of Bitterness,” cited in the “Eothen” Preface. As Anne Skepper, +before her marriage, she was much admired by Carlyle; “a brisk witty +prettyish clear eyed sharp tongued young lady”; and was the intimate, +among many, especially of Thackeray and Browning. In epigrammatic power +she resembled Kinglake; but while his acrid sayings were emitted with +gentlest aspect and with softest speech; while, like Byron’s Lambro: + + “he was the mildest mannered man + That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat, + With such true breeding of a gentleman, + You never could divine his real thought,” + +her sarcasms rang out with a resonant clearness that enforced and +aggravated their severity. That two persons so strongly resembling each +other in capacity for rival exhibition, or for mutual exasperation, +should have maintained so firm a friendship, often surprised their +acquaintance; she explained it by saying that she and Kinglake sharpened +one another like two knives; that, in the words of Petruchio, + + “Where two raging fires meet together, + They do consume the thing that feeds their fury.” + +[Picture: Eliot Warburton. From a water-colour drawing in the possession + of Canon Warburton] + +Crabb Robinson, stung by her in a tender place, his boastful iterative +monologues on Weimar and on Goethe, said that of all men Procter ought to +escape purgatory after death, having tasted its fulness here through +living so many years with Mrs. Procter; “the husbands of the talkative +have great reward hereafter,” said Rudyard Kipling’s Lama. And I have +been told by those who knew the pair that there was truth as well as +irritation in the taunt. “A graceful Preface to ‘Eothen,’” wrote to me a +now famous lady who as a girl had known Mrs. Procter well, “made friendly +company yesterday to a lonely meal, and brought back memories of Mr. +Kinglake’s kind spoiling of a raw young woman, and of the wit, the +egregious vanity, the coarseness, the kindness, of that hard old +worldling our Lady of Bitterness.” In the presence of one man, Tennyson, +she laid aside her shrewishness: “talking with Alfred Tennyson lifts me +out of the earth earthy; a visit to Farringford is like a retreat to the +religious.” A celebrity in London for fifty years, she died, witty and +vigorous to the last, in 1888. “You and I and Mr. Kinglake,” she says to +Lord Houghton, “are all that are left of the goodly band that used to +come to St. John’s Wood; Eliot Warburton, Motley, Adelaide, Count de +Verg, Chorley, Sir Edwin Landseer, my husband.” “I never could write a +book,” she tells him in another letter, “and one strong reason for not +doing so was the idea of some few seeing how poor it was. Venables was +one of the few; I need not say that you were one, and Kinglake.” + +Kinglake was called to the Chancery Bar, and practised apparently with no +great success. He believed that his reputation as a writer stood in his +way. When, in 1845, poor Hood’s friends were helping him by gratuitous +articles in his magazine, “Hood’s Own,” Kinglake wrote to Monckton Milnes +refusing to contribute. He will send £10 to buy an article from some +competent writer, but will not himself write. “It would be seriously +injurious to me if the author of ‘Eothen’ were _affichéd_ as contributing +to a magazine. My frailty in publishing a book has, I fear, already hurt +me in my profession, and a small sin of this kind would bring on me still +deeper disgrace with the solicitors.” + +Twice at least in these early years he travelled. “Mr. Kinglake,” writes +Mrs. Procter in 1843, “is in Switzerland, reading Rousseau.” And in the +following year we hear of him in Algeria, accompanying St. Arnaud in his +campaign against the Arabs. The mingled interest and horror inspired in +him by this extra-ordinary man finds expression in his “Invasion of the +Crimea” (ii. 157). A few, a very few survivors, still remember his +appearance and manners in the forties. The eminent husband of a lady, +now passed away, who in her lifetime gave Sunday dinners at which +Kinglake was always present, speaks of him as _sensitive_, quiet in the +presence of noisy people, of Brookfield and the overpowering Bernal +Osborne; liking their company, but never saying anything worthy of +remembrance. A popular old statesman, still active in the House of +Commons, recalls meeting him at Palmerston, Lord Harrington’s seat, where +was assembled a party in honour of Madame Guiccioli and her second +husband, the Marquis de Boissy, and tells me that he attached himself to +ladies, not to gentlemen, nor ever joined in general tattle. Like many +other famous men, he passed through a period of shyness, which yielded to +women’s tactfulness only. From the first they appreciated him; “if you +were as gentle as your friend Kinglake,” writes Mrs. Norton reproachfully +to Hayward in the sulks. Another coæval of those days calls him +handsome—an epithet I should hardly apply to him later—slight, not tall, +sharp featured, with dark hair well tended, always modishly dressed after +the fashion of the thirties, the fashion of Bulwer’s exquisites, or of H. +K. Browne’s “Nicholas Nickleby” illustrations; leaving on all who saw him +an impression of great personal distinction, yet with an air of youthful +_abandon_ which never quite left him: “He was pale, small, and delicate +in appearance,” says Mrs. Simpson, Nassau Senior’s daughter, who knew him +to the end of his life; while Mrs. Andrew Crosse, his friend in the +Crimean decade, cites his finely chiselled features and intellectual +brow, “a complexion bloodless with the pallor not of ill-health, but of +an old Greek bust.” + + + + +CHAPTER II +“EOTHEN” + + +“EOTHEN” appeared in 1844. Twice, Kinglake tells us, he had essayed the +story of his travels, twice abandoned it under a sense of strong +disinclination to write. A third attempt was induced by an entreaty from +his friend Eliot Warburton, himself projecting an Eastern tour; and to +Warburton in a characteristic preface the narrative is addressed. The +book, when finished, went the round of the London market without finding +a publisher. It was offered to John Murray, who cited his refusal of it +as the great blunder of his professional life, consoling himself with the +thought that his father had equally lacked foresight thirty years before +in declining the “Rejected Addresses”; he secured the copyright later on. +It was published in the end by a personal friend, Ollivier, of Pall Mall, +Kinglake paying £50 to cover risk of loss; even worse terms than were +obtained by Warburton two years afterwards from Colburn, who owned in the +fifties to having cleared £6,000 by “The Crescent and the Cross.” The +volume was an octavo of 418 pages; the curious folding-plate which forms +the frontispiece was drawn and coloured by the author, and was compared +by the critics to a tea-tray. In front is Moostapha the Tatar; the two +foremost figures in the rear stand for accomplished Mysseri, whom +Kinglake was delighted to recognize long afterwards as a flourishing +hotel keeper in Constantinople, and Steel, the Yorkshire servant, in his +striped pantry jacket, “looking out for gentlemen’s seats.” Behind are +“Methley,” Lord Pollington, in a broad-brimmed hat, and the booted leg of +Kinglake, who modestly hid his figure by a tree, but exposed his foot, of +which he was very proud. Of the other characters, “Our Lady of +Bitterness” was Mrs. Procter, “Carrigaholt” was Henry Stuart Burton of +Carrigaholt, County Clare. Here and there are allusions, obvious at the +time, now needing a scholiast, which have not in any of the reprints been +explained. In their ride through the Balkans they talked of old Eton +days. “We bullied Keate, and scoffed at Larrey Miller and Okes; we rode +along loudly laughing, and talked to the grave Servian forest as though +it were the Brocas clump.” {22} Keate requires no interpreter; Okes was +an Eton tutor, afterwards Provost of King’s. Larrey or Laurie Miller was +an old tailor in Keate’s Lane who used to sit on his open shop-board, +facing the street, a mark for the compliments of passing boys; as +frolicsome youngsters in the days of Addison and Steele, as High School +lads in the days of Walter Scott, were accustomed to “smoke the cobler.” +The Brocas was a meadow sacred to badger-baiting and cat-hunts. The +badgers were kept by a certain Jemmy Flowers, who charged sixpence for +each “draw”; Puss was turned out of a bag and chased by dogs, her chance +being to reach and climb a group of trees near the river, known as the +“Brocas Clump.” Of the quotations, “a Yorkshireman hippodamoio” (p. 35) +is, I am told, an _obiter dictum_ of Sir Francis Doyle. “Striving to +attain,” etc. (p. 33), is taken not quite correctly from Tennyson’s +“Timbuctoo.” Our crew were “a solemn company” (p. 57) is probably a +reminiscence of “we were a gallant company” in “The Siege of Corinth.” +For “‘the own armchair’ of our Lyrist’s ‘Sweet Lady Anne’” (p. 161) see +the poem, “My own armchair” in Barry Cornwall’s “English Lyrics.” “Proud +Marie of Anjou” (p. 96) and “single-sin —” (p. 121), are unintelligible; +a friend once asked Kinglake to explain the former, but received for +answer, “Oh! that is a private thing.” It may, however, have been a pet +name for little Marie de Viry, Procter’s niece, and the _chère amie_ of +his verse, whom Eothen must have met often at his friend’s house. The +St. Simonians of p. 83 were the disciples of Comte de St. Simon, a +Parisian reformer in the latter part of the eighteenth century, who +endeavoured to establish a social republic based on capacity and labour. +Père Enfantin was his disciple. The “mystic mother” was a female +Messiah, expected to become the parent of a new Saviour. “Sir Robert +once said a good thing” (p. 93), refers possibly to Sir Robert Peel, not +famous for epigram, whose one good thing is said to have been bestowed +upon a friend before Croker’s portrait in the Academy. “Wonderful +likeness,” said the friend, “it gives the very quiver of the mouth.” +“Yes,” said Sir Robert, “and the arrow coming out of it.” Or it may mean +Sir Robert Inglis, Peel’s successor at Oxford, more noted for his genial +kindness and for the perpetual bouquet in his buttonhole at a date when +such ornaments were not worn, than for capacity to conceive and say good +things. In some mischievous lines describing the Oxford election where +Inglis supplanted Peel, Macaulay wrote + + “And then said all the Doctors sitting in the Divinity School, + Not this man, but Sir Robert’—now Sir Robert was a fool.” + +But in the fifth and later editions Kinglake altered it to “Sir John.” + +By a curious oversight in the first two editions (p. 41) _Jove_ was made +to gaze on Troy from Samothrace; it was rightly altered to Neptune in the +third; and “eagle eye of Jove” in the following sentence was replaced by +“dread Commoter of our globe.” The phrase “a natural Chiffney-bit” (p. +109), I have found unintelligible to-day through lapse of time even to +professional equestrians and stable-keepers. Samuel Chiffney, a famous +rider and trainer, was born in 1753, and won the Derby on Skyscraper in +1789. He managed the Prince of Wales’s stud, was the subject of +discreditable insinuations, and was called before the Jockey Club. +Nothing was proved against him, but in consequence of the _fracas_ the +Prince severed his connection with the Club and sold his horses. +Chiffney invented a bit named after him; a curb with two snaffles, which +gave a stronger bearing on the sides of a horse’s mouth. His rule in +racing was to keep a slack rein and to ride a waiting race, not calling +on his horse till near the end. His son Samuel, who followed him, +observed the same plan; from its frequent success the term “Chiffney +rush” became proverbial. In his ride through the desert (p. 169) +Kinglake speaks of his “native bells—the innocent bells of Marlen, that +never before sent forth their music beyond the Blaygon hills.” Marlen +bells is the local name for the fine peal of St. Mary Magdalen, Taunton. +The Blaygon, more commonly called the Blagdon Hills, run parallel with +the Quantocks, and between them lies the fertile Vale of Taunton Deane. +“Damascus,” he says, on p. 245, “was safer than Oxford”; and adds a note +on Mr. Everett’s degree which requires correction. It is true that an +attempt was made to _non-placet_ Mr. Everett’s honorary degree in the +Oxford Theatre in 1843 on the ground of his being a Unitarian; not true +that it succeeded. It was a conspiracy by the young lions of the +Newmania, who had organized a formidable opposition to the degree, and +would have created a painful scene even if defeated. But the Proctor of +that year, Jelf, happened to be the most-hated official of the century; +and the furious groans of undergraduate displeasure at his presence, +continuing unabated for three-quarters of an hour, compelled Wynter, the +Vice-Chancellor, to break up the Assembly, without recitation of the +prizes, but not without conferring the degrees in dumb show: unconscious +Mr. Everett smilingly took his place in red gown among the Doctors, the +Vice-Chancellor asserting afterwards, what was true in the letter though +not in the spirit, that he did not hear the _non-placets_. So while +Everett was obnoxious to the Puseyites, Jelf was obnoxious to the +undergraduates; the cannonade of the angry youngsters drowned the odium +of the theological malcontents; in the words of Bombastes: + + “Another lion gave another roar, + And the first lion thought the last a bore.” + +The popularity of “Eothen” is a paradox: it fascinates by violating all +the rules which convention assigns to viatic narrative. It traverses the +most affecting regions of the world, and describes no one of them: the +Troad—and we get only his childish raptures over Pope’s “Homer’s Iliad”; +Stamboul—and he recounts the murderous services rendered by the Golden +Horn to the Assassin whose _serail_, palace, council chamber, it washes; +Cairo—but the Plague shuts out all other thoughts; Jerusalem—but Pilgrims +have vulgarized the Holy Sepulchre into a Bartholomew Fair. He gives us +everywhere, not history, antiquities, geography, description, statistics, +but only _Kinglake_, only his own sensations, thoughts, experiences. We +are told not what the desert looks like, but what journeying in the +desert feels like. From morn till eve you sit aloft upon your voyaging +camel; the risen sun, still lenient on your left, mounts vertical and +dominant; you shroud head and face in silk, your skin glows, shoulders +ache, Arabs moan, and still moves on the sighing camel with his +disjointed awkward dual swing, till the sun once more descending touches +you on the right, your veil is thrown aside, your tent is pitched, books, +maps, cloaks, toilet luxuries, litter your spread-out rugs, you feast on +scorching toast and “fragrant” {28} tea, sleep sound and long; then again +the tent is drawn, the comforts packed, civilization retires from the +spot she had for a single night annexed, and the Genius of the Desert +stalks in. + +Herein, in these subjective chatty confidences, is part of the spell he +lays upon us: while we read we are _in_ the East: other books, as +Warburton says, tell us _about_ the East, this is the East itself. And +yet in his company we are always _Englishmen_ in the East: behind +Servian, Egyptian, Syrian, desert realities, is a background of English +scenery, faint and unobtrusive yet persistent and horizoning. In the +Danubian forest we talk of past school-days. The Balkan plain suggests +an English park, its trees planted as if to shut out “some infernal +fellow creature in the shape of a new-made squire”; Jordan recalls the +Thames; the Galilean Lake, Windermere; the Via Dolorosa, Bond Street; the +fresh toast of the desert bivouac, an Eton breakfast; the hungry questing +jackals are the place-hunters of Bridgewater and Taunton; the Damascus +gardens, a neglected English manor from which the “family” has been long +abroad; in the fierce, dry desert air are heard the “Marlen” bells of +home, calling to morning prayer the prim congregation in far-off St. +Mary’s parish. And a not less potent factor in the charm is the +magician’s self who wields it, shown through each passing environment of +the narrative; the shy, haughty, imperious Solitary, “a sort of Byron in +the desert,” of cultured mind and eloquent speech, headstrong and not +always amiable, hiding sentiment with cynicism, yet therefore +irresistible all the more when he condescends to endear himself by his +confidence. He meets the Plague and its terrors like a gentleman, but +shows us, through the vicarious torments of the cowering Levantine that +it was courage and coolness, not insensibility, which bore him through +it. A foe to marriage, compassionating Carrigaholt as doomed to travel +“Vetturini-wise,” pitying the Dead Sea goatherd for his ugly wife, +revelling in the meek surrender of the three young men whom he sees “led +to the altar” in Suez, he is still the frank, susceptible, gallant +bachelor, observantly and critically studious of female charms: of the +magnificent yet formidable Smyrniotes, eyes, brow, nostrils, throat, +sweetly turned lips, alarming in their latent capacity for fierceness, +pride, passion, power: of the Moslem women in Nablous, “so handsome that +they could not keep up their yashmaks:” of Cypriote witchery in hair, +shoulder-slope, tempestuous fold of robe. He opines as he contemplates +the plain, clumsy Arab wives that the fine things we feel and say of +women apply only to the good-looking and the graceful: his memory wanders +off ever and again to the muslin sleeves and bodices and “sweet +chemisettes” in distant England. In hands sensual and vulgar the +allusions might have been coarse, the dilatings unseemly; but the “taste +which is the feminine of genius,” the self-respecting gentleman-like +instinct, innocent at once and playful, keeps the voluptuary out of +sight, teaches, as Imogen taught Iachimo, “the wide difference ‘twixt +amorous and villainous.” Add to all these elements of fascination the +unbroken luxuriance of style; the easy flow of casual epigram or +negligent simile;—Greek holy days not kept holy but “kept stupid”; the +mule who “forgot that his rider was a saint and remembered that he was a +tailor”; the pilgrims “transacting their salvation” at the Holy +Sepulchre; the frightened, wavering guard at Satalieh, not shrinking back +or running away, but “looking as if the pack were being shuffled,” each +man desirous to change places with his neighbour; the white man’s +unresisting hand “passed round like a claret jug” by the hospitable +Arabs; the travellers dripping from a Balkan storm compared to “men +turned back by the Humane Society as being incurably drowned.” Sometimes +he breaks into a canter, as in the first experience of a Moslem city, the +rapturous escape from respectability and civilization; the apostrophe to +the Stamboul sea; the glimpse of the Mysian Olympus; the burial of the +poor dead Greek; the Janus view of Orient and Occident from the Lebanon +watershed; the pathetic terror of Bedouins and camels on entering a +walled city; until, once more in the saddle, and winding through the +Taurus defiles, he saddens us by a first discordant note, the note of +sorrow that the entrancing tale is at an end. + +Old times return to me as I handle the familiar pages. To the schoolboy +six and fifty years ago arrives from home a birthday gift, the bright +green volume, with its showy paintings of the impaled robbers and the +Jordan passage; its bulky Tatar, towering high above his scraggy steed, +impressed in shining gold upon its cover. Read, borrowed, handed round, +it is devoured and discussed with fifth form critical presumption, the +adventurous audacity arresting, the literary charm not analyzed but felt, +the vivid personality of the old Etonian winged with public school +freemasonry. Scarcely in the acquired insight of all the intervening +years could those who enjoyed it then more keenly appreciate it to-day. +Transcendent gift of genius! to gladden equally with selfsame words the +reluctant inexperience of boyhood and the fastidious judgment of +maturity. Delightful self-accountant reverence of author-craft! which +wields full knowledge of a shaddock-tainted world, yet presents no +licence to the prurient lad, reveals no trail to the suspicious moralist. + + + + +CHAPTER III +LITERARY AND PARLIAMENTARY LIFE + + +KINGLAKE returned from Algiers in 1844 to find himself famous both in the +literary and social world; for his book had gone through three editions +and was the universal theme. Lockhart opened to him the “Quarterly.” +“Who is Eothen?” wrote Macvey Napier, editor of the “Edinburgh,” to +Hayward: “I know he is a lawyer and highly respectable; but I should like +to know a little more of his personal history: he is very clever but very +peculiar.” Thackeray, later on, expresses affectionate gratitude for his +presence at the “Lectures on English Humourists”:—“it goes to a man’s +heart to find amongst his friends such men as Kinglake and Venables, +Higgins, Rawlinson, Carlyle, Ashburton and Hallam, Milman, Macaulay, +Wilberforce, looking on kindly.” He dines out in all directions, himself +giving dinners at Long’s Hotel. “Did you ever meet Kinglake at my +rooms?” writes Monckton Milnes to MacCarthy: “he has had immense success. +I now rather wish I had written his book, _which I could have done—at +least nearly_.” We are reminded of Charles Lamb—“here’s Wordsworth says +he could have written Hamlet, _if he had had a mind_.” “A delightful +Voltairean volume,” Milnes elsewhere calls it. + +“Eothen” was reviewed in the “Quarterly” by Eliot Warburton. “Other +books,” he says, “contain facts and statistics about the East; this book +gives the East itself in vital actual reality. Its style is +conversational; or the soliloquy rather of a man convincing and amusing +himself as he proceeds, without reverence for others’ faith, or lenity +towards others’ prejudices. It is a real book, not a sham; it equals +Anastasius, rivals ‘Vathek;’ its terseness, vigour, bold imagery, recall +the grand style of Fuller and of South, to which the author adds a +spirit, freshness, delicacy, all his own.” Kinglake, in turn, reviewed +“The Crescent and the Cross” in an article called “The French Lake.” +From a cordial notice of the book he passes to a history of French +ambition in the Levant. It was Bonaparte’s fixed idea to become an +Oriental conqueror—a second Alexander: Egypt in his grasp, he would pass +on to India. He sought alliance against the English with Tippoo Saib, +and spent whole days stretched upon maps of Asia. He was baffled, first +at Aboukir, then at Acre; but the partition of Turkey at Tilsit showed +that he had not abandoned his design. To have refrained from seizing +Egypt after his withdrawal was a political blunder on the part of +England. + +By far the most charming of Kinglake’s articles was a paper on the +“Rights of Women,” in the “Quarterly Review” of December, 1844. Grouping +together Monckton Milnes’s “Palm Leaves,” Mrs. Poole’s “Sketch of +Egyptian Harems,” Mrs. Ellis’s “Women and Wives of England,” he produced +a playful, lightly touched, yet sincerely constructed sketch of woman’s +characteristics, seductions, attainments; the extent and secret of her +fascination and her deeper influence; her defects, foibles, +misconceptions. He was greatly vexed to learn that his criticism of +“Palm Leaves” was considered hostile, and begged Warburton to explain. +His praise, he said, had been looked upon as irony, his bantering taken +to express bitterness. Warburton added his own conviction that the +notice was tributary to Milnes’s fame, and Milnes accepted the +explanation. But the chief interest of this paper lies in the beautiful +passage which ends it. “The world must go on its own way, for all that +we can say against it. Beauty, though it beams over the organization of +a doll, will have its hour of empire; the most torpid heiress will easily +get herself married; but the wife whose sweet nature can kindle worthy +delights is she that brings to her hearth a joyous, hopeful, ardent +spirit, and that subtle power whose sources we can hardly trace, but +which yet so irradiates a home that all who come near are filled and +inspired by a deep sense of womanly presence. We best learn the +unsuspected might of a being like this when we try the weight of that +sadness which hangs like lead upon the room, the gallery, the stairs, +where once her footstep sounded, and now is heard no more. It is not +less the energy than the grace and gentleness of this character that +works the enchantment. Books can instruct, and books can exalt and +purify; beauty of face and beauty of form will come with bright pictures +and statues, and for the government of a household hired menials will +suffice; but fondness and hate, daring hopes, lively fears, the lust of +glory and the scorn of base deeds, sweet charity, faithfulness, pride, +and, chief over all, the impetuous will, lending might and power to +feeling:—these are the rib of the man, and from these, deep veiled in the +mystery of her very loveliness, his true companion sprang. A being thus +ardent will often go wrong in her strenuous course; will often alarm, +sometimes provoke; will now and then work mischief and even perhaps +grievous harm; but she will be our own Eve after all; the sweet-speaking +tempter whom heaven created to be the joy and the trouble of this +pleasing anxious existence; to shame us away from the hiding-places of a +slothful neutrality, and lead us abroad in the world, men militant here +on earth, enduring quiet, content with strife, and looking for peace +hereafter.” {37} Beautiful words indeed! how came the author of a +tribute so caressingly appreciative, so eloquently sincere, to remain +himself outside the gates of Paradise? how could the pen which in the +Crimean chapter on the Holy Shrines traced so exquisitely the delicate +fancifulness of purest sexual love, perpetrate that elaborate sneer over +the bachelor obsequies of Carrigaholt—“the lowly grave, that is the end +of man’s romantic hopes, has closed over all his rich fancies and all his +high aspirations: he is utterly married.” {38a} + + “Gai, gai, mariez vous, + Mettez vous dans la misère! + Gai, gai, mariez vous, + Mettez vous la corde au cou!” {38b} + +There is generally a good reason for prolonged celibacy, a reason which +the bachelor as generally does not betray: Kinglake remained single, by +his own account, because he had observed that women always prefer other +men to their own husbands. Yet, although unmarried, perhaps because +unmarried, he heartily admired many clever women; formed with them sedate +but genuine friendships, the _l’amour sans ailes_, sometimes called +“Platonic” by persons who have not read Plato; found in their illogical +clear-sightedness, in their ἀγχίνοια, to use the master’s own +untranslatable phrase, a titillating stimulus which he missed in men. He +thought that the Church should ordain priestesses as well as priests, the +former to be the Egerias of men, as the latter are the Pontiffs of women. +And Lady Gregory tells us, that when attacked by gout, he wished for the +solace of a lady doctor, and wrote to one asking if gout were beyond her +scope. She answered: “Dear Sir,—Gout is not beyond my scope, but men +are.” + +In 1854 he accompanied Lord Raglan to the Crimea. “I had heard,” writes +John Kenyon, “of Kinglake’s chivalrous goings on. We were saying +yesterday that though he might write a book, he was among the last men to +go that he might write a book. He is wild about matters military, if so +calm a man is ever wild.” He had hoped to go in an official position as +non-combatant, but this was refused by the authorities. His friend, Lord +Raglan, whose acquaintance he had made while hunting with the Duke of +Beaufort’s hounds, took him as his private guest. Arrested for a time at +Malta by an attack of fever, he joined our army before hostilities began, +rode with Lord Raglan’s staff at the Alma fight, likening the novel +sensation to the excitement of fox-hunting; and accompanied the chief in +his visit of tenderness to the wounded when the fight was over. +Throughout the campaign the two were much together, as we shall notice +more fully later on. There are often slight but unmistakable signs of +Kinglake’s presence as spectator and auditor of Lord Raglan’s deeds and +words; {40} his affection and reverence for the great general animate the +whole; in outward composure and latent strength the two men resembled +each other closely. The book is, in fact, a history of Lord Raglan’s +share in the campaign; begun in 1856 at the request of Lady Raglan, the +narrative ends when the “Caradoc” with the general’s body on board steams +out of the bay, “Farewell” flying at her masthead, the Russian batteries, +with generous recognition, ceasing to fire till the ship was out of +sight. “Lord Raglan is dead,” said Kinglake as vol. viii. was sent to +press, “and my work is finished.” + + [Picture: Lord Raglan] + +Ten years were to elapse before the opening volumes should appear; and +meanwhile he entered parliament for the borough of Bridgewater, which had +rejected him in 1852. His colleague was Colonel Charles J. Kemyss Tynte, +member of a family which local influence and lavish expenditure had +secured in the representation of the town for nearly forty years. +Catechized as to his political creed, he answered: “I call myself an +advanced Liberal; but I decline to go into parliament as the pledged +adherent of Lord Palmerston or any other Liberal.” He adds, in response +to a further question: “I am believed to be the author of ‘Eothen.’” He +broke down in his maiden speech; but recovered himself in a later effort, +and spoke, not unfrequently, on subjects then important, now forgotten; +on the outrage of the “Charles et George”; the capture of the Sardinian +“Cagliari” by the Neapolitans on the high seas; our attitude towards the +Paris Congress of 1857; while in 1858 he led the revolt against Lord +Palmerston’s proposal to amend the Conspiracy Laws in deference to Louis +Napoleon; in 1860 vigorously denounced the annexation of Savoy and Nice; +and in 1864 moved the amendment to Mr. Disraeli’s motion in the debate on +the Address, which was carried by 313 to 295. His feeble voice and +unimpressive manner prevented him from becoming a power in the House; but +his speeches when read are full, fluent, and graceful; the late Sir +Robert Peel’s remarkable harangue against the French Emperor in the +course of an earlier debate was taken, as he is said to have owned, +mainly from a speech by Kinglake, delivered so indistinctly that the +reporters failed to catch it, but audible to Sir Robert who sate close +beside him. + +With his constituents he was more at ease and more effective. His seat +for Bridgewater was challenged at a general election by Henry Padwick, a +hanger-on to Disraeli and a well-known bookmaker on the turf, who, with +an Irish Colonel Westbrook, tried to cajole the electors and their wives +by extravagant compliments to the town, its neighbourhood, its denizens; +a place celebrated, as Captain Costigan said of Chatteris, “for its +antiquitee, its hospitalitee, the beautee of its women, the manly +fidelitee, generositee, and jovialitee of its men.” Kinglake met them on +their own ground. In his flowery speeches the romance of Sinai and +Palestine faded before the glories of the little Somersetshire town. +What was the Jordan by comparison with the Parrett? Could Libanus or +Anti-Libanus vie with the Mendip and the Quantock Hills? The view +surveyed by Monmouth from St. Mary’s Tower on the Eve of Sedgemoor +transcended all the panoramas which the Holy Land or Asia Minor could +present! But his more serious orations were worthy of his higher fame. +In the panic of 1858, when the address of the French colonels to the +Emperor, beseeching to be led against England, had created serious alarm +on this side the Channel, he went down to Bridgewater to enlighten the +West of England. “Why,” he asked, “do we fear invasion? The population +of France is peaceful, the ‘turnip-soup Jacques Bonhomme’ is peaceful, +the soldiers of the line are peaceful. Why are we anxious? Because +there sits in his chamber at the Tuileries a solitary moody man. He is +deeply interested in the science and the art of war; he told me once that +he was contemplating a history of all the great battles ever fought. He +holds absolute control over vast resources both in men and money; he has +shown that he can attack successfully at a few weeks’ notice the greatest +European military power: gout or indigestion may at any moment convert +him into an enemy of ourselves. Until France returns to parliamentary +government this danger is imminent and continual. Our safety lies in our +fleet, and in that alone. If for twenty-four hours only the Channel were +denuded of our ships in time of war with France, they would hurl upon our +shores a force we could not meet. Such denudation must be made +impossible; our fleet so augmented and strengthened as to provide +impregnably at all times for home defence no less than for foreign +necessities. Our danger, I repeat, lies in no hostility on the part of +the French army, in no ferocity on the part of the French people, in no +_present_ unfriendliness on the part of the French Emperor: it arises +from the fact that a revolutionary government exists in France, which has +armed one man, under the name of Emperor—Dictator rather, I should +say—with a power so colossal, that until such power is moderated, as all +power ought to be, no neighbour can be entirely safe.” This speech was +reproduced in “The Times.” Montalembert read it with admiration. “Who,” +he asked Sir M. E. Grant Duff, “who is Mr. Kinglake?” “He is the author +of ‘Eothen.’” “And what is ‘Eothen?’ I never heard of it.” + +He found great enjoyment in parliamentary life, but was in 1868 unseated +on petition for bribery on the part of his agents. Blue-books are not +ordinarily light reading; but the Report of the Commissioners appointed +to inquire into the alleged corrupt practices at Bridgewater is not only +a model of terse and vigorous composition, but to persons with a sense of +humour, inclined to view human irregularities and inconsistencies in a +sportive rather than an indignant light, it is a sustained and diverting +comedy. Of the constituency, both before and after the Reform Bill, +three-fourths, the Commissioners artlessly inform us, sought and received +bribes; of the remainder, all but a few individuals negotiated and gave +the bribes. So in every election, both sides bribed avowedly; if a +luckless Purity Candidate appeared, he was promptly informed that “Mr. +Most” would win the seat: highest bribes decided each election, further +bribes averted petitions. When once a desperate riot took place and the +ringleaders were tried at Quarter Sessions, the jury were bribed to +acquit, in the teeth of the Chairman’s summing up. At last, in 1868, the +defeated candidate petitioned; blue-book literature was enriched by a +remarkable report, and the borough was disfranchised. Of course Kinglake +had only himself to thank; if a gentleman chooses to sit for a venal +borough, and to intrust his interests to a questionable agent, he must, +in the words of Mrs. Gamp, “take the consequences of sech a sitiwation.” +The consequences to him were loss of his present seat, and permanent +exclusion from Parliament. + +He was keenly mortified by his ostracism, speaking of himself ever after +as “a political corpse.” Thenceforward he gave his whole energy to +literary work, to occasional reviews, mainly to his “Invasion of the +Crimea.” In the “Edinburgh” I think he never wrote, cordially disliking +its then editor. A fine notice in “Blackwood” of Madame de Lafayette’s +life was from his pen. Surveying the Revolutionary Terror, he points out +that Robespierre’s opponents were in numbers overwhelmingly strong, but +lacked cohesion and leaders; while the Mountain, dominated by a single +will, was legally armed with power to kill, and went on killing. The +Church played into Robespierre’s hands by enforcing Patience and +Resignation as the highest Christian virtues, confusing the idea of +submission to Heaven with the idea of submission to a scoundrel. Had +Hampden been a Papist he would have paid ship-money. He wrote also in +“The Owl,” a brilliant little magazine edited by his friend Laurence +Oliphant; a “Society Journal,” conducted by a set of clever well-to-do +young bachelors living in London, addressed like the “Pall Mall Gazette,” +in “Pendennis,” “to the higher circles of society, written by gentlemen +for gentlemen.” When the expenses of production were paid, the balance +was spent on a whitebait dinner at Greenwich, and on offerings of flowers +and jewellery to the lady guests invited. It came to an end, leaving no +successor equally brilliant, high-toned, wholesome; its collected numbers +figure sometimes at a formidable price in sales and catalogues. {47} + +The first two volumes of his “Crimea” had appeared in 1863. They were +awaited with eager expectation. An elaborate history of the war had been +written by a Baron de Bazancourt, condemned as unfair and unreliable by +English statesmen, and severely handled in our reviews. So the wish was +felt everywhere for some record less ephemeral, which should render the +tale historically, and counteract Bazancourt’s misstatements. “I hear,” +wrote the Duke of Newcastle, “that Kinglake has undertaken the task. He +has a noble opportunity of producing a text-book for future history, but +to accomplish this it must be _stoically_ impartial.” + +The beauty of their style, the merciless portraiture of the Second +Empire, the unparalleled diorama of the Alma fight, combined to gain for +these first four-and-twenty chapters an immediate vogue as emphatic and +as widely spread as that which saluted the opening of Macaulay’s +“History.” None of the later volumes, though highly prized as battle +narratives, quite came up to these. The political and military +conclusions drawn provoked no small bitterness; his cousin, Mrs. Serjeant +Kinglake, used to say that she met sometimes with almost affronting +coldness in society at the time, under the impression that she was A. W. +Kinglake’s wife. Russians were, perhaps unfairly, dissatisfied. +Todleben, who knew and loved Kinglake well, pronounced the book a +charming romance, not a history of the war. Individuals were aggrieved +by its notice of themselves or of their regiments; statesmen chafed under +the scientific analysis of their characters, or at the publication of +official letters which they had intended but not required to be looked +upon as confidential, and which the recipients had in all innocence +communicated to the historian. Palmerstonians, accepting with their +chief the Man of December, were furious at the exposure of his +basenesses. Lucas in “The Times” pronounced the work perverse and +mischievous; the “Westminster Review” branded it as reactionary. “The +Quarterly,” in an article ascribed to A. H. Layard, condemned its style +as laboured and artificial; as palling from the sustained pomp and +glitter of the language; as wearisome from the constant strain after +minute dissection; declaring it further to be “in every sense of the word +a mischievous book.” “Blackwood,” less unfriendly, surrendered itself to +the beauty of the writing; “satire so studied, so polished, so +remorseless, and withal so diabolically entertaining, that we know not +where in modern literature to seek such another philippic.” + +Reeve, editor of the “Edinburgh,” wished Lord Clarendon to attack the +book; he refused, but offered help, and the resulting article was due to +the collaboration of the pair. It caused a prolonged coolness between +Reeve and Kinglake, who at last ended the quarrel by a characteristic +letter: “I observed yesterday that my malice, founded perhaps upon a +couple of words, and now of three years’ duration, had not engendered +corresponding anger in you; and if my impression was a right one, I trust +we may meet for the future on our old terms.” + +On the other hand, the “Saturday Review,” then at the height of its +repute and influence, vindicated in a powerful article Kinglake’s truth +and fairness; and a pamphlet by Hayward, called “Mr. Kinglake and the +Quarterlies,” amused society by its furious onslaught upon the hostile +periodicals, laid bare their animus, and exposed their misstatements. +“If you rise in this tone,” he began, in words of Lord Ellenborough when +Attorney-General, “I can speak as loudly and emphatically: I shall +prosecute the case with all the liberality of a gentleman, but no tone or +manner shall put me down.” And the dissentient voices were drowned in +the general chorus of admiration. German eulogy was extravagant; French +Republicanism was overjoyed; Englishmen, at home and abroad, read eagerly +for the first time in close and vivid sequence events which, when spread +over thirty months of daily newspapers, few had the patience to follow, +none the qualifications to condense. Macaulay tells us that soon after +the appearance of his own first volumes, a Mr. Crump from America offered +him five hundred dollars if he would introduce the name of Crump into his +history. An English gentleman and lady, from one of our most distant +colonies, wrote to Kinglake a jointly signed pathetic letter, intreating +him to cite in his pages the name of their only son, who had fallen in +the Crimea. He at once consented, and asked for particulars—manner, +time, place—of the young man’s death. The parents replied that they need +not trouble him with details; these should be left to the historian’s +kind inventiveness: whatever he might please to say in embellishment of +their young hero’s end they would gratefully accept. + +Unlike most authors, from Molière down to Dickens, he never read aloud to +friends any portion of the unpublished manuscript; never, except to +closest intimates, spoke of the book, or tolerated inquiry about it from +others. When asked as to the progress of a volume he had in hand, he +used to say, “That is really a matter on which it is quite out of my +power even to inform myself”; and I remember how once at a well-selected +dinner-party in the country, whither he came in good spirits and inclined +to talk his best, a second-hand criticism on his book by a conceited +parson, the official and incongruous element in the group, stiffened him +into persistent silence. All England laughed, when Blackwood’s “Memoirs” +saw the light, over his polite repulse of the kindly officious publisher, +who wished, after his fashion, to criticise and finger and suggest. “I +am almost alarmed, as it were, at the notion of receiving suggestions. I +feel that hints from you might be so valuable and so important, it might +be madness to ask you beforehand to abstain from giving me any; but I am +anxious for you to know what the dangers in the way of long delay might +be, the result of even a few slight and possibly most useful suggestions. +. . . You will perhaps (after what I have said) think it best not to set +my mind running in a new path, lest I should take to re-writing.” Note, +by the way, the slovenliness of this epistle, as coming from so great a +master of style; that defect characterizes all his correspondence. He +wrote for the Press “with all his singing robes about him”; his letters +were unrevised and brief. Mrs. Simpson, in her pleasant “Memories,” +ascribes to him the _éloquence du billet_ in a supreme degree. I must +confess that of more than five hundred letters from his pen which I have +seen only six cover more than a single sheet of note-paper, all are alike +careless and unstudied in style, though often in matter characteristic +and informing. “I am not by nature,” he would say, “a letter-writer, and +habitually think of the uncertainty as to who may be the reader of +anything that I write. It is my fate, as a writer of history, to have +before me letters never intended for my eyes, and this has aggravated my +foible, and makes me a wretched correspondent. I should like very much +to write letters gracefully and easily, but I can’t, because it is +contrary to my nature.” “I have got,” he writes so early as 1873, “to +shrink from the use of the pen; to ask me to write letters is like asking +a lame man to walk; it is not, as horse-dealers say, ‘the nature of the +beast.’ When others _talk_ to me charmingly, my answers are short, +faltering, incoherent sentences; so it is with my writing.” “You,” he +says to another lady correspondent, “have the pleasant faculty of easy, +pleasant letter-writing, in which I am wholly deficient.” + +In fact, the claims of his Crimean book, which compelled him latterly to +refuse all other literary work, gave little time for correspondence. Its +successive revisions formed his daily task until illness struck him down. +Sacks of Crimean notes, labelled through some fantastic whim with female +Christian names—the Helen bag, the Adelaide bag, etc.—were ranged round +his room. His working library was very small in bulk, his habit being to +cut out from any book the pages which would be serviceable, and to fling +the rest away. So, we are told, the first Napoleon, binding volumes for +his travelling library, shore their margins to the quick, and removed all +prefaces, title-pages, and other superfluous leaves. So, too, Edward +Fitzgerald used to tear out of his books all that in his judgment fell +below their authors’ highest standard, retaining for his own delectation +only the quintessential remnants. Vols. III. and IV. appeared in 1868, +V. in 1875, VI. in 1880, VII. and VIII. in 1887; while a Cabinet Edition +of the whole in nine volumes was issued continuously from 1870 to 1887. +Our attempt to appreciate the book shall be reserved for another chapter. + + + + +CHAPTER IV +“THE INVASION OF THE CRIMEA” + + +WAS the history of the Crimean War worth writing? Not as a magnified +newspaper report,—that had been already done—but as a permanent work of +art from the pen of a great literary expert? Very many of us, I think, +after the lapse of fifty years, feel compelled to say that it was not. +The struggle represented no great principles, begot no far-reaching +consequences. It was not inspired by the “holy glee” with which in +Wordsworth’s sonnet Liberty fights against a tyrant, but by the faltering +boldness, the drifting, purposeless unresolve of statesmen who did not +desire it, and by the irrational violence of a Press which did not +understand it. It was not a necessary war; its avowed object would have +been attained within a few weeks or months by bloodless European concert. +It was not a glorious war; crippled by an incompatible alliance and +governed by the Evil Genius who had initiated it for personal and sordid +ends, it brought discredit on baffled generals in the field, on Crown, +Cabinet, populace, at home. It was not a fruitful war; the detailed +results purchased by its squandered life and treasure lapsed in swift +succession during twenty sequent years, until the last sheet of the +treaty which secured them was contemptuously torn up by Gortschakoff in +1870. But a right sense of historical proportion is in no time the +heritage of the many, and is least of all attainable while the memory of +a campaign is fresh. On Englishmen who welcomed home their army in 1855, +the strife from which shattered but victorious it had returned, loomed as +epoch-making and colossal, as claiming therefore permanent record from +some eloquent artist of attested descriptive power. Soon the report +gained ground that the destined chronicler was Kinglake, and all men +hailed the selection; yet the sceptic who in looking back to-day decries +the greatness of the campaign may perhaps no less hesitate to approve the +fitness of its chosen annalist. His fame was due to the perfection of a +single book; he ranked as a potentate in _style_. But literary +perfection, whether in prose or poetry, is a fragile quality, an +_afflatus_ irregular, independent, unamenable to orders; the official +tributes of a Laureate we compliment at their best with the northern +farmer’s verdict on the pulpit performances of his parson: + + “An’ I niver knaw’d wot a meän’d but I thow’t a ’ad summut to saäy, + And I thowt a said wot a owt to ’a said an’ I comed awaäy.” + +Set to compile a biography from thirty years of “Moniteurs,” the author +of Waverley, like Lord Chesterfield’s diamond pencil, produced one +miracle of dulness; it might well be feared that Kinglake’s volatile pen, +when linked with forceful feeling and bound to rigid task-work, might +lose the charm of casual epigram, easy luxuriance, playful egotism, +vagrant allusion, which established “Eothen” as a classic. On the other +hand, he had been for twenty years conversant with Eastern history, +geography, politics; was, more than most professional soldiers, an adept +in military science; had sate in the centre of the campaign as its +general’s guest and comrade; was intrusted, above all, by Lady Raglan +with the entire collection of her husband’s papers: her wish, implied +though not expressed, that they should be utilized for the vindication of +the great field-marshal’s fame, he accepted as a sacred charge; her +confidence not only governed his decision to become the historian of the +war, but imparted a personal character to the narrative. + +In order, therefore, rightly to appreciate “The Invasion of the Crimea,” +we must look upon it as a great prose epic; its argument, machinery, +actors, episodes, subordinate to a predominant ever present hero. In its +fine preamble Lord Raglan sits enthroned high above generals, armies, +spectators, conflicts; on the quality of his mind the fate of two great +hosts and the fame of two great nations hang. He checks St. Arnaud’s +wild ambition; overrules the waverings of the Allies; against his own +judgment, but in dutiful obedience to home instruction carries out the +descent upon the Old Fort coast. The successful achievement of the +perilous flank march is ascribed to the undivided command which, during +forty-eight hours, accident had conferred upon him. From his presence in +council French and English come away convinced and strengthened; his calm +in action imparts itself to anxious generals and panic-stricken +aides-de-camp. Through Alma fight, from the high knoll to which happy +audacity had carried him he rides the whirlwind and directs the storm. +In the terrible crisis which sees the Russians breaking over the crest of +Inkerman, in the ill-fated attack on the Great Redan where Lacy Yea is +killed, his apparent freedom from anxiety infects all around him and +achieves redemption from disaster. {60} We see him in his moments of +vexation and discomfiture; dissembling pain and anger under the stress of +the French alliance, galled by Cathcart’s disobedience, by the loss of +the Light Brigade, by Lord Panmure’s insulting, querulous, unfounded +blame. We read his last despatch, framed with wonted grace and +clearness; then—on the same day—we see the outworn frame break down, and +follow mournfully two days later the afflicting details of his death. As +the generals and admirals of the allied forces stand round the dead +hero’s form, as the palled bier, draped in the flag of England, is +carried from headquarters to the port, as the “Caradoc,” steaming away +with her honoured freight, flies out her “Farewell” signal, the narrative +abruptly ends. The months of the siege which still remained might be +left to other hands or lapse untold. Troy had still to be taken when +Hector died; but with his funeral dirge the Iliad closed, the blind +bard’s task was over: + + “Such honours Ilion to her hero paid, + And peaceful slept the mighty Hector’s shade.” + +If the framework of the narrative is epic, its treatment is frequently +dramatic. The “Usage of Europe” in the opening pages is not so much a +record as a personification of unwritten Law: the Great Eltchi tramps the +stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on fustian. Dramatic is the +story of the sleeping Cabinet. “It was evening—a summer evening”—one +thinks of a world-famous passage in the “De Corona”—when the Duke of +Newcastle carried to Richmond Lodge the fateful despatch committing +England to the war. “Before the reading of the Paper had long continued, +all the members of the Cabinet except a small minority were overcome with +sleep”; the few who remained awake were in a quiet, assenting frame of +mind, and the despatch “received from the Cabinet the kind of approval +which is awarded to an unobjectionable Sermon.” Not less dramatic is +Nolan’s death; the unearthly shriek of the slain corpse erect in saddle +with sword arm high in air, as the dead horseman rode still seated +through the 13th Light Dragoons; the “Minden Yell” of the 20th driving +down upon the Iäkoutsk battalion; the sustained and scathing satire on +the Nôtre Dame Te Deum for the Boulevard massacre. A simple dialogue, a +commonplace necessary act, is staged sometimes for effect. “Then Lord +Stratford apprised the Sultan that he had a private communication to make +to him. The pale Sultan listened.” . . . “Whose was the mind which had +freshly come to bear upon this part of the fight? Sir Colin Campbell was +sitting in his saddle, the veteran was watching his time.” . . . “The +Emperor Nicholas was alone in his accustomed writing-room. He took no +counsel; he rang a bell. Presently an officer of his staff stood before +him. To him he gave his order for the occupation of the Principalities.” +This overpasses drama—it is melodrama. + +To the personal element which pervades the volumes great part of their +charm is due. The writer never obtrudes himself, but leaves his presence +to be discerned by the touches which attest an eye-witness. Through his +observant nearness we watch the Chief’s demeanour and hear his words; see +him “turn scarlet with shame and anger” when the brutal Zouaves carry +outrage into the friendly Crimean village, witness his personal succour +of the wounded Russian after Inkerman, hear his arch acceptance of the +French courtesy, so careful always to yield the post of danger to the +English; his “Go quietly” to the excited aide-de-camp; {63} his +good-humoured reception of the scared and breathless messenger from +D’Aurelle’s brigade; the “five words” spoken to Airey commanding the long +delayed advance across the Alma; the “tranquil low voice” which gave the +order rescuing the staff from its unforeseen encounter with the Russian +rear. He records Codrington’s leap on his grey Arab into the breast-work +of the Great Redoubt; Lacy Yea’s passionate energy in forcing his +clustered regiment to open out; Miller’s stentorian “Rally” in reforming +the Scots Greys after the Balaclava charge; Clarke losing his helmet in +the same charge, and creating amongst the Russians, as he plunged in +bareheaded amongst their ranks, the belief that he was sheltered by some +Satanic charm. He notes on the Alma the singular pause of sound +maintained by both armies just before the cannonade began; the first +death—of an artilleryman riding before his gun—a new sight to nine-tenths +of those who witnessed it; {64} the weird scream of exploding shells as +they rent the air around. He crossed the Alma close behind Lord Raglan, +cantering after him to the summit of a conspicuous hillock in the heart +of the enemy’s position, whence the mere sight of plumed English officers +scared the Russian generals, and, followed soon by guns and troops, +governed the issue of the fight. The general’s manner was “the manner of +a man enlivened by the progress of a great undertaking without being +robbed of his leisure. He spoke to me, I remember, about his horse. He +seemed like a man who had a clue of his own and knew his way through the +battle.” When the last gun was fired Kinglake followed the Chief back, +witnessed the wild burst of cheering accorded to him by the whole British +army, a manifestation, Lord Burghersh tells us, which greatly distressed +his modesty—and dined alone with him in his tent on the evening of the +eventful day. + +If Lord Raglan was the Hector of the Crimean Iliad, its Agamemnon was +Lord Stratford: “king of men,” as Stanley called him in his funeral +sermon at Westminster; king of distrustful home Cabinets, nominally his +masters, of scheming European embassies, of insulting Russian opponents, +of presumptuous French generals, of false and fleeting Pashas (_Le +Sultan_, _c’est Lord Stratford_, said St. Arnaud), of all men, whatever +their degree, who entered his ambassadorial presence. Ascendency was +native to the man; while yet in his teens we find Etonian and Cambridge +friends writing to him deferentially as to a critic and superior. At +four and twenty he became Minister to a Court manageable only by +high-handed authority and menace. He owned, and for the most part +controlled, a violent temper; it broke bounds sometimes, to our great +amusement as we read to-day, to the occasional discomfiture of _attachés_ +or of dependents, {66} to the abject terror of Turkish Sublimities who +had outworn his patience. But he knew when to be angry; he could +pulverize by fiery outbreaks the Reis Effendi and his master, +Abdu-l-Mejid; but as Plenipotentiary to the United States he could +“quench the terror of his beak, the lightning of his eye,” disarming by +his formal courtesy and winning by his obvious sincerity the suspicious +and irritable John Quincy Adams. When Menschikoff once insulted him, +seeing that a quarrel at that moment would be fatal to his purpose, he +pretended to be deaf, and left the Russian in the belief that his rude +speech had not been heard. Enthroned for the sixth time in +Constantinople, at the dangerous epoch of 1853, he could point to an +unequalled diplomatic record in the past; to the Treaty of Bucharest, to +reunion of the Helvetic Confederacy shattered by Napoleon’s fall, to the +Convention which ratified Greek independence, to the rescue from Austrian +malignity of the Hungarian refugees. + +His conduct of the negotiations preceding the Crimean War is justly +called the cornerstone of his career: at this moment of his greatness +Kinglake encounters and describes him: through the brilliant chapters in +his opening volume, as more fully later on through Mr. Lane Poole’s +admirable biography, the Great Eltchi is known to English readers. He +moves across the stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on what Iago +calls bombast circumstance; drums and trumpets herald his every entrance; +now pacing the shady gardens of the Bosphorus, now foiling, “in his grand +quiet way,” the Czar’s ferocious Christianity, or torturing his baffled +ambassador by scornful concession of the points which he formally +demanded but did not really want; or crushing with “thin, tight, +merciless lips and grand overhanging Canning brow” the presumptuous +French commander who had dared to enter his presence with a plot for +undermining England’s influence in the partnership of the campaign. Was +he, we ask as we end the fascinating description, was he, what Bright and +the Peace Party proclaimed him to be, the cause of the Crimean War? The +Czar’s personal dislike to him—a caprice which has never been explained +{68}—exasperated no doubt to the mind of Nicholas the repulse of +Menschikoff’s demands; but that the precipitation of the prince and his +master had put the Russian Court absolutely in the wrong is universally +admitted. It has been urged against him that his recommendation of the +famous Vienna Note to the Porte was official merely, and allowed the +watchful Turks to assume his personal approbation of their refusal. It +may be so; his biographer does not admit so much: but it is obvious that +the Turks were out of hand, and that no pressure from Lord Stratford +could have persuaded them to accept the Note. Further, the “Russian +Analysis of the Note,” escaping shortly afterwards from the bag of +diplomatic secrecy, revealed to our Cabinet the necessity of those +amendments to the Note on which the Porte had insisted. And lastly, the +passage of the Dardanelles by our fleet, which more than any overt act +made war inevitable, was ordered by the Government at home against Lord +Stratford’s counsel. Between panic-stricken statesmen and vacillating +ambassadors, Lord Clarendon on one side, M. de la Cour on the other, the +Eltchi stands like Tennyson’s promontory of rock, + + “Tempest-buffeted, citadel-crowned.” + +Napoleon at St. Helena attributed much of his success in the field to the +fact that he was not hampered by governments at home. Every modern +commander, down certainly to the present moment, must have envied him. +Kinglake’s mordant pen depicts with felicity and compression the men of +Downing Street, who without military experience or definite political +aim, thwarted, criticised, over-ruled, tormented, their much-enduring +General. We have Aberdeen, deficient in mental clearness and propelling +force, by his horror of war bringing war to pass; Gladstone, of too +subtle intellect and too lively conscience, “a good man in the worst +sense of the term”; Palmerston, above both in keenness of instinct and in +strength of will, meaning war from the first, and biding his time to +insure it; Newcastle, sanguine to the verge of rashness, loyally adherent +to Lord Raglan while governed by his own judgment, distrustful under +stress of popular clamour; Panmure, ungenerous, rough-tongued, violent, +churlish, yet not malevolent—“a rhinoceros rather than a tiger”—hurried +by subservience to the newspaper Press into injustice which he afterwards +recognized, yet did but sullenly repair. We see finally that dominant +Press itself, personified in the all-powerful Delane, a potentate with +convictions at once flexible and vehement; forceful without spite and +merciless without malignity; writing no articles, but evoking, shaping, +revising all. The French commanders were not hampered by the muzzled +Paris Press, which had long since ceased to utter any but dictated +sentiments; they suffered even more disastrously from the imperious +interference of the Tuileries. Canrobert’s inaction, mutability, sudden +alarms, flagrant breaches of faith, were inexplicable until long +afterwards, when the fall of the Empire disclosed the secret +instructions—disloyal to his allies and ruinous to the campaign—by which +Louis Napoleon shackled his unhappy General. In Canrobert’s successor, +Pelissier, he met his match. For the first time a strong man headed the +French army. Short of stature, bull-necked and massive in build, with +grey hair, long dark moustache, keen fiery eyes, his coarse rough speech +masking tested brain power and high intellectual culture, he brought new +life to the benumbed French army, new hope to Lord Raglan. The duel +between the resolute general and the enraged Emperor is narrated with a +touch comedy. All that Lord Raglan desired, all that the Emperor +forbade, Pelissier was stubbornly determined to accomplish; the siege +should be pressed at once, the city taken at any cost, the expedition to +Kertch resumed. Once only, under torment of the Emperor’s reproaches and +the Minister at War’s remonstrances, his resolution and his nerve gave +way; eight days of failing judgment issued in the Karabelnaya defeat, the +severest repulse which the two armies had sustained; but the paralysis +passed away, he showed himself once more eager to act in concert with the +English general;—when the long-borne strain of disappointment and anxiety +sapped at last Lord Raglan’s vital forces, and the hard fierce Frenchman +stood for upwards of an hour beside his dead colleague’s bedside, “crying +like a child.” + +The lieutenants of Lord Raglan in the Crimea have long since passed away, +but in artistic epical presentment they retain their place around him. +Airey, his right hand from the first disembarkation at Kalamita Bay, +strong-willed, decisive, ardent, thrusting away suspense and doubt, +untying every knot, is vindicated by his Chief against the Duke of +Newcastle’s wordy inculpation in the severest despatch perhaps ever +penned to his official superior by a soldier in the field. Colin +Campbell, with glowing face, grey kindling eye, light, stubborn, crisping +hair, leads his Highland brigade tip the hill against the Vladimir +columns, till “with the sorrowful wail which bursts from the brave +Russian infantry when they have to suffer loss,” eight battalions of the +enemy fall back in retreat. Lord Lucan, tall, lithe, slender, his face +glittering and panther-like in moments of strenuous action, wins our +hearts as he won Kinglake’s, in spite of the mis-aimed cleverness and +presumptuous self-confidence which always criticised and sometimes +disobeyed the orders of his Chief. General Pennefather, “the grand old +boy,” his exulting radiant face flashing everywhere through the smoke, +his resonant innocuous oaths roaring cheerily down the line, sustains all +day the handful of our troops against the tenfold masses of the enemy. +Generous and eloquent are the notices of Korniloff and Todleben, the +great sailor and the great engineer, the soul and the brain of the +Sebastopol defence. The first fell in the siege, the second lived to +write its history, to become a valued friend of Kinglake, to explore and +interpret in his company long afterwards the scenes of struggle; his book +and his personal guidance gave to the historian what would otherwise have +been unattainable, a clear knowledge of the conflict as viewed from +within the town. + +The pitched battlefields of the campaign were three, Alma, Balaclava, +Inkerman. The Alma chapter is the most graphic, for there the fight was +concentrated, offering to a spectator by Lord Raglan’s side a _coup +d’œil_ of the entire action. The French were by bad generalship +virtually wiped out; for Bosquet crossed the river too far to the right, +Canrobert was afraid to move without artillery, Prince Napoleon and St. +Arnaud’s reserves were jammed together in the bottom of the valley. We +see, as though on the spot, the advance, irregular and unsupported, of +Codrington’s brigade, their dash into the Great Redoubt and subsequent +disorderly retreat; the enemy checked by the two guns from Lord Raglan’s +knoll and by the steadiness of the Royal Fusiliers; the repulse of the +Scots Fusiliers and the peril which hung over the event; then the superb +advance of Guards and Highlanders up the hill, thin red line against +massive columns, which determined finally the action. + +The interest of the Balaclava fight centres in the two historic cavalry +charges. Here again, from his position on the hill above, Kinglake +witnessed both; the first, clear in smokeless air, the second lost in the +volleying clouds which filled the valley of death. He saw the enormous +mass of Russian cavalry, 3,500 sabres, flooding like an avalanche down +the hill with a momentum which Scarlett’s tiny squadron could not for a +moment have resisted; their unexplained halt, the three hundred seizing +the opportunity to strike, digging individually into the Russian ranks, +the scarlet streaks visibly cleaving the dense grey columns. Inwedged +and surrounded, in their passionate blood frenzy, with ceaseless play of +whirling sword, with impetus of human and equestrian weight and strength, +the red atoms hewed their way to the Russian rear, turned, worked back, +emerged, reformed; while the 4th and 5th Dragoons, the Royals, the 1st +Inniskillings, dashed upon the amazed column right, left, front, till the +close-locked mass headed slowly up the hill, ranks loosened, horsemen +turned and galloped off, a beaten straggling herd. Eight minutes elapsed +from the time when Scarlett gave the word to charge, until the moment +when the Russians broke: we turn from the fifty describing pages, +breathless as though we had ridden in the melley; if the episode has no +historical parallel, the narrative is no less unique. Our greatest +contemporary poet tried to celebrate it; his lines are tame and +unexciting beside Kinglake’s passionate pulsing rhapsody. Its effect +upon the Russian mind was lasting; out of all their vast array hardly a +single squadron was ever after able to keep its ground against the +approach of English cavalry; while but for Cathcart’s obstinacy and +Lucan’s temper it would have issued in the immediate recapture of the +Causeway Heights. + +The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the other hand, while it stirred the +imagination of the poet, shocked the military conscience of the +historian. He saw in it with agony, as Lord Raglan saw, as the French +spectators saw, no act of heroic sacrifice, but a needless, fruitless +massacre. “You have lost the Light Brigade,” was his commander’s +salutation to Lord Lucan. “_C’est magnifique_, _mais ce n’est pas la +guerre_,” was the oft-quoted reproof of Bosquet. The “someone’s +blunder,” the sullen perversity in misconception which destroyed the +flower of our cavalry, has faded from men’s memories; the splendour of +the deed remains. It is well to recover salvage from the irrevocable, to +voice and to prolong the deep human interest attaching to death +encountered at the call of duty; that is the poet’s task, and brilliantly +it has been discharged. Its other side, the pæan of sorrow for a +self-destructive exploit, the dirge on lives wantonly thrown away, the +deep blame attaching to the untractableness which sent them to their +doom, was the task of the historian, and that too has been faithfully and +lastingly accomplished. + +Inkerman was the most complicated of the battles; the chapters which +record it are correspondingly taxing to the reader. More than once or +twice they must be scanned, with close study of their lucid maps, before +the intricate sequences are fairly and distinctively grasped; the sixth +book of Thucydides, a standing terror to young Greek students, is light +and easy reading compared with the bulky sixth volume of Kinglake. The +hero of the day was Pennefather; he maintained on Mount Inkerman a combat +of pickets reinforced from time to time, while around him through nine +hours successive attacks of thousands were met by hundreds. The +disparity of numbers was appalling. At daybreak 40,000 Russian troops +advanced against 3,000 English and were repulsed. Three hours later +19,000 fresh troops came on, passed through a gap in our lines, which +Cathcart’s disobedience, atoned for presently by his death, had left +unoccupied, and seized the heights behind us; they too were dispossessed, +but our numbers were dwindling and our strength diminishing. The Home +Ridge, key of our position, was next invaded by 6,000 Russians; the 7th +St. Leger, linked with a few Zouaves and with 200 men of our 77th +Regiment, French and English for once joyously intermingled, hurled them +back. It was the crisis of the fight; Canrobert’s interposition would +have determined it; but he sullenly refused to move. Finally, led by two +or three daring young officers, 300 of our wearied troops charged the +Russian battery which had tormented us all day; their artillerymen, +already flinching under the galling fire of two 18-pounders, brought up +by Lord Raglan’s foresight early in the morning, hastily withdrew their +guns, and the battle was won. It was a day of Homeric rushes; Burnaby, +with only twenty men to support him, rescuing the Grenadier Guards’ +colours; the onset of the 20th with their “Minden Yell”; Colonel Daubeny +with two dozen followers cleaving the Russian trunk column at the +barrier; Waddy’s dash at the retreating artillery train, foiled only by +the presence and the readiness of Todleben. One marvels in reading how +the English held their own; their victory against so tremendous odds is +ascribed by the historian to three conditions; the hampering of the enemy +by his crowded masses; the slaughter amongst his officers early in the +fight, which deprived their men of leadership; above all, the dense mist +which obscured from him the fewness of his opponents. If Canrobert with +his fresh troops had followed in pursuit, the Russian’s retreat must have +been turned into a rout and his artillery captured; if on the following +day he had assaulted the Flagstaff Bastion, Sebastopol, Todleben owned, +must have fallen. He would do neither; his hesitancy and apparent +feebleness have already been explained; but to it, and to the sinister +influence which held his hand, were due the subsequent miseries of the +Crimean winter. + +But the epic muse exacted from Kinglake, as from Virgil long before, the +portrayal not only of generals and of battles, but of two great monarchs, +each in his own day conspicuously and absolutely prominent—the Czar +Nicholas and the Emperor Napoleon: + + “dicam horrida belia, + Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera REGES.” + +His handling of them is characteristic. Few men living then could have +approached either without a certain awe, their “genius” rebuked,—like +Mark Antony’s, in the presence of Cæsars so imposing and so mighty; +Kinglake’s attitude towards both is the attitude of cold analysis. + +In the opening of the fifties the Czar Nicholas was the most powerful man +then living in the world. He ruled over sixty million subjects whose +loyalty bordered on worship: he had in arms a million soldiers, brave and +highly trained. In the troubles of 1848 he had stood scornful and secure +amid the overthrow of surrounding thrones; and the entire impact of his +vast and well-organized Empire was subject to his single will; whatever +he chose to do he did. Of stern and unrelenting nature, of active and +widely ranging capacity for business, of gigantic stature and commanding +presence, he inspired almost universal terror; and yet his friendliness +had when he pleased a glow and frankness irresistible in its charm. +Readers of Queen Victoria’s early life will recall the alarm she felt at +his sudden proposal to visit Windsor in 1844, the fascination which his +presence exercised on her when he became her guest. He professed to +embody his standard of conduct in the English word “gentleman”; his ideal +of human grandeur was the character of the Duke of Wellington. It was an +evil destiny that betrayed this high-minded man into crooked ways; that +made England sacrifice the stateliest among her ancient friends to an +ignoble and crime-stained adventurer; that poured out blood and treasure +for no public advantage and with no permanent result; that first +humiliated, then slew with broken heart the man who had been so great, +and who is still regarded by surviving Russians who knew his inner life +and had seen him in his gentle mood with passionate reverence and +affection. + +Kinglake’s description of “Prince Louis Bonaparte,” of his character, his +accomplices, his policy, his crimes, is perhaps unequalled in historical +literature; I know not where else to look for a vivisection so scientific +and so merciless of a great potentate in the height of his power. With +scrutiny polite, impartial, guarded, he lays bare the springs of a +conscienceless nature and the secrets of a crime-driven career; while for +the combination of precise simplicity with exhaustive synopsis, the +masquerading of moral indignation in the guise of mocking laughter, the +loathing of a gentleman for a scoundrel set to the measure not of +indignation but of contempt, we must go back to the refined insolence, +the ὕβρις πεπαιδευμένη, of Voltaire. He had well known Prince Napoleon +in his London days, had been attracted by him as a curiosity—“a balloon +man who had twice fallen from the skies and yet was still alive”—had +divined the mental power veiled habitually by his blank, opaque, wooden +looks, had listened to his ambitious talk and gathered up the utterances +of his thoughtful, long-pondering mind, had quarrelled with him finally +and lastingly over rivalry in the good graces of a woman. {82} He saw in +him a fourfold student; of the art of war, of the mind of the first +Napoleon, of the French people’s character, of the science by which law +may lend itself to stratagem and become a weapon of deceit. + +The intellect of this strange being was subject to an uncertainty of +judgment, issuing in ambiguity of enterprise, and giving an impression of +well-kept secrecy, due often to the fact that divided by mental conflict +he had no secret to tell. He understood truth, but under the pressure of +strong motive would invariably deceive. He sometimes, out of curiosity, +would listen to the voice of conscience, and could imitate neatly on +occasion the scrupulous language of a man of honour; but the +consideration that one of two courses was honest, and the other not, +never entered into his motives for action. He was bold in forming plots, +and skilful in conducting them; but in the hour of trial and under the +confront of physical danger he was paralysed by constitutional timidity. +His great aim in life was to be conspicuous—_digito monstrarier_—coupled +with a theatric mania which made scenic effects and surprises essential +to the eminence he craved. + +Handling this key to his character, Kinglake pursues him into his +December treason, contrasts the consummate cleverness of his schemes with +the faltering cowardice which shrank, like Macbeth’s ambition, from “the +illness should attend them,” and which, but for the stronger nerve of +those behind him, would have caused his collapse, at Paris as at +Strasburg and Boulogne, in contact with the shock of action. It is +difficult now to realize the commotion caused by this fourteenth chapter +of Kinglake’s book. The Emperor was at the summit of his power, fresh +from Austrian conquest, viewed with alarm by England, whose rulers feared +his strength and were distrustful of his friendship. Our Crown, our +government, our society, had condoned his usurpation; he had kissed the +Queen’s cheek, bent her ministers to his will, ridden through her capital +a triumphant and applauded guest. And now men read not only a cynical +dissection of his character and disclosure of his early foibles, but the +hideous details of his deceit and treachery, the phases of cold-blooded +massacre and lawless deportation by which he emptied France of all who +hesitated to enrol themselves as his accomplices or his tools. Forty +years have passed since the terrible indictment was put forth; down to +its minutest allegation it has been proved literally true; the arch +criminal has fallen from his estate to die in disgrace, disease, exile. +When we talk to-day with cultivated Frenchmen of that half-forgotten +epoch, and of the book which bared its horrors, we are met by their +response of ardent gratitude to the man who joined to passionate hatred +of iniquity surpassing capacity for denouncing it; their avowal that with +all its frequent exposure of their military shortcomings and depreciation +of their national character, no English chronicle of the century stands +higher in their esteem than the history of the war in the Crimea. + +The close of the book is grim and tragic in the main, the stir of gallant +fights exchanged for the dreary course of siege, intrenchment, mine and +countermine. We have the awful winter on the heights, the November +hurricane, the foiled bombardments, the cruel blunder of the Karabelnaya +assault, the bitter natural discontent at home, the weak subservience of +our government to misdirected clamour, the touching help-fraught advent +of the Lady Nurses: then, just as better prospects dawn, the Chief’s +collapse and death. From the morrow of Inkerman to the end, through no +fault of his, the historian’s chariot wheels drag. More and more one +sees how from the nature of the task, except for the flush of +contemporary interest then, except by military students now, it is not a +work to be popularly read; the exhausted interest of its subject swamps +the genius of its narrator. Scattered through its more serious matter +are gems with the old “Eothen” sparkle, of periphrasis, aphorism, +felicitous phrase and pregnant epithet. Such is the fine analogy between +the worship of holy shrines and the lover’s homage to the spot which his +mistress’s feet have trod; such France’s tolerance of the Elysée brethren +compared to the Arab laying his verminous burnous upon an ant-hill; the +apt quotation from the Psalms to illustrate the on-coming of the Guards; +the demeanour of horses in action; the course of a flying cannon-ball; +the two ponderous troopers at the Horse Guards; Tom Tower and his Croats +landing stores for our soldiers from the “Erminia.” Or again, we have +the light clear touches of a single line; “the decisiveness and +consistency of despotism”—“the fractional and volatile interests in +trading adventure which go by the name of Shares”—“the unlabelled, +undocketed state of mind which shall enable a man to encounter the +Unknown”—“the qualifying words which correct the imprudences and derange +the grammatical structure of a Queen’s Speech”: but these are islets in +the sea of narrative, not, as in “Eothen,” woof-threads which cross the +warp. + +To compare an idyll with an epic, it may be said, is like comparing a +cameo with a Grecian temple: be it so; but the temple falls in ruins, the +cameo is preserved in cabinets; and it is possible that a century hence +the Crimean history will be forgotten, while “Eothen” is read and +enjoyed. The best judges at the time pronounced that as a lasting +monument of literary force the work was over refined: “Kinglake,” said +Sir George Cornewall Lewis, “tries to write better than he can write”; +quoting, perhaps unconsciously, the epigram of a French art critic a +hundred years before—_Il cherche toujours a faire mieux qu’il ne fait_. +{87} He lavished on it far more pains than on “Eothen”: the proof sheets +were a black sea of erasures, intercalations, blots; the original chaotic +manuscript pages had to be disentangled by a calligraphic Taunton +bookseller before they could be sent to press. This fastidiousness in +part gained its purpose; won temporary success; gave to his style the +glitter, rapidity, point, effectiveness, of a pungent editorial; went +home, stormed, convinced, vindicated, damaged, triumphed: but it missed +by excessive polish the reposeful, unlaboured, classic grace essential to +the highest art. Over-scrupulous manipulation of words is liable to the +“defect of its qualities”; as with unskilful goldsmiths of whom old Latin +writers tell us, the file goes too deep, trimming away more of the first +fine minting than we can afford to lose. Ruskin has explained to us how +the decadence of Gothic architecture commenced through care bestowed on +window tracery for itself instead of as an avenue or vehicle for the +admission of light. Read “words” for tracery, “thought” for light, and +we see how inspiration avenges itself so soon as diction is made +paramount; artifice, which demands and misses watchful self-concealment, +passes into mannerism; we have lost the incalculable charm of +spontaneity. Comparison of “Eothen” with the “Crimea” will I think +exemplify this truth. The first, to use Matthew Arnold’s imagery, is +Attic, the last has declined to the Corinthian; it remains a great, an +amazingly great production; great in its pictorial force, its omnipresent +survey, verbal eloquence, firm grasp, marshalled delineation of +multitudinous and entangled matter; but it is not unique amongst martial +records as “Eothen” is unique amongst books of travel: it is through +“Eothen” that its author has soared into a classic, and bids fair to hold +his place. And, apart from the merit of style, great campaigns lose +interest in a third, if not in a second generation; their historical +consequence effaced through lapse of years; their policy seen to have +been nugatory or mischievous; their chronicles, swallowed greedily at the +birth like Saturn’s progeny, returning to vex their parent; relegated +finally to an honourable exile in the library upper shelves, where they +hold a place eyed curiously, not invaded: + + “devoured + As fast as they are made, forgot as soon + As done. . . . To have done, is to hang + Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail, + In monumental mockery.” + + + + +CHAPTER V +MADAME NOVIKOFF + + +THE Cabinet Edition of “The Invasion of the Crimea” appeared in 1877, +shortly after the Servian struggle for independence, which aroused in +England universal interest and sympathy. Kinglake had heard from the +lips of a valued lady friend the tragic death-tale of her brother +Nicholas Kiréeff, who fell fighting as a volunteer on the side of the +gallant Servian against the Turk: and, much moved by the recital, offered +to honour the memory of the dead hero in the Preface to his forthcoming +edition. He kept his word; made sympathetic reference to M. Kiréeff in +the opening of his Preface; but passed in pursuance of his original +design to a hostile impeachment of Russia, its people, its church, its +ruler. This was an error of judgment and of feeling; and the lady, +reading the manuscript, indignantly desired him to burn the whole rather +than commit the outrage of associating her brother’s name with an attack +on causes and personages dear to him as to herself. Kinglake listened in +silence, then tendered to her a _crayon rouge_, begging her to efface all +that pained her. She did so; and, diminished by three-fourths of its +matter, the Preface appears in Vol. I. of the Cabinet Edition. The +erasure was no slight sacrifice to an author of Kinglake’s literary +sensitiveness, mutilating as it did the integrity of a carefully schemed +composition, and leaving visible the scar. He sets forth the strongly +sentimental and romantic side of Russian temperament. Love of the Holy +Shrines begat the war of 1853, racial ardour the war of 1876. The first +was directed by a single will, the second by national enthusiasm; yet the +mind of Nicholas was no less tossed by a breathless strife of opposing +desires and moods than was Russia at large by the struggle between +Panslavism and statesmanship. Kinglake paints vividly the imposing +figure of the young Kiréeff, his stature, beauty, bravery, the white robe +he wore incarnadined by death-wounds, his body captured by the hateful +foes. He goes on to tell how myth rose like an exhalation round his +memory: how legends of “a giant piling up hecatombs by a mighty +slaughter” reverberated through mansion and cottage, town and village, +cathedral and church; until thousands of volunteers rushed to arms that +they might go where young Kiréeff had gone. Alexander’s hand was forced, +and the war began, which but for England’s intervention would have +cleared Europe of the Turk. We have the text, but not the sermon; the +Preface ends abruptly with an almost clumsy peroration. + + [Picture: Madame Novikoff] + +The lady who inspired both the eulogy and the curtailment was Madame +Novikoff, more widely known perhaps as O. K., with whom Kinglake +maintained during the last twenty years of life an intimate and mutual +friendship. Madame Olga Novikoff, _née_ Kiréeff, is a Russian lady of +aristocratic rank both by parentage and marriage. In a lengthened +sojourn at Vienna with her brother-in-law, the Russian ambassador, she +learned the current business of diplomacy. An eager religious +propagandist, she formed alliance with the “Old Catholics” on the +Continent, and with many among the High Church English clergy; becoming, +together with her brother Alexander, a member of the _Réunion Nationale_, +a society for the union of Christendom. Her interest in education has +led her to devote extensive help to school and church building and +endowment on her son’s estate. God-daughter to the Czar Nicholas, she is +a devoted Imperialist, nor less in sympathy, as were all her family, with +Russian patriotism: after the death of her brother in Servia on July +6/18, 1876, she became a still more ardent Slavophile. The three +articles of her creed are, she says, those of her country, Orthodoxy, +Autocracy, Nationalism. Her political aspirations have been guided, and +guided right, by her tact and goodness of heart. Her life’s aim has been +to bring about a cordial understanding between England and her native +land; there is little doubt that her influence with leading Liberal +politicians, and her vigorous allocutions in the Press, had much to do +with the enthusiasm manifested by England for the liberation of the +Danubian States. Readers of the Princess Lieven’s letters to Earl Grey +will recall the part played by that able ambassadress in keeping this +country neutral through the crisis of 1828–9; to her Madame Novikoff has +been likened, and probably with truth, by the Turkish Press both English +and Continental. She was accused in 1876 of playing on the religious +side of Mr. Gladstone’s character to secure his interest in the Danubians +as members of the Greek Church, while with unecclesiastical people she +was said to be equally skilful on the political side, converting at the +same time Anglophobe Russia by her letters in the “Moscow Gazette.” Mr. +Gladstone’s leanings to Montenegro were attributed angrily in the English +“Standard” to Madame Novikoff: “A serious statesman should know better +than to catch contagion from the petulant enthusiasm of a Russian +Apostle.” The contagion was in any case caught, and to some purpose; +letter after letter had been sent by the lady to the great statesman, +then in temporary retirement, without reply, until the last of these, “a +bitter cry of a sister for a sacrificed brother,” brought a feeling +answer from Mrs. Gladstone, saying that her husband was deeply moved by +the appeal, and was writing on the subject. In a few days appeared his +famous pamphlet, “Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East.” + +Carlyle advised that Madame Novikoff’s scattered papers should be worked +into a volume; they appeared under the title “Is Russia Wrong?” with a +preface by Froude, the moderate and ultra-prudent tone of which +infuriated Hayward and Kinglake, as not being sufficiently appreciative. +Hayward declared some woman had biassed him; Kinglake was of opinion that +by studying the _ètat_ of Queen Elizabeth Froude had “gone and turned +himself into an old maid.” + +Froude’s Preface to her next work, “Russia and England, a Protest and an +Appeal,” by O. K., 1880, was worded in a very different tone and +satisfied all her friends. The book was also reviewed with highest +praise by Gladstone in “The Nineteenth Century.” Learning that an +assault upon it was contemplated in “The Quarterly,” Kinglake offered to +supply the editor, Dr. Smith, with materials which might be so used as to +neutralize a _personal_ attack upon O. K. Smith entreated him to compose +the whole article himself. “I could promise you,” he writes, “that the +authorship should be kept a profound secret;” but this Kinglake seems to +have thought undesirable. The article appeared in April, 1880, under the +title of “The Slavonic Menace to Europe.” It opens with a panegyric on +the authoress: “She has mastered our language with conspicuous success; +she expostulates as easily as she reproaches, and she exhibits as much +facility in barbing shafts of satire as in framing specious excuses for +daring acts of diplomacy.” It insists on the high esteem felt for her by +both the Russian and Austrian governments, telling with much humour an +anecdote of Count Beust, the Prime Minister of Austria during her +residence in Vienna. The Count, after meeting her at a dinner party at +the Turkish Embassy, composed a set of verses in her honour, and gave +them to her, but she forgot to mention them to her brother-in-law. The +Prime Minister, encountering the latter, asked his opinion of the verses; +and the ambassador was greatly amazed at knowing nothing of the matter. +{96} From amenities towards the authoress, the article passes abruptly +to hostile criticism of the book; declares it to be proscribed in Russia +as mischievous, and to have precipitated a general war by keeping up +English interest in Servian rebellion. It sneers in doubtful taste at +the lady’s learning: + + “sit non doctissima conjux, + Sit nox cum somno, sit sine lite dies;” + +denounces the Slavs as incapable of being welded into a nation, urging +that their independence must destroy Austria-Hungary, a consummation +desired by Madame Novikoff, with her feline contempt for “poor dear +Austria,” but which all must unite to prevent if they would avert a +European war. + +How could one clear harp, men asked themselves as they read, have +produced so diverse tones? The riddle is solved when we learn that the +first part only was from Kinglake’s pen: having vindicated his friend’s +ability and good faith, her right to speak and to be heard attentively, +he left the survey of her views, with which he probably disagreed, to the +originally assigned reviewer. The article, Madame Novikoff tells us in +the “Nouvelle Revue,” was received _avec une stupefaction unanime_. It +formed the general talk for many days, was attributed to Lord Salisbury, +was supposed to have been inspired by Prince Gortschakoff. The name +standing against it in Messrs. Murray’s books, as they kindly inform me, +is that of a writer still alive, and better known now than then, but they +never heard that Kinglake had a hand in it; the editor would seem to have +kept his secret even from the publishers. Kinglake sent the article in +proof to the lady; hoped that the facts he had imparted and the +interpolations he had inserted would please her; he could have made the +attack on Russia more pointed had he written it; she would think the +leniency shows a fault on the right side; he did not know the writer of +this latter part. He begged her to acquaint her friends in Moscow what +an important and majestic organ is “The Quarterly,” how weighty therefore +its laudation of herself. She recalls his bringing her soon afterwards +an article on her, written, he said, in an adoring tone by Laveleye in +the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” and directing her to a paper in “Fraser,” by +Miss Pauline Irby, a passionate lover of the “Slav ragamuffins,” and a +worshipper of Madame Novikoff. He quotes with delight Chenery’s +approbation of her “Life of Skobeleff”; he spoke of you “with a gleam of +kindliness in his eyes which really and truly I had never observed +before.” “The Times” quotes her as the “eloquent authoress of ‘Russia +and England’”; “fancy that from your enemy! you are getting even ‘The +Times’ into your net.” A later article on O. K. contains some praise, +but more abuse. Hayward is angry with it; Kinglake thinks it more +friendly than could have been expected “to _you_, a friend of _me_, their +old open enemy: the sugar-plums were meant for you, the sprinklings of +soot for me.” + +Besides “Russia and England” Madame Novikoff is the author of “Friends or +Foes?—is Russia wrong?” and of a “Life of Skobeleff,” the hero of Plevna +and of Geok Tepé. From her natural endowments and her long familiarity +with Courts, she has acquired a capacity for combining, controlling, +entertaining social “circles” which recalls _les salons d’autrefois_, the +drawing-rooms of an Ancelot, a Le Brun, a Récamier. Residing in several +European capitals, she surrounds herself in each with persons +intellectually eminent; in England, where she has long spent her winters, +Gladstone, Carlyle and Froude, Charles Villiers, Bernal Osborne, Sir +Robert Morier, Lord Houghton, and many more of the same high type, formed +her court and owned her influence. + +Kinglake first met her at Lady Holland’s in 1870, and mutual liking +ripened rapidly into close friendship. During her residences in England +few days passed in which he did not present himself at her drawing-room +in Claridge’s Hotel: when absent in Russia or on the Continent, she +received from him weekly letters, though he used to complain that writing +to a lady through the _poste restante_ was like trying to kiss a nun +through a double grating. These letters, all faithfully preserved, I +have been privileged to see; they remind me, in their mixture of personal +with narrative charm, of Swift’s “Letters to Stella”; except that Swift’s +are often coarse and sometimes prurient, while Kinglake’s chivalrous +admiration for his friend, though veiled occasionally by graceful banter, +is always respectful and refined. They even imitate occasionally the +“little language” of the great satirist; if Swift was Presto, Kinglake is +“Poor dear me”; if Stella was M. D., Madame Novikoff is “My dear Miss.” +This last endearment was due to an incident at a London dinner table. A +story told by Hayward, seasoned as usual with _gros sel_, amused the more +sophisticated English ladies present, but covered her with blushes. +Kinglake perceived it, and said to her afterwards, “I thought you were a +hardened married woman; I am glad that you are not; I shall henceforth +call you _Miss_.” Sometimes he rushes into verse. In answer to some +pretended rebuff received from her at Ryde he writes + + “There was a young lady of Ryde, so awfully puffed up by pride, + She felt grander by far than the Son of the Czar, + And when he said, ‘Dear, come and walk on the pier, + Oh please come and walk by my side;’ + The answer he got, was ‘Much better not,’ from that awful young lady + of Ryde.” + +Oftenest, the letters are serious in their admiring compliments; they +speak of her superb organization of health and life and strength and +joyousness, the delightful sunshine of her presence, her decision and +strength of will, her great qualities and great opportunities: “away from +you the world seems a blank.” He is glad that his Great Eltchi has been +made known to her; the old statesman will be impressed, he feels sure, by +her “intense life, graciousness and grace, intellect carefully masked, +musical faculty in talk, with that heavenly power of coming to an end.” +He sends playfully affectionate messages from other members of the +_Gerontaion_, as he calls it, the group of aged admirers who formed her +inner court; echoing their laments over the universality of her +patronage. “Hayward can pardon your having an ambassador or two at your +_feet_, but to find the way to your _heart_ obstructed by a crowd of +astronomers, Russ-expansionists, metaphysicians, theologians, +translators, historians, poets;—this is more than he can endure. The +crowd reduces him, as Ampère said to Mme. Récamier, to the qualified +blessing of being only _chez vous_, from the delight of being _avec +vous_.” He hails and notifies additions to the list of her admirers; +quotes enthusiastic praise of her from Stansfeld and Charles Villiers, +warm appreciation from Morier, Sir Robert Peel, Violet Fane. He rallies +her on her victims, jests at Froude’s lover-like _galanterie_—“Poor St. +Anthony! how he hovered round the flame”;—at the devotion of that gay +Lothario, Tyndall, whose approaching marriage will, he thinks, clip his +wings for flirtation. “It seems that at the Royal Institution, or +whatever the place is called, young women look up to the Lecturers as +priests of Science, and go to them after the lecture in what churchmen +would call the vestry, and express charming little doubts about +electricity, and pretty gentle disquietudes about the solar system: and +then the Professors have to give explanations;—and then, somehow, at the +end of a few weeks, they find they have provided themselves with +chaperons for life.” So he pursues the list of devotees; her son will +tell her that Cæsar summarized his conquests in this country by saying +_Veni_, _Vidi_, _Vici_; but to her it is given to say, _Veni_, _Videbar_, +_Vici_. + +On two subjects, theology and politics, Madame Novikoff was, as we have +seen, passionately in earnest. Himself at once an amateur casuist and a +consistent Nothingarian, whose dictum was that “Important if true” should +be written over the doors of churches, he followed her religious +arguments much as Lord Steyne listened to the contests between Father +Mole and the Reverend Mr. Trail. He expresses his surprise in all +seriousness that the Pharisees, a thoughtful and cultured set of men, who +alone among the Jews believed in a future state, should have been the +very men to whom our Saviour was habitually antagonistic. He refers more +lightly and frequently to “those charming talks of ours about our +Churches”; he thinks they both know how to _effleurer_ the surface of +theology without getting drowned in it. Of existing Churches he +preferred the English, as “the most harmless going”; disliked the Latin +Church, especially when intriguing in the East, as persecuting and as +schismatic, and therefore as no Church at all. Roman Catholics, he said, +have a special horror of being called “schismatic,” and that is, of +course, a good reason for so calling them. He would not permit the use +of the word “orthodox,” because, like a parson in the pulpit, it is +always begging the question. He refused historical reverence to the +Athanasian Creed, and was delighted when Stanley’s review in “The Times” +of Mr. Ffoulkes’ learned book showed it to have been written by order of +Charles the Great in 800 A.D. as what Thorold Rogers used to call “an +election squib.” In the “Filioque” controversy, once dear to Liddon and +to Gladstone, now, I suppose, obsolete for the English mind, but which +relates to the chief dividing tenet of East from West, he showed an +interest humorous rather than reverent; took pains to acquaint himself +with the views held on it by Döllinger and the old Catholics; noted with +amusement the perplexity of London ladies as to the meaning of the word +when quoted in the much-read “Quarterly” article, declaring their belief +to be that it was a clergyman’s baby born out of wedlock. + +Madame Novikoff’s political influence, which he recognized to the full, +he treated in the same mocking spirit. She is at Berlin, received by +Bismarck; he hopes that though the great man may not eradicate her +Slavophile heresies, he may manifest the weakness of embroiling nations +on mere ethnological grounds. “Are even nearer relationships so +delightful? would you walk across the street for a third or fourth +cousin? then why for a millionth cousin?” Madame Novikoff kindly sends +to me an “Imaginary Conversation” between herself and Gortschakoff, +constructed by Kinglake during her stay in St. Petersburg in 1879. + +“_G._ Well—you really have done good service to your country and your +Czar by dividing and confusing these absurd English, and getting us out +of the scrape we were in in that—Balkan Peninsula. + +“_Miss O._ Well, certainly I did my best; but I fear I have ruined the +political reputation of my English partizans, for in order to make them +‘beloved of the Slave,’ I of course had to make them, poor souls! go +against their own country; and their country, stupid as it is, has now I +fear found them out. + +“_G._ _Tant pis pour eux_! _Entre nous_, if I had been Gladstone, I +should have preferred the love of my own country to the love of +these—Slaves of yours. But, tell me, how did you get hold of Gladstone? + +“_Miss O._ _Rien de plus simple_! Four or five years ago I asked what +was his weak point, and was told that he had two, ‘Effervescence,’ and +‘Theology.’ With that knowledge I found it all child’s play to manage +him. I just sent him to Munich, and there boiled him up in a weak +decoction of ‘Filioque,’ then kept him ready for use, and impatiently +awaited the moment when our plans for getting up the ‘Bulgarian +atrocities’ should be mature. I say ‘impatiently,’ for, Heavens, how +slow you all were! at least so it strikes a woman. The arrangement of +the ‘atrocities’ was begun by our people in 1871, and yet till 1876, +though I had Gladstone ready in 1875, nothing really was done! I assure +you, Prince, it is a trying thing to a woman to be kept waiting for +promised atrocities such an unconscionable time. + +“_G._ That brother-in-law of yours was partly the cause of our slowness. +He was always wanting to have the orders for fire and blood in neat +formal despatches, signed by me, and copied by clerks. However, I hope +you are satisfied now, with the butcheries and the flames, and the —? + +“_Miss O._ _Pour le moment_!” + +She is absent during the sudden dissolution of Parliament in 1874. +“London woke yesterday morning and found that your friend Gladstone had +made a _coup-d’état_. He has dissolved Parliament at a moment when no +human being expected it, and my impression is that he has made a good +hit, and that the renovated Parliament will give him a great majority.” +The impression was wildly wrong; and he found a cause for the +Conservative majority in Gladstone’s tame foreign policy, and especially +in the pusillanimity his government showed when insulted by Gortschakoff. +He always does justice to her influence with Gladstone; his great +majority at the polls in 1880 is _her_ victory and _her_ triumph; but his +Turkophobia is no less her creation: “England is stricken with incapacity +because you have stirred up the seething caldron that boils under +Gladstone’s skull, putting in diabolical charms and poisons of theology +to overturn the structure of English polity:” she will be able, he +thinks, to tell her government that Gladstone is doing his best to break +up the British Empire. + +He quotes with approbation the newspaper comparison of her to the +Princess Lieven. She disparages the famous ambassadress; he sets her +right. Let her read the “Correspondence,” by his friend Mr. Guy Le +Strange, and she will see how large a part the Princess played in keeping +England quiet during the war of 1828–29. She did not convert her austere +admirer, Lord Grey, to approval of the Russian designs, nor overcome the +uneasiness with which the Duke of Wellington regarded her intrigues; but +the Foreign Minister, Lord Aberdeen, was apparently a fool in her hands; +and, whoever had the merit, the neutrality of England continued. That +was, he repeats more than once, a most critical time for Russia; it was +an object almost of life and death to the Czar to keep England dawdling +in a state of actual though not avowed neutrality. It is, he argued, a +matter of fact, that precisely this result was attained, and “I shall be +slow to believe that Madame de Lieven did not deserve a great share of +the glory (as you would think it) of making England act weakly under such +circumstances; more especially since we know that the Duke did not like +the great lady, and may be supposed to have distinctly traced his painful +embarrassment to her power.” So the letters go, interspersed with news, +with criticisms of notable persons, with comments enlightening or cynical +on passing political events: with personal matters only now and then; as +when he notes the loss of his two sisters; dwells with unwonted feeling +on the death of his eldest nephew by consumption; condoles with her on +her husband’s illness; gives council, wise or playful, as to the +education of her son. “I am glad to hear that he is good at Greek, +Latin, and Mathematics, for that shows his cleverness; glad also to hear +that he is occasionally naughty, for that shows his force. I advise you +to claim and exercise as much control as possible, because I am certain +that a woman—especially so gifted a one as you—knows more, or rather +feels more, about the right way of bringing up a boy than any mere man.” + +Unbrokenly the correspondence continues: the intimacy added charm, +interest, fragrance to his life, brought out in him all that was genial, +playful, humorous. He fights the admonitions of coming weakness; goes to +Sidmouth with a sore throat, but takes his papers and his books. It is, +he says, a deserted little sea-coast place. “Mrs. Grundy has a small +house there, but she does not know me by sight. If Madame Novikoff were +to come, the astonished little town, dazzled first by her, would find +itself invaded by theologians, bishops, ambassadors of deceased emperors, +and an ex-Prime-Minister.” But as time goes on he speaks more often of +his suffering throat; of gout, increasing deafness, only half a voice: +his last letter is written in July, 1890, to condole with his friend upon +her husband’s death. In October his nurse takes the pen; Madame Novikoff +comes back hurriedly from Scotland to find him in his last illness. “It +is very nice,” he told his nurse, “to see dear Madame Novikoff again, but +I am going down hill fast, and cannot hope to be well enough to see much +of her.” This is in November, 1890; on New Year’s Eve came the +inexorable, “Terminator of delights and Separator of friends.” + + + + +CHAPTER VI +LATER DAYS, AND DEATH + + +FOR twenty years Kinglake lived in Hyde Park Place, in bright cheerful +rooms looking in one direction across the Park, but on another side into +a churchyard. The churchyard, Lady Gregory tells us, gave him pause on +first seeing the rooms. “I should not like to live here, I should be +afraid of ghosts.” “Oh no, sir, there is always a policeman round the +corner.” {111} “Pleaceman X.” has not, perhaps, before been revered as +the Shade-compelling son of Maia: + + “Tu pias lætis animas reponis + Sedibus, _virgaque levem coerces_ + _Aurea turbam_.” + +Here he worked through the morning; the afternoon took him to the +“Travellers,” where his friends, Sir Henry Bunbury and Mr. Chenery, +usually expected him; then at eight o’clock, if not, as Shylock says, bid +forth, he went to dine at the Athenæum. His dinner seat was in the +left-hand corner of the coffee-room, where, in the thirties, Theodore +Hook had been wont to sit, gathering near him so many listeners to his +talk, that at Hook’s death in 1841 the receipts for the club dinners fell +off to a large amount. Here, in the “Corner,” as they called it, round +Kinglake would be Hayward, Drummond Wolff, Massey, Oliphant, Edward +Twisleton, Strzelecki, Storks, Venables, Wyke, Bunbury, Gregory, American +Ticknor, and a few more; Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, when in Scotland, +sending hampers of pheasants to the company. “Hurried to the Athenæum +for dinner,” says Ticknor in 1857, “and there found Kinglake and Sir +Henry Rawlinson, to whom were soon added Hayward and Stirling. We pushed +our tables together and had a jolly dinner. . . . To the Athenæum; and +having dined pleasantly with Merivale, Kinglake, and Stirling, I hurried +off to the House.” In later years, when his voice grew low and his +hearing difficult, he preferred that the diners should resolve themselves +into little groups, assigning to himself a _tête-à-tête_, with whom at +his ease he could unfold himself. + +No man ever fought more gallantly the encroachments of old age—_on sut +être jeune jusque dans ses vieux jours_. At seventy-four years old, +staying with a friend at Brighton, he insisted on riding over to +Rottingdean, where Sir Frederick Pollock was staying. “I mastered,” he +said, in answer to remonstrances, “I mastered the peculiarities of the +Brighton screw before you were born, and have never forgotten them.” +Vaulting into his saddle he rode off, returning with a schoolboy’s +delight at the brisk trot he had found practicable when once clear of the +King’s Road. Long after his hearing had failed, his sight become +grievously weakened, and his limbs not always trustworthy, he would never +allow a cab to be summoned for him after dinner, always walking to his +lodgings. But he had to give up by and by his daily canter in Rotten +Row, and more reluctantly still his continental travel. Foreign railways +were closed to him by the _Salle d’Attente_; he could not stand +incarceration in the waiting-rooms. + +The last time he crossed the Channel was at the close of the +Franco-Prussian war, on a visit to his old friend M. Thiers, then +President. It was a dinner to deputies of the Extreme Left, and Kinglake +was the only Englishman; “so,” he said, “among the servants there was a +sort of reasoning process as to my identity, ending in the conclusion, +‘_il doit être Sir Dilke_.’” Soon the inference was treated as a fact; +and in due sequence came newspaper paragraphs declaring that the British +Ambassador had gravely remonstrated with the President for inviting Sir +Charles Dilke to his table. Then followed articles defending the course +taken by the President, and so for some time the ball was kept up. The +remonstrance of the Ambassador was a myth, Lord Lyons was a friend of Sir +Charles; but the latter was suspect at the time both in England and +France; in England for his speeches and motion on the Civil List; in +France, because, with Frederic Harrison, he had helped to get some of the +French Communists away from France; and the French Government was +watching him with spies. In Sir Charles’s motion Kinglake took much +interest, refusing to join in the cry against it as disloyal. Sir +Charles, he said, spoke no word against the Queen; and only brought the +matter before the House because challenged to repeat in Parliament the +statements he had made in the country. As a matter of policy he thought +it mistaken: “Move in such a matter openly, and party discipline compels +your defeat; bring pressure to bear on a Cabinet, some of its members are +on your side, and you may gain your point.” Sir Charles’s speech was +calmly argumentative, and to many minds convincing; it provoked a +passionate reply from Gladstone; and when Mr. Auberon Herbert following +declared himself a Republican, a tumult arose such as in those +pre-Milesian days had rarely been witnessed in the House. But the wisdom +of Kinglake’s counsel is sustained by the fact that many years +afterwards, as a result of more private discussion, Mr. Gladstone +pronounced his conversion to the two bases of the motion, publicity, and +the giving of the State allowance to the head of the family rather than, +person by person, to the children and grandchildren of the Sovereign. +Action pointing in this direction was taken in 1889 and 1901 on the +advice of Tory ministers. + +Amongst Frenchmen of the highest class, intellectually and socially, he +had many valued friends, keeping his name on the “Cosmopolitan” long +after he had ceased to visit it, since “one never knows when the +distinguished foreigner may come upon one, and of such the Cosmo is the +London Paradise.” But he used to say that in the other world a good +Frenchman becomes an Englishman, a bad Englishman becomes a Frenchman. +He saw in the typical Gaul a compound of the tiger and the monkey; noted +their want of individuality, their tendency to go in flocks, their +susceptibility to panic and to ferocity, to the terror that makes a man +kill people, and “the terror that makes him lie down and beg.” We +remember, too, his dissection of St. Arnaud, as before all things a type +of his nation; “he impersonated with singular exactness the idea which +our forefathers had in their minds when they spoke of what they called ‘a +Frenchman;’ for although (by cowing the rich and by filling the poor with +envy), the great French Revolution had thrown a lasting gloom on the +national character, it left this one man untouched. He was bold, gay, +reckless, vain; but beneath the mere glitter of the surface there was a +great capacity for administrative business, and a more than common +willingness to take away human life.” + +“I relish,” Kinglake said in 1871, “the spectacle of Bismarck teaching +the A B C of Liberal politics to the hapless French. His last _mot_, +they tell me, is this. Speaking of the extent to which the French +Emperor had destroyed his own reputation and put an end to the worship of +the old Napoleon, he said: ‘He has killed himself and buried his uncle.’” +Again, in 1874, noting the _contre coup_ upon France resulting from the +Bismarck and Arnim despatches, he said: “What puzzles the poor dear +French is to see that truth and intrepid frankness consist with sound +policy and consummate wisdom. How funny it would be, if the French some +day, as a novelty, or what they would call a _caprice_, were to try the +effect of truth; “though not naturally honest,” as Autolycus says, “were +to become so by chance.” + +He thought M. Gallifet _dans sa logique_ in liking the Germans and hating +Bismarck; for the Germans, in having their own way, would break up into +as many fragments as the best Frenchman could desire, and Bismarck is the +real suppressor of France. Throughout the Franco-Prussian war he sided +strongly with the Prussians, refusing to dine in houses where the +prevailing sympathy with France would make him unwelcome as its declared +opponent; but he felt “as a nightmare” the attack on prostrate Paris, “as +a blow” the capitulation of Metz; denouncing Gambetta and his colleagues +as meeting their disasters only with slanderous shrieks, “possessed by +the spirit of that awful Popish woman.” Bismarck as a statesman he +consistently admired, and deplored his dismissal. I see, he said, all +the peril implied by Bismarck’s exit, and the advent of his ambitious +young Emperor. It is a transition from the known to the unknown, from +wisdom, perhaps, to folly. + +His Crimean volumes continued to appear; in 1875, 1880, finally in 1887; +while the Cabinet Edition was published in 1887–8. This last contained +three new Prefaces; in Vol. I. as we have seen, the memorial of Nicholas +Kiréeff; in Vol. II. the latter half of the original Preface to Vol. I., +cancelled thence at Madame Novikoff’s request, though now carefully +modified so as to avoid anything which might irritate Russia at a moment +when troubles seemed to be clearing away. In his Preface to Vol. VII. he +had three objects, to set right the position of Sir E. Hamley, who had +been neglected in the despatches; to demolish his friend Lord Bury, who +had “questioned my omniscience” in the “Edinburgh Review”; and to +exonerate England at large from absurd self-congratulations about the +“little Egypt affair,” the blame of such exaggeration resting with those +whom he called State Showmen. + +Silent to acquaintances about the progress of his work, he was +communicative to his few intimates, though never reading aloud extracts +or allowing them to be seen. In 1872 he would speak pathetically of his +“Crimean muddle,” perplexed, as he well might be, by the intricacies of +Inkerman. Asked if he will not introduce a Te Deum on the fall of Louis +Napoleon, he answered that to write without the stimulus of combat would +be a task beyond his energy; “when I took the trouble to compose that +fourteenth chapter, the wretched Emperor and his gang were at the height +of their power in Europe and the world; but now!” He was insatiate as to +fresh facts: utilized his acquaintance with Todleben, whom he had first +met on his visit to England in 1864; sought out Prince Ourusoff at a +later time, and inserted particulars gleaned from him in Vol. IX., +Chapter V. + +In 1875 he told Madame Novikoff that his task was done so far as Inkerman +was concerned, and was proud to think that he had rescued from oblivion +the heroism of the Russian troops in what he calls the “Third Period” of +the great fight, ignored as it was by all Russian historians of the war. +He made fruitless inquiries after a paper said to have been left behind +him by Skobeleff, explaining that “India is a cherry to be eaten by +Russia, but in two bites”; it was contrary to the general’s recorded +utterances and probably apocryphal. Russophobe as regarded Turkey, he +sneered at England’s sentimental support of nationalities as “Platonic”: +a capital epithet he called it, and envied the Frenchman who applied it +to us, declaring that it had turned all the women against us. He was +moved by receiving Korniloff’s portrait with a kind message from the dead +hero’s family, seeing in the features a confirmation of the ideal which +he had formed in his own mind and had tried to convey to others. Readers +of his book will recall the fine tribute to Korniloff’s powers, and the +description of his death, in Chapters VI. and XIII. of Vol. IV. (Cabinet +Edition). + +Many of his comments on current events are preserved in the notes or in +the memories of his friends. Sometimes these were characteristically +cynical. He ridiculed the newspaper parade of national sympathy with the +Prince of Wales’s illness: “We are represented as all members of the +royal family, and all in family hysterics.” Dizzy’s orientalization of +Queen Victoria into an Empress angered him, as it angered many more. The +last Empress Regnant, he said, was Catherine II. and it seems to be +thought that by advising the Queen to take that great monarch’s title, we +shall exercise a wholesome influence on the morals of our women. He +would quote Byron’s + + “Russia’s mighty Empress + Behaved no better than a common sempstress;” + +“there was an old-fashioned sacredness, which, however foolish +intrinsically, was still useful, in our title of ‘The Queen’; nor do we +see the policy of adding a _Suprême de Volaille_ to the bread and wine of +our Sacrament.” + +He chuckled over the indignation of the _haute volée_, when on the visit +to England of President Grant’s daughter in 1872, Americans in London +sent out cards of invitation headed “To meet Miss Grant,” as at a profane +imitation of a practice hitherto confined to royalties; laughing not at +the legitimate American mimicry of European consequence, but at the silly +formalists in Society who fumed over the imagined presumption. Consulted +by an invalid as to the charm of Ostend for a seaside residence, he +limited it to persons of gregarious habits; “the people are all driven +down to the beach like a flock of sheep in the morning, and in the +evening they are all driven back to their folds.” He reported a feeble +drama written by his ancient idol, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe; “it is a +painful thing to see a man of his quality and of his age unduly detained +in the world; when the Emperor Nicholas died, the Eltchi lost his _raison +d’être_.” He disparaged the wild fit of morality undergone by the “Pall +Mall Gazette” during the scandalous “Maiden Tribute” revelation, +pronouncing its protegées to be “clever little devils.” He was greatly +startled by Gortschakoff’s famous circular, annulling the Black Sea +clause in the Treaty of Paris, and much relieved by Bismarck’s dexterous +interposition, which saved the susceptibility of Europe, and especially +of England, by yielding as a favour to the demand of Russia what no one +was in a position to refuse; but he maintained, and Lord Stratford agreed +with him, that Gortschakoff’s precipitate act was governed by +circumstances never revealed to mankind. He learned, too, that it caused +the Chancellor to be _déconsideré_ in high Russian circles; he was called +“_un Narcisse qui se mire dans son encrier_.” Kinglake used to say that +in conceding the right of the Sultan to exclude any war-flag from the +Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, Russia was treating Turkey as a bag-fox, +to be gently hunted occasionally, but not mangled or killed; and he felt +keenly the ridicule resting on the allies, who were compelled to +surrender the neutralization purchased at the cost of so much blood and +treasure. He watched with much amusement the restoration of Turkish +self-confidence. “Turkey believes that he is no longer a sick man, and +is turning all his doctors out of the house, to the immense astonishment +of the English doctor, so conscious of his own rectitude that he cannot +understand being sent off with the quacks. You know in our beautiful +Liturgy we have a prayer for the Turks; it looks as if our supplications +had become successful.” His interest in Turkey never flagged. “I am in +a great fright,” he said in 1877, “about my dear Turks, because Russia +gives virtual command of the army before Plevna to Todleben, a really +great _homme de guerre_.” + +Russophobia was at that time so strong in London that Madame Novikoff +hesitated to visit England, and he himself feared that she might find it +uncomfortable. Her alarm, however, was ridiculed by Hayward, “most +faithful of the Russianisers, ready to do battle for Russia at any +moment, declaring her to be quite virtuous, with no fault but that of +being _incomprise_.” But he groaned over the humiliation of England +under Russia’s bold stroke, noting frequently a decay of English +character which he ascribed to chronic causes. The Englishman taken +separately, he said, seems much the same as he used to be; but there is a +softening of the aggregate brain which affects Englishmen when acting +together. He hailed the great Liberal victory of 1880, and watched with +interest, as one behind the scenes, the negotiations which led to Lord +Hartington’s withdrawal and Mr. Gladstone’s resumption of power; for in +these his friend Hayward was an active go-between, removing by his tact +and frankness “hitches” which might otherwise have been disastrous. He +thought W. E. Forster’s attack on Mr. Gladstone’s Irish policy in 1882 +ill-managed for his own position, his famous speech not sufficiently +“clenching.” Had he separated from his chief on broader grounds, +refusing complicity with a Minister who consented to parley with the +imprisoned Irishmen, he would, Kinglake thought, have occupied a highly +commanding position. At present his difference from his colleagues was +one only of degree. + +He was once beguiled, amongst friends very intimate, into telling a +dream. He dreamed that he was attending an anatomical lecture—which, as +a fact, he had never done—and that his own body, from which he found +himself entirely separated, was the dissected subject on which the +lecturer discoursed. The body lay on a table beside the lecturer, but he +himself, his entity, was at the other end of the room, on the furthest or +highest of a set of benches raised one above the other as at a theatre. +He imagined himself in a vague way to be disagreeing with the lecturer; +but the strongest impression on his mind was annoyance at being so badly +placed, so far from the professor and from his own body that he could not +see or hear without an effort. The dream, he pointed out, showed this +curious fact, that without any conscious design or effort of the will a +man may conceive himself to be in perfect possession of his identity, +whilst separated from his own body by a distance of several feet. “The +highest concept,” said Jowett, “which man forms of himself is as detached +from the body.” (“Life,” ii. 241.) The lecture-room which he imagined +was one of the lower school-rooms at Eton, with which he had been +familiar in early days. + +After Hayward’s death in 1884, his own habits began to change. He still +dined at the Athenæum “corner,” but increasing deafness began to make +society irksome, and, his solitary meal ended, he spent his evenings +reading in the Library. By-and-by that too became impossible. His voice +grew weak, throat and tongue were threatened with disease. In 1888 he +went to Brighton with a nurse, returned to rooms on Richmond Hill, then +to Bayswater Terrace. An operation was performed and he seemed to +recover, but relapsed. Old friends tended him: Madame Novikoff, Mr. +Froude and Mr. Lecky, Madame de Quaire and Mrs. Brookfield, Lord +Mexborough his ancient fellow-traveller, Mrs. Craven, Sir William and +Lady Gregory, with a few more, cheered him by their visits so long as he +was able to bear them; and his brother and sister, Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton +Kinglake, were with him at the end. Patient to the last, kind and gentle +to all about him, he passed away quietly on New Year’s Day, 1891: + + “being merry-hearted, + Shook hands with flesh and blood, and so departed.” + +His remains were cremated at Woking, after a special service at +Christchurch, Lancaster Gate, attended by Dr. and Mrs. Kinglake with +their son Captain Kinglake, the Duke of Bedford, Mr. and Mrs. Lecky, Mrs. +W. H. Brookfield and her son Charles. + + * * * * * + +No good portrait of him has been published. That prefixed to Blackwood’s +“Eothen” of 1896 was furnished by Dr. Kinglake, who, however, looked upon +it as unsatisfactory. The “Not an M.P.” of “Vanity Fair,” 1872, is a +grotesque caricature. The photograph here reproduced (p. 128), by far +the best likeness extant, he gave to Madame Novikoff in 1870, receiving +hers in return, but pronouncing the transaction “an exchange between the +personified months of May and November.” The face gives expression to +the shy aloofness which, amongst strangers, was characteristic of him +through life. He had even a horror of hearing his name pealed out by +servants, and came early to parties that the proclamation might be +achieved before as few auditors as possible. Visiting the newly married +husband of his friend Adelaide Kemble, and being the first guest to +arrive, he encountered in Mr. Sartoris a host as contentedly +undemonstrative as himself. Bows passed, a seat by the fire was +indicated, he sat down, and the pair contemplated one another for ten +minutes in absolute silence, till the lady of the house came in, like the +prince in “The Sleeping Beauty,” though not by the same process, to break +the charm. He gave up calling at a house where he was warmly +appreciated, because father, mother, daughter, bombarded him with +questions. “I never came away without feeling sure that I had in some +way perjured myself.” + + [Picture: Kinglake in the early Seventies] + +On his shyness waited swiftly ensuing boredom; if his neighbour at table +were garrulous or _banale_, his face at once betrayed conversational +prostration; a lady who often watched him used to say that his pulse +ought to be felt after the first course; and that if it showed languor he +should be moved to the side of some other partner. “He had great charm,” +writes to me another old friend, “in a quiet winning way, but was ‘dark’ +with rough and noisy people.” So it came to pass that his manner was +threefold; icy and repellent with those who set his nerves on edge; +good-humoured, receptive, intermittently responsive in general and +congenial company; while, at ease with friends trusted and beloved, the +lines of the face became gracious, indulgent, affectionate, the _sourire +des yeux_ often inexpressibly winning and tender. “Kinglake,” says Eliot +Warburton in his unpublished diary, “talked to us to-day about his +travels; pessimistic and cynical to the rest of the world, he is always +gentle and kind to us.” To this dear friend he was ever faithful, +wearing to the day of his death an octagonal gold ring engraved “Eliot. +Jan: 1852.” He would never play the _raconteur_ in general company, for +he had a great horror of repeating himself, and, latterly, of being +looked upon as a bore by younger men; but he loved to pour out +reminiscences of the past to an audience of one or two at most: “Let an +old man gather his recollections and glance at them under the right +angle, and his life is full of pantomime transformation scenes.” The +chief characteristic of his wit was its unexpectedness; sometimes acrid, +sometimes humorous, his sayings came forth, like Topham Beauclerk’s in +Dr. Johnson’s day, like Talleyrand’s in our own, poignant without effort. +His calm, gentle voice, contrasted with his startling caustic utterance, +reminded people of Prosper Mérimée: terse epigram, felicitous _apropos_, +whimsical presentment of the topic under discussion, emitted in a low +tone, and without the slightest change of muscle: + + “All the charm of all the Muses + Often flowering in a lonely word.” {130} + +Questions he would suavely and often wittily parry or repel: to an +unhistorical lady asking if he remembered Madame Du Barry, he said, “my +memory is very imperfect as to the particulars of my life during the +reign of Lous XV. and the Regency; but I know a lady who has a teapot +which belonged, she says, to Madame Du Barry.” Madame Novikoff, however, +records his discomfiture at the query of a certain Lady E—, who, when all +London was ringing with his first Crimean volumes, asked him if he were +not an admirer of Louis Napoleon. “_Le pauvre Kinglake, décontenancé_, +_repondit tout bas intimidé comme un enfant qu’on met dates le coin_: +_Oui—non—pas précisément_.” + +He had no knowledge of or liking for music. Present once by some +mischance at a _matinée __musicale_, he was asked by the hostess what +kind of music he preferred. His preference, he owned, was for the drum. +One thinks of the “Bourgeois Gentilhomme,” “_la trompette marine est un +instrument qui me plait, el qui est harmonieux_”; we are reminded, too, +of Dean Stanley, who, absolutely tone-deaf, and hurrying away whenever +music was performed, once from an adjoining room in his father’s house +heard Jenny Lind sing “I know that my Redeemer liveth.” He went to her +shyly, and told her that she had given him an idea of what people mean by +music. Once before, he said in all seriousness, the same feeling had +come over him, when before the palace at Vienna he had heard a tattoo +rendered by four hundred drummers. + + * * * * * + +Kinglake used to regret the disuse of duelling, as having impaired the +higher tone of good breeding current in his younger days, and even blamed +the Duke of Wellington for proscribing it in the army. He had himself on +one occasion sent a cartel, and stood waiting for his adversary, like Sir +Richard Strachan at Walcheren, eight days on the French coast; but the +adversary never came. Hayward once referred to him, as a counsellor, and +if necessary a second, a quarrel with Lord R—. Lord R—’s friend called +on him, a Norfolk squire, “broad-faced and breathing port wine,” after +the fashion of uncle Phillips in “Pride and Prejudice,” who began in a +boisterous voice, “I am one of those, Mr. Kinglake, who believe R— to be +a gentleman.” In his iciest tones and stoniest manner Kinglake answered: +“That, Sir, I am quite willing to assume.” The effect, he used to say, +as he told and acted the scene, was magical; “I had frozen him sober, and +we settled everything without a fight.” Of all his friends Hayward was +probably the closest; an association of discrepancies in character, +manner, temperament, not complementary, but opposed and hostile; +irreconcilable, one would say, but for the knowledge that in love and +friendship paradox reigns supreme. Hayward was arrogant, overbearing, +loud, insistent, full of strange oaths and often unpardonably coarse; +“our dominant friend,” Kinglake called him; “odious” is the epithet I +have heard commonly bestowed upon him by less affectionate acquaintances. +Kinglake was reserved, shy, reticent, with the high breeding, grand +manner, quiet urbanity, _grata protervitas_, of a waning epoch; +restraint, concentration, tact of omission, dictating alike his silence +and his speech; his well-weighed words “crystallizing into epigrams as +they touched the air.” {133} When Hayward’s last illness came upon him +in 1884, Kinglake nursed him tenderly; spending the morning in his +friend’s lodgings at 8, St. James’s Street, the house which Byron +occupied in his early London days; and bringing on the latest bulletin to +the club. The patient rambled towards the end; “we ought to be getting +ready to catch the train that we may go to my sister’s at Lyme.” Kinglake +quieted his sick friend by an assurance that the servants, whom he would +not wish to hurry, were packing. “On no account hurry the servants, but +still let us be off.” The last thought which he articulated while dying +was, “I don’t exactly know what it is, but I feel it is something grand.” +“Hayward is dead,” Kinglake wrote to a common friend; “the devotion shown +to him by all sorts and conditions of men, and, what is better, of women, +was unbounded. Gladstone found time to be with him, and to engage him in +a conversation of singular interest, of which he has made a memorandum.” + +Another of Kinglake’s life-long familiars was Charles Skirrow, Taxing +Master in Chancery, with his accomplished wife, from whose memorable fish +dinners at Greenwich he was seldom absent, adapting himself no less +readily to their theatrical friends—the Bancrofts, Burnand, Toole, +Irving—than to the literary set with which he was more habitually at +home. He was religiously loyal to his friends, speaking of them with +generous admiration, eagerly defending them when attacked. He lauded +Butler Johnstone as the most gifted of the young men in the House of +Commons; would not allow Bernal Osborne to be called untrue; “he offends +people if you like, but he is never false or hollow.” A clever +_sobriquet_ fathered on him, burlesquing the monosyllabic names of a +well-known diarist and official, he repelled indignantly. “He is my +friend, and had I been guilty of the _jeu_, I should have broken two of +my commandments; that which forbids my joking at a friend’s expense, and +that which forbids my fashioning a play upon words.” He entreated Madame +Novikoff to visit and cheer Charles Lever, dying at Trieste; deeply +lamented Sir H. Bulwer’s death: “I used to think his a beautiful +intellect, and he was wonderfully _simpatico_ to me.” But he was shy of +condoling with bereaved mourners, believing words used on such occasions +to be utterly untrue. He loved to include husband and wife in the same +meed of admiration, as in the case of Dean Stanley and Lady Augusta, or +of Sir Robert and Lady Emily Peel. Peel, he said, has the _radiant_ +quality not easy to describe; Lady Emily is always beauteous, bright, +attractive. Lord Stanhope he praised as a historian, paying him the +equivocal compliment that his books were much better than his +conversation. So, too, he qualified his admiration of Lady Ashburton, +dwelling on her beauty, silver voice, ready enthusiasm apt to disperse +itself by flying at too many objects. + +He was wont to speak admiringly of Lord Acton, relating how, a Roman +Catholic, yet respecting enlightenment and devoted to books, he once set +up and edited a “Quarterly Review,” with a notion of reconciling the +Light and the Dark as well as he could; but the “Prince of Darkness, the +Pope,” interposed, and ordered him to stop the “Review.” He was +compelled to obey; not, he told people, on any religious ground, but +because relations and others would have made his life a bore to him if he +had been contumacious against the Holy Father. + +Kinglake was strongly attracted by W. E. Forster, a “rough diamond,” +spoken of at one time as a possible Prime Minister. Beginning life, he +said, as a Quaker, with narrow opinions, his vigour of character and +brain-power shook them off. Powerful, robust, and perfectly honest, yet +his honesty inflicted on him a doubleness of view which caused him to be +described as engaging his two hands in two different pursuits. His +estimate of Sir R. Morier would have gladdened Jowett’s heart; he loved +him as a private friend; eulogized his public qualities; rejoiced over +his appointment as Ambassador at St. Petersburg, seeing in him a +diplomatist with not only a keen intellect and large views, but vibrating +with the warmth, animation, friendliness, that are charmingly +_un_-diplomatic. Of Carlyle, his life-long, though not always congenial +intimate, he used to speak as having great graphic power, but being +essentially a humourist; a man who, with those he could trust, never +pretended to be in earnest, but used to roar with glorious laughter over +the fun of his own jeremiads; “so far from being a prophet he is a bad +Scotch joker, and knows himself to be a wind-bag.” He blamed Froude’s +revelations of Carlyle in “The Reminiscences,” as injurious and +offensive. Froude himself he often likened to Carlyle; the thoughts of +both, he said, ran in the same direction, but of the two, Froude was by +far the more intellectual man. + +Staunch friend to the few, polite, though never effusive, to the many, he +also nourished strong antipathies. The appearance in Madame Novikoff’s +rooms of a certain Scotch bishop invariably drove him out of them, “Peter +Paul, Bishop of Claridge’s,” he called him. To Von Beust (the Austrian +Chancellor), who spoke English in a rapid half-intelligible falsetto, he +gave the name of _Mirliton_ (penny trumpet). His allusions to Mirliton +and to the Bishop frequently mystified Madame Novikoff’s guests. For he +loved to talk in cypher. Canon Warburton, kindly searching on my behalf +his brother Eliot’s journals, tells me that he and Kinglake, meeting +almost daily, lived in a cryptic world of jokes, confidences, +colloquialisms, inexplicable to all but their two selves. + +He cordially disliked “The Times” newspaper, alleging instances of the +unfairness with which its columns had been used to spite and injure +persons who had offended it, chuckling over Hayward’s compact +anathema,—“‘The Times,’ which as usual of late supplied its lack of +argument and proof by assumption, misrepresentation, and personality.” +He thought that its attacks upon himself had helped his popularity. “One +of the main causes,” he said in 1875, “of the interest which people here +were good enough to take in my book was the fight between ‘The Times’ and +me. In 1863 it raged, in 1867 it was renewed with great violence, and +now I suppose the flame kindles once more, though probably with +diminished strength. In 1863 the storm of opinion generally waxed fierce +against me, but now, as I hear, ‘The Times’ is alone, journals of all +politics being loud in my praise. But I never look at any comment on my +volumes till long afterwards, and I never in my life wrote to a +newspaper.” Once, when Chenery, the editor, came to join the table at +the Athenæum where he and Mr. Cartwright were dining, Kinglake rose, and +removed to another part of the room. “The Times” had inserted a +statement that Madame Novikoff was ordered to leave England, and he thus +publicly resented it. “So unlike me,” he said, relating the story, “but +somehow a savagery as of youth came over me in my ancient days; it was +like being twenty years old again.” It came out, however, that “our +indiscreet friend Froude” had written something which justified the +paragraph, and Kinglake sent his _amende_ to Chenery, with whom +ordinarily he was on most friendly terms. + +He disliked Irishmen “in the lump,” saying that human nature is the same +everywhere except in Ireland. Parnell he personally admired, though +hating Home Rule; and stigmatized as gross hypocrisy the desertion of him +by Liberals after the divorce trial. He was wont to speak irreverently +of Lord Beaconsfield, whom he had known well at Lady Blessington’s in +early days. He would have found himself in accord with Huxley, who used +to thank God, his friend Mr. Fiske tells us, that he had never bowed the +knee either to Louis Napoleon or Benjamin Disraeli. He poured scorn on +the Treaty of Berlin. Russia, he said, defeating the Turks in war, has +defeated Beaconsfield in diplomacy. If Englishmen understood such things +they would see that the Congress was a comedy; anyone who will satisfy +himself as to what Russia was really anxious to obtain, and then look at +the Salisbury-Schouvaloff treaty, will see that, thanks to Beaconsfield’s +imbecility, Schouvaloff obtained one of the most signal diplomatic +triumphs that was ever won. {140} A sound _entente_ between Russia and +England he thought both possible and desirable; but conceived it to be +rendered difficult by the want of steadiness and capacity which, for +international purposes, were the real faults of Lord Beaconsfield and +Lord Salisbury. He repeated with much amusement the current anecdote of +Lord Beaconsfield’s conquest of Mrs. Gladstone. Meeting her in society, +he was said to have inquired with tenderness after Mr. Gladstone’s +health, and then after receiving the loving wife’s report of her William, +to have rejoined in his most dulcet tones, “Ah! take care of him, for he +is very _very_ precious.” He always attributed Dizzy’s popularity to the +feeling of Englishmen that he had “shown them sport,” an instinct, he +thought, supreme in all departments of the English mind. + +Towards his old schoolfellow Gladstone he never felt quite cordially, +believing, rightly or wrongly, that the great statesman nourished enmity +towards himself. He called him, as has been said, “a good man in the +worst sense of the term, conscientious with a diseased conscience.” He +watched with much amusement, as illustrating the moral twist in +Gladstone’s temperament, the “Colliery explosion,” as it was called, when +Sir R. Collier, the Attorney-General, was appointed to a Puisne +Judgeship, which he held only for a day or two, in order to qualify him +for a seat on a new Court of Appeal; together with a very similar trick, +by which Ewelme Rectory, tenable only by an Oxonian, was given to a +Cambridge man. The responsibility was divided between Gladstone and Lord +Hatherley the Chancellor, with the mutual idea apparently that each of +the two became thereby individually innocent. But Sir F. Pollock, in his +amusing “Reminiscences,” recalls the amicable halving of a wicked word +between the Abbess of Andouillet and the Novice Margarita in “Tristram +Shandy.” It answered in neither case. “‘They do not understand us,’ +cried Margarita. ‘_But the Devil does_,’ said the Abbess of Andouillet.” +The Collier scandal narrowly escaped by two votes in the Lords, +twenty-seven in the Commons, a Parliamentary vote of censure, and gave +unquestionably a downward push to the Gladstone Administration. Mr. +Gladstone, on the other hand, cordially admired Kinglake’s speeches, +saying that few of those he had heard in Parliament could bear so well as +his the test of publication. + +To the great Prime Minister’s absolute fearlessness he did full justice, +as one of the finest features in his character; and loved to quote an +epigram by Lord Houghton, to whom Gladstone had complained in a moment of +weariness that he led the life of a dog. “Yes,” said Houghton, “but of a +St. Bernard dog, ever busied in saving life.” He loved to contrast the +twofold biographical paradox in the careers of the two famous rivals, +Gladstone and Disraeli; the dreaming Tory mystic, incarnation of Oxford +exclusiveness and Puseyite reserve, passing into the Radical iconoclast; +the Jew clerk in a city lawyer’s office, “bad specimen of an inferior +dandy,” coming to rule the proudest aristocracy and lead the most +fastidious assembly in the world. + +He was not above broad farce when the fancy seized him. At the time when +a certain kind of nonsense verse was popular, he, with Sir Noel Paton and +others, added not a few facetious sonnets to Edward Lear’s book, which +lay on Madame Novikoff’s table. His authorship is betrayed by the +introduction of familiar Somersetshire names, Taunton, Wellington, Curry +Rivel, Creech, Trull, Wilton: + + “There was a young lady of Wilton, + Who read all the poems of Milton: + And, when she had done, + She said, ‘What bad fun!’ + This prosaic young lady of Wilton.” + +There were many more, but this will perhaps suffice; _ex ungue leonem_. +They were addressed to the “Fair Lady of Claridge’s,” Madame Novikoff’s +hotel when in London, and were signed “Peter Paul, Bishop of Claridge’s.” + + “There is a fair lady at Claridge’s, + Whose smile is more charming to me, + Than the rapture of ninety-nine marriages + Could possibly, possibly, be;—” + +is the final dedicatory stanza. It is the gracious fooling of a +philosopher who understood his company. “There are folks,” says Mr. +Counsellor Pleydell, “before whom a man should take care how he plays the +fool, because they have either too much malice or too little wit.” +Kinglake knew his associates, and was not ashamed _desipere in loco_, to +frolic in their presence. + + * * * * * + +One point there was on which he never touched himself or suffered others +to interrogate him, his conception of and attitude towards the Unseen. +He wore his religion as Sir William Gull wore the fur of his coat, +_inside_. Outwardly he died as he had lived, a Stoic; that on the most +personal and sacred of all topics he should consult the Silences was in +keeping with his idiosyncrasy. Another famous man, questioned as to his +religious creed, made answer that he believed what all wise men believe. +And what do all wise men believe? “That all wise men keep to +themselves?” + + + + +INDEX + + +Abdu-l-Medjid, 66. + +Aberdeen, Lord, 70. + +Acton, Lord, 135. + +Acton, Mrs., 7. + +Adams, J. Quincy, 66. + +Airey, General, 63, 72. + +Alma, 39, 48, 59, 64, 73. + +Ampère, M., 102. + +Anastasius, 34. + +Ancelot, Mme., 99. + +Arnold, Matthew, 88. + +Ashburton, Lady, 135. + +Ashburton, Lord, 33. + +Athanasian Creed, 104. + + * * * * * + +Bachaumont, M., 87. + +Balaclava, 74–77. + +Bazancourt, Baron de, 48. + +Beaconsfield. _See_ Disraeli. + +Beauclerk, T., 129. + +Beaufort, Duke of, 39. + +Bedford, Duke of, 127. + +Berlin Congress, 139, etc. + +Beust, Count, 96, 137. + +Bismarck, 105, 116–118, 140, 141. + +Blackwood, 46, 49, 52, 127. + +Blaygon Hills, 25. + +Boissy, Marquis de, 18. + +Bosquet, General, 74, 76. + +Boyle, Dean, 3. + +Bridgewater, 40, 43, 45. + +Bright, John, 68. + +Brocas Clump, 22. + +Brookfield, Mrs., 11, 18, 126, 127. + +Browning, R., 15. + +Buller, Charles, 11. + +Bulwer-Lytton, 19. + +Bulwer, Sir H., 135. + +Bunbury, Sir H., 111, 112. + +Burghersh, Lord, 65. + +Burnaby, Captain, 78. + +Burton. _See_ Carrigaholt. + +Bury, Lord, 118. + +Byron, 11, 15, 22, 29. + + * * * * * + +Cabinet, Sleeping, 61. + +Cagliari, 41. + +Campbell, Colin, 62, 72. + +Cambridge, 10, 13. + +Canning, Lady, 66. + +Canning, Sir S. _See_ Stratford. + +Canrobert, 71, 78, 79. + +“Caradoc,” 60. + +Carlisle, Lord, 2. + +Carlyle, 15, 33, 63, 136–137. + +Carrigaholt, 21, 38. + +Cartwright, Mr., 138. + +Cathcart, General, 60, 76, 77. + +Catherine II., 121. + +Charles et George, 41. + +Chatham, Lady, 6. + +Chenery, Mr., 98, 111, 138–139. + +Chesterfield, Lord, 58. + +Chiffney, 24, 25. + +Chorley, Mr., 17. + +Clarendon, Lord, 50, 69. + +Claridge’s Hotel, 100, 137, 146. + +Clarke, Major, 64. + +Codrington, General, 63, 74. + +Coleridge, G., 9. + +Collier, Sir R., 144. + +“Corner,” the, 112, 126. + +Cornwall, Barry. _See_ Procter. + +“Cosmo,” the, 115. + +Cour, M. de la, 69. + +Crosse, Mrs., 3, 19. + +Crimea, 39, 48, 54, 57, etc. + +Crump, 51. + +Curzon, 2. + + * * * * * + +Daubeny, Col., 78. + +D’Aurelle, 63. + +Delane, 70. + +Dilke, Sir Charles, 114. + +Dilke, Lady, 87. + +Disraeli, B., 41, 42, 121, 139, 140. + +Dollinger, Dr., 104. + +Doyle, Sir F., 22. + +Dream, 125. + +Du Barry, Mme., 130. + +Duff, Sir M. E. Grant, 4, 44. + + * * * * * + +Ellenborough, Lord, 50. + +Ellis, Mrs., 35. + +Eothen, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20–32, 38, 41, 58, +85–88, 127. + +Estcott, Mr., 4. + +Etchingham Letters, 130. + +Eton, 10, 21, 28. + +Everett, Mr., 25–26. + + * * * * * + +Fane, Violet, 102. + +Ffoulkes, Rev. E. S., 104. + +“Filioque,” 104. + +Fiske, Mr., 139. + +Fitzgerald, E., 54. + +Flowers, Jemmy, 22. + +Forster, W. E., 124, 136. + +Froude, J. A., 95, 99, 102, 126, 137. + + * * * * * + +Gallifet, M., 117. + +Gambetta, 118. + +Gatty, Dr., 10. + +Gerontaion, 101. + +Gladstone, W. E., 10, 70, 94, 95, 99, 107, 115, 124, 143–145. + +Gladstone, Mrs., 143. + +Gortschakoff, 57, 97, 105–108, 122. + +Grant, Miss, 121. + +Gregory, Sir W., 112, 126. + +Gregory, Lady, 3, 38, 111, 126, 133. + +Greville Memoirs, 60. + +Grey, Earl, 93, 108. + +Grundy, Mrs., 110. + +Guiccioli, Mme., 18. + +Gull, Sir W., 147. + + * * * * * + +Hallam, A., 11. + +Hamley, Sir E., 118. + +Hampden, J., 46. + +Harrington, Lord, 18. + +Harrison, F., 114. + +Harrington, Lord, 124. + +Hatherley, Lord, 144. + +Hay, Mr., 66. + +Hayward, Abraham, 3, 19, 33, 95, 100, 102, 112, 124, 126, 131–133. + +Herbert, Auberon, 115. + +Holland, Lady, 99. + +Homer, 7, 10, 24, 27, 61. + +Hood, Thomas, 17. + +Hook, Theodore, 112. + +Hoseason, 10. + +Houghton, Lord, 3, 11, 13, 16, 17, 34–36, 99, 145. + +Howard, Mrs., 82. + +Huxley, Professor, 139. + + * * * * * + +Inglis, Sir R., 23–24. + +Inkerman, 77–79. + +Irby, Miss, 98. + + * * * * * + +Jelf, W. E., 26. + +Johnstone, Butler, 134. + +Jowett, B., 125, 136. + + * * * * * + +Karabelnaya, 72, 85. + +Keate, Dr., 10, 21, 22. + +Kemble, Adelaide, 128. + +Kemble, J. M., 11, 13. + +Kenyon, J., 39. + +Kinglake, A. W., parentage and birth, 5; school at Ottery, 9; Eton, 10; +Cambridge, 11–13; tour in the East, 14; called to the Bar, 17; further +travel, 18; shyness in society, 18; manners and appearance, 19; “Eothen” +published, 20; its popularity, 26–32; writes in “Quarterly Review,” 33; +accompanies Lord Raglan to the Crimea, 39; enters Parliament for +Bridgewater, 40; first failure in the House, and subsequent speeches, 41, +etc.; unseated for bribery, 45; publishes the first two volumes of +“Invasion of the Crimea,” 48; further volumes, 55; the book discussed, +56–86; and compared with “Eothen,” 86–89; his first acquaintance with +Madame Novikoff, his tribute to her brother, M. Kiréeff, 91; her history, +character, literary work, 92–95, 99; Kinglake’s review of her book +“Russia and England,” 95–98; his letters to her when abroad, 100, etc.; +his later years, friends, daily habits, 111; the Athenæum “Corner,” 112; +his comment on Sir Charles Dilke’s Civil List motion, 114; on the French +character, 116; on Gortschakoff’s circular, 122; his singular dream, 125; +increasing deafness, 126; sickness and death, 127; his traits of manner, +temperament, speech, as reported by surviving friends, 127, etc.; +attendance on Hayward’s last hours, 133; antipathies and likings, 137, +etc.; opinion of Gladstone and Disraeli, 139, etc.; reserve as to his own +religious feelings, 147. + +Kinglake, Captain, 127. + +Kinglake, Dr. Hamilton, 5, 6, 7, 9, 126–127. + +Kinglake, Mr. Robert, 5, 6. + +Kinglake, Mr. William, 5, 6. + +Kinglake, Mrs. Hamilton, 4, 126–127. + +Kinglake, Mrs. William (the elder), 6, 8. + +Kinglake, Mr. Serjeant, 5, 6. + +Kinglake, Mrs. Serjeant, 48. + +Kinglake, Rev. W. C., 5, 6. + +Kiréeff, Alexander, 92, 96. + +Kiréeff, Nicholas, 90. + +Knox, Alexander, 7. + +Korniloff, 73, 120. + + * * * * * + +Lafayette, Mme. de, 46. + +“Lama, The,” 16. + +Lamb, Charles, 34. + +Landseer, Edwin, 17. + +Lane-Poole, Mr., 66, 67. + +Laveleye, M., 98. + +Layard, A. H., 49. + +Lear, Edward, 146. + +Le Brun, Mme., 99. + +Lecky, Mr., 126. + +Lever, Charles, 134. + +Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, 87. + +Liddon, Canon, 104. + +Lieven, Princess, 93, 108. + +Lind, Jenny, 13. + +Lockhart, J. G., 33. + +Lucas, Mr., 49. + +Lucan, Lord, 72, 76. + +Lyons, Lord, 114. + + * * * * * + +Macaulay, 13, 33, 48, 51. + +MacCarthy, 34. + +Marie of Anjou, 23. + +Marlen Bells, 13, 25. + +Martineau, Miss, 2. + +Massey, Mr., 112. + +Maurice, F. D., 11. + +Menschikoff, Prince, 67–68. + +Mérimée, Prosper, 129. + +Methley, 10, 14, 21. + +Mexborough, Lord, 10, 126. + +Miller, Captain, 64. + +Miller, Larrey, 21–22. + +Milman, Dean, 33. + +“Minden Yell,” 62, 78. + +Mirliton, 137. + +Monckton Milnes. _See_ Houghton. + +Montalembert, M. de, 44. + +Morier, Sir Robert, 99, 102, 136. + +“Most, Mr.,” 45. + +Motley, Mr., 17. + +Murray, John, 20. + +Murray, Messrs., 97. + + * * * * * + +Napier, Macvey, 33. + +Napoleon I., 34–35, 54, 69, 82, 117. + +Napoleon, Louis, 41, 43, 71, 81, etc., 117, 119, 130. + +Napoleon, Prince, 74. + +Newcastle, Duke of, 48, 61, 70, 72. + +Nicholas, Czar, 62, 68, 79–81, 93, 122. + +Nolan, Captain, 62. + +Norton, Mrs., 19. + +“Nouvelle Revue,” 4, 97. + +Novikoff, Mme., 4, 90–110, 118–119, 126–127, 130, 134, 137–138, 146. + +Nugent, Lord, 2. + +Nurses, The Lady, 85. + + * * * * * + +Okes, Dr., 21–22. + +Oliphant, L., 46, 112. + +Ollivier, Mr., 20. + +Osborne, Bernal, 18, 99, 134. + +Ostend, 122. + +Ottery St. Mary, 9. + +Ourusoff, Prince, 119. + +“Owl, The,” 46–47. + + * * * * * + +Padwick, Henry, 42. + +“Pall Mall Gazette,” 122. + +Palmerston, Lord, 41, 70. + +Panmure, Lord, 60, 70. + +Parnell, C. S., 139. + +Paton, Sir N., 146. + +Peel, Lady E., 135. + +Peel, Sir R. (senior), 23. + +Peel, Sir R. (junior), 41, 102, 135. + +Pelissier, Marshal, 71–72. + +Pennefather, General, 73, 77. + +Pere Enfantin, 23. + +Pharisees, the, 103. + +Platonic, 38, 120. + +Pleydell, Counsellor, 146. + +Poitier, M., 38. + +Pollington, Lord, 10, 14, 21. + +Pollock, Sir F., 113, 145. + +Poole, Mrs., 35. + +Portraits, 127. + +Praed, Mackworth, 10. + +Prince Consort, 60. + +Procter, Adelaide, 17. + +Procter, B. W., 15, 16, 23. + +Procter, Mrs., 15, 16, 17, 21. + + * * * * * + +Quaire, Mme. de, 126. + + * * * * * + +Raglan, Lord, 39, 40, 59, etc. + +Raglan, Lady, 40, 58. + +Rawlinson, Sir H., 33, 112. + +Récamier, Mme., 99. + +Reeve, H., 50. + +Robespierre, 46. + +Robinson, Crabb, 16. + +Rogers, Thorold, 104. + +Ruskin, J., 88. + + * * * * * + +Salisbury, Lord, 97, 143. + +Salvation Army, 14. + +Sartoris, Mr., 128. + +Savile, Mr., 10. + +Scarlett, General, 74–75. + +Schwetschke, G., 140. + +Schouvaloff, Count, 140. + +Sidmouth, 110. + +Simpson, Mrs., 19, 53, 82. + +Skene, Miss, 1. + +Skepper, Anne, 15. + +Skirrow, Ch., 134. + +Skobeleff, General, 98, 99, 120. + +Smith, Dr. Wm., 95. + +Smith, Sydney, 7, 8. + +Spedding, J., 11. + +Spring Rice, Hon. S., 11. + +St. Arnaud, 18, 65, 116. + +St. Simon, 23. + +Stanhope, Lady H., 6. + +Stanhope, Lord, 135. + +Stanley, Dean, 2, 65, 104, 131, 135. + +Stanley, Lady A., 135. + +Stansfeld, Rt. Hon. J., 102. + +Sterling, J., 11. + +Steyne, Lord, 103. + +Stirling, Sir W., 112. + +Storks, Mr., 112. + +Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 61, 62, 65, etc., 101, 122. + +Strachan, Sir R., 131. + +Strzelecki, Count, 112. + +Swift, Dean, 100. + + * * * * * + +Talleyrand, 129. + +Tangier, 8. + +Taunton, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13. + +Tennyson, 11, 12, 16, 22, 58, 69. + +Thackeray, 11, 7, 15, 33. + +Thiers, M., 113. + +Thompson, Dr., 11. + +Ticknor, G., 112. + +“Timbuctoo,” 12. + +“Times, The,” 49, 98, 99, 137, 138. + +Todleben, 49, 73, 78–79, 119, 123. + +Tower, Tom, 86. + +Trench, R. C., 11. + +Trevelyan, Sir G., 47. + +“Tristram Shandy,” 145. + +Twisleton, E., 112. + +Tyndall, Professor, 102. + +Tynte, Colonel, 40. + + * * * * * + +“Vanity Fair,” 127. + +Vathek, 34. + +Venables, G., 17, 33, 112. + +Verg, Count de, 17. + +Victoria, Queen, 80, 84, 121. + +Villiers, Charles, 99. + +Voltaire, 84. + + * * * * * + +Waddy, Colonel, 78. + +Wales, Prince of (Regent), 24–25. + +Wales, Prince of (late), 120. + +Warburton, Canon, 3, 137. + +Warburton, Eliot, 2, 14, 17, 20, 21, 34–35, 129, 137. + +Waverley, 58. + +Wellington, Duke of, 80, 108, 131. + +Westbrook, Colonel, 42. + +Wilberforce, Samuel, 33. + +Wolff, Drummond, 112. + +Woodforde, Dr., 6. + +Woodforde, Mary, 6. + +Wordsworth, W., 11, 34, 56. + +Wordsworth, Charles, 12. + +Wynter, Dr., 26. + + * * * * * + +Yea, Lacy, 60, 63. + +Yonge, Miss, 1. + + [Picture: Decorative graphic] + + CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. + TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + + _On Hand-made Paper_, _small_ 8_vo_, 4_s._ _net_. + + + +EOTHEN + + + BY ALEXANDER W. KINGLAKE + + REPRINTED FROM THE FIRST EDITION + + WITH AN INTRODUCTION + + BY THE REV. W. TUCKWELL + + _The original Illustrations_, _and a Map_. + +“The Text is an accurate reprint of the first edition of 1844, and +Kinglake’s subsequent alterations are omitted and his omissions restored. +Even the singularly erratic and illogical punctuation is rigidly +preserved. Thus in the words of the editor, the Rev. W. Tuckwell, ‘we +are brought nearer to the author, whom we love, by the intermediate +transference into book form of his creations, fresh from his devising and +correcting pen, and reflecting his joy in their production.’”—_Athenæum_. + +“The present one appeals to a different class of reader from those who +like the modern _format_ with fresh illustrations, inasmuch as it is an +exact reprint, with title-page, of the first edition, preserving ‘the +eccentric punctuation of an ungrammatical Etonian in pre-local +examination days,’ and the original form of a good many passages which +were afterwards omitted or altered. The value of the reprint is much +enhanced by an excellent introduction from the pen of the Rev. W. +Tuckwell, who remembers the sensation ‘Eothen’ caused at Oxford—even +among the scouts—on its first appearance.”—_Literature_. + +“Alone of the famous books on Oriental sightseeing, it is again and again +reproduced, and ‘is devoured _senibus puerisque_ with unflagging +freshness of enjoyment.’”—_Speaker_. + + LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, + YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. + + + +RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY MESSRS. BELL. + + + _Just published_. + + +THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON I. + + +Including new materials from the British Official Records, by JOHN +HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., late Scholar of Christ’s College, Cambridge, author +of “The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era,” and “A Century of Continental +History.” With many maps and plans and numerous illustrations from +contemporary paintings, rare prints and engravings, medals, etc.; also a +facsimile from a letter of Napoleon. In two volumes, large post 8vo, +handsomely bound, 18_s._ net. + + +MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF COVENTRY PATMORE. + + +Compiled and Edited by BASIL CHAMPNEYS. With numerous Photogravure +Portraits and other Illustrations in Collotype, etc. Two vols., demy +8vo, 32_s._ net. + +—A CHEAPER EDITION of the above work, with two Portraits. Two vols., +demy 8vo, 15_s._ + + +THE WORKS OF C. S. CALVERLEY. + + +With a Memoir by SIR WALTER J. SENDALL, G.C.M.G., Governor of British +Guiana, and Portrait. Complete in one volume. _Second Impression_, +crown 8vo, 6_s._ net. + + LIBRARY EDITION. + +With binding designed by GLEESON WHITE. In four vols., crown 8vo, 5_s._ +each. + +Vol. I. Literary Remains. With a Memoir by SIR WALTER J. SENDALL, +K.C.M.G., and Portrait. + +Vol. II. Verses and Fly-Leaves. + +Vol. III. Translations into English and Latin. + +Vol. IV. Theocritus Translated into English Verse. + + +HANDBOOKS TO THE GREAT PUBLIC SCHOOLS. + + +Crown 8vo, 3_s._ 6_d._ net each. + +ETON. + +By A. CLUTTON-BROCK. With 46 Illustrations. + +CHARTERHOUSE. + +By A. H. TOD, M.A., Assistant Master at Charterhouse. With 58 +Illustrations. + +RUGBY. + +By H. C. BRADBY, B.A., Assistant Master at Rugby School. With 44 +Illustrations. + +WINCHESTER. + +By R. TOWNSEND WARNER, New College, Oxford, late Scholar of Winchester +College. With 46 Illustrations. + +HARROW. + +By J. FISCHER WILLIAMS, M.A., late Fellow of New College, Oxford. With +48 Illustrations. + +WESTMINSTER. + +By REGINALD AIRY, B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. With 47 +Illustrations. + + * * * * * + + LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, + + YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. + + * * * * * + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +{1} When “Heartsease” first appeared, Percy Fotheringham was believed to +be a portrait; but the accomplished authoress in a letter written not +long before her death told me that the character was wholly imaginary. + +{6} Pedigrees are perplexing unless tabulated; so here is Kinglake’s +genealogical tree. + +Kinglakes of Saltmoor had sons ROBERT KINGLAKE and WILLIAM KINGLAKE. + +ROBERT KINGLAKE had sons SERJEANT JOHN KINGLAKE and Rev. W. C. KINGLAKE. + +Woodfordes of Castle Cary had a daughter MARY WOODFORDE. + +WILLIAM KINGLAKE married MARY WOODFORDE and had sons A. W. KINGLAKE +(“Eothen”) and Dr. HAMILTON KINGLAKE. + +{12a} “Eothen,” p. 33. Reading “Timbuctoo” to-day one is amazed it +should have gained the prize. Two short passages adumbrate the coming +Tennyson, the rest is mystic nonsense. “What do you think of Tennyson’s +prize poem?” writes Charles Wordsworth to his brother Christopher. “Had +it been sent up at Oxford, the author would have had a better chance of +spending a few months at a lunatic asylum than of obtaining the Prize.” +A current Cambridge story at the time explained the selection. There +were three examiners, the Vice-Chancellor, a man of arbitrary temper, +with whom his juniors hesitated to disagree; a classical professor +unversed in English Literature; a mathematical professor indifferent to +all literature. The letter _g_ was to signify approval, the letter _b_ +to brand it with rejection. Tennyson’s manuscript came from the +Vice-Chancellor scored all over with _g_’s. The classical professor +failed to see its merit, but bowed to the Vice-Chancellor, and added his +_g_. The mathematical professor could not admire, but since both his +colleagues ordained it, good it must be, and his _g_ made the award +unanimous. The three met soon after, and the Vice-Chancellor, in his +blatant way, attacked the other two for admiring a trashy poem. “Why,” +they remonstrated, “you covered it with _g_’s yourself.” “_G_’s,” said +he, “they were _q_’s for queries; I could not understand a line of it.” + +{12b} “Enoch Arden,” p. 34. + +{13} “Eothen,” p. 169. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898. + +{14a} “Eothen,” p. 17. + +{14b} His deferential regard for army rank was like that of Johnson for +bishops. Great was his indignation when the “grotesque Salvation Army,” +as he called it, adopted military nomenclature. “I would let those +ragamuffins call themselves saints, angels, prophets, cherubim, Olympian +gods and goddesses if they like; but their pretension in taking the rank +of officers in the army is to me beyond measure repulsive.” + +{14c} “Eothen,” p. 190 in first edition. It was struck out in the +fourth edition. + +{22} “Eothen,” p. 18. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898. + +{28} He is very fond of this word; it occurs eleven times. + +{37} “Quarterly Review,” December, 1844. + +{38a} “Eothen,” p. 46. + +{38b} Poitier’s “Vaudeville.” + +{40} One characteristic anecdote he omits. Two French officers were +attached to our headquarters; and the staff were partly embarrassed and +partly amused by Lord Raglan’s inveterate habit, due to old Peninsular +associations, of calling the enemy “the French” in the presence of our +foreign guests. + +{47} Some of us can recall the lines in which Sir G. Trevelyan +commemorated “The Owl’s” nocturnal flights: + + “When at sunset, chill and dark, + Sunset thins the swarming park, + Bearing home his social gleaning— + Jests and riddles fraught with meaning, + Scandals, anecdotes, reports,— + Seeks The Owl a maze of courts + Which, with aspect towards the west, + Fringe the street of Sainted James, + Where a warm, secluded nest + As his sole domain he claims; + From his wing a feather draws, + Shapes for use a dainty nib, + Pens his parody or squib; + Combs his down and trims his claws, + And repairs where windows bright + Flood the sleepless Square with light.” + +{60} Greville, vii. 223, quotes from a letter written after Inkerman to +the Prince Consort by Colonel Steele, saying “that he had no idea how +great a mind Raglan really had, but that he now saw it, for in the midst +of distresses and difficulties of every kind in which the army was +involved, he was perfectly serene and undisturbed.” + +{63} “Go quietly” might have been his motto: even on horseback he seemed +never to be in a hurry. Airey used to come in from their rides round the +outposts shuddering with cold, and complaining that the Chief would never +move his horse out of a walk. “I daresay,” said Carlyle, “Lord Raglan +will rise quite quietly at the last trump, and remain entirely composed +during the whole day, and show the most perfect civility to both +parties.” + +{64} The first death! out of how many he nowhere reckons: he shrinks +from estimates of carnage, and we thank him for it. But an accomplished +naturalist tells me that the vulture, a bird unknown in the Crimea before +hostilities began, swarmed there after the Alma fight, and remained till +the war was over, disappearing meanwhile from the whole North African +littoral. + +{66} “D—n your eyes!” he said once, in a moment of irritation, to his +_attaché_, Mr. Hay. “D—n your Excellency’s eyes!” was the answer, +delivered with deep respect but with sufficient emphasis. Dismissed on +the spot, the candid _attaché_ went in great anger to pack up, but was +followed after a time by Lady Canning, habitual peacemaker in the +household, who besought him if not to apologize at least to bid his Chief +good-bye. After much persuasion he consented. “Hardly had he entered +the room when Sir Stratford had him by the hand. ‘My dear Hay, this will +never do; what a devil of a temper you have!’ The two were firmer +friends than ever after this” (LANE POOLE’S _Life of Lord Stratford_, +chapter xiii.). + +{68} The story of an old quarrel between Sir Stratford Canning and the +then Grand Duke Nicholas at St. Petersburg in 1825 is disproved by +Canning’s own statement. The two met once only in their lives, at a +purely formal reception at Paris in 1814. + +{82} _La Femme_ was a “Miss” or “Mrs.” Howard. She followed Louis +Napoleon to France in 1848, and lived openly with him as his mistress. +In the once famous “Letters of an Englishman” we are told how shortly +after the December massacre the _élite_ of English visitors in Paris were +not ashamed to dine at her house in the President’s company: and in 1860, +Mrs. Simpson, in France with her father, Nassau Senior, found her, +decorated with the title of Madame de Beauregard, inhabiting La Celle, +near Versailles, once the abode of Madame de Pompadour, “with the +national flag flying over it, to the great scandal of the neighbourhood.” + +{87} Bachaumont’s criticism of Latour. Lady Dilke’s “French Painters,” +p. 165. + +{96} Here is one of the stanzas: + + “L’Autriche—dit-on—et la Russie + Se brouillent pour la Turquie. + Dès aujourd’hui il n’en est plus question. + En invitant une femme charmante, + Le Turc—et je l’en complimente— + Est devenu pour nous un trait d’union.” + +{111} “Blackwood’s Magazine,” December, 1895, p. 802. + +{130} I inserted this quotation before reading the “Etchingham Letters.” +Sir Richard would wish me to erase it as hackneyed; but it applies to +Kinglake’s talk as accurately as to Virgil’s writing, and I refuse to be +defrauded of it. + +{133} This delightful phrase is Lady Gregory’s. One would wish, like +Lord Houghton, though suppressing his presumptuous rider, to have been +its author. + +{140} Of course Kinglake was not alone in this opinion. It was voiced +in a delightful _jeu d’esprit_, now forgotten, which it is worth while to +reproduce: + + “THE BERLIN CONGRESS. + + “The following Latin poem, from the pen of the well-known German + poet, Gustave Schwetschke, was distributed by Prince Bismarck’s + special request amongst the Plenipotentiaries immediately after the + last sitting on Saturday: + + “‘GAUDEAMUS CONGRESSIBILE. + + “‘Gaudeamus igitur + Socii congressus, + Post dolores bellicosos, + Post labores gloriosos, + Nobis fit decessus. + + “‘Ubi sunt, qui ante nos + Quondam consedere, + Viennenses, Parisienses + Tot per annos, tot per menses? + Frustra decidere. + + “‘Mundus heu! vult decipi, + Sed non decipiatur, + Non plus ultra inter gentes + Litigantes et frementes + Manus conferatur. + + ‘Vivat Pax! et comitent + Dii nunc congressum, + Ceu Deus ex machinâ + Ipsa venit Cypria + Roborans successum. + + “‘Pereat discordia! + Vincat semper litem + Proxenetae probitas, {141} + Fides, spes, et charitas, + Gaudeamus item! + + “G. S.” + + * * * * * + + “THE OTHER VERSION. + + (From the “Pall Mall Gazette.”) + + “A correspondent informs us that the version given in ‘The Standard’ + of yesterday of the congratulatory ode (‘Gaudeamus igitur,’ etc.) + addressed to the Congress by ‘the well-known German poet Gustave + Schwetschke,’ and ‘distributed by Prince Bismarck’s request among the + Plenipotentiaries,’ is incorrect. The true version, we are assured, + is as follows: + + “‘Rideamus igitur, + Socii Congressus; + Post dolores bellicosos, + Post labores bumptiosos, + Fit mirandus messus. + + “Ubi sunt qui apud nos + Causas litigâre, + Moldo-Wallachæ frementes, + Græculi esurientes? + Heu! absquatulâre. + + “‘Ubi sunt provinciæ + Quas est laus pacâsse? + Totæ, totæ, sunt partitæ: + Has tulerunt Muscovitæ, + Illas Count Andrassy. + + “‘Et quid est quod Angliæ + Dedit hic Congressus? + Jus pro aliis pugnandi, + Mortuum vivificandi— + Splendidi successus! + + “‘Vult Joannes decipi + Et bamboosulatur. + Io Beacche! Quæ majestas! + Ostreæ reportans testas + Domum gloriatur!’” + + “This version, which from internal evidence will be seen to be the + true one, may be roughly Englished thus: + + “Let us have our hearty laugh, + Greatest of Congresses! + After days and weeks pugnacious, + After labours ostentatious, + See how big the mess is! + + “‘Where are those who at our bar + Their demands have stated: + Robbed Roumanians rampaging, + Greeklings with earth-hunger raging? + Where? Absquatulated! + + “‘Where the lands we’ve pacified, + With their rebel masses? + All are gone; yes, all up-gobbled: + These the Muscovite has nobbled, + Those are Count Andrassy’s. + + “‘And what does England carry off + To add to her possessions? + The right to wage another’s strife, + The right to raise the dead to life— + Glorious concessions! + + “‘Well, let John Bull bamboozled be + If he’s so fond of sells! + Io Beacche! Hark the cheering! + See him home in triumph bearing + _Both_ {143} the oyster shells!’” + +{141} “Der ehrlich Miikler.” + +{143} Peace and Honour. + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A. W. KINGLAKE*** + + +******* This file should be named 539-0.txt or 539-0.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/3/539 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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W. Kinglake, by W. Tuckwell</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, A. W. Kinglake, by W. Tuckwell + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: A. W. Kinglake + A Biographical and Literary Study + + +Author: W. Tuckwell + + + +Release Date: February 21, 2013 [eBook #539] +[This file was first posted on March 23, 1996] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A. W. KINGLAKE*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1902 Edition by David Price, email +ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/fpb.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Kinglake in the late Fifties" +title= +"Kinglake in the late Fifties" +src="images/fps.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h1>A. W. KINGLAKE<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">A BIOGRAPHICAL AND</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">LITERARY STUDY</span></h1> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br +/> +REV. W. TUCKWELL</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AUTHOR OF +“TONGUES IN TREES,” “WINCHESTER FIFTY</span><br +/> +<span class="GutSmall">YEARS AGO,” “REMINISCENCES OF +OXFORD,” ETC.</span></p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">ἁμέραι +δ᾿ +ἐπίλοιποι +μάρτυρες +σοφώτατρο</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p0b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative graphic" +title= +"Decorative graphic" +src="images/p0s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON</p> +<p style="text-align: center">GEORGE BELL AND SONS,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">1902</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><a name="pageiv"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. iv</span><span class="GutSmall">CHISWICK +PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, +LONDON.</span></p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<h2><a name="pagev"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +v</span>PREFACE</h2> +<p>It is just eleven years since Kinglake passed away, and his +life has not yet been separately memorialized. A few years +more, and the personal side of him would be irrecoverable, though +by personality, no less than by authorship, he made his +contemporary mark. When a tomb has been closed for +centuries, the effaced lineaments of its tenant can be +re-coloured only by the idealizing hand of genius, as Scott drew +Claverhouse, and Carlyle drew Cromwell. But, to the +biographer of the lately dead, men have a right to say, as Saul +said to the Witch of Endor, “Call up Samuel!” +In your study of a life so recent as Kinglake’s, give us, +if you choose, some critical synopsis of his monumental writings, +some salvage from his ephemeral and scattered papers; trace so +much of his youthful training as shaped the development of his +character; depict, with wise restraint, his political and public +life: but also, and above all, re-clothe him “in his habit +as he lived,” as friends and <a name="pagevi"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. vi</span>associates knew him; recover his +traits of voice and manner, his conversational wit or wisdom, +epigram or paradox, his explosions of sarcasm and his +eccentricities of reserve, his words of winningness and acts of +kindness: and, since one half of his life was social, introduce +us to the companions who shared his lighter hour and evoked his +finer fancies; take us to the Athenæum +“Corner,” or to Holland House, and flash on us at +least a glimpse of the brilliant men and women who formed the +setting to his sparkle; “<i>dic in amicitiam coeant et +foedera jungant</i>.”</p> +<p>This I have endeavoured to do, with such aid as I could +command from his few remaining contemporaries. His letters +to his family were destroyed by his own desire; on those written +to Madame Novikoff no such embargo was laid, nor does she believe +that it was intended. I have used these sparingly, and all +extracts from them have been subjected to her censorship. +If the result is not Attic in salt, it is at any rate Roman in +brevity. I send it forth with John Bunyan’s homely +aspiration:</p> +<blockquote><p>And may its buyer have no cause to say,<br /> +His money is but lost or thrown away.</p> +</blockquote> +<h2><a name="pagevii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +vii</span>CONTENTS</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="GutSmall">CHAP.</span></p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">I.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Early Years</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page1">1</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">II.</p> +</td> +<td><p>“<span class="smcap">Eothen</span>”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">III.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Literary and Parliamentary +Life</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">IV.</p> +</td> +<td><p>“<span class="smcap">The Invasion of the +Crimea</span>”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page56">56</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">V.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Madame Novikoff</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page90">90</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">VI.</p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Later Days, and Death</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Index</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page149">149</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2><a name="pageix"></a><span class="pagenum">p. ix</span>LIST +OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Kinglake in the late +Fifties</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Frontispiece</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Eliot Warburton</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Lord Raglan</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page40">40</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Madame Novikoff</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><span class="smcap">Kinglake in the Early +Seventies</span></p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page128">128</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 1</span>CHAPTER +I<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">EARLY YEARS</span></h2> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> fourth decade of the deceased +century dawned on a procession of Oriental pilgrims, variously +qualified or disqualified to hold the gorgeous East in fee, who, +with <i>bakshîsh</i> in their purses, a theory in their +brains, an unfilled diary-book in their portmanteaus, sought out +the Holy Land, the Sinai peninsula, the valley of the Nile, +sometimes even Armenia and the Monte Santo, and returned home to +emit their illustrated and mapped octavos. We have the type +delineated admiringly in Miss Yonge’s +“Heartsease,” <a name="citation1"></a><a +href="#footnote1" class="citation">[1]</a> bitterly in Miss +Skene’s “Use and Abuse,” facetiously in the +Clarence Bulbul of “Our Street.” “Hang +it! has not <a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +2</span>everybody written an Eastern book? I should like to +meet anybody in society now who has not been up to the Second +Cataract. My Lord Castleroyal has done one—an honest +one; my Lord Youngent another—an amusing one; my Lord +Woolsey another—a pious one; there is the ‘Cutlet and +the Cabob’—a sentimental one; Timbuctoothen—a +humorous one.” Lord Carlisle’s honesty, Lord +Nugent’s fun, Lord Lindsay’s piety, failed to float +their books. Miss Martineau, clear, frank, unemotional +Curzon, fuddling the Levantine monks with rosoglio that he might +fleece them of their treasured hereditary manuscripts, even Eliot +Warburton’s power, colouring, play of fancy, have yielded +to the mobility of Time. Two alone out of the gallant +company maintain their vogue to-day: Stanley’s “Sinai +and Palestine,” as a Fifth Gospel, an inspired Scripture +Gazetteer; and “Eothen,” as a literary gem of purest +ray serene.</p> +<p>In 1898 a reprint of the first edition was given to the +public, prefaced by a brief eulogium of the book and a slight +notice of the author. It brought to the writer of the +“Introduction” not only kind and indulgent criticism, +but valuable corrections, fresh facts, <a name="page3"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 3</span>clues to further knowledge. +These last have been carefully followed out. The unwary +statement that Kinglake never spoke after his first failure in +the House has been atoned by a careful study of all his speeches +in and out of Parliament. His reviews in the +“Quarterly” and elsewhere have been noted; +impressions of his manner and appearance at different periods of +his life have been recovered from coæval acquaintances; his +friend Hayward’s Letters, the numerous allusions in Lord +Houghton’s Life, Mrs. Crosse’s lively chapters in +“Red Letter Days of my Life,” Lady Gregory’s +interesting recollections of the Athenæum Club in Blackwood +of December, 1895, the somewhat slender notice in the +“Dictionary of National Biography,” have all been +carefully digested. From these, and, as will be seen, from +other sources, the present Memoir has been compiled; an +endeavour—<i>sera tamen</i>—to lay before the +countless readers and admirers of his books a fairly adequate +appreciation, hitherto unattempted, of their author.</p> +<p>I have to acknowledge the great kindness of Canon William +Warburton, who examined his brother Eliot’s diaries on my +behalf, obtained information from Dean Boyle and Sir <a +name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>M. Grant Duff, +cleared up for me not a few obscure allusions in the +“Eothen” pages. My highly valued friend, Mrs. +Hamilton Kinglake, of Taunton, his sister-in-law, last surviving +relative of his own generation, has helped me with facts which no +one else could have recalled. To Mr. Estcott, his old +acquaintance and Somersetshire neighbour, I am indebted for +recollections manifold and interesting; but above all I tender +thanks to Madame Novikoff, his intimate associate and +correspondent during the last twenty years of his life, who has +supplemented her brilliant sketch of him in “La Nouvelle +Revue” of 1896 by oral and written information lavish in +quantity and of paramount biographical value. +Kinglake’s external life, his literary and political +career, his speeches, and the more fugitive productions of his +pen, were recoverable from public sources; but his personal and +private side, as it showed itself to the few close intimates who +still survive, must have remained to myself and others meagre, +superficial, disappointing, without Madame Novikoff’s +unreserved and sympathetic confidence.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Alexander William Kinglake was descended <a +name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 5</span>from an old +Scottish stock, the Kinlochs, who migrated to England with King +James, and whose name was Anglicized into Kinglake. Later +on we find them settled on a considerable estate of their own at +Saltmoor, near Borobridge, whence towards the close of the +eighteenth century two brothers, moving southward, made their +home in Taunton—Robert as a physician, William as a +solicitor and banker. Both were of high repute, both begat +famous sons. From Robert sprang the eminent Parliamentary +lawyer, Serjeant John Kinglake, at one time a contemporary with +Cockburn and Crowder on the Western Circuit, and William Chapman +Kinglake, who while at Trinity, Cambridge, won the Latin verse +prize, “Salix Babylonica,” the English verse prizes +on “Byzantium” and the “Taking of +Jerusalem,” in 1830 and 1832. Of William’s sons +the eldest was Alexander William, author of “Eothen,” +the youngest Hamilton, for many years one of the most +distinguished physicians in the West of England. +“Eothen,” as he came to be called, was born at +Taunton on the 5th August, 1809, at a house called “The +Lawn.” His father, a sturdy Whig, died at the age of +ninety through injuries received in the hustings crowd <a +name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>of a contested +election. His mother belonged to an old Somersetshire +family, the Woodfordes of Castle Cary. She, too, lived to a +great age; a slight, neat figure in dainty dress, full of antique +charm and grace. As a girl she had known Lady Hester +Stanhope, who lived with her grandmother, Lady Chatham, at Burton +Pynsent, her own father, Dr. Thomas Woodforde, being Lady +Chatham’s medical attendant. <a name="citation6"></a><a +href="#footnote6" class="citation">[6]</a> The future +prophetess of the Lebanon was then a wild girl, scouring the +countryside on bare-backed horses; she showed great kindness to +Mary Woodforde, afterwards Kinglake’s mother. It was +as his mother’s son that she received him long afterwards +at Djoun. To his mother Kinglake was passionately attached; +owed to her, as he tells us in “Eothen,” his home in +the <a name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>saddle +and his love for Homer. A tradition is preserved in the +family that on the day of her funeral, at a churchyard five miles +away, he was missed from the household group reassembled in the +mourning home; he was found to have ordered his horse, and +galloped back in the darkness to his mother’s grave. +Forty years later he writes to Alexander Knox: “The death +of a mother has an almost magical power of recalling the home of +one’s childhood, and the almost separate world that rests +upon affection.” Of his two sisters, one was well +read and agreeably talkative, noted by Thackeray as the cleverest +woman he had ever met; the other, Mrs. Acton, was a delightful +old <i>esprit fort</i>, as I knew her in the sixties, +“pagan, I regret to say,” but not a little resembling +her brother in the point and manner of her wit. The family +moved in his infancy to an old-fashioned handsome “Wilton +House,” adjoining closely to the town, but standing amid +spacious park-like grounds, and inhabited in after years by +Kinglake’s younger brother Hamilton, who succeeded his +uncle in the medical profession, and passed away, amid deep and +universal regret, in 1898. Here during the thirties Sydney +Smith was a frequent and a welcome visitor; <a +name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>it was in +answer to old Mrs. Kinglake that he uttered his audacious +<i>mot</i> on being asked if he would object, as a neighbouring +clergyman had done, to bury a Dissenter: “Not bury +Dissenters? I should like to be burying them all +day!”</p> +<p>Taunton was an innutrient foster-mother, <i>arida nutrix</i>, +for such young lions as the Kinglake brood. Two hundred +years before it had been a prosperous and famous place, its +woollen and kersey trades, with the population they supported, +ranking it as eighth in order among English towns. Its +inhabitants were then a gallant race, republican in politics, +Puritan in creed. Twice besieged by Goring and Lumford, it +had twice repelled the Royalists with loss. It was the +centre of Monmouth’s rebellion and of Jeffrey’s +vengeance; the suburb of Tangier, hard by its ancient castle, +still recalls the time when Colonel Kirke and his regiment of +“Lambs” were quartered in the town. But long +before the advent of the Kinglakes its glory had departed; its +manufactures had died out, its society become Philistine and +bourgeois—“little men who walk in narrow +ways”—while from pre-eminence in electoral venality +among English boroughs it <a name="page9"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 9</span>was saved only by the near proximity +of Bridgewater. A noted statesman who, at a later period, +represented it in Parliament, used to say that by only one family +besides Dr. Hamilton Kinglake’s could he be received with +any sense of social or intellectual equality.</p> +<p>Not much, however, of Kinglake’s time was given to his +native town: he was early sent to the Grammar School at Ottery +St. Mary’s, the “Clavering” of +“Pendennis,” whose Dr. Wapshot was George Coleridge, +brother of the poet. He was wont in after life to speak of +this time with bitterness; a delicate child, he was starved on +insufficient diet; and an eloquent passage in +“Eothen” depicts his intellectual fall from the +varied interests and expanding enthusiasm of liberal home +teaching to the regulation gerund-grinding and Procrustean +discipline of school. “The dismal change is ordained, +and then—thin meagre Latin with small shreds and patches of +Greek, is thrown like a pauper’s pall over all your early +lore; instead of sweet knowledge, vile, monkish, doggerel +grammars and graduses, dictionaries and lexicons, and horrible +odds and ends of dead languages are given you for your portion, +and down you fall, from Roman story to a three-inch scrap of +‘Scriptores <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +10</span>Romani,’—from Greek poetry, down, down to +the cold rations of ‘Poetæ Græci,’ cut up +by commentators, and served out by school-masters!”</p> +<p>At Eton—under Keate, as all readers of +“Eothen” know—he was contemporary with +Gladstone, Sir F. Hanmer, Lords Canning and Dalhousie, Selwyn, +Shadwell. He wrote in the “Etonian,” created +and edited by Mackworth Praed; and is mentioned in Praed’s +poem on Surly Hall as</p> +<blockquote><p>“Kinglake, dear to poetry,<br /> +And dear to all his friends.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Dr. Gatty remembers his “determined pale face”; +thinks that he made his mark on the river rather than in the +playing fields, being a good oar and swimmer. His great +friend at school was Savile, the “Methley” of his +travels, who became successively Lord Pollington and Earl of +Mexborough. The Homeric lore which Methley exhibited in the +Troad, is curiously illustrated by an Eton story, that in a +pugilistic encounter with Hoseason, afterwards an Indian Cavalry +officer, while the latter sate between the rounds upon his +second’s knee, Savile strutted about the ring, spouting +Homer.</p> +<p>Kinglake entered at Trinity, Cambridge, in <a +name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>1828, among +an exceptionally brilliant set—Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, +John Sterling, Trench, Spedding, Spring Rice, Charles Buller, +Maurice, Monckton Milnes, J. M. Kemble, Brookfield, +Thompson. With none of them does he seem in his +undergraduate days to have been intimate. Probably then, as +afterwards, he shrank from <i>camaraderie</i>, shared +Byron’s distaste for “enthusymusy”; naturally +cynical and self-contained, was repelled by the spiritual +fervour, incessant logical collision, aggressive tilting at +abuses of those young “Apostles,” already</p> +<blockquote><p>“Yearning for the large excitement that the +coming years would yield,<br /> +Eager-hearted as a boy when first he leaves his father’s +field,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>waxing ever daily, as Sterling exhorted, “in religion +and radicalism.” He saw life differently; more +practically, if more selfishly; to one rhapsodizing about the +“plain living and high thinking” of +Wordsworth’s sonnet, he answered: “You know that you +prefer dining with people who have good glass and china and +plenty of servants.” For Tennyson’s poetry he +even then felt admiration; quotes, nay, misquotes, in +“Eothen,” from the little <a name="page12"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 12</span>known “Timbuctoo”; <a +name="citation12a"></a><a href="#footnote12a" +class="citation">[12a]</a> and from “Locksley Hall”; +and supplied long afterwards an incident adopted by Tennyson in +“Enoch Arden,”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Once likewise in the ringing of his ears<br +/> +Though faintly, merrily—far and far away—<br /> +He heard the pealing of his parish bells,” <a +name="citation12b"></a><a href="#footnote12b" +class="citation">[12b]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>from +his own experience in the desert, when on a Sunday, amid +overpowering heat and stillness, he heard the Marlen bells of +Taunton peal for morning church. <a name="citation13"></a><a +href="#footnote13" class="citation">[13]</a></p> +<p>In whatever set he may have lived he made his mark at +Cambridge. Lord Houghton remembered him as an orator at the +Union; and speaking to Cambridge undergraduates fifty years +later, after enumerating the giants of his student days, +Macaulay, Praed, Buller, Sterling, Merivale, he goes on to say: +“there, too, were Kemble and Kinglake, the historian of our +earliest civilization and of our latest war; Kemble as +interesting an individual as ever was portrayed by the dramatic +genius of his own race; Kinglake, as bold a man-at-arms in +literature as ever confronted public opinion.” We +know, too, that not many years after leaving Cambridge he +received, and refused, a solicitation to stand as Liberal +representative of the University in Parliament. He was, in +fact, as far as any of his contemporaries from acquiescing in +social conventionalisms and shams. To the end of his life +he chafed at such restraint: “when pressed to stay in +country houses,” he writes in 1872, “I have had the +<a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>frankness +to say that I have not discipline enough.” Repeatedly +he speaks with loathing of the “stale civilization,” +the “utter respectability,” of European life; <a +name="citation14a"></a><a href="#footnote14a" +class="citation">[14a]</a> longed with all his soul for the +excitement and stir of soldiership, from which his +shortsightedness debarred him; <a name="citation14b"></a><a +href="#footnote14b" class="citation">[14b]</a> rushed off again +and again into foreign travel; set out immediately on leaving +Cambridge, in 1834, for his first Eastern tour, “to fortify +himself for the business of life.” Methley joined him +at Hamburg, and they travelled by Berlin, Dresden, Prague, +Vienna, to Semlin, where his book begins. Lord +Pollington’s health broke down, and he remained to winter +at Corfu, while Kinglake pursued his way alone, returning to +England in October, 1835. <a name="citation14c"></a><a +href="#footnote14c" class="citation">[14c]</a> On his +return he read for the Chancery Bar along with his friend Eliot +Warburton, under Bryan <a name="page15"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 15</span>Procter, a Commissioner of Lunacy, +better known by his poet-name, Barry Cornwall; his acquaintance +with both husband and wife ripening into life-long +friendship. Mrs. Procter is the “Lady of +Bitterness,” cited in the “Eothen” +Preface. As Anne Skepper, before her marriage, she was much +admired by Carlyle; “a brisk witty prettyish clear eyed +sharp tongued young lady”; and was the intimate, among +many, especially of Thackeray and Browning. In epigrammatic +power she resembled Kinglake; but while his acrid sayings were +emitted with gentlest aspect and with softest speech; while, like +Byron’s Lambro:</p> +<blockquote><p> “he was +the mildest mannered man<br /> +That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat,<br /> +With such true breeding of a gentleman,<br /> +You never could divine his real thought,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>her sarcasms rang out with a resonant clearness that enforced +and aggravated their severity. That two persons so strongly +resembling each other in capacity for rival exhibition, or for +mutual exasperation, should have maintained so firm a friendship, +often surprised their acquaintance; she explained it by saying +that she and Kinglake sharpened one another like two knives; +that, in the words of Petruchio,</p> +<blockquote><p><a name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +16</span>“Where two raging fires meet together,<br /> +They do consume the thing that feeds their fury.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p14b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Eliot Warburton. From a water-colour drawing in the possession +of Canon Warburton" +title= +"Eliot Warburton. From a water-colour drawing in the possession +of Canon Warburton" +src="images/p14s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>Crabb Robinson, stung by her in a tender place, his boastful +iterative monologues on Weimar and on Goethe, said that of all +men Procter ought to escape purgatory after death, having tasted +its fulness here through living so many years with Mrs. Procter; +“the husbands of the talkative have great reward +hereafter,” said Rudyard Kipling’s Lama. And I +have been told by those who knew the pair that there was truth as +well as irritation in the taunt. “A graceful Preface +to ‘Eothen,’” wrote to me a now famous lady who +as a girl had known Mrs. Procter well, “made friendly +company yesterday to a lonely meal, and brought back memories of +Mr. Kinglake’s kind spoiling of a raw young woman, and of +the wit, the egregious vanity, the coarseness, the kindness, of +that hard old worldling our Lady of Bitterness.” In +the presence of one man, Tennyson, she laid aside her +shrewishness: “talking with Alfred Tennyson lifts me out of +the earth earthy; a visit to Farringford is like a retreat to the +religious.” A celebrity in London for fifty years, +she died, witty and vigorous to the last, in 1888. +“You and I and Mr. Kinglake,” she says to Lord +Houghton, <a name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +17</span>“are all that are left of the goodly band that +used to come to St. John’s Wood; Eliot Warburton, Motley, +Adelaide, Count de Verg, Chorley, Sir Edwin Landseer, my +husband.” “I never could write a book,” +she tells him in another letter, “and one strong reason for +not doing so was the idea of some few seeing how poor it +was. Venables was one of the few; I need not say that you +were one, and Kinglake.”</p> +<p>Kinglake was called to the Chancery Bar, and practised +apparently with no great success. He believed that his +reputation as a writer stood in his way. When, in 1845, +poor Hood’s friends were helping him by gratuitous articles +in his magazine, “Hood’s Own,” Kinglake wrote +to Monckton Milnes refusing to contribute. He will send +£10 to buy an article from some competent writer, but will +not himself write. “It would be seriously injurious +to me if the author of ‘Eothen’ were +<i>affichéd</i> as contributing to a magazine. My +frailty in publishing a book has, I fear, already hurt me in my +profession, and a small sin of this kind would bring on me still +deeper disgrace with the solicitors.”</p> +<p>Twice at least in these early years he travelled. +“Mr. Kinglake,” writes Mrs. Procter <a +name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>in 1843, +“is in Switzerland, reading Rousseau.” And in +the following year we hear of him in Algeria, accompanying St. +Arnaud in his campaign against the Arabs. The mingled +interest and horror inspired in him by this extra-ordinary man +finds expression in his “Invasion of the Crimea” (ii. +157). A few, a very few survivors, still remember his +appearance and manners in the forties. The eminent husband +of a lady, now passed away, who in her lifetime gave Sunday +dinners at which Kinglake was always present, speaks of him as +<i>sensitive</i>, quiet in the presence of noisy people, of +Brookfield and the overpowering Bernal Osborne; liking their +company, but never saying anything worthy of remembrance. A +popular old statesman, still active in the House of Commons, +recalls meeting him at Palmerston, Lord Harrington’s seat, +where was assembled a party in honour of Madame Guiccioli and her +second husband, the Marquis de Boissy, and tells me that he +attached himself to ladies, not to gentlemen, nor ever joined in +general tattle. Like many other famous men, he passed +through a period of shyness, which yielded to women’s +tactfulness only. From the first they appreciated him; +“if you were as gentle as your friend Kinglake,” <a +name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>writes Mrs. +Norton reproachfully to Hayward in the sulks. Another +coæval of those days calls him handsome—an epithet I +should hardly apply to him later—slight, not tall, sharp +featured, with dark hair well tended, always modishly dressed +after the fashion of the thirties, the fashion of Bulwer’s +exquisites, or of H. K. Browne’s “Nicholas +Nickleby” illustrations; leaving on all who saw him an +impression of great personal distinction, yet with an air of +youthful <i>abandon</i> which never quite left him: “He was +pale, small, and delicate in appearance,” says Mrs. +Simpson, Nassau Senior’s daughter, who knew him to the end +of his life; while Mrs. Andrew Crosse, his friend in the Crimean +decade, cites his finely chiselled features and intellectual +brow, “a complexion bloodless with the pallor not of +ill-health, but of an old Greek bust.”</p> +<h2><a name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +20</span>CHAPTER II<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">“EOTHEN”</span></h2> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Eothen</span>” appeared in +1844. Twice, Kinglake tells us, he had essayed the story of +his travels, twice abandoned it under a sense of strong +disinclination to write. A third attempt was induced by an +entreaty from his friend Eliot Warburton, himself projecting an +Eastern tour; and to Warburton in a characteristic preface the +narrative is addressed. The book, when finished, went the +round of the London market without finding a publisher. It +was offered to John Murray, who cited his refusal of it as the +great blunder of his professional life, consoling himself with +the thought that his father had equally lacked foresight thirty +years before in declining the “Rejected Addresses”; +he secured the copyright later on. It was published in the +end by a personal friend, Ollivier, of Pall Mall, Kinglake paying +£50 to cover risk of loss; even worse terms than were +obtained by <a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +21</span>Warburton two years afterwards from Colburn, who owned +in the fifties to having cleared £6,000 by “The +Crescent and the Cross.” The volume was an octavo of +418 pages; the curious folding-plate which forms the frontispiece +was drawn and coloured by the author, and was compared by the +critics to a tea-tray. In front is Moostapha the Tatar; the +two foremost figures in the rear stand for accomplished Mysseri, +whom Kinglake was delighted to recognize long afterwards as a +flourishing hotel keeper in Constantinople, and Steel, the +Yorkshire servant, in his striped pantry jacket, “looking +out for gentlemen’s seats.” Behind are +“Methley,” Lord Pollington, in a broad-brimmed hat, +and the booted leg of Kinglake, who modestly hid his figure by a +tree, but exposed his foot, of which he was very proud. Of +the other characters, “Our Lady of Bitterness” was +Mrs. Procter, “Carrigaholt” was Henry Stuart Burton +of Carrigaholt, County Clare. Here and there are allusions, +obvious at the time, now needing a scholiast, which have not in +any of the reprints been explained. In their ride through +the Balkans they talked of old Eton days. “We bullied +Keate, and scoffed at Larrey Miller and Okes; we rode along +loudly laughing, <a name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +22</span>and talked to the grave Servian forest as though it were +the Brocas clump.” <a name="citation22"></a><a +href="#footnote22" class="citation">[22]</a> Keate requires +no interpreter; Okes was an Eton tutor, afterwards Provost of +King’s. Larrey or Laurie Miller was an old tailor in +Keate’s Lane who used to sit on his open shop-board, facing +the street, a mark for the compliments of passing boys; as +frolicsome youngsters in the days of Addison and Steele, as High +School lads in the days of Walter Scott, were accustomed to +“smoke the cobler.” The Brocas was a meadow +sacred to badger-baiting and cat-hunts. The badgers were +kept by a certain Jemmy Flowers, who charged sixpence for each +“draw”; Puss was turned out of a bag and chased by +dogs, her chance being to reach and climb a group of trees near +the river, known as the “Brocas Clump.” Of the +quotations, “a Yorkshireman hippodamoio” (p. 35) is, +I am told, an <i>obiter dictum</i> of Sir Francis Doyle. +“Striving to attain,” etc. (p. 33), is taken not +quite correctly from Tennyson’s +“Timbuctoo.” Our crew were “a solemn +company” (p. 57) is probably a reminiscence of “we +were a gallant company” in “The Siege of +Corinth.” For “‘the own armchair’ +of our Lyrist’s ‘Sweet Lady <a +name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +23</span>Anne’” (p. 161) see the poem, “My own +armchair” in Barry Cornwall’s “English +Lyrics.” “Proud Marie of Anjou” (p. 96) +and “single-sin —” (p. 121), are +unintelligible; a friend once asked Kinglake to explain the +former, but received for answer, “Oh! that is a private +thing.” It may, however, have been a pet name for +little Marie de Viry, Procter’s niece, and the +<i>chère amie</i> of his verse, whom Eothen must have met +often at his friend’s house. The St. Simonians of p. +83 were the disciples of Comte de St. Simon, a Parisian reformer +in the latter part of the eighteenth century, who endeavoured to +establish a social republic based on capacity and labour. +Père Enfantin was his disciple. The “mystic +mother” was a female Messiah, expected to become the parent +of a new Saviour. “Sir Robert once said a good +thing” (p. 93), refers possibly to Sir Robert Peel, not +famous for epigram, whose one good thing is said to have been +bestowed upon a friend before Croker’s portrait in the +Academy. “Wonderful likeness,” said the friend, +“it gives the very quiver of the mouth.” +“Yes,” said Sir Robert, “and the arrow coming +out of it.” Or it may mean Sir Robert Inglis, +Peel’s successor at Oxford, more noted for <a +name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>his genial +kindness and for the perpetual bouquet in his buttonhole at a +date when such ornaments were not worn, than for capacity to +conceive and say good things. In some mischievous lines +describing the Oxford election where Inglis supplanted Peel, +Macaulay wrote</p> +<blockquote><p>“And then said all the Doctors sitting in +the Divinity School,<br /> +Not this man, but Sir Robert’—now Sir Robert was a +fool.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But in the fifth and later editions Kinglake altered it to +“Sir John.”</p> +<p>By a curious oversight in the first two editions (p. 41) +<i>Jove</i> was made to gaze on Troy from Samothrace; it was +rightly altered to Neptune in the third; and “eagle eye of +Jove” in the following sentence was replaced by +“dread Commoter of our globe.” The phrase +“a natural Chiffney-bit” (p. 109), I have found +unintelligible to-day through lapse of time even to professional +equestrians and stable-keepers. Samuel Chiffney, a famous +rider and trainer, was born in 1753, and won the Derby on +Skyscraper in 1789. He managed the Prince of Wales’s +stud, was the subject of discreditable insinuations, and was +called before the Jockey <a name="page25"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 25</span>Club. Nothing was proved +against him, but in consequence of the <i>fracas</i> the Prince +severed his connection with the Club and sold his horses. +Chiffney invented a bit named after him; a curb with two +snaffles, which gave a stronger bearing on the sides of a +horse’s mouth. His rule in racing was to keep a slack +rein and to ride a waiting race, not calling on his horse till +near the end. His son Samuel, who followed him, observed +the same plan; from its frequent success the term “Chiffney +rush” became proverbial. In his ride through the +desert (p. 169) Kinglake speaks of his “native +bells—the innocent bells of Marlen, that never before sent +forth their music beyond the Blaygon hills.” Marlen +bells is the local name for the fine peal of St. Mary Magdalen, +Taunton. The Blaygon, more commonly called the Blagdon +Hills, run parallel with the Quantocks, and between them lies the +fertile Vale of Taunton Deane. “Damascus,” he +says, on p. 245, “was safer than Oxford”; and adds a +note on Mr. Everett’s degree which requires +correction. It is true that an attempt was made to +<i>non-placet</i> Mr. Everett’s honorary degree in the +Oxford Theatre in 1843 on the ground of his being a Unitarian; +not true that it succeeded. <a name="page26"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 26</span>It was a conspiracy by the young +lions of the Newmania, who had organized a formidable opposition +to the degree, and would have created a painful scene even if +defeated. But the Proctor of that year, Jelf, happened to +be the most-hated official of the century; and the furious groans +of undergraduate displeasure at his presence, continuing unabated +for three-quarters of an hour, compelled Wynter, the +Vice-Chancellor, to break up the Assembly, without recitation of +the prizes, but not without conferring the degrees in dumb show: +unconscious Mr. Everett smilingly took his place in red gown +among the Doctors, the Vice-Chancellor asserting afterwards, what +was true in the letter though not in the spirit, that he did not +hear the <i>non-placets</i>. So while Everett was obnoxious +to the Puseyites, Jelf was obnoxious to the undergraduates; the +cannonade of the angry youngsters drowned the odium of the +theological malcontents; in the words of Bombastes:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Another lion gave another roar,<br /> +And the first lion thought the last a bore.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The popularity of “Eothen” is a paradox: it +fascinates by violating all the rules which <a +name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>convention +assigns to viatic narrative. It traverses the most +affecting regions of the world, and describes no one of them: the +Troad—and we get only his childish raptures over +Pope’s “Homer’s Iliad”; +Stamboul—and he recounts the murderous services rendered by +the Golden Horn to the Assassin whose <i>serail</i>, palace, +council chamber, it washes; Cairo—but the Plague shuts out +all other thoughts; Jerusalem—but Pilgrims have vulgarized +the Holy Sepulchre into a Bartholomew Fair. He gives us +everywhere, not history, antiquities, geography, description, +statistics, but only <i>Kinglake</i>, only his own sensations, +thoughts, experiences. We are told not what the desert +looks like, but what journeying in the desert feels like. +From morn till eve you sit aloft upon your voyaging camel; the +risen sun, still lenient on your left, mounts vertical and +dominant; you shroud head and face in silk, your skin glows, +shoulders ache, Arabs moan, and still moves on the sighing camel +with his disjointed awkward dual swing, till the sun once more +descending touches you on the right, your veil is thrown aside, +your tent is pitched, books, maps, cloaks, toilet luxuries, +litter your spread-out rugs, you feast on scorching <a +name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>toast and +“fragrant” <a name="citation28"></a><a +href="#footnote28" class="citation">[28]</a> tea, sleep sound and +long; then again the tent is drawn, the comforts packed, +civilization retires from the spot she had for a single night +annexed, and the Genius of the Desert stalks in.</p> +<p>Herein, in these subjective chatty confidences, is part of the +spell he lays upon us: while we read we are <i>in</i> the East: +other books, as Warburton says, tell us <i>about</i> the East, +this is the East itself. And yet in his company we are +always <i>Englishmen</i> in the East: behind Servian, Egyptian, +Syrian, desert realities, is a background of English scenery, +faint and unobtrusive yet persistent and horizoning. In the +Danubian forest we talk of past school-days. The Balkan +plain suggests an English park, its trees planted as if to shut +out “some infernal fellow creature in the shape of a +new-made squire”; Jordan recalls the Thames; the Galilean +Lake, Windermere; the Via Dolorosa, Bond Street; the fresh toast +of the desert bivouac, an Eton breakfast; the hungry questing +jackals are the place-hunters of Bridgewater and Taunton; the +Damascus gardens, a neglected English <a name="page29"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 29</span>manor from which the +“family” has been long abroad; in the fierce, dry +desert air are heard the “Marlen” bells of home, +calling to morning prayer the prim congregation in far-off St. +Mary’s parish. And a not less potent factor in the +charm is the magician’s self who wields it, shown through +each passing environment of the narrative; the shy, haughty, +imperious Solitary, “a sort of Byron in the desert,” +of cultured mind and eloquent speech, headstrong and not always +amiable, hiding sentiment with cynicism, yet therefore +irresistible all the more when he condescends to endear himself +by his confidence. He meets the Plague and its terrors like +a gentleman, but shows us, through the vicarious torments of the +cowering Levantine that it was courage and coolness, not +insensibility, which bore him through it. A foe to +marriage, compassionating Carrigaholt as doomed to travel +“Vetturini-wise,” pitying the Dead Sea goatherd for +his ugly wife, revelling in the meek surrender of the three young +men whom he sees “led to the altar” in Suez, he is +still the frank, susceptible, gallant bachelor, observantly and +critically studious of female charms: of the magnificent yet +formidable Smyrniotes, eyes, brow, nostrils, throat, sweetly <a +name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>turned lips, +alarming in their latent capacity for fierceness, pride, passion, +power: of the Moslem women in Nablous, “so handsome that +they could not keep up their yashmaks:” of Cypriote +witchery in hair, shoulder-slope, tempestuous fold of robe. +He opines as he contemplates the plain, clumsy Arab wives that +the fine things we feel and say of women apply only to the +good-looking and the graceful: his memory wanders off ever and +again to the muslin sleeves and bodices and “sweet +chemisettes” in distant England. In hands sensual and +vulgar the allusions might have been coarse, the dilatings +unseemly; but the “taste which is the feminine of +genius,” the self-respecting gentleman-like instinct, +innocent at once and playful, keeps the voluptuary out of sight, +teaches, as Imogen taught Iachimo, “the wide difference +‘twixt amorous and villainous.” Add to all +these elements of fascination the unbroken luxuriance of style; +the easy flow of casual epigram or negligent simile;—Greek +holy days not kept holy but “kept stupid”; the mule +who “forgot that his rider was a saint and remembered that +he was a tailor”; the pilgrims “transacting their +salvation” at the Holy Sepulchre; the frightened, <a +name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>wavering +guard at Satalieh, not shrinking back or running away, but +“looking as if the pack were being shuffled,” each +man desirous to change places with his neighbour; the white +man’s unresisting hand “passed round like a claret +jug” by the hospitable Arabs; the travellers dripping from +a Balkan storm compared to “men turned back by the Humane +Society as being incurably drowned.” Sometimes he +breaks into a canter, as in the first experience of a Moslem +city, the rapturous escape from respectability and civilization; +the apostrophe to the Stamboul sea; the glimpse of the Mysian +Olympus; the burial of the poor dead Greek; the Janus view of +Orient and Occident from the Lebanon watershed; the pathetic +terror of Bedouins and camels on entering a walled city; until, +once more in the saddle, and winding through the Taurus defiles, +he saddens us by a first discordant note, the note of sorrow that +the entrancing tale is at an end.</p> +<p>Old times return to me as I handle the familiar pages. +To the schoolboy six and fifty years ago arrives from home a +birthday gift, the bright green volume, with its showy paintings +of the impaled robbers and the Jordan passage; its bulky Tatar, +towering high above <a name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +32</span>his scraggy steed, impressed in shining gold upon its +cover. Read, borrowed, handed round, it is devoured and +discussed with fifth form critical presumption, the adventurous +audacity arresting, the literary charm not analyzed but felt, the +vivid personality of the old Etonian winged with public school +freemasonry. Scarcely in the acquired insight of all the +intervening years could those who enjoyed it then more keenly +appreciate it to-day. Transcendent gift of genius! to +gladden equally with selfsame words the reluctant inexperience of +boyhood and the fastidious judgment of maturity. Delightful +self-accountant reverence of author-craft! which wields full +knowledge of a shaddock-tainted world, yet presents no licence to +the prurient lad, reveals no trail to the suspicious +moralist.</p> +<h2><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +33</span>CHAPTER III<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">LITERARY AND PARLIAMENTARY +LIFE</span></h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Kinglake</span> returned from Algiers in +1844 to find himself famous both in the literary and social +world; for his book had gone through three editions and was the +universal theme. Lockhart opened to him the +“Quarterly.” “Who is Eothen?” wrote +Macvey Napier, editor of the “Edinburgh,” to Hayward: +“I know he is a lawyer and highly respectable; but I should +like to know a little more of his personal history: he is very +clever but very peculiar.” Thackeray, later on, +expresses affectionate gratitude for his presence at the +“Lectures on English Humourists”:—“it +goes to a man’s heart to find amongst his friends such men +as Kinglake and Venables, Higgins, Rawlinson, Carlyle, Ashburton +and Hallam, Milman, Macaulay, Wilberforce, looking on +kindly.” He dines out in all directions, himself +giving dinners at Long’s Hotel. “Did you ever +meet <a name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +34</span>Kinglake at my rooms?” writes Monckton Milnes to +MacCarthy: “he has had immense success. I now rather +wish I had written his book, <i>which I could have done—at +least nearly</i>.” We are reminded of Charles +Lamb—“here’s Wordsworth says he could have +written Hamlet, <i>if he had had a mind</i>.” +“A delightful Voltairean volume,” Milnes elsewhere +calls it.</p> +<p>“Eothen” was reviewed in the +“Quarterly” by Eliot Warburton. “Other +books,” he says, “contain facts and statistics about +the East; this book gives the East itself in vital actual +reality. Its style is conversational; or the soliloquy +rather of a man convincing and amusing himself as he proceeds, +without reverence for others’ faith, or lenity towards +others’ prejudices. It is a real book, not a sham; it +equals Anastasius, rivals ‘Vathek;’ its terseness, +vigour, bold imagery, recall the grand style of Fuller and of +South, to which the author adds a spirit, freshness, delicacy, +all his own.” Kinglake, in turn, reviewed “The +Crescent and the Cross” in an article called “The +French Lake.” From a cordial notice of the book he +passes to a history of French ambition in the Levant. It +was Bonaparte’s fixed idea to become an Oriental +conqueror—a <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +35</span>second Alexander: Egypt in his grasp, he would pass on +to India. He sought alliance against the English with +Tippoo Saib, and spent whole days stretched upon maps of +Asia. He was baffled, first at Aboukir, then at Acre; but +the partition of Turkey at Tilsit showed that he had not +abandoned his design. To have refrained from seizing Egypt +after his withdrawal was a political blunder on the part of +England.</p> +<p>By far the most charming of Kinglake’s articles was a +paper on the “Rights of Women,” in the +“Quarterly Review” of December, 1844. Grouping +together Monckton Milnes’s “Palm Leaves,” Mrs. +Poole’s “Sketch of Egyptian Harems,” Mrs. +Ellis’s “Women and Wives of England,” he +produced a playful, lightly touched, yet sincerely constructed +sketch of woman’s characteristics, seductions, attainments; +the extent and secret of her fascination and her deeper +influence; her defects, foibles, misconceptions. He was +greatly vexed to learn that his criticism of “Palm +Leaves” was considered hostile, and begged Warburton to +explain. His praise, he said, had been looked upon as +irony, his bantering taken to express bitterness. Warburton +added his own <a name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +36</span>conviction that the notice was tributary to +Milnes’s fame, and Milnes accepted the explanation. +But the chief interest of this paper lies in the beautiful +passage which ends it. “The world must go on its own +way, for all that we can say against it. Beauty, though it +beams over the organization of a doll, will have its hour of +empire; the most torpid heiress will easily get herself married; +but the wife whose sweet nature can kindle worthy delights is she +that brings to her hearth a joyous, hopeful, ardent spirit, and +that subtle power whose sources we can hardly trace, but which +yet so irradiates a home that all who come near are filled and +inspired by a deep sense of womanly presence. We best learn +the unsuspected might of a being like this when we try the weight +of that sadness which hangs like lead upon the room, the gallery, +the stairs, where once her footstep sounded, and now is heard no +more. It is not less the energy than the grace and +gentleness of this character that works the enchantment. +Books can instruct, and books can exalt and purify; beauty of +face and beauty of form will come with bright pictures and +statues, and for the government of a household hired menials will +suffice; but fondness and <a name="page37"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 37</span>hate, daring hopes, lively fears, the +lust of glory and the scorn of base deeds, sweet charity, +faithfulness, pride, and, chief over all, the impetuous will, +lending might and power to feeling:—these are the rib of +the man, and from these, deep veiled in the mystery of her very +loveliness, his true companion sprang. A being thus ardent +will often go wrong in her strenuous course; will often alarm, +sometimes provoke; will now and then work mischief and even +perhaps grievous harm; but she will be our own Eve after all; the +sweet-speaking tempter whom heaven created to be the joy and the +trouble of this pleasing anxious existence; to shame us away from +the hiding-places of a slothful neutrality, and lead us abroad in +the world, men militant here on earth, enduring quiet, content +with strife, and looking for peace hereafter.” <a +name="citation37"></a><a href="#footnote37" +class="citation">[37]</a> Beautiful words indeed! how came +the author of a tribute so caressingly appreciative, so +eloquently sincere, to remain himself outside the gates of +Paradise? how could the pen which in the Crimean chapter on the +Holy Shrines traced so exquisitely the delicate fancifulness of +purest sexual love, perpetrate that elaborate sneer over the +bachelor obsequies of <a name="page38"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 38</span>Carrigaholt—“the lowly +grave, that is the end of man’s romantic hopes, has closed +over all his rich fancies and all his high aspirations: he is +utterly married.” <a name="citation38a"></a><a +href="#footnote38a" class="citation">[38a]</a></p> +<blockquote><p>“Gai, gai, mariez vous,<br /> + Mettez vous dans la misère!<br /> +Gai, gai, mariez vous,<br /> + Mettez vous la corde au cou!” <a +name="citation38b"></a><a href="#footnote38b" +class="citation">[38b]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>There is generally a good reason for prolonged celibacy, a +reason which the bachelor as generally does not betray: Kinglake +remained single, by his own account, because he had observed that +women always prefer other men to their own husbands. Yet, +although unmarried, perhaps because unmarried, he heartily +admired many clever women; formed with them sedate but genuine +friendships, the <i>l’amour sans ailes</i>, sometimes +called “Platonic” by persons who have not read Plato; +found in their illogical clear-sightedness, in their +ἀγχίνοια, to use the +master’s own untranslatable phrase, a titillating stimulus +which he missed in men. He thought that the Church should +ordain priestesses as well as priests, the former to be the +Egerias of men, as the latter are the Pontiffs of women. +And Lady Gregory <a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +39</span>tells us, that when attacked by gout, he wished for the +solace of a lady doctor, and wrote to one asking if gout were +beyond her scope. She answered: “Dear Sir,—Gout +is not beyond my scope, but men are.”</p> +<p>In 1854 he accompanied Lord Raglan to the Crimea. +“I had heard,” writes John Kenyon, “of +Kinglake’s chivalrous goings on. We were saying +yesterday that though he might write a book, he was among the +last men to go that he might write a book. He is wild about +matters military, if so calm a man is ever wild.” He +had hoped to go in an official position as non-combatant, but +this was refused by the authorities. His friend, Lord +Raglan, whose acquaintance he had made while hunting with the +Duke of Beaufort’s hounds, took him as his private +guest. Arrested for a time at Malta by an attack of fever, +he joined our army before hostilities began, rode with Lord +Raglan’s staff at the Alma fight, likening the novel +sensation to the excitement of fox-hunting; and accompanied the +chief in his visit of tenderness to the wounded when the fight +was over. Throughout the campaign the two were much +together, as we shall notice more fully later on. There are +often slight but unmistakable <a name="page40"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 40</span>signs of Kinglake’s presence as +spectator and auditor of Lord Raglan’s deeds and words; <a +name="citation40"></a><a href="#footnote40" +class="citation">[40]</a> his affection and reverence for the +great general animate the whole; in outward composure and latent +strength the two men resembled each other closely. The book +is, in fact, a history of Lord Raglan’s share in the +campaign; begun in 1856 at the request of Lady Raglan, the +narrative ends when the “Caradoc” with the +general’s body on board steams out of the bay, +“Farewell” flying at her masthead, the Russian +batteries, with generous recognition, ceasing to fire till the +ship was out of sight. “Lord Raglan is dead,” +said Kinglake as vol. viii. was sent to press, “and my work +is finished.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p40b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Lord Raglan" +title= +"Lord Raglan" +src="images/p40s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>Ten years were to elapse before the opening volumes should +appear; and meanwhile he entered parliament for the borough of +Bridgewater, which had rejected him in 1852. His colleague +was Colonel Charles J. Kemyss Tynte, member of a family which +local influence and lavish expenditure had secured in <a +name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 41</span>the +representation of the town for nearly forty years. +Catechized as to his political creed, he answered: “I call +myself an advanced Liberal; but I decline to go into parliament +as the pledged adherent of Lord Palmerston or any other +Liberal.” He adds, in response to a further question: +“I am believed to be the author of +‘Eothen.’” He broke down in his maiden +speech; but recovered himself in a later effort, and spoke, not +unfrequently, on subjects then important, now forgotten; on the +outrage of the “Charles et George”; the capture of +the Sardinian “Cagliari” by the Neapolitans on the +high seas; our attitude towards the Paris Congress of 1857; while +in 1858 he led the revolt against Lord Palmerston’s +proposal to amend the Conspiracy Laws in deference to Louis +Napoleon; in 1860 vigorously denounced the annexation of Savoy +and Nice; and in 1864 moved the amendment to Mr. Disraeli’s +motion in the debate on the Address, which was carried by 313 to +295. His feeble voice and unimpressive manner prevented him +from becoming a power in the House; but his speeches when read +are full, fluent, and graceful; the late Sir Robert Peel’s +remarkable harangue against the French <a name="page42"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 42</span>Emperor in the course of an earlier +debate was taken, as he is said to have owned, mainly from a +speech by Kinglake, delivered so indistinctly that the reporters +failed to catch it, but audible to Sir Robert who sate close +beside him.</p> +<p>With his constituents he was more at ease and more +effective. His seat for Bridgewater was challenged at a +general election by Henry Padwick, a hanger-on to Disraeli and a +well-known bookmaker on the turf, who, with an Irish Colonel +Westbrook, tried to cajole the electors and their wives by +extravagant compliments to the town, its neighbourhood, its +denizens; a place celebrated, as Captain Costigan said of +Chatteris, “for its antiquitee, its hospitalitee, the +beautee of its women, the manly fidelitee, generositee, and +jovialitee of its men.” Kinglake met them on their +own ground. In his flowery speeches the romance of Sinai +and Palestine faded before the glories of the little +Somersetshire town. What was the Jordan by comparison with +the Parrett? Could Libanus or Anti-Libanus vie with the +Mendip and the Quantock Hills? The view surveyed by +Monmouth from St. Mary’s Tower on the Eve of Sedgemoor +transcended all the <a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +43</span>panoramas which the Holy Land or Asia Minor could +present! But his more serious orations were worthy of his +higher fame. In the panic of 1858, when the address of the +French colonels to the Emperor, beseeching to be led against +England, had created serious alarm on this side the Channel, he +went down to Bridgewater to enlighten the West of England. +“Why,” he asked, “do we fear invasion? +The population of France is peaceful, the ‘turnip-soup +Jacques Bonhomme’ is peaceful, the soldiers of the line are +peaceful. Why are we anxious? Because there sits in +his chamber at the Tuileries a solitary moody man. He is +deeply interested in the science and the art of war; he told me +once that he was contemplating a history of all the great battles +ever fought. He holds absolute control over vast resources +both in men and money; he has shown that he can attack +successfully at a few weeks’ notice the greatest European +military power: gout or indigestion may at any moment convert him +into an enemy of ourselves. Until France returns to +parliamentary government this danger is imminent and +continual. Our safety lies in our fleet, and in that +alone. If for twenty-four hours only the Channel were +denuded of our <a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +44</span>ships in time of war with France, they would hurl upon +our shores a force we could not meet. Such denudation must +be made impossible; our fleet so augmented and strengthened as to +provide impregnably at all times for home defence no less than +for foreign necessities. Our danger, I repeat, lies in no +hostility on the part of the French army, in no ferocity on the +part of the French people, in no <i>present</i> unfriendliness on +the part of the French Emperor: it arises from the fact that a +revolutionary government exists in France, which has armed one +man, under the name of Emperor—Dictator rather, I should +say—with a power so colossal, that until such power is +moderated, as all power ought to be, no neighbour can be entirely +safe.” This speech was reproduced in “The +Times.” Montalembert read it with admiration. +“Who,” he asked Sir M. E. Grant Duff, “who is +Mr. Kinglake?” “He is the author of +‘Eothen.’” “And what is +‘Eothen?’ I never heard of it.”</p> +<p>He found great enjoyment in parliamentary life, but was in +1868 unseated on petition for bribery on the part of his +agents. Blue-books are not ordinarily light reading; but +the Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire <a +name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span>into the +alleged corrupt practices at Bridgewater is not only a model of +terse and vigorous composition, but to persons with a sense of +humour, inclined to view human irregularities and inconsistencies +in a sportive rather than an indignant light, it is a sustained +and diverting comedy. Of the constituency, both before and +after the Reform Bill, three-fourths, the Commissioners artlessly +inform us, sought and received bribes; of the remainder, all but +a few individuals negotiated and gave the bribes. So in +every election, both sides bribed avowedly; if a luckless Purity +Candidate appeared, he was promptly informed that “Mr. +Most” would win the seat: highest bribes decided each +election, further bribes averted petitions. When once a +desperate riot took place and the ringleaders were tried at +Quarter Sessions, the jury were bribed to acquit, in the teeth of +the Chairman’s summing up. At last, in 1868, the +defeated candidate petitioned; blue-book literature was enriched +by a remarkable report, and the borough was disfranchised. +Of course Kinglake had only himself to thank; if a gentleman +chooses to sit for a venal borough, and to intrust his interests +to a questionable agent, he must, in the words of Mrs. Gamp, <a +name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>“take +the consequences of sech a sitiwation.” The +consequences to him were loss of his present seat, and permanent +exclusion from Parliament.</p> +<p>He was keenly mortified by his ostracism, speaking of himself +ever after as “a political corpse.” +Thenceforward he gave his whole energy to literary work, to +occasional reviews, mainly to his “Invasion of the +Crimea.” In the “Edinburgh” I think he +never wrote, cordially disliking its then editor. A fine +notice in “Blackwood” of Madame de Lafayette’s +life was from his pen. Surveying the Revolutionary Terror, +he points out that Robespierre’s opponents were in numbers +overwhelmingly strong, but lacked cohesion and leaders; while the +Mountain, dominated by a single will, was legally armed with +power to kill, and went on killing. The Church played into +Robespierre’s hands by enforcing Patience and Resignation +as the highest Christian virtues, confusing the idea of +submission to Heaven with the idea of submission to a +scoundrel. Had Hampden been a Papist he would have paid +ship-money. He wrote also in “The Owl,” a +brilliant little magazine edited by his friend Laurence Oliphant; +a “Society <a name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +47</span>Journal,” conducted by a set of clever well-to-do +young bachelors living in London, addressed like the “Pall +Mall Gazette,” in “Pendennis,” “to the +higher circles of society, written by gentlemen for +gentlemen.” When the expenses of production were +paid, the balance was spent on a whitebait dinner at Greenwich, +and on offerings of flowers and jewellery to the lady guests +invited. It came to an end, leaving no successor equally +brilliant, high-toned, wholesome; its collected numbers figure +sometimes at a formidable price in sales and catalogues. <a +name="citation47"></a><a href="#footnote47" +class="citation">[47]</a></p> +<p><a name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>The +first two volumes of his “Crimea” had appeared in +1863. They were awaited with eager expectation. An +elaborate history of the war had been written by a Baron de +Bazancourt, condemned as unfair and unreliable by English +statesmen, and severely handled in our reviews. So the wish +was felt everywhere for some record less ephemeral, which should +render the tale historically, and counteract Bazancourt’s +misstatements. “I hear,” wrote the Duke of +Newcastle, “that Kinglake has undertaken the task. He +has a noble opportunity of producing a text-book for future +history, but to accomplish this it must be <i>stoically</i> +impartial.”</p> +<p>The beauty of their style, the merciless portraiture of the +Second Empire, the unparalleled diorama of the Alma fight, +combined to gain for these first four-and-twenty chapters an +immediate vogue as emphatic and as widely spread as that which +saluted the opening of Macaulay’s +“History.” None of the later volumes, though +highly prized as battle narratives, quite came up to these. +The political and military conclusions drawn provoked no small +bitterness; his cousin, Mrs. Serjeant Kinglake, used to say that +she met sometimes <a name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +49</span>with almost affronting coldness in society at the time, +under the impression that she was A. W. Kinglake’s +wife. Russians were, perhaps unfairly, dissatisfied. +Todleben, who knew and loved Kinglake well, pronounced the book a +charming romance, not a history of the war. Individuals +were aggrieved by its notice of themselves or of their regiments; +statesmen chafed under the scientific analysis of their +characters, or at the publication of official letters which they +had intended but not required to be looked upon as confidential, +and which the recipients had in all innocence communicated to the +historian. Palmerstonians, accepting with their chief the +Man of December, were furious at the exposure of his +basenesses. Lucas in “The Times” pronounced the +work perverse and mischievous; the “Westminster +Review” branded it as reactionary. “The +Quarterly,” in an article ascribed to A. H. Layard, +condemned its style as laboured and artificial; as palling from +the sustained pomp and glitter of the language; as wearisome from +the constant strain after minute dissection; declaring it further +to be “in every sense of the word a mischievous +book.” “Blackwood,” less unfriendly, +surrendered itself to the beauty of <a name="page50"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 50</span>the writing; “satire so +studied, so polished, so remorseless, and withal so diabolically +entertaining, that we know not where in modern literature to seek +such another philippic.”</p> +<p>Reeve, editor of the “Edinburgh,” wished Lord +Clarendon to attack the book; he refused, but offered help, and +the resulting article was due to the collaboration of the +pair. It caused a prolonged coolness between Reeve and +Kinglake, who at last ended the quarrel by a characteristic +letter: “I observed yesterday that my malice, founded +perhaps upon a couple of words, and now of three years’ +duration, had not engendered corresponding anger in you; and if +my impression was a right one, I trust we may meet for the future +on our old terms.”</p> +<p>On the other hand, the “Saturday Review,” then at +the height of its repute and influence, vindicated in a powerful +article Kinglake’s truth and fairness; and a pamphlet by +Hayward, called “Mr. Kinglake and the Quarterlies,” +amused society by its furious onslaught upon the hostile +periodicals, laid bare their animus, and exposed their +misstatements. “If you rise in this tone,” he +began, in words of Lord Ellenborough when Attorney-General, +“I can speak as loudly and emphatically: I shall <a +name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 51</span>prosecute the +case with all the liberality of a gentleman, but no tone or +manner shall put me down.” And the dissentient voices +were drowned in the general chorus of admiration. German +eulogy was extravagant; French Republicanism was overjoyed; +Englishmen, at home and abroad, read eagerly for the first time +in close and vivid sequence events which, when spread over thirty +months of daily newspapers, few had the patience to follow, none +the qualifications to condense. Macaulay tells us that soon +after the appearance of his own first volumes, a Mr. Crump from +America offered him five hundred dollars if he would introduce +the name of Crump into his history. An English gentleman +and lady, from one of our most distant colonies, wrote to +Kinglake a jointly signed pathetic letter, intreating him to cite +in his pages the name of their only son, who had fallen in the +Crimea. He at once consented, and asked for +particulars—manner, time, place—of the young +man’s death. The parents replied that they need not +trouble him with details; these should be left to the +historian’s kind inventiveness: whatever he might please to +say in embellishment of their young hero’s end they would +gratefully accept.</p> +<p><a name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 52</span>Unlike +most authors, from Molière down to Dickens, he never read +aloud to friends any portion of the unpublished manuscript; +never, except to closest intimates, spoke of the book, or +tolerated inquiry about it from others. When asked as to +the progress of a volume he had in hand, he used to say, +“That is really a matter on which it is quite out of my +power even to inform myself”; and I remember how once at a +well-selected dinner-party in the country, whither he came in +good spirits and inclined to talk his best, a second-hand +criticism on his book by a conceited parson, the official and +incongruous element in the group, stiffened him into persistent +silence. All England laughed, when Blackwood’s +“Memoirs” saw the light, over his polite repulse of +the kindly officious publisher, who wished, after his fashion, to +criticise and finger and suggest. “I am almost +alarmed, as it were, at the notion of receiving +suggestions. I feel that hints from you might be so +valuable and so important, it might be madness to ask you +beforehand to abstain from giving me any; but I am anxious for +you to know what the dangers in the way of long delay might be, +the result of even a few slight and possibly most useful +suggestions. . . . You will <a name="page53"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 53</span>perhaps (after what I have said) +think it best not to set my mind running in a new path, lest I +should take to re-writing.” Note, by the way, the +slovenliness of this epistle, as coming from so great a master of +style; that defect characterizes all his correspondence. He +wrote for the Press “with all his singing robes about +him”; his letters were unrevised and brief. Mrs. +Simpson, in her pleasant “Memories,” ascribes to him +the <i>éloquence du billet</i> in a supreme degree. +I must confess that of more than five hundred letters from his +pen which I have seen only six cover more than a single sheet of +note-paper, all are alike careless and unstudied in style, though +often in matter characteristic and informing. “I am +not by nature,” he would say, “a letter-writer, and +habitually think of the uncertainty as to who may be the reader +of anything that I write. It is my fate, as a writer of +history, to have before me letters never intended for my eyes, +and this has aggravated my foible, and makes me a wretched +correspondent. I should like very much to write letters +gracefully and easily, but I can’t, because it is contrary +to my nature.” “I have got,” he writes so +early as 1873, “to shrink from the use of the pen; to ask +me to write <a name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +54</span>letters is like asking a lame man to walk; it is not, as +horse-dealers say, ‘the nature of the beast.’ +When others <i>talk</i> to me charmingly, my answers are short, +faltering, incoherent sentences; so it is with my +writing.” “You,” he says to another lady +correspondent, “have the pleasant faculty of easy, pleasant +letter-writing, in which I am wholly deficient.”</p> +<p>In fact, the claims of his Crimean book, which compelled him +latterly to refuse all other literary work, gave little time for +correspondence. Its successive revisions formed his daily +task until illness struck him down. Sacks of Crimean notes, +labelled through some fantastic whim with female Christian +names—the Helen bag, the Adelaide bag, etc.—were +ranged round his room. His working library was very small +in bulk, his habit being to cut out from any book the pages which +would be serviceable, and to fling the rest away. So, we +are told, the first Napoleon, binding volumes for his travelling +library, shore their margins to the quick, and removed all +prefaces, title-pages, and other superfluous leaves. So, +too, Edward Fitzgerald used to tear out of his books all that in +his judgment fell below their authors’ highest standard, +retaining for his own delectation <a name="page55"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 55</span>only the quintessential +remnants. Vols. III. and IV. appeared in 1868, V. in 1875, +VI. in 1880, VII. and VIII. in 1887; while a Cabinet Edition of +the whole in nine volumes was issued continuously from 1870 to +1887. Our attempt to appreciate the book shall be reserved +for another chapter.</p> +<h2><a name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +56</span>CHAPTER IV<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">“THE INVASION OF THE +CRIMEA”</span></h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Was</span> the history of the Crimean War +worth writing? Not as a magnified newspaper +report,—that had been already done—but as a permanent +work of art from the pen of a great literary expert? Very +many of us, I think, after the lapse of fifty years, feel +compelled to say that it was not. The struggle represented +no great principles, begot no far-reaching consequences. It +was not inspired by the “holy glee” with which in +Wordsworth’s sonnet Liberty fights against a tyrant, but by +the faltering boldness, the drifting, purposeless unresolve of +statesmen who did not desire it, and by the irrational violence +of a Press which did not understand it. It was not a +necessary war; its avowed object would have been attained within +a few weeks or months by bloodless European concert. It was +not a glorious war; crippled by an incompatible alliance and <a +name="page57"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 57</span>governed by +the Evil Genius who had initiated it for personal and sordid +ends, it brought discredit on baffled generals in the field, on +Crown, Cabinet, populace, at home. It was not a fruitful +war; the detailed results purchased by its squandered life and +treasure lapsed in swift succession during twenty sequent years, +until the last sheet of the treaty which secured them was +contemptuously torn up by Gortschakoff in 1870. But a right +sense of historical proportion is in no time the heritage of the +many, and is least of all attainable while the memory of a +campaign is fresh. On Englishmen who welcomed home their +army in 1855, the strife from which shattered but victorious it +had returned, loomed as epoch-making and colossal, as claiming +therefore permanent record from some eloquent artist of attested +descriptive power. Soon the report gained ground that the +destined chronicler was Kinglake, and all men hailed the +selection; yet the sceptic who in looking back to-day decries the +greatness of the campaign may perhaps no less hesitate to approve +the fitness of its chosen annalist. His fame was due to the +perfection of a single book; he ranked as a potentate in +<i>style</i>. But literary perfection, whether in prose <a +name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 58</span>or poetry, is +a fragile quality, an <i>afflatus</i> irregular, independent, +unamenable to orders; the official tributes of a Laureate we +compliment at their best with the northern farmer’s verdict +on the pulpit performances of his parson:</p> +<blockquote><p>“An’ I niver knaw’d wot a +meän’d but I thow’t a ’ad summut to +saäy,<br /> +And I thowt a said wot a owt to ’a said an’ I comed +awaäy.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Set to compile a biography from thirty years of +“Moniteurs,” the author of Waverley, like Lord +Chesterfield’s diamond pencil, produced one miracle of +dulness; it might well be feared that Kinglake’s volatile +pen, when linked with forceful feeling and bound to rigid +task-work, might lose the charm of casual epigram, easy +luxuriance, playful egotism, vagrant allusion, which established +“Eothen” as a classic. On the other hand, he +had been for twenty years conversant with Eastern history, +geography, politics; was, more than most professional soldiers, +an adept in military science; had sate in the centre of the +campaign as its general’s guest and comrade; was intrusted, +above all, by Lady Raglan with the entire collection of her +husband’s papers: her wish, implied though not expressed, +that they should be utilized for the <a name="page59"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 59</span>vindication of the great +field-marshal’s fame, he accepted as a sacred charge; her +confidence not only governed his decision to become the historian +of the war, but imparted a personal character to the +narrative.</p> +<p>In order, therefore, rightly to appreciate “The Invasion +of the Crimea,” we must look upon it as a great prose epic; +its argument, machinery, actors, episodes, subordinate to a +predominant ever present hero. In its fine preamble Lord +Raglan sits enthroned high above generals, armies, spectators, +conflicts; on the quality of his mind the fate of two great hosts +and the fame of two great nations hang. He checks St. +Arnaud’s wild ambition; overrules the waverings of the +Allies; against his own judgment, but in dutiful obedience to +home instruction carries out the descent upon the Old Fort +coast. The successful achievement of the perilous flank +march is ascribed to the undivided command which, during +forty-eight hours, accident had conferred upon him. From +his presence in council French and English come away convinced +and strengthened; his calm in action imparts itself to anxious +generals and panic-stricken aides-de-camp. Through Alma +fight, from the high knoll to which happy <a +name="page60"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 60</span>audacity had +carried him he rides the whirlwind and directs the storm. +In the terrible crisis which sees the Russians breaking over the +crest of Inkerman, in the ill-fated attack on the Great Redan +where Lacy Yea is killed, his apparent freedom from anxiety +infects all around him and achieves redemption from disaster. <a +name="citation60"></a><a href="#footnote60" +class="citation">[60]</a> We see him in his moments of +vexation and discomfiture; dissembling pain and anger under the +stress of the French alliance, galled by Cathcart’s +disobedience, by the loss of the Light Brigade, by Lord +Panmure’s insulting, querulous, unfounded blame. We +read his last despatch, framed with wonted grace and clearness; +then—on the same day—we see the outworn frame break +down, and follow mournfully two days later the afflicting details +of his death. As the generals and admirals of the allied +forces stand round the dead hero’s form, as the palled +bier, draped in the flag of England, is carried from headquarters +to the port, as the “Caradoc,” steaming away with her +honoured freight, flies <a name="page61"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 61</span>out her “Farewell” +signal, the narrative abruptly ends. The months of the +siege which still remained might be left to other hands or lapse +untold. Troy had still to be taken when Hector died; but +with his funeral dirge the Iliad closed, the blind bard’s +task was over:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Such honours Ilion to her hero paid,<br /> +And peaceful slept the mighty Hector’s shade.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>If the framework of the narrative is epic, its treatment is +frequently dramatic. The “Usage of Europe” in +the opening pages is not so much a record as a personification of +unwritten Law: the Great Eltchi tramps the stage with a majesty +sometimes bordering on fustian. Dramatic is the story of +the sleeping Cabinet. “It was evening—a summer +evening”—one thinks of a world-famous passage in the +“De Corona”—when the Duke of Newcastle carried +to Richmond Lodge the fateful despatch committing England to the +war. “Before the reading of the Paper had long +continued, all the members of the Cabinet except a small minority +were overcome with sleep”; the few who remained awake were +in a quiet, assenting frame of mind, and the despatch +“received from the Cabinet the kind of approval which is <a +name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 62</span>awarded to an +unobjectionable Sermon.” Not less dramatic is +Nolan’s death; the unearthly shriek of the slain corpse +erect in saddle with sword arm high in air, as the dead horseman +rode still seated through the 13th Light Dragoons; the +“Minden Yell” of the 20th driving down upon the +Iäkoutsk battalion; the sustained and scathing satire on the +Nôtre Dame Te Deum for the Boulevard massacre. A +simple dialogue, a commonplace necessary act, is staged sometimes +for effect. “Then Lord Stratford apprised the Sultan +that he had a private communication to make to him. The +pale Sultan listened.” . . . “Whose was the mind +which had freshly come to bear upon this part of the fight? +Sir Colin Campbell was sitting in his saddle, the veteran was +watching his time.” . . . “The Emperor Nicholas was +alone in his accustomed writing-room. He took no counsel; +he rang a bell. Presently an officer of his staff stood +before him. To him he gave his order for the occupation of +the Principalities.” This overpasses drama—it +is melodrama.</p> +<p>To the personal element which pervades the volumes great part +of their charm is due. The writer never obtrudes himself, +but leaves his <a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +63</span>presence to be discerned by the touches which attest an +eye-witness. Through his observant nearness we watch the +Chief’s demeanour and hear his words; see him “turn +scarlet with shame and anger” when the brutal Zouaves carry +outrage into the friendly Crimean village, witness his personal +succour of the wounded Russian after Inkerman, hear his arch +acceptance of the French courtesy, so careful always to yield the +post of danger to the English; his “Go quietly” to +the excited aide-de-camp; <a name="citation63"></a><a +href="#footnote63" class="citation">[63]</a> his good-humoured +reception of the scared and breathless messenger from +D’Aurelle’s brigade; the “five words” +spoken to Airey commanding the long delayed advance across the +Alma; the “tranquil low voice” which gave the order +rescuing the staff from its unforeseen encounter with the Russian +rear. He records Codrington’s leap on his grey Arab +into the breast-work of the Great Redoubt; Lacy Yea’s +passionate <a name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +64</span>energy in forcing his clustered regiment to open out; +Miller’s stentorian “Rally” in reforming the +Scots Greys after the Balaclava charge; Clarke losing his helmet +in the same charge, and creating amongst the Russians, as he +plunged in bareheaded amongst their ranks, the belief that he was +sheltered by some Satanic charm. He notes on the Alma the +singular pause of sound maintained by both armies just before the +cannonade began; the first death—of an artilleryman riding +before his gun—a new sight to nine-tenths of those who +witnessed it; <a name="citation64"></a><a href="#footnote64" +class="citation">[64]</a> the weird scream of exploding shells as +they rent the air around. He crossed the Alma close behind +Lord Raglan, cantering after him to the summit of a conspicuous +hillock in the heart of the enemy’s position, whence the +mere sight of plumed English officers scared the Russian +generals, and, followed soon by guns and troops, governed the +issue of the fight. The general’s manner was <a +name="page65"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 65</span>“the +manner of a man enlivened by the progress of a great undertaking +without being robbed of his leisure. He spoke to me, I +remember, about his horse. He seemed like a man who had a +clue of his own and knew his way through the battle.” +When the last gun was fired Kinglake followed the Chief back, +witnessed the wild burst of cheering accorded to him by the whole +British army, a manifestation, Lord Burghersh tells us, which +greatly distressed his modesty—and dined alone with him in +his tent on the evening of the eventful day.</p> +<p>If Lord Raglan was the Hector of the Crimean Iliad, its +Agamemnon was Lord Stratford: “king of men,” as +Stanley called him in his funeral sermon at Westminster; king of +distrustful home Cabinets, nominally his masters, of scheming +European embassies, of insulting Russian opponents, of +presumptuous French generals, of false and fleeting Pashas (<i>Le +Sultan</i>, <i>c’est Lord Stratford</i>, said St. Arnaud), +of all men, whatever their degree, who entered his ambassadorial +presence. Ascendency was native to the man; while yet in +his teens we find Etonian and Cambridge friends writing to him +deferentially as to a critic and superior. At <a +name="page66"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 66</span>four and +twenty he became Minister to a Court manageable only by +high-handed authority and menace. He owned, and for the +most part controlled, a violent temper; it broke bounds +sometimes, to our great amusement as we read to-day, to the +occasional discomfiture of <i>attachés</i> or of +dependents, <a name="citation66"></a><a href="#footnote66" +class="citation">[66]</a> to the abject terror of Turkish +Sublimities who had outworn his patience. But he knew when +to be angry; he could pulverize by fiery outbreaks the Reis +Effendi and his master, Abdu-l-Mejid; but as Plenipotentiary to +the United States he could “quench the terror of his beak, +the lightning of his eye,” disarming by his formal courtesy +and winning by his obvious sincerity the suspicious and irritable +John Quincy Adams. When <a name="page67"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 67</span>Menschikoff once insulted him, seeing +that a quarrel at that moment would be fatal to his purpose, he +pretended to be deaf, and left the Russian in the belief that his +rude speech had not been heard. Enthroned for the sixth +time in Constantinople, at the dangerous epoch of 1853, he could +point to an unequalled diplomatic record in the past; to the +Treaty of Bucharest, to reunion of the Helvetic Confederacy +shattered by Napoleon’s fall, to the Convention which +ratified Greek independence, to the rescue from Austrian +malignity of the Hungarian refugees.</p> +<p>His conduct of the negotiations preceding the Crimean War is +justly called the cornerstone of his career: at this moment of +his greatness Kinglake encounters and describes him: through the +brilliant chapters in his opening volume, as more fully later on +through Mr. Lane Poole’s admirable biography, the Great +Eltchi is known to English readers. He moves across the +stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on what Iago calls +bombast circumstance; drums and trumpets herald his every +entrance; now pacing the shady gardens of the Bosphorus, now +foiling, “in his grand quiet way,” the Czar’s +ferocious Christianity, or torturing <a name="page68"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 68</span>his baffled ambassador by scornful +concession of the points which he formally demanded but did not +really want; or crushing with “thin, tight, merciless lips +and grand overhanging Canning brow” the presumptuous French +commander who had dared to enter his presence with a plot for +undermining England’s influence in the partnership of the +campaign. Was he, we ask as we end the fascinating +description, was he, what Bright and the Peace Party proclaimed +him to be, the cause of the Crimean War? The Czar’s +personal dislike to him—a caprice which has never been +explained <a name="citation68"></a><a href="#footnote68" +class="citation">[68]</a>—exasperated no doubt to the mind +of Nicholas the repulse of Menschikoff’s demands; but that +the precipitation of the prince and his master had put the +Russian Court absolutely in the wrong is universally +admitted. It has been urged against him that his +recommendation of the famous Vienna Note to the Porte was +official merely, and allowed the watchful Turks to assume his +personal approbation of their refusal. It may be so; his +biographer <a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +69</span>does not admit so much: but it is obvious that the Turks +were out of hand, and that no pressure from Lord Stratford could +have persuaded them to accept the Note. Further, the +“Russian Analysis of the Note,” escaping shortly +afterwards from the bag of diplomatic secrecy, revealed to our +Cabinet the necessity of those amendments to the Note on which +the Porte had insisted. And lastly, the passage of the +Dardanelles by our fleet, which more than any overt act made war +inevitable, was ordered by the Government at home against Lord +Stratford’s counsel. Between panic-stricken statesmen +and vacillating ambassadors, Lord Clarendon on one side, M. de la +Cour on the other, the Eltchi stands like Tennyson’s +promontory of rock,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tempest-buffeted, +citadel-crowned.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Napoleon at St. Helena attributed much of his success in the +field to the fact that he was not hampered by governments at +home. Every modern commander, down certainly to the present +moment, must have envied him. Kinglake’s mordant pen +depicts with felicity and compression the men of Downing Street, +who without military experience or definite political <a +name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 70</span>aim, +thwarted, criticised, over-ruled, tormented, their much-enduring +General. We have Aberdeen, deficient in mental clearness +and propelling force, by his horror of war bringing war to pass; +Gladstone, of too subtle intellect and too lively conscience, +“a good man in the worst sense of the term”; +Palmerston, above both in keenness of instinct and in strength of +will, meaning war from the first, and biding his time to insure +it; Newcastle, sanguine to the verge of rashness, loyally +adherent to Lord Raglan while governed by his own judgment, +distrustful under stress of popular clamour; Panmure, ungenerous, +rough-tongued, violent, churlish, yet not +malevolent—“a rhinoceros rather than a +tiger”—hurried by subservience to the newspaper Press +into injustice which he afterwards recognized, yet did but +sullenly repair. We see finally that dominant Press itself, +personified in the all-powerful Delane, a potentate with +convictions at once flexible and vehement; forceful without spite +and merciless without malignity; writing no articles, but +evoking, shaping, revising all. The French commanders were +not hampered by the muzzled Paris Press, which had long since +ceased to utter any but dictated sentiments; they suffered <a +name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 71</span>even more +disastrously from the imperious interference of the +Tuileries. Canrobert’s inaction, mutability, sudden +alarms, flagrant breaches of faith, were inexplicable until long +afterwards, when the fall of the Empire disclosed the secret +instructions—disloyal to his allies and ruinous to the +campaign—by which Louis Napoleon shackled his unhappy +General. In Canrobert’s successor, Pelissier, he met +his match. For the first time a strong man headed the +French army. Short of stature, bull-necked and massive in +build, with grey hair, long dark moustache, keen fiery eyes, his +coarse rough speech masking tested brain power and high +intellectual culture, he brought new life to the benumbed French +army, new hope to Lord Raglan. The duel between the +resolute general and the enraged Emperor is narrated with a touch +comedy. All that Lord Raglan desired, all that the Emperor +forbade, Pelissier was stubbornly determined to accomplish; the +siege should be pressed at once, the city taken at any cost, the +expedition to Kertch resumed. Once only, under torment of +the Emperor’s reproaches and the Minister at War’s +remonstrances, his resolution and his nerve gave way; eight days +of failing judgment issued in the <a name="page72"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 72</span>Karabelnaya defeat, the severest +repulse which the two armies had sustained; but the paralysis +passed away, he showed himself once more eager to act in concert +with the English general;—when the long-borne strain of +disappointment and anxiety sapped at last Lord Raglan’s +vital forces, and the hard fierce Frenchman stood for upwards of +an hour beside his dead colleague’s bedside, “crying +like a child.”</p> +<p>The lieutenants of Lord Raglan in the Crimea have long since +passed away, but in artistic epical presentment they retain their +place around him. Airey, his right hand from the first +disembarkation at Kalamita Bay, strong-willed, decisive, ardent, +thrusting away suspense and doubt, untying every knot, is +vindicated by his Chief against the Duke of Newcastle’s +wordy inculpation in the severest despatch perhaps ever penned to +his official superior by a soldier in the field. Colin +Campbell, with glowing face, grey kindling eye, light, stubborn, +crisping hair, leads his Highland brigade tip the hill against +the Vladimir columns, till “with the sorrowful wail which +bursts from the brave Russian infantry when they have to suffer +loss,” eight battalions of the enemy fall back in +retreat. Lord Lucan, tall, lithe, slender, his face +glittering <a name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +73</span>and panther-like in moments of strenuous action, wins +our hearts as he won Kinglake’s, in spite of the mis-aimed +cleverness and presumptuous self-confidence which always +criticised and sometimes disobeyed the orders of his Chief. +General Pennefather, “the grand old boy,” his +exulting radiant face flashing everywhere through the smoke, his +resonant innocuous oaths roaring cheerily down the line, sustains +all day the handful of our troops against the tenfold masses of +the enemy. Generous and eloquent are the notices of +Korniloff and Todleben, the great sailor and the great engineer, +the soul and the brain of the Sebastopol defence. The first +fell in the siege, the second lived to write its history, to +become a valued friend of Kinglake, to explore and interpret in +his company long afterwards the scenes of struggle; his book and +his personal guidance gave to the historian what would otherwise +have been unattainable, a clear knowledge of the conflict as +viewed from within the town.</p> +<p>The pitched battlefields of the campaign were three, Alma, +Balaclava, Inkerman. The Alma chapter is the most graphic, +for there the fight was concentrated, offering to a spectator by +Lord Raglan’s side a <i>coup d’œil</i> of the +entire <a name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +74</span>action. The French were by bad generalship +virtually wiped out; for Bosquet crossed the river too far to the +right, Canrobert was afraid to move without artillery, Prince +Napoleon and St. Arnaud’s reserves were jammed together in +the bottom of the valley. We see, as though on the spot, +the advance, irregular and unsupported, of Codrington’s +brigade, their dash into the Great Redoubt and subsequent +disorderly retreat; the enemy checked by the two guns from Lord +Raglan’s knoll and by the steadiness of the Royal +Fusiliers; the repulse of the Scots Fusiliers and the peril which +hung over the event; then the superb advance of Guards and +Highlanders up the hill, thin red line against massive columns, +which determined finally the action.</p> +<p>The interest of the Balaclava fight centres in the two +historic cavalry charges. Here again, from his position on +the hill above, Kinglake witnessed both; the first, clear in +smokeless air, the second lost in the volleying clouds which +filled the valley of death. He saw the enormous mass of +Russian cavalry, 3,500 sabres, flooding like an avalanche down +the hill with a momentum which Scarlett’s tiny squadron +could not for a moment have resisted; <a name="page75"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 75</span>their unexplained halt, the three +hundred seizing the opportunity to strike, digging individually +into the Russian ranks, the scarlet streaks visibly cleaving the +dense grey columns. Inwedged and surrounded, in their +passionate blood frenzy, with ceaseless play of whirling sword, +with impetus of human and equestrian weight and strength, the red +atoms hewed their way to the Russian rear, turned, worked back, +emerged, reformed; while the 4th and 5th Dragoons, the Royals, +the 1st Inniskillings, dashed upon the amazed column right, left, +front, till the close-locked mass headed slowly up the hill, +ranks loosened, horsemen turned and galloped off, a beaten +straggling herd. Eight minutes elapsed from the time when +Scarlett gave the word to charge, until the moment when the +Russians broke: we turn from the fifty describing pages, +breathless as though we had ridden in the melley; if the episode +has no historical parallel, the narrative is no less +unique. Our greatest contemporary poet tried to celebrate +it; his lines are tame and unexciting beside Kinglake’s +passionate pulsing rhapsody. Its effect upon the Russian +mind was lasting; out of all their vast array hardly a single +squadron was ever after able to keep its ground <a +name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>against the +approach of English cavalry; while but for Cathcart’s +obstinacy and Lucan’s temper it would have issued in the +immediate recapture of the Causeway Heights.</p> +<p>The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the other hand, while it +stirred the imagination of the poet, shocked the military +conscience of the historian. He saw in it with agony, as +Lord Raglan saw, as the French spectators saw, no act of heroic +sacrifice, but a needless, fruitless massacre. “You +have lost the Light Brigade,” was his commander’s +salutation to Lord Lucan. “<i>C’est magnifique</i>, +<i>mais ce n’est pas la guerre</i>,” was the +oft-quoted reproof of Bosquet. The “someone’s +blunder,” the sullen perversity in misconception which +destroyed the flower of our cavalry, has faded from men’s +memories; the splendour of the deed remains. It is well to +recover salvage from the irrevocable, to voice and to prolong the +deep human interest attaching to death encountered at the call of +duty; that is the poet’s task, and brilliantly it has been +discharged. Its other side, the pæan of sorrow for a +self-destructive exploit, the dirge on lives wantonly thrown +away, the deep blame attaching to the untractableness which sent +them to their doom, was the task of the historian, and <a +name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 77</span>that too has +been faithfully and lastingly accomplished.</p> +<p>Inkerman was the most complicated of the battles; the chapters +which record it are correspondingly taxing to the reader. +More than once or twice they must be scanned, with close study of +their lucid maps, before the intricate sequences are fairly and +distinctively grasped; the sixth book of Thucydides, a standing +terror to young Greek students, is light and easy reading +compared with the bulky sixth volume of Kinglake. The hero +of the day was Pennefather; he maintained on Mount Inkerman a +combat of pickets reinforced from time to time, while around him +through nine hours successive attacks of thousands were met by +hundreds. The disparity of numbers was appalling. At +daybreak 40,000 Russian troops advanced against 3,000 English and +were repulsed. Three hours later 19,000 fresh troops came +on, passed through a gap in our lines, which Cathcart’s +disobedience, atoned for presently by his death, had left +unoccupied, and seized the heights behind us; they too were +dispossessed, but our numbers were dwindling and our strength +diminishing. The Home Ridge, key of our position, was next +invaded by <a name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +78</span>6,000 Russians; the 7th St. Leger, linked with a few +Zouaves and with 200 men of our 77th Regiment, French and English +for once joyously intermingled, hurled them back. It was +the crisis of the fight; Canrobert’s interposition would +have determined it; but he sullenly refused to move. +Finally, led by two or three daring young officers, 300 of our +wearied troops charged the Russian battery which had tormented us +all day; their artillerymen, already flinching under the galling +fire of two 18-pounders, brought up by Lord Raglan’s +foresight early in the morning, hastily withdrew their guns, and +the battle was won. It was a day of Homeric rushes; +Burnaby, with only twenty men to support him, rescuing the +Grenadier Guards’ colours; the onset of the 20th with their +“Minden Yell”; Colonel Daubeny with two dozen +followers cleaving the Russian trunk column at the barrier; +Waddy’s dash at the retreating artillery train, foiled only +by the presence and the readiness of Todleben. One marvels +in reading how the English held their own; their victory against +so tremendous odds is ascribed by the historian to three +conditions; the hampering of the enemy by his crowded masses; the +slaughter amongst his <a name="page79"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 79</span>officers early in the fight, which +deprived their men of leadership; above all, the dense mist which +obscured from him the fewness of his opponents. If +Canrobert with his fresh troops had followed in pursuit, the +Russian’s retreat must have been turned into a rout and his +artillery captured; if on the following day he had assaulted the +Flagstaff Bastion, Sebastopol, Todleben owned, must have +fallen. He would do neither; his hesitancy and apparent +feebleness have already been explained; but to it, and to the +sinister influence which held his hand, were due the subsequent +miseries of the Crimean winter.</p> +<p>But the epic muse exacted from Kinglake, as from Virgil long +before, the portrayal not only of generals and of battles, but of +two great monarchs, each in his own day conspicuously and +absolutely prominent—the Czar Nicholas and the Emperor +Napoleon:</p> + +<blockquote><p> “dicam +horrida belia,<br /> +Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera <span +class="smcap">reges</span>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>His handling of them is characteristic. Few men living +then could have approached either without a certain awe, their +“genius” rebuked,—like Mark Antony’s, in +the presence of Cæsars so <a name="page80"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 80</span>imposing and so mighty; +Kinglake’s attitude towards both is the attitude of cold +analysis.</p> +<p>In the opening of the fifties the Czar Nicholas was the most +powerful man then living in the world. He ruled over sixty +million subjects whose loyalty bordered on worship: he had in +arms a million soldiers, brave and highly trained. In the +troubles of 1848 he had stood scornful and secure amid the +overthrow of surrounding thrones; and the entire impact of his +vast and well-organized Empire was subject to his single will; +whatever he chose to do he did. Of stern and unrelenting +nature, of active and widely ranging capacity for business, of +gigantic stature and commanding presence, he inspired almost +universal terror; and yet his friendliness had when he pleased a +glow and frankness irresistible in its charm. Readers of +Queen Victoria’s early life will recall the alarm she felt +at his sudden proposal to visit Windsor in 1844, the fascination +which his presence exercised on her when he became her +guest. He professed to embody his standard of conduct in +the English word “gentleman”; his ideal of human +grandeur was the character of the Duke of Wellington. It +was an evil destiny that betrayed this high-minded man <a +name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>into crooked +ways; that made England sacrifice the stateliest among her +ancient friends to an ignoble and crime-stained adventurer; that +poured out blood and treasure for no public advantage and with no +permanent result; that first humiliated, then slew with broken +heart the man who had been so great, and who is still regarded by +surviving Russians who knew his inner life and had seen him in +his gentle mood with passionate reverence and affection.</p> +<p>Kinglake’s description of “Prince Louis +Bonaparte,” of his character, his accomplices, his policy, +his crimes, is perhaps unequalled in historical literature; I +know not where else to look for a vivisection so scientific and +so merciless of a great potentate in the height of his +power. With scrutiny polite, impartial, guarded, he lays +bare the springs of a conscienceless nature and the secrets of a +crime-driven career; while for the combination of precise +simplicity with exhaustive synopsis, the masquerading of moral +indignation in the guise of mocking laughter, the loathing of a +gentleman for a scoundrel set to the measure not of indignation +but of contempt, we must go back to the refined insolence, the +ὕβρις +πεπαιδευμένη, +of Voltaire. He had well known Prince Napoleon <a +name="page82"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 82</span>in his London +days, had been attracted by him as a curiosity—“a +balloon man who had twice fallen from the skies and yet was still +alive”—had divined the mental power veiled habitually +by his blank, opaque, wooden looks, had listened to his ambitious +talk and gathered up the utterances of his thoughtful, +long-pondering mind, had quarrelled with him finally and +lastingly over rivalry in the good graces of a woman. <a +name="citation82"></a><a href="#footnote82" +class="citation">[82]</a> He saw in him a fourfold student; +of the art of war, of the mind of the first Napoleon, of the +French people’s character, of the science by which law may +lend itself to stratagem and become a weapon of deceit.</p> +<p>The intellect of this strange being was subject to an +uncertainty of judgment, issuing in ambiguity of enterprise, and +giving an impression <a name="page83"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 83</span>of well-kept secrecy, due often to +the fact that divided by mental conflict he had no secret to +tell. He understood truth, but under the pressure of strong +motive would invariably deceive. He sometimes, out of +curiosity, would listen to the voice of conscience, and could +imitate neatly on occasion the scrupulous language of a man of +honour; but the consideration that one of two courses was honest, +and the other not, never entered into his motives for +action. He was bold in forming plots, and skilful in +conducting them; but in the hour of trial and under the confront +of physical danger he was paralysed by constitutional +timidity. His great aim in life was to be +conspicuous—<i>digito monstrarier</i>—coupled with a +theatric mania which made scenic effects and surprises essential +to the eminence he craved.</p> +<p>Handling this key to his character, Kinglake pursues him into +his December treason, contrasts the consummate cleverness of his +schemes with the faltering cowardice which shrank, like +Macbeth’s ambition, from “the illness should attend +them,” and which, but for the stronger nerve of those +behind him, would have caused his collapse, at Paris as at +Strasburg and Boulogne, in contact with the shock of +action. It is difficult <a name="page84"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 84</span>now to realize the commotion caused +by this fourteenth chapter of Kinglake’s book. The +Emperor was at the summit of his power, fresh from Austrian +conquest, viewed with alarm by England, whose rulers feared his +strength and were distrustful of his friendship. Our Crown, +our government, our society, had condoned his usurpation; he had +kissed the Queen’s cheek, bent her ministers to his will, +ridden through her capital a triumphant and applauded +guest. And now men read not only a cynical dissection of +his character and disclosure of his early foibles, but the +hideous details of his deceit and treachery, the phases of +cold-blooded massacre and lawless deportation by which he emptied +France of all who hesitated to enrol themselves as his +accomplices or his tools. Forty years have passed since the +terrible indictment was put forth; down to its minutest +allegation it has been proved literally true; the arch criminal +has fallen from his estate to die in disgrace, disease, +exile. When we talk to-day with cultivated Frenchmen of +that half-forgotten epoch, and of the book which bared its +horrors, we are met by their response of ardent gratitude to the +man who joined to passionate hatred of iniquity surpassing +capacity <a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +85</span>for denouncing it; their avowal that with all its +frequent exposure of their military shortcomings and depreciation +of their national character, no English chronicle of the century +stands higher in their esteem than the history of the war in the +Crimea.</p> +<p>The close of the book is grim and tragic in the main, the stir +of gallant fights exchanged for the dreary course of siege, +intrenchment, mine and countermine. We have the awful +winter on the heights, the November hurricane, the foiled +bombardments, the cruel blunder of the Karabelnaya assault, the +bitter natural discontent at home, the weak subservience of our +government to misdirected clamour, the touching help-fraught +advent of the Lady Nurses: then, just as better prospects dawn, +the Chief’s collapse and death. From the morrow of +Inkerman to the end, through no fault of his, the +historian’s chariot wheels drag. More and more one +sees how from the nature of the task, except for the flush of +contemporary interest then, except by military students now, it +is not a work to be popularly read; the exhausted interest of its +subject swamps the genius of its narrator. Scattered +through its more serious matter are gems with the old +“Eothen” sparkle, <a name="page86"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 86</span>of periphrasis, aphorism, felicitous +phrase and pregnant epithet. Such is the fine analogy +between the worship of holy shrines and the lover’s homage +to the spot which his mistress’s feet have trod; such +France’s tolerance of the Elysée brethren compared +to the Arab laying his verminous burnous upon an ant-hill; the +apt quotation from the Psalms to illustrate the on-coming of the +Guards; the demeanour of horses in action; the course of a flying +cannon-ball; the two ponderous troopers at the Horse Guards; Tom +Tower and his Croats landing stores for our soldiers from the +“Erminia.” Or again, we have the light clear +touches of a single line; “the decisiveness and consistency +of despotism”—“the fractional and volatile +interests in trading adventure which go by the name of +Shares”—“the unlabelled, undocketed state of +mind which shall enable a man to encounter the +Unknown”—“the qualifying words which correct +the imprudences and derange the grammatical structure of a +Queen’s Speech”: but these are islets in the sea of +narrative, not, as in “Eothen,” woof-threads which +cross the warp.</p> +<p>To compare an idyll with an epic, it may be said, is like +comparing a cameo with a Grecian <a name="page87"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 87</span>temple: be it so; but the temple +falls in ruins, the cameo is preserved in cabinets; and it is +possible that a century hence the Crimean history will be +forgotten, while “Eothen” is read and enjoyed. +The best judges at the time pronounced that as a lasting monument +of literary force the work was over refined: +“Kinglake,” said Sir George Cornewall Lewis, +“tries to write better than he can write”; quoting, +perhaps unconsciously, the epigram of a French art critic a +hundred years before—<i>Il cherche toujours a faire mieux +qu’il ne fait</i>. <a name="citation87"></a><a +href="#footnote87" class="citation">[87]</a> He lavished on +it far more pains than on “Eothen”: the proof sheets +were a black sea of erasures, intercalations, blots; the original +chaotic manuscript pages had to be disentangled by a calligraphic +Taunton bookseller before they could be sent to press. This +fastidiousness in part gained its purpose; won temporary success; +gave to his style the glitter, rapidity, point, effectiveness, of +a pungent editorial; went home, stormed, convinced, vindicated, +damaged, triumphed: but it missed by excessive polish the +reposeful, unlaboured, classic grace essential to the highest +art. Over-scrupulous manipulation <a +name="page88"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 88</span>of words is +liable to the “defect of its qualities”; as with +unskilful goldsmiths of whom old Latin writers tell us, the file +goes too deep, trimming away more of the first fine minting than +we can afford to lose. Ruskin has explained to us how the +decadence of Gothic architecture commenced through care bestowed +on window tracery for itself instead of as an avenue or vehicle +for the admission of light. Read “words” for +tracery, “thought” for light, and we see how +inspiration avenges itself so soon as diction is made paramount; +artifice, which demands and misses watchful self-concealment, +passes into mannerism; we have lost the incalculable charm of +spontaneity. Comparison of “Eothen” with the +“Crimea” will I think exemplify this truth. The +first, to use Matthew Arnold’s imagery, is Attic, the last +has declined to the Corinthian; it remains a great, an amazingly +great production; great in its pictorial force, its omnipresent +survey, verbal eloquence, firm grasp, marshalled delineation of +multitudinous and entangled matter; but it is not unique amongst +martial records as “Eothen” is unique amongst books +of travel: it is through “Eothen” that its author has +soared into a classic, and bids fair to hold his <a +name="page89"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 89</span>place. +And, apart from the merit of style, great campaigns lose interest +in a third, if not in a second generation; their historical +consequence effaced through lapse of years; their policy seen to +have been nugatory or mischievous; their chronicles, swallowed +greedily at the birth like Saturn’s progeny, returning to +vex their parent; relegated finally to an honourable exile in the +library upper shelves, where they hold a place eyed curiously, +not invaded:</p> + +<blockquote><p> “devoured<br +/> +As fast as they are made, forgot as soon<br /> +As done. . . . To have done, is to hang<br /> +Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail,<br /> +In monumental mockery.”</p> +</blockquote> +<h2><a name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +90</span>CHAPTER V<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">MADAME NOVIKOFF</span></h2> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Cabinet Edition of “The +Invasion of the Crimea” appeared in 1877, shortly after the +Servian struggle for independence, which aroused in England +universal interest and sympathy. Kinglake had heard from +the lips of a valued lady friend the tragic death-tale of her +brother Nicholas Kiréeff, who fell fighting as a volunteer +on the side of the gallant Servian against the Turk: and, much +moved by the recital, offered to honour the memory of the dead +hero in the Preface to his forthcoming edition. He kept his +word; made sympathetic reference to M. Kiréeff in the +opening of his Preface; but passed in pursuance of his original +design to a hostile impeachment of Russia, its people, its +church, its ruler. This was an error of judgment and of +feeling; and the lady, reading the manuscript, indignantly +desired him to burn the whole rather than commit the outrage <a +name="page91"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 91</span>of +associating her brother’s name with an attack on causes and +personages dear to him as to herself. Kinglake listened in +silence, then tendered to her a <i>crayon rouge</i>, begging her +to efface all that pained her. She did so; and, diminished +by three-fourths of its matter, the Preface appears in Vol. I. of +the Cabinet Edition. The erasure was no slight sacrifice to +an author of Kinglake’s literary sensitiveness, mutilating +as it did the integrity of a carefully schemed composition, and +leaving visible the scar. He sets forth the strongly +sentimental and romantic side of Russian temperament. Love +of the Holy Shrines begat the war of 1853, racial ardour the war +of 1876. The first was directed by a single will, the +second by national enthusiasm; yet the mind of Nicholas was no +less tossed by a breathless strife of opposing desires and moods +than was Russia at large by the struggle between Panslavism and +statesmanship. Kinglake paints vividly the imposing figure +of the young Kiréeff, his stature, beauty, bravery, the +white robe he wore incarnadined by death-wounds, his body +captured by the hateful foes. He goes on to tell how myth +rose like an exhalation round his memory: how legends of “a +giant piling up hecatombs by a <a name="page92"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 92</span>mighty slaughter” reverberated +through mansion and cottage, town and village, cathedral and +church; until thousands of volunteers rushed to arms that they +might go where young Kiréeff had gone. +Alexander’s hand was forced, and the war began, which but +for England’s intervention would have cleared Europe of the +Turk. We have the text, but not the sermon; the Preface +ends abruptly with an almost clumsy peroration.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p92b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Madame Novikoff" +title= +"Madame Novikoff" +src="images/p92s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>The lady who inspired both the eulogy and the curtailment was +Madame Novikoff, more widely known perhaps as O. K., with whom +Kinglake maintained during the last twenty years of life an +intimate and mutual friendship. Madame Olga Novikoff, +<i>née</i> Kiréeff, is a Russian lady of +aristocratic rank both by parentage and marriage. In a +lengthened sojourn at Vienna with her brother-in-law, the Russian +ambassador, she learned the current business of diplomacy. +An eager religious propagandist, she formed alliance with the +“Old Catholics” on the Continent, and with many among +the High Church English clergy; becoming, together with her +brother Alexander, a member of the <i>Réunion +Nationale</i>, a society for the union of Christendom. Her +interest in <a name="page93"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +93</span>education has led her to devote extensive help to school +and church building and endowment on her son’s +estate. God-daughter to the Czar Nicholas, she is a devoted +Imperialist, nor less in sympathy, as were all her family, with +Russian patriotism: after the death of her brother in Servia on +July 6/18, 1876, she became a still more ardent Slavophile. +The three articles of her creed are, she says, those of her +country, Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism. Her political +aspirations have been guided, and guided right, by her tact and +goodness of heart. Her life’s aim has been to bring +about a cordial understanding between England and her native +land; there is little doubt that her influence with leading +Liberal politicians, and her vigorous allocutions in the Press, +had much to do with the enthusiasm manifested by England for the +liberation of the Danubian States. Readers of the Princess +Lieven’s letters to Earl Grey will recall the part played +by that able ambassadress in keeping this country neutral through +the crisis of 1828–9; to her Madame Novikoff has been +likened, and probably with truth, by the Turkish Press both +English and Continental. She was accused in 1876 of playing +on the <a name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +94</span>religious side of Mr. Gladstone’s character to +secure his interest in the Danubians as members of the Greek +Church, while with unecclesiastical people she was said to be +equally skilful on the political side, converting at the same +time Anglophobe Russia by her letters in the “Moscow +Gazette.” Mr. Gladstone’s leanings to +Montenegro were attributed angrily in the English +“Standard” to Madame Novikoff: “A serious +statesman should know better than to catch contagion from the +petulant enthusiasm of a Russian Apostle.” The +contagion was in any case caught, and to some purpose; letter +after letter had been sent by the lady to the great statesman, +then in temporary retirement, without reply, until the last of +these, “a bitter cry of a sister for a sacrificed +brother,” brought a feeling answer from Mrs. Gladstone, +saying that her husband was deeply moved by the appeal, and was +writing on the subject. In a few days appeared his famous +pamphlet, “Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the +East.”</p> +<p>Carlyle advised that Madame Novikoff’s scattered papers +should be worked into a volume; they appeared under the title +“Is Russia Wrong?” with a preface by Froude, <a +name="page95"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 95</span>the moderate +and ultra-prudent tone of which infuriated Hayward and Kinglake, +as not being sufficiently appreciative. Hayward declared +some woman had biassed him; Kinglake was of opinion that by +studying the <i>ètat</i> of Queen Elizabeth Froude had +“gone and turned himself into an old maid.”</p> +<p>Froude’s Preface to her next work, “Russia and +England, a Protest and an Appeal,” by O. K., 1880, was +worded in a very different tone and satisfied all her +friends. The book was also reviewed with highest praise by +Gladstone in “The Nineteenth Century.” Learning +that an assault upon it was contemplated in “The +Quarterly,” Kinglake offered to supply the editor, Dr. +Smith, with materials which might be so used as to neutralize a +<i>personal</i> attack upon O. K. Smith entreated him to +compose the whole article himself. “I could promise +you,” he writes, “that the authorship should be kept +a profound secret;” but this Kinglake seems to have thought +undesirable. The article appeared in April, 1880, under the +title of “The Slavonic Menace to Europe.” It +opens with a panegyric on the authoress: “She has mastered +our language with conspicuous success; she expostulates as easily +as she reproaches, and she <a name="page96"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 96</span>exhibits as much facility in barbing +shafts of satire as in framing specious excuses for daring acts +of diplomacy.” It insists on the high esteem felt for +her by both the Russian and Austrian governments, telling with +much humour an anecdote of Count Beust, the Prime Minister of +Austria during her residence in Vienna. The Count, after +meeting her at a dinner party at the Turkish Embassy, composed a +set of verses in her honour, and gave them to her, but she forgot +to mention them to her brother-in-law. The Prime Minister, +encountering the latter, asked his opinion of the verses; and the +ambassador was greatly amazed at knowing nothing of the matter. +<a name="citation96"></a><a href="#footnote96" +class="citation">[96]</a> From amenities towards the +authoress, the article passes abruptly to hostile criticism of +the book; declares it to be proscribed in Russia as mischievous, +and to have precipitated a general war by keeping up English +interest in <a name="page97"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +97</span>Servian rebellion. It sneers in doubtful taste at +the lady’s learning:</p> + +<blockquote><p> “sit +non doctissima conjux,<br /> +Sit nox cum somno, sit sine lite dies;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>denounces the Slavs as incapable of being welded into a +nation, urging that their independence must destroy +Austria-Hungary, a consummation desired by Madame Novikoff, with +her feline contempt for “poor dear Austria,” but +which all must unite to prevent if they would avert a European +war.</p> +<p>How could one clear harp, men asked themselves as they read, +have produced so diverse tones? The riddle is solved when +we learn that the first part only was from Kinglake’s pen: +having vindicated his friend’s ability and good faith, her +right to speak and to be heard attentively, he left the survey of +her views, with which he probably disagreed, to the originally +assigned reviewer. The article, Madame Novikoff tells us in +the “Nouvelle Revue,” was received <i>avec une +stupefaction unanime</i>. It formed the general talk for +many days, was attributed to Lord Salisbury, was supposed to have +been inspired by Prince Gortschakoff. The name standing +against it in Messrs. Murray’s books, as they <a +name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 98</span>kindly inform +me, is that of a writer still alive, and better known now than +then, but they never heard that Kinglake had a hand in it; the +editor would seem to have kept his secret even from the +publishers. Kinglake sent the article in proof to the lady; +hoped that the facts he had imparted and the interpolations he +had inserted would please her; he could have made the attack on +Russia more pointed had he written it; she would think the +leniency shows a fault on the right side; he did not know the +writer of this latter part. He begged her to acquaint her +friends in Moscow what an important and majestic organ is +“The Quarterly,” how weighty therefore its laudation +of herself. She recalls his bringing her soon afterwards an +article on her, written, he said, in an adoring tone by Laveleye +in the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” and directing her to +a paper in “Fraser,” by Miss Pauline Irby, a +passionate lover of the “Slav ragamuffins,” and a +worshipper of Madame Novikoff. He quotes with delight +Chenery’s approbation of her “Life of +Skobeleff”; he spoke of you “with a gleam of +kindliness in his eyes which really and truly I had never +observed before.” “The Times” quotes her +as the “eloquent <a name="page99"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 99</span>authoress of ‘Russia and +England’”; “fancy that from your enemy! you are +getting even ‘The Times’ into your net.” +A later article on O. K. contains some praise, but more +abuse. Hayward is angry with it; Kinglake thinks it more +friendly than could have been expected “to <i>you</i>, a +friend of <i>me</i>, their old open enemy: the sugar-plums were +meant for you, the sprinklings of soot for me.”</p> +<p>Besides “Russia and England” Madame Novikoff is +the author of “Friends or Foes?—is Russia +wrong?” and of a “Life of Skobeleff,” the hero +of Plevna and of Geok Tepé. From her natural +endowments and her long familiarity with Courts, she has acquired +a capacity for combining, controlling, entertaining social +“circles” which recalls <i>les salons +d’autrefois</i>, the drawing-rooms of an Ancelot, a Le +Brun, a Récamier. Residing in several European +capitals, she surrounds herself in each with persons +intellectually eminent; in England, where she has long spent her +winters, Gladstone, Carlyle and Froude, Charles Villiers, Bernal +Osborne, Sir Robert Morier, Lord Houghton, and many more of the +same high type, formed her court and owned her influence.</p> +<p>Kinglake first met her at Lady Holland’s in <a +name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 100</span>1870, and +mutual liking ripened rapidly into close friendship. During +her residences in England few days passed in which he did not +present himself at her drawing-room in Claridge’s Hotel: +when absent in Russia or on the Continent, she received from him +weekly letters, though he used to complain that writing to a lady +through the <i>poste restante</i> was like trying to kiss a nun +through a double grating. These letters, all faithfully +preserved, I have been privileged to see; they remind me, in +their mixture of personal with narrative charm, of Swift’s +“Letters to Stella”; except that Swift’s are +often coarse and sometimes prurient, while Kinglake’s +chivalrous admiration for his friend, though veiled occasionally +by graceful banter, is always respectful and refined. They +even imitate occasionally the “little language” of +the great satirist; if Swift was Presto, Kinglake is “Poor +dear me”; if Stella was M. D., Madame Novikoff is “My +dear Miss.” This last endearment was due to an +incident at a London dinner table. A story told by Hayward, +seasoned as usual with <i>gros sel</i>, amused the more +sophisticated English ladies present, but covered her with +blushes. Kinglake perceived it, and said to her afterwards, +“I thought <a name="page101"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +101</span>you were a hardened married woman; I am glad that you +are not; I shall henceforth call you <i>Miss</i>.” +Sometimes he rushes into verse. In answer to some pretended +rebuff received from her at Ryde he writes</p> +<blockquote><p>“There was a young lady of Ryde, so awfully +puffed up by pride,<br /> + She felt grander by far than the Son of the Czar,<br +/> +And when he said, ‘Dear, come and walk on the pier,<br /> + Oh please come and walk by my side;’<br /> +The answer he got, was ‘Much better not,’ from that +awful young lady of Ryde.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Oftenest, the letters are serious in their admiring +compliments; they speak of her superb organization of health and +life and strength and joyousness, the delightful sunshine of her +presence, her decision and strength of will, her great qualities +and great opportunities: “away from you the world seems a +blank.” He is glad that his Great Eltchi has been +made known to her; the old statesman will be impressed, he feels +sure, by her “intense life, graciousness and grace, +intellect carefully masked, musical faculty in talk, with that +heavenly power of coming to an end.” He sends +playfully affectionate messages from other members of the +<i>Gerontaion</i>, as he calls it, the group of aged admirers who +<a name="page102"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 102</span>formed +her inner court; echoing their laments over the universality of +her patronage. “Hayward can pardon your having an +ambassador or two at your <i>feet</i>, but to find the way to +your <i>heart</i> obstructed by a crowd of astronomers, +Russ-expansionists, metaphysicians, theologians, translators, +historians, poets;—this is more than he can endure. +The crowd reduces him, as Ampère said to Mme. +Récamier, to the qualified blessing of being only <i>chez +vous</i>, from the delight of being <i>avec +vous</i>.” He hails and notifies additions to the +list of her admirers; quotes enthusiastic praise of her from +Stansfeld and Charles Villiers, warm appreciation from Morier, +Sir Robert Peel, Violet Fane. He rallies her on her +victims, jests at Froude’s lover-like +<i>galanterie</i>—“Poor St. Anthony! how he hovered +round the flame”;—at the devotion of that gay +Lothario, Tyndall, whose approaching marriage will, he thinks, +clip his wings for flirtation. “It seems that at the +Royal Institution, or whatever the place is called, young women +look up to the Lecturers as priests of Science, and go to them +after the lecture in what churchmen would call the vestry, and +express charming little doubts about electricity, and pretty +gentle disquietudes about the solar <a name="page103"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 103</span>system: and then the Professors have +to give explanations;—and then, somehow, at the end of a +few weeks, they find they have provided themselves with chaperons +for life.” So he pursues the list of devotees; her +son will tell her that Cæsar summarized his conquests in +this country by saying <i>Veni</i>, <i>Vidi</i>, <i>Vici</i>; but +to her it is given to say, <i>Veni</i>, <i>Videbar</i>, +<i>Vici</i>.</p> +<p>On two subjects, theology and politics, Madame Novikoff was, +as we have seen, passionately in earnest. Himself at once +an amateur casuist and a consistent Nothingarian, whose dictum +was that “Important if true” should be written over +the doors of churches, he followed her religious arguments much +as Lord Steyne listened to the contests between Father Mole and +the Reverend Mr. Trail. He expresses his surprise in all +seriousness that the Pharisees, a thoughtful and cultured set of +men, who alone among the Jews believed in a future state, should +have been the very men to whom our Saviour was habitually +antagonistic. He refers more lightly and frequently to +“those charming talks of ours about our Churches”; he +thinks they both know how to <i>effleurer</i> the surface of +theology without <a name="page104"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +104</span>getting drowned in it. Of existing Churches he +preferred the English, as “the most harmless going”; +disliked the Latin Church, especially when intriguing in the +East, as persecuting and as schismatic, and therefore as no +Church at all. Roman Catholics, he said, have a special +horror of being called “schismatic,” and that is, of +course, a good reason for so calling them. He would not +permit the use of the word “orthodox,” because, like +a parson in the pulpit, it is always begging the question. +He refused historical reverence to the Athanasian Creed, and was +delighted when Stanley’s review in “The Times” +of Mr. Ffoulkes’ learned book showed it to have been +written by order of Charles the Great in 800 <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> as what Thorold Rogers used to call +“an election squib.” In the +“Filioque” controversy, once dear to Liddon and to +Gladstone, now, I suppose, obsolete for the English mind, but +which relates to the chief dividing tenet of East from West, he +showed an interest humorous rather than reverent; took pains to +acquaint himself with the views held on it by Döllinger and +the old Catholics; noted with amusement the perplexity of London +ladies as to the meaning of the word when quoted in the much-read +“Quarterly” article, declaring their <a +name="page105"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 105</span>belief to +be that it was a clergyman’s baby born out of wedlock.</p> +<p>Madame Novikoff’s political influence, which he +recognized to the full, he treated in the same mocking +spirit. She is at Berlin, received by Bismarck; he hopes +that though the great man may not eradicate her Slavophile +heresies, he may manifest the weakness of embroiling nations on +mere ethnological grounds. “Are even nearer +relationships so delightful? would you walk across the street for +a third or fourth cousin? then why for a millionth +cousin?” Madame Novikoff kindly sends to me an +“Imaginary Conversation” between herself and +Gortschakoff, constructed by Kinglake during her stay in St. +Petersburg in 1879.</p> +<p>“<i>G.</i> Well—you really have done good +service to your country and your Czar by dividing and confusing +these absurd English, and getting us out of the scrape we were in +in that—Balkan Peninsula.</p> +<p>“<i>Miss O.</i> Well, certainly I did my best; but +I fear I have ruined the political reputation of my English +partizans, for in order to make them ‘beloved of the +Slave,’ I of course had to make them, poor souls! go +against their own country; <a name="page106"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 106</span>and their country, stupid as it is, +has now I fear found them out.</p> +<p>“<i>G.</i> <i>Tant pis pour eux</i>! +<i>Entre nous</i>, if I had been Gladstone, I should have +preferred the love of my own country to the love of +these—Slaves of yours. But, tell me, how did you get +hold of Gladstone?</p> +<p>“<i>Miss O.</i> <i>Rien de plus simple</i>! +Four or five years ago I asked what was his weak point, and was +told that he had two, ‘Effervescence,’ and +‘Theology.’ With that knowledge I found it all +child’s play to manage him. I just sent him to +Munich, and there boiled him up in a weak decoction of +‘Filioque,’ then kept him ready for use, and +impatiently awaited the moment when our plans for getting up the +‘Bulgarian atrocities’ should be mature. I say +‘impatiently,’ for, Heavens, how slow you all were! +at least so it strikes a woman. The arrangement of the +‘atrocities’ was begun by our people in 1871, and yet +till 1876, though I had Gladstone ready in 1875, nothing really +was done! I assure you, Prince, it is a trying thing to a +woman to be kept waiting for promised atrocities such an +unconscionable time.</p> +<p>“<i>G.</i> That brother-in-law of yours was partly +the cause of our slowness. He was always <a +name="page107"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 107</span>wanting to +have the orders for fire and blood in neat formal despatches, +signed by me, and copied by clerks. However, I hope you are +satisfied now, with the butcheries and the flames, and the +—?</p> +<p>“<i>Miss O.</i> <i>Pour le moment</i>!”</p> +<p>She is absent during the sudden dissolution of Parliament in +1874. “London woke yesterday morning and found that +your friend Gladstone had made a +<i>coup-d’état</i>. He has dissolved +Parliament at a moment when no human being expected it, and my +impression is that he has made a good hit, and that the renovated +Parliament will give him a great majority.” The impression +was wildly wrong; and he found a cause for the Conservative +majority in Gladstone’s tame foreign policy, and especially +in the pusillanimity his government showed when insulted by +Gortschakoff. He always does justice to her influence with +Gladstone; his great majority at the polls in 1880 is <i>her</i> +victory and <i>her</i> triumph; but his Turkophobia is no less +her creation: “England is stricken with incapacity because +you have stirred up the seething caldron that boils under +Gladstone’s skull, putting in diabolical charms and poisons +of theology to overturn the structure of English <a +name="page108"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +108</span>polity:” she will be able, he thinks, to tell her +government that Gladstone is doing his best to break up the +British Empire.</p> +<p>He quotes with approbation the newspaper comparison of her to +the Princess Lieven. She disparages the famous +ambassadress; he sets her right. Let her read the +“Correspondence,” by his friend Mr. Guy Le Strange, +and she will see how large a part the Princess played in keeping +England quiet during the war of 1828–29. She did not +convert her austere admirer, Lord Grey, to approval of the +Russian designs, nor overcome the uneasiness with which the Duke +of Wellington regarded her intrigues; but the Foreign Minister, +Lord Aberdeen, was apparently a fool in her hands; and, whoever +had the merit, the neutrality of England continued. That +was, he repeats more than once, a most critical time for Russia; +it was an object almost of life and death to the Czar to keep +England dawdling in a state of actual though not avowed +neutrality. It is, he argued, a matter of fact, that +precisely this result was attained, and “I shall be slow to +believe that Madame de Lieven did not deserve a great share of +the glory (as you would think it) of making England act weakly +under such <a name="page109"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +109</span>circumstances; more especially since we know that the +Duke did not like the great lady, and may be supposed to have +distinctly traced his painful embarrassment to her +power.” So the letters go, interspersed with news, +with criticisms of notable persons, with comments enlightening or +cynical on passing political events: with personal matters only +now and then; as when he notes the loss of his two sisters; +dwells with unwonted feeling on the death of his eldest nephew by +consumption; condoles with her on her husband’s illness; +gives council, wise or playful, as to the education of her +son. “I am glad to hear that he is good at Greek, +Latin, and Mathematics, for that shows his cleverness; glad also +to hear that he is occasionally naughty, for that shows his +force. I advise you to claim and exercise as much control +as possible, because I am certain that a woman—especially +so gifted a one as you—knows more, or rather feels more, +about the right way of bringing up a boy than any mere +man.”</p> +<p>Unbrokenly the correspondence continues: the intimacy added +charm, interest, fragrance to his life, brought out in him all +that was genial, playful, humorous. He fights the +admonitions <a name="page110"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +110</span>of coming weakness; goes to Sidmouth with a sore +throat, but takes his papers and his books. It is, he says, +a deserted little sea-coast place. “Mrs. Grundy has a +small house there, but she does not know me by sight. If +Madame Novikoff were to come, the astonished little town, dazzled +first by her, would find itself invaded by theologians, bishops, +ambassadors of deceased emperors, and an +ex-Prime-Minister.” But as time goes on he speaks +more often of his suffering throat; of gout, increasing deafness, +only half a voice: his last letter is written in July, 1890, to +condole with his friend upon her husband’s death. In +October his nurse takes the pen; Madame Novikoff comes back +hurriedly from Scotland to find him in his last illness. +“It is very nice,” he told his nurse, “to see +dear Madame Novikoff again, but I am going down hill fast, and +cannot hope to be well enough to see much of her.” +This is in November, 1890; on New Year’s Eve came the +inexorable, “Terminator of delights and Separator of +friends.”</p> +<h2><a name="page111"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +111</span>CHAPTER VI<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">LATER DAYS, AND DEATH</span></h2> +<p><span class="smcap">For</span> twenty years Kinglake lived in +Hyde Park Place, in bright cheerful rooms looking in one +direction across the Park, but on another side into a +churchyard. The churchyard, Lady Gregory tells us, gave him +pause on first seeing the rooms. “I should not like +to live here, I should be afraid of ghosts.” +“Oh no, sir, there is always a policeman round the +corner.” <a name="citation111"></a><a href="#footnote111" +class="citation">[111]</a> “Pleaceman X.” has +not, perhaps, before been revered as the Shade-compelling son of +Maia:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tu pias lætis animas reponis<br /> +Sedibus, <i>virgaque levem coerces</i><br /> +<i>Aurea turbam</i>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Here he worked through the morning; the afternoon took him to +the “Travellers,” where his friends, Sir Henry +Bunbury and Mr. Chenery, usually expected him; then at eight <a +name="page112"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +112</span>o’clock, if not, as Shylock says, bid forth, he +went to dine at the Athenæum. His dinner seat was in +the left-hand corner of the coffee-room, where, in the thirties, +Theodore Hook had been wont to sit, gathering near him so many +listeners to his talk, that at Hook’s death in 1841 the +receipts for the club dinners fell off to a large amount. +Here, in the “Corner,” as they called it, round +Kinglake would be Hayward, Drummond Wolff, Massey, Oliphant, +Edward Twisleton, Strzelecki, Storks, Venables, Wyke, Bunbury, +Gregory, American Ticknor, and a few more; Sir W. Stirling +Maxwell, when in Scotland, sending hampers of pheasants to the +company. “Hurried to the Athenæum for +dinner,” says Ticknor in 1857, “and there found +Kinglake and Sir Henry Rawlinson, to whom were soon added Hayward +and Stirling. We pushed our tables together and had a jolly +dinner. . . . To the Athenæum; and having dined pleasantly +with Merivale, Kinglake, and Stirling, I hurried off to the +House.” In later years, when his voice grew low and +his hearing difficult, he preferred that the diners should +resolve themselves into little groups, assigning to himself a +<i>tête-à-tête</i>, with whom at his ease he +could unfold himself.</p> +<p><a name="page113"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 113</span>No +man ever fought more gallantly the encroachments of old +age—<i>on sut être jeune jusque dans ses vieux +jours</i>. At seventy-four years old, staying with a friend +at Brighton, he insisted on riding over to Rottingdean, where Sir +Frederick Pollock was staying. “I mastered,” he +said, in answer to remonstrances, “I mastered the +peculiarities of the Brighton screw before you were born, and +have never forgotten them.” Vaulting into his saddle +he rode off, returning with a schoolboy’s delight at the +brisk trot he had found practicable when once clear of the +King’s Road. Long after his hearing had failed, his +sight become grievously weakened, and his limbs not always +trustworthy, he would never allow a cab to be summoned for him +after dinner, always walking to his lodgings. But he had to +give up by and by his daily canter in Rotten Row, and more +reluctantly still his continental travel. Foreign railways +were closed to him by the <i>Salle d’Attente</i>; he could +not stand incarceration in the waiting-rooms.</p> +<p>The last time he crossed the Channel was at the close of the +Franco-Prussian war, on a visit to his old friend M. Thiers, then +President. It was a dinner to deputies of the Extreme Left, +and Kinglake was the only Englishman; “so,” he <a +name="page114"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 114</span>said, +“among the servants there was a sort of reasoning process +as to my identity, ending in the conclusion, ‘<i>il doit +être Sir Dilke</i>.’” Soon the inference +was treated as a fact; and in due sequence came newspaper +paragraphs declaring that the British Ambassador had gravely +remonstrated with the President for inviting Sir Charles Dilke to +his table. Then followed articles defending the course +taken by the President, and so for some time the ball was kept +up. The remonstrance of the Ambassador was a myth, Lord +Lyons was a friend of Sir Charles; but the latter was suspect at +the time both in England and France; in England for his speeches +and motion on the Civil List; in France, because, with Frederic +Harrison, he had helped to get some of the French Communists away +from France; and the French Government was watching him with +spies. In Sir Charles’s motion Kinglake took much +interest, refusing to join in the cry against it as +disloyal. Sir Charles, he said, spoke no word against the +Queen; and only brought the matter before the House because +challenged to repeat in Parliament the statements he had made in +the country. As a matter of policy he thought it mistaken: +“Move in such a matter <a name="page115"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 115</span>openly, and party discipline compels +your defeat; bring pressure to bear on a Cabinet, some of its +members are on your side, and you may gain your +point.” Sir Charles’s speech was calmly +argumentative, and to many minds convincing; it provoked a +passionate reply from Gladstone; and when Mr. Auberon Herbert +following declared himself a Republican, a tumult arose such as +in those pre-Milesian days had rarely been witnessed in the +House. But the wisdom of Kinglake’s counsel is +sustained by the fact that many years afterwards, as a result of +more private discussion, Mr. Gladstone pronounced his conversion +to the two bases of the motion, publicity, and the giving of the +State allowance to the head of the family rather than, person by +person, to the children and grandchildren of the Sovereign. +Action pointing in this direction was taken in 1889 and 1901 on +the advice of Tory ministers.</p> +<p>Amongst Frenchmen of the highest class, intellectually and +socially, he had many valued friends, keeping his name on the +“Cosmopolitan” long after he had ceased to visit it, +since “one never knows when the distinguished foreigner may +come upon one, and of such the <a name="page116"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 116</span>Cosmo is the London +Paradise.” But he used to say that in the other world +a good Frenchman becomes an Englishman, a bad Englishman becomes +a Frenchman. He saw in the typical Gaul a compound of the +tiger and the monkey; noted their want of individuality, their +tendency to go in flocks, their susceptibility to panic and to +ferocity, to the terror that makes a man kill people, and +“the terror that makes him lie down and beg.” +We remember, too, his dissection of St. Arnaud, as before all +things a type of his nation; “he impersonated with singular +exactness the idea which our forefathers had in their minds when +they spoke of what they called ‘a Frenchman;’ for +although (by cowing the rich and by filling the poor with envy), +the great French Revolution had thrown a lasting gloom on the +national character, it left this one man untouched. He was +bold, gay, reckless, vain; but beneath the mere glitter of the +surface there was a great capacity for administrative business, +and a more than common willingness to take away human +life.”</p> +<p>“I relish,” Kinglake said in 1871, “the +spectacle of Bismarck teaching the A B C of Liberal politics to +the hapless French. His <a name="page117"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 117</span>last <i>mot</i>, they tell me, is +this. Speaking of the extent to which the French Emperor +had destroyed his own reputation and put an end to the worship of +the old Napoleon, he said: ‘He has killed himself and +buried his uncle.’” Again, in 1874, noting the +<i>contre coup</i> upon France resulting from the Bismarck and +Arnim despatches, he said: “What puzzles the poor dear +French is to see that truth and intrepid frankness consist with +sound policy and consummate wisdom. How funny it would be, +if the French some day, as a novelty, or what they would call a +<i>caprice</i>, were to try the effect of truth; “though +not naturally honest,” as Autolycus says, “were to +become so by chance.”</p> +<p>He thought M. Gallifet <i>dans sa logique</i> in liking the +Germans and hating Bismarck; for the Germans, in having their own +way, would break up into as many fragments as the best Frenchman +could desire, and Bismarck is the real suppressor of +France. Throughout the Franco-Prussian war he sided +strongly with the Prussians, refusing to dine in houses where the +prevailing sympathy with France would make him unwelcome as its +declared opponent; but he felt “as a nightmare” the +attack on prostrate Paris, “as a blow” the +capitulation <a name="page118"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +118</span>of Metz; denouncing Gambetta and his colleagues as +meeting their disasters only with slanderous shrieks, +“possessed by the spirit of that awful Popish +woman.” Bismarck as a statesman he consistently +admired, and deplored his dismissal. I see, he said, all +the peril implied by Bismarck’s exit, and the advent of his +ambitious young Emperor. It is a transition from the known +to the unknown, from wisdom, perhaps, to folly.</p> +<p>His Crimean volumes continued to appear; in 1875, 1880, +finally in 1887; while the Cabinet Edition was published in +1887–8. This last contained three new Prefaces; in +Vol. I. as we have seen, the memorial of Nicholas Kiréeff; +in Vol. II. the latter half of the original Preface to Vol. I., +cancelled thence at Madame Novikoff’s request, though now +carefully modified so as to avoid anything which might irritate +Russia at a moment when troubles seemed to be clearing +away. In his Preface to Vol. VII. he had three objects, to +set right the position of Sir E. Hamley, who had been neglected +in the despatches; to demolish his friend Lord Bury, who had +“questioned my omniscience” in the “Edinburgh +Review”; and to exonerate England at large from absurd +self-congratulations about <a name="page119"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 119</span>the “little Egypt +affair,” the blame of such exaggeration resting with those +whom he called State Showmen.</p> +<p>Silent to acquaintances about the progress of his work, he was +communicative to his few intimates, though never reading aloud +extracts or allowing them to be seen. In 1872 he would +speak pathetically of his “Crimean muddle,” +perplexed, as he well might be, by the intricacies of +Inkerman. Asked if he will not introduce a Te Deum on the +fall of Louis Napoleon, he answered that to write without the +stimulus of combat would be a task beyond his energy; “when +I took the trouble to compose that fourteenth chapter, the +wretched Emperor and his gang were at the height of their power +in Europe and the world; but now!” He was insatiate as to +fresh facts: utilized his acquaintance with Todleben, whom he had +first met on his visit to England in 1864; sought out Prince +Ourusoff at a later time, and inserted particulars gleaned from +him in Vol. IX., Chapter V.</p> +<p>In 1875 he told Madame Novikoff that his task was done so far +as Inkerman was concerned, and was proud to think that he had +rescued from oblivion the heroism of the Russian troops in what +he calls the “Third Period” <a +name="page120"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 120</span>of the +great fight, ignored as it was by all Russian historians of the +war. He made fruitless inquiries after a paper said to have +been left behind him by Skobeleff, explaining that “India +is a cherry to be eaten by Russia, but in two bites”; it +was contrary to the general’s recorded utterances and +probably apocryphal. Russophobe as regarded Turkey, he +sneered at England’s sentimental support of nationalities +as “Platonic”: a capital epithet he called it, and +envied the Frenchman who applied it to us, declaring that it had +turned all the women against us. He was moved by receiving +Korniloff’s portrait with a kind message from the dead +hero’s family, seeing in the features a confirmation of the +ideal which he had formed in his own mind and had tried to convey +to others. Readers of his book will recall the fine tribute +to Korniloff’s powers, and the description of his death, in +Chapters VI. and XIII. of Vol. IV. (Cabinet Edition).</p> +<p>Many of his comments on current events are preserved in the +notes or in the memories of his friends. Sometimes these +were characteristically cynical. He ridiculed the newspaper +parade of national sympathy with the Prince of Wales’s +illness: “We are represented as all members of <a +name="page121"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 121</span>the royal +family, and all in family hysterics.” Dizzy’s +orientalization of Queen Victoria into an Empress angered him, as +it angered many more. The last Empress Regnant, he said, +was Catherine II. and it seems to be thought that by advising the +Queen to take that great monarch’s title, we shall exercise +a wholesome influence on the morals of our women. He would +quote Byron’s</p> + +<blockquote><p> “Russia’s +mighty Empress<br /> +Behaved no better than a common sempstress;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>“there was an old-fashioned sacredness, which, however +foolish intrinsically, was still useful, in our title of +‘The Queen’; nor do we see the policy of adding a +<i>Suprême de Volaille</i> to the bread and wine of our +Sacrament.”</p> +<p>He chuckled over the indignation of the <i>haute +volée</i>, when on the visit to England of President +Grant’s daughter in 1872, Americans in London sent out +cards of invitation headed “To meet Miss Grant,” as +at a profane imitation of a practice hitherto confined to +royalties; laughing not at the legitimate American mimicry of +European consequence, but at the silly formalists in Society who +fumed over the imagined presumption. Consulted by an +invalid as to the <a name="page122"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +122</span>charm of Ostend for a seaside residence, he limited it +to persons of gregarious habits; “the people are all driven +down to the beach like a flock of sheep in the morning, and in +the evening they are all driven back to their folds.” +He reported a feeble drama written by his ancient idol, Lord +Stratford de Redcliffe; “it is a painful thing to see a man +of his quality and of his age unduly detained in the world; when +the Emperor Nicholas died, the Eltchi lost his <i>raison +d’être</i>.” He disparaged the wild fit +of morality undergone by the “Pall Mall Gazette” +during the scandalous “Maiden Tribute” revelation, +pronouncing its protegées to be “clever little +devils.” He was greatly startled by +Gortschakoff’s famous circular, annulling the Black Sea +clause in the Treaty of Paris, and much relieved by +Bismarck’s dexterous interposition, which saved the +susceptibility of Europe, and especially of England, by yielding +as a favour to the demand of Russia what no one was in a position +to refuse; but he maintained, and Lord Stratford agreed with him, +that Gortschakoff’s precipitate act was governed by +circumstances never revealed to mankind. He learned, too, +that it caused the Chancellor to be +<i>déconsideré</i> in high Russian circles; he was +called <a name="page123"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +123</span>“<i>un Narcisse qui se mire dans son +encrier</i>.” Kinglake used to say that in conceding +the right of the Sultan to exclude any war-flag from the +Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, Russia was treating Turkey as a +bag-fox, to be gently hunted occasionally, but not mangled or +killed; and he felt keenly the ridicule resting on the allies, +who were compelled to surrender the neutralization purchased at +the cost of so much blood and treasure. He watched with +much amusement the restoration of Turkish self-confidence. +“Turkey believes that he is no longer a sick man, and is +turning all his doctors out of the house, to the immense +astonishment of the English doctor, so conscious of his own +rectitude that he cannot understand being sent off with the +quacks. You know in our beautiful Liturgy we have a prayer +for the Turks; it looks as if our supplications had become +successful.” His interest in Turkey never +flagged. “I am in a great fright,” he said in +1877, “about my dear Turks, because Russia gives virtual +command of the army before Plevna to Todleben, a really great +<i>homme de guerre</i>.”</p> +<p>Russophobia was at that time so strong in London that Madame +Novikoff hesitated to visit England, and he himself feared that +she <a name="page124"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +124</span>might find it uncomfortable. Her alarm, however, +was ridiculed by Hayward, “most faithful of the +Russianisers, ready to do battle for Russia at any moment, +declaring her to be quite virtuous, with no fault but that of +being <i>incomprise</i>.” But he groaned over the +humiliation of England under Russia’s bold stroke, noting +frequently a decay of English character which he ascribed to +chronic causes. The Englishman taken separately, he said, +seems much the same as he used to be; but there is a softening of +the aggregate brain which affects Englishmen when acting +together. He hailed the great Liberal victory of 1880, and +watched with interest, as one behind the scenes, the negotiations +which led to Lord Hartington’s withdrawal and Mr. +Gladstone’s resumption of power; for in these his friend +Hayward was an active go-between, removing by his tact and +frankness “hitches” which might otherwise have been +disastrous. He thought W. E. Forster’s attack on Mr. +Gladstone’s Irish policy in 1882 ill-managed for his own +position, his famous speech not sufficiently +“clenching.” Had he separated from his chief on +broader grounds, refusing complicity with a Minister who +consented to parley with the imprisoned Irishmen, <a +name="page125"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 125</span>he would, +Kinglake thought, have occupied a highly commanding +position. At present his difference from his colleagues was +one only of degree.</p> +<p>He was once beguiled, amongst friends very intimate, into +telling a dream. He dreamed that he was attending an +anatomical lecture—which, as a fact, he had never +done—and that his own body, from which he found himself +entirely separated, was the dissected subject on which the +lecturer discoursed. The body lay on a table beside the +lecturer, but he himself, his entity, was at the other end of the +room, on the furthest or highest of a set of benches raised one +above the other as at a theatre. He imagined himself in a +vague way to be disagreeing with the lecturer; but the strongest +impression on his mind was annoyance at being so badly placed, so +far from the professor and from his own body that he could not +see or hear without an effort. The dream, he pointed out, +showed this curious fact, that without any conscious design or +effort of the will a man may conceive himself to be in perfect +possession of his identity, whilst separated from his own body by +a distance of several feet. “The highest +concept,” said Jowett, “which man forms of himself is +as <a name="page126"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +126</span>detached from the body.” +(“Life,” ii. 241.) The lecture-room which he +imagined was one of the lower school-rooms at Eton, with which he +had been familiar in early days.</p> +<p>After Hayward’s death in 1884, his own habits began to +change. He still dined at the Athenæum +“corner,” but increasing deafness began to make +society irksome, and, his solitary meal ended, he spent his +evenings reading in the Library. By-and-by that too became +impossible. His voice grew weak, throat and tongue were +threatened with disease. In 1888 he went to Brighton with a +nurse, returned to rooms on Richmond Hill, then to Bayswater +Terrace. An operation was performed and he seemed to +recover, but relapsed. Old friends tended him: Madame +Novikoff, Mr. Froude and Mr. Lecky, Madame de Quaire and Mrs. +Brookfield, Lord Mexborough his ancient fellow-traveller, Mrs. +Craven, Sir William and Lady Gregory, with a few more, cheered +him by their visits so long as he was able to bear them; and his +brother and sister, Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton Kinglake, were with him +at the end. Patient to the last, kind and gentle to all +about him, he passed away quietly on New Year’s Day, +1891:</p> + +<blockquote><p> <a +name="page127"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +127</span>“being merry-hearted,<br /> +Shook hands with flesh and blood, and so departed.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>His remains were cremated at Woking, after a special service +at Christchurch, Lancaster Gate, attended by Dr. and Mrs. +Kinglake with their son Captain Kinglake, the Duke of Bedford, +Mr. and Mrs. Lecky, Mrs. W. H. Brookfield and her son +Charles.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>No good portrait of him has been published. That +prefixed to Blackwood’s “Eothen” of 1896 was +furnished by Dr. Kinglake, who, however, looked upon it as +unsatisfactory. The “Not an M.P.” of +“Vanity Fair,” 1872, is a grotesque caricature. +The photograph here reproduced (p. 128), by far the best likeness +extant, he gave to Madame Novikoff in 1870, receiving hers in +return, but pronouncing the transaction “an exchange +between the personified months of May and November.” +The face gives expression to the shy aloofness which, amongst +strangers, was characteristic of him through life. He had +even a horror of hearing his name pealed out by servants, and +came early to parties that the proclamation might be achieved +before as few auditors as possible. Visiting the newly +married husband of his <a name="page128"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 128</span>friend Adelaide Kemble, and being +the first guest to arrive, he encountered in Mr. Sartoris a host +as contentedly undemonstrative as himself. Bows passed, a +seat by the fire was indicated, he sat down, and the pair +contemplated one another for ten minutes in absolute silence, +till the lady of the house came in, like the prince in “The +Sleeping Beauty,” though not by the same process, to break +the charm. He gave up calling at a house where he was +warmly appreciated, because father, mother, daughter, bombarded +him with questions. “I never came away without +feeling sure that I had in some way perjured myself.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p128b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Kinglake in the early Seventies" +title= +"Kinglake in the early Seventies" +src="images/p128s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>On his shyness waited swiftly ensuing boredom; if his +neighbour at table were garrulous or <i>banale</i>, his face at +once betrayed conversational prostration; a lady who often +watched him used to say that his pulse ought to be felt after the +first course; and that if it showed languor he should be moved to +the side of some other partner. “He had great +charm,” writes to me another old friend, “in a quiet +winning way, but was ‘dark’ with rough and noisy +people.” So it came to pass that his manner was +threefold; icy and repellent with those who set his nerves on +edge; good-humoured, receptive, intermittently responsive <a +name="page129"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 129</span>in general +and congenial company; while, at ease with friends trusted and +beloved, the lines of the face became gracious, indulgent, +affectionate, the <i>sourire des yeux</i> often inexpressibly +winning and tender. “Kinglake,” says Eliot +Warburton in his unpublished diary, “talked to us to-day +about his travels; pessimistic and cynical to the rest of the +world, he is always gentle and kind to us.” To this +dear friend he was ever faithful, wearing to the day of his death +an octagonal gold ring engraved “Eliot. Jan: +1852.” He would never play the <i>raconteur</i> in +general company, for he had a great horror of repeating himself, +and, latterly, of being looked upon as a bore by younger men; but +he loved to pour out reminiscences of the past to an audience of +one or two at most: “Let an old man gather his +recollections and glance at them under the right angle, and his +life is full of pantomime transformation scenes.” The +chief characteristic of his wit was its unexpectedness; sometimes +acrid, sometimes humorous, his sayings came forth, like Topham +Beauclerk’s in Dr. Johnson’s day, like +Talleyrand’s in our own, poignant without effort. His +calm, gentle voice, contrasted with his startling caustic +utterance, reminded people of Prosper <a name="page130"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 130</span>Mérimée: terse +epigram, felicitous <i>apropos</i>, whimsical presentment of the +topic under discussion, emitted in a low tone, and without the +slightest change of muscle:</p> +<blockquote><p>“All the charm of all the Muses<br /> +Often flowering in a lonely word.” <a +name="citation130"></a><a href="#footnote130" +class="citation">[130]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Questions he would suavely and often wittily parry or repel: +to an unhistorical lady asking if he remembered Madame Du Barry, +he said, “my memory is very imperfect as to the particulars +of my life during the reign of Lous XV. and the Regency; but I +know a lady who has a teapot which belonged, she says, to Madame +Du Barry.” Madame Novikoff, however, records his +discomfiture at the query of a certain Lady E—, who, when +all London was ringing with his first Crimean volumes, asked him +if he were not an admirer of Louis Napoleon. “<i>Le +pauvre Kinglake, décontenancé</i>, <i>repondit tout +bas intimidé comme un enfant qu’on met dates le +coin</i>: <i>Oui—non—pas +précisément</i>.”</p> +<p>He had no knowledge of or liking for music. Present once +by some mischance at a <i>matinée </i><a +name="page131"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +131</span><i>musicale</i>, he was asked by the hostess what kind +of music he preferred. His preference, he owned, was for +the drum. One thinks of the “Bourgeois +Gentilhomme,” “<i>la trompette marine est un +instrument qui me plait, el qui est harmonieux</i>”; we are +reminded, too, of Dean Stanley, who, absolutely tone-deaf, and +hurrying away whenever music was performed, once from an +adjoining room in his father’s house heard Jenny Lind sing +“I know that my Redeemer liveth.” He went to +her shyly, and told her that she had given him an idea of what +people mean by music. Once before, he said in all +seriousness, the same feeling had come over him, when before the +palace at Vienna he had heard a tattoo rendered by four hundred +drummers.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Kinglake used to regret the disuse of duelling, as having +impaired the higher tone of good breeding current in his younger +days, and even blamed the Duke of Wellington for proscribing it +in the army. He had himself on one occasion sent a cartel, +and stood waiting for his adversary, like Sir Richard Strachan at +Walcheren, eight days on the French coast; but the adversary +never came. Hayward once referred to him, <a +name="page132"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 132</span>as a +counsellor, and if necessary a second, a quarrel with Lord +R—. Lord R—’s friend called on him, a +Norfolk squire, “broad-faced and breathing port +wine,” after the fashion of uncle Phillips in “Pride +and Prejudice,” who began in a boisterous voice, “I +am one of those, Mr. Kinglake, who believe R— to be a +gentleman.” In his iciest tones and stoniest manner +Kinglake answered: “That, Sir, I am quite willing to +assume.” The effect, he used to say, as he told and +acted the scene, was magical; “I had frozen him sober, and +we settled everything without a fight.” Of all his +friends Hayward was probably the closest; an association of +discrepancies in character, manner, temperament, not +complementary, but opposed and hostile; irreconcilable, one would +say, but for the knowledge that in love and friendship paradox +reigns supreme. Hayward was arrogant, overbearing, loud, +insistent, full of strange oaths and often unpardonably coarse; +“our dominant friend,” Kinglake called him; +“odious” is the epithet I have heard commonly +bestowed upon him by less affectionate acquaintances. +Kinglake was reserved, shy, reticent, with the high breeding, +grand manner, quiet urbanity, <i>grata protervitas</i>, of a +waning epoch; <a name="page133"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +133</span>restraint, concentration, tact of omission, dictating +alike his silence and his speech; his well-weighed words +“crystallizing into epigrams as they touched the +air.” <a name="citation133"></a><a href="#footnote133" +class="citation">[133]</a> When Hayward’s last +illness came upon him in 1884, Kinglake nursed him tenderly; +spending the morning in his friend’s lodgings at 8, St. +James’s Street, the house which Byron occupied in his early +London days; and bringing on the latest bulletin to the +club. The patient rambled towards the end; “we ought +to be getting ready to catch the train that we may go to my +sister’s at Lyme.” Kinglake quieted his sick friend +by an assurance that the servants, whom he would not wish to +hurry, were packing. “On no account hurry the +servants, but still let us be off.” The last thought +which he articulated while dying was, “I don’t +exactly know what it is, but I feel it is something +grand.” “Hayward is dead,” Kinglake wrote +to a common friend; “the devotion shown to him by all sorts +and conditions of men, and, what is better, of women, was +unbounded. Gladstone found time to be with him, and to +engage him in a conversation of <a name="page134"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 134</span>singular interest, of which he has +made a memorandum.”</p> +<p>Another of Kinglake’s life-long familiars was Charles +Skirrow, Taxing Master in Chancery, with his accomplished wife, +from whose memorable fish dinners at Greenwich he was seldom +absent, adapting himself no less readily to their theatrical +friends—the Bancrofts, Burnand, Toole, Irving—than to +the literary set with which he was more habitually at home. +He was religiously loyal to his friends, speaking of them with +generous admiration, eagerly defending them when attacked. +He lauded Butler Johnstone as the most gifted of the young men in +the House of Commons; would not allow Bernal Osborne to be called +untrue; “he offends people if you like, but he is never +false or hollow.” A clever <i>sobriquet</i> fathered +on him, burlesquing the monosyllabic names of a well-known +diarist and official, he repelled indignantly. “He is +my friend, and had I been guilty of the <i>jeu</i>, I should have +broken two of my commandments; that which forbids my joking at a +friend’s expense, and that which forbids my fashioning a +play upon words.” He entreated Madame Novikoff to +visit and cheer Charles Lever, dying at Trieste; deeply lamented +<a name="page135"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 135</span>Sir H. +Bulwer’s death: “I used to think his a beautiful +intellect, and he was wonderfully <i>simpatico</i> to +me.” But he was shy of condoling with bereaved +mourners, believing words used on such occasions to be utterly +untrue. He loved to include husband and wife in the same +meed of admiration, as in the case of Dean Stanley and Lady +Augusta, or of Sir Robert and Lady Emily Peel. Peel, he +said, has the <i>radiant</i> quality not easy to describe; Lady +Emily is always beauteous, bright, attractive. Lord +Stanhope he praised as a historian, paying him the equivocal +compliment that his books were much better than his +conversation. So, too, he qualified his admiration of Lady +Ashburton, dwelling on her beauty, silver voice, ready enthusiasm +apt to disperse itself by flying at too many objects.</p> +<p>He was wont to speak admiringly of Lord Acton, relating how, a +Roman Catholic, yet respecting enlightenment and devoted to +books, he once set up and edited a “Quarterly +Review,” with a notion of reconciling the Light and the +Dark as well as he could; but the “Prince of Darkness, the +Pope,” interposed, and ordered him to stop the +“Review.” He was compelled to obey; not, he +told people, on any religious <a name="page136"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 136</span>ground, but because relations and +others would have made his life a bore to him if he had been +contumacious against the Holy Father.</p> +<p>Kinglake was strongly attracted by W. E. Forster, a +“rough diamond,” spoken of at one time as a possible +Prime Minister. Beginning life, he said, as a Quaker, with +narrow opinions, his vigour of character and brain-power shook +them off. Powerful, robust, and perfectly honest, yet his +honesty inflicted on him a doubleness of view which caused him to +be described as engaging his two hands in two different +pursuits. His estimate of Sir R. Morier would have +gladdened Jowett’s heart; he loved him as a private friend; +eulogized his public qualities; rejoiced over his appointment as +Ambassador at St. Petersburg, seeing in him a diplomatist with +not only a keen intellect and large views, but vibrating with the +warmth, animation, friendliness, that are charmingly +<i>un</i>-diplomatic. Of Carlyle, his life-long, though not +always congenial intimate, he used to speak as having great +graphic power, but being essentially a humourist; a man who, with +those he could trust, never pretended to be in earnest, but used +to roar with glorious laughter over the fun of his own jeremiads; +“so far from <a name="page137"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +137</span>being a prophet he is a bad Scotch joker, and knows +himself to be a wind-bag.” He blamed Froude’s +revelations of Carlyle in “The Reminiscences,” as +injurious and offensive. Froude himself he often likened to +Carlyle; the thoughts of both, he said, ran in the same +direction, but of the two, Froude was by far the more +intellectual man.</p> +<p>Staunch friend to the few, polite, though never effusive, to +the many, he also nourished strong antipathies. The +appearance in Madame Novikoff’s rooms of a certain Scotch +bishop invariably drove him out of them, “Peter Paul, +Bishop of Claridge’s,” he called him. To Von +Beust (the Austrian Chancellor), who spoke English in a rapid +half-intelligible falsetto, he gave the name of <i>Mirliton</i> +(penny trumpet). His allusions to Mirliton and to the +Bishop frequently mystified Madame Novikoff’s guests. +For he loved to talk in cypher. Canon Warburton, kindly +searching on my behalf his brother Eliot’s journals, tells +me that he and Kinglake, meeting almost daily, lived in a cryptic +world of jokes, confidences, colloquialisms, inexplicable to all +but their two selves.</p> +<p>He cordially disliked “The Times” newspaper, +alleging instances of the unfairness with <a +name="page138"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 138</span>which its +columns had been used to spite and injure persons who had +offended it, chuckling over Hayward’s compact +anathema,—“‘The Times,’ which as usual of +late supplied its lack of argument and proof by assumption, +misrepresentation, and personality.” He thought that +its attacks upon himself had helped his popularity. +“One of the main causes,” he said in 1875, “of +the interest which people here were good enough to take in my +book was the fight between ‘The Times’ and me. +In 1863 it raged, in 1867 it was renewed with great violence, and +now I suppose the flame kindles once more, though probably with +diminished strength. In 1863 the storm of opinion generally +waxed fierce against me, but now, as I hear, ‘The +Times’ is alone, journals of all politics being loud in my +praise. But I never look at any comment on my volumes till +long afterwards, and I never in my life wrote to a +newspaper.” Once, when Chenery, the editor, came to +join the table at the Athenæum where he and Mr. Cartwright +were dining, Kinglake rose, and removed to another part of the +room. “The Times” had inserted a statement that +Madame Novikoff was ordered to leave England, and he thus +publicly resented <a name="page139"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +139</span>it. “So unlike me,” he said, relating +the story, “but somehow a savagery as of youth came over me +in my ancient days; it was like being twenty years old +again.” It came out, however, that “our +indiscreet friend Froude” had written something which +justified the paragraph, and Kinglake sent his <i>amende</i> to +Chenery, with whom ordinarily he was on most friendly terms.</p> +<p>He disliked Irishmen “in the lump,” saying that +human nature is the same everywhere except in Ireland. +Parnell he personally admired, though hating Home Rule; and +stigmatized as gross hypocrisy the desertion of him by Liberals +after the divorce trial. He was wont to speak irreverently +of Lord Beaconsfield, whom he had known well at Lady +Blessington’s in early days. He would have found +himself in accord with Huxley, who used to thank God, his friend +Mr. Fiske tells us, that he had never bowed the knee either to +Louis Napoleon or Benjamin Disraeli. He poured scorn on the +Treaty of Berlin. <a name="page140"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 140</span>Russia, he said, defeating the Turks +in war, has defeated Beaconsfield in diplomacy. If +Englishmen understood such things they would see that the +Congress was a comedy; anyone who will satisfy himself as to what +Russia was really anxious to obtain, and then look at the +Salisbury-Schouvaloff treaty, will see that, thanks to +Beaconsfield’s imbecility, Schouvaloff obtained one of the +most signal diplomatic triumphs that was ever won. <a +name="citation140"></a><a href="#footnote140" +class="citation">[140]</a> A <a name="page141"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 141</span>sound <i>entente</i> between Russia +and England he thought both possible and desirable; but conceived +<a name="page142"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 142</span>it to be +rendered difficult by the want of steadiness and capacity which, +for international <a name="page143"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +143</span>purposes, were the real faults of Lord Beaconsfield and +Lord Salisbury. He repeated with much amusement the current +anecdote of Lord Beaconsfield’s conquest of Mrs. +Gladstone. Meeting her in society, he was said to have +inquired with tenderness after Mr. Gladstone’s health, and +then after receiving the loving <a name="page144"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 144</span>wife’s report of her William, +to have rejoined in his most dulcet tones, “Ah! take care +of him, for he is very <i>very</i> precious.” He +always attributed Dizzy’s popularity to the feeling of +Englishmen that he had “shown them sport,” an +instinct, he thought, supreme in all departments of the English +mind.</p> +<p>Towards his old schoolfellow Gladstone he never felt quite +cordially, believing, rightly or wrongly, that the great +statesman nourished enmity towards himself. He called him, +as has been said, “a good man in the worst sense of the +term, conscientious with a diseased conscience.” He +watched with much amusement, as illustrating the moral twist in +Gladstone’s temperament, the “Colliery +explosion,” as it was called, when Sir R. Collier, the +Attorney-General, was appointed to a Puisne Judgeship, which he +held only for a day or two, in order to qualify him for a seat on +a new Court of Appeal; together with a very similar trick, by +which Ewelme Rectory, tenable only by an Oxonian, was given to a +Cambridge man. The responsibility was divided between +Gladstone and Lord Hatherley the Chancellor, with the mutual idea +apparently that each of the two became thereby individually <a +name="page145"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +145</span>innocent. But Sir F. Pollock, in his amusing +“Reminiscences,” recalls the amicable halving of a +wicked word between the Abbess of Andouillet and the Novice +Margarita in “Tristram Shandy.” It answered in +neither case. “‘They do not understand +us,’ cried Margarita. ‘<i>But the Devil +does</i>,’ said the Abbess of Andouillet.” The +Collier scandal narrowly escaped by two votes in the Lords, +twenty-seven in the Commons, a Parliamentary vote of censure, and +gave unquestionably a downward push to the Gladstone +Administration. Mr. Gladstone, on the other hand, cordially +admired Kinglake’s speeches, saying that few of those he +had heard in Parliament could bear so well as his the test of +publication.</p> +<p>To the great Prime Minister’s absolute fearlessness he +did full justice, as one of the finest features in his character; +and loved to quote an epigram by Lord Houghton, to whom Gladstone +had complained in a moment of weariness that he led the life of a +dog. “Yes,” said Houghton, “but of a St. +Bernard dog, ever busied in saving life.” He loved to +contrast the twofold biographical paradox in the careers of the +two famous rivals, Gladstone and Disraeli; the dreaming Tory +mystic, incarnation <a name="page146"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 146</span>of Oxford exclusiveness and Puseyite +reserve, passing into the Radical iconoclast; the Jew clerk in a +city lawyer’s office, “bad specimen of an inferior +dandy,” coming to rule the proudest aristocracy and lead +the most fastidious assembly in the world.</p> +<p>He was not above broad farce when the fancy seized him. +At the time when a certain kind of nonsense verse was popular, +he, with Sir Noel Paton and others, added not a few facetious +sonnets to Edward Lear’s book, which lay on Madame +Novikoff’s table. His authorship is betrayed by the +introduction of familiar Somersetshire names, Taunton, +Wellington, Curry Rivel, Creech, Trull, Wilton:</p> +<blockquote><p>“There was a young lady of Wilton,<br /> + Who read all the poems of Milton:<br /> +And, when she had done,<br /> +She said, ‘What bad fun!’<br /> + This prosaic young lady of Wilton.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>There were many more, but this will perhaps suffice; <i>ex +ungue leonem</i>. They were addressed to the “Fair +Lady of Claridge’s,” Madame Novikoff’s hotel +when in London, and were signed “Peter Paul, Bishop of +Claridge’s.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“There is a fair lady at +Claridge’s,<br /> +Whose smile is more charming to me,<br /> +<a name="page147"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 147</span>Than the +rapture of ninety-nine marriages<br /> + Could possibly, possibly, be;—”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>is the final dedicatory stanza. It is the gracious +fooling of a philosopher who understood his company. +“There are folks,” says Mr. Counsellor Pleydell, +“before whom a man should take care how he plays the fool, +because they have either too much malice or too little +wit.” Kinglake knew his associates, and was not +ashamed <i>desipere in loco</i>, to frolic in their presence.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>One point there was on which he never touched himself or +suffered others to interrogate him, his conception of and +attitude towards the Unseen. He wore his religion as Sir +William Gull wore the fur of his coat, <i>inside</i>. +Outwardly he died as he had lived, a Stoic; that on the most +personal and sacred of all topics he should consult the Silences +was in keeping with his idiosyncrasy. Another famous man, +questioned as to his religious creed, made answer that he +believed what all wise men believe. And what do all wise +men believe? “That all wise men keep to +themselves?”</p> +<h2><a name="page149"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +149</span>INDEX</h2> +<p>Abdu-l-Medjid, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page66">66</a></span>.</p> +<p>Aberdeen, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span>.</p> +<p>Acton, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Acton, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page7">7</a></span>.</p> +<p>Adams, J. Quincy, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page66">66</a></span>.</p> +<p>Airey, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span>.</p> +<p>Alma, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page48">48</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page59">59</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page64">64</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ampère, M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>.</p> +<p>Anastasius, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ancelot, Mme., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>.</p> +<p>Arnold, Matthew, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page88">88</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ashburton, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ashburton, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>.</p> +<p>Athanasian Creed, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Bachaumont, M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span>.</p> +<p>Balaclava, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span>–77.</p> +<p>Bazancourt, Baron de, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page48">48</a></span>.</p> +<p>Beaconsfield. <i>See</i> Disraeli.</p> +<p>Beauclerk, T., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page129">129</a></span>.</p> +<p>Beaufort, Duke of, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bedford, Duke of, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Berlin Congress, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span>, etc.</p> +<p>Beust, Count, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page96">96</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bismarck, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page105">105</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page116">116</a></span>–118, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page140">140</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page141">141</a></span>.</p> +<p>Blackwood, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page52">52</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Blaygon Hills, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page25">25</a></span>.</p> +<p>Boissy, Marquis de, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bosquet, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span>.</p> +<p>Boyle, Dean, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page3">3</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bridgewater, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page40">40</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page43">43</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bright, John, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page68">68</a></span>.</p> +<p>Brocas Clump, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span>.</p> +<p>Brookfield, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Browning, R., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>.</p> +<p>Buller, Charles, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bulwer-Lytton, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bulwer, Sir H., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Bunbury, Sir H., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Burghersh, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page65">65</a></span>.</p> +<p>Burnaby, Captain, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>.</p> +<p>Burton. <i>See</i> Carrigaholt.</p> +<p>Bury, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page118">118</a></span>.</p> +<p>Byron, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page29">29</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Cabinet, Sleeping, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span>.</p> +<p>Cagliari, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span>.</p> +<p>Campbell, Colin, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span>.</p> +<p>Cambridge, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>.</p> +<p>Canning, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page66">66</a></span>.</p> +<p><a name="page150"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +150</span>Canning, Sir S. <i>See</i> Stratford.</p> +<p>Canrobert, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page71">71</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Caradoc,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>.</p> +<p>Carlisle, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>.</p> +<p>Carlyle, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span>–137.</p> +<p>Carrigaholt, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page38">38</a></span>.</p> +<p>Cartwright, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span>.</p> +<p>Cathcart, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span>.</p> +<p>Catherine II., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span>.</p> +<p>Charles et George, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span>.</p> +<p>Chatham, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Chenery, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span>–139.</p> +<p>Chesterfield, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span>.</p> +<p>Chiffney, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page24">24</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page25">25</a></span>.</p> +<p>Chorley, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>.</p> +<p>Clarendon, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page69">69</a></span>.</p> +<p>Claridge’s Hotel, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page100">100</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span>.</p> +<p>Clarke, Major, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page64">64</a></span>.</p> +<p>Codrington, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span>.</p> +<p>Coleridge, G., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>.</p> +<p>Collier, Sir R., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page144">144</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Corner,” the, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>.</p> +<p>Cornwall, Barry. <i>See</i> Procter.</p> +<p>“Cosmo,” the, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span>.</p> +<p>Cour, M. de la, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page69">69</a></span>.</p> +<p>Crosse, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page3">3</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span>.</p> +<p>Crimea, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page48">48</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page54">54</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page57">57</a></span>, etc.</p> +<p>Crump, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>.</p> +<p>Curzon, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Daubeny, Col., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>.</p> +<p>D’Aurelle, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span>.</p> +<p>Delane, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span>.</p> +<p>Dilke, Sir Charles, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span>.</p> +<p>Dilke, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span>.</p> +<p>Disraeli, B., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page42">42</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page140">140</a></span>.</p> +<p>Dollinger, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>.</p> +<p>Doyle, Sir F., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span>.</p> +<p>Dream, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page125">125</a></span>.</p> +<p>Du Barry, Mme., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page130">130</a></span>.</p> +<p>Duff, Sir M. E. Grant, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Ellenborough, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ellis, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page35">35</a></span>.</p> +<p>Eothen, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span>–32, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page38">38</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page41">41</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page58">58</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page85">85</a></span>–88, +<span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Estcott, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>.</p> +<p>Etchingham Letters, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page130">130</a></span>.</p> +<p>Eton, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page28">28</a></span>.</p> +<p>Everett, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page25">25</a></span>–26.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Fane, Violet, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ffoulkes, Rev. E. S., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Filioque,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>.</p> +<p>Fiske, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span>.</p> +<p>Fitzgerald, E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page54">54</a></span>.</p> +<p>Flowers, Jemmy, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span>.</p> +<p>Forster, W. E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page124">124</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span>.</p> +<p>Froude, J. A., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Gallifet, M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gambetta, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page118">118</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gatty, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gerontaion, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page101">101</a></span>.</p> +<p><a name="page151"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +151</span>Gladstone, W. E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page94">94</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page107">107</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page124">124</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page143">143</a></span>–145.</p> +<p>Gladstone, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page143">143</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gortschakoff, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page57">57</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page97">97</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page105">105</a></span>–108, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page122">122</a></span>.</p> +<p>Grant, Miss, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gregory, Sir W., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gregory, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page3">3</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page38">38</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page133">133</a></span>.</p> +<p>Greville Memoirs, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>.</p> +<p>Grey, Earl, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span>.</p> +<p>Grundy, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span>.</p> +<p>Guiccioli, Mme., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>.</p> +<p>Gull, Sir W., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page147">147</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Hallam, A., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hamley, Sir E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page118">118</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hampden, J., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>.</p> +<p>Harrington, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>.</p> +<p>Harrison, F., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span>.</p> +<p>Harrington, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page124">124</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hatherley, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page144">144</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hay, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page66">66</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hayward, Abraham, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page3">3</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page100">100</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page124">124</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page131">131</a></span>–133.</p> +<p>Herbert, Auberon, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page115">115</a></span>.</p> +<p>Holland, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>.</p> +<p>Homer, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page7">7</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page24">24</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page27">27</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hood, Thomas, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hook, Theodore, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Hoseason, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>.</p> +<p>Houghton, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page3">3</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>–36, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page145">145</a></span>.</p> +<p>Howard, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page82">82</a></span>.</p> +<p>Huxley, Professor, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Inglis, Sir R., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>–24.</p> +<p>Inkerman, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span>–79.</p> +<p>Irby, Miss, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Jelf, W. E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page26">26</a></span>.</p> +<p>Johnstone, Butler, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page134">134</a></span>.</p> +<p>Jowett, B., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page125">125</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Karabelnaya, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page85">85</a></span>.</p> +<p>Keate, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kemble, Adelaide, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page128">128</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kemble, J. M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kenyon, J., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, A. W., parentage and birth, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page5">5</a></span>; school at +Ottery, <span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page9">9</a></span>; +Eton, <span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page10">10</a></span>; +Cambridge, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>–13; tour in the East, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page14">14</a></span>; called to +the Bar, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>; further travel, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page18">18</a></span>; shyness in +society, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>; manners and appearance, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page19">19</a></span>; +“Eothen” published, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span>; its popularity, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page26">26</a></span>–32; +writes in “Quarterly Review,” <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page33">33</a></span>; accompanies +Lord Raglan to the Crimea, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span>; enters Parliament for Bridgewater, +<span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page40">40</a></span>; first +failure in the House, and subsequent <a name="page152"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 152</span>speeches, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page41">41</a></span>, etc.; +unseated for bribery, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>; publishes the first two volumes of +“Invasion of the Crimea,” <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page48">48</a></span>; further +volumes, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page55">55</a></span>; the book discussed, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page56">56</a></span>–86; and +compared with “Eothen,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page86">86</a></span>–89; his first acquaintance +with Madame Novikoff, his tribute to her brother, M. +Kiréeff, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page91">91</a></span>; her history, character, literary +work, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span>–95, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page99">99</a></span>; +Kinglake’s review of her book “Russia and +England,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span>–98; his letters to her when +abroad, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page100">100</a></span>, etc.; his later years, friends, +daily habits, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page111">111</a></span>; the Athenæum +“Corner,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>; his comment on Sir Charles +Dilke’s Civil List motion, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span>; on the French character, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page116">116</a></span>; on +Gortschakoff’s circular, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page122">122</a></span>; his singular dream, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page125">125</a></span>; increasing +deafness, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>; sickness and death, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page127">127</a></span>; his traits +of manner, temperament, speech, as reported by surviving friends, +<span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page127">127</a></span>, +etc.; attendance on Hayward’s last hours, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page133">133</a></span>; +antipathies and likings, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>, etc.; opinion of Gladstone and +Disraeli, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span>, etc.; reserve as to his own +religious feelings, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page147">147</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Captain, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Dr. Hamilton, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page7">7</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>–127.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Mr. Robert, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Mr. William, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Mrs. Hamilton, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>–127.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Mrs. William (the elder), <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page6">6</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page8">8</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Mr. Serjeant, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Mrs. Serjeant, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page48">48</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kinglake, Rev. W. C., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kiréeff, Alexander, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page92">92</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page96">96</a></span>.</p> +<p>Kiréeff, Nicholas, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page90">90</a></span>.</p> +<p>Knox, Alexander, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page7">7</a></span>.</p> +<p>Korniloff, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page120">120</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Lafayette, Mme. de, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Lama, The,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lamb, Charles, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>.</p> +<p>Landseer, Edwin, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lane-Poole, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page66">66</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page67">67</a></span>.</p> +<p>Laveleye, M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span>.</p> +<p>Layard, A. H., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lear, Edward, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span>.</p> +<p>Le Brun, Mme., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lecky, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lever, Charles, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page134">134</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page87">87</a></span>.</p> +<p>Liddon, Canon, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>.</p> +<p><a name="page153"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +153</span>Lieven, Princess, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page93">93</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lind, Jenny, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lockhart, J. G., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lucas, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lucan, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page76">76</a></span>.</p> +<p>Lyons, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page114">114</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Macaulay, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page48">48</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page51">51</a></span>.</p> +<p>MacCarthy, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>.</p> +<p>Marie of Anjou, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>.</p> +<p>Marlen Bells, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page25">25</a></span>.</p> +<p>Martineau, Miss, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>.</p> +<p>Massey, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Maurice, F. D., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Menschikoff, Prince, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page67">67</a></span>–68.</p> +<p>Mérimée, Prosper, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page129">129</a></span>.</p> +<p>Methley, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>.</p> +<p>Mexborough, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>.</p> +<p>Miller, Captain, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page64">64</a></span>.</p> +<p>Miller, Larrey, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>–22.</p> +<p>Milman, Dean, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Minden Yell,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>.</p> +<p>Mirliton, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>.</p> +<p>Monckton Milnes. <i>See</i> Houghton.</p> +<p>Montalembert, M. de, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page44">44</a></span>.</p> +<p>Morier, Sir Robert, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page136">136</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Most, Mr.,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page45">45</a></span>.</p> +<p>Motley, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>.</p> +<p>Murray, John, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span>.</p> +<p>Murray, Messrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page97">97</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Napier, Macvey, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>.</p> +<p>Napoleon I., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>–35, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page54">54</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page69">69</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page82">82</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page117">117</a></span>.</p> +<p>Napoleon, Louis, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page43">43</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page71">71</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page81">81</a></span>, etc., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page117">117</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page119">119</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page130">130</a></span>.</p> +<p>Napoleon, Prince, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span>.</p> +<p>Newcastle, Duke of, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page48">48</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page72">72</a></span>.</p> +<p>Nicholas, Czar, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page68">68</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page79">79</a></span>–81, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page93">93</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page122">122</a></span>.</p> +<p>Nolan, Captain, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span>.</p> +<p>Norton, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Nouvelle Revue,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page97">97</a></span>.</p> +<p>Novikoff, Mme., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page90">90</a></span>–110, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page118">118</a></span>–119, +<span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>–127, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page130">130</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page134">134</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page137">137</a></span>–138, +<span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page146">146</a></span>.</p> +<p>Nugent, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>.</p> +<p>Nurses, The Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page85">85</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Okes, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>–22.</p> +<p>Oliphant, L., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ollivier, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span>.</p> +<p>Osborne, Bernal, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page134">134</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ostend, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page122">122</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ottery St. Mary, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ourusoff, Prince, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page119">119</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Owl, The,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>–47.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Padwick, Henry, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page42">42</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Pall Mall Gazette,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page122">122</a></span>.</p> +<p>Palmerston, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span>.</p> +<p>Panmure, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page70">70</a></span>.</p> +<p>Parnell, C. S., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page139">139</a></span>.</p> +<p>Paton, Sir N., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span>.</p> +<p><a name="page154"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 154</span>Peel, +Lady E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Peel, Sir R. (senior), <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>.</p> +<p>Peel, Sir R. (junior), <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page41">41</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Pelissier, Marshal, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page71">71</a></span>–72.</p> +<p>Pennefather, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page77">77</a></span>.</p> +<p>Pere Enfantin, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>.</p> +<p>Pharisees, the, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span>.</p> +<p>Platonic, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page38">38</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page120">120</a></span>.</p> +<p>Pleydell, Counsellor, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page146">146</a></span>.</p> +<p>Poitier, M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page38">38</a></span>.</p> +<p>Pollington, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>.</p> +<p>Pollock, Sir F., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page145">145</a></span>.</p> +<p>Poole, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page35">35</a></span>.</p> +<p>Portraits, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Praed, Mackworth, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>.</p> +<p>Prince Consort, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>.</p> +<p>Procter, Adelaide, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>.</p> +<p>Procter, B. W., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>.</p> +<p>Procter, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Quaire, Mme. de, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page126">126</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Raglan, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page39">39</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page40">40</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page59">59</a></span>, etc.</p> +<p>Raglan, Lady, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page40">40</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span>.</p> +<p>Rawlinson, Sir H., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Récamier, Mme., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>.</p> +<p>Reeve, H., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page50">50</a></span>.</p> +<p>Robespierre, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page46">46</a></span>.</p> +<p>Robinson, Crabb, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>.</p> +<p>Rogers, Thorold, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ruskin, J., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page88">88</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Salisbury, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page97">97</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page143">143</a></span>.</p> +<p>Salvation Army, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>.</p> +<p>Sartoris, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page128">128</a></span>.</p> +<p>Savile, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page10">10</a></span>.</p> +<p>Scarlett, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page74">74</a></span>–75.</p> +<p>Schwetschke, G., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page140">140</a></span>.</p> +<p>Schouvaloff, Count, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page140">140</a></span>.</p> +<p>Sidmouth, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page110">110</a></span>.</p> +<p>Simpson, Mrs., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page19">19</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page53">53</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page82">82</a></span>.</p> +<p>Skene, Miss, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page1">1</a></span>.</p> +<p>Skepper, Anne, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>.</p> +<p>Skirrow, Ch., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page134">134</a></span>.</p> +<p>Skobeleff, General, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page120">120</a></span>.</p> +<p>Smith, Dr. Wm., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page95">95</a></span>.</p> +<p>Smith, Sydney, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page7">7</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page8">8</a></span>.</p> +<p>Spedding, J., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Spring Rice, Hon. S., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>St. Arnaud, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page18">18</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page65">65</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page116">116</a></span>.</p> +<p>St. Simon, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page23">23</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stanhope, Lady H., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stanhope, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stanley, Dean, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page65">65</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page104">104</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page131">131</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stanley, Lady A., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page135">135</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stansfeld, Rt. Hon. J., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>.</p> +<p>Sterling, J., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Steyne, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page103">103</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stirling, Sir W., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Storks, Mr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page61">61</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page62">62</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page65">65</a></span>, etc., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page101">101</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page122">122</a></span>.</p> +<p>Strachan, Sir R., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page131">131</a></span>.</p> +<p>Strzelecki, Count, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Swift, Dean, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page100">100</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p><a name="page155"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +155</span>Talleyrand, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page129">129</a></span>.</p> +<p>Tangier, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page8">8</a></span>.</p> +<p>Taunton, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page4">4</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page5">5</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page8">8</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page9">9</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page13">13</a></span>.</p> +<p>Tennyson, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page16">16</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page22">22</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page69">69</a></span>.</p> +<p>Thackeray, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page7">7</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page15">15</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>.</p> +<p>Thiers, M., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page113">113</a></span>.</p> +<p>Thompson, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Ticknor, G., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Timbuctoo,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Times, The,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page98">98</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page138">138</a></span>.</p> +<p>Todleben, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page49">49</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page73">73</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>–79, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page119">119</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page123">123</a></span>.</p> +<p>Tower, Tom, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page86">86</a></span>.</p> +<p>Trench, R. C., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>.</p> +<p>Trevelyan, Sir G., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page47">47</a></span>.</p> +<p>“Tristram Shandy,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page145">145</a></span>.</p> +<p>Twisleton, E., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Tyndall, Professor, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page102">102</a></span>.</p> +<p>Tynte, Colonel, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page40">40</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>“Vanity Fair,” <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page127">127</a></span>.</p> +<p>Vathek, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>.</p> +<p>Venables, G., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Verg, Count de, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>.</p> +<p>Victoria, Queen, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page80">80</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page84">84</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page121">121</a></span>.</p> +<p>Villiers, Charles, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page99">99</a></span>.</p> +<p>Voltaire, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page84">84</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Waddy, Colonel, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page78">78</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wales, Prince of (Regent), <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page24">24</a></span>–25.</p> +<p>Wales, Prince of (late), <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page120">120</a></span>.</p> +<p>Warburton, Canon, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page3">3</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page137">137</a></span>.</p> +<p>Warburton, Eliot, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page2">2</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page14">14</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page17">17</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page20">20</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page21">21</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>–35, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page129">129</a></span>, <span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page137">137</a></span>.</p> +<p>Waverley, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page58">58</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wellington, Duke of, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page80">80</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page108">108</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page131">131</a></span>.</p> +<p>Westbrook, Colonel, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page42">42</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wilberforce, Samuel, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page33">33</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wolff, Drummond, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page112">112</a></span>.</p> +<p>Woodforde, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Woodforde, Mary, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page6">6</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wordsworth, W., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page11">11</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page34">34</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page56">56</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wordsworth, Charles, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page12">12</a></span>.</p> +<p>Wynter, Dr., <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page26">26</a></span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>Yea, Lacy, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page60">60</a></span>, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page63">63</a></span>.</p> +<p>Yonge, Miss, <span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page1">1</a></span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p156b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative graphic" +title= +"Decorative graphic" +src="images/p156s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">CHISWICK +PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.</span><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, +LONDON.</span></p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<h2><a name="page157"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +157</span>ADVERTISEMENTS</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>On Hand-made Paper</i>, +<i>small</i> 8<i>vo</i>, 4<i>s.</i> <i>net</i>.</p> +<h3>EOTHEN</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">By</span> +ALEXANDER W. KINGLAKE</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Reprinted from +the First Edition</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">with an +Introduction</span></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">By the</span> +REV. W. TUCKWELL</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>The original Illustrations</i>, +<i>and a Map</i>.</p> +<p>“The Text is an accurate reprint of the first edition of +1844, and Kinglake’s subsequent alterations are omitted and +his omissions restored. Even the singularly erratic and +illogical punctuation is rigidly preserved. Thus in the +words of the editor, the Rev. W. Tuckwell, ‘we are brought +nearer to the author, whom we love, by the intermediate +transference into book form of his creations, fresh from his +devising and correcting pen, and reflecting his joy in their +production.’”—<i>Athenæum</i>.</p> +<p>“The present one appeals to a different class of reader +from those who like the modern <i>format</i> with fresh +illustrations, inasmuch as it is an exact reprint, with +title-page, of the first edition, preserving ‘the eccentric +punctuation of an ungrammatical Etonian in pre-local examination +days,’ and the original form of a good many passages which +were afterwards omitted or altered. The value of the +reprint is much enhanced by an excellent introduction from the +pen of the Rev. W. Tuckwell, who remembers the sensation +‘Eothen’ caused at Oxford—even among the +scouts—on its first +appearance.”—<i>Literature</i>.</p> +<p>“Alone of the famous books on Oriental sightseeing, it +is again and again reproduced, and ‘is devoured <i>senibus +puerisque</i> with unflagging freshness of +enjoyment.’”—<i>Speaker</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS,<br /> +<span class="smcap">York Street, Covent Garden</span>.</p> +<h3><a name="page158"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +158</span>RECENT PUBLICATIONS BY MESSRS. BELL.</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Just published</i>.</p> +<h4>THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON I.</h4> +<p>Including new materials from the British Official Records, by +<span class="smcap">John Holland Rose</span>, M.A., late Scholar +of Christ’s College, Cambridge, author of “The +Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era,” and “A Century of +Continental History.” With many maps and plans and +numerous illustrations from contemporary paintings, rare prints +and engravings, medals, etc.; also a facsimile from a letter of +Napoleon. In two volumes, large post 8vo, handsomely bound, +18<i>s.</i> net.</p> +<h4>MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF COVENTRY PATMORE.</h4> +<p>Compiled and Edited by <span class="smcap">Basil +Champneys</span>. With numerous Photogravure Portraits and +other Illustrations in Collotype, etc. Two vols., demy 8vo, +32<i>s.</i> net.</p> +<p>—<b>A CHEAPER EDITION</b> of the above work, with two +Portraits. Two vols., demy 8vo, 15<i>s.</i></p> +<h4>THE WORKS OF C. S. CALVERLEY.</h4> +<p>With a Memoir by <span class="smcap">Sir Walter J. +Sendall</span>, G.C.M.G., Governor of British Guiana, and +Portrait. Complete in one volume. <i>Second +Impression</i>, crown 8vo, 6<i>s.</i> net.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Library +Edition</span>.</p> +<p>With binding designed by <span class="smcap">Gleeson +White</span>. In four vols., crown 8vo, 5<i>s.</i> +each.</p> +<p>Vol. I. <b>Literary Remains</b>. With a Memoir by +<span class="smcap">Sir Walter J. Sendall</span>, K.C.M.G., and +Portrait.</p> +<p>Vol. II. <b>Verses and Fly-Leaves</b>.</p> +<p>Vol. III. <b>Translations into English and +Latin</b>.</p> +<p>Vol. IV. <b>Theocritus Translated into English +Verse</b>.</p> +<h4><a name="page159"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +159</span>HANDBOOKS TO THE GREAT PUBLIC SCHOOLS.</h4> +<p>Crown 8vo, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> net each.</p> +<p><b>ETON</b>.</p> +<p>By A. <span class="smcap">Clutton-Brock</span>. With 46 +Illustrations.</p> +<p><b>CHARTERHOUSE</b>.</p> +<p>By A. H. <span class="smcap">Tod</span>, M.A., Assistant +Master at Charterhouse. With 58 Illustrations.</p> +<p><b>RUGBY</b>.</p> +<p>By H. C. <span class="smcap">Bradby</span>, B.A., Assistant +Master at Rugby School. With 44 Illustrations.</p> +<p><b>WINCHESTER</b>.</p> +<p>By R. <span class="smcap">Townsend Warner</span>, New College, +Oxford, late Scholar of Winchester College. With 46 +Illustrations.</p> +<p><b>HARROW</b>.</p> +<p>By J. <span class="smcap">Fischer Williams</span>, M.A., late +Fellow of New College, Oxford. With 48 Illustrations.</p> +<p><b>WESTMINSTER</b>.</p> +<p>By <span class="smcap">Reginald Airy</span>, B.A., Trinity +College, Cambridge. With 47 Illustrations.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">YORK STREET, +COVENT GARDEN.</span></p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> +<p><a name="footnote1"></a><a href="#citation1" +class="footnote">[1]</a> When “Heartsease” +first appeared, Percy Fotheringham was believed to be a portrait; +but the accomplished authoress in a letter written not long +before her death told me that the character was wholly +imaginary.</p> +<p><a name="footnote6"></a><a href="#citation6" +class="footnote">[6]</a> Pedigrees are perplexing unless +tabulated; so here is Kinglake’s genealogical tree.</p> +<p>Kinglakes of Saltmoor had sons <span class="smcap">Robert +Kinglake</span> and <span class="smcap">William +Kinglake</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Robert Kinglake</span> had sons <span +class="smcap">Serjeant John Kinglake</span> and Rev. W. C. <span +class="smcap">Kinglake</span>.</p> +<p>Woodfordes of Castle Cary had a daughter <span +class="smcap">Mary Woodforde</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">William Kinglake</span> married <span +class="smcap">Mary Woodforde</span> and had sons A. W. <span +class="smcap">Kinglake</span> (“Eothen”) and Dr. +<span class="smcap">Hamilton Kinglake</span>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote12a"></a><a href="#citation12a" +class="footnote">[12a]</a> “Eothen,” p. +33. Reading “Timbuctoo” to-day one is amazed it +should have gained the prize. Two short passages adumbrate +the coming Tennyson, the rest is mystic nonsense. +“What do you think of Tennyson’s prize poem?” +writes Charles Wordsworth to his brother Christopher. +“Had it been sent up at Oxford, the author would have had a +better chance of spending a few months at a lunatic asylum than +of obtaining the Prize.” A current Cambridge story at +the time explained the selection. There were three +examiners, the Vice-Chancellor, a man of arbitrary temper, with +whom his juniors hesitated to disagree; a classical professor +unversed in English Literature; a mathematical professor +indifferent to all literature. The letter <i>g</i> was to +signify approval, the letter <i>b</i> to brand it with +rejection. Tennyson’s manuscript came from the +Vice-Chancellor scored all over with <i>g</i>’s. The +classical professor failed to see its merit, but bowed to the +Vice-Chancellor, and added his <i>g</i>. The mathematical +professor could not admire, but since both his colleagues +ordained it, good it must be, and his <i>g</i> made the award +unanimous. The three met soon after, and the +Vice-Chancellor, in his blatant way, attacked the other two for +admiring a trashy poem. “Why,” they +remonstrated, “you covered it with <i>g</i>’s +yourself.” “<i>G</i>’s,” said he, +“they were <i>q</i>’s for queries; I could not +understand a line of it.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote12b"></a><a href="#citation12b" +class="footnote">[12b]</a> “Enoch Arden,” p. +34.</p> +<p><a name="footnote13"></a><a href="#citation13" +class="footnote">[13]</a> “Eothen,” p. +169. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898.</p> +<p><a name="footnote14a"></a><a href="#citation14a" +class="footnote">[14a]</a> “Eothen,” p. 17.</p> +<p><a name="footnote14b"></a><a href="#citation14b" +class="footnote">[14b]</a> His deferential regard for army +rank was like that of Johnson for bishops. Great was his +indignation when the “grotesque Salvation Army,” as +he called it, adopted military nomenclature. “I would +let those ragamuffins call themselves saints, angels, prophets, +cherubim, Olympian gods and goddesses if they like; but their +pretension in taking the rank of officers in the army is to me +beyond measure repulsive.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote14c"></a><a href="#citation14c" +class="footnote">[14c]</a> “Eothen,” p. 190 in +first edition. It was struck out in the fourth edition.</p> +<p><a name="footnote22"></a><a href="#citation22" +class="footnote">[22]</a> “Eothen,” p. +18. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898.</p> +<p><a name="footnote28"></a><a href="#citation28" +class="footnote">[28]</a> He is very fond of this word; it +occurs eleven times.</p> +<p><a name="footnote37"></a><a href="#citation37" +class="footnote">[37]</a> “Quarterly Review,” +December, 1844.</p> +<p><a name="footnote38a"></a><a href="#citation38a" +class="footnote">[38a]</a> “Eothen,” p. 46.</p> +<p><a name="footnote38b"></a><a href="#citation38b" +class="footnote">[38b]</a> Poitier’s +“Vaudeville.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote40"></a><a href="#citation40" +class="footnote">[40]</a> One characteristic anecdote he +omits. Two French officers were attached to our +headquarters; and the staff were partly embarrassed and partly +amused by Lord Raglan’s inveterate habit, due to old +Peninsular associations, of calling the enemy “the +French” in the presence of our foreign guests.</p> +<p><a name="footnote47"></a><a href="#citation47" +class="footnote">[47]</a> Some of us can recall the lines +in which Sir G. Trevelyan commemorated “The +Owl’s” nocturnal flights:</p> +<blockquote><p>“When at sunset, chill and dark,<br /> +Sunset thins the swarming park,<br /> +Bearing home his social gleaning—<br /> +Jests and riddles fraught with meaning,<br /> +Scandals, anecdotes, reports,—<br /> +Seeks The Owl a maze of courts<br /> +Which, with aspect towards the west,<br /> + Fringe the street of Sainted James,<br /> +Where a warm, secluded nest<br /> + As his sole domain he claims;<br /> +From his wing a feather draws,<br /> + Shapes for use a dainty nib,<br /> + Pens his parody or squib;<br /> +Combs his down and trims his claws,<br /> +And repairs where windows bright<br /> +Flood the sleepless Square with light.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote60"></a><a href="#citation60" +class="footnote">[60]</a> Greville, vii. 223, quotes from a +letter written after Inkerman to the Prince Consort by Colonel +Steele, saying “that he had no idea how great a mind Raglan +really had, but that he now saw it, for in the midst of +distresses and difficulties of every kind in which the army was +involved, he was perfectly serene and undisturbed.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote63"></a><a href="#citation63" +class="footnote">[63]</a> “Go quietly” might +have been his motto: even on horseback he seemed never to be in a +hurry. Airey used to come in from their rides round the +outposts shuddering with cold, and complaining that the Chief +would never move his horse out of a walk. “I +daresay,” said Carlyle, “Lord Raglan will rise quite +quietly at the last trump, and remain entirely composed during +the whole day, and show the most perfect civility to both +parties.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote64"></a><a href="#citation64" +class="footnote">[64]</a> The first death! out of how many +he nowhere reckons: he shrinks from estimates of carnage, and we +thank him for it. But an accomplished naturalist tells me +that the vulture, a bird unknown in the Crimea before hostilities +began, swarmed there after the Alma fight, and remained till the +war was over, disappearing meanwhile from the whole North African +littoral.</p> +<p><a name="footnote66"></a><a href="#citation66" +class="footnote">[66]</a> “D—n your +eyes!” he said once, in a moment of irritation, to his +<i>attaché</i>, Mr. Hay. “D—n your +Excellency’s eyes!” was the answer, delivered with +deep respect but with sufficient emphasis. Dismissed on the +spot, the candid <i>attaché</i> went in great anger to +pack up, but was followed after a time by Lady Canning, habitual +peacemaker in the household, who besought him if not to apologize +at least to bid his Chief good-bye. After much persuasion +he consented. “Hardly had he entered the room when +Sir Stratford had him by the hand. ‘My dear Hay, this +will never do; what a devil of a temper you have!’ +The two were firmer friends than ever after this” (<span +class="smcap">Lane Poole’s</span> <i>Life of Lord +Stratford</i>, chapter xiii.).</p> +<p><a name="footnote68"></a><a href="#citation68" +class="footnote">[68]</a> The story of an old quarrel +between Sir Stratford Canning and the then Grand Duke Nicholas at +St. Petersburg in 1825 is disproved by Canning’s own +statement. The two met once only in their lives, at a +purely formal reception at Paris in 1814.</p> +<p><a name="footnote82"></a><a href="#citation82" +class="footnote">[82]</a> <i>La Femme</i> was a +“Miss” or “Mrs.” Howard. She +followed Louis Napoleon to France in 1848, and lived openly with +him as his mistress. In the once famous “Letters of +an Englishman” we are told how shortly after the December +massacre the <i>élite</i> of English visitors in Paris +were not ashamed to dine at her house in the President’s +company: and in 1860, Mrs. Simpson, in France with her father, +Nassau Senior, found her, decorated with the title of Madame de +Beauregard, inhabiting La Celle, near Versailles, once the abode +of Madame de Pompadour, “with the national flag flying over +it, to the great scandal of the neighbourhood.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote87"></a><a href="#citation87" +class="footnote">[87]</a> Bachaumont’s criticism of +Latour. Lady Dilke’s “French Painters,” +p. 165.</p> +<p><a name="footnote96"></a><a href="#citation96" +class="footnote">[96]</a> Here is one of the stanzas:</p> +<blockquote><p>“L’Autriche—dit-on—et la +Russie<br /> +Se brouillent pour la Turquie.<br /> +Dès aujourd’hui il n’en est plus question.<br +/> +En invitant une femme charmante,<br /> +Le Turc—et je l’en complimente—<br /> +Est devenu pour nous un trait d’union.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote111"></a><a href="#citation111" +class="footnote">[111]</a> “Blackwood’s +Magazine,” December, 1895, p. 802.</p> +<p><a name="footnote130"></a><a href="#citation130" +class="footnote">[130]</a> I inserted this quotation before +reading the “Etchingham Letters.” Sir Richard +would wish me to erase it as hackneyed; but it applies to +Kinglake’s talk as accurately as to Virgil’s writing, +and I refuse to be defrauded of it.</p> +<p><a name="footnote133"></a><a href="#citation133" +class="footnote">[133]</a> This delightful phrase is Lady +Gregory’s. One would wish, like Lord Houghton, though +suppressing his presumptuous rider, to have been its author.</p> +<p><a name="footnote140"></a><a href="#citation140" +class="footnote">[140]</a> Of course Kinglake was not alone +in this opinion. It was voiced in a delightful <i>jeu +d’esprit</i>, now forgotten, which it is worth while to +reproduce:</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“<span +class="smcap">The Berlin Congress</span>.</p> +<p>“The following Latin poem, from the pen of the +well-known German poet, Gustave Schwetschke, was distributed by +Prince Bismarck’s special request amongst the +Plenipotentiaries immediately after the last sitting on +Saturday:</p> +<p>“‘<span class="smcap">Gaudeamus +Congressibile</span>.</p> +<p>“‘Gaudeamus igitur<br /> + Socii congressus,<br /> +Post dolores bellicosos,<br /> +Post labores gloriosos,<br /> + Nobis fit decessus.</p> +<p>“‘Ubi sunt, qui ante nos<br /> + Quondam consedere,<br /> +Viennenses, Parisienses<br /> +Tot per annos, tot per menses?<br /> + Frustra decidere.</p> +<p>“‘Mundus heu! vult decipi,<br /> + Sed non decipiatur,<br /> +Non plus ultra inter gentes<br /> +Litigantes et frementes<br /> + Manus conferatur.</p> +<p>‘Vivat Pax! et comitent<br /> + Dii nunc congressum,<br /> +Ceu Deus ex machinâ<br /> +Ipsa venit Cypria<br /> + Roborans successum.</p> +<p>“‘Pereat discordia!<br /> + Vincat semper litem<br /> +Proxenetae probitas, <a name="citation141"></a><a +href="#footnote141" class="citation">[141]</a><br /> +Fides, spes, et charitas,<br /> + Gaudeamus item!</p> +<p style="text-align: right">“G. S.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“<span +class="smcap">The Other Version</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">(From the “Pall Mall +Gazette.”)</p> +<p>“A correspondent informs us that the version given in +‘The Standard’ of yesterday of the congratulatory ode +(‘Gaudeamus igitur,’ etc.) addressed to the Congress +by ‘the well-known German poet Gustave Schwetschke,’ +and ‘distributed by Prince Bismarck’s request among +the Plenipotentiaries,’ is incorrect. The true +version, we are assured, is as follows:</p> +<p>“‘Rideamus igitur,<br /> + Socii Congressus;<br /> +Post dolores bellicosos,<br /> +Post labores bumptiosos,<br /> + Fit mirandus messus.</p> +<p>“Ubi sunt qui apud nos<br /> + Causas litigâre,<br /> +Moldo-Wallachæ frementes,<br /> +Græculi esurientes?<br /> + Heu! absquatulâre.</p> +<p>“‘Ubi sunt provinciæ<br /> + Quas est laus pacâsse?<br /> +Totæ, totæ, sunt partitæ:<br /> +Has tulerunt Muscovitæ,<br /> + Illas Count Andrassy.</p> +<p>“‘Et quid est quod Angliæ<br /> + Dedit hic Congressus?<br /> +Jus pro aliis pugnandi,<br /> +Mortuum vivificandi—<br /> + Splendidi successus!</p> +<p>“‘Vult Joannes decipi<br /> + Et bamboosulatur.<br /> +Io Beacche! Quæ majestas!<br /> +Ostreæ reportans testas<br /> + Domum gloriatur!’”</p> +<p>“This version, which from internal evidence will be seen +to be the true one, may be roughly Englished thus:</p> +<p>“Let us have our hearty laugh,<br /> + Greatest of Congresses!<br /> +After days and weeks pugnacious,<br /> +After labours ostentatious,<br /> + See how big the mess is!</p> +<p>“‘Where are those who at our bar<br /> + Their demands have stated:<br /> +Robbed Roumanians rampaging,<br /> +Greeklings with earth-hunger raging?<br /> + Where? Absquatulated!</p> +<p>“‘Where the lands we’ve pacified,<br /> + With their rebel masses?<br /> +All are gone; yes, all up-gobbled:<br /> +These the Muscovite has nobbled,<br /> + Those are Count Andrassy’s.</p> +<p>“‘And what does England carry off<br /> + To add to her possessions?<br /> +The right to wage another’s strife,<br /> +The right to raise the dead to life—<br /> + Glorious concessions!</p> +<p>“‘Well, let John Bull bamboozled be<br /> + If he’s so fond of sells!<br /> +Io Beacche! Hark the cheering!<br /> +See him home in triumph bearing<br /> + <i>Both</i> <a name="citation143"></a><a +href="#footnote143" class="citation">[143]</a> the oyster +shells!’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote141"></a><a href="#citation141" +class="footnote">[141]</a> “Der ehrlich Miikler.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote143"></a><a href="#citation143" +class="footnote">[143]</a> Peace and Honour.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A. W. KINGLAKE***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 539-h.htm or 539-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/3/539 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Biographical Study of A. W. Kinglake + +Author: Rev. W. Tuckwell + +Release Date: May, 1996 [EBook #539] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on March 23, 1996] +[Most recently updated: August 27, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF KINGLAKE *** + + + + + +Transcribed from the 1902 Edition by David Price, email +ccx074@coventry.ac.uk + + + + +A. W. KINGLAKE--A BIOGRAPHICAL AND LITERARY STUDY + + + + +PREFACE + + + +It is just eleven years since Kinglake passed away, and his life +has not yet been separately memorialized. A few years more, and +the personal side of him would be irrecoverable, though by +personality, no less than by authorship, he made his contemporary +mark. When a tomb has been closed for centuries, the effaced +lineaments of its tenant can be re-coloured only by the idealizing +hand of genius, as Scott drew Claverhouse, and Carlyle drew +Cromwell. But, to the biographer of the lately dead, men have a +right to say, as Saul said to the Witch of Endor, "Call up Samuel!" +In your study of a life so recent as Kinglake's, give us, if you +choose, some critical synopsis of his monumental writings, some +salvage from his ephemeral and scattered papers; trace so much of +his youthful training as shaped the development of his character; +depict, with wise restraint, his political and public life: but +also, and above all, re-clothe him "in his habit as he lived," as +friends and associates knew him; recover his traits of voice and +manner, his conversational wit or wisdom, epigram or paradox, his +explosions of sarcasm and his eccentricities of reserve, his words +of winningness and acts of kindness: and, since one half of his +life was social, introduce us to the companions who shared his +lighter hour and evoked his finer fancies; take us to the Athenaeum +"Corner," or to Holland House, and flash on us at least a glimpse +of the brilliant men and women who formed the setting to his +sparkle; "dic in amicitiam coeant et foedera jungant." + +This I have endeavoured to do, with such aid as I could command +from his few remaining contemporaries. His letters to his family +were destroyed by his own desire; on those written to Madame +Novikoff no such embargo was laid, nor does she believe that it was +intended. I have used these sparingly, and all extracts from them +have been subjected to her censorship. If the result is not Attic +in salt, it is at any rate Roman in brevity. I send it forth with +John Bunyan's homely aspiration: + + +And may its buyer have no cause to say, +His money is but lost or thrown away. + + + +CHAPTER I--EARLY YEARS + + + +The fourth decade of the deceased century dawned on a procession of +Oriental pilgrims, variously qualified or disqualified to hold the +gorgeous East in fee, who, with bakshish in their purses, a theory +in their brains, an unfilled diary-book in their portmanteaus, +sought out the Holy Land, the Sinai peninsula, the valley of the +Nile, sometimes even Armenia and the Monte Santo, and returned home +to emit their illustrated and mapped octavos. We have the type +delineated admiringly in Miss Yonge's "Heartsease," {1} bitterly in +Miss Skene's "Use and Abuse," facetiously in the Clarence Bulbul of +"Our Street." "Hang it! has not everybody written an Eastern book? +I should like to meet anybody in society now who has not been up to +the Second Cataract. My Lord Castleroyal has done one--an honest +one; my Lord Youngent another--an amusing one; my Lord Woolsey +another--a pious one; there is the 'Cutlet and the Cabob'--a +sentimental one; Timbuctoothen--a humorous one." Lord Carlisle's +honesty, Lord Nugent's fun, Lord Lindsay's piety, failed to float +their books. Miss Martineau, clear, frank, unemotional Curzon, +fuddling the Levantine monks with rosoglio that he might fleece +them of their treasured hereditary manuscripts, even Eliot +Warburton's power, colouring, play of fancy, have yielded to the +mobility of Time. Two alone out of the gallant company maintain +their vogue to-day: Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," as a Fifth +Gospel, an inspired Scripture Gazetteer; and "Eothen," as a +literary gem of purest ray serene. + +In 1898 a reprint of the first edition was given to the public, +prefaced by a brief eulogium of the book and a slight notice of the +author. It brought to the writer of the "Introduction" not only +kind and indulgent criticism, but valuable corrections, fresh +facts, clues to further knowledge. These last have been carefully +followed out. The unwary statement that Kinglake never spoke after +his first failure in the House has been atoned by a careful study +of all his speeches in and out of Parliament. His reviews in the +"Quarterly" and elsewhere have been noted; impressions of his +manner and appearance at different periods of his life have been +recovered from coaeval acquaintances; his friend Hayward's Letters, +the numerous allusions in Lord Houghton's Life, Mrs. Crosse's +lively chapters in "Red Letter Days of my Life," Lady Gregory's +interesting recollections of the Athenaeum Club in Blackwood of +December, 1895, the somewhat slender notice in the "Dictionary of +National Biography," have all been carefully digested. From these, +and, as will be seen, from other sources, the present Memoir has +been compiled; an endeavour--sera tamen--to lay before the +countless readers and admirers of his books a fairly adequate +appreciation, hitherto unattempted, of their author. + +I have to acknowledge the great kindness of Canon William +Warburton, who examined his brother Eliot's diaries on my behalf, +obtained information from Dean Boyle and Sir M. Grant Duff, cleared +up for me not a few obscure allusions in the "Eothen" pages. My +highly valued friend, Mrs. Hamilton Kinglake, of Taunton, his +sister-in-law, last surviving relative of his own generation, has +helped me with facts which no one else could have recalled. To Mr. +Estcott, his old acquaintance and Somersetshire neighbour, I am +indebted for recollections manifold and interesting; but above all +I tender thanks to Madame Novikoff, his intimate associate and +correspondent during the last twenty years of his life, who has +supplemented her brilliant sketch of him in "La Nouvelle Revue" of +1896 by oral and written information lavish in quantity and of +paramount biographical value. Kinglake's external life, his +literary and political career, his speeches, and the more fugitive +productions of his pen, were recoverable from public sources; but +his personal and private side, as it showed itself to the few close +intimates who still survive, must have remained to myself and +others meagre, superficial, disappointing, without Madame +Novikoff's unreserved and sympathetic confidence. + + +Alexander William Kinglake was descended from an old Scottish +stock, the Kinlochs, who migrated to England with King James, and +whose name was Anglicized into Kinglake. Later on we find them +settled on a considerable estate of their own at Saltmoor, near +Borobridge, whence towards the close of the eighteenth century two +brothers, moving southward, made their home in Taunton--Robert as a +physician, William as a solicitor and banker. Both were of high +repute, both begat famous sons. From Robert sprang the eminent +Parliamentary lawyer, Serjeant John Kinglake, at one time a +contemporary with Cockburn and Crowder on the Western Circuit, and +William Chapman Kinglake, who while at Trinity, Cambridge, won the +Latin verse prize, "Salix Babylonica," the English verse prizes on +"Byzantium" and the "Taking of Jerusalem," in 1830 and 1832. Of +William's sons the eldest was Alexander William, author of +"Eothen," the youngest Hamilton, for many years one of the most +distinguished physicians in the West of England. "Eothen," as he +came to be called, was born at Taunton on the 5th August, 1809, at +a house called "The Lawn." His father, a sturdy Whig, died at the +age of ninety through injuries received in the hustings crowd of a +contested election. His mother belonged to an old Somersetshire +family, the Woodfordes of Castle Cary. She, too, lived to a great +age; a slight, neat figure in dainty dress, full of antique charm +and grace. As a girl she had known Lady Hester Stanhope, who lived +with her grandmother, Lady Chatham, at Burton Pynsent, her own +father, Dr. Thomas Woodforde, being Lady Chatham's medical +attendant. {2} The future prophetess of the Lebanon was then a +wild girl, scouring the countryside on bare-backed horses; she +showed great kindness to Mary Woodforde, afterwards Kinglake's +mother. It was as his mother's son that she received him long +afterwards at Djoun. To his mother Kinglake was passionately +attached; owed to her, as he tells us in "Eothen," his home in the +saddle and his love for Homer. A tradition is preserved in the +family that on the day of her funeral, at a churchyard five miles +away, he was missed from the household group reassembled in the +mourning home; he was found to have ordered his horse, and galloped +back in the darkness to his mother's grave. Forty years later he +writes to Alexander Knox: "The death of a mother has an almost +magical power of recalling the home of one's childhood, and the +almost separate world that rests upon affection." Of his two +sisters, one was well read and agreeably talkative, noted by +Thackeray as the cleverest woman he had ever met; the other, Mrs. +Acton, was a delightful old esprit fort, as I knew her in the +sixties, "pagan, I regret to say," but not a little resembling her +brother in the point and manner of her wit. The family moved in +his infancy to an old-fashioned handsome "Wilton House," adjoining +closely to the town, but standing amid spacious park-like grounds, +and inhabited in after years by Kinglake's younger brother +Hamilton, who succeeded his uncle in the medical profession, and +passed away, amid deep and universal regret, in 1898. Here during +the thirties Sydney Smith was a frequent and a welcome visitor; it +was in answer to old Mrs. Kinglake that he uttered his audacious +mot on being asked if he would object, as a neighbouring clergyman +had done, to bury a Dissenter: "Not bury Dissenters? I should +like to be burying them all day!" + +Taunton was an innutrient foster-mother, arida nutrix, for such +young lions as the Kinglake brood. Two hundred years before it had +been a prosperous and famous place, its woollen and kersey trades, +with the population they supported, ranking it as eighth in order +among English towns. Its inhabitants were then a gallant race, +republican in politics, Puritan in creed. Twice besieged by Goring +and Lumford, it had twice repelled the Royalists with loss. It was +the centre of Monmouth's rebellion and of Jeffrey's vengeance; the +suburb of Tangier, hard by its ancient castle, still recalls the +time when Colonel Kirke and his regiment of "Lambs" were quartered +in the town. But long before the advent of the Kinglakes its glory +had departed; its manufactures had died out, its society become +Philistine and bourgeois--"little men who walk in narrow ways"-- +while from pre-eminence in electoral venality among English +boroughs it was saved only by the near proximity of Bridgewater. A +noted statesman who, at a later period, represented it in +Parliament, used to say that by only one family besides Dr. +Hamilton Kinglake's could he be received with any sense of social +or intellectual equality. + +Not much, however, of Kinglake's time was given to his native town: +he was early sent to the Grammar School at Ottery St. Mary's, the +"Clavering" of "Pendennis," whose Dr. Wapshot was George Coleridge, +brother of the poet. He was wont in after life to speak of this +time with bitterness; a delicate child, he was starved on +insufficient diet; and an eloquent passage in "Eothen" depicts his +intellectual fall from the varied interests and expanding +enthusiasm of liberal home teaching to the regulation gerund- +grinding and Procrustean discipline of school. "The dismal change +is ordained, and then--thin meagre Latin with small shreds and +patches of Greek, is thrown like a pauper's pall over all your +early lore; instead of sweet knowledge, vile, monkish, doggerel +grammars and graduses, dictionaries and lexicons, and horrible odds +and ends of dead languages are given you for your portion, and down +you fall, from Roman story to a three-inch scrap of 'Scriptores +Romani,'--from Greek poetry, down, down to the cold rations of +'Poetae Graeci,' cut up by commentators, and served out by school- +masters!" + +At Eton--under Keate, as all readers of "Eothen" know--he was +contemporary with Gladstone, Sir F. Hanmer, Lords Canning and +Dalhousie, Selwyn, Shadwell. He wrote in the "Etonian," created +and edited by Mackworth Praed; and is mentioned in Praed's poem on +Surly Hall as + + +"Kinglake, dear to poetry, +And dear to all his friends." + + +Dr. Gatty remembers his "determined pale face"; thinks that he made +his mark on the river rather than in the playing fields, being a +good oar and swimmer. His great friend at school was Savile, the +"Methley" of his travels, who became successively Lord Pollington +and Earl of Mexborough. The Homeric lore which Methley exhibited +in the Troad, is curiously illustrated by an Eton story, that in a +pugilistic encounter with Hoseason, afterwards an Indian Cavalry +officer, while the latter sate between the rounds upon his second's +knee, Savile strutted about the ring, spouting Homer. + +Kinglake entered at Trinity, Cambridge, in 1828, among an +exceptionally brilliant set--Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, John +Sterling, Trench, Spedding, Spring Rice, Charles Buller, Maurice, +Monckton Milnes, J. M. Kemble, Brookfield, Thompson. With none of +them does he seem in his undergraduate days to have been intimate. +Probably then, as afterwards, he shrank from camaraderie, shared +Byron's distaste for "enthusymusy"; naturally cynical and self- +contained, was repelled by the spiritual fervour, incessant logical +collision, aggressive tilting at abuses of those young "Apostles," +already + + +"Yearning for the large excitement that the coming years would +yield, +Eager-hearted as a boy when first he leaves his father's field," + + +waxing ever daily, as Sterling exhorted, "in religion and +radicalism." He saw life differently; more practically, if more +selfishly; to one rhapsodizing about the "plain living and high +thinking" of Wordsworth's sonnet, he answered: "You know that you +prefer dining with people who have good glass and china and plenty +of servants." For Tennyson's poetry he even then felt admiration; +quotes, nay, misquotes, in "Eothen," from the little known +"Timbuctoo"; {3} and from "Locksley Hall"; and supplied long +afterwards an incident adopted by Tennyson in "Enoch Arden," + + +"Once likewise in the ringing of his ears +Though faintly, merrily--far and far away - +He heard the pealing of his parish bells," {4} + + +from his own experience in the desert, when on a Sunday, amid +overpowering heat and stillness, he heard the Marlen bells of +Taunton peal for morning church. {5} + +In whatever set he may have lived he made his mark at Cambridge. +Lord Houghton remembered him as an orator at the Union; and +speaking to Cambridge undergraduates fifty years later, after +enumerating the giants of his student days, Macaulay, Praed, +Buller, Sterling, Merivale, he goes on to say: "there, too, were +Kemble and Kinglake, the historian of our earliest civilization and +of our latest war; Kemble as interesting an individual as ever was +portrayed by the dramatic genius of his own race; Kinglake, as bold +a man-at-arms in literature as ever confronted public opinion." We +know, too, that not many years after leaving Cambridge he received, +and refused, a solicitation to stand as Liberal representative of +the University in Parliament. He was, in fact, as far as any of +his contemporaries from acquiescing in social conventionalisms and +shams. To the end of his life he chafed at such restraint: "when +pressed to stay in country houses," he writes in 1872, "I have had +the frankness to say that I have not discipline enough." +Repeatedly he speaks with loathing of the "stale civilization," the +"utter respectability," of European life; {6} longed with all his +soul for the excitement and stir of soldiership, from which his +shortsightedness debarred him; {7} rushed off again and again into +foreign travel; set out immediately on leaving Cambridge, in 1834, +for his first Eastern tour, "to fortify himself for the business of +life." Methley joined him at Hamburg, and they travelled by +Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, to Semlin, where his book begins. +Lord Pollington's health broke down, and he remained to winter at +Corfu, while Kinglake pursued his way alone, returning to England +in October, 1835. {8} On his return he read for the Chancery Bar +along with his friend Eliot Warburton, under Bryan Procter, a +Commissioner of Lunacy, better known by his poet-name, Barry +Cornwall; his acquaintance with both husband and wife ripening into +life-long friendship. Mrs. Procter is the "Lady of Bitterness," +cited in the "Eothen" Preface. As Anne Skepper, before her +marriage, she was much admired by Carlyle; "a brisk witty prettyish +clear eyed sharp tongued young lady"; and was the intimate, among +many, especially of Thackeray and Browning. In epigrammatic power +she resembled Kinglake; but while his acrid sayings were emitted +with gentlest aspect and with softest speech; while, like Byron's +Lambro: + + +"he was the mildest mannered man +That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat, +With such true breeding of a gentleman, +You never could divine his real thought," + + +her sarcasms rang out with a resonant clearness that enforced and +aggravated their severity. That two persons so strongly resembling +each other in capacity for rival exhibition, or for mutual +exasperation, should have maintained so firm a friendship, often +surprised their acquaintance; she explained it by saying that she +and Kinglake sharpened one another like two knives; that, in the +words of Petruchio, + + +"Where two raging fires meet together, +They do consume the thing that feeds their fury." + + +Crabb Robinson, stung by her in a tender place, his boastful +iterative monologues on Weimar and on Goethe, said that of all men +Procter ought to escape purgatory after death, having tasted its +fulness here through living so many years with Mrs. Procter; "the +husbands of the talkative have great reward hereafter," said +Rudyard Kipling's Lama. And I have been told by those who knew the +pair that there was truth as well as irritation in the taunt. "A +graceful Preface to 'Eothen,'" wrote to me a now famous lady who as +a girl had known Mrs. Procter well, "made friendly company +yesterday to a lonely meal, and brought back memories of Mr. +Kinglake's kind spoiling of a raw young woman, and of the wit, the +egregious vanity, the coarseness, the kindness, of that hard old +worldling our Lady of Bitterness." In the presence of one man, +Tennyson, she laid aside her shrewishness: "talking with Alfred +Tennyson lifts me out of the earth earthy; a visit to Farringford +is like a retreat to the religious." A celebrity in London for +fifty years, she died, witty and vigorous to the last, in 1888. +"You and I and Mr. Kinglake," she says to Lord Houghton, "are all +that are left of the goodly band that used to come to St. John's +Wood; Eliot Warburton, Motley, Adelaide, Count de Verg, Chorley, +Sir Edwin Landseer, my husband." "I never could write a book," she +tells him in another letter, "and one strong reason for not doing +so was the idea of some few seeing how poor it was. Venables was +one of the few; I need not say that you were one, and Kinglake." + +Kinglake was called to the Chancery Bar, and practised apparently +with no great success. He believed that his reputation as a writer +stood in his way. When, in 1845, poor Hood's friends were helping +him by gratuitous articles in his magazine, "Hood's Own," Kinglake +wrote to Monckton Milnes refusing to contribute. He will send 10 +pounds to buy an article from some competent writer, but will not +himself write. "It would be seriously injurious to me if the +author of 'Eothen' were affiched as contributing to a magazine. My +frailty in publishing a book has, I fear, already hurt me in my +profession, and a small sin of this kind would bring on me still +deeper disgrace with the solicitors." + +Twice at least in these early years he travelled. "Mr. Kinglake," +writes Mrs. Procter in 1843, "is in Switzerland, reading Rousseau." +And in the following year we hear of him in Algeria, accompanying +St. Arnaud in his campaign against the Arabs. The mingled interest +and horror inspired in him by this extra-ordinary man finds +expression in his "Invasion of the Crimea" (ii. 157). A few, a +very few survivors, still remember his appearance and manners in +the forties. The eminent husband of a lady, now passed away, who +in her lifetime gave Sunday dinners at which Kinglake was always +present, speaks of him as SENSITIVE, quiet in the presence of noisy +people, of Brookfield and the overpowering Bernal Osborne; liking +their company, but never saying anything worthy of remembrance. A +popular old statesman, still active in the House of Commons, +recalls meeting him at Palmerston, Lord Harrington's seat, where +was assembled a party in honour of Madame Guiccioli and her second +husband, the Marquis de Boissy, and tells me that he attached +himself to ladies, not to gentlemen, nor ever joined in general +tattle. Like many other famous men, he passed through a period of +shyness, which yielded to women's tactfulness only. From the first +they appreciated him; "if you were as gentle as your friend +Kinglake," writes Mrs. Norton reproachfully to Hayward in the +sulks. Another coaeval of those days calls him handsome--an +epithet I should hardly apply to him later--slight, not tall, sharp +featured, with dark hair well tended, always modishly dressed after +the fashion of the thirties, the fashion of Bulwer's exquisites, or +of H. K. Browne's "Nicholas Nickleby" illustrations; leaving on all +who saw him an impression of great personal distinction, yet with +an air of youthful ABANDON which never quite left him: "He was +pale, small, and delicate in appearance," says Mrs. Simpson, Nassau +Senior's daughter, who knew him to the end of his life; while Mrs. +Andrew Crosse, his friend in the Crimean decade, cites his finely +chiselled features and intellectual brow, "a complexion bloodless +with the pallor not of ill-health, but of an old Greek bust." + + + +CHAPTER II--"EOTHEN" + + + +"Eothen" appeared in 1844. Twice, Kinglake tells us, he had +essayed the story of his travels, twice abandoned it under a sense +of strong disinclination to write. A third attempt was induced by +an entreaty from his friend Eliot Warburton, himself projecting an +Eastern tour; and to Warburton in a characteristic preface the +narrative is addressed. The book, when finished, went the round of +the London market without finding a publisher. It was offered to +John Murray, who cited his refusal of it as the great blunder of +his professional life, consoling himself with the thought that his +father had equally lacked foresight thirty years before in +declining the "Rejected Addresses"; he secured the copyright later +on. It was published in the end by a personal friend, Ollivier, of +Pall Mall, Kinglake paying 50 pounds to cover risk of loss; even +worse terms than were obtained by Warburton two years afterwards +from Colburn, who owned in the fifties to having cleared 6,000 +pounds by "The Crescent and the Cross." The volume was an octavo +of 418 pages; the curious folding-plate which forms the +frontispiece was drawn and coloured by the author, and was compared +by the critics to a tea-tray. In front is Moostapha the Tatar; the +two foremost figures in the rear stand for accomplished Mysseri, +whom Kinglake was delighted to recognize long afterwards as a +flourishing hotel keeper in Constantinople, and Steel, the +Yorkshire servant, in his striped pantry jacket, "looking out for +gentlemen's seats." Behind are "Methley," Lord Pollington, in a +broad-brimmed hat, and the booted leg of Kinglake, who modestly hid +his figure by a tree, but exposed his foot, of which he was very +proud. Of the other characters, "Our Lady of Bitterness" was Mrs. +Procter, "Carrigaholt" was Henry Stuart Burton of Carrigaholt, +County Clare. Here and there are allusions, obvious at the time, +now needing a scholiast, which have not in any of the reprints been +explained. In their ride through the Balkans they talked of old +Eton days. "We bullied Keate, and scoffed at Larrey Miller and +Okes; we rode along loudly laughing, and talked to the grave +Servian forest as though it were the Brocas clump." {9} Keate +requires no interpreter; Okes was an Eton tutor, afterwards Provost +of King's. Larrey or Laurie Miller was an old tailor in Keate's +Lane who used to sit on his open shop-board, facing the street, a +mark for the compliments of passing boys; as frolicsome youngsters +in the days of Addison and Steele, as High School lads in the days +of Walter Scott, were accustomed to "smoke the cobler." The Brocas +was a meadow sacred to badger-baiting and cat-hunts. The badgers +were kept by a certain Jemmy Flowers, who charged sixpence for each +"draw"; Puss was turned out of a bag and chased by dogs, her chance +being to reach and climb a group of trees near the river, known as +the "Brocas Clump." Of the quotations, "a Yorkshireman +hippodamoio" (p. 35) is, I am told, an obiter dictum of Sir Francis +Doyle. "Striving to attain," etc. (p. 33), is taken not quite +correctly from Tennyson's "Timbuctoo." Our crew were "a solemn +company" (p. 57) is probably a reminiscence of "we were a gallant +company" in "The Siege of Corinth." For "'the own armchair' of our +Lyrist's 'Sweet Lady'" Anne'" (p. 161) see the poem, "My own +armchair" in Barry Cornwall's "English Lyrics." "Proud Marie of +Anjou" (p. 96) and "single-sin--" (p. 121), are unintelligible; a +friend once asked Kinglake to explain the former, but received for +answer, "Oh! that is a private thing." It may, however, have been +a pet name for little Marie de Viry, Procter's niece, and the chere +amie of his verse, whom Eothen must have met often at his friend's +house. The St. Simonians of p. 83 were the disciples of Comte de +St. Simon, a Parisian reformer in the latter part of the eighteenth +century, who endeavoured to establish a social republic based on +capacity and labour. Pere Enfantin was his disciple. The "mystic +mother" was a female Messiah, expected to become the parent of a +new Saviour. "Sir Robert once said a good thing" (p. 93), refers +possibly to Sir Robert Peel, not famous for epigram, whose one good +thing is said to have been bestowed upon a friend before Croker's +portrait in the Academy. "Wonderful likeness," said the friend, +"it gives the very quiver of the mouth." "Yes," said Sir Robert, +"and the arrow coming out of it." Or it may mean Sir Robert +Inglis, Peel's successor at Oxford, more noted for his genial +kindness and for the perpetual bouquet in his buttonhole at a date +when such ornaments were not worn, than for capacity to conceive +and say good things. In some mischievous lines describing the +Oxford election where Inglis supplanted Peel, Macaulay wrote + + +"And then said all the Doctors sitting in the Divinity School, +Not this man, but Sir Robert'--now Sir Robert was a fool." + + +But in the fifth and later editions Kinglake altered it to "Sir +John." + +By a curious oversight in the first two editions (p. 41) Jove was +made to gaze on Troy from Samothrace; it was rightly altered to +Neptune in the third; and "eagle eye of Jove" in the following +sentence was replaced by "dread Commoter of our globe." The phrase +"a natural Chiffney-bit" (p. 109), I have found unintelligible to- +day through lapse of time even to professional equestrians and +stable-keepers. Samuel Chiffney, a famous rider and trainer, was +born in 1753, and won the Derby on Skyscraper in 1789. He managed +the Prince of Wales's stud, was the subject of discreditable +insinuations, and was called before the Jockey Club. Nothing was +proved against him, but in consequence of the fracas the Prince +severed his connection with the Club and sold his horses. Chiffney +invented a bit named after him; a curb with two snaffles, which +gave a stronger bearing on the sides of a horse's mouth. His rule +in racing was to keep a slack rein and to ride a waiting race, not +calling on his horse till near the end. His son Samuel, who +followed him, observed the same plan; from its frequent success the +term "Chiffney rush" became proverbial. In his ride through the +desert (p. 169) Kinglake speaks of his "native bells--the innocent +bells of Marlen, that never before sent forth their music beyond +the Blaygon hills." Marlen bells is the local name for the fine +peal of St. Mary Magdalen, Taunton. The Blaygon, more commonly +called the Blagdon Hills, run parallel with the Quantocks, and +between them lies the fertile Vale of Taunton Deane. "Damascus," +he says, on p. 245, "was safer than Oxford"; and adds a note on Mr. +Everett's degree which requires correction. It is true that an +attempt was made to non-placet Mr. Everett's honorary degree in the +Oxford Theatre in 1843 on the ground of his being a Unitarian; not +true that it succeeded. It was a conspiracy by the young lions of +the Newmania, who had organized a formidable opposition to the +degree, and would have created a painful scene even if defeated. +But the Proctor of that year, Jelf, happened to be the most-hated +official of the century; and the furious groans of undergraduate +displeasure at his presence, continuing unabated for three-quarters +of an hour, compelled Wynter, the Vice-Chancellor, to break up the +Assembly, without recitation of the prizes, but not without +conferring the degrees in dumb show: unconscious Mr. Everett +smilingly took his place in red gown among the Doctors, the Vice- +Chancellor asserting afterwards, what was true in the letter though +not in the spirit, that he did not hear the non-placets. So while +Everett was obnoxious to the Puseyites, Jelf was obnoxious to the +undergraduates; the cannonade of the angry youngsters drowned the +odium of the theological malcontents; in the words of Bombastes: + + +"Another lion gave another roar, +And the first lion thought the last a bore." + + +The popularity of "Eothen" is a paradox: it fascinates by +violating all the rules which convention assigns to viatic +narrative. It traverses the most affecting regions of the world, +and describes no one of them: the Troad--and we get only his +childish raptures over Pope's "Homer's Iliad"; Stamboul--and he +recounts the murderous services rendered by the Golden Horn to the +Assassin whose serail, palace, council chamber, it washes; Cairo-- +but the Plague shuts out all other thoughts; Jerusalem--but +Pilgrims have vulgarized the Holy Sepulchre into a Bartholomew +Fair. He gives us everywhere, not history, antiquities, geography, +description, statistics, but only Kinglake, only his own +sensations, thoughts, experiences. We are told not what the desert +looks like, but what journeying in the desert feels like. From +morn till eve you sit aloft upon your voyaging camel; the risen +sun, still lenient on your left, mounts vertical and dominant; you +shroud head and face in silk, your skin glows, shoulders ache, +Arabs moan, and still moves on the sighing camel with his +disjointed awkward dual swing, till the sun once more descending +touches you on the right, your veil is thrown aside, your tent is +pitched, books, maps, cloaks, toilet luxuries, litter your spread- +out rugs, you feast on scorching toast and "fragrant" {10} tea, +sleep sound and long; then again the tent is drawn, the comforts +packed, civilization retires from the spot she had for a single +night annexed, and the Genius of the Desert stalks in. + +Herein, in these subjective chatty confidences, is part of the +spell he lays upon us: while we read we are IN the East: other +books, as Warburton says, tell us ABOUT the East, this is the East +itself. And yet in his company we are always ENGLISHMEN in the +East: behind Servian, Egyptian, Syrian, desert realities, is a +background of English scenery, faint and unobtrusive yet persistent +and horizoning. In the Danubian forest we talk of past school- +days. The Balkan plain suggests an English park, its trees planted +as if to shut out "some infernal fellow creature in the shape of a +new-made squire"; Jordan recalls the Thames; the Galilean Lake, +Windermere; the Via Dolorosa, Bond Street; the fresh toast of the +desert bivouac, an Eton breakfast; the hungry questing jackals are +the place-hunters of Bridgewater and Taunton; the Damascus gardens, +a neglected English manor from which the "family" has been long +abroad; in the fierce, dry desert air are heard the "Marlen" bells +of home, calling to morning prayer the prim congregation in far-off +St. Mary's parish. And a not less potent factor in the charm is +the magician's self who wields it, shown through each passing +environment of the narrative; the shy, haughty, imperious Solitary, +"a sort of Byron in the desert," of cultured mind and eloquent +speech, headstrong and not always amiable, hiding sentiment with +cynicism, yet therefore irresistible all the more when he +condescends to endear himself by his confidence. He meets the +Plague and its terrors like a gentleman, but shows us, through the +vicarious torments of the cowering Levantine that it was courage +and coolness, not insensibility, which bore him through it. A foe +to marriage, compassionating Carrigaholt as doomed to travel +"Vetturini-wise," pitying the Dead Sea goatherd for his ugly wife, +revelling in the meek surrender of the three young men whom he sees +"led to the altar" in Suez, he is still the frank, susceptible, +gallant bachelor, observantly and critically studious of female +charms: of the magnificent yet formidable Smyrniotes, eyes, brow, +nostrils, throat, sweetly turned lips, alarming in their latent +capacity for fierceness, pride, passion, power: of the Moslem +women in Nablous, "so handsome that they could not keep up their +yashmaks:" of Cypriote witchery in hair, shoulder-slope, +tempestuous fold of robe. He opines as he contemplates the plain, +clumsy Arab wives that the fine things we feel and say of women +apply only to the good-looking and the graceful: his memory +wanders off ever and again to the muslin sleeves and bodices and +"sweet chemisettes" in distant England. In hands sensual and +vulgar the allusions might have been coarse, the dilatings +unseemly; but the "taste which is the feminine of genius," the +self-respecting gentleman-like instinct, innocent at once and +playful, keeps the voluptuary out of sight, teaches, as Imogen +taught Iachimo, "the wide difference 'twixt amorous and +villainous." Add to all these elements of fascination the unbroken +luxuriance of style; the easy flow of casual epigram or negligent +simile;--Greek holy days not kept holy but "kept stupid"; the mule +who "forgot that his rider was a saint and remembered that he was a +tailor"; the pilgrims "transacting their salvation" at the Holy +Sepulchre; the frightened, wavering guard at Satalieh, not +shrinking back or running away, but "looking as if the pack were +being shuffled," each man desirous to change places with his +neighbour; the white man's unresisting hand "passed round like a +claret jug" by the hospitable Arabs; the travellers dripping from a +Balkan storm compared to "men turned back by the Humane Society as +being incurably drowned." Sometimes he breaks into a canter, as in +the first experience of a Moslem city, the rapturous escape from +respectability and civilization; the apostrophe to the Stamboul +sea; the glimpse of the Mysian Olympus; the burial of the poor dead +Greek; the Janus view of Orient and Occident from the Lebanon +watershed; the pathetic terror of Bedouins and camels on entering a +walled city; until, once more in the saddle, and winding through +the Taurus defiles, he saddens us by a first discordant note, the +note of sorrow that the entrancing tale is at an end. + +Old times return to me as I handle the familiar pages. To the +schoolboy six and fifty years ago arrives from home a birthday +gift, the bright green volume, with its showy paintings of the +impaled robbers and the Jordan passage; its bulky Tatar, towering +high above his scraggy steed, impressed in shining gold upon its +cover. Read, borrowed, handed round, it is devoured and discussed +with fifth form critical presumption, the adventurous audacity +arresting, the literary charm not analyzed but felt, the vivid +personality of the old Etonian winged with public school +freemasonry. Scarcely in the acquired insight of all the +intervening years could those who enjoyed it then more keenly +appreciate it to-day. Transcendent gift of genius! to gladden +equally with selfsame words the reluctant inexperience of boyhood +and the fastidious judgment of maturity. Delightful self- +accountant reverence of author-craft! which wields full knowledge +of a shaddock-tainted world, yet presents no licence to the +prurient lad, reveals no trail to the suspicious moralist. + + + +CHAPTER III--LITERARY AND PARLIAMENTARY LIFE + + + +Kinglake returned from Algiers in 1844 to find himself famous both +in the literary and social world; for his book had gone through +three editions and was the universal theme. Lockhart opened to him +the "Quarterly." "Who is Eothen?" wrote Macvey Napier, editor of +the "Edinburgh," to Hayward: "I know he is a lawyer and highly +respectable; but I should like to know a little more of his +personal history: he is very clever but very peculiar." +Thackeray, later on, expresses affectionate gratitude for his +presence at the "Lectures on English Humourists":- "it goes to a +man's heart to find amongst his friends such men as Kinglake and +Venables, Higgins, Rawlinson, Carlyle, Ashburton and Hallam, +Milman, Macaulay, Wilberforce, looking on kindly." He dines out in +all directions, himself giving dinners at Long's Hotel. "Did you +ever meet Kinglake at my rooms?" writes Monckton Milnes to +MacCarthy: "he has had immense success. I now rather wish I had +written his book, WHICH I COULD HAVE DONE--AT LEAST NEARLY." We +are reminded of Charles Lamb--"here's Wordsworth says he could have +written Hamlet, IF HE HAD HAD A MIND." "A delightful Voltairean +volume," Milnes elsewhere calls it. + +"Eothen" was reviewed in the "Quarterly" by Eliot Warburton. +"Other books," he says, "contain facts and statistics about the +East; this book gives the East itself in vital actual reality. Its +style is conversational; or the soliloquy rather of a man +convincing and amusing himself as he proceeds, without reverence +for others' faith, or lenity towards others' prejudices. It is a +real book, not a sham; it equals Anastasius, rivals 'Vathek;' its +terseness, vigour, bold imagery, recall the grand style of Fuller +and of South, to which the author adds a spirit, freshness, +delicacy, all his own." Kinglake, in turn, reviewed "The Crescent +and the Cross" in an article called "The French Lake." From a +cordial notice of the book he passes to a history of French +ambition in the Levant. It was Bonaparte's fixed idea to become an +Oriental conqueror--a second Alexander: Egypt in his grasp, he +would pass on to India. He sought alliance against the English +with Tippoo Saib, and spent whole days stretched upon maps of Asia. +He was baffled, first at Aboukir, then at Acre; but the partition +of Turkey at Tilsit showed that he had not abandoned his design. +To have refrained from seizing Egypt after his withdrawal was a +political blunder on the part of England. + +By far the most charming of Kinglake's articles was a paper on the +"Rights of Women," in the "Quarterly Review" of December, 1844. +Grouping together Monckton Milnes's "Palm Leaves," Mrs. Poole's +"Sketch of Egyptian Harems," Mrs. Ellis's "Women and Wives of +England," he produced a playful, lightly touched, yet sincerely +constructed sketch of woman's characteristics, seductions, +attainments; the extent and secret of her fascination and her +deeper influence; her defects, foibles, misconceptions. He was +greatly vexed to learn that his criticism of "Palm Leaves" was +considered hostile, and begged Warburton to explain. His praise, +he said, had been looked upon as irony, his bantering taken to +express bitterness. Warburton added his own conviction that the +notice was tributary to Milnes's fame, and Milnes accepted the +explanation. But the chief interest of this paper lies in the +beautiful passage which ends it. "The world must go on its own +way, for all that we can say against it. Beauty, though it beams +over the organization of a doll, will have its hour of empire; the +most torpid heiress will easily get herself married; but the wife +whose sweet nature can kindle worthy delights is she that brings to +her hearth a joyous, hopeful, ardent spirit, and that subtle power +whose sources we can hardly trace, but which yet so irradiates a +home that all who come near are filled and inspired by a deep sense +of womanly presence. We best learn the unsuspected might of a +being like this when we try the weight of that sadness which hangs +like lead upon the room, the gallery, the stairs, where once her +footstep sounded, and now is heard no more. It is not less the +energy than the grace and gentleness of this character that works +the enchantment. Books can instruct, and books can exalt and +purify; beauty of face and beauty of form will come with bright +pictures and statues, and for the government of a household hired +menials will suffice; but fondness and hate, daring hopes, lively +fears, the lust of glory and the scorn of base deeds, sweet +charity, faithfulness, pride, and, chief over all, the impetuous +will, lending might and power to feeling:- these are the rib of the +man, and from these, deep veiled in the mystery of her very +loveliness, his true companion sprang. A being thus ardent will +often go wrong in her strenuous course; will often alarm, sometimes +provoke; will now and then work mischief and even perhaps grievous +harm; but she will be our own Eve after all; the sweet-speaking +tempter whom heaven created to be the joy and the trouble of this +pleasing anxious existence; to shame us away from the hiding-places +of a slothful neutrality, and lead us abroad in the world, men +militant here on earth, enduring quiet, content with strife, and +looking for peace hereafter." {11} Beautiful words indeed! how +came the author of a tribute so caressingly appreciative, so +eloquently sincere, to remain himself outside the gates of +Paradise? how could the pen which in the Crimean chapter on the +Holy Shrines traced so exquisitely the delicate fancifulness of +purest sexual love, perpetrate that elaborate sneer over the +bachelor obsequies of Carrigaholt--"the lowly grave, that is the +end of man's romantic hopes, has closed over all his rich fancies +and all his high aspirations: he is utterly married." {12} + +"Gai, gai, mariez vous, +Mettez vous dans la misere! +Gai, gai, mariez vous, +Mettez vous la corde au cou!" {13} + + +There is generally a good reason for prolonged celibacy, a reason +which the bachelor as generally does not betray: Kinglake remained +single, by his own account, because he had observed that women +always prefer other men to their own husbands. Yet, although +unmarried, perhaps because unmarried, he heartily admired many +clever women; formed with them sedate but genuine friendships, the +l'amour sans ailes, sometimes called "Platonic" by persons who have +not read Plato; found in their illogical clear-sightedness, in +their [Greek word which cannot be reproduced], to use the master's +own untranslatable phrase, a titillating stimulus which he missed +in men. He thought that the Church should ordain priestesses as +well as priests, the former to be the Egerias of men, as the latter +are the Pontiffs of women. And Lady Gregory tells us, that when +attacked by gout, he wished for the solace of a lady doctor, and +wrote to one asking if gout were beyond her scope. She answered: +"Dear Sir,--Gout is not beyond my scope, but men are." + +In 1854 he accompanied Lord Raglan to the Crimea. "I had heard," +writes John Kenyon, "of Kinglake's chivalrous goings on. We were +saying yesterday that though he might write a book, he was among +the last men to go that he might write a book. He is wild about +matters military, if so calm a man is ever wild." He had hoped to +go in an official position as non-combatant, but this was refused +by the authorities. His friend, Lord Raglan, whose acquaintance he +had made while hunting with the Duke of Beaufort's hounds, took him +as his private guest. Arrested for a time at Malta by an attack of +fever, he joined our army before hostilities began, rode with Lord +Raglan's staff at the Alma fight, likening the novel sensation to +the excitement of fox-hunting; and accompanied the chief in his +visit of tenderness to the wounded when the fight was over. +Throughout the campaign the two were much together, as we shall +notice more fully later on. There are often slight but +unmistakable signs of Kinglake's presence as spectator and auditor +of Lord Raglan's deeds and words; {14} his affection and reverence +for the great general animate the whole; in outward composure and +latent strength the two men resembled each other closely. The book +is, in fact, a history of Lord Raglan's share in the campaign; +begun in 1856 at the request of Lady Raglan, the narrative ends +when the "Caradoc" with the general's body on board steams out of +the bay, "Farewell" flying at her masthead, the Russian batteries, +with generous recognition, ceasing to fire till the ship was out of +sight. "Lord Raglan is dead," said Kinglake as vol. viii. was sent +to press, "and my work is finished." + +Ten years were to elapse before the opening volumes should appear; +and meanwhile he entered parliament for the borough of Bridgewater, +which had rejected him in 1852. His colleague was Colonel Charles +J. Kemyss Tynte, member of a family which local influence and +lavish expenditure had secured in the representation of the town +for nearly forty years. Catechized as to his political creed, he +answered: "I call myself an advanced Liberal; but I decline to go +into parliament as the pledged adherent of Lord Palmerston or any +other Liberal." He adds, in response to a further question: "I am +believed to be the author of 'Eothen.'" He broke down in his +maiden speech; but recovered himself in a later effort, and spoke, +not unfrequently, on subjects then important, now forgotten; on the +outrage of the "Charles et George"; the capture of the Sardinian +"Cagliari" by the Neapolitans on the high seas; our attitude +towards the Paris Congress of 1857; while in 1858 he led the revolt +against Lord Palmerston's proposal to amend the Conspiracy Laws in +deference to Louis Napoleon; in 1860 vigorously denounced the +annexation of Savoy and Nice; and in 1864 moved the amendment to +Mr. Disraeli's motion in the debate on the Address, which was +carried by 313 to 295. His feeble voice and unimpressive manner +prevented him from becoming a power in the House; but his speeches +when read are full, fluent, and graceful; the late Sir Robert +Peel's remarkable harangue against the French Emperor in the course +of an earlier debate was taken, as he is said to have owned, mainly +from a speech by Kinglake, delivered so indistinctly that the +reporters failed to catch it, but audible to Sir Robert who sate +close beside him. + +With his constituents he was more at ease and more effective. His +seat for Bridgewater was challenged at a general election by Henry +Padwick, a hanger-on to Disraeli and a well-known bookmaker on the +turf, who, with an Irish Colonel Westbrook, tried to cajole the +electors and their wives by extravagant compliments to the town, +its neighbourhood, its denizens; a place celebrated, as Captain +Costigan said of Chatteris, "for its antiquitee, its hospitalitee, +the beautee of its women, the manly fidelitee, generositee, and +jovialitee of its men." Kinglake met them on their own ground. In +his flowery speeches the romance of Sinai and Palestine faded +before the glories of the little Somersetshire town. What was the +Jordan by comparison with the Parrett? Could Libanus or Anti- +Libanus vie with the Mendip and the Quantock Hills? The view +surveyed by Monmouth from St. Mary's Tower on the Eve of Sedgemoor +transcended all the panoramas which the Holy Land or Asia Minor +could present! But his more serious orations were worthy of his +higher fame. In the panic of 1858, when the address of the French +colonels to the Emperor, beseeching to be led against England, had +created serious alarm on this side the Channel, he went down to +Bridgewater to enlighten the West of England. "Why," he asked, "do +we fear invasion? The population of France is peaceful, the +'turnip-soup Jacques Bonhomme' is peaceful, the soldiers of the +line are peaceful. Why are we anxious? Because there sits in his +chamber at the Tuileries a solitary moody man. He is deeply +interested in the science and the art of war; he told me once that +he was contemplating a history of all the great battles ever +fought. He holds absolute control over vast resources both in men +and money; he has shown that he can attack successfully at a few +weeks' notice the greatest European military power: gout or +indigestion may at any moment convert him into an enemy of +ourselves. Until France returns to parliamentary government this +danger is imminent and continual. Our safety lies in our fleet, +and in that alone. If for twenty-four hours only the Channel were +denuded of our ships in time of war with France, they would hurl +upon our shores a force we could not meet. Such denudation must be +made impossible; our fleet so augmented and strengthened as to +provide impregnably at all times for home defence no less than for +foreign necessities. Our danger, I repeat, lies in no hostility on +the part of the French army, in no ferocity on the part of the +French people, in no PRESENT unfriendliness on the part of the +French Emperor: it arises from the fact that a revolutionary +government exists in France, which has armed one man, under the +name of Emperor--Dictator rather, I should say--with a power so +colossal, that until such power is moderated, as all power ought to +be, no neighbour can be entirely safe." This speech was reproduced +in "The Times." Montalembert read it with admiration. "Who," he +asked Sir M. E. Grant Duff, "who is Mr. Kinglake?" "He is the +author of 'Eothen.'" "And what is 'Eothen?' I never heard of it." + +He found great enjoyment in parliamentary life, but was in 1868 +unseated on petition for bribery on the part of his agents. Blue- +books are not ordinarily light reading; but the Report of the +Commissioners appointed to inquire into the alleged corrupt +practices at Bridgewater is not only a model of terse and vigorous +composition, but to persons with a sense of humour, inclined to +view human irregularities and inconsistencies in a sportive rather +than an indignant light, it is a sustained and diverting comedy. +Of the constituency, both before and after the Reform Bill, three- +fourths, the Commissioners artlessly inform us, sought and received +bribes; of the remainder, all but a few individuals negotiated and +gave the bribes. So in every election, both sides bribed avowedly; +if a luckless Purity Candidate appeared, he was promptly informed +that "Mr. Most" would win the seat: highest bribes decided each +election, further bribes averted petitions. When once a desperate +riot took place and the ringleaders were tried at Quarter Sessions, +the jury were bribed to acquit, in the teeth of the Chairman's +summing up. At last, in 1868, the defeated candidate petitioned; +blue-book literature was enriched by a remarkable report, and the +borough was disfranchised. Of course Kinglake had only himself to +thank; if a gentleman chooses to sit for a venal borough, and to +intrust his interests to a questionable agent, he must, in the +words of Mrs. Gamp, "take the consequences of sech a sitiwation." +The consequences to him were loss of his present seat, and +permanent exclusion from Parliament. + +He was keenly mortified by his ostracism, speaking of himself ever +after as "a political corpse." Thenceforward he gave his whole +energy to literary work, to occasional reviews, mainly to his +"Invasion of the Crimea." In the "Edinburgh" I think he never +wrote, cordially disliking its then editor. A fine notice in +"Blackwood" of Madame de Lafayette's life was from his pen. +Surveying the Revolutionary Terror, he points out that +Robespierre's opponents were in numbers overwhelmingly strong, but +lacked cohesion and leaders; while the Mountain, dominated by a +single will, was legally armed with power to kill, and went on +killing. The Church played into Robespierre's hands by enforcing +Patience and Resignation as the highest Christian virtues, +confusing the idea of submission to Heaven with the idea of +submission to a scoundrel. Had Hampden been a Papist he would have +paid ship-money. He wrote also in "The Owl," a brilliant little +magazine edited by his friend Laurence Oliphant; a "Society +Journal," conducted by a set of clever well-to-do young bachelors +living in London, addressed like the "Pall Mall Gazette," in +"Pendennis," "to the higher circles of society, written by +gentlemen for gentlemen." When the expenses of production were +paid, the balance was spent on a whitebait dinner at Greenwich, and +on offerings of flowers and jewellery to the lady guests invited. +It came to an end, leaving no successor equally brilliant, high- +toned, wholesome; its collected numbers figure sometimes at a +formidable price in sales and catalogues. {15} + +The first two volumes of his "Crimea" had appeared in 1863. They +were awaited with eager expectation. An elaborate history of the +war had been written by a Baron de Bazancourt, condemned as unfair +and unreliable by English statesmen, and severely handled in our +reviews. So the wish was felt everywhere for some record less +ephemeral, which should render the tale historically, and +counteract Bazancourt's misstatements. "I hear," wrote the Duke of +Newcastle, "that Kinglake has undertaken the task. He has a noble +opportunity of producing a text-book for future history, but to +accomplish this it must be STOICALLY impartial." + +The beauty of their style, the merciless portraiture of the Second +Empire, the unparalleled diorama of the Alma fight, combined to +gain for these first four-and-twenty chapters an immediate vogue as +emphatic and as widely spread as that which saluted the opening of +Macaulay's "History." None of the later volumes, though highly +prized as battle narratives, quite came up to these. The political +and military conclusions drawn provoked no small bitterness; his +cousin, Mrs. Serjeant Kinglake, used to say that she met sometimes +with almost affronting coldness in society at the time, under the +impression that she was A. W. Kinglake's wife. Russians were, +perhaps unfairly, dissatisfied. Todleben, who knew and loved +Kinglake well, pronounced the book a charming romance, not a +history of the war. Individuals were aggrieved by its notice of +themselves or of their regiments; statesmen chafed under the +scientific analysis of their characters, or at the publication of +official letters which they had intended but not required to be +looked upon as confidential, and which the recipients had in all +innocence communicated to the historian. Palmerstonians, accepting +with their chief the Man of December, were furious at the exposure +of his basenesses. Lucas in "The Times" pronounced the work +perverse and mischievous; the "Westminster Review" branded it as +reactionary. "The Quarterly," in an article ascribed to A. H. +Layard, condemned its style as laboured and artificial; as palling +from the sustained pomp and glitter of the language; as wearisome +from the constant strain after minute dissection; declaring it +further to be "in every sense of the word a mischievous book." +"Blackwood," less unfriendly, surrendered itself to the beauty of +the writing; "satire so studied, so polished, so remorseless, and +withal so diabolically entertaining, that we know not where in +modern literature to seek such another philippic." + +Reeve, editor of the "Edinburgh," wished Lord Clarendon to attack +the book; he refused, but offered help, and the resulting article +was due to the collaboration of the pair. It caused a prolonged +coolness between Reeve and Kinglake, who at last ended the quarrel +by a characteristic letter: "I observed yesterday that my malice, +founded perhaps upon a couple of words, and now of three years' +duration, had not engendered corresponding anger in you; and if my +impression was a right one, I trust we may meet for the future on +our old terms." + +On the other hand, the "Saturday Review," then at the height of its +repute and influence, vindicated in a powerful article Kinglake's +truth and fairness; and a pamphlet by Hayward, called "Mr. Kinglake +and the Quarterlies," amused society by its furious onslaught upon +the hostile periodicals, laid bare their animus, and exposed their +misstatements. "If you rise in this tone," he began, in words of +Lord Ellenborough when Attorney-General, "I can speak as loudly and +emphatically: I shall prosecute the case with all the liberality +of a gentleman, but no tone or manner shall put me down." And the +dissentient voices were drowned in the general chorus of +admiration. German eulogy was extravagant; French Republicanism +was overjoyed; Englishmen, at home and abroad, read eagerly for the +first time in close and vivid sequence events which, when spread +over thirty months of daily newspapers, few had the patience to +follow, none the qualifications to condense. Macaulay tells us +that soon after the appearance of his own first volumes, a Mr. +Crump from America offered him five hundred dollars if he would +introduce the name of Crump into his history. An English gentleman +and lady, from one of our most distant colonies, wrote to Kinglake +a jointly signed pathetic letter, intreating him to cite in his +pages the name of their only son, who had fallen in the Crimea. He +at once consented, and asked for particulars--manner, time, place-- +of the young man's death. The parents replied that they need not +trouble him with details; these should be left to the historian's +kind inventiveness: whatever he might please to say in +embellishment of their young hero's end they would gratefully +accept. + +Unlike most authors, from Moliere down to Dickens, he never read +aloud to friends any portion of the unpublished manuscript; never, +except to closest intimates, spoke of the book, or tolerated +inquiry about it from others. When asked as to the progress of a +volume he had in hand, he used to say, "That is really a matter on +which it is quite out of my power even to inform myself"; and I +remember how once at a well-selected dinner-party in the country, +whither he came in good spirits and inclined to talk his best, a +second-hand criticism on his book by a conceited parson, the +official and incongruous element in the group, stiffened him into +persistent silence. All England laughed, when Blackwood's +"Memoirs" saw the light, over his polite repulse of the kindly +officious publisher, who wished, after his fashion, to criticise +and finger and suggest. "I am almost alarmed, as it were, at the +notion of receiving suggestions. I feel that hints from you might +be so valuable and so important, it might be madness to ask you +beforehand to abstain from giving me any; but I am anxious for you +to know what the dangers in the way of long delay might be, the +result of even a few slight and possibly most useful suggestions. . +. . You will perhaps (after what I have said) think it best not to +set my mind running in a new path, lest I should take to re- +writing." Note, by the way, the slovenliness of this epistle, as +coming from so great a master of style; that defect characterizes +all his correspondence. He wrote for the Press "with all his +singing robes about him"; his letters were unrevised and brief. +Mrs. Simpson, in her pleasant "Memories," ascribes to him the +eloquence du billet in a supreme degree. I must confess that of +more than five hundred letters from his pen which I have seen only +six cover more than a single sheet of note-paper, all are alike +careless and unstudied in style, though often in matter +characteristic and informing. "I am not by nature," he would say, +"a letter-writer, and habitually think of the uncertainty as to who +may be the reader of anything that I write. It is my fate, as a +writer of history, to have before me letters never intended for my +eyes, and this has aggravated my foible, and makes me a wretched +correspondent. I should like very much to write letters gracefully +and easily, but I can't, because it is contrary to my nature." "I +have got," he writes so early as 1873, "to shrink from the use of +the pen; to ask me to write letters is like asking a lame man to +walk; it is not, as horse-dealers say, 'the nature of the beast.' +When others TALK to me charmingly, my answers are short, faltering, +incoherent sentences; so it is with my writing." "You," he says to +another lady correspondent, "have the pleasant faculty of easy, +pleasant letter-writing, in which I am wholly deficient." + +In fact, the claims of his Crimean book, which compelled him +latterly to refuse all other literary work, gave little time for +correspondence. Its successive revisions formed his daily task +until illness struck him down. Sacks of Crimean notes, labelled +through some fantastic whim with female Christian names--the Helen +bag, the Adelaide bag, etc.--were ranged round his room. His +working library was very small in bulk, his habit being to cut out +from any book the pages which would be serviceable, and to fling +the rest away. So, we are told, the first Napoleon, binding +volumes for his travelling library, shore their margins to the +quick, and removed all prefaces, title-pages, and other superfluous +leaves. So, too, Edward Fitzgerald used to tear out of his books +all that in his judgment fell below their authors' highest +standard, retaining for his own delectation only the quintessential +remnants. Vols. III. and IV. appeared in 1868, V. in 1875, VI. in +1880, VII. and VIII. in 1887; while a Cabinet Edition of the whole +in nine volumes was issued continuously from 1870 to 1887. Our +attempt to appreciate the book shall be reserved for another +chapter. + + + +CHAPTER IV--"THE INVASION OF THE CRIMEA" + + + +Was the history of the Crimean War worth writing? Not as a +magnified newspaper report,--that had been already done--but as a +permanent work of art from the pen of a great literary expert? +Very many of us, I think, after the lapse of fifty years, feel +compelled to say that it was not. The struggle represented no +great principles, begot no far-reaching consequences. It was not +inspired by the "holy glee" with which in Wordsworth's sonnet +Liberty fights against a tyrant, but by the faltering boldness, the +drifting, purposeless unresolve of statesmen who did not desire it, +and by the irrational violence of a Press which did not understand +it. It was not a necessary war; its avowed object would have been +attained within a few weeks or months by bloodless European +concert. It was not a glorious war; crippled by an incompatible +alliance and governed by the Evil Genius who had initiated it for +personal and sordid ends, it brought discredit on baffled generals +in the field, on Crown, Cabinet, populace, at home. It was not a +fruitful war; the detailed results purchased by its squandered life +and treasure lapsed in swift succession during twenty sequent +years, until the last sheet of the treaty which secured them was +contemptuously torn up by Gortschakoff in 1870. But a right sense +of historical proportion is in no time the heritage of the many, +and is least of all attainable while the memory of a campaign is +fresh. On Englishmen who welcomed home their army in 1855, the +strife from which shattered but victorious it had returned, loomed +as epoch-making and colossal, as claiming therefore permanent +record from some eloquent artist of attested descriptive power. +Soon the report gained ground that the destined chronicler was +Kinglake, and all men hailed the selection; yet the sceptic who in +looking back to-day decries the greatness of the campaign may +perhaps no less hesitate to approve the fitness of its chosen +annalist. His fame was due to the perfection of a single book; he +ranked as a potentate in STYLE. But literary perfection, whether +in prose or poetry, is a fragile quality, an afflatus irregular, +independent, unamenable to orders; the official tributes of a +Laureate we compliment at their best with the northern farmer's +verdict on the pulpit performances of his parson: + + +"An' I niver knaw'd wot a mean'd but I thow't a 'ad summut to saay, +And I thowt a said wot a owt to 'a said an' I comed awaay." + + +Set to compile a biography from thirty years of "Moniteurs," the +author of Waverley, like Lord Chesterfield's diamond pencil, +produced one miracle of dulness; it might well be feared that +Kinglake's volatile pen, when linked with forceful feeling and +bound to rigid task-work, might lose the charm of casual epigram, +easy luxuriance, playful egotism, vagrant allusion, which +established "Eothen" as a classic. On the other hand, he had been +for twenty years conversant with Eastern history, geography, +politics; was, more than most professional soldiers, an adept in +military science; had sate in the centre of the campaign as its +general's guest and comrade; was intrusted, above all, by Lady +Raglan with the entire collection of her husband's papers: her +wish, implied though not expressed, that they should be utilized +for the vindication of the great field-marshal's fame, he accepted +as a sacred charge; her confidence not only governed his decision +to become the historian of the war, but imparted a personal +character to the narrative. + +In order, therefore, rightly to appreciate "The Invasion of the +Crimea," we must look upon it as a great prose epic; its argument, +machinery, actors, episodes, subordinate to a predominant ever +present hero. In its fine preamble Lord Raglan sits enthroned high +above generals, armies, spectators, conflicts; on the quality of +his mind the fate of two great hosts and the fame of two great +nations hang. He checks St. Arnaud's wild ambition; overrules the +waverings of the Allies; against his own judgment, but in dutiful +obedience to home instruction carries out the descent upon the Old +Fort coast. The successful achievement of the perilous flank march +is ascribed to the undivided command which, during forty-eight +hours, accident had conferred upon him. From his presence in +council French and English come away convinced and strengthened; +his calm in action imparts itself to anxious generals and panic- +stricken aides-de-camp. Through Alma fight, from the high knoll to +which happy audacity had carried him he rides the whirlwind and +directs the storm. In the terrible crisis which sees the Russians +breaking over the crest of Inkerman, in the ill-fated attack on the +Great Redan where Lacy Yea is killed, his apparent freedom from +anxiety infects all around him and achieves redemption from +disaster. {16} We see him in his moments of vexation and +discomfiture; dissembling pain and anger under the stress of the +French alliance, galled by Cathcart's disobedience, by the loss of +the Light Brigade, by Lord Panmure's insulting, querulous, +unfounded blame. We read his last despatch, framed with wonted +grace and clearness; then--on the same day--we see the outworn +frame break down, and follow mournfully two days later the +afflicting details of his death. As the generals and admirals of +the allied forces stand round the dead hero's form, as the palled +bier, draped in the flag of England, is carried from headquarters +to the port, as the "Caradoc," steaming away with her honoured +freight, flies out her "Farewell" signal, the narrative abruptly +ends. The months of the siege which still remained might be left +to other hands or lapse untold. Troy had still to be taken when +Hector died; but with his funeral dirge the Iliad closed, the blind +bard's task was over: + + +"Such honours Ilion to her hero paid, +And peaceful slept the mighty Hector's shade." + + +If the framework of the narrative is epic, its treatment is +frequently dramatic. The "Usage of Europe" in the opening pages is +not so much a record as a personification of unwritten Law: the +Great Eltchi tramps the stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on +fustian. Dramatic is the story of the sleeping Cabinet. "It was +evening--a summer evening"--one thinks of a world-famous passage in +the "De Corona"--when the Duke of Newcastle carried to Richmond +Lodge the fateful despatch committing England to the war. "Before +the reading of the Paper had long continued, all the members of the +Cabinet except a small minority were overcome with sleep"; the few +who remained awake were in a quiet, assenting frame of mind, and +the despatch "received from the Cabinet the kind of approval which +is awarded to an unobjectionable Sermon." Not less dramatic is +Nolan's death; the unearthly shriek of the slain corpse erect in +saddle with sword arm high in air, as the dead horseman rode still +seated through the 13th Light Dragoons; the "Minden Yell" of the +20th driving down upon the Iakoutsk battalion; the sustained and +scathing satire on the Notre Dame Te Deum for the Boulevard +massacre. A simple dialogue, a commonplace necessary act, is +staged sometimes for effect. "Then Lord Stratford apprised the +Sultan that he had a private communication to make to him. The +pale Sultan listened." . . . "Whose was the mind which had freshly +come to bear upon this part of the fight? Sir Colin Campbell was +sitting in his saddle, the veteran was watching his time." . . . +"The Emperor Nicholas was alone in his accustomed writing-room. He +took no counsel; he rang a bell. Presently an officer of his staff +stood before him. To him he gave his order for the occupation of +the Principalities." This overpasses drama--it is melodrama. + +To the personal element which pervades the volumes great part of +their charm is due. The writer never obtrudes himself, but leaves +his presence to be discerned by the touches which attest an eye- +witness. Through his observant nearness we watch the Chief's +demeanour and hear his words; see him "turn scarlet with shame and +anger" when the brutal Zouaves carry outrage into the friendly +Crimean village, witness his personal succour of the wounded +Russian after Inkerman, hear his arch acceptance of the French +courtesy, so careful always to yield the post of danger to the +English; his "Go quietly" to the excited aide-de-camp; {17} his +good-humoured reception of the scared and breathless messenger from +D'Aurelle's brigade; the "five words" spoken to Airey commanding +the long delayed advance across the Alma; the "tranquil low voice" +which gave the order rescuing the staff from its unforeseen +encounter with the Russian rear. He records Codrington's leap on +his grey Arab into the breast-work of the Great Redoubt; Lacy Yea's +passionate energy in forcing his clustered regiment to open out; +Miller's stentorian "Rally" in reforming the Scots Greys after the +Balaclava charge; Clarke losing his helmet in the same charge, and +creating amongst the Russians, as he plunged in bareheaded amongst +their ranks, the belief that he was sheltered by some Satanic +charm. He notes on the Alma the singular pause of sound maintained +by both armies just before the cannonade began; the first death--of +an artilleryman riding before his gun--a new sight to nine-tenths +of those who witnessed it; {18} the weird scream of exploding +shells as they rent the air around. He crossed the Alma close +behind Lord Raglan, cantering after him to the summit of a +conspicuous hillock in the heart of the enemy's position, whence +the mere sight of plumed English officers scared the Russian +generals, and, followed soon by guns and troops, governed the issue +of the fight. The general's manner was "the manner of a man +enlivened by the progress of a great undertaking without being +robbed of his leisure. He spoke to me, I remember, about his +horse. He seemed like a man who had a clue of his own and knew his +way through the battle." When the last gun was fired Kinglake +followed the Chief back, witnessed the wild burst of cheering +accorded to him by the whole British army, a manifestation, Lord +Burghersh tells us, which greatly distressed his modesty--and dined +alone with him in his tent on the evening of the eventful day. + +If Lord Raglan was the Hector of the Crimean Iliad, its Agamemnon +was Lord Stratford: "king of men," as Stanley called him in his +funeral sermon at Westminster; king of distrustful home Cabinets, +nominally his masters, of scheming European embassies, of insulting +Russian opponents, of presumptuous French generals, of false and +fleeting Pashas (Le Sultan, c'est Lord Stratford, said St. Arnaud), +of all men, whatever their degree, who entered his ambassadorial +presence. Ascendency was native to the man; while yet in his teens +we find Etonian and Cambridge friends writing to him deferentially +as to a critic and superior. At four and twenty he became Minister +to a Court manageable only by high-handed authority and menace. He +owned, and for the most part controlled, a violent temper; it broke +bounds sometimes, to our great amusement as we read to-day, to the +occasional discomfiture of attaches or of dependents, {19} to the +abject terror of Turkish Sublimities who had outworn his patience. +But he knew when to be angry; he could pulverize by fiery outbreaks +the Reis Effendi and his master, Abdu-l-Mejid; but as +Plenipotentiary to the United States he could "quench the terror of +his beak, the lightning of his eye," disarming by his formal +courtesy and winning by his obvious sincerity the suspicious and +irritable John Quincy Adams. When Menschikoff once insulted him, +seeing that a quarrel at that moment would be fatal to his purpose, +he pretended to be deaf, and left the Russian in the belief that +his rude speech had not been heard. Enthroned for the sixth time +in Constantinople, at the dangerous epoch of 1853, he could point +to an unequalled diplomatic record in the past; to the Treaty of +Bucharest, to reunion of the Helvetic Confederacy shattered by +Napoleon's fall, to the Convention which ratified Greek +independence, to the rescue from Austrian malignity of the +Hungarian refugees. + +His conduct of the negotiations preceding the Crimean War is justly +called the cornerstone of his career: at this moment of his +greatness Kinglake encounters and describes him: through the +brilliant chapters in his opening volume, as more fully later on +through Mr. Lane Poole's admirable biography, the Great Eltchi is +known to English readers. He moves across the stage with a majesty +sometimes bordering on what Iago calls bombast circumstance; drums +and trumpets herald his every entrance; now pacing the shady +gardens of the Bosphorus, now foiling, "in his grand quiet way," +the Czar's ferocious Christianity, or torturing his baffled +ambassador by scornful concession of the points which he formally +demanded but did not really want; or crushing with "thin, tight, +merciless lips and grand overhanging Canning brow" the presumptuous +French commander who had dared to enter his presence with a plot +for undermining England's influence in the partnership of the +campaign. Was he, we ask as we end the fascinating description, +was he, what Bright and the Peace Party proclaimed him to be, the +cause of the Crimean War? The Czar's personal dislike to him--a +caprice which has never been explained {20}--exasperated no doubt +to the mind of Nicholas the repulse of Menschikoff's demands; but +that the precipitation of the prince and his master had put the +Russian Court absolutely in the wrong is universally admitted. It +has been urged against him that his recommendation of the famous +Vienna Note to the Porte was official merely, and allowed the +watchful Turks to assume his personal approbation of their refusal. +It may be so; his biographer does not admit so much: but it is +obvious that the Turks were out of hand, and that no pressure from +Lord Stratford could have persuaded them to accept the Note. +Further, the "Russian Analysis of the Note," escaping shortly +afterwards from the bag of diplomatic secrecy, revealed to our +Cabinet the necessity of those amendments to the Note on which the +Porte had insisted. And lastly, the passage of the Dardanelles by +our fleet, which more than any overt act made war inevitable, was +ordered by the Government at home against Lord Stratford's counsel. +Between panic-stricken statesmen and vacillating ambassadors, Lord +Clarendon on one side, M. de la Cour on the other, the Eltchi +stands like Tennyson's promontory of rock, + + +"Tempest-buffeted, citadel-crowned." + + +Napoleon at St. Helena attributed much of his success in the field +to the fact that he was not hampered by governments at home. Every +modern commander, down certainly to the present moment, must have +envied him. Kinglake's mordant pen depicts with felicity and +compression the men of Downing Street, who without military +experience or definite political aim, thwarted, criticised, over- +ruled, tormented, their much-enduring General. We have Aberdeen, +deficient in mental clearness and propelling force, by his horror +of war bringing war to pass; Gladstone, of too subtle intellect and +too lively conscience, "a good man in the worst sense of the term"; +Palmerston, above both in keenness of instinct and in strength of +will, meaning war from the first, and biding his time to insure it; +Newcastle, sanguine to the verge of rashness, loyally adherent to +Lord Raglan while governed by his own judgment, distrustful under +stress of popular clamour; Panmure, ungenerous, rough-tongued, +violent, churlish, yet not malevolent--"a rhinoceros rather than a +tiger"--hurried by subservience to the newspaper Press into +injustice which he afterwards recognized, yet did but sullenly +repair. We see finally that dominant Press itself, personified in +the all-powerful Delane, a potentate with convictions at once +flexible and vehement; forceful without spite and merciless without +malignity; writing no articles, but evoking, shaping, revising all. +The French commanders were not hampered by the muzzled Paris Press, +which had long since ceased to utter any but dictated sentiments; +they suffered even more disastrously from the imperious +interference of the Tuileries. Canrobert's inaction, mutability, +sudden alarms, flagrant breaches of faith, were inexplicable until +long afterwards, when the fall of the Empire disclosed the secret +instructions--disloyal to his allies and ruinous to the campaign-- +by which Louis Napoleon shackled his unhappy General. In +Canrobert's successor, Pelissier, he met his match. For the first +time a strong man headed the French army. Short of stature, bull- +necked and massive in build, with grey hair, long dark moustache, +keen fiery eyes, his coarse rough speech masking tested brain power +and high intellectual culture, he brought new life to the benumbed +French army, new hope to Lord Raglan. The duel between the +resolute general and the enraged Emperor is narrated with a touch +comedy. All that Lord Raglan desired, all that the Emperor +forbade, Pelissier was stubbornly determined to accomplish; the +siege should be pressed at once, the city taken at any cost, the +expedition to Kertch resumed. Once only, under torment of the +Emperor's reproaches and the Minister at War's remonstrances, his +resolution and his nerve gave way; eight days of failing judgment +issued in the Karabelnaya defeat, the severest repulse which the +two armies had sustained; but the paralysis passed away, he showed +himself once more eager to act in concert with the English +general;--when the long-borne strain of disappointment and anxiety +sapped at last Lord Raglan's vital forces, and the hard fierce +Frenchman stood for upwards of an hour beside his dead colleague's +bedside, "crying like a child." + +The lieutenants of Lord Raglan in the Crimea have long since passed +away, but in artistic epical presentment they retain their place +around him. Airey, his right hand from the first disembarkation at +Kalamita Bay, strong-willed, decisive, ardent, thrusting away +suspense and doubt, untying every knot, is vindicated by his Chief +against the Duke of Newcastle's wordy inculpation in the severest +despatch perhaps ever penned to his official superior by a soldier +in the field. Colin Campbell, with glowing face, grey kindling +eye, light, stubborn, crisping hair, leads his Highland brigade tip +the hill against the Vladimir columns, till "with the sorrowful +wail which bursts from the brave Russian infantry when they have to +suffer loss," eight battalions of the enemy fall back in retreat. +Lord Lucan, tall, lithe, slender, his face glittering and panther- +like in moments of strenuous action, wins our hearts as he won +Kinglake's, in spite of the mis-aimed cleverness and presumptuous +self-confidence which always criticised and sometimes disobeyed the +orders of his Chief. General Pennefather, "the grand old boy," his +exulting radiant face flashing everywhere through the smoke, his +resonant innocuous oaths roaring cheerily down the line, sustains +all day the handful of our troops against the tenfold masses of the +enemy. Generous and eloquent are the notices of Korniloff and +Todleben, the great sailor and the great engineer, the soul and the +brain of the Sebastopol defence. The first fell in the siege, the +second lived to write its history, to become a valued friend of +Kinglake, to explore and interpret in his company long afterwards +the scenes of struggle; his book and his personal guidance gave to +the historian what would otherwise have been unattainable, a clear +knowledge of the conflict as viewed from within the town. + +The pitched battlefields of the campaign were three, Alma, +Balaclava, Inkerman. The Alma chapter is the most graphic, for +there the fight was concentrated, offering to a spectator by Lord +Raglan's side a coup d'oeil of the entire action. The French were +by bad generalship virtually wiped out; for Bosquet crossed the +river too far to the right, Canrobert was afraid to move without +artillery, Prince Napoleon and St. Arnaud's reserves were jammed +together in the bottom of the valley. We see, as though on the +spot, the advance, irregular and unsupported, of Codrington's +brigade, their dash into the Great Redoubt and subsequent +disorderly retreat; the enemy checked by the two guns from Lord +Raglan's knoll and by the steadiness of the Royal Fusiliers; the +repulse of the Scots Fusiliers and the peril which hung over the +event; then the superb advance of Guards and Highlanders up the +hill, thin red line against massive columns, which determined +finally the action. + +The interest of the Balaclava fight centres in the two historic +cavalry charges. Here again, from his position on the hill above, +Kinglake witnessed both; the first, clear in smokeless air, the +second lost in the volleying clouds which filled the valley of +death. He saw the enormous mass of Russian cavalry, 3,500 sabres, +flooding like an avalanche down the hill with a momentum which +Scarlett's tiny squadron could not for a moment have resisted; +their unexplained halt, the three hundred seizing the opportunity +to strike, digging individually into the Russian ranks, the scarlet +streaks visibly cleaving the dense grey columns. Inwedged and +surrounded, in their passionate blood frenzy, with ceaseless play +of whirling sword, with impetus of human and equestrian weight and +strength, the red atoms hewed their way to the Russian rear, +turned, worked back, emerged, reformed; while the 4th and 5th +Dragoons, the Royals, the 1st Inniskillings, dashed upon the amazed +column right, left, front, till the close-locked mass headed slowly +up the hill, ranks loosened, horsemen turned and galloped off, a +beaten straggling herd. Eight minutes elapsed from the time when +Scarlett gave the word to charge, until the moment when the +Russians broke: we turn from the fifty describing pages, +breathless as though we had ridden in the melley; if the episode +has no historical parallel, the narrative is no less unique. Our +greatest contemporary poet tried to celebrate it; his lines are +tame and unexciting beside Kinglake's passionate pulsing rhapsody. +Its effect upon the Russian mind was lasting; out of all their vast +array hardly a single squadron was ever after able to keep its +ground against the approach of English cavalry; while but for +Cathcart's obstinacy and Lucan's temper it would have issued in the +immediate recapture of the Causeway Heights. + +The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the other hand, while it +stirred the imagination of the poet, shocked the military +conscience of the historian. He saw in it with agony, as Lord +Raglan saw, as the French spectators saw, no act of heroic +sacrifice, but a needless, fruitless massacre. "You have lost the +Light Brigade," was his commander's salutation to Lord Lucan. +"C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre," was the oft-quoted +reproof of Bosquet. The "someone's blunder," the sullen perversity +in misconception which destroyed the flower of our cavalry, has +faded from men's memories; the splendour of the deed remains. It +is well to recover salvage from the irrevocable, to voice and to +prolong the deep human interest attaching to death encountered at +the call of duty; that is the poet's task, and brilliantly it has +been discharged. Its other side, the paean of sorrow for a self- +destructive exploit, the dirge on lives wantonly thrown away, the +deep blame attaching to the untractableness which sent them to +their doom, was the task of the historian, and that too has been +faithfully and lastingly accomplished. + +Inkerman was the most complicated of the battles; the chapters +which record it are correspondingly taxing to the reader. More +than once or twice they must be scanned, with close study of their +lucid maps, before the intricate sequences are fairly and +distinctively grasped; the sixth book of Thucydides, a standing +terror to young Greek students, is light and easy reading compared +with the bulky sixth volume of Kinglake. The hero of the day was +Pennefather; he maintained on Mount Inkerman a combat of pickets +reinforced from time to time, while around him through nine hours +successive attacks of thousands were met by hundreds. The +disparity of numbers was appalling. At daybreak 40,000 Russian +troops advanced against 3,000 English and were repulsed. Three +hours later 19,000 fresh troops came on, passed through a gap in +our lines, which Cathcart's disobedience, atoned for presently by +his death, had left unoccupied, and seized the heights behind us; +they too were dispossessed, but our numbers were dwindling and our +strength diminishing. The Home Ridge, key of our position, was +next invaded by 6,000 Russians; the 7th St. Leger, linked with a +few Zouaves and with 200 men of our 77th Regiment, French and +English for once joyously intermingled, hurled them back. It was +the crisis of the fight; Canrobert's interposition would have +determined it; but he sullenly refused to move. Finally, led by +two or three daring young officers, 300 of our wearied troops +charged the Russian battery which had tormented us all day; their +artillerymen, already flinching under the galling fire of two 18- +pounders, brought up by Lord Raglan's foresight early in the +morning, hastily withdrew their guns, and the battle was won. It +was a day of Homeric rushes; Burnaby, with only twenty men to +support him, rescuing the Grenadier Guards' colours; the onset of +the 20th with their "Minden Yell"; Colonel Daubeny with two dozen +followers cleaving the Russian trunk column at the barrier; Waddy's +dash at the retreating artillery train, foiled only by the presence +and the readiness of Todleben. One marvels in reading how the +English held their own; their victory against so tremendous odds is +ascribed by the historian to three conditions; the hampering of the +enemy by his crowded masses; the slaughter amongst his officers +early in the fight, which deprived their men of leadership; above +all, the dense mist which obscured from him the fewness of his +opponents. If Canrobert with his fresh troops had followed in +pursuit, the Russian's retreat must have been turned into a rout +and his artillery captured; if on the following day he had +assaulted the Flagstaff Bastion, Sebastopol, Todleben owned, must +have fallen. He would do neither; his hesitancy and apparent +feebleness have already been explained; but to it, and to the +sinister influence which held his hand, were due the subsequent +miseries of the Crimean winter. + +But the epic muse exacted from Kinglake, as from Virgil long +before, the portrayal not only of generals and of battles, but of +two great monarchs, each in his own day conspicuously and +absolutely prominent--the Czar Nicholas and the Emperor Napoleon: + + +"dicam horrida belia, +Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera REGES." + + +His handling of them is characteristic. Few men living then could +have approached either without a certain awe, their "genius" +rebuked,--like Mark Antony's, in the presence of Caesars so +imposing and so mighty; Kinglake's attitude towards both is the +attitude of cold analysis. + +In the opening of the fifties the Czar Nicholas was the most +powerful man then living in the world. He ruled over sixty million +subjects whose loyalty bordered on worship: he had in arms a +million soldiers, brave and highly trained. In the troubles of +1848 he had stood scornful and secure amid the overthrow of +surrounding thrones; and the entire impact of his vast and well- +organized Empire was subject to his single will; whatever he chose +to do he did. Of stern and unrelenting nature, of active and +widely ranging capacity for business, of gigantic stature and +commanding presence, he inspired almost universal terror; and yet +his friendliness had when he pleased a glow and frankness +irresistible in its charm. Readers of Queen Victoria's early life +will recall the alarm she felt at his sudden proposal to visit +Windsor in 1844, the fascination which his presence exercised on +her when he became her guest. He professed to embody his standard +of conduct in the English word "gentleman"; his ideal of human +grandeur was the character of the Duke of Wellington. It was an +evil destiny that betrayed this high-minded man into crooked ways; +that made England sacrifice the stateliest among her ancient +friends to an ignoble and crime-stained adventurer; that poured out +blood and treasure for no public advantage and with no permanent +result; that first humiliated, then slew with broken heart the man +who had been so great, and who is still regarded by surviving +Russians who knew his inner life and had seen him in his gentle +mood with passionate reverence and affection. + +Kinglake's description of "Prince Louis Bonaparte," of his +character, his accomplices, his policy, his crimes, is perhaps +unequalled in historical literature; I know not where else to look +for a vivisection so scientific and so merciless of a great +potentate in the height of his power. With scrutiny polite, +impartial, guarded, he lays bare the springs of a conscienceless +nature and the secrets of a crime-driven career; while for the +combination of precise simplicity with exhaustive synopsis, the +masquerading of moral indignation in the guise of mocking laughter, +the loathing of a gentleman for a scoundrel set to the measure not +of indignation but of contempt, we must go back to the refined +insolence, the [Greek text which cannot be reproduced] of Voltaire. +He had well known Prince Napoleon in his London days, had been +attracted by him as a curiosity--"a balloon man who had twice +fallen from the skies and yet was still alive"--had divined the +mental power veiled habitually by his blank, opaque, wooden looks, +had listened to his ambitious talk and gathered up the utterances +of his thoughtful, long-pondering mind, had quarrelled with him +finally and lastingly over rivalry in the good graces of a woman. +{21} He saw in him a fourfold student; of the art of war, of the +mind of the first Napoleon, of the French people's character, of +the science by which law may lend itself to stratagem and become a +weapon of deceit. + +The intellect of this strange being was subject to an uncertainty +of judgment, issuing in ambiguity of enterprise, and giving an +impression of well-kept secrecy, due often to the fact that divided +by mental conflict he had no secret to tell. He understood truth, +but under the pressure of strong motive would invariably deceive. +He sometimes, out of curiosity, would listen to the voice of +conscience, and could imitate neatly on occasion the scrupulous +language of a man of honour; but the consideration that one of two +courses was honest, and the other not, never entered into his +motives for action. He was bold in forming plots, and skilful in +conducting them; but in the hour of trial and under the confront of +physical danger he was paralysed by constitutional timidity. His +great aim in life was to be conspicuous--digito monstrarier-- +coupled with a theatric mania which made scenic effects and +surprises essential to the eminence he craved. + +Handling this key to his character, Kinglake pursues him into his +December treason, contrasts the consummate cleverness of his +schemes with the faltering cowardice which shrank, like Macbeth's +ambition, from "the illness should attend them," and which, but for +the stronger nerve of those behind him, would have caused his +collapse, at Paris as at Strasburg and Boulogne, in contact with +the shock of action. It is difficult now to realize the commotion +caused by this fourteenth chapter of Kinglake's book. The Emperor +was at the summit of his power, fresh from Austrian conquest, +viewed with alarm by England, whose rulers feared his strength and +were distrustful of his friendship. Our Crown, our government, our +society, had condoned his usurpation; he had kissed the Queen's +cheek, bent her ministers to his will, ridden through her capital a +triumphant and applauded guest. And now men read not only a +cynical dissection of his character and disclosure of his early +foibles, but the hideous details of his deceit and treachery, the +phases of cold-blooded massacre and lawless deportation by which he +emptied France of all who hesitated to enrol themselves as his +accomplices or his tools. Forty years have passed since the +terrible indictment was put forth; down to its minutest allegation +it has been proved literally true; the arch criminal has fallen +from his estate to die in disgrace, disease, exile. When we talk +to-day with cultivated Frenchmen of that half-forgotten epoch, and +of the book which bared its horrors, we are met by their response +of ardent gratitude to the man who joined to passionate hatred of +iniquity surpassing capacity for denouncing it; their avowal that +with all its frequent exposure of their military shortcomings and +depreciation of their national character, no English chronicle of +the century stands higher in their esteem than the history of the +war in the Crimea. + +The close of the book is grim and tragic in the main, the stir of +gallant fights exchanged for the dreary course of siege, +intrenchment, mine and countermine. We have the awful winter on +the heights, the November hurricane, the foiled bombardments, the +cruel blunder of the Karabelnaya assault, the bitter natural +discontent at home, the weak subservience of our government to +misdirected clamour, the touching help-fraught advent of the Lady +Nurses: then, just as better prospects dawn, the Chief's collapse +and death. From the morrow of Inkerman to the end, through no +fault of his, the historian's chariot wheels drag. More and more +one sees how from the nature of the task, except for the flush of +contemporary interest then, except by military students now, it is +not a work to be popularly read; the exhausted interest of its +subject swamps the genius of its narrator. Scattered through its +more serious matter are gems with the old "Eothen" sparkle, of +periphrasis, aphorism, felicitous phrase and pregnant epithet. +Such is the fine analogy between the worship of holy shrines and +the lover's homage to the spot which his mistress's feet have trod; +such France's tolerance of the Elysee brethren compared to the Arab +laying his verminous burnous upon an ant-hill; the apt quotation +from the Psalms to illustrate the on-coming of the Guards; the +demeanour of horses in action; the course of a flying cannon-ball; +the two ponderous troopers at the Horse Guards; Tom Tower and his +Croats landing stores for our soldiers from the "Erminia." Or +again, we have the light clear touches of a single line; "the +decisiveness and consistency of despotism"--"the fractional and +volatile interests in trading adventure which go by the name of +Shares"--"the unlabelled, undocketed state of mind which shall +enable a man to encounter the Unknown"--"the qualifying words which +correct the imprudences and derange the grammatical structure of a +Queen's Speech": but these are islets in the sea of narrative, +not, as in "Eothen," woof-threads which cross the warp. + +To compare an idyll with an epic, it may be said, is like comparing +a cameo with a Grecian temple: be it so; but the temple falls in +ruins, the cameo is preserved in cabinets; and it is possible that +a century hence the Crimean history will be forgotten, while +"Eothen" is read and enjoyed. The best judges at the time +pronounced that as a lasting monument of literary force the work +was over refined: "Kinglake," said Sir George Cornewall Lewis, +"tries to write better than he can write"; quoting, perhaps +unconsciously, the epigram of a French art critic a hundred years +before-- Il cherche toujours a faire mieux qu'il ne fait. {22} He +lavished on it far more pains than on "Eothen": the proof sheets +were a black sea of erasures, intercalations, blots; the original +chaotic manuscript pages had to be disentangled by a calligraphic +Taunton bookseller before they could be sent to press. This +fastidiousness in part gained its purpose; won temporary success; +gave to his style the glitter, rapidity, point, effectiveness, of a +pungent editorial; went home, stormed, convinced, vindicated, +damaged, triumphed: but it missed by excessive polish the +reposeful, unlaboured, classic grace essential to the highest art. +Over-scrupulous manipulation of words is liable to the "defect of +its qualities"; as with unskilful goldsmiths of whom old Latin +writers tell us, the file goes too deep, trimming away more of the +first fine minting than we can afford to lose. Ruskin has +explained to us how the decadence of Gothic architecture commenced +through care bestowed on window tracery for itself instead of as an +avenue or vehicle for the admission of light. Read "words" for +tracery, "thought" for light, and we see how inspiration avenges +itself so soon as diction is made paramount; artifice, which +demands and misses watchful self-concealment, passes into +mannerism; we have lost the incalculable charm of spontaneity. +Comparison of "Eothen" with the "Crimea" will I think exemplify +this truth. The first, to use Matthew Arnold's imagery, is Attic, +the last has declined to the Corinthian; it remains a great, an +amazingly great production; great in its pictorial force, its +omnipresent survey, verbal eloquence, firm grasp, marshalled +delineation of multitudinous and entangled matter; but it is not +unique amongst martial records as "Eothen" is unique amongst books +of travel: it is through "Eothen" that its author has soared into +a classic, and bids fair to hold his place. And, apart from the +merit of style, great campaigns lose interest in a third, if not in +a second generation; their historical consequence effaced through +lapse of years; their policy seen to have been nugatory or +mischievous; their chronicles, swallowed greedily at the birth like +Saturn's progeny, returning to vex their parent; relegated finally +to an honourable exile in the library upper shelves, where they +hold a place eyed curiously, not invaded: + + +"devoured +As fast as they are made, forgot as soon +As done. . . . To have done, is to hang +Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail, +In monumental mockery." + + + +CHAPTER V--MADAME NOVIKOFF + + + +The Cabinet Edition of "The Invasion of the Crimea" appeared in +1877, shortly after the Servian struggle for independence, which +aroused in England universal interest and sympathy. Kinglake had +heard from the lips of a valued lady friend the tragic death-tale +of her brother Nicholas Kireeff, who fell fighting as a volunteer +on the side of the gallant Servian against the Turk: and, much +moved by the recital, offered to honour the memory of the dead hero +in the Preface to his forthcoming edition. He kept his word; made +sympathetic reference to M. Kireeff in the opening of his Preface; +but passed in pursuance of his original design to a hostile +impeachment of Russia, its people, its church, its ruler. This was +an error of judgment and of feeling; and the lady, reading the +manuscript, indignantly desired him to burn the whole rather than +commit the outrage of associating her brother's name with an attack +on causes and personages dear to him as to herself. Kinglake +listened in silence, then tendered to her a crayon rouge, begging +her to efface all that pained her. She did so; and, diminished by +three-fourths of its matter, the Preface appears in Vol. I. of the +Cabinet Edition. The erasure was no slight sacrifice to an author +of Kinglake's literary sensitiveness, mutilating as it did the +integrity of a carefully schemed composition, and leaving visible +the scar. He sets forth the strongly sentimental and romantic side +of Russian temperament. Love of the Holy Shrines begat the war of +1853, racial ardour the war of 1876. The first was directed by a +single will, the second by national enthusiasm; yet the mind of +Nicholas was no less tossed by a breathless strife of opposing +desires and moods than was Russia at large by the struggle between +Panslavism and statesmanship. Kinglake paints vividly the imposing +figure of the young Kireeff, his stature, beauty, bravery, the +white robe he wore incarnadined by death-wounds, his body captured +by the hateful foes. He goes on to tell how myth rose like an +exhalation round his memory: how legends of "a giant piling up +hecatombs by a mighty slaughter" reverberated through mansion and +cottage, town and village, cathedral and church; until thousands of +volunteers rushed to arms that they might go where young Kireeff +had gone. Alexander's hand was forced, and the war began, which +but for England's intervention would have cleared Europe of the +Turk. We have the text, but not the sermon; the Preface ends +abruptly with an almost clumsy peroration. + +The lady who inspired both the eulogy and the curtailment was +Madame Novikoff, more widely known perhaps as O. K., with whom +Kinglake maintained during the last twenty years of life an +intimate and mutual friendship. Madame Olga Novikoff, nee Kireeff, +is a Russian lady of aristocratic rank both by parentage and +marriage. In a lengthened sojourn at Vienna with her brother-in- +law, the Russian ambassador, she learned the current business of +diplomacy. An eager religious propagandist, she formed alliance +with the "Old Catholics" on the Continent, and with many among the +High Church English clergy; becoming, together with her brother +Alexander, a member of the Reunion Nationale, a society for the +union of Christendom. Her interest in education has led her to +devote extensive help to school and church building and endowment +on her son's estate. God-daughter to the Czar Nicholas, she is a +devoted Imperialist, nor less in sympathy, as were all her family, +with Russian patriotism: after the death of her brother in Servia +on July 6/18, 1876, she became a still more ardent Slavophile. The +three articles of her creed are, she says, those of her country, +Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism. Her political aspirations have +been guided, and guided right, by her tact and goodness of heart. +Her life's aim has been to bring about a cordial understanding +between England and her native land; there is little doubt that her +influence with leading Liberal politicians, and her vigorous +allocutions in the Press, had much to do with the enthusiasm +manifested by England for the liberation of the Danubian States. +Readers of the Princess Lieven's letters to Earl Grey will recall +the part played by that able ambassadress in keeping this country +neutral through the crisis of 1828-9; to her Madame Novikoff has +been likened, and probably with truth, by the Turkish Press both +English and Continental. She was accused in 1876 of playing on the +religious side of Mr. Gladstone's character to secure his interest +in the Danubians as members of the Greek Church, while with +unecclesiastical people she was said to be equally skilful on the +political side, converting at the same time Anglophobe Russia by +her letters in the "Moscow Gazette." Mr. Gladstone's leanings to +Montenegro were attributed angrily in the English "Standard" to +Madame Novikoff: "A serious statesman should know better than to +catch contagion from the petulant enthusiasm of a Russian Apostle." +The contagion was in any case caught, and to some purpose; letter +after letter had been sent by the lady to the great statesman, then +in temporary retirement, without reply, until the last of these, "a +bitter cry of a sister for a sacrificed brother," brought a feeling +answer from Mrs. Gladstone, saying that her husband was deeply +moved by the appeal, and was writing on the subject. In a few days +appeared his famous pamphlet, "Bulgarian Horrors and the Question +of the East." + +Carlyle advised that Madame Novikoff's scattered papers should be +worked into a volume; they appeared under the title "Is Russia +Wrong?" with a preface by Froude, the moderate and ultra-prudent +tone of which infuriated Hayward and Kinglake, as not being +sufficiently appreciative. Hayward declared some woman had biassed +him; Kinglake was of opinion that by studying the etat of Queen +Elizabeth Froude had "gone and turned himself into an old maid." + +Froude's Preface to her next work, "Russia and England, a Protest +and an Appeal," by O. K., 1880, was worded in a very different tone +and satisfied all her friends. The book was also reviewed with +highest praise by Gladstone in "The Nineteenth Century." Learning +that an assault upon it was contemplated in "The Quarterly," +Kinglake offered to supply the editor, Dr. Smith, with materials +which might be so used as to neutralize a PERSONAL attack upon O. +K. Smith entreated him to compose the whole article himself. "I +could promise you," he writes, "that the authorship should be kept +a profound secret;" but this Kinglake seems to have thought +undesirable. The article appeared in April, 1880, under the title +of "The Slavonic Menace to Europe." It opens with a panegyric on +the authoress: "She has mastered our language with conspicuous +success; she expostulates as easily as she reproaches, and she +exhibits as much facility in barbing shafts of satire as in framing +specious excuses for daring acts of diplomacy." It insists on the +high esteem felt for her by both the Russian and Austrian +governments, telling with much humour an anecdote of Count Beust, +the Prime Minister of Austria during her residence in Vienna. The +Count, after meeting her at a dinner party at the Turkish Embassy, +composed a set of verses in her honour, and gave them to her, but +she forgot to mention them to her brother-in-law. The Prime +Minister, encountering the latter, asked his opinion of the verses; +and the ambassador was greatly amazed at knowing nothing of the +matter. {23} From amenities towards the authoress, the article +passes abruptly to hostile criticism of the book; declares it to be +proscribed in Russia as mischievous, and to have precipitated a +general war by keeping up English interest in Servian rebellion. +It sneers in doubtful taste at the lady's learning: + + +"sit non doctissima conjux, +Sit nox cum somno, sit sine lite dies;" + + +denounces the Slavs as incapable of being welded into a nation, +urging that their independence must destroy Austria-Hungary, a +consummation desired by Madame Novikoff, with her feline contempt +for "poor dear Austria," but which all must unite to prevent if +they would avert a European war. + +How could one clear harp, men asked themselves as they read, have +produced so diverse tones? The riddle is solved when we learn that +the first part only was from Kinglake's pen: having vindicated his +friend's ability and good faith, her right to speak and to be heard +attentively, he left the survey of her views, with which he +probably disagreed, to the originally assigned reviewer. The +article, Madame Novikoff tells us in the "Nouvelle Revue," was +received avec une stupefaction unanime. It formed the general talk +for many days, was attributed to Lord Salisbury, was supposed to +have been inspired by Prince Gortschakoff. The name standing +against it in Messrs. Murray's books, as they kindly inform me, is +that of a writer still alive, and better known now than then, but +they never heard that Kinglake had a hand in it; the editor would +seem to have kept his secret even from the publishers. Kinglake +sent the article in proof to the lady; hoped that the facts he had +imparted and the interpolations he had inserted would please her; +he could have made the attack on Russia more pointed had he written +it; she would think the leniency shows a fault on the right side; +he did not know the writer of this latter part. He begged her to +acquaint her friends in Moscow what an important and majestic organ +is "The Quarterly," how weighty therefore its laudation of herself. +She recalls his bringing her soon afterwards an article on her, +written, he said, in an adoring tone by Laveleye in the "Revue des +Deux Mondes," and directing her to a paper in "Fraser," by Miss +Pauline Irby, a passionate lover of the "Slav ragamuffins," and a +worshipper of Madame Novikoff. He quotes with delight Chenery's +approbation of her "Life of Skobeleff"; he spoke of you "with a +gleam of kindliness in his eyes which really and truly I had never +observed before." "The Times" quotes her as the "eloquent +authoress of 'Russia and England'"; "fancy that from your enemy! +you are getting even 'The Times' into your net." A later article +on O. K. contains some praise, but more abuse. Hayward is angry +with it; Kinglake thinks it more friendly than could have been +expected "to YOU, a friend of ME, their old open enemy: the sugar- +plums were meant for you, the sprinklings of soot for me." + +Besides "Russia and England" Madame Novikoff is the author of +"Friends or Foes?--is Russia wrong?" and of a "Life of Skobeleff," +the hero of Plevna and of Geok Tepe. From her natural endowments +and her long familiarity with Courts, she has acquired a capacity +for combining, controlling, entertaining social "circles" which +recalls les salons d'autrefois, the drawing-rooms of an Ancelot, a +Le Brun, a Recamier. Residing in several European capitals, she +surrounds herself in each with persons intellectually eminent; in +England, where she has long spent her winters, Gladstone, Carlyle +and Froude, Charles Villiers, Bernal Osborne, Sir Robert Morier, +Lord Houghton, and many more of the same high type, formed her +court and owned her influence. + +Kinglake first met her at Lady Holland's in 1870, and mutual liking +ripened rapidly into close friendship. During her residences in +England few days passed in which he did not present himself at her +drawing-room in Claridge's Hotel: when absent in Russia or on the +Continent, she received from him weekly letters, though he used to +complain that writing to a lady through the poste restante was like +trying to kiss a nun through a double grating. These letters, all +faithfully preserved, I have been privileged to see; they remind +me, in their mixture of personal with narrative charm, of Swift's +"Letters to Stella"; except that Swift's are often coarse and +sometimes prurient, while Kinglake's chivalrous admiration for his +friend, though veiled occasionally by graceful banter, is always +respectful and refined. They even imitate occasionally the "little +language" of the great satirist; if Swift was Presto, Kinglake is +"Poor dear me"; if Stella was M. D., Madame Novikoff is "My dear +Miss." This last endearment was due to an incident at a London +dinner table. A story told by Hayward, seasoned as usual with gros +sel, amused the more sophisticated English ladies present, but +covered her with blushes. Kinglake perceived it, and said to her +afterwards, "I thought you were a hardened married woman; I am glad +that you are not; I shall henceforth call you MISS." Sometimes he +rushes into verse. In answer to some pretended rebuff received +from her at Ryde he writes + + +"There was a young lady of Ryde, so awfully puffed up by pride, +She felt grander by far than the Son of the Czar, +And when he said, 'Dear, come and walk on the pier, +Oh please come and walk by my side;' +The answer he got, was 'Much better not,' from that awful young +lady of Ryde." + + +Oftenest, the letters are serious in their admiring compliments; +they speak of her superb organization of health and life and +strength and joyousness, the delightful sunshine of her presence, +her decision and strength of will, her great qualities and great +opportunities: "away from you the world seems a blank." He is +glad that his Great Eltchi has been made known to her; the old +statesman will be impressed, he feels sure, by her "intense life, +graciousness and grace, intellect carefully masked, musical faculty +in talk, with that heavenly power of coming to an end." He sends +playfully affectionate messages from other members of the +Gerontaion, as he calls it, the group of aged admirers who formed +her inner court; echoing their laments over the universality of her +patronage. "Hayward can pardon your having an ambassador or two at +your FEET, but to find the way to your HEART obstructed by a crowd +of astronomers, Russ-expansionists, metaphysicians, theologians, +translators, historians, poets;--this is more than he can endure. +The crowd reduces him, as Ampere said to Mme. Recamier, to the +qualified blessing of being only chez vous, from the delight of +being avec vous. He hails and notifies additions to the list of +her admirers; quotes enthusiastic praise of her from Stansfeld and +Charles Villiers, warm appreciation from Morier, Sir Robert Peel, +Violet Fane. He rallies her on her victims, jests at Froude's +lover-like galanterie--"Poor St. Anthony! how he hovered round the +flame";--at the devotion of that gay Lothario, Tyndall, whose +approaching marriage will, he thinks, clip his wings for +flirtation. "It seems that at the Royal Institution, or whatever +the place is called, young women look up to the Lecturers as +priests of Science, and go to them after the lecture in what +churchmen would call the vestry, and express charming little doubts +about electricity, and pretty gentle disquietudes about the solar +system: and then the Professors have to give explanations;--and +then, somehow, at the end of a few weeks, they find they have +provided themselves with chaperons for life." So he pursues the +list of devotees; her son will tell her that Caesar summarized his +conquests in this country by saying Veni, Vidi, Vici; but to her it +is given to say, Veni, Videbar, Vici. + +On two subjects, theology and politics, Madame Novikoff was, as we +have seen, passionately in earnest. Himself at once an amateur +casuist and a consistent Nothingarian, whose dictum was that +"Important if true" should be written over the doors of churches, +he followed her religious arguments much as Lord Steyne listened to +the contests between Father Mole and the Reverend Mr. Trail. He +expresses his surprise in all seriousness that the Pharisees, a +thoughtful and cultured set of men, who alone among the Jews +believed in a future state, should have been the very men to whom +our Saviour was habitually antagonistic. He refers more lightly +and frequently to "those charming talks of ours about our +Churches"; he thinks they both know how to effleurer the surface of +theology without getting drowned in it. Of existing Churches he +preferred the English, as "the most harmless going"; disliked the +Latin Church, especially when intriguing in the East, as +persecuting and as schismatic, and therefore as no Church at all. +Roman Catholics, he said, have a special horror of being called +"schismatic," and that is, of course, a good reason for so calling +them. He would not permit the use of the word "orthodox," because, +like a parson in the pulpit, it is always begging the question. He +refused historical reverence to the Athanasian Creed, and was +delighted when Stanley's review in "The Times" of Mr. Ffoulkes' +learned book showed it to have been written by order of Charles the +Great in 800 A.D. as what Thorold Rogers used to call "an election +squib." In the "Filioque" controversy, once dear to Liddon and to +Gladstone, now, I suppose, obsolete for the English mind, but which +relates to the chief dividing tenet of East from West, he showed an +interest humorous rather than reverent; took pains to acquaint +himself with the views held on it by Dollinger and the old +Catholics; noted with amusement the perplexity of London ladies as +to the meaning of the word when quoted in the much-read "Quarterly" +article, declaring their belief to be that it was a clergyman's +baby born out of wedlock. + +Madame Novikoff's political influence, which he recognized to the +full, he treated in the same mocking spirit. She is at Berlin, +received by Bismarck; he hopes that though the great man may not +eradicate her Slavophile heresies, he may manifest the weakness of +embroiling nations on mere ethnological grounds. "Are even nearer +relationships so delightful? would you walk across the street for a +third or fourth cousin? then why for a millionth cousin?" Madame +Novikoff kindly sends to me an "Imaginary Conversation" between +herself and Gortschakoff, constructed by Kinglake during her stay +in St. Petersburg in 1879. + +"G. Well--you really have done good service to your country and +your Czar by dividing and confusing these absurd English, and +getting us out of the scrape we were in in that--Balkan Peninsula. + +"Miss O. Well, certainly I did my best; but I fear I have ruined +the political reputation of my English partizans, for in order to +make them 'beloved of the Slave,' I of course had to make them, +poor souls! go against their own country; and their country, stupid +as it is, has now I fear found them out. + +"G. Tant pis pour eux! Entre nous, if I had been Gladstone, I +should have preferred the love of my own country to the love of +these--Slaves of yours. But, tell me, how did you get hold of +Gladstone? + +"Miss O. Rien de plus simple! Four or five years ago I asked what +was his weak point, and was told that he had two, 'Effervescence,' +and 'Theology.' With that knowledge I found it all child's play to +manage him. I just sent him to Munich, and there boiled him up in +a weak decoction of 'Filioque,' then kept him ready for use, and +impatiently awaited the moment when our plans for getting up the +'Bulgarian atrocities' should be mature. I say 'impatiently,' for, +Heavens, how slow you all were! at least so it strikes a woman. +The arrangement of the 'atrocities' was begun by our people in +1871, and yet till 1876, though I had Gladstone ready in 1875, +nothing really was done! I assure you, Prince, it is a trying +thing to a woman to be kept waiting for promised atrocities such an +unconscionable time. + +"G. That brother-in-law of yours was partly the cause of our +slowness. He was always wanting to have the orders for fire and +blood in neat formal despatches, signed by me, and copied by +clerks. However, I hope you are satisfied now, with the butcheries +and the flames, and the--? + +"Miss O. Pour le moment!" + +She is absent during the sudden dissolution of Parliament in 1874. +"London woke yesterday morning and found that your friend Gladstone +had made a coup-d'etat. He has dissolved Parliament at a moment +when no human being expected it, and my impression is that he has +made a good hit, and that the renovated Parliament will give him a +great majority." The impression was wildly wrong; and he found a +cause for the Conservative majority in Gladstone's tame foreign +policy, and especially in the pusillanimity his government showed +when insulted by Gortschakoff. He always does justice to her +influence with Gladstone; his great majority at the polls in 1880 +is HER victory and HER triumph; but his Turkophobia is no less her +creation: "England is stricken with incapacity because you have +stirred up the seething caldron that boils under Gladstone's skull, +putting in diabolical charms and poisons of theology to overturn +the structure of English polity:" she will be able, he thinks, to +tell her government that Gladstone is doing his best to break up +the British Empire. + +He quotes with approbation the newspaper comparison of her to the +Princess Lieven. She disparages the famous ambassadress; he sets +her right. Let her read the "Correspondence," by his friend Mr. +Guy Le Strange, and she will see how large a part the Princess +played in keeping England quiet during the war of 1828-29. She did +not convert her austere admirer, Lord Grey, to approval of the +Russian designs, nor overcome the uneasiness with which the Duke of +Wellington regarded her intrigues; but the Foreign Minister, Lord +Aberdeen, was apparently a fool in her hands; and, whoever had the +merit, the neutrality of England continued. That was, he repeats +more than once, a most critical time for Russia; it was an object +almost of life and death to the Czar to keep England dawdling in a +state of actual though not avowed neutrality. It is, he argued, a +matter of fact, that precisely this result was attained, and "I +shall be slow to believe that Madame de Lieven did not deserve a +great share of the glory (as you would think it) of making England +act weakly under such circumstances; more especially since we know +that the Duke did not like the great lady, and may be supposed to +have distinctly traced his painful embarrassment to her power." So +the letters go, interspersed with news, with criticisms of notable +persons, with comments enlightening or cynical on passing political +events: with personal matters only now and then; as when he notes +the loss of his two sisters; dwells with unwonted feeling on the +death of his eldest nephew by consumption; condoles with her on her +husband's illness; gives council, wise or playful, as to the +education of her son. "I am glad to hear that he is good at Greek, +Latin, and Mathematics, for that shows his cleverness; glad also to +hear that he is occasionally naughty, for that shows his force. I +advise you to claim and exercise as much control as possible, +because I am certain that a woman--especially so gifted a one as +you--knows more, or rather feels more, about the right way of +bringing up a boy than any mere man." + +Unbrokenly the correspondence continues: the intimacy added charm, +interest, fragrance to his life, brought out in him all that was +genial, playful, humorous. He fights the admonitions of coming +weakness; goes to Sidmouth with a sore throat, but takes his papers +and his books. It is, he says, a deserted little sea-coast place. +"Mrs. Grundy has a small house there, but she does not know me by +sight. If Madame Novikoff were to come, the astonished little +town, dazzled first by her, would find itself invaded by +theologians, bishops, ambassadors of deceased emperors, and an ex- +Prime-Minister." But as time goes on he speaks more often of his +suffering throat; of gout, increasing deafness, only half a voice: +his last letter is written in July, 1890, to condole with his +friend upon her husband's death. In October his nurse takes the +pen; Madame Novikoff comes back hurriedly from Scotland to find him +in his last illness. "It is very nice," he told his nurse, "to see +dear Madame Novikoff again, but I am going down hill fast, and +cannot hope to be well enough to see much of her." This is in +November, 1890; on New Year's Eve came the inexorable, "Terminator +of delights and Separator of friends." + + + +CHAPTER VI--LATER DAYS, AND DEATH + + + +For twenty years Kinglake lived in Hyde Park Place, in bright +cheerful rooms looking in one direction across the Park, but on +another side into a churchyard. The churchyard, Lady Gregory tells +us, gave him pause on first seeing the rooms. "I should not like +to live here, I should be afraid of ghosts." "Oh no, sir, there is +always a policeman round the corner." {24} "Pleaceman X." has not, +perhaps, before been revered as the Shade-compelling son of Maia: + + +"Tu pias laetis animas reponis +Sedibus, virgaque levem coerces +Aurea turbam." + + +Here he worked through the morning; the afternoon took him to the +"Travellers," where his friends, Sir Henry Bunbury and Mr. Chenery, +usually expected him; then at eight o'clock, if not, as Shylock +says, bid forth, he went to dine at the Athenaeum. His dinner seat +was in the left-hand corner of the coffee-room, where, in the +thirties, Theodore Hook had been wont to sit, gathering near him so +many listeners to his talk, that at Hook's death in 1841 the +receipts for the club dinners fell off to a large amount. Here, in +the "Corner," as they called it, round Kinglake would be Hayward, +Drummond Wolff, Massey, Oliphant, Edward Twisleton, Strzelecki, +Storks, Venables, Wyke, Bunbury, Gregory, American Ticknor, and a +few more; Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, when in Scotland, sending +hampers of pheasants to the company. "Hurried to the Athenaeum for +dinner," says Ticknor in 1857, "and there found Kinglake and Sir +Henry Rawlinson, to whom were soon added Hayward and Stirling. We +pushed our tables together and had a jolly dinner. . . . To the +Athenaeum; and having dined pleasantly with Merivale, Kinglake, and +Stirling, I hurried off to the House." In later years, when his +voice grew low and his hearing difficult, he preferred that the +diners should resolve themselves into little groups, assigning to +himself a tete-a-tete, with whom at his ease he could unfold +himself. + +No man ever fought more gallantly the encroachments of old age--on +sut etre jeune jusque dans ses vieux jours. At seventy-four years +old, staying with a friend at Brighton, he insisted on riding over +to Rottingdean, where Sir Frederick Pollock was staying. "I +mastered," he said, in answer to remonstrances, "I mastered the +peculiarities of the Brighton screw before you were born, and have +never forgotten them." Vaulting into his saddle he rode off, +returning with a schoolboy's delight at the brisk trot he had found +practicable when once clear of the King's Road. Long after his +hearing had failed, his sight become grievously weakened, and his +limbs not always trustworthy, he would never allow a cab to be +summoned for him after dinner, always walking to his lodgings. But +he had to give up by and by his daily canter in Rotten Row, and +more reluctantly still his continental travel. Foreign railways +were closed to him by the Salle d'Attente; he could not stand +incarceration in the waiting-rooms. + +The last time he crossed the Channel was at the close of the +Franco-Prussian war, on a visit to his old friend M. Thiers, then +President. It was a dinner to deputies of the Extreme Left, and +Kinglake was the only Englishman; "so," he said, "among the +servants there was a sort of reasoning process as to my identity, +ending in the conclusion, 'il doit etre Sir Dilke.'" Soon the +inference was treated as a fact; and in due sequence came newspaper +paragraphs declaring that the British Ambassador had gravely +remonstrated with the President for inviting Sir Charles Dilke to +his table. Then followed articles defending the course taken by +the President, and so for some time the ball was kept up. The +remonstrance of the Ambassador was a myth, Lord Lyons was a friend +of Sir Charles; but the latter was suspect at the time both in +England and France; in England for his speeches and motion on the +Civil List; in France, because, with Frederic Harrison, he had +helped to get some of the French Communists away from France; and +the French Government was watching him with spies. In Sir +Charles's motion Kinglake took much interest, refusing to join in +the cry against it as disloyal. Sir Charles, he said, spoke no +word against the Queen; and only brought the matter before the +House because challenged to repeat in Parliament the statements he +had made in the country. As a matter of policy he thought it +mistaken: "Move in such a matter openly, and party discipline +compels your defeat; bring pressure to bear on a Cabinet, some of +its members are on your side, and you may gain your point." Sir +Charles's speech was calmly argumentative, and to many minds +convincing; it provoked a passionate reply from Gladstone; and when +Mr. Auberon Herbert following declared himself a Republican, a +tumult arose such as in those pre-Milesian days had rarely been +witnessed in the House. But the wisdom of Kinglake's counsel is +sustained by the fact that many years afterwards, as a result of +more private discussion, Mr. Gladstone pronounced his conversion to +the two bases of the motion, publicity, and the giving of the State +allowance to the head of the family rather than, person by person, +to the children and grandchildren of the Sovereign. Action +pointing in this direction was taken in 1889 and 1901 on the advice +of Tory ministers. + +Amongst Frenchmen of the highest class, intellectually and +socially, he had many valued friends, keeping his name on the +"Cosmopolitan" long after he had ceased to visit it, since "one +never knows when the distinguished foreigner may come upon one, and +of such the Cosmo is the London Paradise." But he used to say that +in the other world a good Frenchman becomes an Englishman, a bad +Englishman becomes a Frenchman. He saw in the typical Gaul a +compound of the tiger and the monkey; noted their want of +individuality, their tendency to go in flocks, their susceptibility +to panic and to ferocity, to the terror that makes a man kill +people, and "the terror that makes him lie down and beg." We +remember, too, his dissection of St. Arnaud, as before all things a +type of his nation; "he impersonated with singular exactness the +idea which our forefathers had in their minds when they spoke of +what they called 'a Frenchman;' for although (by cowing the rich +and by filling the poor with envy), the great French Revolution had +thrown a lasting gloom on the national character, it left this one +man untouched. He was bold, gay, reckless, vain; but beneath the +mere glitter of the surface there was a great capacity for +administrative business, and a more than common willingness to take +away human life." + +"I relish," Kinglake said in 1871, "the spectacle of Bismarck +teaching the A B C of Liberal politics to the hapless French. His +last mot, they tell me, is this. Speaking of the extent to which +the French Emperor had destroyed his own reputation and put an end +to the worship of the old Napoleon, he said: 'He has killed +himself and buried his uncle.'" Again, in 1874, noting the contre +coup upon France resulting from the Bismarck and Arnim despatches, +he said: "What puzzles the poor dear French is to see that truth +and intrepid frankness consist with sound policy and consummate +wisdom. How funny it would be, if the French some day, as a +novelty, or what they would call a caprice, were to try the effect +of truth; "though not naturally honest," as Autolycus says, "were +to become so by chance." + +He thought M. Gallifet dans sa logique in liking the Germans and +hating Bismarck; for the Germans, in having their own way, would +break up into as many fragments as the best Frenchman could desire, +and Bismarck is the real suppressor of France. Throughout the +Franco-Prussian war he sided strongly with the Prussians, refusing +to dine in houses where the prevailing sympathy with France would +make him unwelcome as its declared opponent; but he felt "as a +nightmare" the attack on prostrate Paris, "as a blow" the +capitulation of Metz; denouncing Gambetta and his colleagues as +meeting their disasters only with slanderous shrieks, "possessed by +the spirit of that awful Popish woman." Bismarck as a statesman he +consistently admired, and deplored his dismissal. I see, he said, +all the peril implied by Bismarck's exit, and the advent of his +ambitious young Emperor. It is a transition from the known to the +unknown, from wisdom, perhaps, to folly. + +His Crimean volumes continued to appear; in 1875, 1880, finally in +1887; while the Cabinet Edition was published in 1887-8. This last +contained three new Prefaces; in Vol. I. as we have seen, the +memorial of Nicholas Kireeff; in Vol. II. the latter half of the +original Preface to Vol. I., cancelled thence at Madame Novikoff's +request, though now carefully modified so as to avoid anything +which might irritate Russia at a moment when troubles seemed to be +clearing away. In his Preface to Vol. VII. he had three objects, +to set right the position of Sir E. Hamley, who had been neglected +in the despatches; to demolish his friend Lord Bury, who had +"questioned my omniscience" in the "Edinburgh Review"; and to +exonerate England at large from absurd self-congratulations about +the "little Egypt affair," the blame of such exaggeration resting +with those whom he called State Showmen. + +Silent to acquaintances about the progress of his work, he was +communicative to his few intimates, though never reading aloud +extracts or allowing them to be seen. In 1872 he would speak +pathetically of his "Crimean muddle," perplexed, as he well might +be, by the intricacies of Inkerman. Asked if he will not introduce +a Te Deum on the fall of Louis Napoleon, he answered that to write +without the stimulus of combat would be a task beyond his energy; +"when I took the trouble to compose that fourteenth chapter, the +wretched Emperor and his gang were at the height of their power in +Europe and the world; but now!" He was insatiate as to fresh facts: +utilized his acquaintance with Todleben, whom he had first met on +his visit to England in 1864; sought out Prince Ourusoff at a later +time, and inserted particulars gleaned from him in Vol. IX., +Chapter V. + +In 1875 he told Madame Novikoff that his task was done so far as +Inkerman was concerned, and was proud to think that he had rescued +from oblivion the heroism of the Russian troops in what he calls +the "Third Period" of the great fight, ignored as it was by all +Russian historians of the war. He made fruitless inquiries after a +paper said to have been left behind him by Skobeleff, explaining +that "India is a cherry to be eaten by Russia, but in two bites"; +it was contrary to the general's recorded utterances and probably +apocryphal. Russophobe as regarded Turkey, he sneered at England's +sentimental support of nationalities as "Platonic": a capital +epithet he called it, and envied the Frenchman who applied it to +us, declaring that it had turned all the women against us. He was +moved by receiving Korniloff's portrait with a kind message from +the dead hero's family, seeing in the features a confirmation of +the ideal which he had formed in his own mind and had tried to +convey to others. Readers of his book will recall the fine tribute +to Korniloff's powers, and the description of his death, in +Chapters VI. and XIII. of Vol. IV. (Cabinet Edition). + +Many of his comments on current events are preserved in the notes +or in the memories of his friends. Sometimes these were +characteristically cynical. He ridiculed the newspaper parade of +national sympathy with the Prince of Wales's illness: "We are +represented as all members of the royal family, and all in family +hysterics." Dizzy's orientalization of Queen Victoria into an +Empress angered him, as it angered many more. The last Empress +Regnant, he said, was Catherine II. and it seems to be thought that +by advising the Queen to take that great monarch's title, we shall +exercise a wholesome influence on the morals of our women. He +would quote Byron's + + +"Russia's mighty Empress +Behaved no better than a common sempstress;" + + +"there was an old-fashioned sacredness, which, however foolish +intrinsically, was still useful, in our title of 'The Queen'; nor +do we see the policy of adding a Supreme de Volaille to the bread +and wine of our Sacrament." + +He chuckled over the indignation of the haute volee, when on the +visit to England of President Grant's daughter in 1872, Americans +in London sent out cards of invitation headed "To meet Miss Grant," +as at a profane imitation of a practice hitherto confined to +royalties; laughing not at the legitimate American mimicry of +European consequence, but at the silly formalists in Society who +fumed over the imagined presumption. Consulted by an invalid as to +the charm of Ostend for a seaside residence, he limited it to +persons of gregarious habits; "the people are all driven down to +the beach like a flock of sheep in the morning, and in the evening +they are all driven back to their folds." He reported a feeble +drama written by his ancient idol, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe; "it +is a painful thing to see a man of his quality and of his age +unduly detained in the world; when the Emperor Nicholas died, the +Eltchi lost his raison d'etre." He disparaged the wild fit of +morality undergone by the "Pall Mall Gazette" during the scandalous +"Maiden Tribute" revelation, pronouncing its protegees to be +"clever little devils." He was greatly startled by Gortschakoff's +famous circular, annulling the Black Sea clause in the Treaty of +Paris, and much relieved by Bismarck's dexterous interposition, +which saved the susceptibility of Europe, and especially of +England, by yielding as a favour to the demand of Russia what no +one was in a position to refuse; but he maintained, and Lord +Stratford agreed with him, that Gortschakoff's precipitate act was +governed by circumstances never revealed to mankind. He learned, +too, that it caused the Chancellor to be deconsidere in high +Russian circles; he was called "un Narcisse qui se mire dans son +encrier." Kinglake used to say that in conceding the right of the +Sultan to exclude any war-flag from the Bosphorus and the +Dardanelles, Russia was treating Turkey as a bag-fox, to be gently +hunted occasionally, but not mangled or killed; and he felt keenly +the ridicule resting on the allies, who were compelled to surrender +the neutralization purchased at the cost of so much blood and +treasure. He watched with much amusement the restoration of +Turkish self-confidence. "Turkey believes that he is no longer a +sick man, and is turning all his doctors out of the house, to the +immense astonishment of the English doctor, so conscious of his own +rectitude that he cannot understand being sent off with the quacks. +You know in our beautiful Liturgy we have a prayer for the Turks; +it looks as if our supplications had become successful." His +interest in Turkey never flagged. "I am in a great fright," he +said in 1877, "about my dear Turks, because Russia gives virtual +command of the army before Plevna to Todleben, a really great homme +de guerre." + +Russophobia was at that time so strong in London that Madame +Novikoff hesitated to visit England, and he himself feared that she +might find it uncomfortable. Her alarm, however, was ridiculed by +Hayward, "most faithful of the Russianisers, ready to do battle for +Russia at any moment, declaring her to be quite virtuous, with no +fault but that of being incomprise." But he groaned over the +humiliation of England under Russia's bold stroke, noting +frequently a decay of English character which he ascribed to +chronic causes. The Englishman taken separately, he said, seems +much the same as he used to be; but there is a softening of the +aggregate brain which affects Englishmen when acting together. He +hailed the great Liberal victory of 1880, and watched with +interest, as one behind the scenes, the negotiations which led to +Lord Hartington's withdrawal and Mr. Gladstone's resumption of +power; for in these his friend Hayward was an active go-between, +removing by his tact and frankness "hitches" which might otherwise +have been disastrous. He thought W. E. Forster's attack on Mr. +Gladstone's Irish policy in 1882 ill-managed for his own position, +his famous speech not sufficiently "clenching." Had he separated +from his chief on broader grounds, refusing complicity with a +Minister who consented to parley with the imprisoned Irishmen, he +would, Kinglake thought, have occupied a highly commanding +position. At present his difference from his colleagues was one +only of degree. + +He was once beguiled, amongst friends very intimate, into telling a +dream. He dreamed that he was attending an anatomical lecture-- +which, as a fact, he had never done--and that his own body, from +which he found himself entirely separated, was the dissected +subject on which the lecturer discoursed. The body lay on a table +beside the lecturer, but he himself, his entity, was at the other +end of the room, on the furthest or highest of a set of benches +raised one above the other as at a theatre. He imagined himself in +a vague way to be disagreeing with the lecturer; but the strongest +impression on his mind was annoyance at being so badly placed, so +far from the professor and from his own body that he could not see +or hear without an effort. The dream, he pointed out, showed this +curious fact, that without any conscious design or effort of the +will a man may conceive himself to be in perfect possession of his +identity, whilst separated from his own body by a distance of +several feet. "The highest concept," said Jowett, "which man forms +of himself is as detached from the body." ("Life," ii. 241.) The +lecture-room which he imagined was one of the lower school-rooms at +Eton, with which he had been familiar in early days. + +After Hayward's death in 1884, his own habits began to change. He +still dined at the Athenaeum "corner," but increasing deafness +began to make society irksome, and, his solitary meal ended, he +spent his evenings reading in the Library. By-and-by that too +became impossible. His voice grew weak, throat and tongue were +threatened with disease. In 1888 he went to Brighton with a nurse, +returned to rooms on Richmond Hill, then to Bayswater Terrace. An +operation was performed and he seemed to recover, but relapsed. +Old friends tended him: Madame Novikoff, Mr. Froude and Mr. Lecky, +Madame de Quaire and Mrs. Brookfield, Lord Mexborough his ancient +fellow-traveller, Mrs. Craven, Sir William and Lady Gregory, with a +few more, cheered him by their visits so long as he was able to +bear them; and his brother and sister, Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton +Kinglake, were with him at the end. Patient to the last, kind and +gentle to all about him, he passed away quietly on New Year's Day, +1891: + + +"being merry-hearted, +Shook hands with flesh and blood, and so departed." + + +His remains were cremated at Woking, after a special service at +Christchurch, Lancaster Gate, attended by Dr. and Mrs. Kinglake +with their son Captain Kinglake, the Duke of Bedford, Mr. and Mrs. +Lecky, Mrs. W. H. Brookfield and her son Charles. + + +No good portrait of him has been published. That prefixed to +Blackwood's "Eothen" of 1896 was furnished by Dr. Kinglake, who, +however, looked upon it as unsatisfactory. The "Not an M.P." of +"Vanity Fair," 1872, is a grotesque caricature. The photograph +here reproduced (p. 128), by far the best likeness extant, he gave +to Madame Novikoff in 1870, receiving hers in return, but +pronouncing the transaction "an exchange between the personified +months of May and November." The face gives expression to the shy +aloofness which, amongst strangers, was characteristic of him +through life. He had even a horror of hearing his name pealed out +by servants, and came early to parties that the proclamation might +be achieved before as few auditors as possible. Visiting the newly +married husband of his friend Adelaide Kemble, and being the first +guest to arrive, he encountered in Mr. Sartoris a host as +contentedly undemonstrative as himself. Bows passed, a seat by the +fire was indicated, he sat down, and the pair contemplated one +another for ten minutes in absolute silence, till the lady of the +house came in, like the prince in "The Sleeping Beauty," though not +by the same process, to break the charm. He gave up calling at a +house where he was warmly appreciated, because father, mother, +daughter, bombarded him with questions. "I never came away without +feeling sure that I had in some way perjured myself." + +On his shyness waited swiftly ensuing boredom; if his neighbour at +table were garrulous or banale, his face at once betrayed +conversational prostration; a lady who often watched him used to +say that his pulse ought to be felt after the first course; and +that if it showed languor he should be moved to the side of some +other partner. "He had great charm," writes to me another old +friend, "in a quiet winning way, but was 'dark' with rough and +noisy people." So it came to pass that his manner was threefold; +icy and repellent with those who set his nerves on edge; good- +humoured, receptive, intermittently responsive in general and +congenial company; while, at ease with friends trusted and beloved, +the lines of the face became gracious, indulgent, affectionate, the +sourire des yeux often inexpressibly winning and tender. +"Kinglake," says Eliot Warburton in his unpublished diary, "talked +to us to-day about his travels; pessimistic and cynical to the rest +of the world, he is always gentle and kind to us." To this dear +friend he was ever faithful, wearing to the day of his death an +octagonal gold ring engraved "Eliot. Jan: 1852." He would never +play the raconteur in general company, for he had a great horror of +repeating himself, and, latterly, of being looked upon as a bore by +younger men; but he loved to pour out reminiscences of the past to +an audience of one or two at most: "Let an old man gather his +recollections and glance at them under the right angle, and his +life is full of pantomime transformation scenes." The chief +characteristic of his wit was its unexpectedness; sometimes acrid, +sometimes humorous, his sayings came forth, like Topham Beauclerk's +in Dr. Johnson's day, like Talleyrand's in our own, poignant +without effort. His calm, gentle voice, contrasted with his +startling caustic utterance, reminded people of Prosper Merimee: +terse epigram, felicitous apropos, whimsical presentment of the +topic under discussion, emitted in a low tone, and without the +slightest change of muscle: + + +"All the charm of all the Muses +Often flowering in a lonely word." {25} + + +Questions he would suavely and often wittily parry or repel: to an +unhistorical lady asking if he remembered Madame Du Barry, he said, +"my memory is very imperfect as to the particulars of my life +during the reign of Lous XV. and the Regency; but I know a lady who +has a teapot which belonged, she says, to Madame Du Barry." Madame +Novikoff, however, records his discomfiture at the query of a +certain Lady E-, who, when all London was ringing with his first +Crimean volumes, asked him if he were not an admirer of Louis +Napoleon. "Le pauvre Kinglake, decontenance, repondit tout bas +intimide comme un enfant qu'on met dates le coin: Oui--non--pas +precisement." + +He had no knowledge of or liking for music. Present once by some +mischance at a matinee musicale, he was asked by the hostess what +kind of music he preferred. His preference, he owned, was for the +drum. One thinks of the "Bourgeois Gentilhomme," "la trompette +marine est un instrument qui me plait, el qui est harmonieux"; we +are reminded, too, of Dean Stanley, who, absolutely tone-deaf, and +hurrying away whenever music was performed, once from an adjoining +room in his father's house heard Jenny Lind sing "I know that my +Redeemer liveth." He went to her shyly, and told her that she had +given him an idea of what people mean by music. Once before, he +said in all seriousness, the same feeling had come over him, when +before the palace at Vienna he had heard a tattoo rendered by four +hundred drummers. + + +Kinglake used to regret the disuse of duelling, as having impaired +the higher tone of good breeding current in his younger days, and +even blamed the Duke of Wellington for proscribing it in the army. +He had himself on one occasion sent a cartel, and stood waiting for +his adversary, like Sir Richard Strachan at Walcheren, eight days +on the French coast; but the adversary never came. Hayward once +referred to him, as a counsellor, and if necessary a second, a +quarrel with Lord R-. Lord R-'s friend called on him, a Norfolk +squire, "broad-faced and breathing port wine," after the fashion of +uncle Phillips in "Pride and Prejudice," who began in a boisterous +voice, "I am one of those, Mr. Kinglake, who believe R- to be a +gentleman." In his iciest tones and stoniest manner Kinglake +answered: "That, Sir, I am quite willing to assume." The effect, +he used to say, as he told and acted the scene, was magical; "I had +frozen him sober, and we settled everything without a fight." Of +all his friends Hayward was probably the closest; an association of +discrepancies in character, manner, temperament, not complementary, +but opposed and hostile; irreconcilable, one would say, but for the +knowledge that in love and friendship paradox reigns supreme. +Hayward was arrogant, overbearing, loud, insistent, full of strange +oaths and often unpardonably coarse; "our dominant friend," +Kinglake called him; "odious" is the epithet I have heard commonly +bestowed upon him by less affectionate acquaintances. Kinglake was +reserved, shy, reticent, with the high breeding, grand manner, +quiet urbanity, grata protervitas, of a waning epoch; restraint, +concentration, tact of omission, dictating alike his silence and +his speech; his well-weighed words "crystallizing into epigrams as +they touched the air." {26} When Hayward's last illness came upon +him in 1884, Kinglake nursed him tenderly; spending the morning in +his friend's lodgings at 8, St. James's Street, the house which +Byron occupied in his early London days; and bringing on the latest +bulletin to the club. The patient rambled towards the end; "we +ought to be getting ready to catch the train that we may go to my +sister's at Lyme." Kinglake quieted his sick friend by an assurance +that the servants, whom he would not wish to hurry, were packing. +"On no account hurry the servants, but still let us be off." The +last thought which he articulated while dying was, "I don't exactly +know what it is, but I feel it is something grand." "Hayward is +dead," Kinglake wrote to a common friend; "the devotion shown to +him by all sorts and conditions of men, and, what is better, of +women, was unbounded. Gladstone found time to be with him, and to +engage him in a conversation of singular interest, of which he has +made a memorandum." + +Another of Kinglake's life-long familiars was Charles Skirrow, +Taxing Master in Chancery, with his accomplished wife, from whose +memorable fish dinners at Greenwich he was seldom absent, adapting +himself no less readily to their theatrical friends--the Bancrofts, +Burnand, Toole, Irving--than to the literary set with which he was +more habitually at home. He was religiously loyal to his friends, +speaking of them with generous admiration, eagerly defending them +when attacked. He lauded Butler Johnstone as the most gifted of +the young men in the House of Commons; would not allow Bernal +Osborne to be called untrue; "he offends people if you like, but he +is never false or hollow." A clever sobriquet fathered on him, +burlesquing the monosyllabic names of a well-known diarist and +official, he repelled indignantly. "He is my friend, and had I +been guilty of the jeu, I should have broken two of my +commandments; that which forbids my joking at a friend's expense, +and that which forbids my fashioning a play upon words." He +entreated Madame Novikoff to visit and cheer Charles Lever, dying +at Trieste; deeply lamented Sir H. Bulwer's death: "I used to +think his a beautiful intellect, and he was wonderfully simpatico +to me." But he was shy of condoling with bereaved mourners, +believing words used on such occasions to be utterly untrue. He +loved to include husband and wife in the same meed of admiration, +as in the case of Dean Stanley and Lady Augusta, or of Sir Robert +and Lady Emily Peel. Peel, he said, has the RADIANT quality not +easy to describe; Lady Emily is always beauteous, bright, +attractive. Lord Stanhope he praised as a historian, paying him +the equivocal compliment that his books were much better than his +conversation. So, too, he qualified his admiration of Lady +Ashburton, dwelling on her beauty, silver voice, ready enthusiasm +apt to disperse itself by flying at too many objects. + +He was wont to speak admiringly of Lord Acton, relating how, a +Roman Catholic, yet respecting enlightenment and devoted to books, +he once set up and edited a "Quarterly Review," with a notion of +reconciling the Light and the Dark as well as he could; but the +"Prince of Darkness, the Pope," interposed, and ordered him to stop +the "Review." He was compelled to obey; not, he told people, on +any religious ground, but because relations and others would have +made his life a bore to him if he had been contumacious against the +Holy Father. + +Kinglake was strongly attracted by W. E. Forster, a "rough +diamond," spoken of at one time as a possible Prime Minister. +Beginning life, he said, as a Quaker, with narrow opinions, his +vigour of character and brain-power shook them off. Powerful, +robust, and perfectly honest, yet his honesty inflicted on him a +doubleness of view which caused him to be described as engaging his +two hands in two different pursuits. His estimate of Sir R. Morier +would have gladdened Jowett's heart; he loved him as a private +friend; eulogized his public qualities; rejoiced over his +appointment as Ambassador at St. Petersburg, seeing in him a +diplomatist with not only a keen intellect and large views, but +vibrating with the warmth, animation, friendliness, that are +charmingly un-diplomatic. Of Carlyle, his life-long, though not +always congenial intimate, he used to speak as having great graphic +power, but being essentially a humourist; a man who, with those he +could trust, never pretended to be in earnest, but used to roar +with glorious laughter over the fun of his own jeremiads; "so far +from being a prophet he is a bad Scotch joker, and knows himself to +be a wind-bag." He blamed Froude's revelations of Carlyle in "The +Reminiscences," as injurious and offensive. Froude himself he +often likened to Carlyle; the thoughts of both, he said, ran in the +same direction, but of the two, Froude was by far the more +intellectual man. + +Staunch friend to the few, polite, though never effusive, to the +many, he also nourished strong antipathies. The appearance in +Madame Novikoff's rooms of a certain Scotch bishop invariably drove +him out of them, "Peter Paul, Bishop of Claridge's," he called him. +To Von Beust (the Austrian Chancellor), who spoke English in a +rapid half-intelligible falsetto, he gave the name of Mirliton +(penny trumpet). His allusions to Mirliton and to the Bishop +frequently mystified Madame Novikoff's guests. For he loved to +talk in cypher. Canon Warburton, kindly searching on my behalf his +brother Eliot's journals, tells me that he and Kinglake, meeting +almost daily, lived in a cryptic world of jokes, confidences, +colloquialisms, inexplicable to all but their two selves. + +He cordially disliked "The Times" newspaper, alleging instances of +the unfairness with which its columns had been used to spite and +injure persons who had offended it, chuckling over Hayward's +compact anathema,--"'The Times,' which as usual of late supplied +its lack of argument and proof by assumption, misrepresentation, +and personality." He thought that its attacks upon himself had +helped his popularity. "One of the main causes," he said in 1875, +"of the interest which people here were good enough to take in my +book was the fight between 'The Times' and me. In 1863 it raged, +in 1867 it was renewed with great violence, and now I suppose the +flame kindles once more, though probably with diminished strength. +In 1863 the storm of opinion generally waxed fierce against me, but +now, as I hear, 'The Times' is alone, journals of all politics +being loud in my praise. But I never look at any comment on my +volumes till long afterwards, and I never in my life wrote to a +newspaper." Once, when Chenery, the editor, came to join the table +at the Athenaeum where he and Mr. Cartwright were dining, Kinglake +rose, and removed to another part of the room. "The Times" had +inserted a statement that Madame Novikoff was ordered to leave +England, and he thus publicly resented it. "So unlike me," he +said, relating the story, "but somehow a savagery as of youth came +over me in my ancient days; it was like being twenty years old +again." It came out, however, that "our indiscreet friend Froude" +had written something which justified the paragraph, and Kinglake +sent his amende to Chenery, with whom ordinarily he was on most +friendly terms. + +He disliked Irishmen "in the lump," saying that human nature is the +same everywhere except in Ireland. Parnell he personally admired, +though hating Home Rule; and stigmatized as gross hypocrisy the +desertion of him by Liberals after the divorce trial. He was wont +to speak irreverently of Lord Beaconsfield, whom he had known well +at Lady Blessington's in early days. He would have found himself +in accord with Huxley, who used to thank God, his friend Mr. Fiske +tells us, that he had never bowed the knee either to Louis Napoleon +or Benjamin Disraeli. He poured scorn on the Treaty of Berlin. +Russia, he said, defeating the Turks in war, has defeated +Beaconsfield in diplomacy. If Englishmen understood such things +they would see that the Congress was a comedy; anyone who will +satisfy himself as to what Russia was really anxious to obtain, and +then look at the Salisbury-Schouvaloff treaty, will see that, +thanks to Beaconsfield's imbecility, Schouvaloff obtained one of +the most signal diplomatic triumphs that was ever won. {27} A +sound entente between Russia and England he thought both possible +and desirable; but conceived it to be rendered difficult by the +want of steadiness and capacity which, for international purposes, +were the real faults of Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury. He +repeated with much amusement the current anecdote of Lord +Beaconsfield's conquest of Mrs. Gladstone. Meeting her in society, +he was said to have inquired with tenderness after Mr. Gladstone's +health, and then after receiving the loving wife's report of her +William, to have rejoined in his most dulcet tones, "Ah! take care +of him, for he is very VERY precious." He always attributed +Dizzy's popularity to the feeling of Englishmen that he had "shown +them sport," an instinct, he thought, supreme in all departments of +the English mind. + +Towards his old schoolfellow Gladstone he never felt quite +cordially, believing, rightly or wrongly, that the great statesman +nourished enmity towards himself. He called him, as has been said, +"a good man in the worst sense of the term, conscientious with a +diseased conscience." He watched with much amusement, as +illustrating the moral twist in Gladstone's temperament, the +"Colliery explosion," as it was called, when Sir R. Collier, the +Attorney-General, was appointed to a Puisne Judgeship, which he +held only for a day or two, in order to qualify him for a seat on a +new Court of Appeal; together with a very similar trick, by which +Ewelme Rectory, tenable only by an Oxonian, was given to a +Cambridge man. The responsibility was divided between Gladstone +and Lord Hatherley the Chancellor, with the mutual idea apparently +that each of the two became thereby individually innocent. But Sir +F. Pollock, in his amusing "Reminiscences," recalls the amicable +halving of a wicked word between the Abbess of Andouillet and the +Novice Margarita in "Tristram Shandy." It answered in neither +case. "'They do not understand us,' cried Margarita. 'BUT THE +DEVIL DOES,' said the Abbess of Andouillet." "The Collier scandal +narrowly escaped by two votes in the Lords, twenty-seven in the +Commons, a Parliamentary vote of censure, and gave unquestionably a +downward push to the Gladstone Administration. Mr. Gladstone, on +the other hand, cordially admired Kinglake's speeches, saying that +few of those he had heard in Parliament could bear so well as his +the test of publication. + +To the great Prime Minister's absolute fearlessness he did full +justice, as one of the finest features in his character; and loved +to quote an epigram by Lord Houghton, to whom Gladstone had +complained in a moment of weariness that he led the life of a dog. +"Yes," said Houghton, "but of a St. Bernard dog, ever busied in +saving life." He loved to contrast the twofold biographical +paradox in the careers of the two famous rivals, Gladstone and +Disraeli; the dreaming Tory mystic, incarnation of Oxford +exclusiveness and Puseyite reserve, passing into the Radical +iconoclast; the Jew clerk in a city lawyer's office, "bad specimen +of an inferior dandy," coming to rule the proudest aristocracy and +lead the most fastidious assembly in the world. + +He was not above broad farce when the fancy seized him. At the +time when a certain kind of nonsense verse was popular, he, with +Sir Noel Paton and others, added not a few facetious sonnets to +Edward Lear's book, which lay on Madame Novikoff's table. His +authorship is betrayed by the introduction of familiar +Somersetshire names, Taunton, Wellington, Curry Rivel, Creech, +Trull, Wilton: + + +"There was a young lady of Wilton, +Who read all the poems of Milton: +And, when she had done, +She said, 'What bad fun!' +This prosaic young lady of Wilton." + + +There were many more, but this will perhaps suffice; ex ungue +leonem. They were addressed to the "Fair Lady of Claridge's," +Madame Novikoff's hotel when in London, and were signed "Peter +Paul, Bishop of Claridge's." + + +"There is a fair lady at Claridge's, +Whose smile is more charming to me, +Than the rapture of ninety-nine marriages +Could possibly, possibly, be;--" + + +is the final dedicatory stanza. It is the gracious fooling of a +philosopher who understood his company. "There are folks," says +Mr. Counsellor Pleydell, "before whom a man should take care how he +plays the fool, because they have either too much malice or too +little wit." Kinglake knew his associates, and was not ashamed +desipere in loco, to frolic in their presence. + + +One point there was on which he never touched himself or suffered +others to interrogate him, his conception of and attitude towards +the Unseen. He wore his religion as Sir William Gull wore the fur +of his coat, INSIDE. Outwardly he died as he had lived, a Stoic; +that on the most personal and sacred of all topics he should +consult the Silences was in keeping with his idiosyncrasy. Another +famous man, questioned as to his religious creed, made answer that +he believed what all wise men believe. And what do all wise men +believe? "That all wise men keep to themselves?" + + + +Footnotes: + + +{1} When "Heartsease" first appeared, Percy Fotheringham was +believed to be a portrait; but the accomplished authoress in a +letter written not long before her death told me that the character +was wholly imaginary. + +{2} Pedigrees are perplexing unless tabulated; so here is +Kinglake's genealogical tree. + +KINGLAKES OF SALTMOOR. WOODFORDES OF + CASTLE CARY. + | | + +-------------------+ | + | WILLIAM=MARY WOODFORDE. +ROBERT | + | +--------------------+ ++--------------+ | | +| | | | +SERJEANT REV. W.C. A.W. KING- DR. HAMILTON +JOHN KING- KINGLAKE LAKE KINGLAKE. +LAKE. ("Eothen.") + +{3} "Eothen," p. 33. Reading "Timbuctoo" to-day one is amazed it +should have gained the prize. Two short passages adumbrate the +coming Tennyson, the rest is mystic nonsense. "What do you think +of Tennyson's prize poem?" writes Charles Wordsworth to his brother +Christopher. "Had it been sent up at Oxford, the author would have +had a better chance of spending a few months at a lunatic asylum +than of obtaining the Prize." A current Cambridge story at the +time explained the selection. There were three examiners, the +Vice-Chancellor, a man of arbitrary temper, with whom his juniors +hesitated to disagree; a classical professor unversed in English +Literature; a mathematical professor indifferent to all literature. +The letter g was to signify approval, the letter b to brand it with +rejection. Tennyson's manuscript came from the Vice-Chancellor +scored all over with g's. The classical professor failed to see +its merit, but bowed to the Vice-Chancellor, and added his g. The +mathematical professor could not admire, but since both his +colleagues ordained it, good it must be, and his g made the award +unanimous. The three met soon after, and the Vice-Chancellor, in +his blatant way, attacked the other two for admiring a trashy poem. +"Why," they remonstrated, "you covered it with g's yourself." +"G's," said he, "they were q's for queries; I could not understand +a line of it." + +{4} "Enoch Arden," p. 34. + +{5} "Eothen," p. 169. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898. + +{6} "Eothen," p. 17. + +{7} His deferential regard for army rank was like that of Johnson +for bishops. Great was his indignation when the "grotesque +Salvation Army," as he called it, adopted military nomenclature. +"I would let those ragamuffins call themselves saints, angels, +prophets, cherubim, Olympian gods and goddesses if they like; but +their pretension in taking the rank of officers in the army is to +me beyond measure repulsive." + +{8} "Eothen," p. 190 in first edition. It was struck out in the +fourth edition. + +{9} "Eothen," p. 18. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898. + +{10} He is very fond of this word; it occurs eleven times. + +{11} "Quarterly Review," December, 1844. + +{12} "Eothen," p. 46. + +{13} Poitier's "Vaudeville." + +{14} One characteristic anecdote he omits. Two French officers +were attached to our headquarters; and the staff were partly +embarrassed and partly amused by Lord Raglan's inveterate habit, +due to old Peninsular associations, of calling the enemy "the +French" in the presence of our foreign guests. + +{15} Some of us can recall the lines in which Sir G. Trevelyan +commemorated "The Owl's" nocturnal flights: + + +"When at sunset, chill and dark, +Sunset thins the swarming park, +Bearing home his social gleaning - +Jests and riddles fraught with meaning, +Scandals, anecdotes, reports, - +Seeks The Owl a maze of courts +Which, with aspect towards the west, +Fringe the street of Sainted James, +Where a warm, secluded nest +As his sole domain he claims; +From his wing a feather draws, +Shapes for use a dainty nib, +Pens his parody or squib; +Combs his down and trims his claws, +And repairs where windows bright +Flood the sleepless Square with light." + +{16} Greville, vii. 223, quotes from a letter written after +Inkerman to the Prince Consort by Colonel Steele, saying "that he +had no idea how great a mind Raglan really had, but that he now saw +it, for in the midst of distresses and difficulties of every kind +in which the army was involved, he was perfectly serene and +undisturbed." + +{17} "Go quietly" might have been his motto: even on horseback he +seemed never to be in a hurry. Airey used to come in from their +rides round the outposts shuddering with cold, and complaining that +the Chief would never move his horse out of a walk. "I daresay," +said Carlyle, "Lord Raglan will rise quite quietly at the last +trump, and remain entirely composed during the whole day, and show +the most perfect civility to both parties." + +{18} The first death! out of how many he nowhere reckons: he +shrinks from estimates of carnage, and we thank him for it. But an +accomplished naturalist tells me that the vulture, a bird unknown +in the Crimea before hostilities began, swarmed there after the +Alma fight, and remained till the war was over, disappearing +meanwhile from the whole North African littoral. + +{19} "D-n your eyes!" he said once, in a moment of irritation, to +his attache, Mr. Hay. "D-n your Excellency's eyes!" was the +answer, delivered with deep respect but with sufficient emphasis. +Dismissed on the spot, the candid attache went in great anger to +pack up, but was followed after a time by Lady Canning, habitual +peacemaker in the household, who besought him if not to apologize +at least to bid his Chief good-bye. After much persuasion he +consented. "Hardly had he entered the room when Sir Stratford had +him by the hand. 'My dear Hay, this will never do; what a devil of +a temper you have!' The two were firmer friends than ever after +this" (LANE POOLE'S Life of Lord Stratford, chapter xiii.). + +{20} The story of an old quarrel between Sir Stratford Canning and +the then Grand Duke Nicholas at St. Petersburg in 1825 is disproved +by Canning's own statement. The two met once only in their lives, +at a purely formal reception at Paris in 1814. + +{21} La Femme was a "Miss" or "Mrs." Howard. She followed Louis +Napoleon to France in 1848, and lived openly with him as his +mistress. In the once famous "Letters of an Englishman" we are +told how shortly after the December massacre the elite of English +visitors in Paris were not ashamed to dine at her house in the +President's company: and in 1860, Mrs. Simpson, in France with her +father, Nassau Senior, found her, decorated with the title of +Madame de Beauregard, inhabiting La Celle, near Versailles, once +the abode of Madame de Pompadour, "with the national flag flying +over it, to the great scandal of the neighbourhood." + +{22} Bachaumont's criticism of Latour. Lady Dilke's "French +Painters," p. 165. + +{23} Here is one of the stanzas: + +"L'Autriche--dit-on--et la Russie +Se brouillent pour la Turquie. +Des aujourd'hui il n'en est plus question. +En invitant une femme charmante, +Le Turc--et je l'en complimente - +Est devenu pour nous un trait d'union." + +{24} "Blackwood's Magazine," December, 1895, p. 802. + +{25} I inserted this quotation before reading the "Etchingham +Letters." Sir Richard would wish me to erase it as hackneyed; but +it applies to Kinglake's talk as accurately as to Virgil's writing, +and I refuse to be defrauded of it. + +{26} This delightful phrase is Lady Gregory's. One would wish, +like Lord Houghton, though suppressing his presumptuous rider, to +have been its author. + +{27} Of course Kinglake was not alone in this opinion. It was +voiced in a delightful jeu d'esprit, now forgotten, which it is +worth while to reproduce: + + +"THE BERLIN CONGRESS. + +"The following Latin poem, from the pen of the well-known German +poet, Gustave Schwetschke, was distributed by Prince Bismarck's +special request amongst the Plenipotentiaries immediately after the +last sitting on Saturday: + + +"'GAUDEAMUS CONGRESSIBILE. +"'Gaudeamus igitur +Socii congressus, +Post dolores bellicosos, +Post labores gloriosos, +Nobis fit decessus. + +"'Ubi sunt, qui ante nos +Quondam consedere, +Viennenses, Parisienses +Tot per annos, tot per menses? +Frustra decidere. + +"'Mundus heu! vult decipi, +Sed non decipiatur, +Non plus ultra inter gentes +Litigantes et frementes +Manus conferatur. + +'Vivat Pax! et comitent +Dii nunc congressum, +Ceu Deus ex machina +Ipsa venit Cypria +Roborans successum. + +"'Pereat discordia! +Vincat semper litem +Proxenetae probitas, {27a} +Fides, spes, et charitas, +Gaudeamus item! + +"G. S." + + +"THE OTHER VERSION. +(From the "Pall Mall Gazette.") + + +"A correspondent informs us that the version given in 'The +Standard' of yesterday of the congratulatory ode ('Gaudeamus +igitur,' etc.) addressed to the Congress by 'the well-known German +poet Gustave Schwetschke,' and 'distributed by Prince Bismarck's +request among the Plenipotentiaries,' is incorrect. The true +version, we are assured, is as follows: + +"'Rideamus igitur, +Socii Congressus; +Post dolores bellicosos, +Post labores bumptiosos, +Fit mirandus messus. + +"Ubi sunt qui apud nos +Causas litigare, +Moldo-Wallachae frementes, +Graeculi esurientes? +Heu! absquatulare. + +"'Ubi sunt provinciae +Quas est laus pacasse? +Totae, totae, sunt partitae: +Has tulerunt Muscovitae, +Illas Count Andrassy. + +"'Et quid est quod Angliae +Dedit hic Congressus? +Jus pro aliis pugnandi, +Mortuum vivificandi - +Splendidi successus! + +"'Vult Joannes decipi +Et bamboosulatur. +Io Beacche! Quae majestas! +Ostreae reportans testas +Domum gloriatur!'" + + +"This version, which from internal evidence will be seen to be the +true one, may be roughly Englished thus: + + +"Let us have our hearty laugh, +Greatest of Congresses! +After days and weeks pugnacious, +After labours ostentatious, +See how big the mess is! + +"'Where are those who at our bar +Their demands have stated: +Robbed Roumanians rampaging, +Greeklings with earth-hunger raging? +Where? Absquatulated! + +"'Where the lands we've pacified, +With their rebel masses? +All are gone; yes, all up-gobbled: +These the Muscovite has nobbled, +Those are Count Andrassy's. + +"'And what does England carry off +To add to her possessions? +The right to wage another's strife, +The right to raise the dead to life - +Glorious concessions! + +"'Well, let John Bull bamboozled be +If he's so fond of sells! +Io Beacche! Hark the cheering! +See him home in triumph bearing +BOTH {27b} the oyster shells!'" + +{27a} "Der ehrlich Miikler." + +{27b} Peace and Honour. + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF KINGLAKE *** + +This file should be named awkbi10.txt or awkbi10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, awkbi11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, awkbi10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Tuckwell + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Biographical Study of A. W. Kinglake + +Author: Rev. W. Tuckwell + +Release Date: May, 1996 [EBook #539] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on March 23, 1996] +[Most recently updated: August 27, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII +</pre> +<p> +<a name="startoftext"></a> +Transcribed from the 1902 Edition by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +A. W. KINGLAKE - A BIOGRAPHICAL AND LITERARY STUDY<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +PREFACE<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +It is just eleven years since Kinglake passed away, and his life has +not yet been separately memorialized. A few years more, and the +personal side of him would be irrecoverable, though by personality, +no less than by authorship, he made his contemporary mark. When +a tomb has been closed for centuries, the effaced lineaments of its +tenant can be re-coloured only by the idealizing hand of genius, as +Scott drew Claverhouse, and Carlyle drew Cromwell. But, to the +biographer of the lately dead, men have a right to say, as Saul said +to the Witch of Endor, “Call up Samuel!” In your study +of a life so recent as Kinglake’s, give us, if you choose, some +critical synopsis of his monumental writings, some salvage from his +ephemeral and scattered papers; trace so much of his youthful training +as shaped the development of his character; depict, with wise restraint, +his political and public life: but also, and above all, re-clothe him +“in his habit as he lived,” as friends and associates knew +him; recover his traits of voice and manner, his conversational wit +or wisdom, epigram or paradox, his explosions of sarcasm and his eccentricities +of reserve, his words of winningness and acts of kindness: and, since +one half of his life was social, introduce us to the companions who +shared his lighter hour and evoked his finer fancies; take us to the +Athenaeum “Corner,” or to Holland House, and flash on us +at least a glimpse of the brilliant men and women who formed the setting +to his sparkle; <i>“dic in amicitiam coeant et foedera jungant</i>.”<br> +<br> +This I have endeavoured to do, with such aid as I could command from +his few remaining contemporaries. His letters to his family were +destroyed by his own desire; on those written to Madame Novikoff no +such embargo was laid, nor does she believe that it was intended. +I have used these sparingly, and all extracts from them have been subjected +to her censorship. If the result is not Attic in salt, it is at +any rate Roman in brevity. I send it forth with John Bunyan’s +homely aspiration:<br> +<br> +<br> +And may its buyer have no cause to say,<br> +His money is but lost or thrown away.<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER I - EARLY YEARS<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +The fourth decade of the deceased century dawned on a procession of +Oriental pilgrims, variously qualified or disqualified to hold the gorgeous +East in fee, who, with <i>bakshîsh</i> in their purses, a theory +in their brains, an unfilled diary-book in their portmanteaus, sought +out the Holy Land, the Sinai peninsula, the valley of the Nile, sometimes +even Armenia and the Monte Santo, and returned home to emit their illustrated +and mapped octavos. We have the type delineated admiringly in +Miss Yonge’s “Heartsease,” <a name="citation1"></a><a href="#footnote1">{1}</a> +bitterly in Miss Skene’s “Use and Abuse,” facetiously +in the Clarence Bulbul of “Our Street.” “Hang +it! has not everybody written an Eastern book? I should like to +meet anybody in society now who has not been up to the Second Cataract. +My Lord Castleroyal has done one - an honest one; my Lord Youngent another +- an amusing one; my Lord Woolsey another - a pious one; there is the +‘Cutlet and the Cabob’ - a sentimental one; Timbuctoothen +- a humorous one.” Lord Carlisle’s honesty, Lord Nugent’s +fun, Lord Lindsay’s piety, failed to float their books. +Miss Martineau, clear, frank, unemotional Curzon, fuddling the Levantine +monks with rosoglio that he might fleece them of their treasured hereditary +manuscripts, even Eliot Warburton’s power, colouring, play of +fancy, have yielded to the mobility of Time. Two alone out of +the gallant company maintain their vogue to-day: Stanley’s “Sinai +and Palestine,” as a Fifth Gospel, an inspired Scripture Gazetteer; +and “Eothen,” as a literary gem of purest ray serene.<br> +<br> +In 1898 a reprint of the first edition was given to the public, prefaced +by a brief eulogium of the book and a slight notice of the author. +It brought to the writer of the “Introduction” not only +kind and indulgent criticism, but valuable corrections, fresh facts, +clues to further knowledge. These last have been carefully followed +out. The unwary statement that Kinglake never spoke after his +first failure in the House has been atoned by a careful study of all +his speeches in and out of Parliament. His reviews in the “Quarterly” +and elsewhere have been noted; impressions of his manner and appearance +at different periods of his life have been recovered from coaeval acquaintances; +his friend Hayward’s Letters, the numerous allusions in Lord Houghton’s +Life, Mrs. Crosse’s lively chapters in “Red Letter Days +of my Life,” Lady Gregory’s interesting recollections of +the Athenaeum Club in Blackwood of December, 1895, the somewhat slender +notice in the “Dictionary of National Biography,” have all +been carefully digested. From these, and, as will be seen, from +other sources, the present Memoir has been compiled; an endeavour - +<i>sera tamen</i> - to lay before the countless readers and admirers +of his books a fairly adequate appreciation, hitherto unattempted, of +their author.<br> +<br> +I have to acknowledge the great kindness of Canon William Warburton, +who examined his brother Eliot’s diaries on my behalf, obtained +information from Dean Boyle and Sir M. Grant Duff, cleared up for me +not a few obscure allusions in the “Eothen” pages. +My highly valued friend, Mrs. Hamilton Kinglake, of Taunton, his sister-in-law, +last surviving relative of his own generation, has helped me with facts +which no one else could have recalled. To Mr. Estcott, his old +acquaintance and Somersetshire neighbour, I am indebted for recollections +manifold and interesting; but above all I tender thanks to Madame Novikoff, +his intimate associate and correspondent during the last twenty years +of his life, who has supplemented her brilliant sketch of him in “La +Nouvelle Revue” of 1896 by oral and written information lavish +in quantity and of paramount biographical value. Kinglake’s +external life, his literary and political career, his speeches, and +the more fugitive productions of his pen, were recoverable from public +sources; but his personal and private side, as it showed itself to the +few close intimates who still survive, must have remained to myself +and others meagre, superficial, disappointing, without Madame Novikoff’s +unreserved and sympathetic confidence.<br> +<br> +<br> +Alexander William Kinglake was descended from an old Scottish stock, +the Kinlochs, who migrated to England with King James, and whose name +was Anglicized into Kinglake. Later on we find them settled on +a considerable estate of their own at Saltmoor, near Borobridge, whence +towards the close of the eighteenth century two brothers, moving southward, +made their home in Taunton - Robert as a physician, William as a solicitor +and banker. Both were of high repute, both begat famous sons. +From Robert sprang the eminent Parliamentary lawyer, Serjeant John Kinglake, +at one time a contemporary with Cockburn and Crowder on the Western +Circuit, and William Chapman Kinglake, who while at Trinity, Cambridge, +won the Latin verse prize, “Salix Babylonica,” the English +verse prizes on “Byzantium” and the “Taking of Jerusalem,” +in 1830 and 1832. Of William’s sons the eldest was Alexander +William, author of “Eothen,” the youngest Hamilton, for +many years one of the most distinguished physicians in the West of England. +“Eothen,” as he came to be called, was born at Taunton on +the 5th August, 1809, at a house called “The Lawn.” +His father, a sturdy Whig, died at the age of ninety through injuries +received in the hustings crowd of a contested election. His mother +belonged to an old Somersetshire family, the Woodfordes of Castle Cary. +She, too, lived to a great age; a slight, neat figure in dainty dress, +full of antique charm and grace. As a girl she had known Lady +Hester Stanhope, who lived with her grandmother, Lady Chatham, at Burton +Pynsent, her own father, Dr. Thomas Woodforde, being Lady Chatham’s +medical attendant. <a name="citation2"></a><a href="#footnote2">{2}</a> +The future prophetess of the Lebanon was then a wild girl, scouring +the countryside on bare-backed horses; she showed great kindness to +Mary Woodforde, afterwards Kinglake’s mother. It was as +his mother’s son that she received him long afterwards at Djoun. +To his mother Kinglake was passionately attached; owed to her, as he +tells us in “Eothen,” his home in the saddle and his love +for Homer. A tradition is preserved in the family that on the +day of her funeral, at a churchyard five miles away, he was missed from +the household group reassembled in the mourning home; he was found to +have ordered his horse, and galloped back in the darkness to his mother’s +grave. Forty years later he writes to Alexander Knox: “The +death of a mother has an almost magical power of recalling the home +of one’s childhood, and the almost separate world that rests upon +affection.” Of his two sisters, one was well read and agreeably +talkative, noted by Thackeray as the cleverest woman he had ever met; +the other, Mrs. Acton, was a delightful old <i>esprit fort</i>, as I +knew her in the sixties, “pagan, I regret to say,” but not +a little resembling her brother in the point and manner of her wit. +The family moved in his infancy to an old-fashioned handsome “Wilton +House,” adjoining closely to the town, but standing amid spacious +park-like grounds, and inhabited in after years by Kinglake’s +younger brother Hamilton, who succeeded his uncle in the medical profession, +and passed away, amid deep and universal regret, in 1898. Here +during the thirties Sydney Smith was a frequent and a welcome visitor; +it was in answer to old Mrs. Kinglake that he uttered his audacious +<i>mot</i> on being asked if he would object, as a neighbouring clergyman +had done, to bury a Dissenter: “Not bury Dissenters? I should +like to be burying them all day!”<br> +<br> +Taunton was an innutrient foster-mother, <i>arida nutrix</i>, for such +young lions as the Kinglake brood. Two hundred years before it +had been a prosperous and famous place, its woollen and kersey trades, +with the population they supported, ranking it as eighth in order among +English towns. Its inhabitants were then a gallant race, republican +in politics, Puritan in creed. Twice besieged by Goring and Lumford, +it had twice repelled the Royalists with loss. It was the centre +of Monmouth’s rebellion and of Jeffrey’s vengeance; the +suburb of Tangier, hard by its ancient castle, still recalls the time +when Colonel Kirke and his regiment of “Lambs” were quartered +in the town. But long before the advent of the Kinglakes its glory +had departed; its manufactures had died out, its society become Philistine +and bourgeois - “little men who walk in narrow ways” - while +from pre-eminence in electoral venality among English boroughs it was +saved only by the near proximity of Bridgewater. A noted statesman +who, at a later period, represented it in Parliament, used to say that +by only one family besides Dr. Hamilton Kinglake’s could he be +received with any sense of social or intellectual equality.<br> +<br> +Not much, however, of Kinglake’s time was given to his native +town: he was early sent to the Grammar School at Ottery St. Mary’s, +the “Clavering” of “Pendennis,” whose Dr. Wapshot +was George Coleridge, brother of the poet. He was wont in after +life to speak of this time with bitterness; a delicate child, he was +starved on insufficient diet; and an eloquent passage in “Eothen” +depicts his intellectual fall from the varied interests and expanding +enthusiasm of liberal home teaching to the regulation gerund-grinding +and Procrustean discipline of school. “The dismal change +is ordained, and then - thin meagre Latin with small shreds and patches +of Greek, is thrown like a pauper’s pall over all your early lore; +instead of sweet knowledge, vile, monkish, doggerel grammars and graduses, +dictionaries and lexicons, and horrible odds and ends of dead languages +are given you for your portion, and down you fall, from Roman story +to a three-inch scrap of ‘Scriptores Romani,’ - from Greek +poetry, down, down to the cold rations of ‘Poetae Graeci,’ +cut up by commentators, and served out by school-masters!”<br> +<br> +At Eton - under Keate, as all readers of “Eothen” know - +he was contemporary with Gladstone, Sir F. Hanmer, Lords Canning and +Dalhousie, Selwyn, Shadwell. He wrote in the “Etonian,” +created and edited by Mackworth Praed; and is mentioned in Praed’s +poem on Surly Hall as<br> +<br> +<br> +“Kinglake, dear to poetry,<br> +And dear to all his friends.”<br> +<br> +<br> +Dr. Gatty remembers his “determined pale face”; thinks that +he made his mark on the river rather than in the playing fields, being +a good oar and swimmer. His great friend at school was Savile, +the “Methley” of his travels, who became successively Lord +Pollington and Earl of Mexborough. The Homeric lore which Methley +exhibited in the Troad, is curiously illustrated by an Eton story, that +in a pugilistic encounter with Hoseason, afterwards an Indian Cavalry +officer, while the latter sate between the rounds upon his second’s +knee, Savile strutted about the ring, spouting Homer.<br> +<br> +Kinglake entered at Trinity, Cambridge, in 1828, among an exceptionally +brilliant set - Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, John Sterling, Trench, Spedding, +Spring Rice, Charles Buller, Maurice, Monckton Milnes, J. M. Kemble, +Brookfield, Thompson. With none of them does he seem in his undergraduate +days to have been intimate. Probably then, as afterwards, he shrank +from <i>camaraderie</i>, shared Byron’s distaste for “enthusymusy”; +naturally cynical and self-contained, was repelled by the spiritual +fervour, incessant logical collision, aggressive tilting at abuses of +those young “Apostles,” already<br> +<br> +<br> +“Yearning for the large excitement that the coming years would +yield,<br> +Eager-hearted as a boy when first he leaves his father’s field,”<br> +<br> +<br> +waxing ever daily, as Sterling exhorted, “in religion and radicalism.” +He saw life differently; more practically, if more selfishly; to one +rhapsodizing about the “plain living and high thinking” +of Wordsworth’s sonnet, he answered: “You know that you +prefer dining with people who have good glass and china and plenty of +servants.” For Tennyson’s poetry he even then felt +admiration; quotes, nay, misquotes, in “Eothen,” from the +little known “Timbuctoo”; <a name="citation3"></a><a href="#footnote3">{3}</a> +and from “Locksley Hall”; and supplied long afterwards an +incident adopted by Tennyson in “Enoch Arden,”<br> +<br> +<br> +“Once likewise in the ringing of his ears<br> +Though faintly, merrily - far and far away -<br> +He heard the pealing of his parish bells,” <a name="citation4"></a><a href="#footnote4">{4}</a><br> +<br> +<br> +from his own experience in the desert, when on a Sunday, amid overpowering +heat and stillness, he heard the Marlen bells of Taunton peal for morning +church. <a name="citation5"></a><a href="#footnote5">{5}</a><br> +<br> +In whatever set he may have lived he made his mark at Cambridge. +Lord Houghton remembered him as an orator at the Union; and speaking +to Cambridge undergraduates fifty years later, after enumerating the +giants of his student days, Macaulay, Praed, Buller, Sterling, Merivale, +he goes on to say: “there, too, were Kemble and Kinglake, the +historian of our earliest civilization and of our latest war; Kemble +as interesting an individual as ever was portrayed by the dramatic genius +of his own race; Kinglake, as bold a man-at-arms in literature as ever +confronted public opinion.” We know, too, that not many +years after leaving Cambridge he received, and refused, a solicitation +to stand as Liberal representative of the University in Parliament. +He was, in fact, as far as any of his contemporaries from acquiescing +in social conventionalisms and shams. To the end of his life he +chafed at such restraint: “when pressed to stay in country houses,” +he writes in 1872, “I have had the frankness to say that I have +not discipline enough.” Repeatedly he speaks with loathing +of the “stale civilization,” the “utter respectability,” +of European life; <a name="citation6"></a><a href="#footnote6">{6}</a> +longed with all his soul for the excitement and stir of soldiership, +from which his shortsightedness debarred him; <a name="citation7"></a><a href="#footnote7">{7}</a> +rushed off again and again into foreign travel; set out immediately +on leaving Cambridge, in 1834, for his first Eastern tour, “to +fortify himself for the business of life.” Methley joined +him at Hamburg, and they travelled by Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, +to Semlin, where his book begins. Lord Pollington’s health +broke down, and he remained to winter at Corfu, while Kinglake pursued +his way alone, returning to England in October, 1835. <a name="citation8"></a><a href="#footnote8">{8}</a> +On his return he read for the Chancery Bar along with his friend Eliot +Warburton, under Bryan Procter, a Commissioner of Lunacy, better known +by his poet-name, Barry Cornwall; his acquaintance with both husband +and wife ripening into life-long friendship. Mrs. Procter is the +“Lady of Bitterness,” cited in the “Eothen” +Preface. As Anne Skepper, before her marriage, she was much admired +by Carlyle; “a brisk witty prettyish clear eyed sharp tongued +young lady”; and was the intimate, among many, especially of Thackeray +and Browning. In epigrammatic power she resembled Kinglake; but +while his acrid sayings were emitted with gentlest aspect and with softest +speech; while, like Byron’s Lambro:<br> +<br> +<br> +“he was the mildest mannered man<br> +That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat,<br> +With such true breeding of a gentleman,<br> +You never could divine his real thought,”<br> +<br> +<br> +her sarcasms rang out with a resonant clearness that enforced and aggravated +their severity. That two persons so strongly resembling each other +in capacity for rival exhibition, or for mutual exasperation, should +have maintained so firm a friendship, often surprised their acquaintance; +she explained it by saying that she and Kinglake sharpened one another +like two knives; that, in the words of Petruchio,<br> +<br> +<br> +“Where two raging fires meet together,<br> +They do consume the thing that feeds their fury.”<br> +<br> +<br> +Crabb Robinson, stung by her in a tender place, his boastful iterative +monologues on Weimar and on Goethe, said that of all men Procter ought +to escape purgatory after death, having tasted its fulness here through +living so many years with Mrs. Procter; “the husbands of the talkative +have great reward hereafter,” said Rudyard Kipling’s Lama. +And I have been told by those who knew the pair that there was truth +as well as irritation in the taunt. “A graceful Preface +to ‘Eothen,’” wrote to me a now famous lady who as +a girl had known Mrs. Procter well, “made friendly company yesterday +to a lonely meal, and brought back memories of Mr. Kinglake’s +kind spoiling of a raw young woman, and of the wit, the egregious vanity, +the coarseness, the kindness, of that hard old worldling our Lady of +Bitterness.” In the presence of one man, Tennyson, she laid +aside her shrewishness: “talking with Alfred Tennyson lifts me +out of the earth earthy; a visit to Farringford is like a retreat to +the religious.” A celebrity in London for fifty years, she +died, witty and vigorous to the last, in 1888. “You and +I and Mr. Kinglake,” she says to Lord Houghton, “are all +that are left of the goodly band that used to come to St. John’s +Wood; Eliot Warburton, Motley, Adelaide, Count de Verg, Chorley, Sir +Edwin Landseer, my husband.” “I never could write +a book,” she tells him in another letter, “and one strong +reason for not doing so was the idea of some few seeing how poor it +was. Venables was one of the few; I need not say that you were +one, and Kinglake.”<br> +<br> +Kinglake was called to the Chancery Bar, and practised apparently with +no great success. He believed that his reputation as a writer +stood in his way. When, in 1845, poor Hood’s friends were +helping him by gratuitous articles in his magazine, “Hood’s +Own,” Kinglake wrote to Monckton Milnes refusing to contribute. +He will send £10 to buy an article from some competent writer, +but will not himself write. “It would be seriously injurious +to me if the author of ‘Eothen’ were <i>affichéd</i> +as contributing to a magazine. My frailty in publishing a book +has, I fear, already hurt me in my profession, and a small sin of this +kind would bring on me still deeper disgrace with the solicitors.”<br> +<br> +Twice at least in these early years he travelled. “Mr. Kinglake,” +writes Mrs. Procter in 1843, “is in Switzerland, reading Rousseau.” +And in the following year we hear of him in Algeria, accompanying St. +Arnaud in his campaign against the Arabs. The mingled interest +and horror inspired in him by this extra-ordinary man finds expression +in his “Invasion of the Crimea” (ii. 157). A few, +a very few survivors, still remember his appearance and manners in the +forties. The eminent husband of a lady, now passed away, who in +her lifetime gave Sunday dinners at which Kinglake was always present, +speaks of him as <i>sensitive</i>, quiet in the presence of noisy people, +of Brookfield and the overpowering Bernal Osborne; liking their company, +but never saying anything worthy of remembrance. A popular old +statesman, still active in the House of Commons, recalls meeting him +at Palmerston, Lord Harrington’s seat, where was assembled a party +in honour of Madame Guiccioli and her second husband, the Marquis de +Boissy, and tells me that he attached himself to ladies, not to gentlemen, +nor ever joined in general tattle. Like many other famous men, +he passed through a period of shyness, which yielded to women’s +tactfulness only. From the first they appreciated him; “if +you were as gentle as your friend Kinglake,” writes Mrs. Norton +reproachfully to Hayward in the sulks. Another coaeval of those +days calls him handsome - an epithet I should hardly apply to him later +- slight, not tall, sharp featured, with dark hair well tended, always +modishly dressed after the fashion of the thirties, the fashion of Bulwer’s +exquisites, or of H. K. Browne’s “Nicholas Nickleby” +illustrations; leaving on all who saw him an impression of great personal +distinction, yet with an air of youthful <i>abandon</i> which never +quite left him: “He was pale, small, and delicate in appearance,” +says Mrs. Simpson, Nassau Senior’s daughter, who knew him to the +end of his life; while Mrs. Andrew Crosse, his friend in the Crimean +decade, cites his finely chiselled features and intellectual brow, “a +complexion bloodless with the pallor not of ill-health, but of an old +Greek bust.”<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER II - “EOTHEN”<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +“Eothen” appeared in 1844. Twice, Kinglake tells us, +he had essayed the story of his travels, twice abandoned it under a +sense of strong disinclination to write. A third attempt was induced +by an entreaty from his friend Eliot Warburton, himself projecting an +Eastern tour; and to Warburton in a characteristic preface the narrative +is addressed. The book, when finished, went the round of the London +market without finding a publisher. It was offered to John Murray, +who cited his refusal of it as the great blunder of his professional +life, consoling himself with the thought that his father had equally +lacked foresight thirty years before in declining the “Rejected +Addresses”; he secured the copyright later on. It was published +in the end by a personal friend, Ollivier, of Pall Mall, Kinglake paying +£50 to cover risk of loss; even worse terms than were obtained +by Warburton two years afterwards from Colburn, who owned in the fifties +to having cleared £6,000 by “The Crescent and the Cross.” +The volume was an octavo of 418 pages; the curious folding-plate which +forms the frontispiece was drawn and coloured by the author, and was +compared by the critics to a tea-tray. In front is Moostapha the +Tatar; the two foremost figures in the rear stand for accomplished Mysseri, +whom Kinglake was delighted to recognize long afterwards as a flourishing +hotel keeper in Constantinople, and Steel, the Yorkshire servant, in +his striped pantry jacket, “looking out for gentlemen’s +seats.” Behind are “Methley,” Lord Pollington, +in a broad-brimmed hat, and the booted leg of Kinglake, who modestly +hid his figure by a tree, but exposed his foot, of which he was very +proud. Of the other characters, “Our Lady of Bitterness” +was Mrs. Procter, “Carrigaholt” was Henry Stuart Burton +of Carrigaholt, County Clare. Here and there are allusions, obvious +at the time, now needing a scholiast, which have not in any of the reprints +been explained. In their ride through the Balkans they talked +of old Eton days. “We bullied Keate, and scoffed at Larrey +Miller and Okes; we rode along loudly laughing, and talked to the grave +Servian forest as though it were the Brocas clump.” <a name="citation9"></a><a href="#footnote9">{9}</a> +Keate requires no interpreter; Okes was an Eton tutor, afterwards Provost +of King’s. Larrey or Laurie Miller was an old tailor in +Keate’s Lane who used to sit on his open shop-board, facing the +street, a mark for the compliments of passing boys; as frolicsome youngsters +in the days of Addison and Steele, as High School lads in the days of +Walter Scott, were accustomed to “smoke the cobler.” +The Brocas was a meadow sacred to badger-baiting and cat-hunts. +The badgers were kept by a certain Jemmy Flowers, who charged sixpence +for each “draw”; Puss was turned out of a bag and chased +by dogs, her chance being to reach and climb a group of trees near the +river, known as the “Brocas Clump.” Of the quotations, +“a Yorkshireman hippodamoio” (p. 35) is, I am told, an <i>obiter +dictum</i> of Sir Francis Doyle. “Striving to attain,” +etc. (p. 33), is taken not quite correctly from Tennyson’s “Timbuctoo.” +Our crew were “a solemn company” (p. 57) is probably a reminiscence +of “we were a gallant company” in “The Siege of Corinth.” +For “‘the own armchair’ of our Lyrist’s ‘Sweet +Lady’” Anne’” (p. 161) see the poem, “My +own armchair” in Barry Cornwall’s “English Lyrics.” +“Proud Marie of Anjou” (p. 96) and “single-sin - ” +(p. 121), are unintelligible; a friend once asked Kinglake to +explain the former, but received for answer, “Oh! that is a private +thing.” It may, however, have been a pet name for little +Marie de Viry, Procter’s niece, and the <i>chère amie</i> +of his verse, whom Eothen must have met often at his friend’s +house. The St. Simonians of p. 83 were the disciples of Comte +de St. Simon, a Parisian reformer in the latter part of the eighteenth +century, who endeavoured to establish a social republic based on capacity +and labour. Père Enfantin was his disciple. The “mystic +mother” was a female Messiah, expected to become the parent of +a new Saviour. “Sir Robert once said a good thing” +(p. 93), refers possibly to Sir Robert Peel, not famous for epigram, +whose one good thing is said to have been bestowed upon a friend before +Croker’s portrait in the Academy. “Wonderful likeness,” +said the friend, “it gives the very quiver of the mouth.” +“Yes,” said Sir Robert, “and the arrow coming out +of it.” Or it may mean Sir Robert Inglis, Peel’s successor +at Oxford, more noted for his genial kindness and for the perpetual +bouquet in his buttonhole at a date when such ornaments were not worn, +than for capacity to conceive and say good things. In some mischievous +lines describing the Oxford election where Inglis supplanted Peel, Macaulay +wrote<br> +<br> +<br> +“And then said all the Doctors sitting in the Divinity School,<br> +Not this man, but Sir Robert’ - now Sir Robert was a fool.”<br> +<br> +<br> +But in the fifth and later editions Kinglake altered it to “Sir +John.”<br> +<br> +By a curious oversight in the first two editions (p. 41) <i>Jove</i> +was made to gaze on Troy from Samothrace; it was rightly altered to +Neptune in the third; and “eagle eye of Jove” in the following +sentence was replaced by “dread Commoter of our globe.” +The phrase “a natural Chiffney-bit” (p. 109), I have found +unintelligible to-day through lapse of time even to professional equestrians +and stable-keepers. Samuel Chiffney, a famous rider and trainer, +was born in 1753, and won the Derby on Skyscraper in 1789. He +managed the Prince of Wales’s stud, was the subject of discreditable +insinuations, and was called before the Jockey Club. Nothing was +proved against him, but in consequence of the<i> fracas</i> the Prince +severed his connection with the Club and sold his horses. Chiffney +invented a bit named after him; a curb with two snaffles, which gave +a stronger bearing on the sides of a horse’s mouth. His +rule in racing was to keep a slack rein and to ride a waiting race, +not calling on his horse till near the end. His son Samuel, who +followed him, observed the same plan; from its frequent success the +term “Chiffney rush” became proverbial. In his ride +through the desert (p. 169) Kinglake speaks of his “native bells +- the innocent bells of Marlen, that never before sent forth their music +beyond the Blaygon hills.” Marlen bells is the local name +for the fine peal of St. Mary Magdalen, Taunton. The Blaygon, +more commonly called the Blagdon Hills, run parallel with the Quantocks, +and between them lies the fertile Vale of Taunton Deane. “Damascus,” +he says, on p. 245, “was safer than Oxford”; and adds a +note on Mr. Everett’s degree which requires correction. +It is true that an attempt was made to <i>non-placet</i> Mr. Everett’s +honorary degree in the Oxford Theatre in 1843 on the ground of his being +a Unitarian; not true that it succeeded. It was a conspiracy by +the young lions of the Newmania, who had organized a formidable opposition +to the degree, and would have created a painful scene even if defeated. +But the Proctor of that year, Jelf, happened to be the most-hated official +of the century; and the furious groans of undergraduate displeasure +at his presence, continuing unabated for three-quarters of an hour, +compelled Wynter, the Vice-Chancellor, to break up the Assembly, without +recitation of the prizes, but not without conferring the degrees in +dumb show: unconscious Mr. Everett smilingly took his place in red gown +among the Doctors, the Vice-Chancellor asserting afterwards, what was +true in the letter though not in the spirit, that he did not hear the +<i>non-placets</i>. So while Everett was obnoxious to the Puseyites, +Jelf was obnoxious to the undergraduates; the cannonade of the angry +youngsters drowned the odium of the theological malcontents; in the +words of Bombastes:<br> +<br> +<br> +“Another lion gave another roar,<br> +And the first lion thought the last a bore.”<br> +<br> +<br> +The popularity of “Eothen” is a paradox: it fascinates by +violating all the rules which convention assigns to viatic narrative. +It traverses the most affecting regions of the world, and describes +no one of them: the Troad - and we get only his childish raptures over +Pope’s “Homer’s Iliad”; Stamboul - and he recounts +the murderous services rendered by the Golden Horn to the Assassin whose +<i>serail</i>, palace, council chamber, it washes; Cairo - but the Plague +shuts out all other thoughts; Jerusalem - but Pilgrims have vulgarized +the Holy Sepulchre into a Bartholomew Fair. He gives us everywhere, +not history, antiquities, geography, description, statistics, but only +<i>Kinglake</i>, only his own sensations, thoughts, experiences. +We are told not what the desert looks like, but what journeying in the +desert feels like. From morn till eve you sit aloft upon your +voyaging camel; the risen sun, still lenient on your left, mounts vertical +and dominant; you shroud head and face in silk, your skin glows, shoulders +ache, Arabs moan, and still moves on the sighing camel with his disjointed +awkward dual swing, till the sun once more descending touches you on +the right, your veil is thrown aside, your tent is pitched, books, maps, +cloaks, toilet luxuries, litter your spread-out rugs, you feast on scorching +toast and “fragrant” <a name="citation10"></a><a href="#footnote10">{10}</a> +tea, sleep sound and long; then again the tent is drawn, the comforts +packed, civilization retires from the spot she had for a single night +annexed, and the Genius of the Desert stalks in.<br> +<br> +Herein, in these subjective chatty confidences, is part of the spell +he lays upon us: while we read we are <i>in</i> the East: other books, +as Warburton says, tell us <i>about</i> the East, this is the East itself. +And yet in his company we are always <i>Englishmen</i> in the East: +behind Servian, Egyptian, Syrian, desert realities, is a background +of English scenery, faint and unobtrusive yet persistent and horizoning. +In the Danubian forest we talk of past school-days. The Balkan +plain suggests an English park, its trees planted as if to shut out +“some infernal fellow creature in the shape of a new-made squire”; +Jordan recalls the Thames; the Galilean Lake, Windermere; the Via Dolorosa, +Bond Street; the fresh toast of the desert bivouac, an Eton breakfast; +the hungry questing jackals are the place-hunters of Bridgewater and +Taunton; the Damascus gardens, a neglected English manor from which +the “family” has been long abroad; in the fierce, dry desert +air are heard the “Marlen” bells of home, calling to morning +prayer the prim congregation in far-off St. Mary’s parish. +And a not less potent factor in the charm is the magician’s self +who wields it, shown through each passing environment of the narrative; +the shy, haughty, imperious Solitary, “a sort of Byron in the +desert,” of cultured mind and eloquent speech, headstrong and +not always amiable, hiding sentiment with cynicism, yet therefore irresistible +all the more when he condescends to endear himself by his confidence. +He meets the Plague and its terrors like a gentleman, but shows us, +through the vicarious torments of the cowering Levantine that it was +courage and coolness, not insensibility, which bore him through it. +A foe to marriage, compassionating Carrigaholt as doomed to travel “Vetturini-wise,” +pitying the Dead Sea goatherd for his ugly wife, revelling in the meek +surrender of the three young men whom he sees “led to the altar” +in Suez, he is still the frank, susceptible, gallant bachelor, observantly +and critically studious of female charms: of the magnificent yet formidable +Smyrniotes, eyes, brow, nostrils, throat, sweetly turned lips, alarming +in their latent capacity for fierceness, pride, passion, power: of the +Moslem women in Nablous, “so handsome that they could not keep +up their yashmaks:” of Cypriote witchery in hair, shoulder-slope, +tempestuous fold of robe. He opines as he contemplates the plain, +clumsy Arab wives that the fine things we feel and say of women apply +only to the good-looking and the graceful: his memory wanders off ever +and again to the muslin sleeves and bodices and “sweet chemisettes” +in distant England. In hands sensual and vulgar the allusions +might have been coarse, the dilatings unseemly; but the “taste +which is the feminine of genius,” the self-respecting gentleman-like +instinct, innocent at once and playful, keeps the voluptuary out of +sight, teaches, as Imogen taught Iachimo, “the wide difference +‘twixt amorous and villainous.” Add to all these elements +of fascination the unbroken luxuriance of style; the easy flow of casual +epigram or negligent simile; - Greek holy days not kept holy but “kept +stupid”; the mule who “forgot that his rider was a saint +and remembered that he was a tailor”; the pilgrims “transacting +their salvation” at the Holy Sepulchre; the frightened, wavering +guard at Satalieh, not shrinking back or running away, but “looking +as if the pack were being shuffled,” each man desirous to change +places with his neighbour; the white man’s unresisting hand “passed +round like a claret jug” by the hospitable Arabs; the travellers +dripping from a Balkan storm compared to “men turned back by the +Humane Society as being incurably drowned.” Sometimes he +breaks into a canter, as in the first experience of a Moslem city, the +rapturous escape from respectability and civilization; the apostrophe +to the Stamboul sea; the glimpse of the Mysian Olympus; the burial of +the poor dead Greek; the Janus view of Orient and Occident from the +Lebanon watershed; the pathetic terror of Bedouins and camels on entering +a walled city; until, once more in the saddle, and winding through the +Taurus defiles, he saddens us by a first discordant note, the note of +sorrow that the entrancing tale is at an end.<br> +<br> +Old times return to me as I handle the familiar pages. To the +schoolboy six and fifty years ago arrives from home a birthday gift, +the bright green volume, with its showy paintings of the impaled robbers +and the Jordan passage; its bulky Tatar, towering high above his scraggy +steed, impressed in shining gold upon its cover. Read, borrowed, +handed round, it is devoured and discussed with fifth form critical +presumption, the adventurous audacity arresting, the literary charm +not analyzed but felt, the vivid personality of the old Etonian winged +with public school freemasonry. Scarcely in the acquired insight +of all the intervening years could those who enjoyed it then more keenly +appreciate it to-day. Transcendent gift of genius! to gladden +equally with selfsame words the reluctant inexperience of boyhood and +the fastidious judgment of maturity. Delightful self-accountant +reverence of author-craft! which wields full knowledge of a shaddock-tainted +world, yet presents no licence to the prurient lad, reveals no trail +to the suspicious moralist.<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER III - LITERARY AND PARLIAMENTARY LIFE<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Kinglake returned from Algiers in 1844 to find himself famous both in +the literary and social world; for his book had gone through three editions +and was the universal theme. Lockhart opened to him the “Quarterly.” +“Who is Eothen?” wrote Macvey Napier, editor of the “Edinburgh,” +to Hayward: “I know he is a lawyer and highly respectable; but +I should like to know a little more of his personal history: he is very +clever but very peculiar.” Thackeray, later on, expresses +affectionate gratitude for his presence at the “Lectures on English +Humourists”:- “it goes to a man’s heart to find amongst +his friends such men as Kinglake and Venables, Higgins, Rawlinson, Carlyle, +Ashburton and Hallam, Milman, Macaulay, Wilberforce, looking on kindly.” +He dines out in all directions, himself giving dinners at Long’s +Hotel. “Did you ever meet Kinglake at my rooms?” writes +Monckton Milnes to MacCarthy: “he has had immense success. +I now rather wish I had written his book, <i>which I could have done +- at least nearly</i>.” We are reminded of Charles Lamb +- “here’s Wordsworth says he could have written Hamlet, +<i>if he had had a mind</i>.” “A delightful Voltairean +volume,” Milnes elsewhere calls it.<br> +<br> +“Eothen” was reviewed in the “Quarterly” by +Eliot Warburton. “Other books,” he says, “contain +facts and statistics about the East; this book gives the East itself +in vital actual reality. Its style is conversational; or the soliloquy +rather of a man convincing and amusing himself as he proceeds, without +reverence for others’ faith, or lenity towards others’ prejudices. +It is a real book, not a sham; it equals Anastasius, rivals ‘Vathek;’ +its terseness, vigour, bold imagery, recall the grand style of Fuller +and of South, to which the author adds a spirit, freshness, delicacy, +all his own.” Kinglake, in turn, reviewed “The Crescent +and the Cross” in an article called “The French Lake.” +From a cordial notice of the book he passes to a history of French ambition +in the Levant. It was Bonaparte’s fixed idea to become an +Oriental conqueror - a second Alexander: Egypt in his grasp, he would +pass on to India. He sought alliance against the English with +Tippoo Saib, and spent whole days stretched upon maps of Asia. +He was baffled, first at Aboukir, then at Acre; but the partition of +Turkey at Tilsit showed that he had not abandoned his design. +To have refrained from seizing Egypt after his withdrawal was a political +blunder on the part of England.<br> +<br> +By far the most charming of Kinglake’s articles was a paper on +the “Rights of Women,” in the “Quarterly Review” +of December, 1844. Grouping together Monckton Milnes’s “Palm +Leaves,” Mrs. Poole’s “Sketch of Egyptian Harems,” +Mrs. Ellis’s “Women and Wives of England,” he produced +a playful, lightly touched, yet sincerely constructed sketch of woman’s +characteristics, seductions, attainments; the extent and secret of her +fascination and her deeper influence; her defects, foibles, misconceptions. +He was greatly vexed to learn that his criticism of “Palm Leaves” +was considered hostile, and begged Warburton to explain. His praise, +he said, had been looked upon as irony, his bantering taken to express +bitterness. Warburton added his own conviction that the notice +was tributary to Milnes’s fame, and Milnes accepted the explanation. +But the chief interest of this paper lies in the beautiful passage which +ends it. “The world must go on its own way, for all that +we can say against it. Beauty, though it beams over the organization +of a doll, will have its hour of empire; the most torpid heiress will +easily get herself married; but the wife whose sweet nature can kindle +worthy delights is she that brings to her hearth a joyous, hopeful, +ardent spirit, and that subtle power whose sources we can hardly trace, +but which yet so irradiates a home that all who come near are filled +and inspired by a deep sense of womanly presence. We best learn +the unsuspected might of a being like this when we try the weight of +that sadness which hangs like lead upon the room, the gallery, the stairs, +where once her footstep sounded, and now is heard no more. It +is not less the energy than the grace and gentleness of this character +that works the enchantment. Books can instruct, and books can +exalt and purify; beauty of face and beauty of form will come with bright +pictures and statues, and for the government of a household hired menials +will suffice; but fondness and hate, daring hopes, lively fears, the +lust of glory and the scorn of base deeds, sweet charity, faithfulness, +pride, and, chief over all, the impetuous will, lending might and power +to feeling:- these are the rib of the man, and from these, deep veiled +in the mystery of her very loveliness, his true companion sprang. +A being thus ardent will often go wrong in her strenuous course; will +often alarm, sometimes provoke; will now and then work mischief and +even perhaps grievous harm; but she will be our own Eve after all; the +sweet-speaking tempter whom heaven created to be the joy and the trouble +of this pleasing anxious existence; to shame us away from the hiding-places +of a slothful neutrality, and lead us abroad in the world, men militant +here on earth, enduring quiet, content with strife, and looking for +peace hereafter.” <a name="citation11"></a><a href="#footnote11">{11}</a> +Beautiful words indeed! how came the author of a tribute so caressingly +appreciative, so eloquently sincere, to remain himself outside the gates +of Paradise? how could the pen which in the Crimean chapter on the Holy +Shrines traced so exquisitely the delicate fancifulness of purest sexual +love, perpetrate that elaborate sneer over the bachelor obsequies of +Carrigaholt - “the lowly grave, that is the end of man’s +romantic hopes, has closed over all his rich fancies and all his high +aspirations: he is utterly married.” <a name="citation12"></a><a href="#footnote12">{12}</a><br> +<br> +“Gai, gai, mariez vous,<br> +Mettez vous dans la misère!<br> +Gai, gai, mariez vous,<br> +Mettez vous la corde au cou!” <a name="citation13"></a><a href="#footnote13">{13}</a><br> +<br> +<br> +There is generally a good reason for prolonged celibacy, a reason which +the bachelor as generally does not betray: Kinglake remained single, +by his own account, because he had observed that women always prefer +other men to their own husbands. Yet, although unmarried, perhaps +because unmarried, he heartily admired many clever women; formed with +them sedate but genuine friendships, the <i>l’amour sans ailes</i>, +sometimes called “Platonic” by persons who have not read +Plato; found in their illogical clear-sightedness, in their [Greek word +which cannot be reproduced], to use the master’s own untranslatable +phrase, a titillating stimulus which he missed in men. He thought +that the Church should ordain priestesses as well as priests, the former +to be the Egerias of men, as the latter are the Pontiffs of women. +And Lady Gregory tells us, that when attacked by gout, he wished for +the solace of a lady doctor, and wrote to one asking if gout were beyond +her scope. She answered: “Dear Sir, - Gout is not beyond +my scope, but men are.”<br> +<br> +In 1854 he accompanied Lord Raglan to the Crimea. “I had +heard,” writes John Kenyon, “of Kinglake’s chivalrous +goings on. We were saying yesterday that though he might write +a book, he was among the last men to go that he might write a book. +He is wild about matters military, if so calm a man is ever wild.” +He had hoped to go in an official position as non-combatant, but this +was refused by the authorities. His friend, Lord Raglan, whose +acquaintance he had made while hunting with the Duke of Beaufort’s +hounds, took him as his private guest. Arrested for a time at +Malta by an attack of fever, he joined our army before hostilities began, +rode with Lord Raglan’s staff at the Alma fight, likening the +novel sensation to the excitement of fox-hunting; and accompanied the +chief in his visit of tenderness to the wounded when the fight was over. +Throughout the campaign the two were much together, as we shall notice +more fully later on. There are often slight but unmistakable signs +of Kinglake’s presence as spectator and auditor of Lord Raglan’s +deeds and words; <a name="citation14"></a><a href="#footnote14">{14}</a> +his affection and reverence for the great general animate the whole; +in outward composure and latent strength the two men resembled each +other closely. The book is, in fact, a history of Lord Raglan’s +share in the campaign; begun in 1856 at the request of Lady Raglan, +the narrative ends when the “Caradoc” with the general’s +body on board steams out of the bay, “Farewell” flying at +her masthead, the Russian batteries, with generous recognition, ceasing +to fire till the ship was out of sight. “Lord Raglan is +dead,” said Kinglake as vol. viii. was sent to press, “and +my work is finished.”<br> +<br> +Ten years were to elapse before the opening volumes should appear; and +meanwhile he entered parliament for the borough of Bridgewater, which +had rejected him in 1852. His colleague was Colonel Charles J. +Kemyss Tynte, member of a family which local influence and lavish expenditure +had secured in the representation of the town for nearly forty years. +Catechized as to his political creed, he answered: “I call myself +an advanced Liberal; but I decline to go into parliament as the pledged +adherent of Lord Palmerston or any other Liberal.” He adds, +in response to a further question: “I am believed to be the author +of ‘Eothen.’” He broke down in his maiden speech; +but recovered himself in a later effort, and spoke, not unfrequently, +on subjects then important, now forgotten; on the outrage of the “Charles +et George”; the capture of the Sardinian “Cagliari” +by the Neapolitans on the high seas; our attitude towards the Paris +Congress of 1857; while in 1858 he led the revolt against Lord Palmerston’s +proposal to amend the Conspiracy Laws in deference to Louis Napoleon; +in 1860 vigorously denounced the annexation of Savoy and Nice; and in +1864 moved the amendment to Mr. Disraeli’s motion in the debate +on the Address, which was carried by 313 to 295. His feeble voice +and unimpressive manner prevented him from becoming a power in the House; +but his speeches when read are full, fluent, and graceful; the late +Sir Robert Peel’s remarkable harangue against the French Emperor +in the course of an earlier debate was taken, as he is said to have +owned, mainly from a speech by Kinglake, delivered so indistinctly that +the reporters failed to catch it, but audible to Sir Robert who sate +close beside him.<br> +<br> +With his constituents he was more at ease and more effective. +His seat for Bridgewater was challenged at a general election by Henry +Padwick, a hanger-on to Disraeli and a well-known bookmaker on the turf, +who, with an Irish Colonel Westbrook, tried to cajole the electors and +their wives by extravagant compliments to the town, its neighbourhood, +its denizens; a place celebrated, as Captain Costigan said of Chatteris, +“for its antiquitee, its hospitalitee, the beautee of its women, +the manly fidelitee, generositee, and jovialitee of its men.” +Kinglake met them on their own ground. In his flowery speeches +the romance of Sinai and Palestine faded before the glories of the little +Somersetshire town. What was the Jordan by comparison with the +Parrett? Could Libanus or Anti-Libanus vie with the Mendip and +the Quantock Hills? The view surveyed by Monmouth from St. Mary’s +Tower on the Eve of Sedgemoor transcended all the panoramas which the +Holy Land or Asia Minor could present! But his more serious orations +were worthy of his higher fame. In the panic of 1858, when the +address of the French colonels to the Emperor, beseeching to be led +against England, had created serious alarm on this side the Channel, +he went down to Bridgewater to enlighten the West of England. +“Why,” he asked, “do we fear invasion? The population +of France is peaceful, the ‘turnip-soup Jacques Bonhomme’ +is peaceful, the soldiers of the line are peaceful. Why are we +anxious? Because there sits in his chamber at the Tuileries a +solitary moody man. He is deeply interested in the science and +the art of war; he told me once that he was contemplating a history +of all the great battles ever fought. He holds absolute control +over vast resources both in men and money; he has shown that he can +attack successfully at a few weeks’ notice the greatest European +military power: gout or indigestion may at any moment convert him into +an enemy of ourselves. Until France returns to parliamentary government +this danger is imminent and continual. Our safety lies in our +fleet, and in that alone. If for twenty-four hours only the Channel +were denuded of our ships in time of war with France, they would hurl +upon our shores a force we could not meet. Such denudation must +be made impossible; our fleet so augmented and strengthened as to provide +impregnably at all times for home defence no less than for foreign necessities. +Our danger, I repeat, lies in no hostility on the part of the French +army, in no ferocity on the part of the French people, in no <i>present</i> +unfriendliness on the part of the French Emperor: it arises from the +fact that a revolutionary government exists in France, which has armed +one man, under the name of Emperor - Dictator rather, I should say - +with a power so colossal, that until such power is moderated, as all +power ought to be, no neighbour can be entirely safe.” This +speech was reproduced in “The Times.” Montalembert +read it with admiration. “Who,” he asked Sir M. E. +Grant Duff, “who is Mr. Kinglake?” “He is the +author of ‘Eothen.’” “And what is ‘Eothen?’ +I never heard of it.”<br> +<br> +He found great enjoyment in parliamentary life, but was in 1868 unseated +on petition for bribery on the part of his agents. Blue-books +are not ordinarily light reading; but the Report of the Commissioners +appointed to inquire into the alleged corrupt practices at Bridgewater +is not only a model of terse and vigorous composition, but to persons +with a sense of humour, inclined to view human irregularities and inconsistencies +in a sportive rather than an indignant light, it is a sustained and +diverting comedy. Of the constituency, both before and after the +Reform Bill, three-fourths, the Commissioners artlessly inform us, sought +and received bribes; of the remainder, all but a few individuals negotiated +and gave the bribes. So in every election, both sides bribed avowedly; +if a luckless Purity Candidate appeared, he was promptly informed that +“Mr. Most” would win the seat: highest bribes decided each +election, further bribes averted petitions. When once a desperate +riot took place and the ringleaders were tried at Quarter Sessions, +the jury were bribed to acquit, in the teeth of the Chairman’s +summing up. At last, in 1868, the defeated candidate petitioned; +blue-book literature was enriched by a remarkable report, and the borough +was disfranchised. Of course Kinglake had only himself to thank; +if a gentleman chooses to sit for a venal borough, and to intrust his +interests to a questionable agent, he must, in the words of Mrs. Gamp, +“take the consequences of sech a sitiwation.” The +consequences to him were loss of his present seat, and permanent exclusion +from Parliament.<br> +<br> +He was keenly mortified by his ostracism, speaking of himself ever after +as “a political corpse.” Thenceforward he gave his +whole energy to literary work, to occasional reviews, mainly to his +“Invasion of the Crimea.” In the “Edinburgh” +I think he never wrote, cordially disliking its then editor. A +fine notice in “Blackwood” of Madame de Lafayette’s +life was from his pen. Surveying the Revolutionary Terror, he +points out that Robespierre’s opponents were in numbers overwhelmingly +strong, but lacked cohesion and leaders; while the Mountain, dominated +by a single will, was legally armed with power to kill, and went on +killing. The Church played into Robespierre’s hands by enforcing +Patience and Resignation as the highest Christian virtues, confusing +the idea of submission to Heaven with the idea of submission to a scoundrel. +Had Hampden been a Papist he would have paid ship-money. He wrote +also in “The Owl,” a brilliant little magazine edited by +his friend Laurence Oliphant; a “Society Journal,” conducted +by a set of clever well-to-do young bachelors living in London, addressed +like the “Pall Mall Gazette,” in “Pendennis,” +“to the higher circles of society, written by gentlemen for gentlemen.” +When the expenses of production were paid, the balance was spent on +a whitebait dinner at Greenwich, and on offerings of flowers and jewellery +to the lady guests invited. It came to an end, leaving no successor +equally brilliant, high-toned, wholesome; its collected numbers figure +sometimes at a formidable price in sales and catalogues. <a name="citation15"></a><a href="#footnote15">{15}</a><br> +<br> +The first two volumes of his “Crimea” had appeared in 1863. +They were awaited with eager expectation. An elaborate history +of the war had been written by a Baron de Bazancourt, condemned as unfair +and unreliable by English statesmen, and severely handled in our reviews. +So the wish was felt everywhere for some record less ephemeral, which +should render the tale historically, and counteract Bazancourt’s +misstatements. “I hear,” wrote the Duke of Newcastle, +“that Kinglake has undertaken the task. He has a noble opportunity +of producing a text-book for future history, but to accomplish this +it must be <i>stoically</i> impartial.”<br> +<br> +The beauty of their style, the merciless portraiture of the Second Empire, +the unparalleled diorama of the Alma fight, combined to gain for these +first four-and-twenty chapters an immediate vogue as emphatic and as +widely spread as that which saluted the opening of Macaulay’s +“History.” None of the later volumes, though highly +prized as battle narratives, quite came up to these. The political +and military conclusions drawn provoked no small bitterness; his cousin, +Mrs. Serjeant Kinglake, used to say that she met sometimes with almost +affronting coldness in society at the time, under the impression that +she was A. W. Kinglake’s wife. Russians were, perhaps unfairly, +dissatisfied. Todleben, who knew and loved Kinglake well, pronounced +the book a charming romance, not a history of the war. Individuals +were aggrieved by its notice of themselves or of their regiments; statesmen +chafed under the scientific analysis of their characters, or at the +publication of official letters which they had intended but not required +to be looked upon as confidential, and which the recipients had in all +innocence communicated to the historian. Palmerstonians, accepting +with their chief the Man of December, were furious at the exposure of +his basenesses. Lucas in “The Times” pronounced the +work perverse and mischievous; the “Westminster Review” +branded it as reactionary. “The Quarterly,” in an +article ascribed to A. H. Layard, condemned its style as laboured and +artificial; as palling from the sustained pomp and glitter of the language; +as wearisome from the constant strain after minute dissection; declaring +it further to be “in every sense of the word a mischievous book.” +“Blackwood,” less unfriendly, surrendered itself to the +beauty of the writing; “satire so studied, so polished, so remorseless, +and withal so diabolically entertaining, that we know not where in modern +literature to seek such another philippic.”<br> +<br> +Reeve, editor of the “Edinburgh,” wished Lord Clarendon +to attack the book; he refused, but offered help, and the resulting +article was due to the collaboration of the pair. It caused a +prolonged coolness between Reeve and Kinglake, who at last ended the +quarrel by a characteristic letter: “I observed yesterday that +my malice, founded perhaps upon a couple of words, and now of three +years’ duration, had not engendered corresponding anger in you; +and if my impression was a right one, I trust we may meet for the future +on our old terms.”<br> +<br> +On the other hand, the “Saturday Review,” then at the height +of its repute and influence, vindicated in a powerful article Kinglake’s +truth and fairness; and a pamphlet by Hayward, called “Mr. Kinglake +and the Quarterlies,” amused society by its furious onslaught +upon the hostile periodicals, laid bare their animus, and exposed their +misstatements. “If you rise in this tone,” he began, +in words of Lord Ellenborough when Attorney-General, “I can speak +as loudly and emphatically: I shall prosecute the case with all the +liberality of a gentleman, but no tone or manner shall put me down.” +And the dissentient voices were drowned in the general chorus of admiration. +German eulogy was extravagant; French Republicanism was overjoyed; Englishmen, +at home and abroad, read eagerly for the first time in close and vivid +sequence events which, when spread over thirty months of daily newspapers, +few had the patience to follow, none the qualifications to condense. +Macaulay tells us that soon after the appearance of his own first volumes, +a Mr. Crump from America offered him five hundred dollars if he would +introduce the name of Crump into his history. An English gentleman +and lady, from one of our most distant colonies, wrote to Kinglake a +jointly signed pathetic letter, intreating him to cite in his pages +the name of their only son, who had fallen in the Crimea. He at +once consented, and asked for particulars - manner, time, place - of +the young man’s death. The parents replied that they need +not trouble him with details; these should be left to the historian’s +kind inventiveness: whatever he might please to say in embellishment +of their young hero’s end they would gratefully accept.<br> +<br> +Unlike most authors, from Molière down to Dickens, he never read +aloud to friends any portion of the unpublished manuscript; never, except +to closest intimates, spoke of the book, or tolerated inquiry about +it from others. When asked as to the progress of a volume he had +in hand, he used to say, “That is really a matter on which it +is quite out of my power even to inform myself”; and I remember +how once at a well-selected dinner-party in the country, whither he +came in good spirits and inclined to talk his best, a second-hand criticism +on his book by a conceited parson, the official and incongruous element +in the group, stiffened him into persistent silence. All England +laughed, when Blackwood’s “Memoirs” saw the light, +over his polite repulse of the kindly officious publisher, who wished, +after his fashion, to criticise and finger and suggest. “I +am almost alarmed, as it were, at the notion of receiving suggestions. +I feel that hints from you might be so valuable and so important, it +might be madness to ask you beforehand to abstain from giving me any; +but I am anxious for you to know what the dangers in the way of long +delay might be, the result of even a few slight and possibly most useful +suggestions. . . . You will perhaps (after what I have said) think it +best not to set my mind running in a new path, lest I should take to +re-writing.” Note, by the way, the slovenliness of this +epistle, as coming from so great a master of style; that defect characterizes +all his correspondence. He wrote for the Press “with all +his singing robes about him”; his letters were unrevised and brief. +Mrs. Simpson, in her pleasant “Memories,” ascribes to him +the <i>éloquence du billet</i> in a supreme degree. I must +confess that of more than five hundred letters from his pen which I +have seen only six cover more than a single sheet of note-paper, all +are alike careless and unstudied in style, though often in matter characteristic +and informing. “I am not by nature,” he would say, +“a letter-writer, and habitually think of the uncertainty as to +who may be the reader of anything that I write. It is my fate, +as a writer of history, to have before me letters never intended for +my eyes, and this has aggravated my foible, and makes me a wretched +correspondent. I should like very much to write letters gracefully +and easily, but I can’t, because it is contrary to my nature.” +“I have got,” he writes so early as 1873, “to shrink +from the use of the pen; to ask me to write letters is like asking a +lame man to walk; it is not, as horse-dealers say, ‘the nature +of the beast.’ When others <i>talk</i> to me charmingly, +my answers are short, faltering, incoherent sentences; so it is with +my writing.” “You,” he says to another lady +correspondent, “have the pleasant faculty of easy, pleasant letter-writing, +in which I am wholly deficient.”<br> +<br> +In fact, the claims of his Crimean book, which compelled him latterly +to refuse all other literary work, gave little time for correspondence. +Its successive revisions formed his daily task until illness struck +him down. Sacks of Crimean notes, labelled through some fantastic +whim with female Christian names - the Helen bag, the Adelaide bag, +etc. - were ranged round his room. His working library was very +small in bulk, his habit being to cut out from any book the pages which +would be serviceable, and to fling the rest away. So, we are told, +the first Napoleon, binding volumes for his travelling library, shore +their margins to the quick, and removed all prefaces, title-pages, and +other superfluous leaves. So, too, Edward Fitzgerald used to tear +out of his books all that in his judgment fell below their authors’ +highest standard, retaining for his own delectation only the quintessential +remnants. Vols. III. and IV. appeared in 1868, V. in 1875, VI. +in 1880, VII. and VIII. in 1887; while a Cabinet Edition of the whole +in nine volumes was issued continuously from 1870 to 1887. Our +attempt to appreciate the book shall be reserved for another chapter.<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER IV - “THE INVASION OF THE CRIMEA”<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Was the history of the Crimean War worth writing? Not as a magnified +newspaper report, - that had been already done - but as a permanent +work of art from the pen of a great literary expert? Very many +of us, I think, after the lapse of fifty years, feel compelled to say +that it was not. The struggle represented no great principles, +begot no far-reaching consequences. It was not inspired by the +“holy glee” with which in Wordsworth’s sonnet Liberty +fights against a tyrant, but by the faltering boldness, the drifting, +purposeless unresolve of statesmen who did not desire it, and by the +irrational violence of a Press which did not understand it. It +was not a necessary war; its avowed object would have been attained +within a few weeks or months by bloodless European concert. It +was not a glorious war; crippled by an incompatible alliance and governed +by the Evil Genius who had initiated it for personal and sordid ends, +it brought discredit on baffled generals in the field, on Crown, Cabinet, +populace, at home. It was not a fruitful war; the detailed results +purchased by its squandered life and treasure lapsed in swift succession +during twenty sequent years, until the last sheet of the treaty which +secured them was contemptuously torn up by Gortschakoff in 1870. +But a right sense of historical proportion is in no time the heritage +of the many, and is least of all attainable while the memory of a campaign +is fresh. On Englishmen who welcomed home their army in 1855, +the strife from which shattered but victorious it had returned, loomed +as epoch-making and colossal, as claiming therefore permanent record +from some eloquent artist of attested descriptive power. Soon +the report gained ground that the destined chronicler was Kinglake, +and all men hailed the selection; yet the sceptic who in looking back +to-day decries the greatness of the campaign may perhaps no less hesitate +to approve the fitness of its chosen annalist. His fame was due +to the perfection of a single book; he ranked as a potentate in <i>style</i>. +But literary perfection, whether in prose or poetry, is a fragile quality, +an <i>afflatus</i> irregular, independent, unamenable to orders; the +official tributes of a Laureate we compliment at their best with the +northern farmer’s verdict on the pulpit performances of his parson:<br> +<br> +<br> +“An’ I niver knaw’d wot a meän’d but I +thow’t a ’ad summut to saäy,<br> +And I thowt a said wot a owt to ’a said an’ I comed awaäy.”<br> +<br> +<br> +Set to compile a biography from thirty years of “Moniteurs,” +the author of Waverley, like Lord Chesterfield’s diamond pencil, +produced one miracle of dulness; it might well be feared that Kinglake’s +volatile pen, when linked with forceful feeling and bound to rigid task-work, +might lose the charm of casual epigram, easy luxuriance, playful egotism, +vagrant allusion, which established “Eothen” as a classic. +On the other hand, he had been for twenty years conversant with Eastern +history, geography, politics; was, more than most professional soldiers, +an adept in military science; had sate in the centre of the campaign +as its general’s guest and comrade; was intrusted, above all, +by Lady Raglan with the entire collection of her husband’s papers: +her wish, implied though not expressed, that they should be utilized +for the vindication of the great field-marshal’s fame, he accepted +as a sacred charge; her confidence not only governed his decision to +become the historian of the war, but imparted a personal character to +the narrative.<br> +<br> +In order, therefore, rightly to appreciate “The Invasion of the +Crimea,” we must look upon it as a great prose epic; its argument, +machinery, actors, episodes, subordinate to a predominant ever present +hero. In its fine preamble Lord Raglan sits enthroned high above +generals, armies, spectators, conflicts; on the quality of his mind +the fate of two great hosts and the fame of two great nations hang. +He checks St. Arnaud’s wild ambition; overrules the waverings +of the Allies; against his own judgment, but in dutiful obedience to +home instruction carries out the descent upon the Old Fort coast. +The successful achievement of the perilous flank march is ascribed to +the undivided command which, during forty-eight hours, accident had +conferred upon him. From his presence in council French and English +come away convinced and strengthened; his calm in action imparts itself +to anxious generals and panic-stricken aides-de-camp. Through +Alma fight, from the high knoll to which happy audacity had carried +him he rides the whirlwind and directs the storm. In the terrible +crisis which sees the Russians breaking over the crest of Inkerman, +in the ill-fated attack on the Great Redan where Lacy Yea is killed, +his apparent freedom from anxiety infects all around him and achieves +redemption from disaster. <a name="citation16"></a><a href="#footnote16">{16}</a> +We see him in his moments of vexation and discomfiture; dissembling +pain and anger under the stress of the French alliance, galled by Cathcart’s +disobedience, by the loss of the Light Brigade, by Lord Panmure’s +insulting, querulous, unfounded blame. We read his last despatch, +framed with wonted grace and clearness; then - on the same day - we +see the outworn frame break down, and follow mournfully two days later +the afflicting details of his death. As the generals and admirals +of the allied forces stand round the dead hero’s form, as the +palled bier, draped in the flag of England, is carried from headquarters +to the port, as the “Caradoc,” steaming away with her honoured +freight, flies out her “Farewell” signal, the narrative +abruptly ends. The months of the siege which still remained might +be left to other hands or lapse untold. Troy had still to be taken +when Hector died; but with his funeral dirge the Iliad closed, the blind +bard’s task was over:<br> +<br> +<br> +“Such honours Ilion to her hero paid,<br> +And peaceful slept the mighty Hector’s shade.”<br> +<br> +<br> +If the framework of the narrative is epic, its treatment is frequently +dramatic. The “Usage of Europe” in the opening pages +is not so much a record as a personification of unwritten Law: the Great +Eltchi tramps the stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on fustian. +Dramatic is the story of the sleeping Cabinet. “It was evening +- a summer evening” - one thinks of a world-famous passage in +the “De Corona” - when the Duke of Newcastle carried to +Richmond Lodge the fateful despatch committing England to the war. +“Before the reading of the Paper had long continued, all the members +of the Cabinet except a small minority were overcome with sleep”; +the few who remained awake were in a quiet, assenting frame of mind, +and the despatch “received from the Cabinet the kind of approval +which is awarded to an unobjectionable Sermon.” Not less +dramatic is Nolan’s death; the unearthly shriek of the slain corpse +erect in saddle with sword arm high in air, as the dead horseman rode +still seated through the 13th Light Dragoons; the “Minden Yell” +of the 20th driving down upon the Iäkoutsk battalion; the sustained +and scathing satire on the Nôtre Dame Te Deum for the Boulevard +massacre. A simple dialogue, a commonplace necessary act, is staged +sometimes for effect. “Then Lord Stratford apprised the +Sultan that he had a private communication to make to him. The +pale Sultan listened.” . . . “Whose was the mind which had +freshly come to bear upon this part of the fight? Sir Colin Campbell +was sitting in his saddle, the veteran was watching his time.” +. . . “The Emperor Nicholas was alone in his accustomed writing-room. +He took no counsel; he rang a bell. Presently an officer of his +staff stood before him. To him he gave his order for the occupation +of the Principalities.” This overpasses drama - it is melodrama.<br> +<br> +To the personal element which pervades the volumes great part of their +charm is due. The writer never obtrudes himself, but leaves his +presence to be discerned by the touches which attest an eye-witness. +Through his observant nearness we watch the Chief’s demeanour +and hear his words; see him “turn scarlet with shame and anger” +when the brutal Zouaves carry outrage into the friendly Crimean village, +witness his personal succour of the wounded Russian after Inkerman, +hear his arch acceptance of the French courtesy, so careful always to +yield the post of danger to the English; his “Go quietly” +to the excited aide-de-camp; <a name="citation17"></a><a href="#footnote17">{17}</a> +his good-humoured reception of the scared and breathless messenger from +D’Aurelle’s brigade; the “five words” spoken +to Airey commanding the long delayed advance across the Alma; the “tranquil +low voice” which gave the order rescuing the staff from its unforeseen +encounter with the Russian rear. He records Codrington’s +leap on his grey Arab into the breast-work of the Great Redoubt; Lacy +Yea’s passionate energy in forcing his clustered regiment to open +out; Miller’s stentorian “Rally” in reforming the +Scots Greys after the Balaclava charge; Clarke losing his helmet in +the same charge, and creating amongst the Russians, as he plunged in +bareheaded amongst their ranks, the belief that he was sheltered by +some Satanic charm. He notes on the Alma the singular pause of +sound maintained by both armies just before the cannonade began; the +first death - of an artilleryman riding before his gun - a new sight +to nine-tenths of those who witnessed it; <a name="citation18"></a><a href="#footnote18">{18}</a> +the weird scream of exploding shells as they rent the air around. +He crossed the Alma close behind Lord Raglan, cantering after him to +the summit of a conspicuous hillock in the heart of the enemy’s +position, whence the mere sight of plumed English officers scared the +Russian generals, and, followed soon by guns and troops, governed the +issue of the fight. The general’s manner was “the +manner of a man enlivened by the progress of a great undertaking without +being robbed of his leisure. He spoke to me, I remember, about +his horse. He seemed like a man who had a clue of his own and +knew his way through the battle.” When the last gun was +fired Kinglake followed the Chief back, witnessed the wild burst of +cheering accorded to him by the whole British army, a manifestation, +Lord Burghersh tells us, which greatly distressed his modesty - and +dined alone with him in his tent on the evening of the eventful day.<br> +<br> +If Lord Raglan was the Hector of the Crimean Iliad, its Agamemnon was +Lord Stratford: “king of men,” as Stanley called him in +his funeral sermon at Westminster; king of distrustful home Cabinets, +nominally his masters, of scheming European embassies, of insulting +Russian opponents, of presumptuous French generals, of false and fleeting +Pashas <i>(Le</i> <i>Sultan, c’est Lord Stratford</i>, said St. +Arnaud), of all men, whatever their degree, who entered his ambassadorial +presence. Ascendency was native to the man; while yet in his teens +we find Etonian and Cambridge friends writing to him deferentially as +to a critic and superior. At four and twenty he became Minister +to a Court manageable only by high-handed authority and menace. +He owned, and for the most part controlled, a violent temper; it broke +bounds sometimes, to our great amusement as we read to-day, to the occasional +discomfiture of <i>attachés</i> or of dependents, <a name="citation19"></a><a href="#footnote19">{19}</a> +to the abject terror of Turkish Sublimities who had outworn his patience. +But he knew when to be angry; he could pulverize by fiery outbreaks +the Reis Effendi and his master, Abdu-l-Mejid; but as Plenipotentiary +to the United States he could “quench the terror of his beak, +the lightning of his eye,” disarming by his formal courtesy and +winning by his obvious sincerity the suspicious and irritable John Quincy +Adams. When Menschikoff once insulted him, seeing that a quarrel +at that moment would be fatal to his purpose, he pretended to be deaf, +and left the Russian in the belief that his rude speech had not been +heard. Enthroned for the sixth time in Constantinople, at the +dangerous epoch of 1853, he could point to an unequalled diplomatic +record in the past; to the Treaty of Bucharest, to reunion of the Helvetic +Confederacy shattered by Napoleon’s fall, to the Convention which +ratified Greek independence, to the rescue from Austrian malignity of +the Hungarian refugees.<br> +<br> +His conduct of the negotiations preceding the Crimean War is justly +called the cornerstone of his career: at this moment of his greatness +Kinglake encounters and describes him: through the brilliant chapters +in his opening volume, as more fully later on through Mr. Lane Poole’s +admirable biography, the Great Eltchi is known to English readers. +He moves across the stage with a majesty sometimes bordering on what +Iago calls bombast circumstance; drums and trumpets herald his every +entrance; now pacing the shady gardens of the Bosphorus, now foiling, +“in his grand quiet way,” the Czar’s ferocious Christianity, +or torturing his baffled ambassador by scornful concession of the points +which he formally demanded but did not really want; or crushing with +“thin, tight, merciless lips and grand overhanging Canning brow” +the presumptuous French commander who had dared to enter his presence +with a plot for undermining England’s influence in the partnership +of the campaign. Was he, we ask as we end the fascinating description, +was he, what Bright and the Peace Party proclaimed him to be, the cause +of the Crimean War? The Czar’s personal dislike to him - +a caprice which has never been explained <a name="citation20"></a><a href="#footnote20">{20}</a> +- exasperated no doubt to the mind of Nicholas the repulse of Menschikoff’s +demands; but that the precipitation of the prince and his master had +put the Russian Court absolutely in the wrong is universally admitted. +It has been urged against him that his recommendation of the famous +Vienna Note to the Porte was official merely, and allowed the watchful +Turks to assume his personal approbation of their refusal. It +may be so; his biographer does not admit so much: but it is obvious +that the Turks were out of hand, and that no pressure from Lord Stratford +could have persuaded them to accept the Note. Further, the “Russian +Analysis of the Note,” escaping shortly afterwards from the bag +of diplomatic secrecy, revealed to our Cabinet the necessity of those +amendments to the Note on which the Porte had insisted. And lastly, +the passage of the Dardanelles by our fleet, which more than any overt +act made war inevitable, was ordered by the Government at home against +Lord Stratford’s counsel. Between panic-stricken statesmen +and vacillating ambassadors, Lord Clarendon on one side, M. de la Cour +on the other, the Eltchi stands like Tennyson’s promontory of +rock,<br> +<br> +<br> +“Tempest-buffeted, citadel-crowned.”<br> +<br> +<br> +Napoleon at St. Helena attributed much of his success in the field to +the fact that he was not hampered by governments at home. Every +modern commander, down certainly to the present moment, must have envied +him. Kinglake’s mordant pen depicts with felicity and compression +the men of Downing Street, who without military experience or definite +political aim, thwarted, criticised, over-ruled, tormented, their much-enduring +General. We have Aberdeen, deficient in mental clearness and propelling +force, by his horror of war bringing war to pass; Gladstone, of too +subtle intellect and too lively conscience, “a good man in the +worst sense of the term”; Palmerston, above both in keenness of +instinct and in strength of will, meaning war from the first, and biding +his time to insure it; Newcastle, sanguine to the verge of rashness, +loyally adherent to Lord Raglan while governed by his own judgment, +distrustful under stress of popular clamour; Panmure, ungenerous, rough-tongued, +violent, churlish, yet not malevolent - “a rhinoceros rather than +a tiger” - hurried by subservience to the newspaper Press into +injustice which he afterwards recognized, yet did but sullenly repair. +We see finally that dominant Press itself, personified in the all-powerful +Delane, a potentate with convictions at once flexible and vehement; +forceful without spite and merciless without malignity; writing no articles, +but evoking, shaping, revising all. The French commanders were +not hampered by the muzzled Paris Press, which had long since ceased +to utter any but dictated sentiments; they suffered even more disastrously +from the imperious interference of the Tuileries. Canrobert’s +inaction, mutability, sudden alarms, flagrant breaches of faith, were +inexplicable until long afterwards, when the fall of the Empire disclosed +the secret instructions - disloyal to his allies and ruinous to the +campaign - by which Louis Napoleon shackled his unhappy General. +In Canrobert’s successor, Pelissier, he met his match. For +the first time a strong man headed the French army. Short of stature, +bull-necked and massive in build, with grey hair, long dark moustache, +keen fiery eyes, his coarse rough speech masking tested brain power +and high intellectual culture, he brought new life to the benumbed French +army, new hope to Lord Raglan. The duel between the resolute general +and the enraged Emperor is narrated with a touch comedy. All that +Lord Raglan desired, all that the Emperor forbade, Pelissier was stubbornly +determined to accomplish; the siege should be pressed at once, the city +taken at any cost, the expedition to Kertch resumed. Once only, +under torment of the Emperor’s reproaches and the Minister at +War’s remonstrances, his resolution and his nerve gave way; eight +days of failing judgment issued in the Karabelnaya defeat, the severest +repulse which the two armies had sustained; but the paralysis passed +away, he showed himself once more eager to act in concert with the English +general; - when the long-borne strain of disappointment and anxiety +sapped at last Lord Raglan’s vital forces, and the hard fierce +Frenchman stood for upwards of an hour beside his dead colleague’s +bedside, “crying like a child.”<br> +<br> +The lieutenants of Lord Raglan in the Crimea have long since passed +away, but in artistic epical presentment they retain their place around +him. Airey, his right hand from the first disembarkation at Kalamita +Bay, strong-willed, decisive, ardent, thrusting away suspense and doubt, +untying every knot, is vindicated by his Chief against the Duke of Newcastle’s +wordy inculpation in the severest despatch perhaps ever penned to his +official superior by a soldier in the field. Colin Campbell, with +glowing face, grey kindling eye, light, stubborn, crisping hair, leads +his Highland brigade tip the hill against the Vladimir columns, till +“with the sorrowful wail which bursts from the brave Russian infantry +when they have to suffer loss,” eight battalions of the enemy +fall back in retreat. Lord Lucan, tall, lithe, slender, his face +glittering and panther-like in moments of strenuous action, wins our +hearts as he won Kinglake’s, in spite of the mis-aimed cleverness +and presumptuous self-confidence which always criticised and sometimes +disobeyed the orders of his Chief. General Pennefather, “the +grand old boy,” his exulting radiant face flashing everywhere +through the smoke, his resonant innocuous oaths roaring cheerily down +the line, sustains all day the handful of our troops against the tenfold +masses of the enemy. Generous and eloquent are the notices of +Korniloff and Todleben, the great sailor and the great engineer, the +soul and the brain of the Sebastopol defence. The first fell in +the siege, the second lived to write its history, to become a valued +friend of Kinglake, to explore and interpret in his company long afterwards +the scenes of struggle; his book and his personal guidance gave to the +historian what would otherwise have been unattainable, a clear knowledge +of the conflict as viewed from within the town.<br> +<br> +The pitched battlefields of the campaign were three, Alma, Balaclava, +Inkerman. The Alma chapter is the most graphic, for there the +fight was concentrated, offering to a spectator by Lord Raglan’s +side a <i>coup d’oeil</i> of the entire action. The French +were by bad generalship virtually wiped out; for Bosquet crossed the +river too far to the right, Canrobert was afraid to move without artillery, +Prince Napoleon and St. Arnaud’s reserves were jammed together +in the bottom of the valley. We see, as though on the spot, the +advance, irregular and unsupported, of Codrington’s brigade, their +dash into the Great Redoubt and subsequent disorderly retreat; the enemy +checked by the two guns from Lord Raglan’s knoll and by the steadiness +of the Royal Fusiliers; the repulse of the Scots Fusiliers and the peril +which hung over the event; then the superb advance of Guards and Highlanders +up the hill, thin red line against massive columns, which determined +finally the action.<br> +<br> +The interest of the Balaclava fight centres in the two historic cavalry +charges. Here again, from his position on the hill above, Kinglake +witnessed both; the first, clear in smokeless air, the second lost in +the volleying clouds which filled the valley of death. He saw +the enormous mass of Russian cavalry, 3,500 sabres, flooding like an +avalanche down the hill with a momentum which Scarlett’s tiny +squadron could not for a moment have resisted; their unexplained halt, +the three hundred seizing the opportunity to strike, digging individually +into the Russian ranks, the scarlet streaks visibly cleaving the dense +grey columns. Inwedged and surrounded, in their passionate blood +frenzy, with ceaseless play of whirling sword, with impetus of human +and equestrian weight and strength, the red atoms hewed their way to +the Russian rear, turned, worked back, emerged, reformed; while the +4th and 5th Dragoons, the Royals, the 1st Inniskillings, dashed upon +the amazed column right, left, front, till the close-locked mass headed +slowly up the hill, ranks loosened, horsemen turned and galloped off, +a beaten straggling herd. Eight minutes elapsed from the time +when Scarlett gave the word to charge, until the moment when the Russians +broke: we turn from the fifty describing pages, breathless as though +we had ridden in the melley; if the episode has no historical parallel, +the narrative is no less unique. Our greatest contemporary poet +tried to celebrate it; his lines are tame and unexciting beside Kinglake’s +passionate pulsing rhapsody. Its effect upon the Russian mind +was lasting; out of all their vast array hardly a single squadron was +ever after able to keep its ground against the approach of English cavalry; +while but for Cathcart’s obstinacy and Lucan’s temper it +would have issued in the immediate recapture of the Causeway Heights.<br> +<br> +The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the other hand, while it stirred +the imagination of the poet, shocked the military conscience of the +historian. He saw in it with agony, as Lord Raglan saw, as the +French spectators saw, no act of heroic sacrifice, but a needless, fruitless +massacre. “You have lost the Light Brigade,” was his +commander’s salutation to Lord Lucan. “<i>C’est magnifique, +mais ce n’est pas la guerre</i>,” was the oft-quoted reproof +of Bosquet. The “someone’s blunder,” the sullen +perversity in misconception which destroyed the flower of our cavalry, +has faded from men’s memories; the splendour of the deed remains. +It is well to recover salvage from the irrevocable, to voice and to +prolong the deep human interest attaching to death encountered at the +call of duty; that is the poet’s task, and brilliantly it has +been discharged. Its other side, the paean of sorrow for a self-destructive +exploit, the dirge on lives wantonly thrown away, the deep blame attaching +to the untractableness which sent them to their doom, was the task of +the historian, and that too has been faithfully and lastingly accomplished.<br> +<br> +Inkerman was the most complicated of the battles; the chapters which +record it are correspondingly taxing to the reader. More than +once or twice they must be scanned, with close study of their lucid +maps, before the intricate sequences are fairly and distinctively grasped; +the sixth book of Thucydides, a standing terror to young Greek students, +is light and easy reading compared with the bulky sixth volume of Kinglake. +The hero of the day was Pennefather; he maintained on Mount Inkerman +a combat of pickets reinforced from time to time, while around him through +nine hours successive attacks of thousands were met by hundreds. +The disparity of numbers was appalling. At daybreak 40,000 Russian +troops advanced against 3,000 English and were repulsed. Three +hours later 19,000 fresh troops came on, passed through a gap in our +lines, which Cathcart’s disobedience, atoned for presently by +his death, had left unoccupied, and seized the heights behind us; they +too were dispossessed, but our numbers were dwindling and our strength +diminishing. The Home Ridge, key of our position, was next invaded +by 6,000 Russians; the 7th St. Leger, linked with a few Zouaves and +with 200 men of our 77th Regiment, French and English for once joyously +intermingled, hurled them back. It was the crisis of the fight; +Canrobert’s interposition would have determined it; but he sullenly +refused to move. Finally, led by two or three daring young officers, +300 of our wearied troops charged the Russian battery which had tormented +us all day; their artillerymen, already flinching under the galling +fire of two 18-pounders, brought up by Lord Raglan’s foresight +early in the morning, hastily withdrew their guns, and the battle was +won. It was a day of Homeric rushes; Burnaby, with only twenty +men to support him, rescuing the Grenadier Guards’ colours; the +onset of the 20th with their “Minden Yell”; Colonel Daubeny +with two dozen followers cleaving the Russian trunk column at the barrier; +Waddy’s dash at the retreating artillery train, foiled only by +the presence and the readiness of Todleben. One marvels in reading +how the English held their own; their victory against so tremendous +odds is ascribed by the historian to three conditions; the hampering +of the enemy by his crowded masses; the slaughter amongst his officers +early in the fight, which deprived their men of leadership; above all, +the dense mist which obscured from him the fewness of his opponents. +If Canrobert with his fresh troops had followed in pursuit, the Russian’s +retreat must have been turned into a rout and his artillery captured; +if on the following day he had assaulted the Flagstaff Bastion, Sebastopol, +Todleben owned, must have fallen. He would do neither; his hesitancy +and apparent feebleness have already been explained; but to it, and +to the sinister influence which held his hand, were due the subsequent +miseries of the Crimean winter.<br> +<br> +But the epic muse exacted from Kinglake, as from Virgil long before, +the portrayal not only of generals and of battles, but of two great +monarchs, each in his own day conspicuously and absolutely prominent +- the Czar Nicholas and the Emperor Napoleon:<br> +<br> +<br> +“dicam horrida belia,<br> +Dicam acies, actosque animis in funera REGES.”<br> +<br> +<br> +His handling of them is characteristic. Few men living then could +have approached either without a certain awe, their “genius” +rebuked, - like Mark Antony’s, in the presence of Caesars so imposing +and so mighty; Kinglake’s attitude towards both is the attitude +of cold analysis.<br> +<br> +In the opening of the fifties the Czar Nicholas was the most powerful +man then living in the world. He ruled over sixty million subjects +whose loyalty bordered on worship: he had in arms a million soldiers, +brave and highly trained. In the troubles of 1848 he had stood +scornful and secure amid the overthrow of surrounding thrones; and the +entire impact of his vast and well-organized Empire was subject to his +single will; whatever he chose to do he did. Of stern and unrelenting +nature, of active and widely ranging capacity for business, of gigantic +stature and commanding presence, he inspired almost universal terror; +and yet his friendliness had when he pleased a glow and frankness irresistible +in its charm. Readers of Queen Victoria’s early life will +recall the alarm she felt at his sudden proposal to visit Windsor in +1844, the fascination which his presence exercised on her when he became +her guest. He professed to embody his standard of conduct in the +English word “gentleman”; his ideal of human grandeur was +the character of the Duke of Wellington. It was an evil destiny +that betrayed this high-minded man into crooked ways; that made England +sacrifice the stateliest among her ancient friends to an ignoble and +crime-stained adventurer; that poured out blood and treasure for no +public advantage and with no permanent result; that first humiliated, +then slew with broken heart the man who had been so great, and who is +still regarded by surviving Russians who knew his inner life and had +seen him in his gentle mood with passionate reverence and affection.<br> +<br> +Kinglake’s description of “Prince Louis Bonaparte,” +of his character, his accomplices, his policy, his crimes, is perhaps +unequalled in historical literature; I know not where else to look for +a vivisection so scientific and so merciless of a great potentate in +the height of his power. With scrutiny polite, impartial, guarded, +he lays bare the springs of a conscienceless nature and the secrets +of a crime-driven career; while for the combination of precise simplicity +with exhaustive synopsis, the masquerading of moral indignation in the +guise of mocking laughter, the loathing of a gentleman for a scoundrel +set to the measure not of indignation but of contempt, we must go back +to the refined insolence, the [Greek text which cannot be reproduced] +of Voltaire. He had well known Prince Napoleon in his London days, +had been attracted by him as a curiosity - “a balloon man who +had twice fallen from the skies and yet was still alive” - had +divined the mental power veiled habitually by his blank, opaque, wooden +looks, had listened to his ambitious talk and gathered up the utterances +of his thoughtful, long-pondering mind, had quarrelled with him finally +and lastingly over rivalry in the good graces of a woman. <a name="citation21"></a><a href="#footnote21">{21}</a> +He saw in him a fourfold student; of the art of war, of the mind of +the first Napoleon, of the French people’s character, of the science +by which law may lend itself to stratagem and become a weapon of deceit.<br> +<br> +The intellect of this strange being was subject to an uncertainty of +judgment, issuing in ambiguity of enterprise, and giving an impression +of well-kept secrecy, due often to the fact that divided by mental conflict +he had no secret to tell. He understood truth, but under the pressure +of strong motive would invariably deceive. He sometimes, out of +curiosity, would listen to the voice of conscience, and could imitate +neatly on occasion the scrupulous language of a man of honour; but the +consideration that one of two courses was honest, and the other not, +never entered into his motives for action. He was bold in forming +plots, and skilful in conducting them; but in the hour of trial and +under the confront of physical danger he was paralysed by constitutional +timidity. His great aim in life was to be conspicuous - <i>digito +monstrarier</i> - coupled with a theatric mania which made scenic effects +and surprises essential to the eminence he craved.<br> +<br> +Handling this key to his character, Kinglake pursues him into his December +treason, contrasts the consummate cleverness of his schemes with the +faltering cowardice which shrank, like Macbeth’s ambition, from +“the illness should attend them,” and which, but for the +stronger nerve of those behind him, would have caused his collapse, +at Paris as at Strasburg and Boulogne, in contact with the shock of +action. It is difficult now to realize the commotion caused by +this fourteenth chapter of Kinglake’s book. The Emperor +was at the summit of his power, fresh from Austrian conquest, viewed +with alarm by England, whose rulers feared his strength and were distrustful +of his friendship. Our Crown, our government, our society, had +condoned his usurpation; he had kissed the Queen’s cheek, bent +her ministers to his will, ridden through her capital a triumphant and +applauded guest. And now men read not only a cynical dissection +of his character and disclosure of his early foibles, but the hideous +details of his deceit and treachery, the phases of cold-blooded massacre +and lawless deportation by which he emptied France of all who hesitated +to enrol themselves as his accomplices or his tools. Forty years +have passed since the terrible indictment was put forth; down to its +minutest allegation it has been proved literally true; the arch criminal +has fallen from his estate to die in disgrace, disease, exile. +When we talk to-day with cultivated Frenchmen of that half-forgotten +epoch, and of the book which bared its horrors, we are met by their +response of ardent gratitude to the man who joined to passionate hatred +of iniquity surpassing capacity for denouncing it; their avowal that +with all its frequent exposure of their military shortcomings and depreciation +of their national character, no English chronicle of the century stands +higher in their esteem than the history of the war in the Crimea.<br> +<br> +The close of the book is grim and tragic in the main, the stir of gallant +fights exchanged for the dreary course of siege, intrenchment, mine +and countermine. We have the awful winter on the heights, the +November hurricane, the foiled bombardments, the cruel blunder of the +Karabelnaya assault, the bitter natural discontent at home, the weak +subservience of our government to misdirected clamour, the touching +help-fraught advent of the Lady Nurses: then, just as better prospects +dawn, the Chief’s collapse and death. From the morrow of +Inkerman to the end, through no fault of his, the historian’s +chariot wheels drag. More and more one sees how from the nature +of the task, except for the flush of contemporary interest then, except +by military students now, it is not a work to be popularly read; the +exhausted interest of its subject swamps the genius of its narrator. +Scattered through its more serious matter are gems with the old “Eothen” +sparkle, of periphrasis, aphorism, felicitous phrase and pregnant epithet. +Such is the fine analogy between the worship of holy shrines and the +lover’s homage to the spot which his mistress’s feet have +trod; such France’s tolerance of the Elysée brethren compared +to the Arab laying his verminous burnous upon an ant-hill; the apt quotation +from the Psalms to illustrate the on-coming of the Guards; the demeanour +of horses in action; the course of a flying cannon-ball; the two ponderous +troopers at the Horse Guards; Tom Tower and his Croats landing stores +for our soldiers from the “Erminia.” Or again, we +have the light clear touches of a single line; “the decisiveness +and consistency of despotism” - “the fractional and volatile +interests in trading adventure which go by the name of Shares” +- “the unlabelled, undocketed state of mind which shall enable +a man to encounter the Unknown” - “the qualifying words +which correct the imprudences and derange the grammatical structure +of a Queen’s Speech”: but these are islets in the sea of +narrative, not, as in “Eothen,” woof-threads which cross +the warp.<br> +<br> +To compare an idyll with an epic, it may be said, is like comparing +a cameo with a Grecian temple: be it so; but the temple falls in ruins, +the cameo is preserved in cabinets; and it is possible that a century +hence the Crimean history will be forgotten, while “Eothen” +is read and enjoyed. The best judges at the time pronounced that +as a lasting monument of literary force the work was over refined: “Kinglake,” +said Sir George Cornewall Lewis, “tries to write better than he +can write”; quoting, perhaps unconsciously, the epigram of a French +art critic a hundred years before - <i>Il cherche</i> <i>toujours +a faire mieux qu’il ne fait</i>. <a name="citation22"></a><a href="#footnote22">{22}</a> +He lavished on it far more pains than on “Eothen”: the proof +sheets were a black sea of erasures, intercalations, blots; the original +chaotic manuscript pages had to be disentangled by a calligraphic Taunton +bookseller before they could be sent to press. This fastidiousness +in part gained its purpose; won temporary success; gave to his style +the glitter, rapidity, point, effectiveness, of a pungent editorial; +went home, stormed, convinced, vindicated, damaged, triumphed: but it +missed by excessive polish the reposeful, unlaboured, classic grace +essential to the highest art. Over-scrupulous manipulation of +words is liable to the “defect of its qualities”; as with +unskilful goldsmiths of whom old Latin writers tell us, the file goes +too deep, trimming away more of the first fine minting than we can afford +to lose. Ruskin has explained to us how the decadence of Gothic +architecture commenced through care bestowed on window tracery for itself +instead of as an avenue or vehicle for the admission of light. +Read “words” for tracery, “thought” for light, +and we see how inspiration avenges itself so soon as diction is made +paramount; artifice, which demands and misses watchful self-concealment, +passes into mannerism; we have lost the incalculable charm of spontaneity. +Comparison of “Eothen” with the “Crimea” will +I think exemplify this truth. The first, to use Matthew Arnold’s +imagery, is Attic, the last has declined to the Corinthian; it remains +a great, an amazingly great production; great in its pictorial force, +its omnipresent survey, verbal eloquence, firm grasp, marshalled delineation +of multitudinous and entangled matter; but it is not unique amongst +martial records as “Eothen” is unique amongst books of travel: +it is through “Eothen” that its author has soared into a +classic, and bids fair to hold his place. And, apart from the +merit of style, great campaigns lose interest in a third, if not in +a second generation; their historical consequence effaced through lapse +of years; their policy seen to have been nugatory or mischievous; their +chronicles, swallowed greedily at the birth like Saturn’s progeny, +returning to vex their parent; relegated finally to an honourable exile +in the library upper shelves, where they hold a place eyed curiously, +not invaded:<br> +<br> +<br> +“devoured<br> +As fast as they are made, forgot as soon<br> +As done. . . . To have done, is to hang<br> +Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail,<br> +In monumental mockery.”<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER V - MADAME NOVIKOFF<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +The Cabinet Edition of “The Invasion of the Crimea” appeared +in 1877, shortly after the Servian struggle for independence, which +aroused in England universal interest and sympathy. Kinglake had +heard from the lips of a valued lady friend the tragic death-tale of +her brother Nicholas Kiréeff, who fell fighting as a volunteer +on the side of the gallant Servian against the Turk: and, much moved +by the recital, offered to honour the memory of the dead hero in the +Preface to his forthcoming edition. He kept his word; made sympathetic +reference to M. Kiréeff in the opening of his Preface; but passed +in pursuance of his original design to a hostile impeachment of Russia, +its people, its church, its ruler. This was an error of judgment +and of feeling; and the lady, reading the manuscript, indignantly desired +him to burn the whole rather than commit the outrage of associating +her brother’s name with an attack on causes and personages dear +to him as to herself. Kinglake listened in silence, then tendered +to her a <i>crayon rouge</i>, begging her to efface all that pained +her. She did so; and, diminished by three-fourths of its matter, +the Preface appears in Vol. I. of the Cabinet Edition. The erasure +was no slight sacrifice to an author of Kinglake’s literary sensitiveness, +mutilating as it did the integrity of a carefully schemed composition, +and leaving visible the scar. He sets forth the strongly sentimental +and romantic side of Russian temperament. Love of the Holy Shrines +begat the war of 1853, racial ardour the war of 1876. The first +was directed by a single will, the second by national enthusiasm; yet +the mind of Nicholas was no less tossed by a breathless strife of opposing +desires and moods than was Russia at large by the struggle between Panslavism +and statesmanship. Kinglake paints vividly the imposing figure +of the young Kiréeff, his stature, beauty, bravery, the white +robe he wore incarnadined by death-wounds, his body captured by the +hateful foes. He goes on to tell how myth rose like an exhalation +round his memory: how legends of “a giant piling up hecatombs +by a mighty slaughter” reverberated through mansion and cottage, +town and village, cathedral and church; until thousands of volunteers +rushed to arms that they might go where young Kiréeff had gone. +Alexander’s hand was forced, and the war began, which but for +England’s intervention would have cleared Europe of the Turk. +We have the text, but not the sermon; the Preface ends abruptly with +an almost clumsy peroration.<br> +<br> +The lady who inspired both the eulogy and the curtailment was Madame +Novikoff, more widely known perhaps as O. K., with whom Kinglake maintained +during the last twenty years of life an intimate and mutual friendship. +Madame Olga Novikoff, <i>née</i> Kiréeff, is a Russian +lady of aristocratic rank both by parentage and marriage. In a +lengthened sojourn at Vienna with her brother-in-law, the Russian ambassador, +she learned the current business of diplomacy. An eager religious +propagandist, she formed alliance with the “Old Catholics” +on the Continent, and with many among the High Church English clergy; +becoming, together with her brother Alexander, a member of the <i>Réunion +Nationale</i>, a society for the union of Christendom. Her interest +in education has led her to devote extensive help to school and church +building and endowment on her son’s estate. God-daughter +to the Czar Nicholas, she is a devoted Imperialist, nor less in sympathy, +as were all her family, with Russian patriotism: after the death of +her brother in Servia on July 6/18, 1876, she became a still more ardent +Slavophile. The three articles of her creed are, she says, those +of her country, Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism. Her political +aspirations have been guided, and guided right, by her tact and goodness +of heart. Her life’s aim has been to bring about a cordial +understanding between England and her native land; there is little doubt +that her influence with leading Liberal politicians, and her vigorous +allocutions in the Press, had much to do with the enthusiasm manifested +by England for the liberation of the Danubian States. Readers +of the Princess Lieven’s letters to Earl Grey will recall the +part played by that able ambassadress in keeping this country neutral +through the crisis of 1828-9; to her Madame Novikoff has been likened, +and probably with truth, by the Turkish Press both English and Continental. +She was accused in 1876 of playing on the religious side of Mr. Gladstone’s +character to secure his interest in the Danubians as members of the +Greek Church, while with unecclesiastical people she was said to be +equally skilful on the political side, converting at the same time Anglophobe +Russia by her letters in the “Moscow Gazette.” Mr. +Gladstone’s leanings to Montenegro were attributed angrily in +the English “Standard” to Madame Novikoff: “A serious +statesman should know better than to catch contagion from the petulant +enthusiasm of a Russian Apostle.” The contagion was in any +case caught, and to some purpose; letter after letter had been sent +by the lady to the great statesman, then in temporary retirement, without +reply, until the last of these, “a bitter cry of a sister for +a sacrificed brother,” brought a feeling answer from Mrs. Gladstone, +saying that her husband was deeply moved by the appeal, and was writing +on the subject. In a few days appeared his famous pamphlet, “Bulgarian +Horrors and the Question of the East.”<br> +<br> +Carlyle advised that Madame Novikoff’s scattered papers should +be worked into a volume; they appeared under the title “Is Russia +Wrong?” with a preface by Froude, the moderate and ultra-prudent +tone of which infuriated Hayward and Kinglake, as not being sufficiently +appreciative. Hayward declared some woman had biassed him; Kinglake +was of opinion that by studying the <i>ètat</i> of Queen Elizabeth +Froude had “gone and turned himself into an old maid.”<br> +<br> +Froude’s Preface to her next work, “Russia and England, +a Protest and an Appeal,” by O. K., 1880, was worded in a very +different tone and satisfied all her friends. The book was also +reviewed with highest praise by Gladstone in “The Nineteenth Century.” +Learning that an assault upon it was contemplated in “The Quarterly,” +Kinglake offered to supply the editor, Dr. Smith, with materials which +might be so used as to neutralize a <i>personal</i> attack upon O. K. +Smith entreated him to compose the whole article himself. “I +could promise you,” he writes, “that the authorship should +be kept a profound secret;” but this Kinglake seems to have thought +undesirable. The article appeared in April, 1880, under the title +of “The Slavonic Menace to Europe.” It opens with +a panegyric on the authoress: “She has mastered our language with +conspicuous success; she expostulates as easily as she reproaches, and +she exhibits as much facility in barbing shafts of satire as in framing +specious excuses for daring acts of diplomacy.” It insists +on the high esteem felt for her by both the Russian and Austrian governments, +telling with much humour an anecdote of Count Beust, the Prime Minister +of Austria during her residence in Vienna. The Count, after meeting +her at a dinner party at the Turkish Embassy, composed a set of verses +in her honour, and gave them to her, but she forgot to mention them +to her brother-in-law. The Prime Minister, encountering the latter, +asked his opinion of the verses; and the ambassador was greatly amazed +at knowing nothing of the matter. <a name="citation23"></a><a href="#footnote23">{23}</a> +From amenities towards the authoress, the article passes abruptly to +hostile criticism of the book; declares it to be proscribed in Russia +as mischievous, and to have precipitated a general war by keeping up +English interest in Servian rebellion. It sneers in doubtful taste +at the lady’s learning:<br> +<br> +<br> +“sit non doctissima conjux,<br> +Sit nox cum somno, sit sine lite dies;”<br> +<br> +<br> +denounces the Slavs as incapable of being welded into a nation, urging +that their independence must destroy Austria-Hungary, a consummation +desired by Madame Novikoff, with her feline contempt for “poor +dear Austria,” but which all must unite to prevent if they would +avert a European war.<br> +<br> +How could one clear harp, men asked themselves as they read, have produced +so diverse tones? The riddle is solved when we learn that the +first part only was from Kinglake’s pen: having vindicated his +friend’s ability and good faith, her right to speak and to be +heard attentively, he left the survey of her views, with which he probably +disagreed, to the originally assigned reviewer. The article, Madame +Novikoff tells us in the “Nouvelle Revue,” was received +<i>avec</i> <i>une stupefaction unanime</i>. It formed the general +talk for many days, was attributed to Lord Salisbury, was supposed to +have been inspired by Prince Gortschakoff. The name standing against +it in Messrs. Murray’s books, as they kindly inform me, is that +of a writer still alive, and better known now than then, but they never +heard that Kinglake had a hand in it; the editor would seem to have +kept his secret even from the publishers. Kinglake sent the article +in proof to the lady; hoped that the facts he had imparted and the interpolations +he had inserted would please her; he could have made the attack on Russia +more pointed had he written it; she would think the leniency shows a +fault on the right side; he did not know the writer of this latter part. +He begged her to acquaint her friends in Moscow what an important and +majestic organ is “The Quarterly,” how weighty therefore +its laudation of herself. She recalls his bringing her soon afterwards +an article on her, written, he said, in an adoring tone by Laveleye +in the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” and directing her to a paper +in “Fraser,” by Miss Pauline Irby, a passionate lover of +the “Slav ragamuffins,” and a worshipper of Madame Novikoff. +He quotes with delight Chenery’s approbation of her “Life +of Skobeleff”; he spoke of you “with a gleam of kindliness +in his eyes which really and truly I had never observed before.” +“The Times” quotes her as the “eloquent authoress +of ‘Russia and England’”; “fancy that from your +enemy! you are getting even ‘The Times’ into your net.” +A later article on O. K. contains some praise, but more abuse. +Hayward is angry with it; Kinglake thinks it more friendly than could +have been expected “to <i>you</i>, a friend of <i>me</i>, their +old open enemy: the sugar-plums were meant for you, the sprinklings +of soot for me.”<br> +<br> +Besides “Russia and England” Madame Novikoff is the author +of “Friends or Foes? - is Russia wrong?” and of a “Life +of Skobeleff,” the hero of Plevna and of Geok Tepé. +From her natural endowments and her long familiarity with Courts, she +has acquired a capacity for combining, controlling, entertaining social +“circles” which recalls <i>les salons</i> <i>d’autrefois</i>, +the drawing-rooms of an Ancelot, a Le Brun, a Récamier. +Residing in several European capitals, she surrounds herself in each +with persons intellectually eminent; in England, where she has long +spent her winters, Gladstone, Carlyle and Froude, Charles Villiers, +Bernal Osborne, Sir Robert Morier, Lord Houghton, and many more of the +same high type, formed her court and owned her influence.<br> +<br> +Kinglake first met her at Lady Holland’s in 1870, and mutual liking +ripened rapidly into close friendship. During her residences in +England few days passed in which he did not present himself at her drawing-room +in Claridge’s Hotel: when absent in Russia or on the Continent, +she received from him weekly letters, though he used to complain that +writing to a lady through the <i>poste restante</i> was like trying +to kiss a nun through a double grating. These letters, all faithfully +preserved, I have been privileged to see; they remind me, in their mixture +of personal with narrative charm, of Swift’s “Letters to +Stella”; except that Swift’s are often coarse and sometimes +prurient, while Kinglake’s chivalrous admiration for his friend, +though veiled occasionally by graceful banter, is always respectful +and refined. They even imitate occasionally the “little +language” of the great satirist; if Swift was Presto, Kinglake +is “Poor dear me”; if Stella was M. D., Madame Novikoff +is “My dear Miss.” This last endearment was due to +an incident at a London dinner table. A story told by Hayward, +seasoned as usual with <i>gros sel</i>, amused the more sophisticated +English ladies present, but covered her with blushes. Kinglake +perceived it, and said to her afterwards, “I thought you were +a hardened married woman; I am glad that you are not; I shall henceforth +call you<i> Miss</i>.” Sometimes he rushes into verse. +In answer to some pretended rebuff received from her at Ryde he writes<br> +<br> +<br> +“There was a young lady of Ryde, so awfully puffed up by pride,<br> +She felt grander by far than the Son of the Czar,<br> +And when he said, ‘Dear, come and walk on the pier,<br> +Oh please come and walk by my side;’<br> +The answer he got, was ‘Much better not,’ from that awful +young lady of Ryde.”<br> +<br> +<br> +Oftenest, the letters are serious in their admiring compliments; they +speak of her superb organization of health and life and strength and +joyousness, the delightful sunshine of her presence, her decision and +strength of will, her great qualities and great opportunities: “away +from you the world seems a blank.” He is glad that his Great +Eltchi has been made known to her; the old statesman will be impressed, +he feels sure, by her “intense life, graciousness and grace, intellect +carefully masked, musical faculty in talk, with that heavenly power +of coming to an end.” He sends playfully affectionate messages +from other members of the <i>Gerontaion</i>, as he calls it, the group +of aged admirers who formed her inner court; echoing their laments over +the universality of her patronage. “Hayward can pardon your +having an ambassador or two at your <i>feet</i>, but to find the way +to your <i>heart</i> obstructed by a crowd of astronomers, Russ-expansionists, +metaphysicians, theologians, translators, historians, poets; - this +is more than he can endure. The crowd reduces him, as Ampère +said to Mme. Récamier, to the qualified blessing of being only +<i>chez vous</i>, from the delight of being <i>avec vous</i>. +He hails and notifies additions to the list of her admirers; quotes +enthusiastic praise of her from Stansfeld and Charles Villiers, warm +appreciation from Morier, Sir Robert Peel, Violet Fane. He rallies +her on her victims, jests at Froude’s lover-like<i> galanterie</i> +- “Poor St. Anthony! how he hovered round the flame”; - +at the devotion of that gay Lothario, Tyndall, whose approaching marriage +will, he thinks, clip his wings for flirtation. “It seems +that at the Royal Institution, or whatever the place is called, young +women look up to the Lecturers as priests of Science, and go to them +after the lecture in what churchmen would call the vestry, and express +charming little doubts about electricity, and pretty gentle disquietudes +about the solar system: and then the Professors have to give explanations; +- and then, somehow, at the end of a few weeks, they find they have +provided themselves with chaperons for life.” So he pursues +the list of devotees; her son will tell her that Caesar summarized his +conquests in this country by saying <i>Veni, Vidi</i>, <i>Vici</i>; +but to her it is given to say, <i>Veni</i>, <i>Videbar, Vici.<br> +<br> +</i>On two subjects, theology and politics, Madame Novikoff was, as +we have seen, passionately in earnest. Himself at once an amateur +casuist and a consistent Nothingarian, whose dictum was that “Important +if true” should be written over the doors of churches, he followed +her religious arguments much as Lord Steyne listened to the contests +between Father Mole and the Reverend Mr. Trail. He expresses his +surprise in all seriousness that the Pharisees, a thoughtful and cultured +set of men, who alone among the Jews believed in a future state, should +have been the very men to whom our Saviour was habitually antagonistic. +He refers more lightly and frequently to “those charming talks +of ours about our Churches”; he thinks they both know how to <i>effleurer</i> +the surface of theology without getting drowned in it. Of existing +Churches he preferred the English, as “the most harmless going”; +disliked the Latin Church, especially when intriguing in the East, as +persecuting and as schismatic, and therefore as no Church at all. +Roman Catholics, he said, have a special horror of being called “schismatic,” +and that is, of course, a good reason for so calling them. He +would not permit the use of the word “orthodox,” because, +like a parson in the pulpit, it is always begging the question. +He refused historical reverence to the Athanasian Creed, and was delighted +when Stanley’s review in “The Times” of Mr. Ffoulkes’ +learned book showed it to have been written by order of Charles the +Great in 800 A.D. as what Thorold Rogers used to call “an election +squib.” In the “Filioque” controversy, once +dear to Liddon and to Gladstone, now, I suppose, obsolete for the English +mind, but which relates to the chief dividing tenet of East from West, +he showed an interest humorous rather than reverent; took pains to acquaint +himself with the views held on it by Döllinger and the old Catholics; +noted with amusement the perplexity of London ladies as to the meaning +of the word when quoted in the much-read “Quarterly” article, +declaring their belief to be that it was a clergyman’s baby born +out of wedlock.<br> +<br> +Madame Novikoff’s political influence, which he recognized to +the full, he treated in the same mocking spirit. She is at Berlin, +received by Bismarck; he hopes that though the great man may not eradicate +her Slavophile heresies, he may manifest the weakness of embroiling +nations on mere ethnological grounds. “Are even nearer relationships +so delightful? would you walk across the street for a third or fourth +cousin? then why for a millionth cousin?” Madame Novikoff +kindly sends to me an “Imaginary Conversation” between herself +and Gortschakoff, constructed by Kinglake during her stay in St. Petersburg +in 1879.<br> +<br> +“<i>G</i>. Well - you really have done good service to your +country and your Czar by dividing and confusing these absurd English, +and getting us out of the scrape we were in in that - Balkan Peninsula.<br> +<br> +“<i>Miss O</i>. Well, certainly I did my best; but I fear +I have ruined the political reputation of my English partizans, for +in order to make them ‘beloved of the Slave,’ I of course +had to make them, poor souls! go against their own country; and their +country, stupid as it is, has now I fear found them out.<br> +<br> +“<i>G. Tant pis pour eux! Entre nous</i>, if I had +been Gladstone, I should have preferred the love of my own country to +the love of these - Slaves of yours. But, tell me, how did you +get hold of Gladstone?<br> +<br> +“<i>Miss O. Rien de plus simple</i>! Four or five +years ago I asked what was his weak point, and was told that he had +two, ‘Effervescence,’ and ‘Theology.’ +With that knowledge I found it all child’s play to manage him. +I just sent him to Munich, and there boiled him up in a weak decoction +of ‘Filioque,’ then kept him ready for use, and impatiently +awaited the moment when our plans for getting up the ‘Bulgarian +atrocities’ should be mature. I say ‘impatiently,’ +for, Heavens, how slow you all were! at least so it strikes a woman. +The arrangement of the ‘atrocities’ was begun by our people +in 1871, and yet till 1876, though I had Gladstone ready in 1875, nothing +really was done! I assure you, Prince, it is a trying thing to +a woman to be kept waiting for promised atrocities such an unconscionable +time.<br> +<br> +“<i>G</i>. That brother-in-law of yours was partly the cause +of our slowness. He was always wanting to have the orders for +fire and blood in neat formal despatches, signed by me, and copied by +clerks. However, I hope you are satisfied now, with the butcheries +and the flames, and the - ?<br> +<br> +“<i>Miss O. Pour le moment</i>!”<br> +<br> +She is absent during the sudden dissolution of Parliament in 1874. +“London woke yesterday morning and found that your friend Gladstone +had made a <i>coup-d’état</i>. He has dissolved Parliament +at a moment when no human being expected it, and my impression is that +he has made a good hit, and that the renovated Parliament will give +him a great majority.” The impression was wildly wrong; and he +found a cause for the Conservative majority in Gladstone’s tame +foreign policy, and especially in the pusillanimity his government showed +when insulted by Gortschakoff. He always does justice to her influence +with Gladstone; his great majority at the polls in 1880 is <i>her</i> +victory and <i>her</i> triumph; but his Turkophobia is no less her creation: +“England is stricken with incapacity because you have stirred +up the seething caldron that boils under Gladstone’s skull, putting +in diabolical charms and poisons of theology to overturn the structure +of English polity:” she will be able, he thinks, to tell her government +that Gladstone is doing his best to break up the British Empire.<br> +<br> +He quotes with approbation the newspaper comparison of her to the Princess +Lieven. She disparages the famous ambassadress; he sets her right. +Let her read the “Correspondence,” by his friend Mr. Guy +Le Strange, and she will see how large a part the Princess played in +keeping England quiet during the war of 1828-29. She did not convert +her austere admirer, Lord Grey, to approval of the Russian designs, +nor overcome the uneasiness with which the Duke of Wellington regarded +her intrigues; but the Foreign Minister, Lord Aberdeen, was apparently +a fool in her hands; and, whoever had the merit, the neutrality of England +continued. That was, he repeats more than once, a most critical +time for Russia; it was an object almost of life and death to the Czar +to keep England dawdling in a state of actual though not avowed neutrality. +It is, he argued, a matter of fact, that precisely this result was attained, +and “I shall be slow to believe that Madame de Lieven did not +deserve a great share of the glory (as you would think it) of making +England act weakly under such circumstances; more especially since we +know that the Duke did not like the great lady, and may be supposed +to have distinctly traced his painful embarrassment to her power.” +So the letters go, interspersed with news, with criticisms of notable +persons, with comments enlightening or cynical on passing political +events: with personal matters only now and then; as when he notes the +loss of his two sisters; dwells with unwonted feeling on the death of +his eldest nephew by consumption; condoles with her on her husband’s +illness; gives council, wise or playful, as to the education of her +son. “I am glad to hear that he is good at Greek, Latin, +and Mathematics, for that shows his cleverness; glad also to hear that +he is occasionally naughty, for that shows his force. I advise +you to claim and exercise as much control as possible, because I am +certain that a woman - especially so gifted a one as you - knows more, +or rather feels more, about the right way of bringing up a boy than +any mere man.”<br> +<br> +Unbrokenly the correspondence continues: the intimacy added charm, interest, +fragrance to his life, brought out in him all that was genial, playful, +humorous. He fights the admonitions of coming weakness; goes to +Sidmouth with a sore throat, but takes his papers and his books. +It is, he says, a deserted little sea-coast place. “Mrs. +Grundy has a small house there, but she does not know me by sight. +If Madame Novikoff were to come, the astonished little town, dazzled +first by her, would find itself invaded by theologians, bishops, ambassadors +of deceased emperors, and an ex-Prime-Minister.” But as +time goes on he speaks more often of his suffering throat; of gout, +increasing deafness, only half a voice: his last letter is written in +July, 1890, to condole with his friend upon her husband’s death. +In October his nurse takes the pen; Madame Novikoff comes back hurriedly +from Scotland to find him in his last illness. “It is very +nice,” he told his nurse, “to see dear Madame Novikoff again, +but I am going down hill fast, and cannot hope to be well enough to +see much of her.” This is in November, 1890; on New Year’s +Eve came the inexorable, “Terminator of delights and Separator +of friends.”<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER VI - LATER DAYS, AND DEATH<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +For twenty years Kinglake lived in Hyde Park Place, in bright cheerful +rooms looking in one direction across the Park, but on another side +into a churchyard. The churchyard, Lady Gregory tells us, gave +him pause on first seeing the rooms. “I should not like +to live here, I should be afraid of ghosts.” “Oh no, +sir, there is always a policeman round the corner.” <a name="citation24"></a><a href="#footnote24">{24}</a> +“Pleaceman X.” has not, perhaps, before been revered as +the Shade-compelling son of Maia:<br> +<br> +<br> +“Tu pias laetis animas reponis<br> +Sedibus<i>, virgaque levem coerces<br> +Aurea turbam</i>.”<br> +<br> +<br> +Here he worked through the morning; the afternoon took him to the “Travellers,” +where his friends, Sir Henry Bunbury and Mr. Chenery, usually expected +him; then at eight o’clock, if not, as Shylock says, bid forth, +he went to dine at the Athenaeum. His dinner seat was in the left-hand +corner of the coffee-room, where, in the thirties, Theodore Hook had +been wont to sit, gathering near him so many listeners to his talk, +that at Hook’s death in 1841 the receipts for the club dinners +fell off to a large amount. Here, in the “Corner,” +as they called it, round Kinglake would be Hayward, Drummond Wolff, +Massey, Oliphant, Edward Twisleton, Strzelecki, Storks, Venables, Wyke, +Bunbury, Gregory, American Ticknor, and a few more; Sir W. Stirling +Maxwell, when in Scotland, sending hampers of pheasants to the company. +“Hurried to the Athenaeum for dinner,” says Ticknor in 1857, +“and there found Kinglake and Sir Henry Rawlinson, to whom were +soon added Hayward and Stirling. We pushed our tables together +and had a jolly dinner. . . . To the Athenaeum; and having dined pleasantly +with Merivale, Kinglake, and Stirling, I hurried off to the House.” +In later years, when his voice grew low and his hearing difficult, he +preferred that the diners should resolve themselves into little groups, +assigning to himself a <i>tête-à-tête</i>, with whom +at his ease he could unfold himself.<br> +<br> +No man ever fought more gallantly the encroachments of old age <i>- +on sut être jeune jusque dans ses vieux jours</i>. At seventy-four +years old, staying with a friend at Brighton, he insisted on riding +over to Rottingdean, where Sir Frederick Pollock was staying. +“I mastered,” he said, in answer to remonstrances, “I +mastered the peculiarities of the Brighton screw before you were born, +and have never forgotten them.” Vaulting into his saddle +he rode off, returning with a schoolboy’s delight at the brisk +trot he had found practicable when once clear of the King’s Road. +Long after his hearing had failed, his sight become grievously weakened, +and his limbs not always trustworthy, he would never allow a cab to +be summoned for him after dinner, always walking to his lodgings. +But he had to give up by and by his daily canter in Rotten Row, and +more reluctantly still his continental travel. Foreign railways +were closed to him by the <i>Salle d’Attente</i>; he could not +stand incarceration in the waiting-rooms.<br> +<br> +The last time he crossed the Channel was at the close of the Franco-Prussian +war, on a visit to his old friend M. Thiers, then President. It +was a dinner to deputies of the Extreme Left, and Kinglake was the only +Englishman; “so,” he said, “among the servants there +was a sort of reasoning process as to my identity, ending in the conclusion, +<i>‘il doit être Sir Dilke</i>.’” Soon +the inference was treated as a fact; and in due sequence came newspaper +paragraphs declaring that the British Ambassador had gravely remonstrated +with the President for inviting Sir Charles Dilke to his table. +Then followed articles defending the course taken by the President, +and so for some time the ball was kept up. The remonstrance of +the Ambassador was a myth, Lord Lyons was a friend of Sir Charles; but +the latter was suspect at the time both in England and France; in England +for his speeches and motion on the Civil List; in France, because, with +Frederic Harrison, he had helped to get some of the French Communists +away from France; and the French Government was watching him with spies. +In Sir Charles’s motion Kinglake took much interest, refusing +to join in the cry against it as disloyal. Sir Charles, he said, +spoke no word against the Queen; and only brought the matter before +the House because challenged to repeat in Parliament the statements +he had made in the country. As a matter of policy he thought it +mistaken: “Move in such a matter openly, and party discipline +compels your defeat; bring pressure to bear on a Cabinet, some of its +members are on your side, and you may gain your point.” +Sir Charles’s speech was calmly argumentative, and to many minds +convincing; it provoked a passionate reply from Gladstone; and when +Mr. Auberon Herbert following declared himself a Republican, a tumult +arose such as in those pre-Milesian days had rarely been witnessed in +the House. But the wisdom of Kinglake’s counsel is sustained +by the fact that many years afterwards, as a result of more private +discussion, Mr. Gladstone pronounced his conversion to the two bases +of the motion, publicity, and the giving of the State allowance to the +head of the family rather than, person by person, to the children and +grandchildren of the Sovereign. Action pointing in this direction +was taken in 1889 and 1901 on the advice of Tory ministers.<br> +<br> +Amongst Frenchmen of the highest class, intellectually and socially, +he had many valued friends, keeping his name on the “Cosmopolitan” +long after he had ceased to visit it, since “one never knows when +the distinguished foreigner may come upon one, and of such the Cosmo +is the London Paradise.” But he used to say that in the +other world a good Frenchman becomes an Englishman, a bad Englishman +becomes a Frenchman. He saw in the typical Gaul a compound of +the tiger and the monkey; noted their want of individuality, their tendency +to go in flocks, their susceptibility to panic and to ferocity, to the +terror that makes a man kill people, and “the terror that makes +him lie down and beg.” We remember, too, his dissection +of St. Arnaud, as before all things a type of his nation; “he +impersonated with singular exactness the idea which our forefathers +had in their minds when they spoke of what they called ‘a Frenchman;’ +for although (by cowing the rich and by filling the poor with envy), +the great French Revolution had thrown a lasting gloom on the national +character, it left this one man untouched. He was bold, gay, reckless, +vain; but beneath the mere glitter of the surface there was a great +capacity for administrative business, and a more than common willingness +to take away human life.”<br> +<br> +“I relish,” Kinglake said in 1871, “the spectacle +of Bismarck teaching the A B C of Liberal politics to the hapless French. +His last <i>mot</i>, they tell me, is this. Speaking of the extent +to which the French Emperor had destroyed his own reputation and put +an end to the worship of the old Napoleon, he said: ‘He has killed +himself and buried his uncle.’” Again, in 1874, noting +the <i>contre coup</i> upon France resulting from the Bismarck and Arnim +despatches, he said: “What puzzles the poor dear French is to +see that truth and intrepid frankness consist with sound policy and +consummate wisdom. How funny it would be, if the French some day, +as a novelty, or what they would call a <i>caprice</i>, were to try +the effect of truth; “though not naturally honest,” as Autolycus +says, “were to become so by chance.”<br> +<br> +He thought M. Gallifet <i>dans sa logique</i> in liking the Germans +and hating Bismarck; for the Germans, in having their own way, would +break up into as many fragments as the best Frenchman could desire, +and Bismarck is the real suppressor of France. Throughout the +Franco-Prussian war he sided strongly with the Prussians, refusing to +dine in houses where the prevailing sympathy with France would make +him unwelcome as its declared opponent; but he felt “as a nightmare” +the attack on prostrate Paris, “as a blow” the capitulation +of Metz; denouncing Gambetta and his colleagues as meeting their disasters +only with slanderous shrieks, “possessed by the spirit of that +awful Popish woman.” Bismarck as a statesman he consistently +admired, and deplored his dismissal. I see, he said, all the peril +implied by Bismarck’s exit, and the advent of his ambitious young +Emperor. It is a transition from the known to the unknown, from +wisdom, perhaps, to folly.<br> +<br> +His Crimean volumes continued to appear; in 1875, 1880, finally in 1887; +while the Cabinet Edition was published in 1887-8. This last contained +three new Prefaces; in Vol. I. as we have seen, the memorial of Nicholas +Kiréeff; in Vol. II. the latter half of the original Preface +to Vol. I., cancelled thence at Madame Novikoff’s request, though +now carefully modified so as to avoid anything which might irritate +Russia at a moment when troubles seemed to be clearing away. In +his Preface to Vol. VII. he had three objects, to set right the position +of Sir E. Hamley, who had been neglected in the despatches; to demolish +his friend Lord Bury, who had “questioned my omniscience” +in the “Edinburgh Review”; and to exonerate England at large +from absurd self-congratulations about the “little Egypt affair,” +the blame of such exaggeration resting with those whom he called State +Showmen.<br> +<br> +Silent to acquaintances about the progress of his work, he was communicative +to his few intimates, though never reading aloud extracts or allowing +them to be seen. In 1872 he would speak pathetically of his “Crimean +muddle,” perplexed, as he well might be, by the intricacies of +Inkerman. Asked if he will not introduce a Te Deum on the fall +of Louis Napoleon, he answered that to write without the stimulus of +combat would be a task beyond his energy; “when I took the trouble +to compose that fourteenth chapter, the wretched Emperor and his gang +were at the height of their power in Europe and the world; but now!” +He was insatiate as to fresh facts: utilized his acquaintance with Todleben, +whom he had first met on his visit to England in 1864; sought out Prince +Ourusoff at a later time, and inserted particulars gleaned from him +in Vol. IX., Chapter V.<br> +<br> +In 1875 he told Madame Novikoff that his task was done so far as Inkerman +was concerned, and was proud to think that he had rescued from oblivion +the heroism of the Russian troops in what he calls the “Third +Period” of the great fight, ignored as it was by all Russian historians +of the war. He made fruitless inquiries after a paper said to +have been left behind him by Skobeleff, explaining that “India +is a cherry to be eaten by Russia, but in two bites”; it was contrary +to the general’s recorded utterances and probably apocryphal. +Russophobe as regarded Turkey, he sneered at England’s sentimental +support of nationalities as “Platonic”: a capital epithet +he called it, and envied the Frenchman who applied it to us, declaring +that it had turned all the women against us. He was moved by receiving +Korniloff’s portrait with a kind message from the dead hero’s +family, seeing in the features a confirmation of the ideal which he +had formed in his own mind and had tried to convey to others. +Readers of his book will recall the fine tribute to Korniloff’s +powers, and the description of his death, in Chapters VI. and XIII. +of Vol. IV. (Cabinet Edition).<br> +<br> +Many of his comments on current events are preserved in the notes or +in the memories of his friends. Sometimes these were characteristically +cynical. He ridiculed the newspaper parade of national sympathy +with the Prince of Wales’s illness: “We are represented +as all members of the royal family, and all in family hysterics.” +Dizzy’s orientalization of Queen Victoria into an Empress angered +him, as it angered many more. The last Empress Regnant, he said, +was Catherine II. and it seems to be thought that by advising the Queen +to take that great monarch’s title, we shall exercise a wholesome +influence on the morals of our women. He would quote Byron’s<br> +<br> +<br> +“Russia’s mighty Empress<br> +Behaved no better than a common sempstress;”<br> +<br> +<br> +“there was an old-fashioned sacredness, which, however foolish +intrinsically, was still useful, in our title of ‘The Queen’; +nor do we see the policy of adding a <i>Suprême de Volaille</i> +to the bread and wine of our Sacrament.”<br> +<br> +He chuckled over the indignation of the <i>haute</i> <i>volée</i>, +when on the visit to England of President Grant’s daughter in +1872, Americans in London sent out cards of invitation headed “To +meet Miss Grant,” as at a profane imitation of a practice hitherto +confined to royalties; laughing not at the legitimate American mimicry +of European consequence, but at the silly formalists in Society who +fumed over the imagined presumption. Consulted by an invalid as +to the charm of Ostend for a seaside residence, he limited it to persons +of gregarious habits; “the people are all driven down to the beach +like a flock of sheep in the morning, and in the evening they are all +driven back to their folds.” He reported a feeble drama +written by his ancient idol, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe; “it +is a painful thing to see a man of his quality and of his age unduly +detained in the world; when the Emperor Nicholas died, the Eltchi lost +his <i>raison d’être</i>.” He disparaged the +wild fit of morality undergone by the “Pall Mall Gazette” +during the scandalous “Maiden Tribute” revelation, pronouncing +its protegées to be “clever little devils.” +He was greatly startled by Gortschakoff’s famous circular, annulling +the Black Sea clause in the Treaty of Paris, and much relieved by Bismarck’s +dexterous interposition, which saved the susceptibility of Europe, and +especially of England, by yielding as a favour to the demand of Russia +what no one was in a position to refuse; but he maintained, and Lord +Stratford agreed with him, that Gortschakoff’s precipitate act +was governed by circumstances never revealed to mankind. He learned, +too, that it caused the Chancellor to be <i>déconsideré</i> +in high Russian circles; he was called “<i>un Narcisse qui se +mire dans son encrier</i>.” Kinglake used to say that in +conceding the right of the Sultan to exclude any war-flag from the Bosphorus +and the Dardanelles, Russia was treating Turkey as a bag-fox, to be +gently hunted occasionally, but not mangled or killed; and he felt keenly +the ridicule resting on the allies, who were compelled to surrender +the neutralization purchased at the cost of so much blood and treasure. +He watched with much amusement the restoration of Turkish self-confidence. +“Turkey believes that he is no longer a sick man, and is turning +all his doctors out of the house, to the immense astonishment of the +English doctor, so conscious of his own rectitude that he cannot understand +being sent off with the quacks. You know in our beautiful Liturgy +we have a prayer for the Turks; it looks as if our supplications had +become successful.” His interest in Turkey never flagged. +“I am in a great fright,” he said in 1877, “about +my dear Turks, because Russia gives virtual command of the army before +Plevna to Todleben, a really great<i> homme de guerre</i>.”<br> +<br> +Russophobia was at that time so strong in London that Madame Novikoff +hesitated to visit England, and he himself feared that she might find +it uncomfortable. Her alarm, however, was ridiculed by Hayward, +“most faithful of the Russianisers, ready to do battle for Russia +at any moment, declaring her to be quite virtuous, with no fault but +that of being <i>incomprise</i>.” But he groaned over the +humiliation of England under Russia’s bold stroke, noting frequently +a decay of English character which he ascribed to chronic causes. +The Englishman taken separately, he said, seems much the same as he +used to be; but there is a softening of the aggregate brain which affects +Englishmen when acting together. He hailed the great Liberal victory +of 1880, and watched with interest, as one behind the scenes, the negotiations +which led to Lord Hartington’s withdrawal and Mr. Gladstone’s +resumption of power; for in these his friend Hayward was an active go-between, +removing by his tact and frankness “hitches” which might +otherwise have been disastrous. He thought W. E. Forster’s +attack on Mr. Gladstone’s Irish policy in 1882 ill-managed for +his own position, his famous speech not sufficiently “clenching.” +Had he separated from his chief on broader grounds, refusing complicity +with a Minister who consented to parley with the imprisoned Irishmen, +he would, Kinglake thought, have occupied a highly commanding position. +At present his difference from his colleagues was one only of degree.<br> +<br> +He was once beguiled, amongst friends very intimate, into telling a +dream. He dreamed that he was attending an anatomical lecture +- which, as a fact, he had never done - and that his own body, from +which he found himself entirely separated, was the dissected subject +on which the lecturer discoursed. The body lay on a table beside +the lecturer, but he himself, his entity, was at the other end of the +room, on the furthest or highest of a set of benches raised one above +the other as at a theatre. He imagined himself in a vague way +to be disagreeing with the lecturer; but the strongest impression on +his mind was annoyance at being so badly placed, so far from the professor +and from his own body that he could not see or hear without an effort. +The dream, he pointed out, showed this curious fact, that without any +conscious design or effort of the will a man may conceive himself to +be in perfect possession of his identity, whilst separated from his +own body by a distance of several feet. “The highest concept,” +said Jowett, “which man forms of himself is as detached from the +body.” (“Life,” ii. 241.) The lecture-room +which he imagined was one of the lower school-rooms at Eton, with which +he had been familiar in early days.<br> +<br> +After Hayward’s death in 1884, his own habits began to change. +He still dined at the Athenaeum “corner,” but increasing +deafness began to make society irksome, and, his solitary meal ended, +he spent his evenings reading in the Library. By-and-by that too +became impossible. His voice grew weak, throat and tongue were +threatened with disease. In 1888 he went to Brighton with a nurse, +returned to rooms on Richmond Hill, then to Bayswater Terrace. +An operation was performed and he seemed to recover, but relapsed. +Old friends tended him: Madame Novikoff, Mr. Froude and Mr. Lecky, Madame +de Quaire and Mrs. Brookfield, Lord Mexborough his ancient fellow-traveller, +Mrs. Craven, Sir William and Lady Gregory, with a few more, cheered +him by their visits so long as he was able to bear them; and his brother +and sister, Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton Kinglake, were with him at the end. +Patient to the last, kind and gentle to all about him, he passed away +quietly on New Year’s Day, 1891:<br> +<br> +<br> +“being merry-hearted,<br> +Shook hands with flesh and blood, and so departed.”<br> +<br> +<br> +His remains were cremated at Woking, after a special service at Christchurch, +Lancaster Gate, attended by Dr. and Mrs. Kinglake with their son Captain +Kinglake, the Duke of Bedford, Mr. and Mrs. Lecky, Mrs. W. H. Brookfield +and her son Charles.<br> +<br> +<br> +No good portrait of him has been published. That prefixed to Blackwood’s +“Eothen” of 1896 was furnished by Dr. Kinglake, who, however, +looked upon it as unsatisfactory. The “Not an M.P.” +of “Vanity Fair,” 1872, is a grotesque caricature. +The photograph here reproduced (p. 128), by far the best likeness extant, +he gave to Madame Novikoff in 1870, receiving hers in return, but pronouncing +the transaction “an exchange between the personified months of +May and November.” The face gives expression to the shy +aloofness which, amongst strangers, was characteristic of him through +life. He had even a horror of hearing his name pealed out by servants, +and came early to parties that the proclamation might be achieved before +as few auditors as possible. Visiting the newly married husband +of his friend Adelaide Kemble, and being the first guest to arrive, +he encountered in Mr. Sartoris a host as contentedly undemonstrative +as himself. Bows passed, a seat by the fire was indicated, he +sat down, and the pair contemplated one another for ten minutes in absolute +silence, till the lady of the house came in, like the prince in “The +Sleeping Beauty,” though not by the same process, to break the +charm. He gave up calling at a house where he was warmly appreciated, +because father, mother, daughter, bombarded him with questions. +“I never came away without feeling sure that I had in some way +perjured myself.”<br> +<br> +On his shyness waited swiftly ensuing boredom; if his neighbour at table +were garrulous or <i>banale</i>, his face at once betrayed conversational +prostration; a lady who often watched him used to say that his pulse +ought to be felt after the first course; and that if it showed languor +he should be moved to the side of some other partner. “He +had great charm,” writes to me another old friend, “in a +quiet winning way, but was ‘dark’ with rough and noisy people.” +So it came to pass that his manner was threefold; icy and repellent +with those who set his nerves on edge; good-humoured, receptive, intermittently +responsive in general and congenial company; while, at ease with friends +trusted and beloved, the lines of the face became gracious, indulgent, +affectionate, the <i>sourire des yeux</i> often inexpressibly winning +and tender. “Kinglake,” says Eliot Warburton in his +unpublished diary, “talked to us to-day about his travels; pessimistic +and cynical to the rest of the world, he is always gentle and kind to +us.” To this dear friend he was ever faithful, wearing to +the day of his death an octagonal gold ring engraved “Eliot. Jan: +1852.” He would never play the <i>raconteur</i> in general +company, for he had a great horror of repeating himself, and, latterly, +of being looked upon as a bore by younger men; but he loved to pour +out reminiscences of the past to an audience of one or two at most: +“Let an old man gather his recollections and glance at them under +the right angle, and his life is full of pantomime transformation scenes.” +The chief characteristic of his wit was its unexpectedness; sometimes +acrid, sometimes humorous, his sayings came forth, like Topham Beauclerk’s +in Dr. Johnson’s day, like Talleyrand’s in our own, poignant +without effort. His calm, gentle voice, contrasted with his startling +caustic utterance, reminded people of Prosper Mérimée: +terse epigram, felicitous <i>apropos</i>, whimsical presentment of the +topic under discussion, emitted in a low tone, and without the slightest +change of muscle:<br> +<br> +<br> +“All the charm of all the Muses<br> +Often flowering in a lonely word.” <a name="citation25"></a><a href="#footnote25">{25}</a><br> +<br> +<br> +Questions he would suavely and often wittily parry or repel: to an unhistorical +lady asking if he remembered Madame Du Barry, he said, “my memory +is very imperfect as to the particulars of my life during the reign +of Lous XV. and the Regency; but I know a lady who has a teapot which +belonged, she says, to Madame Du Barry.” Madame Novikoff, +however, records his discomfiture at the query of a certain Lady E-, +who, when all London was ringing with his first Crimean volumes, asked +him if he were not an admirer of Louis Napoleon. “<i>Le +pauvre Kinglake, décontenancé, repondit tout bas intimidé +comme un enfant qu’on met dates le</i> <i>coin: Oui - non - pas +précisément</i>.”<br> +<br> +He had no knowledge of or liking for music. Present once by some +mischance at a <i>matinée musicale</i>, he was asked by the hostess +what kind of music he preferred. His preference, he owned, was +for the drum. One thinks of the “Bourgeois Gentilhomme,” +“<i>la trompette</i> <i>marine est un instrument qui me plait, +el qui est</i> <i>harmonieux</i>”; we are reminded, too, of Dean +Stanley, who, absolutely tone-deaf, and hurrying away whenever music +was performed, once from an adjoining room in his father’s house +heard Jenny Lind sing “I know that my Redeemer liveth.” +He went to her shyly, and told her that she had given him an idea of +what people mean by music. Once before, he said in all seriousness, +the same feeling had come over him, when before the palace at Vienna +he had heard a tattoo rendered by four hundred drummers.<br> +<br> +<br> +Kinglake used to regret the disuse of duelling, as having impaired the +higher tone of good breeding current in his younger days, and even blamed +the Duke of Wellington for proscribing it in the army. He had +himself on one occasion sent a cartel, and stood waiting for his adversary, +like Sir Richard Strachan at Walcheren, eight days on the French coast; +but the adversary never came. Hayward once referred to him, as +a counsellor, and if necessary a second, a quarrel with Lord R-. +Lord R-’s friend called on him, a Norfolk squire, “broad-faced +and breathing port wine,” after the fashion of uncle Phillips +in “Pride and Prejudice,” who began in a boisterous voice, +“I am one of those, Mr. Kinglake, who believe R- to be a gentleman.” +In his iciest tones and stoniest manner Kinglake answered: “That, +Sir, I am quite willing to assume.” The effect, he used +to say, as he told and acted the scene, was magical; “I had frozen +him sober, and we settled everything without a fight.” Of +all his friends Hayward was probably the closest; an association of +discrepancies in character, manner, temperament, not complementary, +but opposed and hostile; irreconcilable, one would say, but for the +knowledge that in love and friendship paradox reigns supreme. +Hayward was arrogant, overbearing, loud, insistent, full of strange +oaths and often unpardonably coarse; “our dominant friend,” +Kinglake called him; “odious” is the epithet I have heard +commonly bestowed upon him by less affectionate acquaintances. +Kinglake was reserved, shy, reticent, with the high breeding, grand +manner, quiet urbanity, <i>grata protervitas</i>, of a waning epoch; +restraint, concentration, tact of omission, dictating alike his silence +and his speech; his well-weighed words “crystallizing into epigrams +as they touched the air.” <a name="citation26"></a><a href="#footnote26">{26}</a> +When Hayward’s last illness came upon him in 1884, Kinglake nursed +him tenderly; spending the morning in his friend’s lodgings at +8, St. James’s Street, the house which Byron occupied in his early +London days; and bringing on the latest bulletin to the club. +The patient rambled towards the end; “we ought to be getting ready +to catch the train that we may go to my sister’s at Lyme.” +Kinglake quieted his sick friend by an assurance that the servants, +whom he would not wish to hurry, were packing. “On no account +hurry the servants, but still let us be off.” The last thought +which he articulated while dying was, “I don’t exactly know +what it is, but I feel it is something grand.” “Hayward +is dead,” Kinglake wrote to a common friend; “the devotion +shown to him by all sorts and conditions of men, and, what is better, +of women, was unbounded. Gladstone found time to be with him, +and to engage him in a conversation of singular interest, of which he +has made a memorandum.”<br> +<br> +Another of Kinglake’s life-long familiars was Charles Skirrow, +Taxing Master in Chancery, with his accomplished wife, from whose memorable +fish dinners at Greenwich he was seldom absent, adapting himself no +less readily to their theatrical friends - the Bancrofts, Burnand, Toole, +Irving - than to the literary set with which he was more habitually +at home. He was religiously loyal to his friends, speaking of +them with generous admiration, eagerly defending them when attacked. +He lauded Butler Johnstone as the most gifted of the young men in the +House of Commons; would not allow Bernal Osborne to be called untrue; +“he offends people if you like, but he is never false or hollow.” +A clever <i>sobriquet</i> fathered on him, burlesquing the monosyllabic +names of a well-known diarist and official, he repelled indignantly. +“He is my friend, and had I been guilty of the <i>jeu</i>, I should +have broken two of my commandments; that which forbids my joking at +a friend’s expense, and that which forbids my fashioning a play +upon words.” He entreated Madame Novikoff to visit and cheer +Charles Lever, dying at Trieste; deeply lamented Sir H. Bulwer’s +death: “I used to think his a beautiful intellect, and he was +wonderfully<i> simpatico</i> to me.” But he was shy of condoling +with bereaved mourners, believing words used on such occasions to be +utterly untrue. He loved to include husband and wife in the same +meed of admiration, as in the case of Dean Stanley and Lady Augusta, +or of Sir Robert and Lady Emily Peel. Peel, he said, has the <i>radiant</i> +quality not easy to describe; Lady Emily is always beauteous, bright, +attractive. Lord Stanhope he praised as a historian, paying him +the equivocal compliment that his books were much better than his conversation. +So, too, he qualified his admiration of Lady Ashburton, dwelling on +her beauty, silver voice, ready enthusiasm apt to disperse itself by +flying at too many objects.<br> +<br> +He was wont to speak admiringly of Lord Acton, relating how, a Roman +Catholic, yet respecting enlightenment and devoted to books, he once +set up and edited a “Quarterly Review,” with a notion of +reconciling the Light and the Dark as well as he could; but the “Prince +of Darkness, the Pope,” interposed, and ordered him to stop the +“Review.” He was compelled to obey; not, he told people, +on any religious ground, but because relations and others would have +made his life a bore to him if he had been contumacious against the +Holy Father.<br> +<br> +Kinglake was strongly attracted by W. E. Forster, a “rough diamond,” +spoken of at one time as a possible Prime Minister. Beginning +life, he said, as a Quaker, with narrow opinions, his vigour of character +and brain-power shook them off. Powerful, robust, and perfectly +honest, yet his honesty inflicted on him a doubleness of view which +caused him to be described as engaging his two hands in two different +pursuits. His estimate of Sir R. Morier would have gladdened Jowett’s +heart; he loved him as a private friend; eulogized his public qualities; +rejoiced over his appointment as Ambassador at St. Petersburg, seeing +in him a diplomatist with not only a keen intellect and large views, +but vibrating with the warmth, animation, friendliness, that are charmingly +<i>un</i>-diplomatic. Of Carlyle, his life-long, though not always +congenial intimate, he used to speak as having great graphic power, +but being essentially a humourist; a man who, with those he could trust, +never pretended to be in earnest, but used to roar with glorious laughter +over the fun of his own jeremiads; “so far from being a prophet +he is a bad Scotch joker, and knows himself to be a wind-bag.” +He blamed Froude’s revelations of Carlyle in “The Reminiscences,” +as injurious and offensive. Froude himself he often likened to +Carlyle; the thoughts of both, he said, ran in the same direction, but +of the two, Froude was by far the more intellectual man.<br> +<br> +Staunch friend to the few, polite, though never effusive, to the many, +he also nourished strong antipathies. The appearance in Madame +Novikoff’s rooms of a certain Scotch bishop invariably drove him +out of them, “Peter Paul, Bishop of Claridge’s,” he +called him. To Von Beust (the Austrian Chancellor), who spoke +English in a rapid half-intelligible falsetto, he gave the name of <i>Mirliton</i> +(penny trumpet). His allusions to Mirliton and to the Bishop frequently +mystified Madame Novikoff’s guests. For he loved to talk +in cypher. Canon Warburton, kindly searching on my behalf his +brother Eliot’s journals, tells me that he and Kinglake, meeting +almost daily, lived in a cryptic world of jokes, confidences, colloquialisms, +inexplicable to all but their two selves.<br> +<br> +He cordially disliked “The Times” newspaper, alleging instances +of the unfairness with which its columns had been used to spite and +injure persons who had offended it, chuckling over Hayward’s compact +anathema, - “‘The Times,’ which as usual of late supplied +its lack of argument and proof by assumption, misrepresentation, and +personality.” He thought that its attacks upon himself had +helped his popularity. “One of the main causes,” he +said in 1875, “of the interest which people here were good enough +to take in my book was the fight between ‘The Times’ and +me. In 1863 it raged, in 1867 it was renewed with great violence, +and now I suppose the flame kindles once more, though probably with +diminished strength. In 1863 the storm of opinion generally waxed +fierce against me, but now, as I hear, ‘The Times’ is alone, +journals of all politics being loud in my praise. But I never +look at any comment on my volumes till long afterwards, and I never +in my life wrote to a newspaper.” Once, when Chenery, the +editor, came to join the table at the Athenaeum where he and Mr. Cartwright +were dining, Kinglake rose, and removed to another part of the room. +“The Times” had inserted a statement that Madame Novikoff +was ordered to leave England, and he thus publicly resented it. +“So unlike me,” he said, relating the story, “but +somehow a savagery as of youth came over me in my ancient days; it was +like being twenty years old again.” It came out, however, +that “our indiscreet friend Froude” had written something +which justified the paragraph, and Kinglake sent his <i>amende</i> to +Chenery, with whom ordinarily he was on most friendly terms.<br> +<br> +He disliked Irishmen “in the lump,” saying that human nature +is the same everywhere except in Ireland. Parnell he personally +admired, though hating Home Rule; and stigmatized as gross hypocrisy +the desertion of him by Liberals after the divorce trial. He was +wont to speak irreverently of Lord Beaconsfield, whom he had known well +at Lady Blessington’s in early days. He would have found +himself in accord with Huxley, who used to thank God, his friend Mr. +Fiske tells us, that he had never bowed the knee either to Louis Napoleon +or Benjamin Disraeli. He poured scorn on the Treaty of Berlin. +Russia, he said, defeating the Turks in war, has defeated Beaconsfield +in diplomacy. If Englishmen understood such things they would +see that the Congress was a comedy; anyone who will satisfy himself +as to what Russia was really anxious to obtain, and then look at the +Salisbury-Schouvaloff treaty, will see that, thanks to Beaconsfield’s +imbecility, Schouvaloff obtained one of the most signal diplomatic triumphs +that was ever won. <a name="citation27"></a><a href="#footnote27">{27}</a> +A sound <i>entente</i> between Russia and England he thought both possible +and desirable; but conceived it to be rendered difficult by the want +of steadiness and capacity which, for international purposes, were the +real faults of Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury. He repeated +with much amusement the current anecdote of Lord Beaconsfield’s +conquest of Mrs. Gladstone. Meeting her in society, he was said +to have inquired with tenderness after Mr. Gladstone’s health, +and then after receiving the loving wife’s report of her William, +to have rejoined in his most dulcet tones, “Ah! take care of him, +for he is very <i>very</i> precious.” He always attributed +Dizzy’s popularity to the feeling of Englishmen that he had “shown +them sport,” an instinct, he thought, supreme in all departments +of the English mind.<br> +<br> +Towards his old schoolfellow Gladstone he never felt quite cordially, +believing, rightly or wrongly, that the great statesman nourished enmity +towards himself. He called him, as has been said, “a good +man in the worst sense of the term, conscientious with a diseased conscience.” +He watched with much amusement, as illustrating the moral twist in Gladstone’s +temperament, the “Colliery explosion,” as it was called, +when Sir R. Collier, the Attorney-General, was appointed to a Puisne +Judgeship, which he held only for a day or two, in order to qualify +him for a seat on a new Court of Appeal; together with a very similar +trick, by which Ewelme Rectory, tenable only by an Oxonian, was given +to a Cambridge man. The responsibility was divided between Gladstone +and Lord Hatherley the Chancellor, with the mutual idea apparently that +each of the two became thereby individually innocent. But Sir +F. Pollock, in his amusing “Reminiscences,” recalls the +amicable halving of a wicked word between the Abbess of Andouillet and +the Novice Margarita in “Tristram Shandy.” It answered +in neither case. “‘They do not understand us,’ +cried Margarita. ‘<i>But</i> <i>the Devil does</i>,’ +said the Abbess of Andouillet.” “The Collier scandal +narrowly escaped by two votes in the Lords, twenty-seven in the Commons, +a Parliamentary vote of censure, and gave unquestionably a downward +push to the Gladstone Administration. Mr. Gladstone, on the other +hand, cordially admired Kinglake’s speeches, saying that few of +those he had heard in Parliament could bear so well as his the test +of publication.<br> +<br> +To the great Prime Minister’s absolute fearlessness he did full +justice, as one of the finest features in his character; and loved to +quote an epigram by Lord Houghton, to whom Gladstone had complained +in a moment of weariness that he led the life of a dog. “Yes,” +said Houghton, “but of a St. Bernard dog, ever busied in saving +life.” He loved to contrast the twofold biographical paradox +in the careers of the two famous rivals, Gladstone and Disraeli; the +dreaming Tory mystic, incarnation of Oxford exclusiveness and Puseyite +reserve, passing into the Radical iconoclast; the Jew clerk in a city +lawyer’s office, “bad specimen of an inferior dandy,” +coming to rule the proudest aristocracy and lead the most fastidious +assembly in the world.<br> +<br> +He was not above broad farce when the fancy seized him. At the +time when a certain kind of nonsense verse was popular, he, with Sir +Noel Paton and others, added not a few facetious sonnets to Edward Lear’s +book, which lay on Madame Novikoff’s table. His authorship +is betrayed by the introduction of familiar Somersetshire names, Taunton, +Wellington, Curry Rivel, Creech, Trull, Wilton:<br> +<br> +<br> +“There was a young lady of Wilton,<br> +Who read all the poems of Milton:<br> +And, when she had done,<br> +She said, ‘What bad fun!’<br> +This prosaic young lady of Wilton.”<br> +<br> +<br> +There were many more, but this will perhaps suffice; <i>ex ungue leonem</i>. +They were addressed to the “Fair Lady of Claridge’s,” +Madame Novikoff’s hotel when in London, and were signed “Peter +Paul, Bishop of Claridge’s.”<br> +<br> +<br> +“There is a fair lady at Claridge’s,<br> +Whose smile is more charming to me,<br> +Than the rapture of ninety-nine marriages<br> +Could possibly, possibly, be; - ”<br> +<br> +<br> +is the final dedicatory stanza. It is the gracious fooling of +a philosopher who understood his company. “There are folks,” +says Mr. Counsellor Pleydell, “before whom a man should take care +how he plays the fool, because they have either too much malice or too +little wit.” Kinglake knew his associates, and was not ashamed +<i>desipere in loco</i>, to frolic in their presence.<br> +<br> +<br> +One point there was on which he never touched himself or suffered others +to interrogate him, his conception of and attitude towards the Unseen. +He wore his religion as Sir William Gull wore the fur of his coat, <i>inside</i>. +Outwardly he died as he had lived, a Stoic; that on the most personal +and sacred of all topics he should consult the Silences was in keeping +with his idiosyncrasy. Another famous man, questioned as to his +religious creed, made answer that he believed what all wise men believe. +And what do all wise men believe? “That all wise men keep +to themselves?”<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Footnotes:<br> +<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote1"></a><a href="#citation1">{1}</a> When “Heartsease” +first appeared, Percy Fotheringham was believed to be a portrait; but +the accomplished authoress in a letter written not long before her death +told me that the character was wholly imaginary.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote2"></a><a href="#citation2">{2}</a> Pedigrees +are perplexing unless tabulated; so here is Kinglake’s genealogical +tree.<br> +<br> +<pre>KINGLAKES OF SALTMOOR. WOODFORDES OF + CASTLE CARY. + | | + +-------------------+ | + | WILLIAM=MARY WOODFORDE. +ROBERT | + | +--------------------+ ++--------------+ | | +| | | | +SERJEANT REV. W.C. A.W. KING- DR. HAMILTON +JOHN KING- KINGLAKE LAKE KINGLAKE. +LAKE. (“Eothen.”) + +</pre><p><a name="footnote3"></a><a href="#citation3">{3}</a> “Eothen,” +p. 33. Reading “Timbuctoo” to-day one is amazed it +should have gained the prize. Two short passages adumbrate the +coming Tennyson, the rest is mystic nonsense. “What do you +think of Tennyson’s prize poem?” writes Charles Wordsworth +to his brother Christopher. “Had it been sent up at Oxford, +the author would have had a better chance of spending a few months at +a lunatic asylum than of obtaining the Prize.” A current +Cambridge story at the time explained the selection. There were +three examiners, the Vice-Chancellor, a man of arbitrary temper, with +whom his juniors hesitated to disagree; a classical professor unversed +in English Literature; a mathematical professor indifferent to all literature. +The letter <i>g</i> was to signify approval, the letter <i>b</i> to +brand it with rejection. Tennyson’s manuscript came from +the Vice-Chancellor scored all over with <i>g</i>’s. The +classical professor failed to see its merit, but bowed to the Vice-Chancellor, +and added his <i>g</i>. The mathematical professor could not admire, +but since both his colleagues ordained it, good it must be, and his +<i>g</i> made the award unanimous. The three met soon after, and +the Vice-Chancellor, in his blatant way, attacked the other two for +admiring a trashy poem. “Why,” they remonstrated, +“you covered it with <i>g</i>’s yourself.” “<i>G</i>’s,” +said he, “they were <i>q</i>’s for queries; I could not +understand a line of it.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote4"></a><a href="#citation4">{4}</a> “Enoch +Arden,” p. 34.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote5"></a><a href="#citation5">{5}</a> “Eothen,” +p. 169. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote6"></a><a href="#citation6">{6}</a> “Eothen,” +p. 17.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote7"></a><a href="#citation7">{7}</a> His deferential +regard for army rank was like that of Johnson for bishops. Great +was his indignation when the “grotesque Salvation Army,” +as he called it, adopted military nomenclature. “I would +let those ragamuffins call themselves saints, angels, prophets, cherubim, +Olympian gods and goddesses if they like; but their pretension in taking +the rank of officers in the army is to me beyond measure repulsive.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote8"></a><a href="#citation8">{8}</a> “Eothen,” +p. 190 in first edition. It was struck out in the fourth edition.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote9"></a><a href="#citation9">{9}</a> “Eothen,” +p. 18. Reprint by Bell and Sons, 1898.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote10"></a><a href="#citation10">{10}</a> He is +very fond of this word; it occurs eleven times.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote11"></a><a href="#citation11">{11}</a> “Quarterly +Review,” December, 1844.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote12"></a><a href="#citation12">{12}</a> “Eothen,” +p. 46.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote13"></a><a href="#citation13">{13}</a> Poitier’s +“Vaudeville.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote14"></a><a href="#citation14">{14}</a> One characteristic +anecdote he omits. Two French officers were attached to our headquarters; +and the staff were partly embarrassed and partly amused by Lord Raglan’s +inveterate habit, due to old Peninsular associations, of calling the +enemy “the French” in the presence of our foreign guests.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote15"></a><a href="#citation15">{15}</a> Some of +us can recall the lines in which Sir G. Trevelyan commemorated “The +Owl’s” nocturnal flights:<br> +<br> +<br> +“When at sunset, chill and dark,<br> +Sunset thins the swarming park,<br> +Bearing home his social gleaning -<br> +Jests and riddles fraught with meaning,<br> +Scandals, anecdotes, reports, -<br> +Seeks The Owl a maze of courts<br> +Which, with aspect towards the west,<br> +Fringe the street of Sainted James,<br> +Where a warm, secluded nest<br> +As his sole domain he claims;<br> +From his wing a feather draws,<br> +Shapes for use a dainty nib,<br> +Pens his parody or squib;<br> +Combs his down and trims his claws,<br> +And repairs where windows bright<br> +Flood the sleepless Square with light.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote16"></a><a href="#citation16">{16}</a> Greville, vii. +223, quotes from a letter written after Inkerman to the Prince Consort +by Colonel Steele, saying “that he had no idea how great a mind +Raglan really had, but that he now saw it, for in the midst of distresses +and difficulties of every kind in which the army was involved, he was +perfectly serene and undisturbed.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote17"></a><a href="#citation17">{17}</a> “Go +quietly” might have been his motto: even on horseback he seemed +never to be in a hurry. Airey used to come in from their rides +round the outposts shuddering with cold, and complaining that the Chief +would never move his horse out of a walk. “I daresay,” +said Carlyle, “Lord Raglan will rise quite quietly at the last +trump, and remain entirely composed during the whole day, and show the +most perfect civility to both parties.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote18"></a><a href="#citation18">{18}</a> The first +death! out of how many he nowhere reckons: he shrinks from estimates +of carnage, and we thank him for it. But an accomplished naturalist +tells me that the vulture, a bird unknown in the Crimea before hostilities +began, swarmed there after the Alma fight, and remained till the war +was over, disappearing meanwhile from the whole North African littoral.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote19"></a><a href="#citation19">{19}</a> “D-n +your eyes!” he said once, in a moment of irritation, to his <i>attaché</i>, +Mr. Hay. “D-n your Excellency’s eyes!” was the +answer, delivered with deep respect but with sufficient emphasis. +Dismissed on the spot, the candid <i>attaché</i> went in great +anger to pack up, but was followed after a time by Lady Canning, habitual +peacemaker in the household, who besought him if not to apologize at +least to bid his Chief good-bye. After much persuasion he consented. +“Hardly had he entered the room when Sir Stratford had him by +the hand. ‘My dear Hay, this will never do; what a devil +of a temper you have!’ The two were firmer friends than +ever after this” (LANE POOLE’S <i>Life of Lord Stratford</i>, +chapter xiii.).<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote20"></a><a href="#citation20">{20}</a> The story +of an old quarrel between Sir Stratford Canning and the then Grand Duke +Nicholas at St. Petersburg in 1825 is disproved by Canning’s own +statement. The two met once only in their lives, at a purely formal +reception at Paris in 1814.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote21"></a><a href="#citation21">{21}</a> <i>La +Femme</i> was a “Miss” or “Mrs.” Howard. +She followed Louis Napoleon to France in 1848, and lived openly with +him as his mistress. In the once famous “Letters of an Englishman” +we are told how shortly after the December massacre the <i>élite</i> +of English visitors in Paris were not ashamed to dine at her house in +the President’s company: and in 1860, Mrs. Simpson, in France +with her father, Nassau Senior, found her, decorated with the title +of Madame de Beauregard, inhabiting La Celle, near Versailles, once +the abode of Madame de Pompadour, “with the national flag flying +over it, to the great scandal of the neighbourhood.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote22"></a><a href="#citation22">{22}</a> Bachaumont’s +criticism of Latour. Lady Dilke’s “French Painters,” +p. 165.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote23"></a><a href="#citation23">{23}</a> Here is +one of the stanzas:<br> +<br> +“L’Autriche - dit-on - et la Russie<br> +Se brouillent pour la Turquie.<br> +Dès aujourd’hui il n’en est plus question.<br> +En invitant une femme charmante,<br> +Le Turc - et je l’en complimente -<br> +Est devenu pour nous un trait d’union.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote24"></a><a href="#citation24">{24}</a> “Blackwood’s +Magazine,” December, 1895, p. 802.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote25"></a><a href="#citation25">{25}</a> I inserted +this quotation before reading the “Etchingham Letters.” +Sir Richard would wish me to erase it as hackneyed; but it applies to +Kinglake’s talk as accurately as to Virgil’s writing, and +I refuse to be defrauded of it.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote26"></a><a href="#citation26">{26}</a> This delightful +phrase is Lady Gregory’s. One would wish, like Lord Houghton, +though suppressing his presumptuous rider, to have been its author.<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote27"></a><a href="#citation27">{27}</a> Of course +Kinglake was not alone in this opinion. It was voiced in a delightful +<i>jeu</i> <i>d’esprit</i>, now forgotten, which it is worth while +to reproduce:<br> +<br> +<br> +“THE BERLIN CONGRESS.<br> +<br> +“The following Latin poem, from the pen of the well-known German +poet, Gustave Schwetschke, was distributed by Prince Bismarck’s +special request amongst the Plenipotentiaries immediately after the +last sitting on Saturday:<br> +<br> +<br> +“‘GAUDEAMUS CONGRESSIBILE.<br> +“‘Gaudeamus igitur<br> +Socii congressus,<br> +Post dolores bellicosos,<br> +Post labores gloriosos,<br> +Nobis fit decessus.<br> +<br> +“‘Ubi sunt, qui ante nos<br> +Quondam consedere,<br> +Viennenses, Parisienses<br> +Tot per annos, tot per menses?<br> +Frustra decidere.<br> +<br> +“‘Mundus heu! vult decipi,<br> +Sed non decipiatur,<br> +Non plus ultra inter gentes<br> +Litigantes et frementes<br> +Manus conferatur.<br> +<br> +‘Vivat Pax! et comitent<br> +Dii nunc congressum,<br> +Ceu Deus ex machinâ<br> +Ipsa venit Cypria<br> +Roborans successum.<br> +<br> +“‘Pereat discordia!<br> +Vincat semper litem<br> +Proxenetae probitas, <a name="citation27a"></a><a href="#footnote27a">{27a}</a><br> +Fides, spes, et charitas,<br> +Gaudeamus item!<br> +<br> +“G. S.”<br> +<br> +<br> +“THE OTHER VERSION.<br> +(From the “Pall Mall Gazette.”)<br> +<br> +<br> +“A correspondent informs us that the version given in ‘The +Standard’ of yesterday of the congratulatory ode (‘Gaudeamus +igitur,’ etc.) addressed to the Congress by ‘the well-known +German poet Gustave Schwetschke,’ and ‘distributed by Prince +Bismarck’s request among the Plenipotentiaries,’ is incorrect. +The true version, we are assured, is as follows:<br> +<br> +“‘Rideamus igitur,<br> +Socii Congressus;<br> +Post dolores bellicosos,<br> +Post labores bumptiosos,<br> +Fit mirandus messus.<br> +<br> +“Ubi sunt qui apud nos<br> +Causas litigâre,<br> +Moldo-Wallachae frementes,<br> +Graeculi esurientes?<br> +Heu! absquatulâre.<br> +<br> +“‘Ubi sunt provinciae<br> +Quas est laus pacâsse?<br> +Totae, totae, sunt partitae:<br> +Has tulerunt Muscovitae,<br> +Illas Count Andrassy.<br> +<br> +“‘Et quid est quod Angliae<br> +Dedit hic Congressus?<br> +Jus pro aliis pugnandi,<br> +Mortuum vivificandi -<br> +Splendidi successus!<br> +<br> +“‘Vult Joannes decipi<br> +Et bamboosulatur.<br> +Io Beacche! Quae majestas!<br> +Ostreae reportans testas<br> +Domum gloriatur!’”<br> +<br> +<br> +“This version, which from internal evidence will be seen to be +the true one, may be roughly Englished thus:<br> +<br> +<br> +“Let us have our hearty laugh,<br> +Greatest of Congresses!<br> +After days and weeks pugnacious,<br> +After labours ostentatious,<br> +See how big the mess is!<br> +<br> +“‘Where are those who at our bar<br> +Their demands have stated:<br> +Robbed Roumanians rampaging,<br> +Greeklings with earth-hunger raging?<br> +Where? Absquatulated!<br> +<br> +“‘Where the lands we’ve pacified,<br> +With their rebel masses?<br> +All are gone; yes, all up-gobbled:<br> +These the Muscovite has nobbled,<br> +Those are Count Andrassy’s.<br> +<br> +“‘And what does England carry off<br> +To add to her possessions?<br> +The right to wage another’s strife,<br> +The right to raise the dead to life -<br> +Glorious concessions!<br> +<br> +“‘Well, let John Bull bamboozled be<br> +If he’s so fond of sells!<br> +Io Beacche! Hark the cheering!<br> +See him home in triumph bearing<br> +<i>Both</i> <a name="citation27b"></a><a href="#footnote27b">{27b}</a> +the oyster shells!’”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote27a"></a><a href="#citation27a">{27a}</a> “Der +ehrlich Miikler.”<br> +<br> +<a name="footnote27b"></a><a href="#citation27b">{27b}</a> Peace and +Honour.<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF KINGLAKE ***<br> +<pre> + +******This file should be named awkbi10h.htm or awkbi10h.zip****** +Corrected EDITIONS of our EBooks get a new NUMBER, awkbi11h.htm +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, awkbi10ah.htm + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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